text:
Railroads and state -- United States
The concept Railroads and state -- United States represents the subject, aboutness, idea or notion of resources found in Biddle Law Library.
The Resource Railroads and state -- United States
Railroads and state
100+ Items that share the Concept Railroads and state -- United States
A Review of national railroad issues, prepared at the request of the United States Senate Committee on Commerce
A Treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads; together with their duties, rights and liabilities as carriers, including both street and interurban railways, by Byron K. Elliott and William F. Elliott
A letter from Hon. William Whiting to Hon. Henry Wilson, of the U.S. Senate : showing that the government is bound to fulfil in good faith its contract with the Central Branch Union Pacific R.R. Company
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, cnstruction and operation of railroads and also the duties, rights and liabilities of railroad companies as carriers, under the rules of the common law and the Interstate Commerce Act, by Byron K. Elliott and William F. Elliott
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads : together with their duties, rights and liabilities as carriers, including street and interurban railways, by Byron K. Elliott and William F. Elliott
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads ; together with their duties, rights and liabilities as carriers, including street and interurban railways., by Byron K. Elliot and William F. Elliott
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads and also the duties, rights and liabilities of railroad companies as carriers, under the rules of the common law and the Interstare commerce act
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads and also the duties, rights and liabilities of railroad companies as carriers, under the rules of the common law and the Interstate Commerce Act, by Byron K. Elliott and William F. Elliott
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads, together with their duties, rights and liabilities as carriers, including street and interurban railways, by Byron K. Elliott and William F. Elliott
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads: together with their duties, rights and liabilities as carriers, including both street and interurban railways, by Byron K. Elliott and William F. Elliott
Acquisition of certain railroads : hearing before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on S. 1005 ... June 22, 1989
Address of General John McNulta, delivered before the Illinois State Bar Association at Springfield, Ill., Jan. 15, 1890 : on some of the practical workings of the Inter-State Commerce Law
Administration's proposal to sell Amtrak : hearing before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Tourism, and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session, April 9, 1987
Amendment of Section 204 of Transportation Act of 1920 : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, Subcommittee on S. 2300, Seventy-Sixth Congress, first session, on June 12, 1939
Amendments to the Sherman Act regarding dominant regional rail carriers : hearing before the Subcommittee on Monopolies and Commercial Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, on H.R. 4559 ... September 19, 1984
American railroad rates, by Walter Chadwick Noyes
American railway problems in the light of European experience, or, Government regulations vs. government operation of railways, by Carl S. Vrooman
American railway transportation, by Emory R. Johnson
Amtrak fiscal year 1980 authorization and Amtrak route restructuring : hearings before the Subcommittee on Transportation and Commerce of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session ... April 3 and 4, 1979
Amtrak's current situation : hearings before the Subcommittee on Railroads of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, February 7, 10, and 13, 1995
An examination of federal powers in respect of railways, Carman F. Randolph
Arbitrary price-making through the forms of law : a few points bearing upon the proper limits of governmental supervision or interference in railroad transportation, by Henry Wood
Argument before the Committee on Commerce of the Senate of the United States, in opposition to the Reagen bill, for the regulation of interstate commerce by railway, by G.R. Blanchard
Argument in behalf of the Central Branch Union Pacific Railroad Company before the Hon. J.D. Cox, Secretary of the Interior, by William M. Evarts
Argument of Hon. John H. Reagan : hearings before the United States House Committee on Commerce, Forty-Seventh Congress, first session, on Mar. 28-30, 1882
Bills Affecting Interstate Commerce : hearings before the United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Sixty-Fourth Congress, first session, on Feb. 1, 4, 22-25, 29, 1916
Captive shipping in the railroad industry : the Clayton Act Amendments of 1987 : hearing before the Subcommittee on Monopolies and Commercial Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, on H.R. 941 ... June 4, 1987
Car Service Shortage : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, Sixty-Fifth Congress, first session, on May 3, 1917
Commercial, economic and political questions not decided in the Northern Securities case, by Joseph Nimmo, Jr
Congressional Symposium, Railroads--1977 and Beyond, Problems and Promises, Subcommittee on Transportation and Commerce, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, first session, December 14 and 15, 1977
Current governance issues at Amtrak : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, November 15, 2005
Das "Interstate Commerce"-Gesetz in den Vereinigten Staaten, von Joseph Adna Hill
Deficit in Railway Operating Income : hearings before the United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Seventy-Sixth Congress, first session, on June 13, 14, 1939
Derailed by bankruptcy : life after the Reading Railroad, Howard H. Lewis ; foreword by John C. Spychalski
Disposition of the railroad authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission : hearings before the Subcommittee on Railroads of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, January 26 and February 22, 1995
Effects of the proposed Northeast-Midwest rail reorganization on rural areas, prepared by Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, for the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, United States Senate
Emergency Railroad Transportation Act, 1933 : hearings before the United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Seventy-Third Congress, first session, on May 8, 10-12, 16-19, 22, 1933
Evaluation of the financial assumptions contained in the USRA Final system plan, prepared by the Princeton University Transportation Program for the use of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Commerce of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives
Extending Period of Government Control of Railroads : hearings before the United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Sixty-Fifth Congress, third session
Extension of Tenure of Government Control of Railroads : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, Sixty-Fifth Congress, third session, on Jan. 3, 4, 6-10, 13-17, 20-23, 27-31, Feb. 3-6, 10-14, 18-21, 1919, Vol. 1
Extension of tenure of government and control of railroads : statements of Mr. Walker D. Hines, director general of railroads, before the Interstate Commerce Committee of the United States Senate : February 3, 4, 5, and 6, 1919
Federal funding of rail rehabilitation : a review of alternative approaches : prepared at the request of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Surface Transportation Subcommittee, United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment ; prepared under contract OTA C-25 by Harbridge House, inc
Federal supervision of railroads : address of Judson C. Clements of the Interstate Commerce Commission before the Economic Club of Boston, March 30, 1910
Finding ways to encourage and increase private sector participation in passenger rail service : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, March 11, 2011
Freight and passenger rail in America's transportation system : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, March 5, 2013
Full committee hearing on rail transportation access for small businesses and family farmers, Committee on Small Business, United States House of Representatives
Funding the nation's freight system : hearing before the Panel on 21st-Century Freight Transportation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, October 10, 2013
Government Control and Operation of Railroads : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, Sixty-Fifth Congress, second session, on Dec. 29, 31, 1917, Jan. 2, 7-11, 14-19, 21-26, 1918, Parts 1, To 7, Inclusive
Government ownership of railways : considered as the next great step in American progress, by Anthony Van Wagenen
Government promotion of American canals and railroads, 1800-1890
Government regulation of railways : an address delivered by William F. Herrin, November 20, 1913, at San Diego, California, annual meeting California Bar Association
Granting the consent of the Congress to an interstate compact for the preparation of a feasibility study for the development of a system of high-speed intercity rail passenger service : report (to accompany H.R. 4308) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office)
High speed ground transportation, by Stephen J. Thompson
ICC consideration of railroad line sales : hearing before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, first session on S. 816 and S. 1026 ... S. 1040 ... October 20, 1987
ICC implementation of the 4R act : synopsis of views presented at hearings before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, February 7, 1979, prepared at the request of Howard W. Cannon, chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate
ICC implementation of the 4R act : synopsis of views presented at hearings before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, February 7, 1979, prepared at the request of Howard W. Cannon, chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate ; [prepared by Stephen J. Thompson, John W. Fischer, and Teresa Ellis Brown]
ISTEA rail infrastructure programs : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, March 18, 1997
Implementation of the 4R act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session ... February 7, 1979
Intercity passenger rail : Congress faces critical decisions in developing a national policy, statement of JayEtta Z. Hecker, Director, Physical Infrastructure Issues
Interstate Commerce : hearings before the United States House Committee on Commerce, and House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Forty-Eighth Congress, first session, on Jan. 26, 1884
Interstate and Foreign Transportation : hearings before the United States Joint Subcommittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, and Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, and House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Sixty-Fifth Congress, first session, on May 7-9, 1917, Part 12
Interstate and Foreign Transportation : hearings before the United States Joint Subcommittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, and Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, and House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Sixty-Fifth Congress, second session, on Nov. 1-3, 5-10, 1917, Part 13
Interstate and Foreign Transportation : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, and House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Sixty-Fourth Congress, first session and Sixty-Fourth Congress, second session, on Nov. 20, 23-25, 27-29, Dec. 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 1916, Parts 1, To 10
Interstate and Foreign Transportation : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, and House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Sixty-Fifth Congress, first session, on Mar. 19-24, 26-29, 1917, Part 11
Interstate and Foreign Transportation : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, and House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Sixty-Fifth Congress, second session, on Dec. 11, 12, 14, 17-19, 1917, Part 14
Interstate commerce : argument of Albert Fink before the Committee on Commerce of the United States House of Representatives, Washington, March 17 and 18, 1882
Interstate transportation : a treatise on the federal regulation of interstate transportation and common carriers, including jurisdiction of the Interstate commerce commission. Rev. to date, containing the act of June 18, 1910, by Harry C. Barnes
Keeping goods moving : continuing to enhance multimodal freight policy and infrastructure : hearing before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, first session, April 4, 2017
Labor's plan for government ownership and democracy in the operation of the railroads : based on statements by Glenn E. Plumb before the Interstate Commerce Committee of the United States Senate : with additional material
Legislative hearing on the committee print "Competition for Intercity Passenger Rail in America" : hearing before the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, June 22, 2011
Letter to the Hon. H.J. Jewett : on the relations of rail roads to the state and the United States in the matter of freight charges, in answer to Judge Black, by George Ticknor Curtis
Local rail service : the state experience, by John W. Fischer, Analyst in Transportation
Materials concerning the effects of government regulation on railroads and an economic profile of railroads in the United States, prepared by the staff for the use of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Commerce, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives
Materials discussing a proposed legislative program to meet the Midwest and Northeast rail crisis
Maximum rail rates : 1984 perspectives, Dr. Stephen J. Thompson
National consolidation of the railways of the United States, by George H. Lewis
National rail infrastructure financing proposals : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, June 26, 2003
National railroad policy : which way is up? : hearings before the Subcommittee on Economic Growth and Stabilization of the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States, Ninety-fifth Congress, second session
Nationalization of the Railways of the U.S : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, Fifty-Sixth Congress, first session, on May 16, 18, 1900
Nationwide rail safety : hearing before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Tourism, and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, September 17, 1987
Northeast rail problems background information, Prepared by the staff for the use of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives and its Subcommittee on Transportation and Aeronautics
Opinion of the Hon. Benj. R. Curtis : relating to the right of the Central Branch Union Pacific Railroad Company to continue and extend its road to the "main trunk" (the Union Pacific R.R.) and for and in aid of the construction thereof to receive lands and bonds from the United States
Oversight of passenger and freight rail safety : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, February 26, 2014
Oversight of the ongoing rail, pipeline, and hazmat rulemakings : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, first session, April 14, 2015
Partial Payments to Common Carriers : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, Sixty-Sixth Congress, third session, on Jan. 29, 31, 1921
Perspectives from users of the nation's freight system : hearing before the Panel on 21st-Century Freight Transportation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, October 1, 2013
Principles of railroad transportation, by Emory R. Johnson and Thurman W. Van Metre
Principles of railroad transportation, by Emory R. Johnson and Thurman W. Van Metre. Illustrated with half-tones, maps and diagrams
Problems in railway regulations, by Henry S. Haines
Proceedings of the Railroad Attorneys' Conference in Atlantic City, N.J., July 13, 14, 15, 1908, concerning the Employers' Liability Act, approved April 22, 1908 : and other acts of Congress affecting the interests of interstate railroad carriers
Rail act of 1980 : hearings before the Subcommittee on Transportation and Commerce of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, second session, on regulatory reform legislation for the rail industry, March 31 and April 2, 1980
Rail deregulation : market dominance, contract rates, and exemptions : joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Economic Growth and Stabilization of the Joint Economic Committee and the Subcommittee on Transportation and Commerce of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, on H.R. 4570 ... September 27, 1979
Rail industry/Staggers Act oversight : hearings before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One hundredth Congress, first session on oversight of the rail industry and the Staggers Act, June 9, 17, and 24, 1987
Rail infrastructure policies and reauthorization of highways, transit and surface transportation programs : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, March 6, 2003
Rail market dominance : is ICC regulation still needed?, Stephen J. Thompson
Context of Railroads and state -- United States
A Review of national railroad issues
A Treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads; together with their duties, rights and liabilities as carriers, including both street and interurban railways
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, cnstruction and operation of railroads and also the duties, rights and liabilities of railroad companies as carriers, under the rules of the common law and the Interstate Commerce Act
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads : together with their duties, rights and liabilities as carriers, including street and interurban railways
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads ; together with their duties, rights and liabilities as carriers, including street and interurban railways.
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads and also the duties, rights and liabilities of railroad companies as carriers, under the rules of the common law and the Interstate Commerce Act
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads, together with their duties, rights and liabilities as carriers, including street and interurban railways
A treatise on the law of railroads : containing a consideration of the organization, status and powers of railroad corporations, and of the rights and liabilities incident to the location, construction and operation of railroads: together with their duties, rights and liabilities as carriers, including both street and interurban railways
American railroad rates
American railway problems in the light of European experience, or, Government regulations vs. government operation of railways
American railway transportation
An examination of federal powers in respect of railways
Arbitrary price-making through the forms of law : a few points bearing upon the proper limits of governmental supervision or interference in railroad transportation
Argument before the Committee on Commerce of the Senate of the United States, in opposition to the Reagen bill, for the regulation of interstate commerce by railway
