text:
Pterosaur
Related subjects: Dinosaurs
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Pterosaurs
Temporal range: Late Triassic– Late Cretaceous, 210–65.5Ma
Replica Geosternbergia sternbergi skeletons, female (left) and male (right)
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Ornithodira
Order: †Pterosauria
Kaup, 1834
Suborders
† Pterodactyloidea
† Rhamphorhynchoidea *
Pterosauromorpha Padian, 1997
Pterosaurs (pron.: / ˈ t ɛr ɵ s ɔr /, from the Greek πτερόσαυρος, pterosauros, meaning "winged lizard") were flying reptiles of the clade or order Pterosauria. They existed from the late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous Period (220 to 65 million years ago). Pterosaurs are the earliest vertebrates known to have evolved powered flight. Their wings were formed by a membrane of skin, muscle, and other tissues stretching from the ankles to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger. Early species had long, fully toothed jaws and long tails, while later forms had a highly reduced tail, and some lacked teeth. Many sported furry coats made up of hair-like filaments known as pycnofibres, which covered their bodies and parts of their wings. Pterosaurs spanned a wide range of adult sizes, from the very small Nemicolopterus to the largest known flying creatures of all time, including Quetzalcoatlus and Hatzegopteryx.
Pterosaurs are often referred to in the popular media and by the general public as flying dinosaurs, but this is incorrect. The term "dinosaur" is properly restricted to only those reptiles descended from the last common ancestor of the groups Saurischia and Ornithischia (clade Dinosauria, which includes birds), and current scientific consensus is that this group excludes the pterosaurs, as well as the various groups of extinct marine reptiles, such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs. Pterosaurs are also incorrectly referred to as pterodactyls, particularly by journalists. "Pterodactyl" refers specifically to members of the genus Pterodactylus, and more broadly to members of the suborder Pterodactyloidea.
The anatomy of pterosaurs was highly modified from their reptilian ancestors for the demands of flight. Pterosaur bones were hollow and air-filled, like the bones of birds. They had a keeled breastbone that was developed for the attachment of flight muscles and an enlarged brain that shows specialised features associated with flight. In some later pterosaurs, the backbone over the shoulders fused into a structure known as a notarium, which served to stiffen the torso during flight, and provide a stable support for the scapula (shoulder blade).
Reconstructed wing planform of Quetzalcoatlus northropi compared to the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans and the Andean Condor Vultur gryphus (not to scale)
Pterosaur wings were formed by membranes of skin and other tissues. The primary membranes attached to the extremely long fourth finger of each arm and extended along the sides of the body to the ankles.
While historically thought of as simple, leathery structures composed of skin, research has since shown that the wing membranes of pterosaurs were actually highly complex and dynamic structures suited to an active style of flight. The outer wings (from the tip to the elbow) were strengthened by closely spaced fibers called actinofibrils. The actinofibrils themselves consisted of three distinct layers in the wing, forming a crisscross pattern when superimposed on one another. The actual function of the actinofibrils is unknown, as is the exact material from which they were made. Depending on their exact composition (keratin, muscle, elastic structures, etc.), they may have been stiffening or strengthening agents in the outer part of the wing. The wing membranes also contained a thin layer of muscle, fibrous tissue, and a unique, complex circulatory system of looping blood vessels.
As evidenced by hollow cavities in the wing bones of larger species and soft tissue preserved in at least one specimen, some pterosaurs extended their system of respiratory air sacs (see Paleobiology section below) into the wing membrane itself.
Parts of the pterosaur wing
Sordes, as depicted here, evidences the possibility that pterosaurs had a cruropatagium (a membrane connecting the legs, but leaving the tail out unlike the chiropteran uropatagium)
The pterosaur wing membrane is divided into three basic units. The first, called the propatagium ("first membrane"), was the forward-most part of the wing and attached between the wrist and shoulder, creating the "leading edge" during flight. This membrane may have incorporated the first three fingers of the hand, as evidenced in some specimens. The brachiopatagium ("arm membrane") was the primary component of the wing, stretching from the highly elongated fourth finger of the hand to the hind limbs (though where exactly on the hind limbs it anchored is controversial and may have varied between species, see below). Finally, at least some pterosaur groups had a membrane that stretched between the legs, possibly connecting to or incorporating the tail, called the uropatagium; the extent of this membrane isn't certain, as studies on Sordes seem to suggest that it simply connected the legs but did not involve the tail (rendering it a cruropatagium). It is generally agreed though that non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs had a broader uro/cruropatagium, with pterodactyloids only having membranes running along the legs; Pteranodon in particular might have developed/redeveloped an uropatagium, given the structure of the tail.
Wing anatomy
A bone unique to pterosaurs, known as the pteroid, connected to the wrist and helped to support a forward membrane (the propatagium) between the wrist and shoulder. Evidence of webbing between the three free fingers of the pterosaur forelimb suggests that this forward membrane may have been more extensive than the simple pteroid-to-shoulder connection traditionally depicted in life restorations. The position of the pteroid bone itself has been controversial. Some scientists, notably Matthew Wilkinson, have argued that the pteroid pointed forward, extending the forward membrane. However, this view was strongly refuted in a 2007 paper by Chris Bennett, who showed that the pteroid did not articulate as previously thought and could not have pointed forward, but rather inward toward the body as traditionally thought.
Three lines of evidence, morphological, developmental and histological, indicate that the pteroid is a true bone, rather than ossified cartilage. The origin of the pteroid is unclear: it may be a modified carpal, the first metacarpal, or a neomorph (new bone).
The pterosaur wrist consists of two inner (proximal) and four outer (distal) carpals (wrist bones), excluding the pteroid bone, which may itself be a modified distal carpal. The proximal carpals are fused together into a "syncarpal" in mature specimens, while three of the distal carpals fuse to form a distal syncarpal. The remaining distal carpal, referred to here as the medial carpal, but which has also been termed the distal lateral, or pre-axial carpal, articulates on a vertically elongate biconvex facet on the anterior surface of the distal syncarpal. The medial carpal bears a deep concave fovea that opens anteriorly, ventrally and somewhat medially, within which the pteroid articulates.
There has been considerable argument among paleontologists about whether the main wing membranes (brachiopatagia) attached to the hind limbs, and if so, where. Fossils of the rhamphorhynchoid Sordes, the anurognathid Jeholopterus, and a pterodactyloid from the Santana Formation seem to demonstrate that the wing membrane did attach to the hindlimbs, at least in some species. However, modern bats and flying squirrels show considerable variation in the extent of their wing membranes and it is possible that, like these groups, different species of pterosaur had different wing designs. Indeed, analysis of pterosaur limb proportions shows that there was considerable variation, possibly reflecting a variety of wing-plans.
Many, if not all, pterosaurs also had webbed feet.
Skull, teeth and crests
Tooth, possibly from Coloborhynchus
Most pterosaur skulls had elongated jaws with a full complement of needle-like teeth. In some cases, fossilized keratinous beak tissue has been preserved, though in toothed forms, the beak is small and restricted to the jaw tips and does not involve the teeth. Some advanced beaked forms were toothless, such as the pteranodonts and azhdarchids, and had larger, more extensive, and more bird-like beaks.
Unlike most archosaurs, which have several openings in the skull in front of the eyes, in pterodactyloid pterosaurs the antorbital opening and the nasal opening was merged into a single large opening, called the nasoantorbital fenestra. This likely evolved as a weight-saving feature to lighten the skull for flight.
Reconstruction of crests: three crested tapejarids. From top to bottom: Tapejara wellnhoferi, "Tapejara" navigans, Tupandactylus imperator (drawn to scale).
Pterosaurs are well known for their often elaborate crests. The first and perhaps best known of these is the distinctive backward-pointing crest of some Pteranodon species, though a few pterosaurs, such as the tapejarids and Nyctosaurus sported incredibly large crests that often incorporated keratinous or other soft tissue extensions of the bony crest base.
Since the 1990s, new discoveries and more thorough study of old specimens have shown that crests are far more widespread among pterosaurs than previously thought, due mainly to the fact that they were frequently extended by or composed completely of keratin, which does not fossilize as often as bone. In the cases of pterosaurs like Pterorhynchus and Pterodactylus, the true extent of these crests has only been uncovered using ultraviolet photography. The discovery of Pterorynchus and Austriadactylus, both crested " rhamphorhynchoids", showed that even primitive pterosaurs had crests (previously, crests were thought to be restricted to the more advanced pterodactyloids).
Pycnofibres
At least some pterosaurs were covered with hair-like filaments known as pycnofibres, similar to but not homologous (sharing a common structure) with mammalian hair. Pycnofibres were not true hair as seen in mammals, but a unique structure that developed a similar appearance through convergent evolution. Although in some cases actinofibrils (internal structural fibres) in the wing membrane have been mistaken for pycnofibres or true hair, some fossils such as those of Sordes pilosus (which translates as "hairy demon") and Jeholopterus ninchengensis do show the unmistakable imprints of pycnofibres on the head and body, not unlike modern-day bats, another example of convergent evolution. It is unknown if they may be homologous with feathers. The presence of pycnofibres (and the demands of flight) imply that pterosaurs were endothermic (warm-blooded).
The term "pycnofibre", meaning "dense filament", was first coined in a paper on the soft tissue impressions of Jeholopterus by palaeontologist Alexander W.A. Kellner and colleagues in 2009.
History of discovery
Engraving of the original P. antiquus specimen by Egid Verhelst II, 1784
The first pterosaur fossil was described by the Italian naturalist Cosimo Collini in 1784. Collini misinterpreted his specimen as a seagoing creature that used its long front limbs as paddles. A few scientists continued to support the aquatic interpretation even until 1830, when the German zoologist Johann Georg Wagler suggested that Pterodactylus used its wings as flippers. Georges Cuvier first suggested that pterosaurs were flying creatures in 1801, and coined the name "Ptero-dactyle" in 1809 for the specimen recovered in Germany. However, due to the standardization of scientific names, the official name for this genus became Pterodactylus, though the name "pterodactyl" continued to be popularly and incorrectly applied to all members of Pterosauria. Paleontologists now avoid using "pterodactyl" and prefer the term "pterosaur". They relegate the term "pterodactyl" specifically for members of the genus Pterodactylus or more broadly for members of the suborder Pterodactyloidea.
The three-dimensionally preserved skull of Anhanguera santanae, from the Santana Formation, Brazil
Skeletal reconstruction of a quadrupedally launching Pteranodon longiceps
The mechanics of pterosaur flight are not completely understood or modeled at this time.
Diagrams showing breathing motion (top two) and internal air sac system (bottom two)
Katsufumi Sato, a Japanese scientist, did calculations using modern birds and decided that it was impossible for a pterosaur to stay aloft. In the book Posture, Locomotion, and Paleoecology of Pterosaurs it is theorized that they were able to fly due to the oxygen-rich, dense atmosphere of the Late Cretaceous period. However, one must note both Katsufumi and the authors of Posture, Locomotion, and Paleoecology of Pterosaurs based their research on the now outdated theories of pterosaurs being seabird-like, and the size limit doesn't apply to terrestrial pterosaurs like azhdarchids and tapejarids Furthermore, Darren Naish concluded that atmospheric differences between the present and the Mesozoic weren't needed for the giant size of pterosaurs.
However, Mark Witton and Mike Habib, of the University of Portsmouth and Johns Hopkins University respectively, argued that pterosaurs used a vaulting mechanism to obtain flight. Once in air, pterosaurs could reach speeds up to 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) and travel thousands of kilometres.
In 1985, the Smithsonian Institution commissioned aeronautical engineer Paul MacCready to build a half-scale working model of Quetzalcoatlus northropi. The replica was launched with a ground-based winch. It flew several times in 1986 and was filmed as part of the Smithsonian's IMAX film On the Wing. However, the model was not anatomically correct and embodied vertical and horizontal tail stabilizers that were lacking in pterosaurs. The weight distribution of the model was also different due to the longer tail of the model.
Air sacs and respiration
A 2009 study showed that pterosaurs had a lung-air sac system and a precisely controlled skeletal breathing pump, which supports a flow-through pulmonary ventilation model in pterosaurs, analogous to that of birds. The presence of a subcutaneous air sac system in at least some pterodactyloids would have further reduced the density of the living animal.
A study of pterosaur brain cavities using X-rays revealed that the animals (Rhamphorhynchus muensteri and Anhanguera santanae) had massive flocculi. The flocculus is a brain region that integrates signals from joints, muscles, skin and balance organs.
The pterosaurs' flocculi occupied 7.5% of the animals' total brain mass, more than in any other vertebrate. Birds have unusually large flocculi compared with other animals, but these only occupy between 1 and 2% of total brain mass.
The flocculus sends out neural signals that produce small, automatic movements in the eye muscles. These keep the image on an animal's retina steady. Pterosaurs may have had such a large flocculus because of their large wing size, which would mean that there was a great deal more sensory information to process.
Ground movement
The probable azhdarchid trace fossil Haenamichnus uhangriensis.
Pterosaurs' hip sockets are oriented facing slightly upwards, and the head of the femur (thigh bone) is only moderately inward facing, suggesting that pterosaurs had a semi-erect stance. It would have been possible to lift the thigh into a horizontal position during flight as gliding lizards do.
There was considerable debate whether pterosaurs ambulated as quadrupeds or as bipeds. In the 1980s, paleontologist Kevin Padian suggested that smaller pterosaurs with longer hindlimbs such as Dimorphodon might have walked or even run bipedally, in addition to flying, like road runners. However, a large number of pterosaur trackways were later found with a distinctive four-toed hind foot and three-toed front foot; these are the unmistakable prints of pterosaurs walking on all fours.
Unlike most vertebrates, which walk on their toes with ankles held off the ground ( digitigrade), fossil footprints show that pterosaurs stood with the entire foot in contact with the ground ( plantigrade), in a manner similar to humans and bears. Footprints from azhdarchids show that at least some pterosaurs walked with an erect, rather than sprawling, posture.
Fossil trackways show that pterosaurs like Quetzalcoatlus northropi were quadrupeds.
Though traditionally depicted as ungainly and awkward when on the ground, the anatomy of at least some pterosaurs (particularly pterodactyloids) suggests that they were competent walkers and runners. The forelimb bones of azhdarchids and ornithocheirids were unusually long compared to other pterosaurs, and in azhdarchids, the bones of the arm and hand (metacarpals) were particularly elongated. Furthermore, azhdarchid front limbs as a whole were proportioned similarly to fast-running ungulate mammals. Their hind limbs, on the other hand, were not built for speed, but they were long compared with most pterosaurs, and allowed for a long stride length. While azhdarchid pterosaurs probably could not run, they would have been relatively fast and energy efficient.
