text:
My SciELO
Cuadernos de Economía
Cuad. Econ. vol.1 no.se Bogotá 2008
The "prehistory" of marihuana consumption and growing in Colombia between 1930 and 1960
La préhistoire de la marijuana en Colombie: consommation et cultures entre les années 30 et 60
La prehistoria de la marihuana en Colombia: consumo y cultivos entre los años 30 y 60
Eduardo Sáenz Rovner*
Translated by Jasson Garry
Translation from Cuadernos de Economía, Bogotá, v.26, n.47, p.205-222, July./Dec 2007.
Marihuana consumption did not become widespread in Colombia as the simple result of its increased use as part of the north-American counterculture of the 1960s. Even though marihuana-growing spiraled to satisfy north-American demand at the end of the 1960s and 1970s there was an important market for domestic consumption in Colombia. "Exonerating-type" academic literature tending to see countries such as Colombia as the passive "victims" of externally-induced phenomena is thus questioned.
Key words: marihuana, Colombia, domestic market, illicit crops. JEL: N56, N 96, N 010.
La consommation de marijuana en Colombie ne s'est pas étendue comme un simple résultat de l'augmentation de son utilisation dans le contexte de la counterculture nord-américain des années 60. Bien que les cultures accroîtraient, vertigineusement, pour satisfaire la demande nord-américaine à la fin des années 60 et au début des années 70, un marché important existait déjà pour la consommation domestique en Colombie. D'autre part, on mettre en controverse la littérature académique « exculpatoria » qui a la tendance à voir à des pays comme la Colombie, en tant que « victimes » passives de phénomènes induits en dehors.
Mot clés : marijuana, Colombie, marché domestique, cultures illégaux. JEL : N56, N 96, N 01.
El consumo de marihuana en Colombia no se extendió como un simple result del aumento en su uso, en el counterculture norteamericano de los años 60. Aunque los cultivos aumentarían, vertiginosamente, para satisfacer la demanda norteamericana a finales de la década de los 60 y comienzos de los 70, ya existía un mercado importante para el consumo doméstico en Colombia. De otra parte, se cuestiona la literatura académica "exculpatoria" que tiende a ver a países como Colombia, en tanto que "víctimas" pasivas de fenómenos inducidos desde afuera.
Palabras claves: marihuana, Colombia, mercado doméstico, cultivos ilícitos. JEL: N56, N 96, N 01.
"… I am a degenerate, I am a dope fiend, drinking and dancing to the strains of my song…"
Porfirio Barba Jacob, "Balada de la Loca Alegría"
Smoking marihuana in Colombia did not just become widespread as a simple result of its increased use during the north-American counterculture of the 1960s. Even less so could marihuana be considered a "counter-revolutionary weapon" against "young Latin-American rebels" who, "were blocked during their march towards a generalised Cuban revolution," as stated by Arango and Child (1986). One also cannot agree with the statement that, "the Alianza para el Progreso peace bodies served as useful idiots for the Pentagon for spreading the marihuana and rock counterculture in the universities and rural districts of the Andes" (Arango and Child 1986, 1441). Some academic literature on drug-trafficking tends to adopt an "exonerating" attitude and sees countries such as Colombia as being the victims of externally-induced phenomena (Camacho Guizado 1988 and Tovar Pinzón 1999).
Even though marihuana-growing spiralled to satisfy north-American demand at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s there was still a significant market domestic consumption in Colombia as shown in this article. This means that one cannot agree with Roberto Junguito and Carlos Caballero Argáez's statement in an article published three decade ago that, "it is well known … that growing it has been on the increase during the last three or four years, having begun on very small areas of land at the end of the 1960s" (Junguito Bonnet and Caballero Argáez 1978, 118). A strong north-American influence was seen in the perceptions and policies leading to marihuana use becoming condemned since the end of the 1930s.
Francisco Thoumi stated more than a decade ago that writing mentioning the existence of marihuana-growing and consumption in Colombia before the export boom was based on "impressionist … evidence" (Thoumi 1994, 124). In fact, recent literature has not shown much of an advance in this respect. This work was aimed at rectifying the matter by using raw material from historical studies (unedited documentation taken from archives and records). Material was taken from correspondence from the Colombian Home Office and Foreign Office, the Archivo General de la Nación in Bogotá and the US National Archives in College Park , Maryland. The evidence presented shows that marihuana already had a long history in Colombia before any north-American influence was felt.
Early prohibition
Marihuana consumption was not considered as being a public health problem in the USA until the 1930s. Until then it was perceived as being a vice only affecting ethnic minority groups, bohemians, jazz musicians, sailors and other marginal elements in society. A US government report stated that marihuana use in the USA, "was noted, particularly amongst Latin-Americans and the Spanish-speaking population. Cannabis cigarettes are sold on a large scale in the states on the frontier with Mexico and in the cities of the south-east and south-west, the same as in the city of New York and, in fact, wherever there are colonies of Latin-Americans" (Federal Bureau of Narcotics 1930, 15 and Musto 1993, 248-254).
When it began to be reported that young Anglos were smoking "weed" then pressure became applied by groups of educators and religious communities to have the practice declared illegal. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN), the north-American federal agency responsible for repressing drug trafficking, was behind efforts aimed at criminalising marihuana, making public statements that it was a drug which induced violence amongst those who smoked it. Such pressure was successful when President Franklin D. Roosevelt sanctioned the Marihuana Tax Act in August 1937 criminalising its sale as being a federal crime (Himmelstein 1983 58-71; Morgan 1981, 138-142; Walter 1989, 99-107).
Curiously, and perhaps due to recent legislation and strong campaigns against it in the USA, marihuana's effects were described in worse terms than those of other drugs. Harry Anslinger (FBN director) declared that, "Prolonged marihuana use … usually leads to insanity, the same as crime" (Jonnes 1996, 160), and added that, "fifty percent of violent crimes committed in districts inhabited by Mexicans, Spanish people, Latin-Americans and Greeks can be traced to this evil … the worst of evils" (Speaker 2004, 215). The medical specialist, Lawrence Kolb, has stated that, "… marihuana is a dangerous drug, much more harmful, in certain aspects, than opium" (Musto 1972). Kolb emphasised that, "… an alcoholic, a marihuana consumer, causes many crimes," during a congress organised by the FBN in December 1938 (Marihuana Conference 1938).
Colombian authorities had already noticed the existence of marihuana-growing in 1925, the same as its consumption by sailors, stevedores and prostitutes in the ports (Ruíz Hernández 1979, 111). However, a similar effect in Colombia was only felt as a result of pressure against marihuana and its recent banning in the USA. For example, the Revista de Higiene (the Ministry of Health's official organ) published an article by Kolb in September 1939 entitled, "Marihuana: the weed which drives you mad."2 Even though measures related to marihuana had already existed in Colombia since the 1920s (Sáenz Rovner 1997, 5; López Restrepo 2000, 91), the Colombian government absolutely prohibited marihuana-growing. It ordered the destruction of existent plantations and established that those who violated this disposition would be sanctioned, "as illegal traffickers in drastic drugs … according to the penal code."3
It should be remembered that campaigns against marihuana replicated debate relating marihuana to violence and crime in countries such as Cuba (Sáenz Rovner 2005, 55-56). Heated debate took place in México, whilst the newspaper Excelsior stated that many crimes were committed, "under the pathological influence of marihuana." High government functionaries questioned the official north-American view and even proposed treatment (not punishment) for those addicted to other drugs. Pressure applied by Anslinger and the US government led to an embargo being imposed on selling legal drugs to México, the Mexican government, in turn, opting for repressing consumers (Walker 1989, Astorga 2003).