Argument in behalf of the Central Branch Union Pacific Railroad Company before the Hon. J.D. Cox, Secretary of the Interior
Commercial, economic and political questions not decided in the Northern Securities case
Congressional Symposium, Railroads--1977 and Beyond, Problems and Promises
Das "Interstate Commerce"-Gesetz in den Vereinigten Staaten
Derailed by bankruptcy : life after the Reading Railroad
Effects of the proposed Northeast-Midwest rail reorganization on rural areas
Evaluation of the financial assumptions contained in the USRA Final system plan
Federal funding of rail rehabilitation : a review of alternative approaches : prepared at the request of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Surface Transportation Subcommittee
Full committee hearing on rail transportation access for small businesses and family farmers
Government ownership of railways : considered as the next great step in American progress
Government promotion of American canals and railroads
High speed ground transportation
ICC implementation of the 4R act : synopsis of views presented at hearings before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, February 7, 1979
Intercity passenger rail : Congress faces critical decisions in developing a national policy
Interstate transportation : a treatise on the federal regulation of interstate transportation and common carriers, including jurisdiction of the Interstate commerce commission. Rev. to date, containing the act of June 18, 1910
Letter to the Hon. H.J. Jewett : on the relations of rail roads to the state and the United States in the matter of freight charges, in answer to Judge Black
Local rail service : the state experience
Materials concerning the effects of government regulation on railroads and an economic profile of railroads in the United States
Maximum rail rates : 1984 perspectives
National consolidation of the railways of the United States
Northeast rail problems background information
Principles of railroad transportation
Problems in railway regulations
Rail market dominance : is ICC regulation still needed?
Railroad Legislation (Refund of Interest Collections) : hearings before the United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Seventy-First Congress, second session, on Mar. 8, 12, 1930
Railroad consolidation and relocation in urban areas : report of the Secretary of Transportation to the Congress of the United States ... March 1976 ; May 24, 1976
Railroad deregulation : message from the President of the United States
Railroad deregulation act of 1979 : hearings before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, on S. 796
Railroad deregulation act of 1979 : hearings before the Subcommittee on Transportation and Commerce of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, on H.R. 4570
Railroad rate control in its legal aspects ; : a study of the effect of judicial decisions upon public regulation of railroad rates
Railroad regulation : changes in freight railroad rates from 1997 through 2000
Railroad reorganization : congressional action and Federal expenditures related to the final system plan of the U.S. Railway Association
Railroad safety : selected options that might promote safety
Railroad transportation : its history and its laws
Railroad transportation and public policy
Railroad transportation policy act of 1979 : hearings before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, on S. 1946
Railroad transportation policy act of 1979 : report of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on S. 1946
Railroads : regulatory issues
Railroads ; : rates and regulations
Railroads and government
Railroads and government : their relations in the United States, 1910-1921
Railroads and regulation, 1877-1916
Railroads and the Granger laws
Railway Question : hearings before the United States Senate Select Committee on Interstate Commerce, Forty-Ninth Congress, first session and Forty-Eighth Congress, second session, on May 21, 1885
Railway co-operation : an investigation of railway traffic associations and a discussion of the degree and form of co-operation that should be granted competing railways in the United States
Railway problems
Railway transportation : principles and point of view
Railways as public agents : a study in sovereignty
Refunding of Railroad Debt : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, Sixty-Seventh Congress, first session, on Aug. 12, 16, 1921, Part 2
Refunding of Railroad Debt : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, Sixty-Seventh Congress, first session, on Aug. 9-11, 1921, Part 1
Regulation of railway rates on interstate freight traffic
Relief for Land-Grant Railroad : hearings before the United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Seventieth Congress, first session, on Mar. 31, 1928
Relinquishment of Control of Railroad Systems : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, Sixty-Fifth Congress, second session, on June 24, 1918
Remedial railroad legislation, 1919 : testimony before Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce and statements bearing on the return of the railroads of the United States to private management and operation, and on remedial legislation to accompany such return, as suggested by the Association of Railway Executives, January, 1919
Report of Select Committee on Interstate Commerce : Testimony as to the Regulation of Interstate Commerce by Congress: hearings before the United States Senate Select Committee on Interstate Commerce, Forty-Ninth Congress, first session and Forty-Eighth Congress, second session, on May 20-23, 25-29, June 12, 13, 15, 17-20, 22-25, Nov. 12, 13, 16-18, 1885
Report of the Railway Wage Commission to the director general of railroads, April 30, 1918
Restrictive railway legislation
Review of proposed rail acquisitions : report together with minority views of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on S. 1005
S. 796, Railroad deregulation act of 1979 : hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Regulation and Paperwork of the Select Committee on Small Business, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, on S. 796 ... June 1, 1979
Senate bill no. 469 : will Congress preserve good faith with the Central Branch Union Pacific R.R. Company? : statement of William Claflin ... [et al.]
Short line and regional railroads : hearing before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, on establishment of new short line and regional railroads, July 25, 1986
Staggers Rail Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session
Staggers Rail Act : oversight : hearing before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, first session
Staggers Rail Act oversight : hearings before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Tourism, and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, May 20, 28, and June 3, 1987
State railroad control : with a history of its development in Iowa
State regulation of railroads
Status of railroad economic regulation : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, March 31, 2004
Tax aspects of the proposed sale of Conrail to Norfolk Southern Corp : hearing before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session, May 1, 1985
The 35th anniversary of the Staggers Rail Act : railroad deregulation past, present, and future : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, first session, May 13, 2014
The Chicago & Alton case : a misunderstood transaction
The Consolidated Rail Corporation : hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, first session, October 17, 1977
The Federal Railroad Administration's High-Speed and Intercity Passenger Rail Program : mistakes and lessons learned : hearing before the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, December 6, 2011
The Granger movement
The Granger movement ; : a study of agricultural organization and its political, economic and social manifestations, 1870-1880
The Immovable feast : a series of papers examining the growing crisis in rural transportation
The Northeast corridor improvement project : an overview
The Penn Central and other railroads : a report to the Senate Committee on Commerce
The Penn Central and other railroads ; : a report to the Senate Committee on Commerce
The Union Pacific Railway : a study in railway politics, history, and economics
The economic effects of regulation
The federal power over carriers and corporations
The financial viability of CONRAIL : review and analysis : prepared at the request of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Surface Transportation Subcommittee
The government and the railroads
The heart of the railroad problem : the history of railway discrimination in the United States, the chief efforts at control and the remedies proposed with hints from other countries
The nation pays again : the demise of the Milwaukee Road, 1928-1986
The practical administration of right and justice by the Interstate Commerce Commission
The proposed expansion and renewal of rail safety user fees : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, September 14, 1995
The public regulation of railways
The railroad problem : a discussion of current railway issues
The railroad problem : a suggestion : a proposed plan for an undivided administration of the railroads; for promoting competition in railroad service; and for stimulating local initiative in railroad development
The railroad question : a historical and practical treatise on railroads and remedies for their abuses
The railroads and the Commerce clause
The railroads and the courts
The railroads, their employees and the public : a discourse upon the rights, duties and obligations of each toward the other
The rededication of lightly used or abandoned rail rights of way to other (higher?) uses
The regulation of inter-state railroads by the national government : an essay awarded the prize for 1880 by the New York State Bar Association
The regulation of railroad abandonments
The state of positive train control implementation in the United States : hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, first session, June 24, 2015
The work of the Interstate Commerce Commission
Transportation under two masters : devitalizing vital agencies
War adjustments in railroad regulation
War administration of the railways in the United States and Great Britain
Will Congress preserve good faith with the Central Branch Union Pacific R.R. Co.? : opinions of Hon. Reverdy Johnson ... [et al.] as expressed in the Senate debates of 1868 and 1869 when an act was under consideration confirming to the Central Branch Union Pacific R.R. Co. its right under existing laws to U.S. bonds, as well as lands, while the bill now pending seeks a confirmation of its right to lands only
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Data Citation of the Concept Railroads and state -- United States
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5 Trends That Will Change How Companies Use Social Media In 2016
Hootsuite CEO Ryan Holmes offers a look ahead at the social trends that are fast reshaping how companies do business.
By Ryan Holmes 6 minute Read
Editor's Note: This article is one of the top 10 Leadership stories of 2015. See the full list here.
There are now more than 2 billion active social media users worldwide, and that sum is growing at a brisk clip of 25% each year. Businesses haven't failed to noticed the runaway expansion of social media. Nine out of 10 U.S. companies are now active on social networks. The same overwhelming percentage of those are reporting seeing increased exposure as a result, and more than half say their social media efforts are boosting sales.
So what's in store for 2016? Here's a look at five trends that appear set to change how businesses use social media in the year ahead.
1. Social Networks Storm The Workplace
For years now, we've been promised that a new generation of internal social networks–for use within companies by employees–will put a swift death to email. No more hunting through your inbox for information. No more endless reply-all threads from hell. And yet email has lumbered on.
Haven't noticed the exponential increase in ads on your social media feeds? That probably means they're working.
But maybe not for long. Slack has proven a game-changer. Its intuitive interface, built around themed chat rooms and searchable archives, has propelled it to more than 1.25 million active business users in just two years' time, from the team at NASA to the team at your local coffee shop. And Slack already has a sizable cohort of competitors going after a piece of the pie.
Meanwhile, Facebook at Work is currently in trial mode with select companies, and it may soon be opened up to general use in the coming year as a freemium tool. Considering that much of the world is already on Facebook, expect adoption to soar once Facebook at Work finally becomes available.
2. Companies Turn To Employees For Amplification
Nearly 80% of businesses now have a dedicated social media team. But many still struggle to reach an audience. 2016 will see companies turn increasingly to an underused resource in the effort to get the word out: their own employees. Employee social advocacy programs, which encourage staff to share updates about the business on their own social media accounts, have grown by 191% since 2013 and are due to take off in the year ahead.
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When done right, the payoff can be impressive; companies not only expand their social media reach dramatically, they also get measurably better results. Content shared by employees, by one recent measure, gets eight times more engagement than content shared by brand channels. A new generation of tools to facilitate employee sharing (including one we developed here at Hootsuite) should help this approach go mainstream in 2016.
3. Companies Wade Into Social Messaging
Here's an eye-opener: There are nearly 4 billion global active users of messaging apps, from WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger to WeChat and Kik. In fact, the top five apps in the world in terms of frequency of use are all messaging apps. Users are popping them open more often than even Facebook or Instagram.
Employee social advocacy programs . . . have grown by 191% since 2013.
What does this mean for companies? So far, not much. Messaging remains largely in the murky realm that's come to be known as "dark social." Right now, it's kind of a mystery as to what type of content is being shared among messaging app users and how that affects web traffic and "conversions." Intrepid brands—from Hellman's to Absolut to HBO—are testing the waters, but by and large messaging's huge potential remains untapped.
Still, 2016 may well be the year that analytics and insights become more readily available, allowing companies to develop full-fledged strategies around social messaging. All the major social platforms now have messaging components, and it's only a matter of time before they figure out how to make that data available to businesses for marketing purposes.
In the meantime, messaging is already emerging as a key channel for one-on-one social customer service. Twitter lifted its 140-character limit and follow requirements on direct messages earlier this year with customer support in mind, and Facebook Messenger has been busy piloting customer service features of its own.
4. Social Media Advertising Hits Its Stride
Haven't noticed the exponential increase in ads on your social media feeds? That probably means they're working. In contrast to old-fashioned banner ads, the new generation of "native" social media ads like sponsored posts on Facebook and Instagram and promoted tweets on Twitter look and act a lot like normal updates from friends and followers. They're also targeted with increasing precision. Advertisers are now able to drill down not just by age and gender, but by interests, location, company affiliation, role, and more. So the ads you get are probably the ones you actually want to see.
The top five apps in the world in terms of frequency of use are all messaging apps.
For all those reasons, companies ramped up social media advertising in 2015, with spending increasing 33.5% to nearly $24 billion–a figure that's all the more impressive, because just a few years ago that number was $0.
Expect to see those trends continue. By 2017, social media ads may account for a full 16% of all digital ad spend globally. Fueling the growth is a host of new tools that let small businesses design and pay for social media ads in a few clicks, simplifying a process that was once the exclusive domain of high-priced media buyers.
5. Social Video Eats The World
In case you missed it, social video is exploding. Last year, Facebook more than doubled its daily video views to 8 billion, reportedly overtaking YouTube. Twitter launched native video of its own in 2015, while Snapchat now reports 6 billion daily video views in its own right. In total, adult users now consume a total of 66 minutes of online video each and every day.
Expect that total to climb to lofty new heights in 2016. Facebook is preparing to roll out features like Suggested Videos and maybe even a dedicated video feed, and Snapchat Stories are growing ever more popular and feature-rich. Little wonder that 70% of companies now say video is the most effective tool in their online marketing belts, and two out of three businesses expect it to dominate their strategy going forward.
70% of companies now say video is the most effective tool in their online marketing belts.
Despite these stats, many companies are still reluctant to get into the social video game for one reason: The cost of professionally shot video can be prohibitively expensive. But alternatives are multiplying. Shorter formats, from eight-second Vines to 15-second Instagram videos, not to mention streaming video like Periscope and Meerkat, offer a hassle-free entrance into the arena. Meanwhile, crowdsourcing campaigns and tools are gaining popularity as a way for companies to create and share video content.
The biggest trend of all for 2016, however, hardly requires a crystal ball to see. Around the world, social media is quickly becoming standard operating procedure at companies. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, and other networks have fundamentally changed how companies reach and interact with customers, offer products and services, communicate with employees, and—in a nutshell—do business. And that wave hasn't even begun to crest.
Related: Have You Mastered Social Media?
Ryan Holmes is the CEO of Hootsuite, a social media management system with more than 10 million users. A college dropout, he started a paintball company and pizza restaurant before founding Invoke Media, the company that developed Hootsuite in 2009. Today, Holmes is an authority on the social business revolution, quoted in The New York Times and Wall Street Journal and called upon to speak at TEDx and SXSW Interactive Conferences
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Can we kindly request that unless you are the holder of a BLUE BADGE you DO NOT use the disabled parking space when picking your child up from school. We have parents with disabled children at our school who require this space as well as a member of staff. We also have grandparents who are badge holders who need to park in this space when picking up.


