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Pols 206 Study Guide (2014-15 Fulton)
Pols1113
Pols1113 206
institutions and processes through which public policies are made for a society
The institution that has the authority to make binding decisions for all of society.
process determining the leaders we select and the policies they pursue
The process of making binding decisions about who gets what or whose values everyone is going to live by.
Policymaking system
Process in which policy comes into being and evolves. People's interests, problems, and concerns create policies
Issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people involved in politics at a point in time.
Choice that government makes in response to a political issue.
TDT Equality in voting
"one person, one vote" no one's vote counts more than anothers
TDT Effective participation
Citizens must have adequate and equal opportunities to express their preferences throughout the decision-making process.
TDT Enlightened understanding
Democratic society must be a marketplace of ideas. Free speech and free press are essential to civic understanding.
TDT Citizen control of the agenda
Citizens should have the collective right to control the government's policy agenda
The government must include, and extend rights to, all those subject to its laws. Citizenship must be open to all within a nation if the nation is to call itself democratic
John Locke Philosophy
In a "state of nature" all people have the right to life, liberty, and property.
The sole purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of its citizens.
Government should exist only by the consent of the governed.
Violent revolution is an acceptable alternative if government fails to do what it is supposed to do.
Pluralist
Govt. and policies emphasizing politics is mainly a competition, each pressing for own policies
Elite and Class Theory
Societies are divided along class lines and that elite will rule
Policies benefit those with money and power
Hyperpluralism
Govt. and politics contending that groups are so strong that govt. is weakened
basic principle of TDT that describes the relationship between the few leaders and the many followers
The relationship between elected officials and the people who put them in office, involving the extent to which officials are responsive to the people.
Prohibits the abridgment of citizens' freedom to worship or not to worship as they please
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion
Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws as long as the national govt. is acting within its constitutional limits
Exclusionary Rule
evidence cannot be introduced into a trial if it was not constitutionally obtained
Freedom of press, speech, religion, and assembly
No quartering of soldiers in a time of peace
Self incrimination, double jeopardy, due process, right to remain silent
No unwarranted searches and seizures
Right to a fair and speedy trial, and to confront witnesses, right to an attorney
Seventh amendment
Right to trial by jury in civil suits
No cruel or unusual punishment, and no excessive high bail
Ninth amendment
People's rights
Tenth Amendment
States' rights
Govt. or state cannot deprive any person of life, liberty, or property
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Established judicial review
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
established supremacy of national govt. over state govt.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Gave congress authority to regulate interstate commerce
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
established aid to church related schools must:
1. secular legislative purpose
2. primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion
3. not foster excessive govt. entanglement with religion
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
established protection of freedoms of press and speech are protected by 14th amendment
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)
Bill of Rights restrains only the national govt.
Schenk v. U.S. (1919)
govt. can limit speech if speech provokes clear and present danger
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
unreasonable searches and seizures extended to states
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
set guidelines for police questioning
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
gave accused the right to a lawyer if facing imprisonment
District of columbia v. Heller (2008)
Individual right to bear arms
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
upheld death penalty as an extreme sanction, suitable to the most extreme of crimes
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Right to privacy: abortion
Civil Libeties
legal constitutional protections against the govt.
What they can't do.
Set in bill of rights
policies designed to protect people against govt. officials and individuals
Categorical grants
grants used for specific purposed with strings attached
research grants obtained by university professors
Formula grants
computed on basis of population, per capita income
Ex: housing, Medicaid
support program in community development and social services
No strings attached, can spend on anything
police have reasonable grounds to believe that a person should be arrested
transferring responsibility for policies from the federal govt. to state and local govt.
unfounded mandates - fed does not fund states only tells them what to do
Madisonian System
-limiting majority control
-separating powers
-checks and balances
-establishing a Federal System
Contemporary Theories of American Democracy
Pluralism: minority groups working together
Elitism: Power is held by wealthy
Hyperpluralism: too many groups try to control policy with bad results
traditional democratic theory according to Dahl
1.) equal right to vote-one vote, one person
2.) effective pol part- citizens have = opps to express pol views by voting or joining pol parties
3.) enlightened understanding- public must be informed about pol and social issues to make informed decisions
4.) citizen control of the agenda- issues gvt takes up should reflect the issues that are of concern to the people
5.) Inclusion- all have rights to citizenship ect.
Define Jams Madison's solution to the problem of factions (special interests)
if the special interest groups get the backing of even a small # of well-placed policymakers, as in the case of iron triangles, they are likely to get many of the benefits they seek
checks& balances, w/ a separation of powers
what did the founding fathers see as the purpose of goverment
keep country running smoothly, and regulate crime
gov of the people, by the people, for the people
power of the courts to decide on the constitutionality of legislative enactments and of actions taken by the exec brach
The power to review decisions of the lower courts and to determine the constitutionality of laws and actions of public officials.
What are the consequences of separation of powers and checks and balances?
Both promote demands for public policy to be heard, bargaining, compromise, playing one institution against another, and an increase of hyper pluralism
what amendments protect which civil liberties
bill of rights and 14th amendment
different types of federalism
dual - the states have there own power and own policy areas. fed gov has there own power and policy areas and they do not overlap, layer cake . ended with great depression, the fed gov had to get involved with the states because they had no money.
cooperative federalism - marble cake, shared powers and policy ex. social security, medicare, foodstamps etc.
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Article IV, Section I. The courts in all states uphold contracts and public acts established in other states. But laws that violate public policy, do not have to give full faith and credit.
Privileges and Immunities Clause
Prohibits states from discriminating against citizens of other states
the process of returning the criminal to anotherstate
The legitimate authority in a government to wield coercive power to authoritatively allocate values.
A form of government in which the power to make authoritative decisions and allocate resources is vested in one person.
A form of government in which the power to make authoritative decisions and allocate resources is vested in a small group of people.
A form of democracy in which all the citizens have the opportunity to participate in the process of making authoritative decisions and allocating resources.
Popular Sovereignty
The idea that the highest political authority in a democracy is the will of the people.
make government responsive and accountable to the will of the people
The principle under which government follows the course of action preferred by most people.
requirement that electoral majorities determine who is elected to office and that majorities in power determine our laws and how they are administered
Absolute Majority
Fifty percent plus one of all members or all eligible voters.
Simple Majority
Fifty percent plus one of those participating or of those who vote.
The largest percentage of a vote, when no one has a majority.
A situation in which power is split among many groups who compete for the chance to influnce the government's decision-making.
The full rights of democratic citizenship held by any group numerically inferior to the majority. These fundamental democratic rights cannot be taken away-even if a majority wishes to do so-without breaking the promise of democracy.
Political Equality
The idea that individual preferences should be given equal weight.
Equality under the Law
The idea that the law is supposed to be applied impartially, without regard for the identity or status of the individual involved.
The idea that people should be free of class or social barriers and discrimination.
The idea that each individual should receive the same amount of material goods, regardless of his or her contribution to society.
The idea that every individual has the right to develop to the fullest extent of his or her abilities.
A form of democracy in which ordinary citizens, rather than representatives, collectively make government decisions.
An election in which ordinary citizens circulate a petition to put a proposed law on the ballot for the voters to approve.
An election in which a state legislature refers a proposed law to the voters for their approval.
Defined as a system of government where ordinary citizens do not make governmental decisions themselves but choose public officials-representatives of the people-to make decisions for them.
A representative democracy, such as Great Britain or the United States, that has a particular concern for individual liberty. The rule of law and a constitution constrain elected representatives and the will of the majority from using their power to take away the rights of minorities.
A consistent set of values, attitudes, and beliefs about the appropriate role of government in society.
gives people preferences about issues even if they have no individual steak in them
A psychological attachment to a political party.
False Consensus
The tendency of people to believe their views are normal or represent common sense and therefore are shared by most people.
Pluralistic
A term used to describe a society in which power is widely distributed among diverse groups and interests.
A term used to describe a society in which organized, influential minority interests dominate the political process.
The systematic study of government, political institutions, processes, and behavior.
Theories or statements that seek to prescribe how things should be valued, what should be, what is good or just, and what is better or worse.
Empirical
Questions and debates that can be answered by careful observation. Systematic empirical observation is the foundation of science and the scientific method.
A method of acquiring knowledge through the formulation of hypotheses that can be tested through empirical observation in order to make claims about how the world works and why.
A statement positing that there is no relationship between the variables being observed. It is the opposite of the research hypothesis.