In spite of prohibition
In spite of new legislation in Colombia, cases of marihuana were common up to the end of the 1930s and the start of the 1940s in cities such as Barranquilla. Trafficking ranged from selling a few cigarettes4 to the case of a pair who were found with a kilo and half of marihuana (the woman escaped from justice and her husband served a sentence of almost six months in prison).5
An official report about marihuana on the Caribbean coast in 1939 stated that marihuana cigarettes, "were generally sold in brothels or establishments frequented by low social classes. Also in 'fritangas' (greasy fried food) and where guarapo (drink made from herbs with sugar-cane or pineapple) is sold."6 The national government began a campaign "matching the persecution of the traffickers and consumers in its campaigns. For example, a film showing the ravages caused by Indian cannabis was projected during several days in several towns."7
The Colombian government stated in February 1940 that, "the campaign against the use of marihuana has provided satisfactory results," and indicated, as supposed proof, that supply had become reduced and that cigarettes had reached their highest price (in acquisitive terms of the time) of one peso and fifty centavos.8 "The struggle against drug addiction has been pursued with optimistic results," declared the minister of Work, Higiene and Social Welfare when describing the antidrug policy in 1941 (Caicedo Castilla 1941, 10). However, reality was different to official rhetoric; numerous arrests for possession, sale and even growing were repeated, especially in Barranquilla and its surrounding area. Marihuana was easily acquired in the city's brothels and marginal barrios. "Weed" was grown in the Atlántico department and the neighbouring Magdalena department. Searching available archives led to documenting around 60 cases of possession, selling and growing marihuana in Barranquilla and its surrounding areas between 1940 and 1944.9 It is not surprising that a north-American report in 1945 stated that marihuana production and consumption had considerably increased in Barranquilla. This report also stated that the Mexican vessel "Hidalgo" had made three trips to Barranquilla in just six months with "enormous amounts" of marihuana and seeds to be planted. Consumers (according to the report) could acquire the "weed" through taxi drivers or in the brothels and the price of a marihuana cigarette had fallen to ten centavos, a negligible price when compared to that reported in the official Colombian report in 1940.10
Regarding arrests for marihuana in other cities on the Atlantic coast at the start of the 1940s, cases of sellers can be documented in Cartagena, Santa Marta and Fundación.11 Several cases also occurred in the interior of the country, especially in the Caldas department. For example, two people were surprised with three pounds of marihuana for sale in Manizales; the "weed" apparently came from Pereira and was grown in the backyard of the house of the mother of one of those being detained.12
A law passed in 1946 (known as "Ley Consuegra" as it had been presented by Néstor Consuegra, a senator from Barranquilla) toughened the penalties for selling and consuming marihuana, considering them to be crimes against public health (Semana 1949; López Restrepo 2000, 92). President Mariano Ospina Pérez's government issued another decree against marihuana in 1949, after stating that marihuana, "has poisonous properties and produces a habit… growing it and selling it only leads to determining great evil for the healthiness of those associated with it …" It decreed that, "Growing and selling marihuana within the territory of the Republic is prohibited," and ordered the authorities to proceed, "to the immediate destruction of existing plants." Penalties of six months to five years in prison were fixed, which could be increased for those supplying marihuana to minors or addicts.13 Another decree issued in 1951 described, "those growing and selling marihuana as criminals."14
In spite of all the decrees, cases of growing, possession or selling marihuana continued being relatively common in the Atlántico, Magdalena and Bolívar departments.15 According to an observer, smoking marihuana was already "very common" in brothels, bars and even theatres in Medellin by the middle of the century,16 whilst local authorities also reported cases of trafficking in the "weed" in the Antioquia department.17 As stated in a report from 1949 in a nationally circulating Colombian journal, "… marihuana cigarettes continue being smoked, as always, in spite of penal restrictions, in so-called 'bonches' (groups of smokers, though the word literally means a punch-up) which might well take place in an intimate gathering, in the house of some dissolute person, or during a trip, on any public highway, into late hours of the night" (Semana, 1949).
The explosion of domestic consumption
As well as consuming marihuana having become well-established, Colombia began to be a source of exports from the 1950s onwards. A confidential Colombian Foreign Office report in 1952 stated that Santa Marta had become a very important origin for marihuana being exported to different ports in Florida from whence it was forwarded in banana boats. The report stated that someone known as "T the T" was growing the "weed" on a farm near Santa Marta, supplying the local brothels and being the main exporter.18 It was reported that Colombian sailors had brought marihuana to New Orleans in 1957 aboard the vessel Ciudad de Bogotá belonging to the Grancolombiana merchant fleet.19 There were also suspicions that Colombian marihuana was being exported to other countries in addition to the USA; for example, some years later, a pound of the product was confiscated from a boat flying the Argentinean flag in Buenos Aires and, "it was suspected that it had been smuggled in from Colombia."20
The Colombian delegation at an Interpol meeting held in Washington in October 1960 stated that, "illicit trafficking in marihuana was widespread. The police had confiscated large amounts of marihuana."21 Lieutenant colonel José A. Ramírez Merchán, Inspector General of the Police and one of the Colombian delegates at the Assembly, confirmed that, "marihuana is produced in Colombia … whose illicit production and trafficking account for very high figures."22
The report presented by the Colombian delegation to the Inter-American Consultative Group about overseeing narcotics in Río de Janeiro in 1961 stated that (based on a report from the country's secret police) marihuana was being grown in the Valle del Cauca, Caldas and Antioquia departments. In the Valle department it was being grown in Cali and in the rural area of Buga; the report stated that, "production and trafficking is extremely sizeable. Large areas of the crop were discovered in sugar refineries' sugarcane plantations close to the city." It added that, "an average of ten dissolute people are arrested per day in the border section between the Caldas and Valle departments from whom four to ten paper cones (of marihuana) are seized per person."
According to the report, in Caldas, marihuana was being grown in Villamaría (a town close to Manizales) and in the towns of Bello, Santa Bárbara and San Jerónimo in Antioquia. Marihuana-growing was also being grown in other departments, such as Huila, Magdalena (in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada), Cauca, Tolima and Cundinamarca. Regarding Bogota, the report stated that, "recently, it has been invaded by traffickers and gangsters," and the sectors where marihuana was most being consumed were, "areas of tolerance, small cafes and low-class hotels, located close to the marketplace."23
Not just the recently mentioned oficial report documented the increase in growing and consuming marihuana in Colombia at the beginning of the 1960s. The Directorio Liberal Municipal from Maicao in the Guajira department denounced the mayor of this town in 1962 for having ordered that a man accused of trafficking marihuana be put at liberty; the same trafficker was arrested three days later by the DAS and "a large amount of marihuana" was found on him.24 Marihuana crops were discovered in Tame, Arauca, in 1964; 5 individuals were arrested.25 Six "mariguaneros" were arrested in June 1964 in Bogotá and another 3 in July.26 Gustavo Hitzig (a high Colombian government functionary) declared in 1966 that at least 50,000 people were smoking marihuana in the country.27
The Caldas department (in the heart of the coffee-growing area in Colombia's central mountains) was one of the main foci of the re-emergence of violence at the end of the 1950s and beginnings of the 1960s. In fact, there were 390 murders in Caldas during the first six months of 1959, the greatest number for any province in the country for this six-month period.28 The governor of Caldas sent the following message to the Minister of Government (Home Secretary) in 1961, "Violence continues becoming intensified, especially in the Quindío area, meaning that I have requested Minguerra (the Ministry of War) to increase army personnel /img/revistas/s_ceco/v1nse/. I have also asked that the Caldas department police-force be increased.29 Coffee-growers have also expressed their alarm at the "intensification of violence in our department, especially in coffee-growing areas…" and blame the phenomenon on "the communist doctrines" coming from Fidel Castro's government's "proselytising campaign".30 With or without communist influence, the coffee-growing areas of Tolima and Valle del Cauca were also the epicentre for a great many murders.31
However, for other people, smoking marihuana was more related to crime and violence. A local newspaper in Riosucio (in western Caldas) stated that, "whilst the police do not redouble their vigilance and mount an offensive against marihuaneros and antisocial elements, the city will continue being menaced, making (normal) night-life impossible."32 The government of Caldas went further and began a "Campaign against marihuana" at the start of 1961, stating that, in its opinion (and taking up arguments made at the end of the 1930s), "trafficking and growing marihuana constitutes one of the origins for the disturbances of Public Order which are currently affecting the department," and offered a reward of up to 500 pesos, "to anyone who denounces the existence of such crops."33 Germán Guzmán Campos stated in 1962 that, "marihuana… serves daily as a stimulant in Quinchía for the bandits of captain 'Venganza', who was a marihuanero" (Guzmán Campos 1962, 224).
Arrests regarding cases involving marihuana shot up from 1961 onwards throughout the whole of the Caldas department. Consolidating information taken from the Caldas department's Home Office (Secretaría de Gobierno) provides the following information:
• Total of people arrested (for cases involving marihuana) for the 17 months for which statistics are available (i.e. June 1961 to July 1963): 108;
• Average number of people arrested per month, for the months and years for which there is information: 1961, 6; 1962, 3.2; and 1963, 10.4;
• Arrested for trafficking in marihuana: 85;
• Arrested for growing: 13;
• Arrested for growing and trafficking: 3; and
• Arrested for simple possession: 7.