We serve as an indispensable resource for patients, families, and medical providers in the treatment of addiction and substance use disorders in the state of New York.
Our mission is to be the physician-led professional community for those who prevent, treat, and promote remission and recovery from the disease of substance use disorder, and to provide resources for continuing innovation, advancement, and implementation of substance use disorder science and care.
We envision a future when substance use disorder prevention, treatment, remission and recovery are accessible to all, and profoundly improve the health of all people.
The New York Society of Addiction Medicine (NYSAM) serves as an indispensable resource for patients, families, and physicians in the treatment of addiction and substance use disorders.
We are a nonprofit group of New York-based physicians and a state chapter of the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). As a part of this national organization, we dedicate ourselves to the evidence-based treatment of substance use disorders. We provide education for patients, families, and practicing medical providers, promote addiction medicine research, and advocate for medically sound public policies.
The New York Society of Addiction Medicine acts locally and regionally to support ASAM's efforts.
NYSAM serves the public and the medical community in the state of New York and beyond.
For patients suffering from this disease, or family and friends in search of help for loved ones, our organization provides both educational resources and information for finding a local medical expert.
For physicians and other medical professionals, we offer a digital meeting place where members can share expertise, ideas, and research. We also stand together to lobby for change on a local level, advocating for medical rather than psychiatric treatments for addiction.
NYSAM also offers continuing education and referral opportunities to our members. A key component of this is [our annual conference] where attendees gather in an open forum to discuss the science and policy related to addiction medicine.
The American Society of Addiction Medicine began as the New York City Medical Society on Alcoholism in 1954 after Dr. Ruth Fox and other physicians at the New York Academy of Medicine began meeting regularly to discuss alcohol use disorder and its treatment. Shortly thereafter, the organization expanded its focus to include other substance use disorders and welcomed Dr. Fox as their first president. The organization was renamed ASAM in 1989 to further underscore that addiction medicine pertains to substance use disorders of all kinds.
In June of 1998, ASAM was admitted to the American Medical Association (AMA). One year later, AMA added Addiction Medicine to its list of designated specialties.
In 2015, Addiction Medicine became formally recognized as a medical specialty by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) under the American Board of Preventive Medicine (ABPM). In 2017, Addiction Medicine fellowships became eligible for accreditation by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). There are over 60 fellowships in Addiction Medicine and the number is growing every year.