The relative size of the hands and feet in pterosaurs (by comparison with modern animals such as birds) may indicate what type of lifestyle pterosaurs led on the ground. Azhdarchid pterosaurs had relatively small feet compared to their body size and leg length, with foot length only about 25%-30% the length of the lower leg. This suggests that azhdarchids were better adapted to walking on dry, relatively solid ground. Pteranodon had slightly larger feet (47% the length of the tibia), while filter-feeding pterosaurs like the ctenochasmatoids had very large feet (69% of tibial length in Pterodactylus, 84% in Pterodaustro), adapted to walking in soft muddy soil, similar to modern wading birds.
Natural predators
Pterosaurs are known to have been eaten by theropods. In the 1 July 2004 edition of Nature, paleontologist Eric Buffetaut discusses an early Cretaceous fossil of three cervical vertebrae of a pterosaur with the broken tooth of a spinosaur embedded in it. The vertebrae are known not to have been eaten and exposed to digestion, as the joints still articulated.
Reproduction and life history
Fossil pterodactyloid flapling from the Solnhofen Limestone
Very little is known about pterosaur reproduction, and pterosaur eggs are very rare. The first known pterosaur egg was found in the quarries of Liaoning, the same place that yielded the famous 'feathered' dinosaurs. The egg was squashed flat with no signs of cracking, so evidently the eggs had leathery shells, as in modern lizards. This was supported by the description of an additional pterosaur egg belonging to the genus Darwinopterus, described in 2011, which also had a leathery shell and, also like modern reptiles but unlike birds, was fairly small compared to the size of the mother. A study of pterosaur eggshell structure and chemistry published in 2007 indicated that it is likely pterosaurs buried their eggs, like modern crocodiles and turtles. Egg-burying would have been beneficial to the early evolution of pterosaurs, as it allows for more weight-reducing adaptations, but this method of reproduction also would have put limits on the variety of environments pterosaurs could live in, and may have disadvantaged them when they began to face ecological competition from birds.
Wing membranes preserved in pterosaur embryos are well developed, suggesting pterosaurs were ready to fly soon after birth. Fossils of pterosaurs only a few days to a week old (called flaplings) have been found, representing several pterosaur families, including pterodactylids, rhamphorhinchids, ctenochasmatids and azhdarchids. All preserve bones which show a relatively high degree of hardening (ossification) for their age, and wing proportions similar to adults. In fact, many pterosaur flaplings have been considered adults and placed in separate species in the past. Additionally, flaplings are normally found in the same sediments as adults and juveniles of the same species, such as the Pterodactylus and Rhamphorhynchus flaplings found in the Solnhofen limestone of Germany, and Pterodaustro flaplings from Brazil. All are found in deep aquatic environment far from shore.
It is not known whether pterosaurs practiced any form of parental care, but their ability to fly as soon as they emerged from the egg and the numerous flaplings found in environments far from nests and alongside adults has led most researchers, including Christopher Bennett and David Unwin, to conclude that the young were dependent on their parents for a relatively short period of time, during a period of rapid growth while the wings grew long enough to fly, and then left the nest to fend for themselves, possibly within days of hatching. Alternatively, they may have used stored yolk products for nourishment during their first few days of life, as in modern reptiles, rather than depend on parents for food.
Growth rates of pterosaurs once they hatched varied across different groups. In more primitive, long-tailed pterosaurs (" rhamphorhynchoids") such as Rhamphorhynchus, the average growth rate during the first year of life was 130% to 173%, slightly faster than the growth rate of alligators. Growth in these species slowed after sexual maturity, and it would have taken more than three years for Rhamphorhynchus to attain maximum size. In contrast, the more advanced, large pterodactyloid pterosaurs such as Pteranodon grew to adult size within the first year of life. Additionally, pterodactyloids had determinate growth, meaning that the animals reached a fixed maximum adult size and stopped growing.
Daily activity patterns
Comparisons between the scleral rings of pterosaurs and modern birds and reptiles have been used to infer daily activity patterns of pterosaurs. The pterosaur genera Pterodactylus, Scaphognathus, and Tupuxuara have been inferred to be diurnal, Ctenochasma, Pterodaustro, and Rhamphorhynchus have been inferred to be nocturnal, and Tapejara has been inferred to be cathemeral, being active throughout the day for short intervals. As a result, the possibly fish-eating Ctenochasma and Rhamphorhynchus may have had similar activity patterns to modern nocturnal seabirds, and the filter-feeding Pterodaustro may have had similar activity patterns to modern anseriform birds that feed at night. The differences between activity patterns of the Solnhofen pterosaurs Ctenochasma, Rhamphorhynchus, Scaphognathus, and Pterodactylus may also indicate niche partitioning between these genera.
Evolution and extinction
Restoration of two Scleromochlus on a tree
Because pterosaur anatomy has been so heavily modified for flight, and immediate "missing link" predecessors have not so far been described, the ancestry of pterosaurs is not well understood. Several hypotheses have been advanced, including links to ornithodirans like Scleromochlus, an ancestry among the basal archosauriforms like Euparkeria, or among the prolacertiformes (which include gliding forms like Sharovipteryx).
Two researchers, Chris Bennett (1996) and David Peters (2000), have found pterosaurs to be prolacertiformes or closely related to them. Peters uses a technique called DGS, which involves applying the digital tracing features of photo editing software to images of pterosaur fossils. Bennett only recovered pterosaurs as close relatives of the prolacertiformes after removing characteristics of the hind limb from his analysis, in an attempt to test the idea that these characters are the result of convergent evolution between pterosaurs and dinosaurs. However, subsequent analysis by Dave Hone and Michael Benton (2007) could not reproduce this result. Hone and Benton found pterosaurs to be closely related to dinosaurs even without hind limb characters. They also criticized previous studies by David Peters, raising questions about whether conclusions reached without access to the primary evidence, that is, the extant pterosaur fossils, can be held to have the same weight as conclusions based strictly on first-hand interpretation. Peters maintains that DGS is superior to on-sight and first-hand interpretation. Hone and Benton concluded that although more primitive pterosauromorphs are needed to clarify their relationships, pterosaurs are best considered archosaurs, and specifically ornithodirans, given current evidence. In Hone and Benton's analysis, pterosaurs are either the sister group of Scleromochlus or fall between it and Lagosuchus on the ornithodiran family tree. Sterling Nesbitt (2011) found strong support for a clade composed of Scleromochlus and pterosaurs.
Classification of pterosaurs has historically been difficult, because there were many gaps in the fossil record. Many new discoveries are now filling in these gaps and giving a better picture of the evolution of pterosaurs. Traditionally, they are organized into two suborders:
Rhamphorhynchoidea (Plieninger, 1901): A group of early, basal ("primitive") pterosaurs, many of which had long tails and short metacarpal bones in the wing. They appeared in the Late Triassic period, and lasted until the late Jurassic. Rhamphorhynchoidea is a paraphyletic group (since the pterodactyloids evolved directly from them and not from a common ancestor), so with the increasing use of cladistics it has fallen out of favour in most technical literature.
Pterodactyloidea (Plieninger, 1901): The more derived ("advanced") pterosaurs, with short tails and long wing metacarpals. They appeared in the middle Jurassic period, and lasted until the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event wiped them out at the end of the Cretaceous.
Zhejiangopterus, an azhdarchid from the Cretaceous of China
Listing of families and superfamilies within Pterosauria, after Unwin 2006 unless otherwise noted.
ORDER PTEROSAURIA (extinct)
Suborder Rhamphorhynchoidea *
Family Anurognathidae
Family Campylognathoididae
Family Dimorphodontidae
Family Rhamphorhynchidae
Suborder Pterodactyloidea
Superfamily Ornithocheiroidea
Family Istiodactylidae
Family Nyctosauridae
Family Ornithocheiridae
Family Pteranodontidae
Superfamily Ctenochasmatoidea
Family Ctenochasmatidae
Family Gallodactylidae
Family Pterodactylidae
Superfamily Dsungaripteroidea
Family Dsungaripteridae
Family Germanodactylidae
Superfamily Azhdarchoidea
Family Azhdarchidae
Family Chaoyangopteridae
Family Lonchodectidae
Family Tapejaridae
The precise relationships between pterosaurs is still unsettled. However, several newer studies are beginning to make things clearer. Cladogram simplified after Unwin.
Pterosauria
Preondactylus
Macronychoptera
Dimorphodontidae
Caelidracones
Anurognathidae
Lonchognatha
Campylognathoididae
Breviquartossa
Rhamphorhynchidae
Pterodactyloidea (see below)
Pterodactyloidea
Ornithocheiroidea
Istiodactylidae
Euornithocheira
Ornithocheiridae
Pteranodontidae
Lophocratia
Ctenochasmatoidea
Gallodactylidae
Euctenochasmatia
Pterodactylus
Lonchodectes
Ctenochasmatidae
Dsungaripteroidea
Germanodactylidae
Dsungaripteridae
Azhdarchoidea
Tapejaridae
Azhdarchidae
It was once thought that competition with early bird species might have resulted in the extinction of many of the pterosaurs. By the end of the Cretaceous, only large species of pterosaurs are known. The smaller species seem to have become extinct, their niche filled by birds. However, pterosaur decline (if actually present) seems unrelated to bird diversity. At the end of the Cretaceous period, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event which wiped out all non-avian dinosaurs and most avian dinosaurs as well, and many other animals, seemed to also take the pterosaurs. Alternatively, some pterosaurs may have been specialised for an ocean-going lifestyle. Consequently, when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event severely affected marine life that these pterosaurs fed on, they went extinct. However, forms like azhdarchids and istiodactylids were not marine in habits.
Recently, several new pterosaur taxa have been discovered dating to the Campanian/Maastrichtian, such as the ornithocheirids Piksi and " Ornithocheirus", possible pteranodontids and nyctosaurids, and a tapejarid. This suggests that late Cretaceous pterosaur faunas were far more diverse than previously thought, possibly not even having declined significantly from the early Cretaceous.
Well known genera
Examples of pterosaur genera include:
Pteranodon was 1.8 metres (six ft) long, with a wingspan of 7.5 m (25 ft), and lived during the late Cretaceous period.
Pterodactylus had a wingspan of 50–75 centimetres (20 to –30 inches), and lived during the late Jurassic on lake shores.
Pterodaustro was a Cretaceous pterosaur from South America with a wingspan around 1.33 metres and with over 500 tall, narrow teeth, which were presumably used in filter-feeding, much like modern flamingos. Also like flamingos, this pterosaur's diet may have resulted in the animal having a pink hue. It was South America's first pterosaur find.
Quetzalcoatlus had a wingspan of 10–11 metres (33–36 ft), and was among the largest flying animals ever. It lived during the late Cretaceous period.
Ornithocheirus was a large pterosaur that lived worldwide during the Early Cretaceous around 130 MYA. Males of the genus had crests on their bill.
Hatzegopteryx was the largest flying animal, as currently known to science. Although no complete fossil has been discovered, what little fossils paleontologists have found give the creature an estimated wingspan of at least 10 metres (33 ft)
Rhamphorhynchus was a Jurassic pterosaur with a vane at the end of its tail, which may have acted to stabilise the tail in flight.
In popular culture
Quetzalcoatlus models in South Bank, created by Mark Witton for the Royal Society's 350th anniversary
Pterosaurs have been a staple of popular culture for as long as their cousins the dinosaurs, though they are usually not featured as prominently in films, literature or other art. Additionally, while the depiction of dinosaurs in popular media has changed radically in response to advances in paleontology, a mainly outdated picture of pterosaurs has persisted since the mid 20th century.
While the generic term "pterodactyl" is often used to describe these creatures, the animals depicted frequently represent either Pteranodon or Rhamphorhynchus, or a fictionalized hybrid of the two. Many children's toys and cartoons feature "pterodactyls" with Pteranodon-like crests and long, Rhamphorhynchus-like tails and teeth, a combination that never existed in nature. However, at least one type of pterosaur did have at least the Pteranodon-like crest and teeth—for example, the Ludodactylus, a name that means "toy finger" for its resemblance to old, inaccurate children's toys. Also, some depictions of pterosaurs incorrectly identify them as "birds", when in real life they were flying reptiles, and birds are actually descended from theropod dinosaurs.
Pterosaurs were also used in fiction in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel The Lost World, and subsequent 1925 film adaptation. They have been used in a number of films and television programs since, including the 1933 film King Kong, and 1966's One Million Years B.C.. In the latter, animator Ray Harryhausen had to add inaccurate bat-like wing fingers to his stop motion models in order to keep the membranes from falling apart, though this particular error was common in art even before the film was made. Pterosaurs were mainly absent from notable film appearances until 2001, with Jurassic Park III. However, paleontologist Dave Hone has noted that even after the 40 intervening years, the pterosaurs in this film had not been significantly updated to reflect modern research. Among the errors he noted as persisting from the 1960s to the 2000s were teeth even in toothless species (the Jurassic Park III pterosaurs were intended to be Pteranodon, which translates as "toothless wing"), nesting behavior that was known to be inaccurate by 2001, and leathery wings, rather than the taut membranes of muscle fibre that was actually present and required for pterosaur flight.
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Ron Meyer, vice chairman at NBCUniversal and the former president and co-founder of Creative Artists Agency, is slated to deliver the keynote address at the USC School of Cinematic Arts' 2017 commencement ceremony.
In delivering the commencement address, Meyer will join the ranks of an impressive register of distinguished industry forces — including Paul Feig, Sumner Redstone, and Jeffrey Katzenberg — who have delivered speeches at the internationally renowned media arts school in years past.
Additionally, producers Jennifer Todd ("Live by Night") and Suzanne Todd ("Bad Moms"), both alums of the School of Cinematic Arts, will each receive the Mary Pickford Alumni Award during this year's ceremony. Past recipients of the awards include Kevin Feige, William Fraker, Brian Grazer, Shonda Rhimes, Stacey Sher, and most recently, Susan Downey.
Jennifer and Suzanne Todd, as sisters and partners, have earned several prestigious accolades, including Women In Film's celebrated Lucy Award, the Spirit Award for Best Picture, the GLAAD Media Award, 3 Saturn Awards, several MTV Movie Awards, the People's Choice Award, as well as several Emmy and Golden Globe nominations. Additionally, during the 89th Academy Awards, Jennifer Todd became the third female producer in Oscars history to produce the show.
The Todd sisters — who founded Team Todd — now work independently: Jennifer Todd is president of Pearl Street Films — Ben Affleck and Matt Damon's Warner Bros.-based producing shingle — while Suzanne Todd runs Suzanne Todd Productions.
Elizabeth M. Daley, Dean of the USC School of Cinematic Arts, expressed gratification on behalf of the school's administration and student body regarding the ceremony's scheduled guest proceedings.
"We couldn't be more pleased that Ron Meyer, one of the most visionary and respected studio executives in Hollywood history, will address our graduating class this year," Daley said in a statement. "That he is joined by Jennifer and Suzanne Todd, both such prominent producers who have long been inspirations and exemplary role models for our students, is truly an honor for us."
The USC School of Cinematic Arts commencement ceremony will take place on Friday, May 12, at the Shrine Auditorium.
Jennifer Todd
Ron Meyer
USC School of Cinematic Arts