Amongst those arrested, 21 individuals had other crimes pending; 105 were male and only 3 were female. Arrests were made in 26 towns throughout the length and breadth of the department which at this time comprised territories which later became part of the new departments of Quindío and Risaralda. Exactly half of the arrests were made in 6 towns (Salamina, La Virginia, Ríosucio, Anserma, Pereira and Santa Rosa de Cabal). Only Pereira out of the department's three main cities (Manizales (the capital), Armenia and Pereira) had an important number of arrests, to which those from Dosquebradas (a newly founded industrial area neighbouring Pereira) were added.34
In spite of the campaign being launched, significant marihuana crops and trafficking were found in Caldas from 1961 onwards during the rest of the decade. For example, crops were discovered in rural areas near Riosucio and Pueblo Rico; a farm having three thousand marihuana plants was found in the latter.35 A female carrying 10 pounds of marihuana was arrested in Dosquebradas.36
By the end of the decade, the southern part of Caldas (which had been administratively reorganised as the new department of Quindío) went back to being one of the main areas for producing and trafficking marihuana within the country, if one abides by the evidence of arrests made by the police. Farms were found growing marihuana in the rural areas of Armenia, Buenavista and Quimbaya and there were a significant number of arrests for marihuana trafficking, especially in cities like Armenia (the capital) and Calarcá, a nearby town.37
By this time marihuana-growing had expanded all over Colombia. The police localised a three-hectare area in February 1968 where marihuana was being grown on a farm in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada near Santa Marta.38 Another marihuana crop was discovered in the rural area of Ciénaga in the middle of 1969.39 Cases of marihuana-trafficking were repeated in different places throughout the department40 and several people were arrested on numerous occasions; 30 pounds of "weed" were seized in one of the cases.41
In the Cesar department, neighbouring that of Magdalena, there was a significant number of cases of marihuana-trafficking, the greater part occurring in Valledupar (its capital).42 A marihuana crop was discovered in Cerro Azul in March 1969, on the border with Magdalena department.43 Three men were arrested in a house in Valledupar in December 1969 in possession of six arrobas of marihuana (a unit of weight of between 11 and 16 kg (24-36 lbs), according to region), "within a recipient, especially ideal for being transported to Venezuela."44 Individuals accused of marihuana-trafficking were arrested in other departments on the Atlantic coast (Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Guajira and Sucre) in possession of amounts ranging from "a few paper cones" to considerable amounts of marihuana.45
Within the country (as well as in Caldas), numerous arrests were also made for marihuana-trafficking. The police discovered marihuana plants being grown on a farm near the town of Miranda and another crop in the Bolívar jurisdiction in Cauca, in the south of the country.46 The police arrested two individuals in possession of three arrobas of marihuana in a rural area near the town of El Tambo.47 An arrest for marihuana-trafficking was made in Popayán (the department's capital)48 and two adolescents were arrested when they tried to smuggle a package of marihuana for a prisoner in the prison in Popayán.49 The police confiscated the following on a farm in the El Paraíso rural area near the town of Algeciras: 11 sacks of raw marihuana, 21 pounds of seed and 41 pounds of already-prepared product.50 Other individuals were arrested for marihuana-trafficking in other cases and in different parts of the neighbouring Huila department.51 Marihuana crops were found in Antioquia52 and individuals were arrested for marihuana-trafficking and possession in Antioquia, Urabá Chocoano, Cali, Santander del Sur and Norte de Santander.53
Some authors have pointed out the contradiction of president Mariano Ospina Pérez's government which struggled against vice, including smoking marihuana, whilst importing cannabis seeds for producing fibre which was to be used by national industry (i.e. in making hemp sacks) (Salazar 1998). As shown in this document, well before "Santa Marta Golden" became famous amongst north-American consumers, Colombians already knew that cannabis was good for more than making sacks and string. Its widespread domestic growing and consumption throughout the country was already old, well before the vertiginous increase in north-American demand at the end of the 1960s.
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3. Betancourt, Dario y García, Martha Luz (1994). Contrabandistas, marimberos y mafiosos. Historia social de la mafia colombiana (1965-1992). Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores.
4. Caicedo Castilla, José Joaquín (1941). Memoria del Ministro de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social al Congreso de 1941. Bogotá: Imprenta Nacional.
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6. Federal Bureau of Narcotics, U.S. Treasury Department (1930). Traffic in Opium and other Dangerous Drugs for the year ended December 31, 1929. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
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8. Himmelstein, Jerome (1983). The Strange Career of Marihuana, Politics, and Ideology of Drug Control in America . Westport: Greenwood Press.
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18. Sáenz Rovner, Eduardo (1996). "La prehistoria del narcotráfico en Colombia. Serie documental: desde la Gran Depresión hasta la Revolución Cubana", INNOVAR, revista de ciencias administrativas y sociales, 8, 65-92.
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21. Salazar, Alonso (1998). La Cola del Lagarto. Medellín: Corporación Región.
22. Semana. "La Logia del Vicio", mayo 14 de 1949.
23. Speaker, Susan (2004). "Demons for the Twentieth Century: The Rhetoric of Drug Reform, 1920-1940". En Tracy, Sarah (et al.), Altering American Consciousness. The History of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United States, 1800-2000. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 203-224.
24. Thoumi, Francisco (1994). Economía política y narcotráfico. Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores.
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26. Walker, William (1989). Drug Control in the Americas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Archivo General de la Nación, Bogotá
- Fondo Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (AGN-FMRE)
- Fondo Ministerio de Gobierno (AGN-FMG)
United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland
- Record Group 59, Department of State (NACP-RG59)
- Record Group 170, Department of Justice (NACP-RG170)
* PhD in History, currently teaching in the Economics' Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá). e-mail: esaenzr@unal.edu.co. This article was received on the 4th September 2007 and publication was approved on 21st November 2007.
1 For a similar view, see Betancourt and García (1994, 47).
2 "Informe del gobierno de Colombia sobre el tráfico de estupefacientes durante el año de 1939," Archivo General de la Nación, Bogotá, Fondo Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (hereinafter cited as: AGN-FMRE), box 120, folder 940, folio 184.
3 "Informe del gobierno de Colombia sobre el tráfico de estupefacientes durante el año de 1939," AGN-FMRE, box 120, folder 940, folio 182. "Resolución 645 September 18 1939," Diario Oficial, October 6th 1939.
4 "Informe del gobierno de Colombia sobre el tráfico de estupefacientes durante el año de 1939," AGN-FMRE, box 120, folder 940, folio 189. "Arturo Robledo, Secretario, Secretario del Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, a Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores," Bogotá, February 28th 1940, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 120, folder 941, folios 57-58. "Pour le Directeur de la Section du Trafic de l'Opium a Ministre des Affaires étrangères de Colombie," Geneva, May 30th 1940, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 305, folder 36, folio 6.
5 "Informe del gobierno de Colombia sobre el tráfico de estupefacientes durante el año de 1939," AGN-FMRE, box 120, folder 940, folio 189. "A Jefe de la Sección Encargada del control del tráfico del opio. Sociedad de las Naciones," Bogotá, November 13th 1940, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 304, folder 34, folio 11.
6 "Informe del Gobierno de Colombia sobre el tráfico de estupefacientes durante el año de 1940," AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 304, folder 32, folio 45.
8 "Arturo Robledo, Secretario, Secretario del Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, a Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores," Bogotá, February 28th 1940, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 120, folder 941, folios 57-58.
9 See: "Le Chef de Section chargé du Service du contrôle de l'Opium a Ministre des Affaires étrangères de Colombie," Geneva, August 10th 1940, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 304, folder 35, folio 1. "Arturo Robledo, Secretario, Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, a Secretario del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores," Bogotá, June 12th 1940, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 120, folder 942, folio 33. Société des Nations, "Résumé des transactions illicites et des saisies communiquées au Secrétariat de la Société des Nations du 1er juillet au 30 septembre 1940. C.160.M.145.1940.XI," Geneva, October 1, 1940, p. 17, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 304, folder 34, folio 51. "Anselmo Gaitán U, Secretario, Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, a Secretario del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores," Bogotá, October 2nd 1940, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 120, folder 948, folio 36. "Le Chef de Section chargé su service du Contrôle de l'Opium a ministre des Affaires étrangères de Colombie," Geneva, December 27th 1940, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 304, folder 32, folio 27. "Anselmo Gaitán U, Secretario, Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, a Secretario del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores," Bogotá, January 7th 1941, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 120, folder 949, folio 4. "Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, Policía Sanitaria," Bogotá, April 19 1941, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 120, folder 949, folio 86. "Al Presidente del Comité del Opio," Bogotá, May 12th 1941, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 305, folder 39, folio 64. "Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, Policía Sanitaria," Bogotá, June 18th 1941, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 121, folder 950, folio 24. "Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, Policía Sanitaria," Bogotá, July 22nd 1941, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 121, folder 950, folio 46. "Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, Policía Sanitaria," Bogotá, August 26 1941, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 121, folder 950, folio 62. "Informe de la Sección Jurídica del Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, relativo a un caso de tráfico ilícito de marihuana descubierto en Barranquilla," Bogotá, February 1st 1943, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 305, folder 43, folio 100. Société des Nations, "Résumé des transactions illicites et des saises en 1942," Geneva, February 16th 1943, p. 43, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 306, folder 45, folio 130. "Informe de la Sección Jurídica del Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, relativo a varios casos de tráfico ilícito de marihuana," Bogotá, September 9th 1943, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland, Record Group 170 (hereinafter: NACP-RG170), 170-74-12, Box 21. "Informe de la Sección Jurídica y de Policía Sanitaria del Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social sobre algunos casos de comercio y uso de marihuana, comunicados por la Dirección Departamental de Higiene del Atlántico," Bogotá, October 25th 1944, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 305, folder 44, folio 31.
10 "HEM Thompson, Lieut., USNR, to the Ambassador, American Embassy, Bogotá," July 7th 1945, NACP, RG170-170-74-12, Box 21.
11 "Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, Policía Sanitaria," Bogotá, October 23rd 1941, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 121, folder 950, folio 96. "Informe de la Sección Jurídica del Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, sobre un caso de tráfico de marihuana descubierto en Santa Marta," Bogotá, April 28th 1944, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 305, folder 44, folio 98. "Informe de la Sección Jurídica y de Policía Sanitaria del Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social sobre algunos casos de tráfico de marihuana," Bogotá, March 25th 1946, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 306, folder 45, folio 123.
12 "Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, Policía Sanitaria," Bogotá, July 22nd 1941, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 121, folder 950, folio 47. "Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, Policía Sanitaria," Bogotá, April 20th 1942, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 122, folder 951, folio 36. "Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, Policía Sanitaria," Bogotá, June 1st 1942, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 122, folder 951, folio 52.
13 AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 306, folder 47, folio 191.
14 "Daniel Henao Henao a Presidente del Comité Central Permanente del Opio," Bogotá, September 25th 1951, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 306, folder 48, folio 80.