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Operation Vinh Loc was an operation conducted by the 2nd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 54th Regiment on Vinh Loc Island, Phú Vang District, lasting from 10 to 20 September 1968.

Background
Vinh Loc Island is a coastal estuary island,  long and a maximum of  wide, located  east of Huế. During the Battle of Huế in February 1968, South Vietnamese Regional Forces and Popular Forces responsible for the security of the island had been removed to support the battle, allowing the Viet Cong (VC) to establish control of the area.

On 9 July 1968 the 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines began a one-week sweep of the island but were unable to locate the VC.

On 4 September 3 Regional Force Companies conducting a sweep operation were engaged by the VC and were only able to break contact with helicopter gunship support. It was estimated that at least 2 VC Companies and possibly a Battalion were located on the island.

Operation
On 9 September one of the Regional Force companies withdrew from the island. On 10 September Company D, 1st Battalion, 501st Infantry Regiment moved to the northern end of the island, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the ARVN 54th Regiment moved to the east of Phu Thu District opposite the island and the 3rd Troop, 7th ARVN Cavalry moved its M113 APCs to Tân Mỹ Base.

On the morning of 11 September 1/501st and the ARVN 1st Battalion, 54th Regiment conducted air assaults into 6 locations on the island. Everyone encountered in the operation was interrogated by Republic of Vietnam National Police, VC suspects were removed to intelligence centers, while those cleared were escorted to safe areas.

Aftermath
Operation Vinh Loc officially concluded on 20 September, VC losses were 154 killed, 370 captured and 56 Chieu Hoi. Allied losses were 2 killed.

References

1968 in Vietnam
Battles involving the United States
Battles involving Vietnam
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1968
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War
History of Thừa Thiên Huế province

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Union Project has a rich history and the people that have worked here in the past and present make a difference in the world around us. Through our work, we value inclusion, art and artists, collaboration, and joy. We strive to create a work environment that also upholds those values.
Open positions are listed below. Union Project accepts applications for Teaching Artists, Event Stewards, and Board Members on a rolling basis.
Event Steward at Union Project and Kelly Strayhorn Theater
Our Event Stewards are the first friendly faces that visitors meet and they work to ensure an excellent guest experience for all. These hospitality aces are detail-oriented, natural communicators, direct when needed and calm in fast-paced settings. The Event Steward Team performs a range of duties during public and private events including but not limited to day-of event coordination, set-up and break-down, ticketing/box office, house management/ushering, hospitality services, and facility maintenance.
Teaching Artist
A Teaching Artist plans and teaches custom programs, camps, school programs, residencies, and private workshops with community partners, both at UP and off-site.
Please review the full job listing before applying.
Volunteer – Board Member
We are currently seeking board members for three-year term commitments to help us:
Grow our programs on and off-site (including launching our new Wheel Mobile and state of the art Kiln Shelter) to deepen community engagement and ensure that all people have access to ceramics
Continue to improve our historic facility for arts and community use
Implement our new Capitalization Plan to better sustain operations
It is important to Union Project's mission that our programs and events are fully inclusive, and that our team is representative of the communities we work within. We strongly encourage people from underrepresented populations to apply.
It is Union Project's intent to provide equal opportunity for all persons. It is Union Project's policy that all qualified applicants for employment will be recruited, hired, and assigned on the basis of merit without regard to race, creed, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, national origin, or disability. UP employment policies and diversity plan have been and will continue, to ensure that all qualified individuals are treated equally with no discrimination in compensation, opportunities for advancement (including promotions and transfers), training and discipline based on race, creed, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, national origin, or disability.
Office Space Rental
Union Project is home to wide variety of artists, creative thinkers, nonprofit organizations, and small businesses. We support and value the work that these folks bring to our community.
All workspaces include the following amenities:
Beautifully restored historic building & grounds including 155 community restored stained glass windows
Hi-speed wireless internet access
Heat/Air Conditioning/Electric
Accessible via ramps and an interior elevator
24-hour building access
Video-monitored building
Access to a shared kitchen
Access to major bus lines at the corner
walking distance to Bryant Street Business District and Tazza D'oro Café. A short drive to Target, Whole Foods, Trader Joe's, and more.
Just a 15-minute bus ride to downtown Pittsburgh.
Currently, all of Union Project's workspaces are occupied.


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Tomás Andrés Díaz Navarrete (born 8 January 1992) is a Chilean former footballer who played as a defender for clubs in Europe, Uruguay and Chile.

Career
As a member of the Universidad Católica youth ranks, where he coincided with Santiago Dittborn, Díaz won the national titles at under-16, under-17 and under-19 levels. After rejecting a professional contract with them, he emigrated to Europa and joined Italian side Triestina in 2010.

In 2011, he switched to Belgium and joined Union Saint-Gilloise, being loaned to Hungarian side Honvéd in 2012. In January 2012, he also had a trial with Manchester City.

On second half 2012, he returned to South America and joined Uruguayan Primera División club CA Fénix.

In 2013, he returned to his homeland and played for Unión San Felipe until the end of the season.

Personal life
Díaz holds Italian citizenship since his grandmother is an Italian who was born in Genoa and came to Chile after the World War II.

Following his retirement, he attended Andrés Bello University and got a degree in business administration.