The amount of enjoyment an individual receives from a given situation or outcome.
A document or unwritten set of basic rules that provides the basic principles that determine the conduct of political affairs.
A document written by Thomas Jefferson that lays the foundation of American constitutional theory. In the document, Jefferson justifies the struggle for independence with a republican theory of government based on the concepts of natural rights and popular theory.
A document written by Thomas Jefferson that lays the foundation of American Constitutional theory. Explains a republican theory of government, natural rights, and popular sovereignty
The first constitution of the United States.
Unicameral
A legislature with one chamber.
The group of people who supported the adoption of the Constitution and favored a stronger national government.
Anti-Federalists
The group of people who opposed a stronger national government than what existed under the Articles of Confederation and opposed the ratification of the Constitution.
Shays' Rebellion
An armed revolt by farmers in western Massachusetts who were resisting state efforts to seize their property for failure to pay taxes and debts.
An armed revolt by farmers in western Mass. who were resisting state efforts to seize their property for failure to pay taxes and debts
Virginia Plan
The first major proposal presented at the 1787 Constitutional Convention; the basis of the Constitution.
The first major proposal presented at the Constitutional Convention. Called for representation based solely on population
A legislature with two chambers.
New Jersey Plan
A proposal presented at the Constitutional Convention that called for a one-house legislature with equal representation for each state.
A proposal presented at the Constitutional Convention that called for a one chamber legislature with equal representation for each state
Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise)
A proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for a two-house legislature with a House of Representatives apportioned on the basis of population and a Senate representing each state on an equal basis.
A series of 85 political essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay with the intent of persuading New Yorkers to ratify the proposed Constitution. They remain the single best source for understanding the justifications for the political institutions and processes the Constitution established.
A series of 85 political essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay with the intent of persuading New Yorkers to ratify the proposed Constitution.
In James Madison's terms, "a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interests, adverse to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community."
"A number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of a whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion adverse to the right of the citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interest of the community" - James Madison
Madisonian Dilemma
The problem of limiting self-interested individuals who administer stronger governmental powers from using those powers to destroy the freedoms that government is supposed to protect.
Republican Form of Government
A form of government in which the government operates with the consent of the governed through some type of representative institution.
The idea that each branch of government is authorized to carry out a separate part of the political process.
Check and Balance
The idea that each branch of the federal government should assert and protect its own rights but must also cooperate with the other branches. Each branch is to serve as a limit on the others' powers , balancing the overall distribution of power.
The group of people served by an elected official or branch of government.
The group of people that are served/represented by an elected official or branch of government
A political system in which regional governments share power with a central or national government, but each level of government has legal powers that are independent of the other. This division of power between the national and state governments attempts to balance power by giving independent sources of authority to each and allowing one level of government to serve as a check on the other.
The freedoms and protections against arbitrary governmental actions given to the people in a democratic society.
Custom and Usage
The term used to describe constitutional change that occurs when the practices and institutions of government not specifically mentioned in the Constitution change over time through use and evolution.
Enumerated Powers
The powers specifically listed in the Constitution as belonging to the national government.
powers to the national government specifically listed in the Constitution
Implied Powers
Those powers belonging to the national government that are suggested in the Constitution's "necessary and proper" clause.
those powers given to the national government that are suggested in the Constitution's "necessary and proper" clause
Inherent Powers (Prerogative Powers)
Powers that are not listed or implied by the Constitution but that rather have been claimed as essential to the national government.
A prerogative power of the president to withhold information on matters of national security or personal privacy.
Mixed Government
The idea that government should represent both property and the number of people.
A deliberative council that has the authority to make and repeal laws. In representative democracies, ordinary citizens elect legislators to represent them.
deliberative council that has the authority to make and repeal laws
An electoral system in which the party holding the majority of seats in the legislature selects the chief executive.
An electoral system in which the party holding the majority of seats in the legislature selects the chirf executive
Presidential System
A political system in which the chief executive and the legislature are elected independently.
A legislature's power to enact laws that address major problems and then to oversee government administration of those laws.
Legislative Oversight of Administration
A variety of tools Congress uses to control administrative agencies, including creating or abolishing agencies, assigning program responsibilities, providing funds, and confirming presidential appointments.
variety of tools congress uses to control the administrative arm of the government
Policy Responsiveness
The amount of agreement between the people represented and their elected officials on policy issues.
Service Responsiveness
Representation that takes the form of the tasks legislators perform based on the requests and needs of their constituents.
representation that takes the form of the tasks legislators perform based on the requests and needs oftheir consituents
Activities of members of Congress to act as intermediaries and help private individuals who are having problems with the administrative agencies in the executive branch.
activities of members of congress to act as intermediaries and help private individuals who are having problems with the administrative agencies
activities of members of congress to act as intermediaries and helpvprivate individuals who are having probs w/ administrative agencies in exec. branch
legislative assistance on behalf of constituents who have a problem or grievance with a state agency
Allocation Responsiveness
Representation that takes the form of members of Congress ensuring that their district gets a share of federal benefits.
representation that takes the from of members of congress making sure their district gets their share of federal benefits
Distributive Benefits
Government expenditures and programs that concentrate benefits in specific geographical areas such as states or congressional districts for which the costs are spread across the entire population.
gov. expenditures & programsthatconcentrate benefits in specific geographical areas such as congressional districts
Pork-barrel Benefits
Government-sponsored projects that bring economic benefits to a Congress member's state or district. This is a pejorative term first used in the mid-nineteenth century to describe projects viewed as a waste of tax dollars that serve no purpose other than to aid the reelection of a single incumbent.
pork barrel benefits
government sponsored projects that bring economic benefits to a congress member's state or district. These projects work to help the re-election of an incumbent
Symbolic Responsiveness
A congressional member's efforts to use political symbols to generate trust and support among the voters.
The way a member of Congress behaves, explains his or her legislative actions, and presents himself or herself in the home district.
Geographical Constituency
Everyone and everything within the geographical boundaries of a congressional member's House district.
everyone/everything within the geographical boundaries of a congress members house district
Reelection Constituency
The people within a Congress member's House district who can be counted on for support.
the people within a congress members district who can be counted on for their support
Primary Constituency
A member of Congress's strongest, mostly partisan supporters.
Personal Constituency
A small number of intimate friends, advisers, and confidants who support a member of Congress.
A representative who uses his or her own judgement to make decisions promoting the best interests of the nation as a whole, with the particular interests of constituents remaining a secondary concern.
A representative who uses their own judgement to make decision with the interest of the nation as a whole as a primary concern and the interests of their constituents second
A REPRESENTATIVE WHO USES THEIR OWN JUDGEMENT TO MAKE DECISIONS PROMOTING THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE NATION AS A WHOLE (constituentsa secondary concern)
A representative who makes legislative decisions based on the interests and views of his or her constituents, regardless of personal preference.
A representative who makes legislative decisions based on the interest of their constituents regardless of personal preference
representative who makes legislative decisionsbased on the interests of their constituents, regardless of personal beliefs
A representative whose philosophy of representation is a mix of both delegate and trustee.
To charge or accuse.
The refusal of Congress to seat any candidate who wins election but does not meet the constitutional requirements to hold congressional office.
the refusal of congress to seat any candidate who wins election but doesn't meet constitutional qualifications to hold office
The ejection of a member of Congress from office.
Censures and Reprimands
Verbal condemnations of a member of Congress by the House or Senate, intended to punish bad behavior by expressing the public disapproval of the member's colleagues.
-verbal condemnations of a member of congress by the house or senate
-intended to punish bad behavior by expressing public disapproval
Perquisites (Perks)
The benefits and support activities that members of Congress receive in order to help them perform their job.
Members' Representational Allowance (MRA)
An allowance of about $1 million per year that members of Congress receive to pay for official duties of representation and lawmaking (e.g. office functions, official travel, and staff). It cannot be used for personal or campaign expenses.
(MRA) members representational allowance
and allowance of about $1 million p/yr members of congress get to pay for official duties of representation and lawmaking
(cant be used for campaigns or personal funds)
Franking Privilege
The ability of members of Congress to send mail to their constituents free of charge by substituting a facsimile of their signature in place of a stamp.
Franking Privileges
Free use of the mail system to communicate with constituents
President of the Senate
The person who presides over the Senate and is responsible for many of the parliamentary duties such as recognizing speakers. The vice president of the United States holds this position.