15 "Informe de la Sección de Estupefacientes del Ministerio de Higiene de Colombia sobre algunos casos de tráfico y uso de marihuana," Bogotá, May 11th 1949, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 306, folder 46, folio 58. "Daniel Henao Henao, Sub-Secretario, Encargado del Departamento Diplomático, a Presidente del Comité Central Permanente del Opio," Bogotá, February 21st 1951, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 306, folder 48, folio 125. "Daniel Henao Henao a Presidente del Comité Central Permanente del Opio," Bogotá, July 27th 1951, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 306, folder 48, folio 98. "Jorge Velandia, Jefe de la Sección, Ministerio de Higiene, a Jefe de la Sección de Organismos Internacionales, Ministerio de Relaciones Internacionales," Bogotá, December 12th 1951, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 122, folder 955, folio 121. "Daniel Henao Henao a Presidente del Comité Central Permanente del Opio," Bogotá, December 14th 1951, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 306, folder 48, folio 53.
16 "Jack T. Kilgore, Vice Consul, to Department of State," Medellin, January 26th 1950, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland, Record Group 59, 821.53/1-2650.
17 "Jorge Velandia, Jefe de la Sección, Ministerio de Higiene, a Jefe de la Sección de Organismos Internacionales, Ministerio de Relaciones Internacionales," Bogotá, October 16th 1951, AGN-FMRE, transfer 10, box 122, folder 955, folio 110. Daniel Henao Henao a Presidente del Comité Central Permanente del Opio," Bogotá, October 18th 1951, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 306, folder 48, folio 63.
18 "Informe del gobierno de Colombia sobre el comercio de estupefacientes y lucha contra la toxicomanía. Año de 1952. Ministerio de Salud Pública. Estupefacientes," NACP-RG170, 170-74-12, Box 21.
19 "Pedro Vélez to Consul of the United States, Guayaquil, Informal translation," April 17th 1957, NACP-RG 170, 170-74-12, Box 23.
20 "Samuel H. Young, American Vice Consul, Narcotic Traffic in Argentina," Buenos Aires, June 27th 1949, NACP-RG170, 170-74-12, Box 19.
21 "International Criminal Police Organization. 29th Session of the General Assembly. Washington, October 10-15th 1960. Drugs Committee," NACP-RG170, 170-94-005, Box 22.
24 "Tte. Coronel José A. Ramírez Merchán, Director General de la Policía Nacional, Circular No. 109/A – P.N.D./181," Bogotá, December 6th 1960, p. 11, AGN-FMRE, transfer 3, box 298, folder 41, folio 44.
23 "Grupo Consultivo Interamericano sobre fiscalización de estupefaciente. Rio de Janeiro, 1961. Informe de los participantes de la República de Colombia al Grupo consultivo sobre fiscalización de estupefacientes, señores doctores Edgar Velasco Arboleda y José Quintero Chica," NACP-RG170, 170-74-4, Box 10.
24 "Directorio Liberal Municipal a Ministro de Gobierno," Maicao, July 15th 1962, Archivo General de la Nación, Bogota, Fondo Ministerio de Gobierno (en adelante citado como: AGN-FMG), box 141, folder 1.104, folios 96-97.
25 "Silvano Novoa Bonilla, Alcalde Municipal, a Alfredo Araújo Grau, Ministro de Justicia," Tame, June 3rd 1964, AGN-FMG, box 54, folder 430, folio 273.
26 "Departamento de Policía de Bogotá. Estudio sobre criminalidad mes de Julio," Bogotá, August 24th 1964, AGN-FMG, box 48, folder 396, folio 60.
27 "Permanent Central Narcotics Board. Mission of the Board to Honduras, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, March-April 1966. Report by Mr. V. Kusevic," Geneva, September 5th 1966, p. 8, NACP-RG170, 170-74-4, Box 10.
28 "Muertos por causa de la Violencia en los departamentos bajo estado de sitio durante los primeros 7 meses de 1959," AGN-FMG, box 7, folder 51, folio 14.
29 "Restrepo Restrepo, Gobernador, a Augusto Ramírez Moreno, Mingobierno," Manizales, January 31st 1961, AGN-FMG, box 21, folder 182, folio 151. See also, Ortiz Sarmiento: passim.
30 "Comité Departamental de Cafeteros a Ministro Gobierno," Manizales, February 4th 1961, AGN-FMG, box 21, folder 182, folio 49.
31 "Teniente Coronel Edmundo Rubiano Groot, Comandante Sexta Brigada Encargado, a Jefe Orden Público, Ministerio Gobierno," Ibagué, April 25th 1960, AGN-FMG, box 13, folder 104, folio 10. "Rafael Parga Cortés, Gobernador, a Manuel E. Carvajalino, Jefe de Orden Público, Ministerio de Gobierno," Ibagué, May 5th 1960, AGN-FMG, box 13, folder 104, folios 86-87. "Alonso Aragón Quintero, Gobernador, a Ministro de Gobierno, Ministro de Guerra," Cali, October 27th 1960, AGN-FMG, box 14, folder 114, folio 22. Valle del Cauca, Secretaría de Gobierno, Orden Público, "Homicidio. Ansermanuevo," Cali (¿?), December 6th 1960, AGN-FMG, box 13, folder 108, folio 1.
32 "Atracado en la zona urbana James Bonilla," El Mundo, Riosucio, August 22nd 1964, p. 1, press-cutting, AGN-FMG, box 58, folder 451, folio 274.
33 "Memorando al Señor Ministro de Gobierno sobre medidas tomadas por la Gobernación de Caldas, sobre orden público en el Departamento," Manizales, January 18th 1961, AGN-FMG, box 23, folder 209, folio 9.
34 "Gobernación de Caldas. June 1961," AGN-FMG, box 233, folder 2198, folios 185-189. "Miguel Alvarez de los Ríos, Sub-Secretario de Gobierno, a Ministro de Gobierno," Manizales, January 1st (sic) 1962, AGN-FMG, box 233, folder 2198, folios, 163-166. "Miguel Alvarez de los Ríos, Sub-Secretario de Gobierno, a Ministro de Gobierno," Manizales, February 1st (sic) 1962, AGN-FMG, box 233, folder 2198, folios, 167-169. "Miguel Alvarez de los Ríos, Sub-Secretario de Gobierno, a Ministro de Gobierno," Manizales, March 1st (sic) 1962, AGN-FMG, box 233, folder 2198, folios, 170-173. "Miguel Alvarez de los Ríos, Sub-Secretario de Gobierno, a Ministro de Gobierno," Manizales, April 1st (sic) 1962, AGN-FMG, box 233, folder 2198, folios, 174-176. "Miguel Alvarez de los Ríos, Sub-Secretario de Gobierno, a Ministro de Gobierno," Manizales, May 1st (sic) 1962, AGN-FMG, box 233, folder 2198, folios, 67-71. "Miguel Alvarez de los Ríos, Sub-Secretario de Gobierno, a Ministro de Gobierno," Manizales, September 1st (sic) 1962, AGN-FMG, box 233, folder 2198, folios, 177-179. "Gobernación de Caldas. Secretaría de Gobierno, Número 00010," AGN-FMG, box 233, folder 2198, folios 72-74. "Secretaría de Gobierno del Departamento de Caldas, Número 00011," AGN-FMG, box 233, folder 2198, folios 19-22. "Secretaría de Gobierno del Departamento de Caldas, Número 00012," AGN, FMG, box 233, folder 2198, folios 23-27. "Secretaría de Gobierno del Departamento de Caldas, Número 0001," AGN-FMG, box 48, folder 396, folios 262-267. "Secretaría de Gobierno del Departamento de Caldas, Número 0002," AGN-FMG, box 48, folder 396, folio 251. "Secretaría de Gobierno del Departamento de Caldas, Número 0003," AGN-FMG, box 48, folder 396, folios 228-235. "Relación de las capturas registradas en el mes de Marzo 1963," AGN-FMG, box 48, folder 396, folio 228. "Secretaría de Gobierno del Departamento de Caldas, Número 0004," AGN-FMG, box 48, folder 396, folios 204-208. "Secretaría de Gobierno del Departamento de Caldas, Número 000," AGN-FMG, box 48, folder 396, folios 172-176. "Relación de las capturas registradas en el mes de Mayo 1963," AGN-FMG, box 48, folder 396, folio 178. "Secretaría de Gobierno del Departamento de Caldas, Número 0006," AGN-FMG, box 48, folder 396, folios 143-149. "Secretaría de Gobierno del Departamento de Caldas, Número 0007," AGN-FMG, box 48, folder 396, folio 122. "Relación de las capturas registradas en el mes de Julio de 1963," AGN-FMG, box 48, folder 396, folio 121.
35 "Descubierta marihuana en La Peña," El Mundo, Ríosucio, August 22nd 1964, p. 4, press-cutting, AGN-FMG, box 58, folder 451, folio 274. "Boletín Informativo Policivo," (hereinafter cited as: BIP) December 15th-31st 1967, p. 5, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 236.
36 "BIP," October 15th-31st 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 132.
37 "BIP," February 15th-29th 1968, p. 4, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 170. "BIP," March 1st-15th 1968, p. 5, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 153. "BIP," March 15th-30th 1968, p. 6, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 135. "BIP," April 15th-30th 1968, p. 5, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 99. "BIP," December 16th-31st 1968, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 189. "BIP," January 1st-15th 1969, p. 5, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 5; "BIP," January 16th-31st 1969, p. 6, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 27; "BIP," February 1st-15th 1969, p. 7, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 48; "BIP," February 28th-March 15th 1969, p. 6, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 888, folio 86. "BIP," April 30th-May 15th 1969, p. 7, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 142.
38 "BIP," February 1st-15th 1968, p. 5, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 188.
39 "BIP," July 1st-15th 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 36.