References

External links

 Tomás Díaz at FootballTransfers.com

1992 births
Living people
Chilean people of Italian descent
Footballers from Santiago
Chilean footballers
Chilean expatriate footballers
U.S. Triestina Calcio 1918 players
Royale Union Saint-Gilloise players
Budapest Honvéd FC players
Centro Atlético Fénix players
Unión San Felipe footballers
Serie B players
Uruguayan Primera División players
Primera B de Chile players
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in Hungary
Expatriate footballers in Uruguay
Association football defenders
People with acquired Italian citizenship


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An examination of military life in 18th-century Newfoundland using the archaeological remains of an officers' barracks on Bois Island, Ferryland (CgAf-1)
Newcombe, Simon (2017) An examination of military life in 18th-century Newfoundland using the archaeological remains of an officers' barracks on Bois Island, Ferryland (CgAf-1). Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Ferryland's significance as a major fishing port, coupled with the threat of French aggression, prompted the English Crown to construct a series of fortifications and buildings on Bois Island in 1743. Situated in Ferryland Harbour with a strategic view of the Atlantic Ocean, Bois Island was occupied by members of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, the Royal Marines, and the 45th Regiment of Foot who defended the island and Ferryland from French raids of the mid to late 18th century. In 1975, Dr. Robert Barakat of Memorial University conducted a field school on the island centered around one of the barracks. This investigation produced an assemblage of over 5,000 artifacts that remained in The Rooms Provincial Museum in St. John's, Newfoundland. A survey of Bois Island conducted in 2015 documented the remains of this excavation as well as the structural remains of the 18th-century fortifications and its risk from erosion. Through the lens of household archaeology, an analysis of the artifacts revealed details of daily life for the commissioned officers who occupied this barracks on and off between 1743 and 1784. These officers interacted with both seasonal and permanent residents of Ferryland and left behind a fascinating variety of 18th-century artifacts including ceramics, glassware, smoking pipes, decorative pewter spoons, and even an ivory die.
Household Archaeology, Officers, Ferryland, British, Military, Barracks
Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of > Archaeology
Military archaeology -- Newfoundland and Labrador -- Avalon Peninsula (N.L.); Household archaeology -- Newfoundland and Labrador -- Avalon Peninsula (N.L.); Newfoundland and Labrador -- History, Military -- 18th century


I made the whole thing with some help from Feylina. I used worldedit, mcedit and a tonne of redstone. Special thanks to some of my youtube subscribers and friends who helped test the adventure for bugs and balance and thanks to those that have been waiting for it. I am HOPING there isn't any game destroying bugs. This was my first "feature length" adventure map and was very well received when it was released. It has since had over 200,000 downloads making it my most popular map (though city of love is closing in fast). Looking back I think there is a lot of things I would change, but given the time it was made (pistons had only just been introduced) it was quite the pioneering map if I do say so myself. The word Eronev comes from an old game I used to play (Tibia) and a village there covered in swamps named Venore. I originally planned to have it more swampy than it ended up being but I reversed the name to Eronev to make it my own. In fact, in one of the first versions released you could still see the name "Venore" on one of the ending sequences on the town hall sign.
Discuss on the Minecraft forums.
Thanks for this awesome map, Jig <3 It is the second time I play it, to see what new things had the 1.8 update.
Can i play it with a friend? Or it is a single player map?
When i get to the gate part of the map all the redstone,repeaters,torches are on the ground all of them are can you tell me why that is happening i cant play the map,when i mean "on the ground" they show up as if someone dropped a item.
startet to play this on 1.7 but got updated to 1.8 (Release). Can't break spider webs etc. Any chance you will update the map to the 1.8 conventions for adventuremode? Or is it better to not hold my breath and fallback to 1.7?
Better to go back to 1.7… I don't know when I'll be able to get around to updating it sorry.
LOVED IT SUSPENSFULL MYSTERY PUZZLES AN EVIL CARECTER AMAZING REDSTONE SKILL I LOVED IT!!!!
This was one of the best Minecraft map I had ever played to date.
Was right into the story from the beginning and this was my very first Adventure map as well.
I played it on the 1.6.2 version and did not noticed anything wrong.
Used the beautiful John Smith and Dustycraft resource packs between plays to find a favorite which in my opinion is the John Smith version.
The mechanics were very impressive. I somehow got lost and stuck under the 'station' and could not find my way back up.
Rest of the gameplay was nice and the builds were very nice to look at.
Lastly I made a screenshot of the last room, but not sure whenever I will post it somewhere.
Anyway good luck on your new map at the time I type this (The Adventure Multiplex 2).
I'm a HUGE fan of your adventure maps! This was one of the first ones I played, and got me into playing custom Minecraft maps. Love the balance between combat, parkour, and puzzles. Keep up the good work!