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Downloaded it for the Air Canada Rouge in flight entertainment. Works well for tablets and phones however you can't access it through the macbook which is a shame.
Thank you for your feedback. On your MacBook, no app is required. Simply use a compatible web browser such as Google Chrome, connect to the Air Canada Rouge wireless network, and open your browser to aircanadarougeplayer.com (which should redirect automatically) and that's it!
This is the slowest, most un-intuitive app that must exist in the App Store. A person should not have to wait 30+ seconds for a single selection within the app to load! It's useless to have your boarding pass in the app since it can take over a MINUTE to load from the app, even on blazingly fast internet. Please fix!!


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3 edition of Plato"s conception of philosophy found in the catalog.
Plato"s conception of philosophy
Hermann Gauss
by Hermann Gauss
Published 1937 by Macmillan and co., limited in London .
Plato.
Statement by H. Gauss ...
LC Classifications B345 .G25
Pagination xxii, 272 p.
tory of human thought, is the philosophy of Plato, which laid the foun-dation of political theory and jurisprudence.4 Law is the central, unifying subject of Plato's philosophy;' and Plato's attitude towards law in the early dialogues is vigorously Size: 2MB. Plato's Dialogues, part 3: Philosophy as a way of life Mark Vernon's new book, out in October, is Plato's Podcasts: The Ancients' Guide to Modern Living (Oneworld) Topics. Philosophy.
classical philosophy – Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates's Model of Education In the beginning, it is necessary to mention that Socrates' theories about. Plato. Meno. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, Dover, Silverman, Allan. "Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University Web. Tejera, V. "History and Rhetoric in Plato's 'Meno,' or on the Difficulties of Communicating Human Excellence."Author: Emrys Westacott.
Plato's Concept of Heaven. Not surprisingly, Plato's heaven is one in which man is free from the imperfect physical, material world. Plato believed that man is primarily made up of soul, and that man's soul is trapped in a body, much like being trapped in a prison. This is the basis for Plato's phrase "soma sema " which means the. Plato's Theory of Forms shaped many of his other philosophical tenets. For example, when it comes to ethics, Plato argues that we have a moral duty to use reason to pursue the knowledge of the Forms.
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Plato"s conception of philosophy by Hermann Gauss Download PDF EPUB FB2
The book is a comprehensive study of Plato's works, and it aims to show the theme and conception of philosophy of Plato's many disparate dialogues. His book has a religious cast as Cushman writes at the outset: "Plato's philosophia, as a method of education, represents the supreme and most influential attainment of classical Greek thought respecting the way of human salvation."Cited by: Platos Conception Of Philosophy [H Gauss] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
This is a reproduction of a book published before This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages. Plato's Conception of Philosophy Dr. Gauss By. xxii + (London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., ) 6s. net. THE author of this ably written book is right in considering philosophy less as.
"The Platonic conception of philosophy. For Plato, the first characteristic of philosophical wisdom is that it can face the test of critical discussion.
As is suggested in the Apology (22), this criterion at once rules out almost every type of what is ordinarily called wisdom.
Additional Physical Format: Online version: Gauss, Hermann, Plato's conception of philosophy. New York, Haskell House Publishers, COVID Resources.
Reliable information about the coronavirus (COVID) is available from the World Health Organization (current situation, international travel).Numerous and frequently-updated resource results are available from this 's WebJunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus.
In the VII book of the "Republic" Plato displays his well-known myth of the cavern, the most important one as it embraces the cardinal points of his philosophy. He wants it to be a metaphor "of our nature regarding its education and its lack of education", that is, serves to.
The reasons and arguments Plato provided in his theories on why rulers must also be philosophers are briefly discussed in the following: Theory of Three Souls and Three Classes.
According to this theory of Plato, every soul has either of the three qualities- rational, spirit, and appetite. Plato was a philosopher during the 5th century BCE. He was a student of Socrates and later taught Aristotle.
He founded the Academy, an academic program which many consider to be the first Western university. Plato wrote many philosophical texts—at least He dedicated his life to learning and teaching and is hailed as one of the founders.
In his most celebrated book the Republic, Plato gives the theory of an ideal state. As far as a state is concerned,Plato gives ideas about how to build an Ideal commonwealth, who should be the rulers of the Ideal state and how to achieve justice in the Ideal state.
Plato finds the state as the more suitable place to discuss about the morality. Plato (c. - B.C.) was a hugely important Greek philosopher and mathematician from the Socratic (or Classical) period. He is perhaps the best known, most widely studied and most influential philosopher of all er with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, he provided the main opposition to the Materialist view of the world represented by Democritus and Epicurus.
Therapeia book. Read reviews from world's largest community for readers. -This reviewer has no doubts that Dr. Cushman has written a controversial book o /5(1). Therapeia: Plato's Conception of Philosophy (Library of Conservative Thought) by Cushman, Robert E.
and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at If you understand this concept, you understand 80% of Plato's philosophy. This is a painting of Plato by Raphael.
You will immediatly notice that he is pointing toward the sky. Plato believed that Forms (or Ideas) are ontological unchanging entities, that exist outside our mind. Republic, Book 1 Gorgias Meno Euthydemus Hippias I and II Cratylas Symposium Phaedo Republic, Books Timaeus Laws As has already been pointed out, Plato uses Socrates as the main interlocutor in his dialogues.
The specific way that Plato makes use of the character of Socrates varies some-what during the different periods in which Plato Size: KB. The thought police: five works of philosophy that every cop should read The Greek thinker Plato is now on the curriculum for officers in Baltimore.
Plato - The Book of Life is the 'brain' of The School of Life, a gathering of the best ideas around wisdom and emotional intelligence. Athens, years ago. It's a. Plato says that a part of us is permanent, it doesn't change, and that is the soul. The soul, Plato says, is connected with the world of forms, that is why we can identify the objects in the visible world.
The world of forms is a very profound and interesting philosophical concept. For some, it is the world of the philosophers, which most. Philosopher king, idea according to which the best form of government is that in which philosophers ideal of a philosopher king was born in Plato's dialogue Republic as part of the vision of a just city.
It was influential in the Roman Empire and was revived in European political thought in the age of absolutist monarchs. It has also been more loosely influential in modern political.
The topic of Aristotle's criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms is a large one and continues to expand. Rather than quote Plato, Aristotle often summarized. Classical commentaries thus recommended Aristotle as an introduction to Plato.
Leo Strauss, The City and Man (Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, ),is a classic discussion of the challenges presented by the dialogue form of Plato's works. For a survey of some of the most important disputed questions on this, see Donald R. Morrison, "The Utopian Character of Plato's Ideal City," in The Cambridge Companion to Plato's "Republic," ed.Timaeus (/ t aɪ ˈ m iː ə s /; Greek: Τίμαιος, translit.
Timaios, pronounced [tǐːmai̯os]) is one of Plato's dialogues, mostly in the form of a long monologue given by the title character Timaeus of Locri, written c. work puts forward speculation on the nature of the physical world and human beings and is followed by the dialogue Critias.Ancient Philosophy.
Plato's Concept Of Justice: An Analysis. D.R. Bhandari J.N.V. University. ABSTRACT: In his philosophy Plato gives a prominent place to the idea of justice. Plato was highly dissatisfied with the prevailing degenerating conditions in Athens. The Athenian democracy was on the verge of ruin and was ultimately responsible for.
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Nevada is a majority-minority state that ranks near the bottom in math and reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress. To improve our NAEP standing and achieve equity, we need to recognize that different children have different needs.
When the state's Republican governor, Brian Sandoval, was re-elected in 2014, the GOP won majorities in both houses of the legislature for the first time in 85 years. In 2015, the governor bucked party orthodoxy and crossed the political divide to broaden the tax base and fund his education initiatives. These initiatives include boosting early education and attending to the state's depleted teacher ranks. As a result, funding for specific pre-K-12 programs will more than double, to $1.3 billion, during his eight-year tenure, which ends in 2019.
Those reforms have provided the state with a full suite of tools to improve public education. They have expanded prekindergarten programs; provided full-day public kindergarten to all students; focused on teacher recruitment, retention, evaluation, and support; offered high-quality school choice; supported college- and career-readiness initiatives; and converted consistently low-performing schools to high-quality charter school models.
Under the governor's plan to modernize school funding, the state is providing additional resources to address the achievement gap. By investing to meet the unique needs of English-language learners, students living in the state's poorest ZIP codes, and students who qualify for gifted and talented programs, we can begin to provide the services young people need to improve their public education experience. And, at the start of the 2017 fiscal year, we introduced a weighted special-education funding stream, with increased support for students with disabilities over the next two years.
Our state's equity mission also makes funding more transparent and, thereby, the state answerable to parents and educators. By carving additional investments out of the black box of district spending and measuring accountability and success through a partnership between the University of Nevada and a third-party evaluation firm, state leaders can judge the impact of this work on student outcomes. In this way, we can continue to invest in programs that are effective and make changes to or eliminate those that are not.
For example, the state department of education's "zoom schools" initiative, which currently serves more than 45,000 students, makes an annual $50 million investment in expanded programs and services—smaller class sizes, more prekindergarten classrooms, reading centers, and an extended school year—for English-language learners. Early results demonstrate that the schools' instructional models have had a positive impact on the achievement of students since the program began in 2013, such as improved results on science assessments and in Advanced Placement classes, and improved language and literacy skills.
States need to acknowledge that not all students start in the same place. Achieving equity will mean ensuring that additional investments yield tangible results. The success of our initial investments depends on whether we improve student outcomes on NAEP testing, ACT proficiency, and state assessments, and whether we continue to gauge our progress with honesty and transparency.
As Gov. Sandoval has recognized, and as other governors should consider, this is a long-term effort to reimagine an education system so that it can work for all students and prepare them to meet the skilled-workforce demands of the 21st-century economy.
Steve Canavero is Nevada's superintendent of public instruction. He is a fellow in the Aspen and Pahara institutes' NextGen program for public education leaders.
"Under Trump, Ed-Tech Leadership Is Big Question Mark," May 10, 2017.