40 See: "BIP," February 16th-28th 1969, p. 18, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 78; "BIP," March 15th-30th 1968, pp. 5-6, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folios 134-135; "BIP," February 1st-15th 1969, p. 6, box 117, folder 882, folio 47; "BIP," August 15th-31st 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 85; "BIP," December 1st-15th 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 153.
41 "BIP," March 1st-15th 1968, p. 5, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 153. "BIP," December 16th-31st 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 188. "BIP," February 28th–March 15th 1969, p. 5, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 85.
42 "BIP," February 1st-15th, 1969, p. 5, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 46."BIP," March 15th-30th 1969, p. 4, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 103. "BIP," April 30th–May 15th 1969, p. 5, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 140. "BIP," December 1st-15th 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 151.
43 "BIP," February 28th–March 15th 1969, p. 4, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 84.
44 "BIP," December 1st-15th 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 151.
45 See, for example: "BIP," January 15th-31st 1968, p. 3, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 201; "BIP," March 1st-15th 1968, p. 3, AFN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 151; "BIP," April 15th -30th 1968, pp. 4, 6, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folios 98, 100; "BIP," July 15th-30th 1968, p. 4, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 4; "BIP," January 1st-15th 1969, p. 6, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 6; "BIP," January 16th-31st 1969, p. 14, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 35; "BIP," February 1st-15th 1969, p. 5, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 46; "BIP," February 16th-28th 1939, pp. 4-5, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folios 64-65; "BIP," March 15th-30th 1969, p. 3, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 102; "BIP," December 15th-30th 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 170.
46 See: "BIP," June 1st-15th 1968, p. 3, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 51; "BIP," August 15th-31st 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 83.
47 "BIP," August 1st-15th 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 65.
48 "BIP," August 15th-31st 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 83.
50 "BIP," February 15th-29th 1968, p. 16, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 182.
51 "BIP," January 1st-15th 1969, p. 5, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 5. "BIP," December 1st-15th 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 155.
52 "BIP," June 1st-15th 1968, p. 2, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 50. "BIP," March 15th-30th 1969, p. 2, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 101.
53 For cases of marihuana trafficking, possession and sale in these regions, see: "BIP," May 15th-30th 1968, p. 2, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 64; "BIP," July 15th-30th 1968, p. 6, AGN-FMG, box 99, folder 743, folio 6; "BIP," January 16th-31st 1961, p. 7, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 28; "BIP," February 16th-28th 1969, p. 3, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 63; "BIP," April 30th–May 15th 1969, p. 8, AGN-FMG, box 117, folder 882, folio 143; "BIP," July 1st-15th 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 36; "BIP," November 15th-30th 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folio 145; "BIP," December 1st-15th 1969, AGN-FMG, box 130, folder 977, folios 163-164.
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Do your employees feel personally connected to the organization they work for? Would they recommend your workplace to others? If the answer to any of those questions is "no," you're far from alone. Employee engagement is way down, so low that a recent study found that two-thirds of the U.S. workforce is not fully engaged.
What exactly is employee engagement? Boiled down, the term means employees who are fully involved and enthusiastic about their jobs. Beyond simply being satisfied, engaged employees feel connected and committed to their coworkers and the organization where they work.
"Engagement is directly tied to productivity and loyalty," says David Fagiano, chief operating officer, Dale Carnegie Training.
Disengaged employees are 2.5 times more likely to leave their job for any level of pay increase than engaged employees. The study also found that young employees and older groups are more engaged than middle-aged people, with engagement peaking among employees who have been at their place of employment for three to five years.
1. Relationship with immediate supervisor: Does this person appreciate and recognize the employee?
2. Belief in senior leadership: Do employees believe the company is headed in the right direction?
3. Pride in working for the company: Do employees feel a sense of worth when doing their jobs?
Confident: When employees feel confident, they are more productive and more likely to take on new challenges. Build confidence by giving sincere praise. Be specific about what you think they have done well in the past and reinforce it with a positive statement or suggestion about the future.
Empowered: When employees have the tools and support they need, they feel empowered. Keep an open-door policy for questions and conversation. Truly listen to what employees say. Ask them what projects they'd like to work on. Show them you genuinely care and have high expectations.
Enthusiastic: Enthusiasm is contagious. One employee who feels these emotions can spread positive energy to the entire group. Boost enthusiasm by sharing company plans for the future and be open to employee suggestions. Live by example and talk about how excited you are for future developments.
Inspired: Knowing the future is bright and there is opportunity for career growth will inspire employees. Be a mentor and a coach as well as a boss. Provide growth and development opportunities. Remove obstacles and be proactive about providing any necessary resources. Keep an open dialogue about an employee's vision for their job in the future.


text:
Why the Jews?
The Reason for Antisemitism
Prager, Dennis
Argues that the causes of antisemitism are neither ethnic nor racial nor rooted in economic envy or religious bigotry, but that antisemitism is a response to Jews and their way of life, based upon its very foundations--God, Torah, and Peoplehood
From the bestselling authors of The Nine Questions People Ask About Judaism comes a completely revised and updated edition of a modern classic that reflects the dangerous rise in antisemitism during the twenty-first century.
The very word Jew continues to arouse passions as does no other religious, national, or political name. Why have Jews been the object of the most enduring and universal hatred in history? Why did Hitler consider murdering Jews more important than winning World War II? Why has the United Nations devoted more time to tiny Israel than to any other nation on earth?
In this seminal study, Dennis Prager and Joseph Telushkin attempt to uncover and understand the roots of antisemitism -- from the ancient world to the Holocaust to the current crisis in the Middle East. This postmillennial edition ofWhy the Jews? offers new insights and unparalleled perspectives on some of the most recent, pressing developments in the contemporary world, including:
The replicating of Nazi antisemitism in the Arab world
The pervasive anti-Zionism/antisemitism on university campuses
The rise of antisemitism in Europe
Why the United States and Israel are linked in the minds of antisemites
Clear, persuasive, and thought provoking, Why the Jews? is must reading for anyone who seeks to understand the unique role of the Jews in human history.
Publisher: New York : Simon and Schuster, c1983
Read more reviews of Why the Jews? at iDreamBooks.com
Antisemitism — History

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Rolex Air-King: While You Were Sleeping…
Usually entry-level timepieces by top-tier luxury brands are easily dismissible. But here our watch columnist, L.A.-based artist Wes Lang, argues that Rolex's Air-King is one of the most underrated watches in the whole world.
By Wes Lang
Photography by Joyce Lee
These days, everybody wants a steel Rolex. The resale market has never been hotter, and the waiting lists for new releases have never been longer. (Try buying one of the new Rolex "Batman" GMTs announced at Baselworld and you'll see what I mean.) But there's one steel Rolex you could probably pick up tomorrow from your local authorized dealer: the Air-King.
The Air-King was introduced by Rolex in 1943 as part of a series of timepieces that, it is said, paid tribute to the British Royal Air Force pilots who flew in the Battle of Britain. (During World War II, Rolexes were popular among R.A.F. pilots for their relatively large size and reliability.) It's gone through many incarnations since then, eventually settling into the brand's lineup as an entry-level model. But when Rolex re-introduced it in 2016, the only similarity to past versions was, essentially, the "AIR-KING" stamp on the dial.
Of all the classic Rolexes I've come across, this is the one I like wearing the most. It's the only dial Rolex has ever made where the crown is a different color from the word "Rolex"—which set purists off when it was unveiled. But who cares what they think? The bold logo, the green second hand, the white-gold 3-6-9 markers, and the O.G. "AIR-KING" make it fuckin' fun—a rare quality in serious timepieces. And even the most uptight collector can't deny that the smooth, polished bezel and sturdy link bracelet are pure Rolex.
It's also an absolute powerhouse. At 40 mm—the largest Air-King ever produced—it feels heavier than other Rolexes of this size. Since it's a pilot's watch, the movement is housed in a sturdy anti-magnetic inner case. And it can take a beating—I keep my Air-King in my studio and wear it every day when I work, for 10 to 12 hours at a time. But even though it's covered in paint and grime, I can still put it on with a suit. There aren't many watches with that kind of versatility.
The crazy thing is, I've only seen it on two other people—and I look at everybody's wrist, everywhere I go. Especially when you consider the price: $6,200. If that doesn't wake you up to this great option from the most sought-after watch brand in the world, nothing will.
A version of this story originally appeared in the April 2019 issue with the title "While You Were Sleeping..."
Related Stories for GQWes Lang on WatchesWatches
The Best Pieces at This Month's Biggest Watch Event
The Timex Marlin Is a Golden Age Watch That Still Looks Killer Today
By Jeremy Freed
The Other Dive Watch Magnum, P.I. Made Famous Is Finally Back
Timex and Todd Snyder Are Back With Their First-Ever Chronograph


text:
Texas Dem Mocks Pro-Life Laws By Proposing Sexist Law Against Masturbation
By Matthew BalanMar 13th, 2017, 11:43 am
A Texas state representative prompted equal levels of praise and scorn after she introduced "satirical" legislation on Friday that clearly mocks pro-life laws and legislation.
Rep. Jessica Farrar's bill would "require men to wait 24 hours after an 'initial health care consultation' to receive an elective vasectomy, colonoscopy or Viagra prescription," according to a Monday report from The Washington Post by correspondent Travis M. Andrews.