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AnimeSuki Forum > Anime Discussion > Older Series > Retired > Retired M-Z > Valvrave the Liberator
Valvrave the Liberator - Character Discussion - Rukino Saki
monir
cho~ kakkoii
Location: 3rd Planet
The purpose of this thread is to provide a place to discuss all things Rukino Saki related.
To keep the discussion enjoyable for all Valvrave the Liberator fans, please follow the guidelines below and stay on-topic!
Note: Please don't use this for the specifics (i.e. episode, chapter, game, etc. discussion) there are other threads for that stuff.
Thread Guidelines
No campaigning!
No "hate" or "xyz must die" posts. Discuss why you do or don't like characters without whinging and whining or blatantly campaigning for your favourite.
Be polite to your fellow forum members.
Do not insult or harass other members for their likes and dislikes. Do not take it so seriously that you end up in an argument with another forum member because they express a fondness for a character you loathe. Discussion and good spirited banter are always welcome, but harassing people will not be tolerated.
Discuss, don't chat.
Please remember that AnimeSuki is a discussion forum, not a chat room, there is a difference. If you wish to chat, then please make use of our IRC channel.
Have fun, but post intelligently.
It's great to have fun, but please try your best to add substance to what you post and make your thoughts interesting for the generation of fans that will follow after you're long gone and on to watching some other series.
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Last edited by monir; 2013-05-22 at 17:43.
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Licensed Hunter-a-holic
That's ... that's some interesting choice for this threads image
Never change, monir-san.
I have to say, before watching the episode and just from looking at the early reactions across the net, I imagined that episode would have shown her to be a Yuno Gasai type who just got out of the closet of sanity and started to wreck havoc and break shit. In actuality, she ended up being just mischievous and a little brazen (thought not to the extent shown in that image above! ). She certainly hadn't earned the Gasai badge of honour when it comes to insanity, and while I can see why people would think she is similar to Flay Allster, I honestly think the similarities are only skin deep if even that. Still, don't fuck with vengeful idols cause one day they'll turn to vampires and attempt to take over the universe. (VVV as a cautionary tale against the current idol industry?)
It is clear that she is without a doubt self serving and prideful to the point of sin, which I can understand why would make a lot of people think that she is not very likeable, but at the same time that doesn't make her crazy just (ironically enough given what she is now) very human. I look forward to what shape her story will take from this point onwards.
Another point of interest is her past, and whether what she said to Haruto ends up being true or not. Given the flashbacks she had, I suspect that there were hints of truths scattered here and there, with the result being that she was eventually forced to retire and brought down to earth. Whether she ended up causing her own misfortune in the past due to her own hubris or if she was handed a pretty lousy hand in life and she had to toughen up remains to be seen.
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Nvis
Grumpy Senior
Full support for Saki no matter what she does(right or wrong).
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shadow1296
i believe that saki is the sheryl nome of this series
reasons being:
-both are idols, even though one is former one
-both have damaged pasts that they escaped by becoming idols
-both at one point wanted to become pilots, though one succeeded in doing so while the other did not
-both want to carve their existentence into the world so they are not forgotten
honestly the only difference between them is that saki didn't have a person like alto to support her when her contract was terminated so she is a little more damaged than sheryl
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Endless Soul
Megane girl fan
Location: Diagonally parked in a parallel universe.
Personally, she is my favorite character in this show. Good character design, looks gorgeous. Not afraid to confront bullies. Willing to cook in just an apron. I wonder how she looks in glasses?
Endless "Vengeful idols" Soul
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Ledgem
Location: Northeast USA
Originally Posted by shadow1296
Sheryl Nome... I may be forgetting some details in the series, but Sheryl struck me as being a true heroine. I'm sorry to the Rukino fans, but as of episode 6 she comes off as being a very self-centered and artificial character. She's concerned with becoming famous when life-and-death matters are at stake. How delusional and shallow can you get?
The series was setting her up fairly well: a former idol who was quiet and didn't have many friends, and who has an abusive past. If it had remained that way then I'd still like her as a character. Yet she received a bit of power (Valvrave and "vampire" transformation) and she went nuts.
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Syokool
Lab. member 009
Scanlator
Location: 1.048596
I just love her (fan mode on)
My only reason to watch this series.
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Originally Posted by Ledgem
first off saki didn't become fame crazy she was always fame crazy just didn't show it, second she believes that fame will bring her to a better life like it did before and she knows piloting a valvrave will bring her fame like it did for haruto, third saki willingly becoming a vampire is her going F-U to the thing that she felt rejected her humanity and the world in general, and fourth if sheryl didn't have people like alto and ranka's former manager than she probably would have ended up like saki or even worse because she has a far worse past than saki's
Last edited by shadow1296; 2013-05-20 at 15:21.
Xion Valkyrie
She was dealt a pretty bad hand in life, but when she saw an opportunity she took it and is making the most of it. When Haruto first got his body switching powers everyone was talking about the kind of things he should do to take advantage of it. However, he was too much of a normal 'main character' to take advantage of it but Saki is doing EXACTLY what we wanted Haruto to do with her new powers. She's flawed, but I'd say she's the most interesting character in Valverave.
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Nayrael
The Faceless One
Location: Varaždin, Croatia
Never understood why people think it matters if a mecha pilot is selfless or selfish. It is not like being selfless makes you a better pilot or anything.
Saki does her job (and skillfully from what we have seen) and, with all due right, she expects some degree of reward for putting her life on line.
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first off saki didn't become crazy she was always crazy just didn't show it
I don't really know how you can make such an assertion.
second she believes that fame will bring her to a better life like it did before and she knows piloting a valvrave will bring her fame like it did for haruto, third saki willingly becoming a vampire is her going F-U to the thing that she felt rejected her humanity and the world in general, and fourth if sheryl didn't have people like alto and ranka's former manager than she probably would have ended up like saki or even worse because she has a far worse past than saki's
I don't get the impression that it's purely about getting a better life. What's wrong with her life as it was before she became a Valvrave pilot? She had lost her fame, but she was living in peace and away from her abusive parents. If it were just about the quality of life then the fame should not have mattered. After all, she claimed that the fame was originally a mechanism to get away from her parents. Why should she still be chasing fame?
I think she's chasing fame for the sake of the fame itself. It has nothing to do with quality of life. She didn't discard her humanity for the sake of anyone else, as Haruto did, she did it because she wanted to be "unique" and "special." She wants to be one of a kind, to stand out and be admired. She even utilized her newfound powers to take over Haruto's body and utilize his fame in order to bolster hers, seemingly without a care for what it might do to his relationships or life. I'm sorry, but that's disgusting behavior.
I don't remember enough about Macross to discuss the details of Sheryl Nome. All I can say is that what I remember feeling about Sheryl was very, very different compared with Saki.
Originally Posted by Nayrael
It doesn't have anything to do with piloting abilities, it has to do with who is deserving of power and who will use that power accordingly. As far as I'm concerned, Saki quickly abused her power shortly after gaining it, taking over Haruto's body and then acting in his stead to further herself.
It's not a bad thing for the series to do this. The route of having all pilots clearly defined with hero or villain traits has already been done in practically every mecha series in existence. Having "hero" pilots who harbor selfish or shallow ambitions and who would use their powers and machines for their own benefit can cause the plot to go in interesting directions. It's just my opinion that I'd like to see Saki either gain some humility and care for others, or if she continues on the selfish and arrogant path, get smacked down.
in truth they don't some of the best pilots i've seen are usually the self centered playboys
MisaoFan
Prefectural Magical Girl
Saki is awesome as a character, I love her appearance, but at the same time she acts pretty selfish at times, mentions a thing about her dark past, I thought she would fall for Haruto but I'm still pretty conflicted about her feelings towards him. It's obvious the way she names her Valvrave as Carmilla implies that she's a major fan of fiction (including vampire titles of course).
On the other hand, she wants fame, attention as well singing over everyone to bring her own will as well her popularity, I'm curious to see more than that, and I really wanted to see what kind of relationship with Shouko would be like (I'm hoping them to be friends).
I will protect you from the darkness and I change my destiny.
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I can see her going back to being likeable again depending on how they handle her past and if they decide to go down the route of her adopting this self serving world view due to suffering and being constantly brought down by the world around her. So just make her one tough cookie with a soft inside (in that she actually just wants to gain control over her own fate and actually is less selfish than she lets on i.e. she cares for her friends)
I have to ask, is because my views are incredibly skewed due to seeing crazy folks in anime that made me not think of Saki being crazy? I mean I haven't seen signs of typical insane mannerisms that would tip me off so ...
Ledgem wasn't talking about how her selfish personality collrated with her piloting skills though. He was talking about how much her selfish personality clouded her views to the point where she jumped in head first into battle without any actual plan of action. It might have all turned out fine by the end, but it doesn't change that how she came across with her behaviour.
Originally Posted by Arabesque
i meant to type fame crazy
to be fair she thought she was immortal because she was in the cockpit when l-elf said he killed haruto, to which she had a rude wake up call during the fight with her realizing she can be killed
I don't take her words at face value
It's like when someone is saying they are doing this "for the money". Of course they are, but why do they need that? To pay a debt? To fund some crazy project? Are they living from paycheck to paycheck? Do they live in crap-sack world which made them disillusioned from ideals and pretty words? It's rare that someone says that simply because they are greedy.
Likewise Saki is saying she is doing this for fame. But why?
"If I don't my existence with vanish" is her answer, but what does it really mean?
It's clear that not having a good relationship with her father is one factor.
Idol job is probably another. If it's anything like the real world Japanese idol industry than being an idol is really quite a crappy job, so I don't think she is the only bitter ex-idol who was cast away. But it's another chip on her shoulder
"The world tried to kill me" shows that she views the world as a whole as antagonistic towards her and she feels victimized
Finally her obsession with vampires are not just because Valvrave turns you into a neck biting non-human, but because vampires are traditionally seen as outcast of society. People who can't fit in. She identifies with that.
So what I think she's really saying is she wants someone to acknowledge her. But I don't think she understands this herself.
I think gaining one million followers on Twitters will act as a stop gap, but in the end it will not make her feel fulfilled.
additionally, while she claims she doesn't have any interest in Haruto, that line asking him about how it felt being a lonesome vampire suggest that she empathizes with that
Question with boldness even the existence of a God; because, if there be one, he must more approve of the homage of reason, than that of blind-folded fear. - Thomas Jefferson
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I think the key is in "How did it feel to be a forsaken vampire?" question. It was after she asked it that, I conclude from the scene, she wanted to tell Haruto why she is really doing all of this. However, Shouko interrupted it so we'll have to wait for one of later ep's.
I think Saki's problem in a gist is:
1) She has trouble trusting others, yet at the same time she wants to be acknowledged
2) She wants to be acknowledged, but not just any kind of normal person will do. She doesn't want it to come from fanboys either (fanboys are for adoration, which is different). It is said she is aloof and rejected the attention when she first came. Or maybe she's just paranoid that they approached her out of pity for an ex-idol. I don't know. To our knowledge the only person she acknowledges as a friend is Aina.
3) She is trying find kindred spirits. She probably sees this in Haruto.
But it seems if you're someone like Shoko you can force her to open up, even though you are not a kindred spirit. xd
NeutralZero
Doubt what we saw in that ep is all Saki has to offer...
Probably just the tip of the iceberg... what is more interesting is not what was her motivation from the start but where will she go and what methods she'll used to reach the end...
People change... especially in war...
Still like her character...
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Triple_R
Location: Newfoundland, Canada
I think that Saki is meant to be a foil for Haruto (and vice versa). Consider the many ways in which they differ, if not be complete opposites:
1. Haruto views becoming a Space Vampire as a terrible curse, something he doesn't want to befall any of his fellow students.
Saki views becoming a Space Vampire as a tremendous benefit, something to be jealously guarded from others (hence her and Haruto agree to keep secret the existence of numerous Valvraves, albeit for completely opposite reasons )
2. Haruto fights for others (first for Shouko, later for the student-state in general)
Saki fights for her own personal benefit (primarily fame and attention)
3. Haruto doesn't appear to care about becoming more popular, per se.
Saki desires fame and attention.
4. Haruto views personal popularity as a tool that can lead to useful ends.
Saki views personal popularity as a desirable end unto itself.
5. On the whole, Haruto is an optimist that embraces the rest of humanity.
On the whole, Saki is a cynic that views humanity in general in a negative light.
If handled well, you could have a good ying/yang, thesis/antithesis thing going on with these two characters. Hopefully, over time, the two might round each other out. It's not at all hard for me to imagine Haruto and Saki getting into a heated disagreement at some point given their wildly different goals and perspectives.
I think that Saki is a good character, because she's amusing and interesting. But I certainly do see where Ledgem is coming from.
Edit: I'm going to be very interested in seeing if Saki survives through the end of this anime. A character calling oneself "invincible" is about as loud a Death Flag as you can get. Should Saki ever die in combat, I'll definitely point to that as her death flag. Should she survive through the end of this anime, then this will be a rather neat example of a Death Flag being subverted.
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text:
Waji (Nuristani), auch waj, vaj, vaji, wuj, wadzh, wanz, englisch Kafir harp, ist eine vier-, seltener fünfsaitige Bogenharfe der Nuristani, einer kleinen Ethnie in der ostafghanischen Provinz Nuristan und im angrenzenden pakistanischen Distrikt Chitral. Die heute kaum noch gespielte, in ihrer Bauform einzigartige waji stellt durch die Anordnung mehrerer paralleler Saiten eine der frühesten Entwicklungen aus dem Musikbogen dar und hat innerhalb der besonderen Musikkultur Nuristans als letzte Bogenharfe in Zentralasien überlebt. Instrumentenkundlich wird die waji noch den mehrsaitigen Musikbögen mit verbundenem Resonator zugeordnet. Die indischen Harfen kamen vermutlich mit der Ausbreitung des Buddhismus ab dem 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. nach Afghanistan.