who is the "president of the senate" and what do they do?
-Vice President
-can cast a ballot to break a tie, and presides over chamber
-actually ISN'T powerful in senate
President Pro Tempore
The person chosen by the members to preside over the Senate in the absence of the vice president.
person chosen to preside over the Senate in the absence of the Vice President
The person, chosen by the members of the majority party in the House and Senate, who controls the legislative agenda. In the Senate, the majority leader is the most powerful person in the chamber.
The leader of the minority party in the House or Senate. Works with majority leader to schedule legislation and leads opposition party.
The leader of the minority party in the house or Senate. Woks with the majority leader to schedule legislation
Assistants to the majority and minority party leaders in Congress who encourage rank-and-file members to support the party's positions. Whips make sure that rank-and-file members are present to vote on key legislative measures and that they know the party leader's desire.
assistant to the majority and minority leaders in congress who encourage rank-and-file members to support the party's position. Whips make sure that rank-and-file members are present to vote on key legislative measures and that they know the party leader's desire
Speaker of the House of Representatives
The person who presides over the House. The Speaker is responsible for many of the parliamentary duties, such as recognizing speakers, and is the most powerful person in the chamber.
Permanent committees in Congress that are responsible for legislation in a specific policy area.
Party Ratio
The proportion of the seats that each political party controls in the House and the Senate.
Exclusive Committees
Four House committees - Appropriations, Energy and Commerce, Rules, and Ways and Means - whose members typically receive no other committee assignments.
Prestige Committees
Congressional committees that are highly prized and allow their members to wield tremendous power in Congress.
highly prized, and members are allowed to wield tremendous power in congress
Nongermane Amendments
Amendments to a piece of legislation that are not related to the subject of the bill to which they are added.
amendments to a piece of legislature that are not related to the subject of the bill to which they are added
(can bypass committee action)
RIDERS- unrelated policy snuck in
A nongermane amendment that is added to a popular bill in hopes that the desirability of the proposed legislation will help the amendment pass.
Discharge Petition
A procedure of the House of Representatives that permits a majority of the members of the House (218) to bring a bill out of committee for consideration on the floor.
committees can request to remove a bill from the committee and bring it directly to the floor.
(petition must be signed by majority of house)
A rule formulated by the House Rules committee specifying the conditions under which a given bill will be considered on the House floor.
house rules committee specifying the conditions under which a given bill will be considered on the house floor
Open Rule
A rule formulated by the House Rules committee that permits any germane amendment to be considered on the floor.
(HRC) permits any germane amendment to be considered on floor
Closed Rule
The rule that prohibits amending a bill when it is on the floor of Congress for consideration.
Structured Rule
A rule that permits only certain amendments to a bill.
A parliamentary action whereby the House of Representatives dissolves into a committee consisting of every member of the House. This procedure is used to facilitate consideration of legislation because it has less burdensome rules governing debate and requires a smaller quorum than the House itself.
The effort by a senator to delay the chamber's business by making long speeches.
The formal request by a member of the Senate to be notified before a specific bill or presidential nomination comes to the floor.
formal request by a member of the senate to be notified before a specific bill or presidential nomination comes to the floor
(a threat to filibuster)
A procedure of the Senate to end a filibuster; invoking cloture requires votes of 60 senators.
a procedure in the senate to end a filibuster, requires vote of 60 senators
Unanimous Consent Agreement (UCA)
An agreement between majority and minority party leaders on the procedures and conditions under which a bill will be considered in the Senate.
An agreement on the procedures and conditions under which a bill will be considered in the Senate.
A temporary congressional committee made up of members of the House and Senate that meets to reconcile the differences in legislation that has passed both chambers.
temporary congressional committee made up of house & senate to iron out differences in order to get a bill passed
Conditional Party Government
When members of the majority party caucus in Congress achieve consensus on policy issues, they adopt reforms that obligate congressional committee chairs and party leaders to try to enact the party's legislative agenda on which there is no consensus.
the argument that a successful party gov. depends on the cohesiveness of policy preferences among members of the majority party caucus
Party Polarization
Situation in which policy positions (or ideology) within political parties become more homogeneous, and policy positions across the parties move farther apart.
high levels with two parties pursuing distinctly different policies - have moved away from the center throughout the pass fifty years
Connecticut Compromise
A proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for a bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives apportioned on the basis of population and a Senate representing each state on an equal basis
Re-election constituency
the people within a congress member's House district who can be counted on for support
benefits that members of congress receive in order to help them perform their job
Member's Representational Allowance
an allowance of about $1 million per year that members of congress receive to pay for official duties of representation and lawmaking; e.g. paying their staff
the person who presides over the House.
Council of Economic Advisers
An agency of the Executive Office of the President that is responsible for advising the president on the U.S. economy.
A person or group that has administrative and supervisory responsibilities in an organization or government.
A person or group that has administrative and supervisory responsibilities in an organization or governemtn.
Executive Agreements
Agreements between the United States and other nations, negotiated by the president, that have the same weight as a treaty but do not require senatorial approval.
Agreements b/n the US and other nations, negotiated by the president, that have the same weight as a treaty but do not require senatorial approval.
agreements between U.S and other nations, negotiated by president, same weight as treaty but don't require senatorial approval (NAFTA)
Directives of the president that have the same weight as law and are not voted on by Congress.
Executive Office of the President
The organizational structure in the executive branch that houses the president's most influential advisors and agencies. The most important include the White House Office, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the National Security Council, and the Council of Economic Advisers.
A political strategy in which the president appeals to the public in an effort to persuade Congress to support his or her political goals.
"going public"
political strategy where president appeals to public in effort to support their goals
(ex- foreign trips, press conferences, grand tours)
A method of organizing the presidency that calls for clear lines of authority and that delegates responsibility from the president and through the chief of staff.
A group of presidential advisors made up of the vice president, the attorney general, and cabinet officers chosen by the president to advise the president on national security issues; it is part of the Executive Office of the President.
A group of presidential advisors made up the VP, attorney general, and cabinet officers chosen by the president to advise the president on national security issues (part of the EOP)
National Security Directive
A type of executive order with the force of law authorizing federal agencies or officials to take some action to protect national security.
order from the president telling officials to take some action to protect national security
(pres. can get away w/ it bc pres controls what foreign affair info gets out)
An agency of the Executive Office of the President that is responsible for assisting the president in creating the budget.
The veto resulting from a president taking no action, before Congress adjourns, on legislation that has passed Congress.
president is given a bill and doesn't sign it within 10 days and congress is still in session, the bill becomes a law OR congress passes a bill late in the session, president doesn't do anything and the bill dies
Positive Government
The idea that government should play a major role in preventing or dealing with the crises that face the nation.
gov. plays major role in preventing/dealing with crisis that face the nation
Prerogative View of Presidential Power
A view of presidential power, promoted by Abraham Lincoln, that argues that the president is required to preserve the Constitution and take actions to do so that otherwise might be unconstitutional.
Restrictive View of Presidential Power
A view of presidential power that argues that the president can exercise only those powers listed in the Constitution.
argues that the president can exercise only those powers listed in the constitution
Signing Statements
Pronouncements of how the president intends to interpret and apply a law when he signs a bill into law.
signing statements (3 things they do)
-provisions added to a bill by the president when he signs it into law
provides pres. interpretation
announces const. limits on implementation
indicates directions for exec.branch
Spokes-of-the-Wheel Model
A method of organizing the presidency that calls for the president to be the center of activity, with numerous advisors reporting directly to the president.
Stewardship Doctrine
A view of presidential power that states that the president is a steward of the people and should do anything the nation needs that is not prohibited by the Constitution.
president is the steward of the people & must do anything the nation needs unless prohibited by constitution
Strong-Executive Model
A model of the presidency in which the powers of the executive office are significant and independent from Congress.
-president strong political actor independent of congress
(veto power, appoint judges & diplomats, foreign affairs)
Unilateral Powers
Presidential directives that carry the weight of law even though they have not been formally endorsed by Congress.
Weak-Executive Model
A model of the presidency in which the executive would have a limited term, would have no veto power, and would be allowed to exercise only the authority explicitly granted by Congress.
the job of the executive is to simply implement the decisions of the legislature
(limited terms, no veto power, only act powers granted by congress)
White House Office
A section of the Executive Office of the President that houses many of the most influential advisors to the President, including the chief of staff; the White House legal counsel; presidential speechwriters; the president's press secretary; assistants for domestic, foreign, and economic policy; and liaisons with Congress, the public, and state and local governments.
A section of the EOP that houses many of the most influential advisors to the president, including the chief of staff, white house legal counsel, presidential speechwriters, press secretary, assistants for domestic, foreign, and economic policy, liaisons w/ Congress, the public, and state and local governments.
section of the EOP that has many of the most influential people to the president