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Keep writing, keep inspiring and never stop! Thank you for making the world a better place!
I am touched by your honest, candid writing. Keep it up.
Thanks! I will do exactly that.
Thank you for linking to my blog.
I follow your site now. I studied writing in college and have seen much writing from others. Yours is honest, beautifully written, heartfelt and down to earth. I look forward to your posts.
Thank you so much. Means a lot coming from a pro like you!
My pleasure to meet you, Elsie! Thanks for the "follow." Excited to share with you. Excited to browse your world!
Hey, Elsie! Thanks, so much, again for the versatile blogger nomination! Have a blessed Sunday.
Thanks for the double like. Much appreciated.
The moment I saw your face pop up, I thought,"precious!". Keep writing. The Lord obviously has awesome plans for your life!
Glad to have found you and your blog.
Thanks 🙂 Hope you visit more often.
Thank you for swinging by and liking my post. Truly appreciated. Love your inspirational messages…Looking forward to reading more.
Thanks. I'll be visiting again for sure.
Thanks for the like! I hope you'll follow once the book is out! It's a great story.
Hey, thanks so much for "liking" my latest post. Let me just say that I think you are incredible for doing what you do here. It's extremely noble, and I think that if more people had your mind-set, this world would be a much better place 🙂 Can't wait to read all that you have to offer.
Thank you James. I really appreciate your kind words. I thank God for letting me use my gift and sharing with others.
Thank you Miss Elsie! Great blog. Keep up the good work.
Thanks for liking my post. I'm looking forward to reading more of your writing!
Thank you for your honest writing!
I really enjoyed reading some of your posts. I will be back for more especially any poetry you have.
I also thank you for following my blog. Whenever a female follows my blog I always ask that they read a post I wrote for women. Please leave a comment if you feel like it (http://morningerection.wordpress.com/2010/08/27/the-most-beautiful-girl-in-the-world/).
What a terrific discovery today! Thank you so much for stopping by the 'blogging' neighborhood and introducing yourself. I'm delighted to meet you! And incredibly pleased to have discovered such an awesome writer! I enjoyed the varied approaches you take in your writing style and look forward to reading more. Many thanks for the 'like' and follow; I appreciate it.
Wow, thanks so much for checking out my blog. I'm glad you like what you see.
I hope you do 🙂 nice blog you got!
Thanks for liking my post. From what I've seen thus far, you do some pretty good writing. I look forward to reading the rest of them when I have the time. Feel free to share a link to my blog with your followers too, as unlike you, I have been blogging for three months now and only have 3 followers.
27th will be 2 months for me. I think you should read other blogs and like the ones that interest you. Follow people too cos that's a sure way of them reading your blog.
You could also share on twitter and facebook as well.
Thank you so much. I'll be checking on yours too.
Thanks for liking my post "A Voice Stilled." I appreciate the time you took to check it out. I will be checking out your blog as well.
So happy to have discovered your blog! Many thanks for stopping by my blog and deciding to follow my "art of life" musings. Your blog is lovely— I look forward to reading more in the days to come.
i am glad you liked my poem..
I am enjoying your blog as well..
for it is written with your heart not mind..
I've always loved your poems.
Thank you for subscribing to my poetry site, Elsie and yes we all can make this world a better place to live in.
Hello, thanks for your visit, your liking my short blog, and your smile !
That really means a lot. I thank you for reading my posts and I love your blog as well.
Thank you Judy. I appreciate it .
you liked my post?! how lovely of you. thank you so much for taking the time… i'll be back often to check yours out as well.
Thank you for liking the blog post. Your heart observations translate into your word renderings. May God continue to use to accomplish His purposes. God works through creative writing to touch hearts.
Hello There. I found your blog using msn. This is a really well written article. I'll be sure to bookmark it and return to read more of About bowendiaries . Thanks for the post. I'll certainly comeback.
Thank you so very much for following my blog!!
You make the world a better place just by being in it and sharing your amazing stories — keep writing and many thanks!
I appreciate you taking time to read my stuff. Thanks!
Thank you for following russellpop. I like what you are doing and your mission in life. I hope you get some value out of what I post.
🙂 There's always something new to know about.
Lovely attitude and approach to life, Miss Elsie. May you find great blessing and joy in them–and in sharing them through your blog as well!
Same goes for your blog. Your words could change the path of a mind thinking of suicide.
God bless you for that.
Thanks for your lovely words. I'm glad you like my blog.
I haven't written in a while cos I have my finals this month and I have to prepare towards that. I really enjoy your blog as well.
Have a wonderful day too.
Hi, so glad to have found your blog (love it) and thanks for the follow!
Miss Elsie – I would like to thank you for signing up to follow my blog! Love your inspiration! Barb, the Salmon Fishing Queen!
Thank you so much for chosing to follow my blog! I love your "about" and look forward to investigating what you have to offer here!
Thank you for stopping by my blog and for the like…it has lead me back to you blog which is beautiful in many ways. Keep inspiring!!
Elsie, I find your blog so refreshing. Thank you for follow. Following yours too.
Thanks for your kind words. God bless you.
Thanks for following my blog! Your follow led me to your site and I love your articles. Your Ballerina poem was just beautiful. It's inspiring to find someone "living life with a purpose". Keep writing and inspiring others. Looking forward to reading more of your articles!
Aw! thank you so much for checking out my blog. I'm glad you liked it.
Thank you for asking about my blog. I'm interested in yours too, and I'd like to know if that is you in the picture of the child in your gravatar. From your blog about laying on the floor, I wondered if you were sexually abused too?
Thanks Elsie for visiting my blog & for the follow. Will be following you too.
I'm inspired by the honesty and candor of your writing. I think we have a lot of the same goals and priorities as writers (and in general), so I definitely look forward to reading more of your blog!
Thank you Allison. I'll definitely be checking on your blog as well. Glad to meet people who have the same goals as me.
I'm happy you think I am 🙂 thank you!
Always remember, never give up.
Success will come along with personal satisfaction.
thank you. I will keep that in mind Pat.
Hey! I've nominated you for the Sunshine Award.
It's yours! And welcome to the winners circle. Check it out.
Happy you did. God bless you…have a lovely day!
Living life for a purpose, yes, that's what I want to hear from all…….liked your blog and your posts!!
I just want to say thanks for stopping by and following my blog. Have a great Sunday !
Thank you for following my blog. I look forward to reading your inspiring articles!
Elsie Bowen-Dodoo: special thoughts to a special person!
Fantastic goods from you, man. I've understand your stuff previous to and you're just too wonderful. I actually like what you have acquired here, certainly like what you are stating and the way in which you say it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it wise. I can not wait to read much more from you. This is actually a terrific web site.
I'm glad…I'll be checking out more of yours too.
Anytime! Will stop by again !
yup 🙂 how are you?
Your header is wonderful! How the heck did you do that?
Great words, all we can try to do is inspire others I am sure you do I try it too. Together we will make it better world.
Thank you! I'm happy you have such nice words to say 🙂 Have a lovely day and I will be visiting your blog again!
Thank you for reading and following my blog. I agree with you that we can make this world a better place. I look forward to reading about your lifes journey.
Thank you too for the follow. Will visit again!
May I just say what a relief to uncover someone who actually understands what they are discussing over the internet. You actually know how to bring an issue to light and make it important. A lot more people must check this out and understand this side of your story. I can't believe you aren't more popular because you surely possess the gift.
Thanks for reading and liking my post. And for the follow. I look forward to reading your blog…it looks beautiful!
Thanks for stopping by my blog and caring enough to let me know you came. The honesty of your writing is refreshing, Elsie. Best wishes for this New Year.
Thank you for the encouragement! 🙂 Thanks for following too.
I enjoyed reading this vivacious passage. Keep up the good writing lady. God bless you.
We need positive vibes so your decision to write was a good one. By the way, thanks so much for staying connected to our online beauty store posts. We appreciate your interests and support. Keep writing great posts!
Nice to meet another Christian author in this dark world. You may be interested in this: new fiction contest from the classic Saturday Evening post http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/fiction-contest . Good luck with your writing.
Thank you too. God bless, Happy Easter!
Thank you for following my blog, I really appreciate it. What I've read of your blog so far looks great and I can't wait to read more. I love what you are about. God bless.
🙂 Really appreciate your lovely words. thank you soo much!
Thanks so much for the follow! I'm looking forward to visiting here often!
Love your message! Keep spreading the word.
Thanks for the follow! A unique blog you have here!
Harold, thank you too. I'm sure we both will!
Well deserved :} Keep blogging!
Thanks for following my blog. It led me to yours. Most appreciated.
Thanks for stopping by my blog. Best wishes to you.. !!
Elsie–You have so much here to come back and investigate! THANKS for subscribing to my funny-caption photoblog. I hope I can bring you a smile (or at least a groan) every weekday.
Thank you so much for visiting and for your encouraging words 🙂 May God bless you.
Elsie, thank you for dropping by my blog (visual journey) earlier and giving me an opportunity to check yours.
I think this is beautiful. It's always refreshing to know that someone out there can do something like this. I know you hear- or read 😉 -that all the time, but I just wanted to write it here.
Thank you soo much! Means a lot that you would say that 🙂 God bless you too!!!!
Elsie, thanks so much for visiting my site and choosing to follow along. Keep being you.
Thank you Sandy Sue! I will 🙂 will visit your site again.
Thanks for the follow. Love your spirit!
Elsie, boy did I ever have a L O N G way to scroll down to get to the comment box. 🙂 I came here to say thank you for following Petals Unfolding, and that I just pushed your follow button. I dance with glee I found another writer, and at the same time groan. Life's responsibilities for me are large at best, and I really must focus in order to do what I LOVE best……be immersed in word and photo. Art. Simply ART. To be able to write and read and photograph……one of my Dreams…..and yes like you, I do have a Purpose! I will enJOY getting to know you through your writing!!
Haha! Thanks Amy 🙂 I enjoy getting to know people like you and appreciating the craft they have. Can't wait to explore!
😀 what's the story behind the name? I have another follower by the name 'ladyBlueRose'. Oh I paused to read your 'about'. You're years ahead of me. I turn 21 in February 🙂 I hope I can ask your advice on anything when the need be? You're beautiful!!!
Thanks so much for the follow Miss Elsie. Great to connect with you here on WP, I'm loving your poems that I've read so far. I used to be 21 🙂 A loooong time ago. You are going to go a long way with your writing!
Take care, and many blessings in 2014!
Hello, I just did that. Thank you for letting me know.
Glad to know you, Misselsie!
I really love your writings!!
Love your blog's layout it's dope!!!!!!
Thanks so much for becoming a subscriber. Happy blogging.
Wonderful aim, I look forward to reading your work!
Thank you very much for following our blog. We look forward to staying connected!
I love your poetry! I love reading that you are you, 100% of the time! I love seeing that you are a child of God! I think I will love following you!
Thank you for following me. God bless you.
Thanks Wandy. I got your name wrong the first time, I apologize. Look forward to exploring more of your blog.
Smiling. No problem. Thank you.
Thank you for following my blog! Keep writing the good stuff.
Wow, what a coincidence! I'm just completing tomorrow's post and was about to write some inspiring, positive words. Took a break and saw you had just signed up to follow Learning from Dogs and, bingo, there are my words!! Call in to LfD tomorrow and see what you created. And welcome to the blog!
🙂 I'm an animal person and love dogs so much! I can't wait to explore your blog.
Look forward. However, much of the time it's about the lessons that dogs offer us humans rather than dog stories themselves. Would welcome a guest post or two from your own 'pen'.
You sure inspire with your writing. I love your personal traits: achiever, challenger and daring. I´m sure if more people would be like that we would make this planet a better one. One small step at a time I guess.
Just got home from work to reply! Thank you so much for your kind words.
I love your spirit!! Thank you for following my blog, Inspiring Evolution. Please stay connected. Happy Evolving!
Totally agree – talent should never be wasted. Everyone can make a contribution to life and living.
You have a very beautiful, touching style. Thanks for writing. And thanks for following my blog.
Thanks for following mine too! Have fun exploring,can't wait to do so with yours!
Thanks so much for choosing to follow my blog. Love your honesty and straightforward writing. God's blessings on your work!
Love your heart! What a different world this would be if everyone looked for and called out the best in those around them, eh? We already know what's wrong with us – we need someone to point out what's right!
Praising Jesus who loves unity, but designed it to be lived with diversity!
Thank you so much. I really enjoyed your blog as well. Will be back again.
Bet you didn't know a guy could get whiplash scrolling down to the comment box! Whew!
Thank you for dropping by my online writing website, and especially for selecting to follow my work. It is truly a mix of stuff. I hope you find something to relate to and enjoy. I suspect, by your About, you will.
Haha! Thanks for making it all the way down there! I'll be visiting your site soon.
You are so right– when we forget ourselves and go out towards others are life becomes rich! Thank you for the positive thoughts you have given me for this day! Blessings!
Glad I did! Thanks for checking out my blog. Stay Blessed!
Thanks for stopping by my blog site. I like the way you portray your 100% you. It's refreshing and honest. Keep it up. I look forward to reading more posts.
Thank You Christine. I look forward also to exploring your blog!
Thank you for like on "Tonight." I've removed the likes from my page, but they still must appear in the reader. Your introduction is inspiring. I look forward to reading your future posts. I do have the comments still active on my blog because I enjoy hearing the thoughts of other fine writers and people. Please feel free to stop by and express your thoughts.
You really inspire me to be a better poet. I read your writing and I'm left in awe. You have such an imagination and, your words are beautifully crafted, Laine. I'm glad I found your blog.
You're welcome. I look forward to exploring more!
Wonderful sentiments and a great way to live your life! Enjoy the day!
It's so nice to have found your blog. It looks beautiful–I think I have a lot of exploring to do! Thank you for sharing your voice.
Crystal! Thank you. Hope you love anything else you read.
Thanks for coming in to Steve Says…come again, stay a while, have a drink! I look forward to this blogging journey with you. Steve.
Your words "It could be something small like putting a smile on a stranger's face or big as saving someone's life" mean a lot! Great thought.
Thank you for visiting my photography blog and choosing to follow along.
thank you for following my blog..looking forward to explore your site..God bless..
Thanks for following my blog. I look forward to your updates!
Hello Elsie, your blog is awesome. I love your poems. How can I contact you personally (email) to discuss privately?
Thank you for following my blog, I've enjoyed reading through yours, look forward to reading more.
My second visit and I wish you a happy journey in your quest to spread positivity in our world. Also I do believe "putting a smile on a stranger's face" means a lot to those who have lost the ability to do so.
Yes, this is something we must do.
Liked your poem about 'Killing the Poet' which I found prophetic . . . Thanks too for visiting my blog and tagging along for a while . . . Feel free to leave a comment anytime . . . Blessings!
Thank you Peter for reading.
I like your posts. I find them inspiring and so relevant to my life. Keep writing and many will be inspired.
I'm happy to know that. I hope many others will be inspired too. Thanks for visiting my blog.
It's the only rational life plan, and I am wholly on board with it!
Thank you for following my blog, Elsie! Keep up the good work on yours. Your fiercely positive message is refreshing to see.
Thank you for subscribing to my blog! Here you'll find more than 3500 pictures from Norway and Norwegian nature, mostly in 'full screen', and new pictures will be posted on a regular basis. Please enjoy!
And if you become really happy with what you find, please tell all your friends about us!
Thanks Elsie for visiting … following. God bless.
Hi Elsie- Thank you for following my photography blog, Jane's Lens. I hope you are inspired. I am enjoying your blog. Look forward to more.
I will be visiting as much as I can. Thanks for checking out mine too!
The thought to inspire people is in itself noble.
The confession that you have talent is so lovely.
Thank you for reading. I do some of the art(I indicate which are mine) but most pictures here, I get from the internet. Best wishes to you too. Glad you could browse through my stuff!
haha, or maybe it will. WordPress never ceases to embarrass me.
I'm glad you do. I look forward also to your new posts!
Hi Elsie. Thank you for visiting and following HoB. Much appreciated!
Thank you for following Indifferent Ignorance, I appreciate it. Good luck with your stories and poetry!
My pleasure. Will be back!
It was so wonderful to come across your blog. You have beautiful writings, lovely poems. Keep blogging and keep enriching blogger community by your unique ideas.
Happy new year to you, my new follower🙃. I'm happy you enjoyed my blog. I can't wait to see what you have on yours. And thank you so much for your kind words.
Elsie, Thank you for visiting my blog and now following. I also enjoy your blog and will follow it. It is a wonderful compliation of poetry and pictures.
Thank you Rhonda. I will visit again. Happy Sunday!
Your poetry is as a breath of fresh air. Short sweet and inviting. Delectable morsels that aerates the soul.
Did you take all the pictures that accompany your literature? Lots of them are amazing.
Elsie, thank you for your likes and following my blog. I am fascinated by yours and went right back searching for stories, all the way to 2011! It was well worth it, you have a compassionate and caring view of the world. Thank you again for that.
Lol she sure does! Thank you for visiting my blog. Poetry is awesome!
Hi, thank you for liking my poem. I look forward to checking your blog and reading your poetry. Bowendiaries or (NO) Boundaries – I like it 🙂 All the best!
Hey freedom writer. I'm happy you checked out my blog. Even happier you liked what you saw! Thank you and all the best to you too.
Thank you for dropping by at an article I made for Millionaires Digest. I see some of your works and they were filled with emotions. That's great keep writing.
This is a beautiful blog. I look forward to following.
Hello, Elsie. You recently contributed a poem to the #PoetsforPeace collaboration. An online magazine liked the spirit of the collaboration, and asked to publish it. We need your permission to include your poem.
I left a comment on ForgottenMeadows.com where the compilation of the poems was done. I have given my permission and the other bits of information in that comment.
Thank you. I will try to find it.