Rep. Farrar calls her proposed legislation the "Man's Right to Know Act." On top of the waiting period, the bill would require "men seeking those procedures to receive a booklet of informational materials titled 'A Man's Right to Know,'" which will "contain medical information related to the benefits and concerns of a man seeking a vasectomy, Viagra prescriptions or a colonoscopy," according to the Post report.
The bill, if passed, would also levy a $100 fine for "unregulated masturbatory emissions" by men.
Andrews zeroed in on how the Houston Democrat singled out her Republican colleagues in a recent interview to the Texas Tribune newspaper: "What I would like to see is this make people stop and think. Maybe my colleagues aren't capable of that, but the people who voted for them, or the people that didn't vote at all, I hope that it changes their mind."
The Texas Tribune article disclosed that Rep. Farrar is an "outspoken proponent of abortion rights." Correspondent Alex Samuels included the Texas state legislator's explanation about the $100 fine:
In proposing a fine for masturbation, Farrar says that if a man's semen is not used to create a pregnancy, "then it's a waste … because that semen can be used — and is to be used — for creating more human life."
Farrar continued: "Men have to answer for their actions and so forth. So if there's going to be an emission, it would have to be done in a hospital where the semen could be preserved for future pregnancies or it would be directly deposited into the vagina of a woman."
Rep. Farrar further outlined the point of her bill in a Sunday interview with the Houston Chronicle: "A lot of people find the bill funny. What's not funny are the obstacles that Texas women face every day, that were placed there by legislatures making it very difficult for them to access health care."
Andrews also spotlighted how left-wing commentators sang the praises of the House Democrat after she introduced the bill. The Post correspondent quoted a Friday tweet from "reproductive justice" reporter Teddy Wilson, who trumpeted how Rep. Farrar "expertly trolls" the Texas state legislature. The Huffington Post boosted this take in the title of their Monday article on the proposed law.
Conservatives had their own reactions to the legislation on Twitter. On Monday, National Review's Charles C.W. Cooke labeled it "the Non Sequitur Act of 2017." Commentator Matt Walsh gave a more blunt reaction several minutes later:
The modern Democrat Party summed up in one tweet: https://t.co/AqMIOzkPNG
— Matt Walsh (@MattWalshBlog) March 13, 2017
[image via screengrab]
This is an opinion piece. The views expressed in this article are those of just the author.
AbortionmasturbationPro-LifeTexas


Missoula Housing Authority owns and manages the following properties that serve low and moderate income families in our community. These properties have fixed rents that are lower than market rate rents. All of our affordable housing properties accept tenant-based vouchers, such as Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher, Shelter Plus Care, and VASH. Please contact our Waitlist Coordinator at (406) 549-4113, ext. 118 to apply for these properties. Online applications are coming soon! If you are a current tenant of one of our properties, please visit our Residents page.
MHA is proud to provide smoke-free housing at all of our properties.
110 California Street | 110 S. California St.
Palace Apartments | 149 W. Broadway St.
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Last Action Hero (1993)
The Name of the Rose (1986)
Tom Hulce
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1993)
Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)
Doctor Who: The Complete First Series (2005)
Doctor Who: The Complete Sixth Series (2011)
Roy Dotrice
Space 1999: The Complete First Season (1975)
The Cutting Edge (1992)
Goya's Ghosts (2007)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
Hair (1979)
A witty and highly imaginative historical fiction, well adapted by screenwriter Peter Shaffer from his own hit play.
158 min. Orion Pictures, New Yorker Films, Showtime Networks (Primary Listing). Directors: Milos Forman, Jan Schmidt. Cast: F. Murray Abraham, Tom Hulce, Elizabeth Berridge, Simon Callow, Roy Dotrice.
Amadeus has all the stuff of a modern best Picture shoo-in: epic sweep, history writ large, sumptuous period design (including ruffled costumes), grand performances, and grander music. And indeed, Milos Forman's film took home eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture. But don't hold those against it, Oscar skeptics: Amadeus is a witty and highly imaginative historical fiction, well adapted by screenwriter Peter Shaffer from his own hit play.
Framed as the story of 18th century composer Antonio Salieri (F. Murray Abraham, in a brilliant, Oscar-winning performance), Amadeus begins with a suicidal Salieri placed in a Viennese mental hospital. There, the old man confesses at length his sins of envy, focused on the bright light of musical rival Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Tom Hulce). Salieri's role as court composer for Emperor Joseph of Austria (Jeffrey Jones), "the musical king," becomes threatened by the upstart Mozart. As remembered by Salieri, Mozart was a genius whose beautiful music flowed freely through a conduit straight from God, but whose childish vulgarity was embodied in a dizzy laugh and topped by a punk-rock-pink wig. Determining to share his own torment as a struggling artist with the blithely talented (and sexual) Mozart, Salieri becomes Iago to Mozart's Othello, purring destructive counsel and undermining his mentee at every opportunity.
In telling Salieri's story, the film of Amadeus also recounts some of Mozart's well-known troubles: his difficulty securing work and subsequent crippling debt, his torment over the loss of his father Leopold (Roy Dotrice), and his strained marriage to Constanze (Elizabeth Berridge). Through it all, Mozart continues to compose works of staggering genius: The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and ultimately the Requiem (in Shaffer's conception, Salieri himself commissions the Requiem, and at Mozart's deathbed, helps him to write it). Though a monumental undertaking of location photography (Prague for Vienna) and visually detailed production design and magnificent music conducted and supervised by Sir Neville Marriner, Amadeus is, above all, a crack psychodrama.
"All men are made equal in God's eyes," says Father Vogler (Richard Frank). "Are they?" Salieri retorts. For him, the story is one of existential sturm und drang, a meditation on the mystery of genius in some artists and its cruel absence in others, in spite of devoted vocation. Salieri finds himself torn apart by "Amadeus" (whose middle name means "beloved of God"): as an obsessed fan, Salieri idolizes, befriends, undermines and stalks Mozart, marveling at the man who composed forty operas, "his first concerto at the age of four, his first symphony at 7, a full-scale opera at twelve!" Though he dreams of, and prays for, immortality through his art, Salieri concludes he's a "mediocrity," like nearly all of humanity. The realization is the fuel of his burning artistic, sexual, familial and spiritual jealousy of Mozart: "It seemed to me that I was hearing the voice of God. But why? Why could God choose an obscene child to be his instrument?"
The lack of an answer drives Salieri mad. As a piece of history, Amadeus would be patently unfair to the real Salieri, who was the subject of unverifiable gossip and whose art is well regarded by many today. But as historical fiction--in the literary tradition of Aleksandr Pushkin's 1831 tragedy Mozart and Salieri--Shaffer's play and screenplay make for fascinating character study. Moving effortlessly through palatial salons, rundown apartments, cobblestone streets and opera houses (graced by the choreography and opera staging of Twyla Tharp), the Oscar-winning Forman works well with Shaffer to create a story conceived to have music, in its bliss and torment, as its leading character.
Audio: Dolby TrueHD 5.1, Dolby Digital 5.1
In Warner's Blu-ray debut of Amadeus: Director's Cut (offering approximately twenty minutes of added footage), the Oscar-winning Best Picture looks as good as it's likely to get without a full-blown frame-by-frame clean-up. Quibbles are perhaps moot, then, as this transfer is a noticeable step up from the previous DVD versions. Still, the usual suspects seen in many aging films are found here: edge enhancement from digital sharpening, a hampering of detail from digital noise reduction's waxiness, and a black level looking a bit greyed. There's just a touch of visual noise here and there, but certainly I'm happily tossing my DVD aside in favor of the improved resolution of Blu-ray. Sound is easier to "trumpet": the Dolby TrueHD 5.1 mix (and Dolby Digital 5.1 mix) winningly wrap Sir Neville Marriner's glorious orchestrations around you in wholly successful immersion.
All of the DVD Director's Cut features (and more) make their way here, beginning with a commentary by Milos Forman and Peter Shaffer. Their eccentric and therefore interesting conversation covers the people, places, and ideas of the film, as well as script development, production and various personal reflections.
Also on hand is the 2002 doc The Making of Amadeus (1:00:42), a fantastic feature-length making-of filled with fascinating anecdotes about the project's conception and execution. participants include Forman, Jeffrey Jones, F. Murray Abraham, Saul Zaentz, Shaffer, music director Sir Neville Marriner, Tom Hulce, Vincent Schiavelli, executive producer/AD Michael Hausman, production designer Patrizia Von Brandenstein, Elizabeth Berridge, choreographer Twyla Tharp, and costume designer Theodor Pistek.
Last up is the film's "Theatrical Trailer" (2:24, SD), but Warner's book-style packaging includes more value: a 36-page glossy booklet with liner-note essays, fun facts and cast bios, as well as a second disc that's a Special CD Compliation of eight Marriner-conducted Mozart pieces.


Save Our SBS – friends of SBS – joins all supporters and every friend of SBS in celebrating SBS radio, television, digital and online services. We are a not-for-profit association of ordinary people defending the original special purpose of SBS. DONATE here.
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–Mary Oliver. From "Praying" in Thirst. 2006.
My resolution for 2018 is to Pay Attention. In 2018, I will know the names of all the plants near my home and the birds who leave their tracks on my windowsill. I will learn the names of the neighbors I don't yet know. Knowing the names of things is the difference between familiarity and intimacy. I will also pay attention to my body, not just to my thoughts, and unlock wisdom.
Want advice for setting and keeping New Year's resolutions? Enroll in our Brave Over Perfect Group Coaching. Our January theme is all about habits and resolutions. It's only $20 to join us! Get instant access to three live coaching calls (and call recordings), a thriving online community, worksheets, and online resources. Learn more or enroll now.