legal councils
speech writers
press secretary (ect)
________ without health insurance (number)
"____ ___" when people get sick
public bad
preventing disease is ______ than treating it after it's caused damage
not _______ for insurance companies to provide insurance to people with ________ _________, so they got dropped
-profitable
-pre existing
many people "_____ _______"
under insured
what was the #1 cause of bankruptcy?
What was solution #1?
Government could provide the "public good"
make it profitable for private sector to provide the public good
What do most developed with universal healthcare do?
government provides the public good (health insurance)
Why is solution #1 of government providing the public good not politically palatable in the U.S.?
-health insurance industry is too powerful
-conservatives and liberals concerned it would be too bureaucratic and restrictive of patient choice
government has to make it profitable for the private sector (________ ______) to provide the private good (__________).
-insurance companies
-privitization
Obamacare (Romneycare)
government made it profitable fore the private sector to provide the public good
Obamacare was proposed by the _______ ________
___ attempts to repeal Obamacare and __ Supreme Court challenge
How do you make it profitable for the private sector?
-expand the pool of consumers
-every American gets health insurance or pays 1% fine
How did insurance companies reform their practices?
-cannot drop you if you get sick
-have to cover pre existing conditions
-have to meet minimum standards (preventive medicine, ER services, maternity care, etc.)
insurance companies would not meet standards if they weren't _______ _______ !
How did the FF conceive of presidency?
-fearful of concentrating too much power in 1 person
-recognized need of leadership in extraordinary times
Why were the FF concerned with concentrating too much power in 1 person?
-King George's abuse of power and tyranny
-fear of creating monarchy
What was the biggest problem with the Articles of Confederation?
lack of executive branch
why did FF recognize need of leadership in extraordinary times?
-need swift and decisive action in times of crisis (foreign relations)
To win approval of the _______, FF gave ______ powers to the president
-Constitution
-ambiguous
what were citizens afraid of?
centralized leadership
FF saw ________ as the center of the government
what did the FF see as the president's job?
to "faithfully execute" laws Congress passed
FF gave president ability to respond quickly during crisis events through _____-___-______ clause
commander-in-chief
congress has the power to _____ ___ which was a check on presidential power
declare war
Constitutionally Enumerated Powers (7)
-commander in chief
-veto power
-issues executive pardons
-makes treaties
-"take care" laws faithfully executed
-nominate Justices SC & Cabinet members
-state of union address
What did the commander in chief clause allow the president to do?
can commit military forces to protect US
How do presidents use the Commander in Chief clause?
skillful presidents can use rally effect to create enhanced powers
What were the "take care" laws purpose?
to oversee the bureaucracy and make sure they are fulfilling their responsibility
constitutionally limited powers
separate institutions sharing powers (branches)
senate confirms nominations w/ majority vote
congress can override vetoes w/ 2/3 from H&S
congress declares war
the treaties require 2/3 vote of the Senate
states have the power to determine policies
states have power to determine policy for themselves
19th Century Presidents
-ceremonial head of state
-avoided public addresses
-avoided interaction with foreign countries
ceremonial head of state tried to build ________ and _________
unity and bipartisanship
19th Century presidents addressed _______ and not the _______
-congress
-not public
Who was the 19th Century president who was an exception to avoiding public address rule?
Andrew Johnson's _________ prompted _________ charge
-demagoguery
-impeachment
Why has 20th century presidents power grown? (3)
-individual leadership: assert expansive power
-public expectations
-congressional delegation of authority to executive branch bureaucracies
Under individual leadership, skillful occupants claim the "_____ __ ___ _______" to allow them to redefine presidential power.
"silences of the Constitution"
What are the two most ambiguous clauses?
-Commander in Chief clause
-Take-Care clause
_______ events cause the public to expect presidential _______.
-catastrophic
-responsiveness
Modern presidents send troops ___________
unilaterally
Name the modern-day president who have sent troops unilaterally.
-Reagan (Grenada)
-Bush I (Iraq)
-Clinton (Haiti)
all only consulted key Senators
How can presidents send troops unilaterally if only Congress declares war?
Commander in chief clause evolved into power of the president to send troops
None of the wars since ___ have been officially declared.
What did the Wars Power Act (1973) try to do?
tried to curtail presidential power, but was largely unsuccessful
President must notify Congress within ___ hours of sending troops and must get Congressional authorization if mission lasts for more than ___ days.
-48 hours
-60 days
What precedents did George Washington establish?
-executive privilege
-executive orders
-executive agreements
The ability for a president to withhold information if it affects national security or the ability to discharge official duties is an example of _________ __________.
What are some modern-day examples of presidents who use(d) executive privileges?
-Nixon (Watergate)
-Clinton (Lewinsky)
-Bush
-Obama (Fast and Furious)
____ ____ authorize the bureaucracy to take action (take-care clause)
What are some examples of presidential legislative executive orders that are usually mundane?
-designate national holiday
-declare national emergency/disaster
What are some examples of presidential legislative executive orders that are occasionally major?
-Louisiana Purchase
-Emancipation Proclamation
-Internment of Japanese
_____ _____ are a contract between 2 or more counties- similar to a treaty but do not require 2/3s vote of the Senate.
What are some examples of executive agreements?
-NAFTA
-GATT
president will ask for legislate to implement agreement
How did Abraham Lincoln display "quasi presidential leadership" during the Civil War?
-marital law
-suspended writ habeas corpus
-spent $ that hadn't been allocated
-expanded Army & Navy
What precedent did Abraham Lincoln establish?
established precedent of president taking control in times of crisis
Lincoln admitted that many action were _____ but necessary to "_____ ______."
-unconstitutional
-"save Union"
Public Expectations: In the unitary office, ________ are not divided amont 535 MCs
Unlike Congress, Presidents are ___ ________ for large, diffuse outcomes
held accountable
What marked the turning point of the public's expectation of the president to prove people with prosperity?
Before 1920 the government's proper role was viewed as ________.
Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a series of far-reaching programs, _________, and _____ _____ _______.
-subsidies
-public works projects
Who was the 2nd person to contract Ebola in the US?
a Dallas nurse
Both nurses who contracted ebola cared for the _______ patient who later died. What was his name?
-Liberian
-Thomas Duncan
True or False: it is unknown how the nurses contracted Ebola?
Other nurses (did/did not) have proper equipment or training?
did not
How does Ebola spread?
-spread through contact with bodily fluids of people who are symptomatic
-lives on surfaces for a few hours
True or False:
The symptoms of Ebola can be treated with IV fluids and antivirals, but there is no knows vaccine or cure.
In the Ebola cases there is criticism that the ______ ____ _____ did not do enough to oversee and train caretakers.
Center for Disease Control (CDC)
The CDC did not allow the 2nd nurse to travel on a commercial flight while showing possible symptoms of Ebola.
The president calls for the creatio of feder "____" teams to respond to new cases.
The director of CDC called to testify to Congress. This is an example of what?
This is an example of legislative oversight of bureaucracies
What is the Republican opinion of the administration's response?
think the administration's response has been inadequate and that the president should do more
What is the Democrat's opinion?
Democrats say the Republicans de-funded the CDC and failed to confirm a new Surgeon General
_____ candidates for the House and Senate are trying to ____ themselves from the president
-Democratic
-distance
Confidence in the government's ability to respond is altered by ______ and the President's _________.
both partisanship
In 2006, ___% of Democrats and ___% of Republicans were confident that the government could respond to the Avian flu.
-52% Dem
-72% Rep
In 2014, ____% of Democrats and ___% of Republicans are confident that the government could respond to Ebola.
The 1st nurse had a _____ which could possibly carry the Ebola virus.
The 1st nurse's dog was treated by TAMU vet specialists in Dallas.
The Federal Reserve bank lowers _______ _______.
The secretary of Treasury negotiates "_____" of ______ ______ banks.
-"bailout"
-insolvent investment banks
What are some examples of when government stepped in when natural disaster striked?
-Hurricane Katrina & Hurricane Ike
People need _______ that someone in government is responding to a crisis.
What personifies the president?
What allows the president to communicate directly with the people?
Why does Congress give up some power to the executive branch?
-controversial issues (loathe to make unpopular decisions)
-technical issues (lack policy expertise)
-diffuse policy/benefits to constituents are low
Congress delegates to the _________ _____ bureaus because they know the devil is in the details.
Executive branch bureaus created EPA which....
"citizens have right to clean air/water"
Executive branch bureaus created OHSA which...
"All workers entitled to safe workplace"
Executive Branch bureaus created FDA which...
"Food and Drugs should be safe"
When Congress delegates authority to the executive branch, they are ________ the president's power beyond what is prescribed in the Constitution.
Because agencies are run by the president's nominees, he can influence what the agency does.
The Troubled Asset Relief Program (2008) which combated the financial crisis did what?
It authorized Secretary of Treasury to purchase toxic assets.
Define a line item veto. Was it declared Constitutional or Unconstitutional?
-allows the president to strike out provisions in law he didn't like without vetoing the entire legislature.
-declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court
What did the creation of executive bureaucracies do and who were they run by?
-increased the power of the executive branch
-run by president appointees
What did the Budget and Accounting Act do?
-it gave the president proposal power
-created OMB
-gave president increase bureaucracy resources
The president is too _____ when we dislike him, and too _____ when we believe in him.
-strong
-weak
The president has _____ expectations but ____ formal resources.
-high
-few
The president should be ___-_____, but also wants to reflect the _______.
-non-partisan
-party
Some scholars of the president think that the _______ associated with office set the president up for ________.
-paradoxes
-failure
All presidnet have the same ______ and ______ powers.
-constitutional
-statutory
Presidential power is the power to _______.
Presidents have _____ formal power to achieve anything on their own, meaning they have to _____ on others to carry out their will.
-little
-rely
What are the three persuasion techniques that presidents use?
-inside the beltway bargaining
-approval ratings
-going public
The 50 individuals in contact with Duncan are no longer at risk.
The nurses are in ____ condition in Emory and NIH.
The Texas lab worker who handled specimens from Duncan and boarded a cruise ship was also cleared.
Who was named the czar of Ebola and what is his role?
-Ron Klain