Ahead of the summer Export Action Plan Competition final, we talk to Emil Stickland from the Institute of Ecommerce – one of this year's judges and a prize donator. We ask him about what he's expecting from the finalists and the importance of factoring ecommerce into an export strategy.
This is going to be your second appearance as a judge at the Export Action Plan competition showcase final. What was your biggest takeaway from last time?
I really enjoyed meeting so many early stage companies with amazing and innovative ideas. The range of companies that were represented was vast, from tech to health foods, proving that the UK really does have an enormous amount to offer the rest of the world.
What will you be looking for as a judge this time?
As my field is ecommerce, I am particularly interested in seeing how SMEs are taking advantage of online trade. Last year we had some great examples of how companies were making the most of being small and agile to try things that larger companies are unable to do. While there is best practice in ecommerce, it moves so quickly that more traditional and cumbersome companies struggle to make the best of the opportunities.
I will be paying particular attention to what the companies in the Open to Export competition are doing online, and how they plan to expand on this. After all, ecommerce greatly reduces barriers to export compared with more traditional methods of overseas trade.
You recently set up the Institute of Ecommerce. What does the Institute do?
The Institute of Ecommerce has been setup with the purpose of helping increase wealth, jobs and exports through online trade.
Gather statistics with the aim of understanding current position, trends and identifying opportunities.
Providing video and written case studies designed to help educate and inspire businesses to trade successfully using the Internet.
Provide training, guidance and advice to companies and individuals to help plan, implement and optimise their businesses.
Provide certified courses to help create a new generation of professional ecommerce practitioners.
Foster a community of best practice and support through membership.
In addition to this, the Institute of Ecommerce will have an impact at a Government level, by encouraging policies around ecommerce.
And how will the prize you are donating help the winner with their export plans?
We will be providing a complimentary place on the next Ecommerce Foundations course, which will provide the basic skills needed to be able to navigate the complex landscape of ecommerce. In addition to this, we will work with them to develop an ecommerce feasibility study, which will highlight areas of strengths and weaknesses in their ecommerce plan.
It is wonderful that there are so many free resources available to companies wanting to use the internet to engage in international trade, however, there is so much of it that it is often overwhelming for small companies. Much of what is out there is contradictory, wrong or developed by organisations with a vested interest in selling a particular product or service. It is compounded by the fact that these organisations present a "one size fits all" option. Obviously what works for Amazon is not going to work for any SME product brand.
Navigating this information can cause companies to needlessly consume resources on the wrong strategies. That is part of the reason for the Institute of Ecommerce. We want to provide supplier-agnostic, independent advice to SMEs who want to engage in ecommerce, to help them do the right things to grow their business online.
Keep at it! There are no "easy fixes" or "get rich quick schemes". People who are successful are dogged, determined, and put the time and effort in.
That being said, there are loads of organisations that can be of help, and prevent SMEs from going down the wrong track. The Institute of Export, for example, has a wealth of knowledge and experience. They are the experts in export.
Of course, if you are interested in online channels, the Institute of Ecommerce is always happy to help.