text:
Concept and Approach
Project interactions
Summary of results
Model-guided approach
An important innovation in PEMs4Nano is the model-guided approach. "The key to reaching our goal is to understand how particles evolve from inside the engine all the way to the tailpipe end," says Amit Bhave, CEO of CMCL. "We are developing models that describe this trajectory, and these models will make the future EU certification tests more robust and reliable." This so-called model guided application (MGA) workflow combines several models, based on the components in the combustion system. "The model consists of four steps," Amit explains. The first step is the fuel oxidation, i.e. the combustion of the fuel. The second step involves additional processes in the combustion chamber, for example turbulent mixing of the gases and reaction kinetics. In the third step the particles are flowing down the exhaust system. "In the fourth and last step we describe the measurement device itself," says Amit. Combined, these models make it possible to understand the full particle trajectory. "In the project, we validate our models, so that future EU certification tests are more robust and reliable."
Sizes and dimensions (nm)
PEMs4Nano Excellence
Dr Marcus Rieker
www.horiba.com
Uniresearch BV
Dr Willem van Dorp
www.uniresearch.com
This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement no. 724145.
© Copyright 2023 Pems4nano - Uniresearch
YSD for graphic and webdesign


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Expect real GDP to decline 1-2% YoY in 3Q FY21: Report
"This is the first month in a year when non-farm activities (both industrial and services) grew faster than the farm sector," Motilal Oswal Financial Services said in a report.
December 05, 2020, 16:40 IST
The recent data furnished by National Statistical Office (NSO) showed that the Q2FY21 GDP, on a year-on-year basis, contracted by (-) 7.5 per cent from (-) 23.9 per cent in the preceding quarter.
MUMBAI: The contraction in India's real GDP can narrow down to just 1-2 per cent, said a report by Motilal Oswal Financial Services.
Accordingly, the in-house Economic Activity Index (EAI) for India's real GVA (EAI-GVA) grew by 4.8 per cent YoY in October 2020, marking the second consecutive month of growth.
The GVA includes taxes, but excludes subsidies.
Last month, the NSO data showed that on a YoY basis, Q2 GVA for 2020-21 from the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector inched lower to 3.4 per cent growth, against 3.5 per cent in the same quarter of 2019-20.
However, the EAI-GDP, continued to contract for the eighth consecutive month in October 2020 and that too faster than the previous month.
"While personal consumption expenditure (PCE) continued to contract in double-digits for the seventh consecutive month, total investments declined 5 per cent the slowest fall in eight months."
"Excluding government spending, EAI-GDP contracted 7.6 per cent YoY in Oct'20 versus a fall of 5.1 per cent YoY in Sep'20."
According to the report, overall EAI-GVA continues to show an improvement in economic activity, while demand measures continue to lag.
"Based on a few indicators available for Nov'20 - power generation, manufacturing PMI, e-way registrations, etc., growth seems to have cooled off last month."
"If so, it suggests that the growth peaked out in Oct'20 (as per our expectations) and is likely to moderate in coming months. Real GDP could contract again in 3QFY21 before posting a growth in 4QFY21. The second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic, however, remains a valid risk."
Recent data showed that even though India's economic recovery accelerated in Q2FY21 from the lows of the pandemic-induced lockdown, the country, for the very first time since Independence, entered into a technical recession.
Though not comparable, the GDP had grown by 4.4 per cent in the corresponding quarter of FY2019-20.
National Statistical Office
Farm sector
1,500 jobs will be available once Mopa airport becomes operational: Goa CM
EasyJet confirms cutting of 1,400 jobs under its previously announced restructuring


PowerChurch Software was founded in 1984 with a vision of helping churches and ministries help others even more. Over 30 years in the church management software field has taught us much. Early on, we realized that no two churches are exactly alike. As a result, PowerChurch Software develops products that are as flexible and customizable as possible. We also learned that customer loyalty is the true measure of success. That is why we are so proud that over 38,000 organizations have come to rely on PowerChurch Software for their ministry management software needs.


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COURIER NEWS
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Somerset Patriots Post-Game Notes: Game 104
Another day, another tough loss for the Somerset Patriots.
Somerset Patriots Post-Game Notes: Game 104 Another day, another tough loss for the Somerset Patriots. Check out this story on mycentraljersey.com: https://mycj.co/2w51UX2
Somerset Patriots Pulse
Mike Ashmore, Bridgewater Published 11:59 p.m. ET Aug. 22, 2018
This one was, again, at the hands of the Sugar Land Skeeters, and by the score of 9-7.
The Patriots got down 1-0 in the third, fought back to tie the game 1-1 in the fifth, but things got away quickly in the sixth.
One strike away from escaping a nobody out, two runners on jam left by starter Duane Below, Zech Zinicola ended up letting six runs cross the plate in a disastrous frame. The offense, however, fought back.
Nate Coronado cut the deficit to 7-3 with a two-run single in the eighth inning, and Ramon Flores followed that with a three-run homer to right field to make it just a one-run ballgame.
However, the Skeeters plated two ninth inning runs against Dustin Antolin, rendering Endy Chavez's RBI groundout irrelevant.
"I was very happy with how, against a good pitching staff, we came back and scored some runs there," said Patriots manager Brett Jodie. "We came to life a little bit offensively. Even with Zinicola's inning, I take a lot of positives out of that, because we put him in a tough situation and he was one pitch away from getting out of it...he did a great job to get to that point, but obviously after that happened, we have to do a better job to minimize any further damage and it took him a little while to get back into a groove then. We didn't roll over, we came back and fought hard...right when we scored, we gave up some more run, and that was disappointing to see, but overall there were some positives that came out of there. I was happy we didn't roll over and gave a good effort there."
So, let's circle back to last night, shall we? Collectively, the team expressed a desire to play harder after Jodie's impassioned, yet very audible address of his clubhouse following Tuesday's loss.
I asked if Jodie felt like his message got through, and he circled back himself, explaining why he felt like he had to deliver it in the first place.
"(Those types of things) aren't scripted out, they're things that are on my mind or in my heart at the time, and that's what I felt like I needed to do," Jodie said.
"I can sleep at night knowing I said what I had to say, based on what I see. I don't ever keep things in, there's nothing I hide. If I see something that needs to be said, I'm going to say it. So, I did."
That's a well you can go to only so many times, however. So, poor result aside, does Jodie feel like his team is trending in a positive direction?
"I do," he said.
"Even though our record hasn't been great, I don't feel like we're far off. There's some individual things that kind of hurt us a little bit -- the Yovan (Gonzalez getting injured) situation hurt us a little bit -- but I feel like with the pitching staff, we're kind of getting on top of it now where I can actually use certain guys for an inning. I don't have to push Molleken for two-plus and stuff like that. That was one of the first times I put Zinicola in a tough situation, and I know he didn't get the job done, but it was close, so I like that role for him. It was cool to play the game and not try to survive the game. We were trying to do some things, get on top of this pitching stuff. Massey was back in there too, and we're getting the lineup healthy a little bit. There are some positives. We have to get better and get hotter in certain areas, but there are some positives and we're not that far off. But, it has to show in wins here pretty soon."
MORE FROM Somerset Patriots Pulse
Patriots Send Liberty-Division High Eight To All-Star Game
Mike Ashmore, Bridgewater | 8:06 PM Jul 5, 2019
New Details On New Atlantic League Rules
BREAKING: Atlantic League To Implement New Rules For Second Half Of 2019 Season
See all posts from Somerset Patriots Pulse
Thompson will not return as St. Joseph's head basketball coach
Robinson represents Rahway in Autoland Classic
Autoland Classic will be Rutgers wrestling commit DelVecchio's last football game
Autoland Classic features top offensive linemen
Former Somerset Patriots star launches clothing brand
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Home > How To Lounge> Art & Culture > M.S. Sathyu's play and other things to enjoy this weekend
M.S. Sathyu's play and other things to enjoy this weekend
Our pick of art exhibitions, theatre, music performances—and a new-look dining space
/how-to-lounge/art-culture/ms-sathyu-s-play-and-other-things-to-enjoy-this-weekend-111632407955956.html 111632407955956 story
'Untitled' by V. Ramesh, watercolour on paper.
By Team Lounge
The Pandemic Still-Lifes, a new show at Gallery Threshold, features new works by artist V. Ramesh. He juxtaposes that which is alive with that which has deteriorated over time, to show the impermanence of the body.
On view at Gallery Threshold, Delhi, till 20 October, 11am-7pm (Monday-Saturday)
Also Read: Ranga Shankara's reopening act
MAHABHARATA OF THE MIDDLE AGES
Varasudaara, a Kannada play directed by M.S. Sathyu and written by Jayaram Rayapura, looks at the period when the princely families of northern India had to take sides in the battles among Mughal emperor Shahjahan's four sons.
At Bangalore International Centre, Bengaluru, 25-26 September, 6pm. Tickets on Bookmyshow
MUSICAL EVENINGS
Composer-musician Vasu Dixit.
Ranga Shankara brings a mix of the classical and modern with performances by Shubha Santosh, with her improvisations on the veena, and composer-musician Vasu Dixit. The latter's vocal style is a celebration of life, be it with the band Swarathma or with the Vasu Dixit Collective.