-not a medical doctor, but an administrator in charge of staying ahead of events and oversight coming from the CDC
The governor issued an _____ ____ which will monitor travelers going to/from ____ _____.
-executive order
-West Africa
The executive order set by Louisiana governor also issues ________ on daily activities on travelers to/from affected countries.
No ____ ____ exist to/from affected countries
Every American must have ______ _______ or face a ___% tax.
-health insurance
What are the two ways you can get health insurance?
-through your employer
-can buy an individual plan
What people are exempt from purchasing health insurance under Obamacare?
-make less than 10k/year
-religious regions
-Native Americans
What is the Employer Mandate? (Delayed until 2016)
-employers have to offer insurance if they employ more than 50 full time workers
According the the Employer Mandate, what happens to employers who do not offer insurance?
have to pay fine of $2000 per worker per year
What are the 4 categories included in the individual mandate?
-bronze
The individual mandate categories differ in their ______ _____ and ___-__-_____ expenses.
-monthly premium
-out of pocket
The price you pay for an individual mandate depends on where your _____ falls relative to the _____ _____.
-income
-poverty level
Medicare and Medicaid have no additional cost
If a person does not qualify for Medicare or Medicaid, the _____ costs are indexed to ______.
-premium
Medicaid is a program administrated by the _____ ______ and ____.
-federal government
-states
Medicaid expansions provides insurance for the working _____.
Under Medicaid Expansion, states have different _________ (pregnant, disabled, poor elderly).
Medicaid Expansion covers people making up to ___% of the poverty level.
Why is Medicaid Expansion necessary?
It is not profitable for private insurers to cover poorest Americans
Government does the __________ for better or for worse.
unprofitable
Federal government pays the states for Medicaid Expansion ___% for the first 3 years, then ___% until 2022.
Texas has opted-____
Because states can either opt-in or opt-out, a "gap" in _____ for millions who can't afford insurance and can't quality for ______ without expansion.
-coverage
-Medicaid
What does bargaining inside the beltway consist of?
-bargaining with Washington DC insiders
-negotiation & compromise
-mutual accommodation & reciprocity
-don't use force
Bargaining inside the beltway was common among ___th and early ___th century presidents.
19th and early 20th
Who was good at bargaining inside the beltway?
- The Johnson "Treatment"
-Reagan "The Great Communicator"
who did beltway bargaining good
LBJ- b/c he used to be majority leader so knew people, got face to face =pressure
REAGAN- "the great communicator" had a democrat congress but still got policy passed
How did Reagan bargain inside the beltway?
he built relationships with key Democrats in Congress
Who was poor at bargaining inside the beltway?
Carter- failure despite unified government `
Why is IBB less common than 30 years ago?
-divided government
-increased partisan polarization
Congress want to be seen ________ with a popular president and _______ against an unpopular one.
-cooperating
-rebelling
High _____ _______ make it easier for president to rally support for initiatives.
approval ratings
George W. Bush's approval ratings after 9/11 were ____%
What 3 initiatives were GWB able to get passed after 9/11?
-Department of Homeland Security
-Authority to use force in Iraq & Afghanistan
-Patriot Act
GWB's rating waned to ____% towards the end of his presidency.
what ambitous goals did GWB have to abandon towards the end of his presidency?
immigration and social security reform
What are common characteristics of president approval ratings?
-time dependant
- starts high then erodes
- most productive during "honeymoon" period
-this is why Obama pressed on health care reform
How does a president cultivate the publics support?
-foreign trips
-press conferences
-rose garden ceremonies
presidents address the ______ rather than members of Congress directly.
Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)
An agency of the Executive Office of the president that is responsible for advising the president on the U.S. economy
Executive Office of the President (EOP)
The organizational structure in the executive branch that houses the president's most influential advisors and agencies. The most important include the White House Office, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the National Security Council, and the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)
-presidents most influential advisors and agencies
(omb) office of management & budget
council of economic advisors
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
An agency of the EOP that is responsible for assisting the president in creating the budget.
agency of EOP that's responsible for helping president create a budget
Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)
An agency of the EOP that is responsible for advising the president on the U.S. economy.
The term used to refer to the agencies of the federal government. It also refers to an organizational framework and has negative connotations.
agencies of federal government, organizational framework and has negative connotations
spoils system
A system of governing in which political positions and benefits are given to the friends of the winner.
A system of governing in which jobs are given based on relevant technical expertise and the ability to perform.
neutral competence
The idea that agencies should make decisions based on expertise rather than political considerations.
idea that agencies should make decisions based on expertise rather than political considerations (merit based system)
cabinet department
The 15 largest and most influential agencies of the federal bureaucracy.
how many cabinet departments are there
independent agencies
Federal agencies that are not part of the cabinet-level executive departments.
regulatory agencies and commissions
Agencies that are independent of cabinet departments and are created by Congress to monitor and regulate specific areas of economic activity.
The reduction of elimination of government rules and regulations that interfere with the efficient operation of market forces.
government corporations
Federally established businesses that are narrow in focus and are in part self-supporting.
semi-independent agencies
-serve public interests (produces the under-produced public goods society needs)
(UPS, PBS, FDIC)
federally established businesses that are narrow in focus & in part self-supporting
(UPS, FDIC)
advisory commission
Temporary or permanent organizations created to provide information and technical expertise to the bureaucracy.
A statement of the bureaucracy that interprets the law or prescribes a specific action. These rules have the force of law.
rule of four
Rule according to which four Supreme Court justices must agree to hear a case.
The process in which the bureaucracy decides what the laws passed by Congress mean and how they should be carried out.
The process of determining whether a law or rule established by the bureaucracy has been broken.
iron triangles
A term used to refer to the interdependent relationship among the bureaucracy, interest groups, and congressional committees.
relationships between agencies and all benefit each other
(MC, INTEREST GROUPS, BUREAUCRACY)
Iron Triangle
three actors worked together to form subgovt. responsible for policy
- Congress committee - gave budgetary support to exec agencies
- exec agencies - made outcomes favored interest groups
- interest groups - gave campaign support to congress committees
policy subsystem
Networks of groups with an interest in a specific policy issue or area.
policy subsystems
networks of groups with an interest in a specific policy issue or area
-can include interest groups, legislative committees, any other organized groups
Herbert Simon's theory that humans are not utility maximizers are suggested in classical rational choice models. Humans satisfice rather than maximize.
satisficing
Considering possible alternatives until finding one that is good enough to solve the problem at hand even though it might not be the "best" possible solution.
overhead democracy
The idea that the bureaucracy is controlled through the oversight of elected officials, who are chosen by the people, thus giving the populace control over the bureaucracy.
idea that bureaucracy is controlled through the oversight of elected officials, who are chosen by the people, thus giving populous control over the bureaucracy
police patrol oversight
The active oversight of the bureaucracy by elected officials to make sure that the bureaucracy is acting according to the wishes of the people
Congressional oversight that consists of actively monitoring agencies through routine inspection
(Not effective/used bc not worth it for legislature to spend time monitoring)
fire alarm oversight
Oversight that becomes active only when there is evidence of bureaucratic wrongdoing.
fire alarm oversights
interest groups letting MC's know of bureaucratic behavior
oversight that becomes active only when there is evidence of bureaucratic wrongdoing
whistle blowers (agency employees)
direct contact from constituents
agency capture
A term used to describe when an agency seems to operate for the benefit of those whom it is supposed to regulate.
describes a bureaucracy run for the benefit of those it's supposed to regulate
(Hiring foxes to guard the hen house)
-regulators & the one being regulated share same professional/economic values
sunshine laws
Laws intended to keep the bureaucracy accountable to the people by requiring that agency meetings be open to the public.
legislative veto
Measure that gives Congress the ability to reject an action or decision of the bureaucracy.
appointment power
A power of the president that enables him or her to control the bureaucracy by selecting the people who will head its agencies.
impoundment
The limited ability of the president to not spend money appropriated by Congress
the president puts aside, or refuses to spend, the money Congress has appropriated for a certain purpose
legislative intent
The intention of Congress when it passes a law
judicial branch determines if an agency's action are authorized by the relevant law passed by congress
standards of due process
The procedural guarantees provided to ensure fair treatment and constitutional rights.
judicial branch seeking to insure an agency is not depriving anyone of due process guarantees given by the constitution or the law
Hiring a private organization to deliver a public program or service
Hiring a private organization to carry out a public program or service
-helps lower size & cost of public sector, and improves efficiency of public programs (makes public policy more cost effective)
principal-agent model
A model ex-plaining the relationship b/n Congress and the bureaucracy, which states that the relationship is similar to that b/n an employer who seeks to have work done (principal) and an employee who does the work (agent).
adverse slection
Principal's lack of information about the abilities of an agent.
Principal's lack of information about the effort of an agent.
principle's lack of information about the effort of an agent
A system of courts and judges concerned with administration of justice
The authority of courts to interpret and apply the law in particular cases.
The types of cases a given court is permitted to hear
courts of original jurisdiction
Trial courts that hear cases for the first time and determine issues of fact and law.
trial courts that hear the cases for the 1st time and determine issues of fact & law
courts of appellate jurisdiction
Courts that review the decisions of lower courts
madison v. marbury
The 1803 case in which the Court asserted the power of judicial review
Marbury v. Madison
-federalists lost to jefferson so attempted to pack the jury w/ federalists
-Jefferson told sec. of state (Madison) to withhold commission, so marshal couldn't deliver to Marbury
-Marbury called a writ of mandamus ordering public official to complete duty where they have no discretion, but also argued supreme court wasn't proper to issue the writ (bc unconstitutional)