We make it our mission to offer premier trampoline services, in so many different forms. Form your own extreme dodgeball team, slam dunk like a pro, practice your best aerial acrobatics, and so much more.
We take pride in being the area's best indoor fun park, and that means not only ensuring everyone has a good time, but everyone is safe, and in a completely clean facility at all times. It's important to us that our entire facility is spotless and up to our own standards each day, so we take the time to clean everything with an antimicrobial solution every single night.
Don't feel like jumping today? We've still got you covered. Take a rest in the Drey Bar & Cafe (save a slice for me!), or relax in our lounge area with free WiFi, and watch the spectacle of people soaring around you.
At Flying Squirrel, it's our mission to provide a fun environment for everyone who walks through the door. Take a look around our site to see the services and programs we offer, book your event space, or plan your next outing to the area! If you have any questions, feel free to contact us at any time – we're happy to help. See you soon!
We have our very own App which you can find on the Google Play or Apple App Store.
Redeem coupons and stay up to date with the latest rewards we have to offer.
Flying Squirrel uses the most advanced trampoline park system in the world when it comes to safety.
Custom German gas shock absorbers and high-density polyethylene parts provide durability and life longevity.
All parts are made in the USA and are made of the highest quality materials. Safety of our jumpers will always be the first priority at all of our locations.
Check out our new safety video below!
According to NASA's Journal of Applied Physiology, rebounding exercise is 68% more efficient than jogging. A study from NASA also found that a 150 pound individual spending 1 hour on a rebounder, will burn more calories than the same person jogging for an hour.
Lymphatic flow relies completely on our conscious movement. Rebounding on a trampoline is a whole body exercise, and it may cause the lymphatic valves to open and close simultaneously which will cause increase lymph flow as much as 15x.
Trampoline exercise helps to facilitate the body's natural detoxification mechanism. Rebounding is a unique form of exercise in which a weightless state is achieved at the top of each jump and landing. This shift in gravity benefits every muscle and cell of the body and provides huge benefits to the lymphatic system.
Rebounding causes the valves in the lymphatic system to open and close simultaneously, increasing lymph flow as much as 15x. This boosts immunity, removes toxins, and help slow down the aging process.
There is a significant increase in "biomechanical stimuli" while rebounding. This means that bouncing on a trampoline is more beneficial to your body than running, and it's because of this that the NASA now uses trampoline exercises to recondition astronauts after space walks to prevent muscle and bone degeneration.
The same way rebounding helps the lymphatic system circulation, it also helps in blood circulation and hence improves the cardiovascular system. Rebounding also reduces blood pooling in the veins to prevent chronic edema.