At the Ranga Shankara foyer, Bengaluru, 25-26 September, 5.15-6.15pm
A ONE-OF-ITS KIND EXPERIMENT
Ritviz (right) and Nucleya.
Hospitality brand SOCIAL will host the launch of Ritviz and Nucleya's new album, Baaraat, in a unique hybrid showcase. The live event at antiSOCIAL Mumbai will be accompanied by simultaneous live-streams across 28 of the brand's outlets in seven cities.
Live event at antiSOCIAL, Lower Parel, Mumbai, on 25 September, 4pm onwards
FROM GARDEN TO GLASS
Blah is an all-day dining space in the Bandra Kurla Complex.
Blah!—Brunch Cafe & Bar is the latest addition to the bevy of eateries in the Bandra Kurla Complex. Besides an expansive menu, with brunch classics and high-tea platters, the highlight is the artisanal cocktail selection, featuring ingredients from its mini-farm, powered by grow lights.
Open at Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai, noon-10pm
Also Read: Will the craze for open-air dining outlast the pandemic?
For more such stories Lifestyle News, Fashion Photos on Mint Lounge.


Kenneth Koch (1925–2002) was a core member of the first generation of the New York School of Poets. A renowned poet and energetic teacher, Kenneth Koch had a passion for communicating his own belief that poetry was life itself. His books on teaching, Wishes, Lies and Dreams (1970) and Rose, Where Did You Get That Red? (1990), are a confirmation of his celebrated pioneer status in bringing poetry into the classroom.
The most recent collections of his own poetry are New Addresses (Knopf, 2000), On the Great Atlantic Rainway: Selected Poems 1950–1988 and One Train, a collection of new work (both published by Knopf in 1994). His books of poetry include Seasons on Earth (1987), On the Edge (1986), The Duplications (1977), The Art of Love (1975), When the Sun Tries to Go On (1969), Thank You and Other Poems (1962), and Ko (1960).
His plays, many of them produced off- and off-off-Broadway, are collected in A Change of Hearts (1973), One Thousand Avant-Garde Plays (1988) and The Gold Standard (1996). He has also published fiction — The Red Robins (1975), a novel, and Hotel Lambosa (1988), short stories.
His collaborations with painters have been the subject of exhibitions at the Ipswich Museum in England and the Tibor de Nagy Gallery in New York. He received the Bollingen Prize in Poetry in 1995 and has received awards from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, as well as the Ingram-Merrill and Guggenheim foundations. Kenneth Koch taught at Columbia University.
Thanks to the Poetry Projects at St Mark's in the Bowery, New York, for this note.
Poems, Tibor de Nagy Gallery, 1953.
Ko; or, A Season on Earth (also see below), Grove (New York City), 1959.
Thank You and Other Poems, Grove, 1962.
Poems from 1952 and 1953 (limited edition), Black Sparrow Press (Santa Barbara, CA), 1968.
The Pleasures of Peace and Other Poems, Grove, 1969.
When the Sun Tries to Go On, Black Sparrow Press, 1969.
Sleeping with Women (limited edition), Black Sparrow Press, 1969.
The Art of Love, Random House (New York City), 1975.
The Duplications (also see below), Random House, 1977.
The Burning Mystery of Anna in 1951, Random House, 1979.
Days and Nights, Random House, 1982.
Selected Poems, 1950-1982, Random House, 1985.
On the Edge, Viking (New York City), 1986.
Seasons on Earth (includes Ko; or, A Season on Earth and The Duplications), Penguin (New York City), 1987.
Selected Poems, Carcanet (Manchester, England), 1991.
One Train: Poems, Knopf (New York City), 1994, Carcanet, 1997.
On the Great Atlantic Rainway: Selected Poems, 1950-1988, Knopf, 1994.
New Addresses: Poems, Knopf, 2000.
(With Alex Katz) Interlocking Lives, Kulchur Foundation (New York City), 1970.
The Red Robins (also see below), Random House, 1975.
Hotel Lambosa and Other Stories, Coffee House Press (Minneapolis, MN), 1993.
Wishes, Lies, and Dreams: Teaching Children to Write Poetry, Chelsea House (New York City), 1970.
Rose, Where Did You Get That Red?: Teaching Great Poetry to Children, Random House, 1973.
House, 1977, revised edition, Teachers and Writers Collaborative (New York City), 1997.
Les couleurs des voyelles: pour faire ecrire de la poesie aux enfants, Casterman (Paris), 1978.
Desideri Sogni Bugie, Emme Edizioni (Milan), 1980.
(With Kate Farrell) Sleeping on the Wing: An Anthology of Modern Poetry, with Essays on Reading and Writing, Random House, 1981.
(With Farrell) Talking to the Sun: An Illustrated Anthology of Poems for Young People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Holt (New York City), 1985.
The Art of Poetry (literary criticism), University of Michigan Press (Ann Arbor), 1996.
Making Your Own Days: The Pleasures of Reading and Writing Poetry, Scribner, 1998.
Little Red Riding Hood, produced in New York City at the Theatre de Lys, 1953.
Bertha (also see below), produced in New York City at Living Theatre, 1959, produced as an opera, music by Ned Rorem, 1971.
Pericles (also see below), produced Off-Broadway, 1960.
The Election (also see below), produced in New York City at Living Theatre, 1960.
George Washington Crossing the Delaware (also see below), produced Off-Broadway, 1962.
The Construction of Boston (also see below), produced Off-Broadway, 1962, produced in Boston as an opera, music by Scott Wheeler, 1990-91.
Guinevere; or, The Death of the Kangaroo (also see below), produced in New York City at New York Theatre for Poets, 1964.
The Tinguely Machine Mystery; or, The Love Suicides at Kaluka (also see below), produced in New York City at the Jewish Museum, 1965.
The Moon Balloon (also see below), produced in New York City in Central Park, 1969.
The Artist (opera; based on poem of the same title; music by Paul Reif), produced in New York City at Whitney Museum, 1972.
A Little Light, produced in Amagansett, NY, 1972.
The Gold Standard (also see below), produced in New York City, 1975.
Rooster Redivivus, produced in Garnerville, NY, 1975.
The Red Robins (based on novel of the same title; produced in New York City at Theater at St. Clement's, 1978), Theatre Arts, 1979.
The New Diana, produced in New York City at New York Art Theatre Institute, 1984.
A Change of Hearts (opera; also see below), produced in New York City at Medicine Show Theatre Ensemble, 1985.
Popeye among the Polar Bears, produced in New York City at Medicine Show Theatre Ensemble, 1986.
(With composer Marcello Panni) The Banquet, produced in Bremen, Germany, at the Bremen Opera, 1998.
Bertha and Other Plays, Grove, 1966.
A Change of Hearts: Plays, Films, and Other Dramatic Works, 1951-1971, Random House, 1973.
One Thousand Avant-garde Plays (produced by Medicine Show in New York City at the Marymount Theatre, 1987), Knopf, 1988.
The Gold Standard: A Book of Plays, Knopf, 1996.
(Editor, with Ron Padgett & Larry Fagin, and author of introduction) Joseph Ceravolo, The Green Lake Is Awake: Selected Poems, Coffee House Press (Minneapolis, MN), 1994.


In a world where the appreciation of the arts – especially in education – is dwindling by the minute, it is important to ensure that our future generations get a well-rounded artistic education. This is where our Phoenix Youth Program steps in. By participating in one or more of our classes on a weekly basis, not only will your child have fun – but will learn valuable life skills that are sometimes overlooked at school!
Why Choose a Theatre Program?
Young people who participate regularly in the arts (three hours a day on three days each week through one full year) are four times more likely to be recognized for academic achievement, to participate in a math and science fair or to win an award for writing an essay or poem than children who do not participate.
Getting up on a stage and singing gives kids a chance to step outside their comfort zone. As they improve and see their own progress, their self-confidence will continue to grow.
The arts strengthen problem solving and critical thinking skills. How do I express this feeling through my dance? How should I play this character? Learning how to make choices and decisions will certainly carry over into their education and other parts of life—as this is certainly a valuable skill in adulthood.
A fun interactive class teaching students the fundamentals of theatre and how to be better all-round performers.
A class that will take focused and skilled students who show potential to grow and further themselves in theatre.
A class for the most mature and focused students in the program. The education at this level will be very comprehensive and there will be a high level of commitment expected from these students.
Download our Young Performers Welcome Pack for IMPORTANT information about enrolments, fee payments and more.
THERE IS A KNOWN BUG IN TRYBOOKING. PLEASE DO NOT PURCHASE A CLASS PASS AND ENROLMENT AT THE SAME TIME.
Jacqui Power is a Bachelor of Education graduate from Griffith University specialising in Music & Drama. She has worked extensively with children across the SE Queensland region and currently teaches at Kings Christian College in their Drama and Dance department. She also holds a Certificate IV in Musical Theatre and several qualification in Dance and Piano.
As a performer she has recently played Regina, in Rock of Ages, Adrina in Disney's Little Mermaid and brought the house down with the 'I Love You Song' during XXV. Her passion and dedication to performing is a strong asset and her dedication is infectious.


How do I boot from active boot disk and then run a chkdsk?
How to I boot from the CD and then run a drive defrag?
The short answer is — currently Boot Disk cannot do it.
There is a web site that explains how to access a locked drive from WinPE.
However there are two requirements.
Probably in the future, it may be a good idea to include WMI.
If WMI is included, you can also include PowerShell which would be useful for those who want to do some advanced Windows scripts in Boot Disk.