-federalists could use judicial review to check dem-rep powers
judicial conference
A committee of district and appellate judges that reviews the needs of the federal judiciary and makes recommendations to Congress.
a committee of district and appellate court judges chaired by the chief justice of the Supreme Court
-reviews needs of federal judiciary, and makes recommendations to congress
collegial courts
Courts in which groups of judges decide cases based on a review of the record of the lower court trial.
A procedure in which all the members of a U.S. court of appeals hear and decide a case.
writ of certiorari
An order from a higher court to a lower court ordering the lower court to turn over its transcripts and documents of a case for review. The U.S. Supreme Court formally exercises its discretionary powers over what cases to hear by issuing a writ of certiorari, which is granted according to the rule of four.
order from a higher court to a lower court to turn over transcripts & documents for case review.
(uses this to determine if they want to pursue the case)
The meeting of Supreme Court justices where they decide which cases they will hear.
A decision of the Supreme Court in which 5 or more of the justices are in agreement on the ruling on which party to the dispute should win a case and the reason that party should win.
An opinion written by a Supreme Court justice who agrees with the ruling of the Court but not the reasoning behind it.
plurality opinion
A decision of the Supreme Court in which a majority of the Court agrees on a decision, but there is no majority agreement on the reason for the decision.
An opinion written by a Supreme Court justice who is in the minority that presents the logic and thinking of the justices who opposed the majority opinion.
issued by justices in the minority
(don't agree w/ outcome or reason)
senatorial courtesy
The practices that allows senators from states with federal district court vacancies to recommend individuals for the president to nominate. If the president fails to follow the home senators' recommendations, a slighted senator may block the nomination from coming to the floor for a confirmation vote.
tradition in which the President consults with the senators within a state in which an appointment is to be made
confirmation process
The period b/n when a presidential nomination of a federal judge is received in the Senate and when the nominee is either confirmed or defeated.
the period between when a president nominates a federal judge to the senate, and when they get confirmed or denied
legal model
A view of judicial decision making that argues that judges set aside their own values and make decisions based solely on legal criteria
slot machine theory
The view of judicial review that all judges do is lay the constitutional provision involved beside the statue being challenged and "decide whether the latter squares with the former"
legal realist model
A model of judicial decision making that argues that personal values and ideologies affect a judge's decisions
argues that personal values & ideologies affect judge's decision
attitudinal model
A model that suggests that judges' decisions are largely, if not exclusively, determined by their personal ideological and policy preferences.
judges decisions mostly based on personal ideological & policy preferences
strategic model
The view that sincere voting does not always maximize utility
The theory of judicial decision making in which judges consider their own policy preferences as well as the possible actions of other branches when making decisions
(could cause votes that don't reflect personal pref)
A court order requiring a public official to perform an official duty over which he or she has no discretion.
The idea that Supreme Court justices should interpret the Constitution on terms of the original intentions of the framers
living Constitution
The theory that assumes the Constitution was meant to be a dynamic document whose meaning has to account for contemporary social and political context.
judicial restraint
A view of Supreme Court Decision making that calls for the Court to defer policy making to the other branches of governement
judicial activism
A view of Supreme Court decision making that calls for the Court to take an active role in policymaking through its interpretation of the Constitution
legislative interpretation
A ruling of the Supreme Court in which the Court interprets on the meaning and intent of statute passed by Congress. Congress can overturn a decision based on legislative interpretation by passing another law.
A ruling of the Supreme Court that declares a law unconstitutional based the Court's interpretation of the Constitution. A constitutional interpretation cannot be overturned by a simple statute.
Why is public opinion important?
Cornerstone of Democratic theory
Leaders are supposed to hear the "voice of the people"
Elements of public opinion
Direction- is opinion positive or negative
Stability- refers to the likelihood of changes in the direction of public opinion overtime
Intensity – refers to how strongly people hold the attitudes and beliefs that make up a public opinion
Salience – refers to the prominence or invisibility of the issue or question and how important the issue is to the public
4 elements of public opinion
-direction
-stability
-intensity
-salience
How can Public Opinion be characterized?
3. polling random people from sample population
Political socialization
Knowledge of formal institutions and processes of government
Develop political attitudes towards actions, policies, and issues.
The process through which a younger generation learns political values from previous generations.
What is political socialization?
acquiring political beliefs and knowledge about instatutions
process of acquiring political values
Agents of political socialization
Family- most powerful agent of socialization
Education- Reduces costs of participation
Media- Reflect preexisting political ties
Peer Groups- Reflect preexisting community ties
Social Economic Status- Favors economic self interest
Race- Became more conservative as rise in SeS
Gender- Gender gap on partisanship and issues
What are the agents of political socialization?
Family- most powerful
Education- reduces costs
Peer groups- reflect preexisting ties
Media- reflect preexisting political attitudes
Socio-Economic Status- favors economic selfinterst
Agents of political Socialization (7)
-family
-education
-peer groups (similar friends)
-media (republicans watching FOX, intensifies attitude)
-socio-economic status
-race
-gender
-school
-peers (& reference groups)
-events/experiences
-media (NEGATIVE)
How do the agents of political socialization work?
They all work together to influence our beliefs, knowledge, and behavior
What are the core values Americans agree upon?
Individual liberty/Freedom
Less supportive of substantive equality ( equality of outcomes)
Constitution and democratic institutions are legitimate
Individual liberty/ Freedom
Opinions still differ on how they should be balanced
A method of selecting a sample (subset of the population) in which every person in the target population has an equal chance of being selected
non-random sampling (bias sampling)
A group of poll respondents that does not accurately represent the target population and provides inaccurate estimates of the true opinions and attitudes of the target population
How does random/non random sampling work?
Usually conducted over phone
Randomization is key (for random sampling)
why is random sampling/non random sampling important?
It ensures that results and conclusions can be generalized to the larger target population
The chance, measured in percent that the results of a survey will fall within the boundaries set by the margin of error
what does confidence interval really mean?
ex: a 95% confidence level means that there is a 95% chance that the true opinion of the population falls somewhere within the boundaries set by the margin of error
What is a confidence interval?
The percent chance the actual interests of the target population fall into the margin of error
Margin of Error
The amount that sample responses are likely to differ from those of the population within very tight boundaries that are known as the confidence level.
What is the margin of error?
Expresses the lower and upper bounds of polling results
Usually varies by a few percent
bigger the sample the smaller this is
How does the Margin of Error vary?
The size of the random sample determines how much the margin of error varies
What are the major threats to a survey's validity?
-exclusion of part of the population
-refusal to participate
-untruthful response
-asking leading/confusing questions
The sum of individual attitudes or beliefs about an issue or question.
sum of attitudes or beliefs about an issue or question and is seen as one expression of the will of the people
The idea of public opinion being either positive or negative (favorable or unfavorable) on an issue.
the idea of public opinion being either positive or negative
The likelihood of changes in the direction of public opinion.
How strongly people hold the beliefs or attitudes that comprise public opinion.
how strong people hold the beliefs or attitudes that comprise public opinion
Salience
The prominence or visibility of an issue or question and how important the issue is to the public.
Delegate Model of Representative Democracy
The idea that the job of elected leaders is to make decisions solely based on the views of the majority of the people.
(Gallup)
the job of a representative is to reflect the views of the majority of constituents, not make own decisions about what he/she feels is best for the community or society
Trustee System of Democracy
The idea that the job of elected leaders is to make decisions based on their own expertise and judgement, and not just make decisions based on the wishes and preferences of constituents.
(Lippmanns)
Push Poll
A type of public opinion poll that intentionally uses leading or biased questions in order to manipulate the responses.
Elite Opinion
The attitudes or beliefs of those people with influential positions within society.
Issue Public
A section of the public with a strong interest in a particular issue.
issue publics
people with strong interest in a particular issue
-well informed on particular policy & capable of making sophisticated choices
Biased Sample
A group of poll respondents that does not accurately represent the target population and provides inaccurate estimates of the true opinions and attitudes of the target population.
What are some biased samples?
Straw polls/ man on the street polls
Radio, tv, internet surveys
Straw Polls
Unscientific polls based on nonrandom samples.
unscientific polls based on random samples
Confidence Level
The chance, measured in percent, that the results of a survey will fall within the boundaries set by the margin of error.
The process of designing survey questionnaires.
the process of designing survey questions (easy to build manipulative questions due to order, phrasing, biases)
A set of shared beliefs that includes broad agreement about basic political values, agreement about the legitimacy of political institutions, and general acceptance of the process government uses to make policy.
set of shared beliefs that includes broad agreement about basic political values, agreement about the legitimacy of political, and general acceptance of the process government uses to make policy
(people share a general SHARED sense on what should be done)
Reference Groups
Groups that influence the political attitudes of non-group members.
groups that influence the political attitudes of non-group members
(ex. a white liberal identifying w/ NAACP without being black in order to support policies to help blacks)
The translation of personal preference into a voluntary action designed to influence public policy.
attitudes and beliefs that make up public opinion
A collective decision-making process in which citizens choose an individual to hold and exercise the powers of public office. Elections are the primary mechanism that representative democracies use to achieve popular sovereignty.