text:
<A Very Odd Chancellor
Publishing In An Independent Scotland>
Editorial: The Quiet Revolution
National Collectiveon February 16, 2014 /0 comments
The natives are restless. While a coalition of private schoolboys bravely attempt to stitch back together the fabric of the British economy – torn apart by their public schoolboy friends working in the City – the plebs in the north are threatening to upset the status quo. A realisation dawns. The Scots might just vote to govern themselves.
And so a brilliant plan emerges. First, the lovebomb. The Rt Hon Prime Minister David Cameron – of good stock him, a cousin of the Queen after all – will espouse his love for his Caledonian cousins. And he will urge his fellow Englanders to do the same and to beg their Scottish friends to vote against having their own government. The message: Please don't leave us. You're wanted here.
Next, the threat. George, a good Bullingdon Club fellow, will spend the morning in Edinburgh telling the Scots that if they dare to spurn Cameron's advances they will be treated appropriately. The message: Don't dare leave us. Don't you dare.
Unfortunately for the cabal of right-wing millionaires who run the UK there's a chance that the Scots may not heed their advice. In fact, it seems that being told off by unelected Tories might just be prompting even more Scots to get behind the campaign for self-governance.
Since the start of 2014 a series of opinion polls have suggested that the Yes campaign have begun to pick up steady momentum. After two years of politicians relentlessly insisting that Scotland would be poorer, weaker and alone in the world should it become independent, the limits of the publics patience for this argument seems to have been found. There appears to be a quiet revolution taking place.
The referendum has become a battle between the elite and a grassroots movement of the people. Yes campaigners, drawn from communities across Scotland, funded by small donations and often working outside traditional political structures, have begun the long, hard work of winning a national consensus one conversation at a time.
The No campaign, in contrast, has relied on the donations of millionaire Tories and the hysterical shrieks of Westminster career politicians filling newspaper inches.
This is to be expected. Right-wingers and rich businessmen opposed devolution for decades with similar arguments and their warnings have been proven wrong by 15 years of a stable, progressive and competent Scottish Parliament.
Just as devolution was won on a growing wave of enthusiasm and hope, the Yes campaign now can replicate this and win. Public opinion is already turning against the hollow criticisms of an independent Scotland's prospects. We at National Collective are willing to predict that as 2014 goes on the priceless offer of a Scotland in charge of its own destiny will be embraced.
This will happen in a number of ways. The tried and tested methods of organising through town halls and doorstep canvassing will be supplemented by Yes campaigners convincing their aunts and uncles over summer barbecues and their hungover friends at music festivals. The Summer of 2014 will be Scotland's Summer and the minds won and lost there will dictate the result in September.
For our part, we will be hosting a major cultural festival across Scotland in the summer. If you would like to be kept in the loop or would like to get involved follow the event page on Facebook and Twitter. We're looking to work with Yes groups across the country.
Help make Scotland's Summer one that will echo through history. Make September the year we choose democracy over distant government, equality over poverty and hope over fear.
Make 2014 the year of Yes.
Tagged: Editorial Scottish Independence The Quiet Revolution
A Choice Between Two Futures
Editorial: A Yes Vote Changes Everything
Ross Colquhoun: Scotland Is A Young, Vibrant Nation, Ready To Meet The Future Head On


text:
Bae '17 gets three years in prison
Samuel Wolf
On Monday, Judge Michael Callan of the Berkshire Superior Court sentenced Yoonsang Bae '17 to not less than three years and no more than three years and a day in prison. Callan had previously convicted Bae of rape on Sept. 6, closing a five-year investigation that began when Bae assaulted another student on campus in summer 2014. The College had suspended Bae for two years, which he spent serving in the South Korean military, before he graduated in 2017.
Assistant Berkshire District Attorney Stephanie Ilberg prosecuted Bae's case under the direction of District Attorney Andrea Harrington, who was elected to office in 2018 partially on the platform of rigorously prosecuting rape cases at the College. The previous District Attorney's office, led by Paul Caccaviello, had extended Bae a plea deal in 2018 that would have required he admit only to indecent assault and battery, a lesser offense. Bae did not accept the deal.
Harrington's office rescinded that offer, and instead offered three to four years in prison in exchange for a guilty plea for rape. When Bae rejected that offer and the case proceeded to trial, Ilberg asked for a sentence of five to seven years in prison.
Callan has recommended that Bae serve his sentence in the Berkshire Jail and House of Correction. Following his sentence, Bae will have to register as a sex offender. He will be deported to South Korea, where he is a citizen, and will be barred reentry to the United States.
Samuel Wolf,