Herkunft
Musikbögen sind die einfachsten und ältesten Saiteninstrumente. Sie bestehen aus einer oder selten mehreren, zwischen den beiden Enden eines elastischen Trägerstabes befestigten Saiten, durch deren Spannung der Stab gekrümmt wird. Zur Schallverstärkung dient beim Sonderfall des Mundbogens der Mundraum des Spielers, ansonsten ein am Saitenträger angebrachter Resonanzkörper. Bei den afrikanischen Musikbögen ist dies häufig eine Kalebasse.

In Mesopotamien ist das früheste Musikinstrument auf einer Tontafel der späten Uruk-Zeit Ende des 4. Jahrtausends abgebildet. Sie zeigt eine dreisaitige Harfe mit einem bootsförmigen Resonanzkörper am unteren Ende, von dem ein gebogener Saitenträger abgeht. Aus dem 26. Jahrhundert v. Chr. wurden Fragmente von Harfen und Leiern zusammen gefunden.

Die ältesten Harfen in Afrika sind Bogenharfen, die auf Wandmalereien in Grabkammern aus der altägyptischen 4. Dynastie um 2500 v. Chr. dargestellt sind; die aus Mesopotamien schon länger bekannte Winkelharfe kam ab dem 16. Jahrhundert v. Chr. im Mittleren Reich hinzu. Bogenharfen in Afrika werden heute noch in einigen Varianten in Uganda und der Zentralafrikanischen Republik gespielt. Die ennanga im Süden von Uganda, die adungu im Norden von Uganda und die kundi der Azande, die hauptsächlich im Norden des Kongo leben, sind Beispiele von Bogenharfen, die sich in der Form des Resonanzkörpers und der Art, wie der Saitenträger befestigt ist, unterscheiden.

Die vedischen und nachvedischen Texte, in denen die im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. entwickelte altindische Gandharva-Musiktheorie zusammengefasst wurde, verwenden das Wort vina als Sammelbegriff für Saiteninstrumente. Ab dem 2. Jahrhundert v. Chr. haben sich Abbildungen von Bogenharfen an Steinreliefs buddhistischer Kultbauten (Stupas) erhalten, in den Brahmanas sind sie schriftlich bereits vor der Mitte des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr. belegt. Ein Relieffragment im Gandhara-Stil am Stupa von Loriyan Tangai (bei Peschawar) aus dem 3. Jahrhundert zeigt ein harfenartiges Instrument, das große Ähnlichkeit mit der waji besitzt. In Südindien war die Bogenharfe yazh zur selben Zeit bis Ende des 1. Jahrtausends das hauptsächliche Saiteninstrument.

Die heute in der indischen Musik als vina bezeichneten Langhalslauten und Stabzithern mit Kalebassenresonatoren (rudra vina) entwickelten sich erst nach der Zeitenwende und wurden ab dem 6. Jahrhundert abgebildet. Etwa um dieselbe Zeit ging in Indien der Gebrauch der Bogenharfen zurück, einige ursprünglich wohl aus Indien stammende Harfenvarianten haben sich weiterhin in Zentralasien in regionalen Musikkulturen erhalten. Die abgesehen von der waji beinahe letzte noch verbliebene asiatische Bogenharfe ist das burmesische Nationalinstrument saung gauk. Ferner existiert noch bei den Karen im burmesisch-thailändischen Grenzgebiet die mit sechs Metallsaiten ausgestattete Bogenharfe na den. Mit ihr begleiten junge Männer Brautwerbelieder. Die na den wird auf eine ältere, heute verschwundene Bogenharfe der Mon mit mehr Saiten zurückgeführt.

Nicht mit der waji verwandt ist die in der georgischen Region Swanetien gespielte sechs- bis neunsaitige tschangi, die namentlich und nach der Bauart von der mittelalterlichen persischen Winkelharfe tschang abstammt. Dafür geht im zentralindischen Bundesstaat Madhya Pradesh am Ufer der Narmada beim Adivasi-Volk der Pardhan eine bin-baja genannte, fünfsaitige Bogenharfe, die gelegentlich anstelle der dreisaitigen Fiedel bana zur Gesangsbegleitung verwendet wird, auf dieselben Urformen zurück. Die Pardhan unterhalten als Musikerkaste die benachbarten Gond.

Dem Namen nach geht laut Christian Poché (2014) waji über wanj auf eine arabische Harfe zurück, die vom 7. bis zum 10. Jahrhundert in einigen literarischen Quellen wann genannt wird. Das aus dem Mittelpersischen stammende Wort wann kommt an einer Stelle im Werk des früharabischen Dichters al-Aʾshā (um 570 – 625) vor, zusammen mit mushtaq (chinesische Maultrommel), barbat (Laute) und sanj. Vermutlich bezeichneten wann, sanj und tschang identische oder zumindest ähnliche Harfen. Der Historiker at-Tabarī (839–923) erzählt, wann und sanj seien vom biblischen Tubal, dem Sohn Lamaks erfunden worden. In späteren arabischen Quellen steht sanj nicht mehr für "Harfe", sondern für ein Perkussionsinstrument (zang). Während die Harfe, die nun bis zu ihrem Verschwinden tschang (jank) hieß, verschwand, hat sich ihre Bezeichnung als korrumpierte Form in Nurestan erhalten. Alastair Dick (2016) hält es für möglich, dass waji über das mittelalterliche Prakrit vajji vom altindischen Sanskrit-Wort vadya für "Musikinstrument" abstammt.

Bauform

Die waji stellt eine einzigartige Mischform aus ein- oder mehrsaitigem Musikbogen mit angehängtem Resonator und Bogenharfe mit Korpus, also mit integriertem Resonator dar. Sie bildet ein entwicklungsgeschichtlich sehr altes Bindeglied zwischen beiden Instrumentenklassen. Aus Afrika sind mehrsaitige Musikbögen bekannt, bei denen zwischen einem halbrund gebogenen Stab eine Schnur Z-förmig hin und her gespannt ist, sodass sich drei oder mehr unterschiedlich lange Saiten ergeben. Eine andere Weiterentwicklung zu einem mehrsaitigen Instrument ist der afrikanische Pluriarc mit bis zu acht gebogenen Saitenträgern für jeweils eine Saite. Der Korpus der waji besteht aus einem bootsförmigen, in der Mitte taillierten Block aus Zedernholz von etwa 40 bis 45 Zentimetern Länge, der bis auf einen schmalen Rand ausgehöhlt wurde. Eine übliche Breite beträgt 11 Zentimeter, bei einer Gesamthöhe des Instruments um 40 Zentimeter. Über den Kasten ist eine ungegerbte Ziegen- oder Kalbshaut gespannt. Durch Löcher an den Rändern gezogene und zur Unterseite geführte Hautstreifen bleibt die Hautdecke gespannt.

Der kreisbogenförmig gekrümmte Saitenträger besteht aus einem festen dunklen Holz. Etwas außerhalb seiner Mitte liegt er in Längsrichtung auf der Decke, mit der er durch einen weiteren breiten, darüber gespannten Hautstreifen fest verbunden ist. So entsteht ein Kontaktbereich zwischen Saitenträger und Resonator, wie er beim Musikbogen in weniger fester Form durch die Stimmschlinge erzeugt wird. Vier, bei größeren Instrumenten mit bis zu 60 Zentimetern Länge fünf Saiten, werden am unteren Ende in gleichmäßigen Abständen durch Bohrlöcher gesteckt und am Stab festgebunden. Am oberen Ende werden die Saiten um den Saitenträger gewickelt und durch dicke Kordeln in ihrer Lage gehalten. Wie bei der saung gauk erfolgt die Stimmung durch Verschieben der Kordeln. Die Saiten bestehen aus einer Tiersehne (Rind oder Rehwild).

Nach der Hornbostel-Sachs-Systematik gehört die waji zu den Musikbögen, denn die Saiten können ohne Einbeziehung des Resonanzkörpers zwischen den Enden des Saitenträgers gespannt werden und sie sind außerdem nicht direkt auf dessen Decke befestigt. Den Übergang zur Harfe erreicht die waji dadurch, dass der Saitenträger teilweise unter die Hautdecke in den Korpus eintaucht und so das untere Ende des Stabs die Position der Aufhängeleiste bei der Harfe einnimmt. Die Saiten sind wie bei einer Harfe einzeln in einer Ebene gespannt, während bei mehrsaitigen Musikbögen stets eine einzelne Schnur durchgeschlauft wird.

Die Stimmung der Saiten ist nicht einheitlich und richtet sich nach einer diatonischen Skala. Nach unterschiedlichen Angaben liegt ein Halbton über oder unter zwei Ganztönen. Der auf dem Boden oder einem Stuhl sitzende Spieler hält die waji (ebenso wie ein Parhan seine bin-baja) zwischen den Knien quer vor dem Körper, wobei er mit seinem linken angewinkelten Arm das Instrument umfasst. Die Saiten befinden sich in annähernd waagrechter Position und werden mit einem Plektrum aus Pinienholz in der rechten Hand von innen gezupft. Das Zupfen geschieht üblicherweise in einen Auf- und Abwärtsbewegung über alle Saiten (bei der Gitarre strumming). Saiten, die nicht erklingen sollen, werden mit den von der Außenseite greifenden Fingern der linken Hand gedämpft. Diese Spielweise ist seit der Antike bekannt und wird auch bei der äthiopischen Leier krar und der am Roten Meer verbreiteten Leier simsimiyya praktiziert. Zum Melodieton addiert sich so ein geräuschhaftes rhythmisches Muster.

Kultureller Hintergrund und Spielweise
Die zwischen einer Handvoll und bis zu 400 Häusern großen Siedlungen in Nuristan liegen an terrassierten Steilhängen oder inmitten der (Weizen-)Felder in den Talsohlen. Die Passübergänge zwischen den Bergtälern sind oftmals Sprachgrenzen. Die Bewohner eines Gebiets können sich kaum mit ihren Nachbarn verständigen, falls nicht beide außer ihrer Muttersprache eine überregionale Sprache wie Persisch oder Paschtu beherrschen.
Die topographischen Gegebenheiten in Verbindung mit den abgeschottet voneinander lebenden Gemeinschaften haben zu unterschiedlichen lokalen Kulturformen geführt, folglich gibt es auch keine einheitliche nuristanische Musik. Gemeinsam ist den Nuristani, dass sie sich als Nachfahren der Armee Alexanders des Großen sehen. Ein weiteres gemeinsames Merkmal ist eine animistische Lokalreligion in Verbindung mit schamanischen Ritualen, die bis Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts praktiziert wurden und die für die muslimischen Ethnien der Umgebung die Nuristani als "primitive Wilde" und "Götzenverehrer" (kāfir) erscheinen ließ. So kam es zu der Fremdbezeichnung Kafiristan für das nuristanische Siedlungsgebiet; ein abwertender Begriff, der von den Briten des kolonialen Britisch-Indien übernommen wurde. Nach ihrer Unterwerfung durch den afghanischen Emir Abdur Rahman Khan 1896 wurde die Bevölkerung des vom Emir in Nuristan ("Land der Erleuchtung") umbenannten Gebietes nahezu vollständig islamisiert; bestimmte, mit der Religionsausübung verbundene Musikstile verschwanden zeitgleich mit dem Genuss von Wein. Erhalten blieben eine verfeinerte Holzschnitzkunst und eine ebenso hochstehende Tradition der Metallverarbeitung.

Die wichtigste Quelle zur vorislamischen Kultur ist das 1896 veröffentlichte Buch The Kafirs of the Hindu-Kush des britischen Kolonialbediensteten George Scott Robertson. Er beschreibt an einer Stelle einen Sänger, der einen monotonen Wechselgesang mit wenigen Silben zusammen mit einem anderen Mann vortrug und sich dazu variationslos, mit einem Plektrum über alle Saiten streichend auf seiner waji begleitete. Der zweite Sänger schlug dazu auf einer Holzschüssel den Rhythmus, zwei weitere Männer begannen einen immer schneller werdenden, lang andauernden Tanz. Das häufig vorkommende Wort "monoton" bei der Beschreibung der Musik hängt auch mit der kolonialen Attitüde des damaligen Beobachters zusammen.

Tatsächlich kreisen die Melodien um wenige Töne und der Tonumfang beträgt kaum mehr als eine Quarte, der mehrstimmige Gesang stellt jedoch die einzige ausgeprägte Polyphonie Zentralasiens dar. Die von der Außenwelt isolierte Musikkultur kennt dreistimmige Gesänge, die von Männern und Frauen meist getrennt vorgetragen werden. Gesang und instrumentale Begleitung ergeben eine komplexe Schichtung der melodischen und rhythmischen Muster. Ein Lied kann mit zwei Gesangsstimmen beginnen, die vom ostinaten Muster der Harfe unterstützt werden, später erweitert durch einen Chor, der an einem Sekundenintervall festhält. Schließlich wird der Rhythmus der Gruppe durch synkopisches Händeklatschen durchkreuzt. Allgemein sind Dissonanzen charakteristisch. Metren sind 6/8, seltener 5/8 und 4/4. Im Waigal-Tal ist ein polyphoner Stil beheimatet, der auf dem Wechselgesang (Call and Response) von erster Stimme (mit-alol), zweiter Stimme (at-alol) und Chor basiert. Im Parun-Tal antwortet der Chor auf eine Solostimme mit einer längeren Melodiefolge. Manche der polyphonen Gesänge werden von einer waji oder einer saringi (der lokalen Form der sarangi) begleitet.

Während sich die Melodien der einzelnen Lieder recht ähnlich sind, beinhalten die Texte epische Heldengeschichten aus der langen Tradition. Ein Sänger begleitet sich auf einer waji oder auf der Zupflaute urba. Die waji war früher bei allen Altersgruppen beliebt und häufig im Freien meist solo oder zusammen mit der Rahmentrommel bumbuk zu hören. Sie kann auch mit der schmalen zweisaitigen Fiedel saringi zusammenspielen, deren Saiten nach der waji gestimmt und stets ohne Unterbrechung zusammen gestrichen werden. Die auf der waji gespielten Melodien im Waigali-Tal bestehen meist aus schrittweisen Tonfolgen zur höchsten oder zur tiefsten Saite.

Zu den traditionellen Glaubensvorstellungen der Nuristani gehörten neben zahlreichen Göttern und als hilfreich gedachten Berggeistern eine noch wesentlich größere Zahl an niederen böswilligen Geistern. Die männlichen sucha und die gefährlicheren weiblichen suchi zum Beispiel waren bei den Waigal und den Ashkun gefürchtet, weil sie Neugeborene stehlen und Besessenheit verursachen sollten. Die denik (auch denilo) waren hexenartige Dämonen, die als nackte Frauen in Erscheinung treten konnten. Auch sie stahlen Babys sowie Butterschmalz (Ghee). Um die denik zu identifizieren trat ein mit magischen Fähigkeiten begabter Heiler in Aktion, der auf einer besonders gefertigten waji spielte. Ihr Korpus war mit einer Echsenhaut bespannt, gespielt wurde sie mit einem Vogelschnabel als Plektrum. Der Heiler nahm zum Spielen an einem Walnussbaum Platz, dem man die unteren Äste abgeschnitten hatte. Durch die Klänge hervorgelockt, erschien der denik als wild tanzende nackte Frau, die vergeblich versuchte, den Baum zu erklimmen. Auf solche Art bloßgestellt, verschwand der Geist aus dem Dorf.

Ab den 1960er Jahren begann eine Gruppe von Mullahs, die ihre islamische Ausbildung in einer Madrasa im Dorf Panjpir nahe der pakistanischen Stadt Mardan erhalten hatten und die deshalb Panjpiri genannt werden, in Nuristan ihren, mit den Zielen der indischen Deobandi verwandten "wahren Glauben" fundamentalistischer Prägung zu propagieren. Sie verbannten traditionelle Feste, Musik und Tanz aus dem öffentlichen Alltag.

In den 1970er Jahren war eine allgemeine Tendenz zur Modernisierung zu beobachten. Holzskulpturen an Häusern fanden vermehrt ihren Weg auf den internationalen Kunstmarkt, geduldet von der durch einen Staatsstreich 1978 an die Macht gekommenen kommunistischen Regierung, gegen die bewaffnete Nuristanis einen erfolglosen Aufstand begonnen hatten. Die Taliban legten überdies in den 1990er Jahren das musikalische Leben des gesamten Landes lahm. Heute werden waji im westlichen Kunsthandel für etwa 1000 Euro angeboten.

Literatur
 Thomas Alvad: The Kafir Harp. In: Man, Vol. 54. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Oktober 1954, S. 151–154
 Alastair Dick: Waji. In: Grove Music Online, 20. Januar 2016
 Maximilian Klimburg: A Collection of Kafir Art from Nuristan. A Donation by the Federal Republic of Germany to the National Museum of Afghanistan. In: Tribus. Veröffentlichungen des Linden-Museums Stuttgart, Nr. 30, November 1981, S. 155–202
 Maximilian Klimburg: The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush: Art and Society of the Waigal and Ashkun Kafirs. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 978-3515063081
 Christer Irgens Møller: Remnants of the Kafir Music of Nuristan – a Historical Documentation. (PDF; 4,7 MB) In: DSCA Journal, Danish Society for Central Asia's Electronic Quarterly, No. 2, Oktober 2005, S. 57–68
 Christer Irgens Møller: Music in Nuristan: Traditional Music from Afghanistan. (Jutland Archaeological Society Publications) Aaarhus University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-8788415582

Weblinks
  School of Music, Theatre & Dance, University of Michigan (Abbildung)
 Georg Morgenstierne: Song. pliktavlevering.no (enthält die Tonaufnahme eines einminütigen Liedfragments mit waji-Begleitung, aufgenommen vom norwegischen Indo-Iranisten Georg Morgenstierne 1968. Ebenfalls Aufnahmen von 1929 auf Wachswalzen in schlechterer Qualität)

Einzelnachweise

Musik (Afghanistan)
Harfenart