The process through which political parties winnow down a field of candidates to a single one who will be the party's standard-bearer in the general election.
The process by which voters choose their representatives from among the parties' nominees.
-decided who reps. us in congress
-1 dem, 1 republican
-plurality winner wins set
Legislative Caucus
A method of selecting political party candidates that calls for party members in the state legislature to select candidates for statewide office and party members in the House of Representatives to select a party's candidates for president and vice president.
method of selecting political party candidates that calls for...
-party members in the state legislature to select candidates for statewide office and
-party members in the house of reps. to select party candidates for president and vp.
National Party Convention
A nomination method in which delegates selected from each state attend a national party meeting to choose the party's candidates for president and vice president.
delegates selected from each state attend a national party meeting to choose the party's candidate for president & vp
-normal people elect the delegates who chose the nominee
Closed Primaries
Elections to choose a party's nominees for the general election that are open only to party members.
Open Primaries
Elections to select a party's candidate for the general election that are open to independents and, in some cases, to members of other parties.
-independent (and sometimes voters of other parties) participate in a party's primary
Caucus Method
A method of selecting the delegates to a political party's national convention by permitting the state conventions to select representatives from their states.
permits the state conventions to select representatives from their states
State Presidential Primary
A method of selecting delegates to a political party's national convention in which the voters directly elect delegates.
voters directly elect delegates
Frontloading
The tendency of states to move their primaries earlier in the season in order to gain more influence over the presidential selection process.
The number of delegates needed at a political party's national convention for a candidate to be nominated as the party's candidate for the presidency; this number equals 50% plus one of all delegates at the convention.
number of delegate votes needed at a national convention to win a nomination as a party's candidate for the presidency
(50%+1)
Invisible Primary
The period of time between the election of one president and the first contest to nominate candidates to run in the general election to select the next president.
invisible primaries
-intense competition for $, bundles, PAC's, followers (in prep for primaries
-court different groups (Christian conservatives, tea party, establishment)
when do invisible primaries begin
within the next 10 months (before nomination contests/primaries begin)
period of time between the election of one president and the first contest to nominate candidates to run in the general election to select the next presdient
what goes on during the "invisible primary"
-raising funds
-putting together an organization
-seeking endorsements
-maneuvering for political advantage
(no delegates chosen, and few/no formal rules)
The day in early March when several states hold their primaries. These states choose a significant portion of delegates to the national convention.
date on which a number of presidential primaries are held, including those of most southern states
Unit Rule
A rule that permitted a majority of a state's delegation to a political party's national convention to require that the entire state delegation vote the same way (or as a unit).
a state's entire vote must be cast for the candidate preferred by a majority of the state's delegates.
-controversial rule used by democrats until 1968
The institution (whose members are selected by whatever means the state legislature chooses) that is responsible for selecting the president of the United States.
Representative of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a president.
(popular vote doesn't determine president)
Proportional Plan
A plan to revise the electoral college such that the number of electoral college votes given to candidates would be based on the proportion of the popular vote they obtained.
# of electoral college votes given to candidates would be based on the proportion of the popular vote they obtained
A plan to revise the electoral college that would distribute a state's electoral college votes by giving one vote to the candidate who wins a plurality in each House district and two votes to the winner statewide.
a plan to revise the electoral college votes by giving one vote to the candidate who wins a plurality in each house district and to votes to the winner statewide
-a states electoral votes could be split
Direct Popular Election Plan
A proposal to abolish the electoral college and elect the president directly by national popular vote.
Would abolish the electoral college and permit voters in the 50 states and the District of Columbia to choose the president directly.
Swing States
States in which the outcome of a presidential race is unclear, and both candidates have a realistic chance of winning.
in a presidential race, highly competitive states in which both major party candidates stand a good chance of winning the state's electoral votes
Runoff Primary
A second primary election held between the top two candidates if no candidate received a majority of the votes in the first primary.
a second primary election held between the top 2 candidates if no candidate received a majority of the votes in the 1st primary
Nonpartisan Primary
A type of election used in Louisiana in which candidates from all political parties run in the same primary, and the candidate who receives the majority of the vote obtains the office.
type of election used in Louisiana in which candidates from all political parties run in the same primary, and the candidate who receives the majority vote wins the office
The process of adjusting the number of House Seats among the states based on population shifts.
Multimember District
A method of selecting representatives in which more than one person is chosen to represent a single constituency.
Single-Member District
A method of selecting representatives in which the people in a district select a single representative.
single-membered district
the people In the district select a single representative
The process of redrawing congressional district lines after reapportionment.
-process of redrawing the boundaries of congressional districts after seats have been reapportioned to the states.
redrawing congressional district lines after reapportionment
The drawing of district lines in such a way as to help or hinder the electoral prospects of a specific political interest.
drawing boundaries of legislative districts in unusual shapes to favor one party
Malapportioned
A situation in which the distribution of legislative seats does not accurately reflect the distribution of the population.
distribution of legislative seats does not accurately reflect the distribution of the population
Baker v. Carr
The 1962 case in which the Supreme Court overturned the political question doctrine, holding that legislative apportionment was a jusiciable issue that the courts had jurisdiction to hear and decide.
Justiciable Issue
An issue or topic over which the courts have jurisdiction or the power to make decisions.
Wesberry v. Sanders
The 1964 case in which the Supreme Court invalidated unequal congressional districts, saying that all legislative districts must contain about equal numbers of people. The ruling is popularly known as the principle of one person, one vote.
Supreme Court case 1964 which held one district should be held equal to another; each district should be equal in population as close as possible
"one person, one vote"
One Person, One Vote
The idea, arising out of the 1964 Supreme Court decision of Wesberry v. Sanders, that legislative districts mush contain about the same number of people.
Majority-Minority Districts
Districts in which the majority of the population is composed of ethnic or racial minorities.
Districts in which a minority group, such as African Americans or Hispanics, make up a majority of the population or electorate.
(makes it easier for them to elect reps)
Descriptive Representation
The view of representation that calls for the racial and ethnic makeup of Congress to reflect that of the nation.
refers to representatives who mirror their constituents
Substantive Representation
The concept of representation that states that officeholders do not have to be minorities to accurately represent minority interests.
the concept of representation that states that office holders do not have to be minorities to accurately represent minority interests
Incumbency Advantage
The tendency for congressional incumbents to be overwhelmingly successful when they run for reelection due to the nature of congressional districts, resources, and relations with constituents, among other reasons.
Advantages of Incumbency
committee assignments and legislative specialization
pork barrel politics
credit claiming
Constituency service
What are some of the advantages of incumbency?
Already have name recognition
Easy to get funding for election
The activities of members of Congress (such as sending out newsletters or visiting the district) designed to familiarize the constituency with the member.
The efforts by members of Congress to get their constituents to believe they are responsible for positive government actions.
Position Taking
Public statements made by members or Congress on issues of importance to the constituency.
Legislative seats for which there is no incumbent running for reelection.
The constitutional or statutory right to vote.
The congressional and gubernatorial elections that occur in the middle of a presidential term.
The percentage of eligible voters who cast votes in an election.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
The social background and economic position of a person.
Political Efficacy
The belief that one's opinions are important and that government will respect and respond to one's views.
Political Alienation
The feeling of being isolated from or not part of the political process and system.
Feeling great trust and support for the political system.
Efforts aimed at influencing people to vote in an election.
Sociological Model (Columbia Model)
A model explaining voter choice by considering factors such as religion, place of residence, and socioeconomic status.
Social-Psychological Model (Michigan Model)
A model explaining voter choice that focuses on individual attitudes.
Rational Choice Model
A model of voter choice that suggests that an individual will vote if the benefits of doing so outweigh the costs and will cast his or her ballot for candidates who are closest to sharing the individual's views on the issues.
Candidate Image
Voters' perceptions of a candidate's qualities.
Retrospective Voting
Voting that is based on an individual's evaluation of the past performance of a candidate.
Prospective Voting
Voting that is based on an individual's estimation of how well a candidate will perform duties in the future.
Maintaining Election
An election in which the traditional majority party maintains power based on the long-standing partisan orientation of the voters.
Deviating Election
An election in which the minority party is able to overcome the long-standing partisan orientation of the public based on temporary or short-term forces.
election in which the minority party over comes the long-standing partisan orientation based on temporary/short-term forces
Reinstating Election
An election in which the majority party regains power after a deviating election.
an election in which majority party re-gains power after a deviating elections
Realigning Election
An election in which the minority party is able to build a relatively stable coalition to win an election, and this coalition endures over a series of elections.