Students are encouraged to contact the Office of Admissions to apply for admission to the university prior to registering for services at the Office of Accessibility.
Students are encouraged to register with the Office of Accessibility 3 months prior to enrollment at The University of Akron.
Complete the New Student Application to register with the Office of Accessibility. The new student application is a brief online questionnaire designed for students to describe the impacts of a disability. STARS is the online system that allows students to quickly and easily request and notify faculty of approved accommodations.
After completing the new student application, students should upload current, disability-related documentation of a disability(ies) completed by a qualified professional. The Office of Accessibility has specific guidelines available here or in Simmons Hall 105. The Office of Accessibility will not accept disability-related documentation from treatment professionals who are related, in any way, to the student requesting services.
Once a new student application has been reviewed, including complete documentation, an Office of Accessibility staff member will follow-up to schedule an intake appointment. If any information in the application is incomplete, a staff member will contact the student to address what is needed.
Students are welcome to bring a support person (parent, guardian, spouse, case manager) to the intake appointment, which will be scheduled with a professional staff member of the Office of Accessibility.


text:
Q: The library com.google.android.gms:play-services-measurement-base is being requested by libraries at [[15.0.4], [16.0.2]], but resolves to 16.0.2 I searched for a solution and saw other answer on stackoverflow (like this solution 1) for this error.
this is my build.gradle
apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
apply plugin: 'io.fabric'

android {
    signingConfigs {
    }
    compileSdkVersion 27
    buildToolsVersion '27.0.3'
    useLibrary 'org.apache.http.legacy'

    buildTypes {
        ...
    }

}

dependencies {
implementation files('libs/jsoup-1.8.1.jar')
implementation files('libs/org.apache.http.legacy.jar')
implementation files('libs/opencsv-3.8.jar')

implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-database:16.0.2'
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-auth:16.0.3'
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-config:16.0.0'
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-core:16.0.3'
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-messaging:17.3.2'

implementation 'com.firebaseui:firebase-ui-database:3.2.1'
implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-analytics:16.0.3'
implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-ads:15.0.1'
implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-auth:16.0.0'

implementation "com.android.support:design:27.1.1"
implementation "com.android.support:customtabs:27.1.1"
implementation "com.android.support:cardview-v7:27.1.1"
implementation 'com.android.support:recyclerview-v7:27.1.1'
implementation 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:27.1.1'
implementation 'com.android.support:support-v4:27.1.1'
implementation 'com.android.support:preference-v7:27.1.1'

implementation 'com.github.bumptech.glide:glide:4.7.1'
implementation('com.crashlytics.sdk.android:crashlytics:2.7.1@aar') {
    transitive = true
}
implementation 'com.android.support.constraint:constraint-layout:1.1.3'
implementation 'com.android.installreferrer:installreferrer:1.0'

}

apply plugin: 'com.google.gms.google-services'

but everytime I try to compile I get the error:

The library com.google.android.gms:play-services-measurement-base is
  being requested by various other libraries at [[15.0.4,15.0.4],
  [16.0.2,16.0.2]], but resolves to 16.0.2. Disable the plugin and check
  your dependencies tree using ./gradlew :app:dependencies.

This is my top-level build.gradle:
buildscript {
repositories {
    jcenter()
    maven {
        url 'https://maven.fabric.io/public'
    }

    google()
}
dependencies {
    classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:3.1.4'
    classpath 'com.google.gms:google-services:4.0.1'
    classpath 'io.fabric.tools:gradle:1.24.4'

   }
}

allprojects {
    repositories {
        jcenter()
        google()
        maven {
            url "https://maven.google.com"
        }

    }
}

I just updated all dependencies to latest version and I don't know how to build my project.
Thank you!

A: I just figured out that the dependencies ordering it's important... now I put
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-core:16.0.3'

at the top and I don't have any build problem!
this is my build gradle:
dependencies {
implementation files('libs/jsoup-1.8.1.jar')
implementation files('libs/org.apache.http.legacy.jar')
implementation files('libs/opencsv-3.8.jar')

implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-core:16.0.3'
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-database:16.0.2'
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-auth:16.0.3'
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-config:16.0.0'

implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-messaging:17.3.2'

implementation 'com.firebaseui:firebase-ui-database:3.2.1'
implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-analytics:16.0.3'
implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-ads:15.0.1'
implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-auth:16.0.0'

implementation "com.android.support:design:27.1.1"
implementation "com.android.support:customtabs:27.1.1"
implementation "com.android.support:cardview-v7:27.1.1"
implementation 'com.android.support:recyclerview-v7:27.1.1'
implementation 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:27.1.1'
implementation 'com.android.support:support-v4:27.1.1'
implementation 'com.android.support:preference-v7:27.1.1'

implementation 'com.github.bumptech.glide:glide:4.7.1'
implementation('com.crashlytics.sdk.android:crashlytics:2.7.1@aar') {
    transitive = true
}
implementation 'com.android.support.constraint:constraint-layout:1.1.3'
implementation 'com.android.installreferrer:installreferrer:1.0'

}

A: To fix this issue I followed Google firebase integration guidelines and did the following changes in my app/build.gradle and project/build.gradle
Follow this link if you have any doubts
https://firebase.google.com/docs/android/setup
changes in app/build.gradle

    implementation (project(':react-native-firebase')) {
        transitive = false
     }
    implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-base:15.0.2'
    implementation "com.google.firebase:firebase-core:16.0.1"
    implementation "com.google.firebase:firebase-messaging:17.4.0"

Changes in project/build.gradle

repositories {

        google()
        jcenter()
        mavenCentral()
        maven {
            url 'https://maven.fabric.io/public'
        }
    }
    dependencies {
        classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:3.1.4'

//Below line of code should be latest if you are using firebase version 16.0 +

        classpath 'com.google.gms:google-services:4.2.0'// below google-services plugin

    }
    allprojects {
    repositories {
         google()// add it to top instead of bottom or somewhere in middle
        mavenLocal()
        mavenCentral()
        maven {
            url 'https://maven.google.com'
        }

        jcenter()
        maven {
            // All of React Native (JS, Obj-C sources, Android binaries) is installed from npm
            url "$rootDir/../node_modules/react-native/android"
        }

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We at MannaMarket harvest a variety of seasonal Fruits, Vegetables, Grains, Dairy, Meats, Specialty Products, Organic Young Living Essential Oils and Organic Cosmetics from our farm and associated growers to create several home, office, restaurant, school and other service options for you to choose from.
Pickup from our Market located at 2600 Cherokee Place Mt. Brook, Alabama 35216 or pick up at one of our many locations throughout Alabama. We offer delivery service as well, for convenience.
We started Delivery in September 2013 and to offer weekly delivery to customers. This has been a big hit with our customers and new ones. As in the past, we will still open the CO-OP store every other Tuesday and deliver to pickup locations and will deliver that day as well.
The product in each service changes weekly and varies seasonally but we work with neighboring organic farms and associated farms / growers to ensure a good variety of produce year round. You choose the service you would like to receive and the frequency you want to occur for the service. For some deliveries, the day you receive delivery depends of your zip code.
2nd - Customize your service.
4th - Choose Shopping Cart and begin selections Ist from one of the Box Orders Categories. After adding your box selections(s) you can choose to "continue shopping" by adding additional items you select to your shopping cart. Feel free to call us if you have any questions as to ordering.
5th - After your ready to "check out", the page following page will request billing information and credit card type. You may choose to pay at the Market with Cash or Check and that is ok, but only at the Market can you do so.
6th - As to Shipping, either pick up at the Market or choose the pick up location you desire from the pick up locations listed and fill in as to the Shipping address so we know to deliver to that drop off location, or if you want delivered to your home, office, business, restaurant or School fill out the shipping address as well. There is delivery charges for each type of delivery.
7th - You can choose to sign on as a guest or by registering, on our Page as a Guest and thereafter logging onto your account or contacting the office via phone or email.
8th - You let us know the item(s) you do not want to receive and we automatically change the item(s) if they come up in your box selections or you can choose from our fruit, vegetable, herb selections or from our specialty food selections by order criteria.
* Feel free to add extra items for an event or dinner and we will deliver them with your next delivery or make arrangements. We are here to help.
* Payment is done via mail for those who choose to prepay with a check or automatically if you prefer to pay with debit or credit card.
* Your invoice includes deliveries to be received so you will not be billed if your leaving town and have placed a hold on your service.
* A credit card will be required at signup but it will not be billed if you choose to be invoiced via mail and pay with a check. One month notice is required to cancel out of the CO-OP!
* Credit card billing is processed at time of order and or at pickup at the Market. If you choose to cancel your account, your credit card will be charged for any outstanding balances upon cancellation.
* We accept all major credit cards and now including American Express. We have option to add recoup processing charges, if necessary.
* Share your Farm with friends - Connect with the land that grows your food.
* Don't forget to order your Green Bags. A must!