text:
Q: JAR file errors while trying to create an sms java application I am trying to create an sms based java application. I am using the Twilio API and have generated some code to create the application. The code is working fine but i am getting jar file errors. I have installed necessary jar file i need but each time i run the app i am requiring a new jar file. The issue lies with the http request.
import com.twilio.Twilio;
import com.twilio.converter.Promoter;
import com.twilio.rest.api.v2010.account.Message;
import com.twilio.type.PhoneNumber;
import org.apache.http.conn.util.*;
import com.twilio.http.*;

public class SENDSMS {

    public static final String ACCOUNT_SID = "Your account sid";
    public static final String AUTH_TOKEN = "Your auth token";

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Twilio.init(ACCOUNT_SID, AUTH_TOKEN);

        Message message = Message.creator(new PhoneNumber("num"),
            new PhoneNumber("num"),
            "Hi").create();

        System.out.println(message.getSid());
      }
    }

I keep getting this error below

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/http/ProtocolVersion
    at com.twilio.http.TwilioRestClient$Builder.build(TwilioRestClient.java:102)
    at com.twilio.Twilio.getRestClient(Twilio.java:129)
    at com.twilio.base.Creator.create(Creator.java:45)
    at SENDSMS.main(SENDSMS.java:22)
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.http.ProtocolVersion
    at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:381)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:424)
    at sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Launcher.java:335)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:357)
    ... 4 more

Below are the following jar files i have added to my builpath in the lib folder.
apache-httpcomponents-httpclient.jar
com.fasterxml.jackson.core.jar
com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.jar
google-collect-1.0.jar
guava.jar
httpclient-4.3-beta1.jar
org-apache-commons-logging.jar
twilio-7.21.5.jar

Any help is appreciated.
Thanks

A: httpcore-4.1.1.jar is missing.
You should seriously consider using a build tool like Maven or Gradle. Both are very well tested and will save you lots of time when it comes to dependency management.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Fig. 4 Overview of the supramolecular phases and the derived structural models for 2HTPTBP on Cu(111) at different coverages (a–c: relatively low coverage; d–f: medium coverage; g–i: monolayer coverage; all the STM images were measured at RT). The red and yellow ovals indicate the individual molecules with different orientations. The intermolecular T-type-like interactions and p–p stacking interactions in the structural models are highlighted by green lines and black parallel lines, respectively. The van der Waals interactions between the phenyl groups of two neighbouring molecules are marked by green dashed lines. Tunnelling parameters: (a) U = 1.0 V, I = 30 pA; (b) U = 1.6 V, I = 30 pA; (d, e, g and h) U = 1.1 V, I = 30 pA.
The adsorption behaviour of 2H-5,10,15,20-tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin (2HTPTBP) on different metal surfaces, i.e., Ag(111), Cu(111), Cu(110), and Cu(110)–(2 ? 1)O was investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy at room temperature. The adsorption of 2HTPTBP on Ag(111) leads to the formation of a well- ordered two-dimensional (2D) island structure due to the mutual stabilization through the intermolecular p–p stacking and T-type-like interactions of phenyl and benzene substituents of neighboring molecules. For 2HTPTBP on Cu(111), the formed 2D supramolecular structures exhibit a coverage-dependent behaviour, which can be understood from the interplay of molecule–substrate and molecule–molecule interactions. In contrast, on Cu(110) the 2HTPTBP molecules form dispersed one-dimensional (1D) molecular chains along the [11%0] direction of the substrate due to relatively strong attractive molecule– substrate interactions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the reconstruction of the Cu(110) surface by oxygen atoms yields a change in dimensionality of the resulting nanostructures from 1D on Cu(110) to 2D on (2 ? 1) oxygen-reconstructed Cu(110), induced by a decreased molecule–substrate interaction combined with attractive molecule–molecule interactions. This comprehensive study on these prototypical systems enables us to deepen the understanding of the particular role of the substrate concerning the adsorption behavior of organic molecules on metal surfaces and thus to tweak the ordering in functional molecular architectures.
Figure 3. STM images after exposing Rh(111) to AO: (A) θO,total = 6.4 ML at Tdep = 700 K; (B) θO,total = 2.9 ML at Tdep = 350 K followed by 600 s anneal at 700 K; (C) θO,total = 0.9 ML at Tdep = 350 K followed by 600 s anneal at 700 K. Insets are LEED patterns (62 eV) taken after deposition. STM images were obtained at 30 K and conditions were (L to R) (A) 100 mV, 137 pA; 181 mV, 170 pA; 140 mV, 153 pA; (B) 50 mV, 400 pA; 70 mV, 410 pA; 50 mV, 400 pA; (C) 20 mV, 200 pA; 20 mV, 150 pA; 20 mV, 150 pA.
Recent studies have shown the importance of oxide surfaces in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. Because of the difficulties in reproducibly preparing oxidized metal surfaces, it is often unclear what species are thermodynamically stable and what factors effect the oxide formation process. In this work, we show that the thermodynamically stable phases on Rh(111) after exposure to atomic oxygen are the (2×1)- O adlayer and the trilayer surface oxide, RhO2. Formation of RhO2 was facilitated by surface defects and elevated concentrations of dissolved O atoms in the subsurface region. As the concentration of subsurface O atoms decreased, the coverage of RhO2 decreased so that only the (2×1)- O adlayer was present on the surface. The importance of subsurface oxygen species in RhO2 formation and stability indicates a complex relationship between surface structure and subsurface oxygen concentration.


text:
Mexico 2025 and Beyond: A Conversation with Leo Zuckermann
Photo by Artur Widak / NurPhoto via Getty Images
Fri, Oct. 07, 2022
(GMT-05:00) America/Chicago
Kelly International Conference Facility, James A. Baker III Hall
With the administration of Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador now entering the fifth year of its six-year term, key questions about the country's future arise. Some are related to Mexico's democracy and politics, often afflicted by extreme polarization, and growing weaknesses in the country's rule of law. Others involve the nation's poor economic performance, rising poverty and inequality, and unstable fiscal policy. The state of public safety and security, the deterioration of the national strategic infrastructure and the enormous challenges in Mexico's education and health sectors are other major concerns, in addition to the future of its energy industry and its relationship with the United States.
In an effort to envision the post-López Obrador era and address these challenges, the Baker Institute Center for the United States and Mexico has launched the Mexico 2025 and Beyond initiative. At the third lecture held as part of the initiative, the center hosted Leo Zuckermann, renowned Mexican journalist and political commentator, for a conversation on the role of journalism in Mexico's democracy. Center director Tony Payan delivered welcome remarks and moderate the discussion.
This event was sponsored by the Baker Institute Center for the United States and Mexico. Follow @BakerCtrUSMEX on Twitter, and join the conversation online with #BakerMexico.
Registration has closed.
Events and webinars are powered by the contributions of our donors and members. Please consider supporting our work by making a gift or joining a membership group. Learn more here or text BAKER to 243725 to give today.
Leo Zuckermann is the host of the TV show "Es La Hora de Opinar" on FOROtv. Since 2010, the show has been the prime nightly political debate show in Mexico, where Zuckermann and his guests discuss international trends and national problems and debate arguments and ideas. He is also a panelist on the television program "Tercer Grado" on Televisa, and a radio political commentator for Grupo Fórmula's "José Cárdenas Informa." Zuckermann also writes the column "Juegos del Poder" in Excelsior, one of Mexico's major newspapers.
Previously, Zuckermann worked for the Office of the President of Mexico and for the consulting firm McKinsey & Company. He also served as the secretary general of the Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica (CIDE).
Zuckermann has been named one of the top 300 leaders in Mexico by the magazine Líderes Mexicanos for his role as a political analyst. In 2007, he was awarded the "José Pagés Llergo" National Journalism Award for best feature article.
Zuckermann holds a degree in public administration from El Colegio de México and a master's degree in public policy from the University of Oxford in England. He has two master's degrees from Columbia University in New York, and is a Ph.D. candidate in political science.
Thu, Feb 23 2023, 5 – 7:30pm
Immigration Reform and the Impact on Children: A Town Hall Discussion
Center for the U.S. and Mexico | Report
Mexico Country Outlook 2023
Treaty and Non-Treaty Mechanisms for Resolving the Rio Grande River Water Debt Dilemma
Center for the U.S. and Mexico | Journal
A Social Network Analysis of Mexico's Dark Network Alliance Structure

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package org.apache.sling.repoinit.parser.operations;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;

/** Set ACL statement that groups a set of AclLines
 *  that all refer to the same set of paths.
 */
public class SetAclPaths extends AclGroupBase {

    private final List<String> paths;

    public SetAclPaths(List<String> paths, List<AclLine> lines) {
        this(paths,lines,new ArrayList<String>());
    }

    public SetAclPaths(List<String> paths,List<AclLine> lines, List<String> aclOptions){
        super(lines,aclOptions);
        this.paths = Collections.unmodifiableList(paths);
    }

    protected String getParametersDescription() {
        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.append(paths);
        sb.append(super.getParametersDescription());
        return sb.toString();
    }

    public List<String> getPaths() {
        return paths;
    }

    @Override
    public void accept(OperationVisitor v) {
        v.visitSetAclPaths(this);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub