Flight restrictions vary worldwide, but the UK flight rules on items like scissors or lighters are quite startling. If you are curious about whether you can carry scissors or lighters on the plane, then keep reading.
Scissors: As a traveller, you may have considered scissors to be a big no-no in the hand luggage. But, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) website states that the size of the scissors decides whether it would be allowed on the flight in the hand luggage. So, small scissors under 6cm and round-ended/blunt scissors would be acceptable in the hold luggage. But, the large scissors with blades longer than 6cm would not be allowed on the flight.
Medicines: Next, let's check out what kind of medication is allowed onboard. The essential medicines over 100ml are allowed on the flight provided you carry the necessary documents (a doctor's note or a copy of the prescription) from a qualified medical professional. And, prescribed tablets, gel masks, and inhalers are all permitted. But liquids may be subject to extra screenings when going through security. Even medical equipment like the CPAP and TENS machines, hypodermic syringes, or oxygen cylinders are allowed onboard.
Lighters: Do you wish to pack a lighter? You can carry one lighter on board either in the hand luggage or on your person. But make sure that you place it inside a resealable plastic bag that is used for liquids. And, remember to keep it in the plastic bag throughout the flight.
Razors: Razors, the fixed-cartridge razor blades (disposable razors) are also allowed to be placed in the hand luggage in spite of having a blade.
Safety matches: You would be surprised that the safety matches also find a place in the hand luggage. But the non-safety matches are not permitted.
Other Personal Items: The FCO website lists some other personal items that can be carried in the hand luggage. So, you can pack spoons, nail clippers, tweezers, sewing needles, and knitting needles. Your umbrella, walking stick or cane, or walking aid can also be carried.
Flight restrictions can be confusing, so remember to check the official sources before you decide to pack items in your hand luggage.


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Home » Critical Essays » Death Memoirs and What They Impart to the Living
Death Memoirs and What They Impart to the Living
Author: Laura Haugen |
"We write about the dead to make sense of our losses, to become less haunted, to turn ghosts into words, to transform an absence into language," writes Edwidge Danticat in The Art of Death: Writing the Final Story. We look to death narratives and to the dying, she explains, "for some previously unknowable insights, which we hope they will pass on to us in some way."
It was in this spirit that I began reading Danticat's new book and continued through four other recent memoirs on death and dying. I was hoping to make sense of the sudden death of my childhood friend and the absence he left; I was intent on at least shrouding my grief in the pages of these darkest of themes. I wondered what wisdom or solace, what "previously unknowable insights" the writers could offer about their encounters with death and dying. It turns out: plenty, but they are the kind of insights that speak more to life and the living.
As Danticat reckons with the loss of her mother, she draws on the works of other writers across time—Toni Morrison, C.S. Lewis, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Leo Tolstoy, Albert Camus, Susan Sontag, and others—who explored the subject of death out of every motivation, from personal loss to curiosity to fear. Throughout the book, she invokes Mary Gordon's image of "circling" around the unfathomable death of a loved one in an effort to understand and get closer to the life lived and lost.
"These authors have provided me with hints, clues, maps that I hope might lead me to some still-undiscovered 'other side,' which is often mislabeled as closure," she says.
For Danticat, facing her mother's death also meant reflecting on their relationship and their past, just as her mother did in her final days, recording on cassette tapes for her children some parting words, memories, and advice for living. One of the insights that would run through all these memoirs is this paradox—how death clarifies, or brings into relief the bright, pulsing parts of one's life, their urgency and significance to grasp and convey to others.
"We cannot write about death without writing about life," Danticat says. "Stories that start at the end of life often take us back to the past, to the beginning—or to some beginning—to unearth what there was before, what will be missed, what will be lost."
In her work as a hospice chaplain, Kerry Egan helped her dying patients take stock of their lives, of all that they needed to unearth, sift through, and hold up to the light. Her memoir, On Living, recounts some of the poignant revelations they shared with her, like secret loves and hurts, and regrets about not enjoying life more fully. "If I had only known, I would have danced more," she heard. One patient, Egan recalls, held up her hands to admire them, saying she will most miss her own body, the one that "carried me through this world," that danced and swam and made babies, and that she never appreciated until faced with leaving it.
As I read, I circled into my grief from these more general and philosophical reflections on death to the most intimate first-hand accounts of dying, three stunning memoirs: Paul Kalanithi's When Breath Becomes Air, Cory Taylor's Dying: A Memoir, and Nina Riggs' The Bright Hour. Each story opens more or less with "the ordinary instant" that Joan Didion so aptly expressed, the deceptively mundane moment that changed their lives irrevocably—Kalanithi's lung cancer diagnosis when he thought he was simply fatigued, Taylor's melanoma first noted in a mole on her leg, and Riggs' "one small spot" found in her breast that began her battle with breast cancer.
Kalanithi describes the moment as life-shattering: "It felt less like an epiphany—a piercing burst of light, illuminating What Really Matters—and more like someone had just firebombed the path forward." Riggs describes all the contradictory feelings surfacing at once: "I'm terrified. I'm fine. The world is changed and exactly as before."
All three of these authors lift the veil back on the dark subject of illness, death, and one's agency—or lack thereof—in confronting the end of life and exploring the unknown. All push the conversation deeper, into the achingly personal as well as the universal. Taylor writes: "For so many of us, death has become the unmentionable thing, a monstrous silence."
Like Danticat's mother and Egan's patients, Kalanithi, Taylor, and Riggs also delve into their life stories, their troves of memories, regrets, and wishes. All seem to move toward an acceptance and awed appreciation of their lives in all the untidy and complicated ways they played out.
"The problem with reverie is that you always assume you know how the unlived life turns out," Taylor writes. "It is impossibly free of setbacks and mishaps."
Later, she elaborates on the lived experience she grew to cherish: "When you're dying, even your unhappiest memories can induce a sort of fondness, as if delight is not confined to the good times, but is woven through your days like a skein of gold thread."
Taylor says she'll miss her husband and children most, but there's more: "The long answer is the world and everything in it: wind, sun, rain, snow, and all the rest."
Riggs shares a similar conclusion after trying to pare her life down to the essential in her dying days and realizing there is so much she can't bear to give up:
I want all of it—all the things to do with living—and I want them to keep feeling messy and confusing and even sometimes boring. The carpool line and the backpacks and the light that fills the room in the building where I wait while the kids take piano lessons. The sound of my extended family laughing downstairs.
I was not prepared for the final passages of each breath-taking memoir, knowing the inevitable drew near with every turn of the page. Whether a sign of a life well-lived or of the cruelty of death, it seems the authors were not ready to say goodbye either. ("I am not done becoming me," Riggs writes in her last days. "I am still in the works.")
In the end, I found little solace or closure in these memoirs on death; in fact, they underscored for me the profound unfairness of a beautiful life cut short. But their searing honesty and courage and insight kept my grief company. They allowed me to weep, rage, admit my fear. They helped me reflect on my life and settle into the living I have left to do. These stories changed me—I am more apt to savor the sound of laughter in the house and how the light streams into the room and the way these hands now reach and type and create. I see, as Riggs writes: "The beautiful, vibrant, living world goes on."
Tags:Cory Taylor, death, dying, Dying: A Memoir, Edwidge Danticat, Kerry Egan, memoir, Nina Riggs, On Living, Paul Kalanithi, The Art of Death, The Bright Hour, When Breath Becomes Air
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Laura Haugen
Laura Haugen is a writer, a global nomad, and a former diplomat. Her writing has appeared in December, Creative Nonfiction, River Teeth's "Beautiful Things," Carve, and Brain, Child. She currently writes from Dubai and tweets @lhaugenwrites.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home Politics
Protests trail APGA Rep primaries in Anambra
Some aspirants of the Federal House of Representative seeking to contest on the platform on All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) in Anambra have condemned the primaries in some constituencies.
The aspirants who spoke to newsmen in Awka on Wednesday described the exercise as a `charade and rape of democratic principle'.
Mr Ebele Onyekwelu, an aspirant for Idemili North and South Federal Constituency said there was no primary as claimed but charade which was aimed at delivering a preferred candidate.
Onyekwelu said aspirants did not know who the delegates were as the list of those who emerged from the ward congresses was not displayed for all to see as provided by party guidelines.
He claimed that those who voted at the primary were not party members and that he did not know them adding that this led him and many statutory delegates to stage a walkout.
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He said the result sheet that the umpire displayed was a duplicate copy which was not signed noting that the ballot papers fell short of the number of delegates.
"What happened was a charade and a rape on democracy, justice and good conscience, the whole thing was skewed in favour of a particular candidate.
"We had ward congresses to elect the delegates, result of that congress was not published, so no candidate knew who the delegates were until at the primary ground.
"Majority of the so-called delegates we saw was not party members, I do not know most of those that voted, and some of the statutory delegates were barred from entering the primary arena.
"I had to walk out on the exercise because about seven ward chairmen, nine women leaders and 10 youth leaders were not allowed to go in, again, the number of accredited voters was not announced," he said.
Onyekwelu called the party leadership to urgently address the injustice done to him and other genuine members of the party adding that their reaction would determine his next moves.
"I am an APGA member, we built the party, I am still in the party but events in the coming days will determine our next move, they should retrace their step and avoid counting losses in the coming election," he said.
A chieftain of the party, Mr Henry Ezenwa, a delegate in the exercise said nobody can in good conscience say that a primary election held in the constituency.
Ezenwa, a former council Chairman of Idemili South, corroborated that most eligible delegates were denied access to the venue and called for outright condemnation and cancellation.
READ ALSO: Lagos APC guber: NWC's panel makes U-turn, declares Sanwo-Olu winner
"We were not told the time for the election, we got to the venue at about 10 am and until about 4.30 pm, nothing happened.
"The place was flooded by thugs, most ad-hoc delegates were not sure of their status because no list was displayed anywhere, even some statutory delegates were not allowed to enter the venue.
"I want tell the leadership of APGA that if they consider what happened yesterday as an election, then they do have the fear of God.
"I have never seen anything like that that, even the other bigger parties we accuse have not taken impunity to this level.
"Let me also drum it to the ears of these so-called preferred candidates that it is still too early for him to rejoice but he is a product of a flawed process.
"We shall give the party the opportunity to remedy these anomalies; we shall explore all peaceful and legal means to seek redress," he said.
Another aspirant, Mr Raymond Okoli seeking the party's nomination in Nnewi North, Nnewi South and Ekwusigo Federal Constituency told newsmen that the exercise was marred with late arrival of officials and shortage of ballot papers.
Okoli accused the party leadership of not proving free and fair playing field for all contestants but skewing the process to favour a preferred candidate.
"He said the aspirants had to disrupt the process following confusion over the number of cleared candidates for the primary.
"The leadership of APGA is messing up the party, this was not the APGA of our dream, all we wanted was a free and fair contest but even that they could not give us.
"I dare to say that APGA is dying, a cabal has hijacked the party and I am afraid if the party can survive after all this impunity they have allowed to take place.
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"The constituency has been compromised, we the aspirants don't have the delegate list which we all paid for, the party leadership has a preferred candidate and that is why it is not free and fair," he said.
In his reaction, Joseph Nwabueze, Chairman of the Electoral Committee for the primary in the federal constituency, described the exercise as `free, fair and credible'.
Nwabueze said he followed the guidelines for the primary as set by the National Working Committee of APGA and that nobody was right to accuse his committee of bias.
"The venue is the right place, we called out the names of delegates three times, accredited them and they voted, those protesting the process are not fair," he said.
Tags: APGAjoseph nwabuezemr ebele onyekwelumr raymond okoli
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The Best Way to Start or End Your Working Day!
I'm Paul, founder and owner of CAP Business Clubs.
I have a passion for networking and provide an affordable networking environment for small businesses in the Forest of Dean and surrounding area. My mission is simple; to facilitate weekly meetings to help others gain useful contacts, valuable knowledge and help generate quality leads. In short - Collaborate And Prosper.
Networking is a fantastic opportunity to achieve faster and more efficient growth when used properly. Here at CAP we have everything from start ups to the well established and experienced...and everything in between. Members work together for mutual benefit, recommending to others with confidence.
It truly is a pleasure to be a part of this fantastic journey, I'm always happy to chat if you think there is a fit for you. Why not give me a call on 01594 723120 or 07811 981929 for a no obligation chat.
Q: Is CAP for me?
A: The best way to find out is visit us for free! (No obligation) Get in touch today!
A: Each CAP club meets once a week.
Q: How many CAP clubs are there?


KEY DAY and another Happy Client!
My favorite Day....KEY DAY!!! So wonderful to work with one of my Best Girlfriends who I've known for many years!! CongratulationsKim Bishop. I couldn't be happier for you!! From offer and acceptance through inspection to final walk throughs.... it was truly a joy working with you!!! I LOVE your attitude and appreciated your relaxed state of mind throughout the buying process!!
Kim bought a home in the Villebois Community in Wilsonville. A new construction townhouse so she got to pick out all her colors and start from the ground up!!!!
Signing Day. She's done this before so she didn't have a whole lot of questions. Fidelity Title was Great to work with!
Kim found this one on her own.
My favorite pictures!! I got her this red sign because she is a Veteran. She had a VA Loan and it was a smooth process!!
So much fun!! She's moving in this weekend and I can't wait to go visit her in a couple weeks when she is settled in!!!
Thank you Kim for trusting me with your real estate needs!!


I've been going to Sand Mountain for over thirty years, and have primarily focused on playing in the sand. But with UTVs being so versatile, we have started to explore in the desert sometimes as well.
On a recent trip, our group brought along our dirt tires and decided to go do some exploring. I love destinations so we put a few spots on our radar. I hadn't done any prep work for this, but have been to each of these locations at least once in the past. Our route took us south of Hwy 50 and the long way to our lunch stop at Middlegate Station. On the way back we went the more direct route north of Hwy 50 back into the "End of the World" at the Sand Mountain Recreation Area.
The Project Shoal site was the location of a nuclear test that took place in 1963. The 12 kiloton nuclear device was detonated in granite rock at a depth of 1211 feet. The monument is located south of Sand Mountain and we approached the site from the southwest.
Middlegate Station, a historic eatery created in the 19th century as a stop on the Pony Express. They have great burgers, a bar and also fuel. They do not have 91 octane though, so be prepared if you are running a turbo.
Middlegate also has a motel, RV Park, and a free camping area.
End of the World at Sand Mountain is always fun. Strange to have 4 of our old RZRs and an old 400ex here!
End of the World is at the east end of Sand Mountain Recreation Area and is right above where the sand dunes end and the desert valley begins.
There used to be monuments left here until the BLM had them removed. But either way this is a great view spot to look down on Sand Mountain from the east.
Do you have a destination rides from Sand Mountain that you'd like to share? Please send us a DM on Instagram or Facebook, we'd love to hear about them!


Adobe Systems Inc. is marking the 10th birthday of its Photoshop Elements product line by zooming in on social networking and mobility in the latest upgrade of the photo and video editing software.
Photoshop Elements 10 photo editing software gives users the ability to tag photos based on their Facebook friends list, integrating photo editing with social networking. Similarly, users can upload finished video projectsdirectly to Facebook and YouTube with Adobe's new Premiere Elements 10 video editing software.
"(Adobe)recognizes there have to be sharing and… social aspects to theirconsumer imaging strategy. So it's no mystery they'd be adding thesekinds of tags and hooks and the likes to their products. It really hasbecome now one of those things that, rightly or wrongly, are obligatoryin these sorts of products," says Jay Vleeschhouwer, a software analyst at Griffin Securities Inc. in New York.
Adobeis also tapping into the mobile device market, noting in its launchrelease that Elements 10 is designed so developers can createtablet and other mobile apps for on-the-go use of the PhotoshopElements 10 product lines. It follows the trend of consumers usingvarious mobile devices and technologies, not just traditional cameras,to shoot, edit and share photos or video.
A 2010 British survey by rightmobilephone.co.uk(a site that compares mobile phone plans and prices) found that half ofthose polled did not own a digital camera; 79 per cent of thoserespondents said they use their mobile phone for taking picturesinstead. In a 2007 study by Nokia Corp., 44 per cent of camera phone owners surveyed said they use their cell phone as their main digital camera.
"The world is much more connected. All our customers are starting toget more devices. They have a PC but they also probably have asmartphone. They may even have a tablet in the mix, multiple devices.All these devices are quite capable of dealing with their images andtheir video, and having all these devices connected together is veryimportant," says Bob Gager, Elements group product manager atAdobe.
Adobeis also using the Elements 10 launch to drive customers to ElementsPlus, its online service that includes 20GB of storage for sharing andautomatic backup, which works out to up to 15,000 photos or four hoursof DVD quality video. Elements Plus also includes access to Adobe'slibrary of tutorials, artwork, templates, movie theme songs andeffects.
Online services like Elements Plus are part ofAdobe's effort to expand beyond imaging software to open up newrecurring revenue streams for the company.
Vleeschhouwerwrites about Adobe's move toward mobile and online services in a recentresearch note on the company's new Carousel photo app for viewing,sharing, processing and editing photos on all iOS mobile devices.
"Evena relatively small adoption and renewal rate in the addressable market(the millions of iPad and Mac users in the case of Carousel)…there is the potential for adding low-to-mid-eight figures of revenue or morewhich, collectively, would add points to [Adobe's] corporate growth inthe coming years," he writes in the Sept. 8 note.
In the way of imaging andediting improvements, Elements 10 comes with 30 new Smart Brush visualeffects that can be applied to photos by simply selecting orhighlighting areas of a picture. For video aficionados, PremiereElements 10 has tools to correct visual clarity and colour in a moviewith just one click.
Both Elements 10 and Premiere Elements 10 are equipped with new search and organizing tools.By simply drawing a box around an object in a photo, Object Search canfind other photos containing the same object based on their visualcontent.
Photoshop Elements 10 and Premiere Elements 10 areavailable together as a bundle for a suggested retail price of $149.99for first-time users or $119.99 for past users of any earlier version.
Adobeposted third-quarter earnings of $195.1 million or 39 cents per shareon Tuesday, down from $230.1 million or 44 cents per share a yearearlier. Excluding some costs, Q3 profit was 55 cents a share, toppingthe 54 cents estimated by analysts. Adobe stock closed at $24.64 onNasdaq Tuesday, down from a closing price of $25.27 on Monday. But theshares were trending higher in early after hours Nasdaq trading (5 p.m.ET) after Tuesday's earnings release.


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\section{Introduction}
\label{section label}
Wireless communication system deployment in a highly reflecting and complex propagation environments such as in a metal enclosure or in a compact box environment is extremely challenging \cite{lodro2021near}\cite{lodro2020near}. Near-field MIMO for high-data rate communication is becoming important for applications like wireless chip-to-chip communication and wireless network-on-chip (WNoC) \cite{shamim2016wireless,chen2007inter,lodro2020near,radi2020demonstration,timoneda2018channel, phang2018near}. Traditionally, near-field communication is used for short-range, low-rate and power-constraint application using magnetically coupled loop antennas\cite{kim2017review}. Near-field magnetic induction (NFMI) communication also uses magnetically coupled loop antennas for data transfer\cite{kim2016near}. However, such near-field communication systems operate in high permittivity medium such as underground \cite{guo2020performance}\cite{tan2015wireless}, biological masses \cite{wen2021channel} and underwater environment\cite{akyildiz2015realizing}\cite{li2019survey}. Near-field communication in such environment are sensitive to alignment errors, and offer limited data-rate. This scenario represents a complex propagation environment where in addition to LOS there exists rich-scattering as well as forward propagation through high permittivity materials. Near-field MIMO digital communication system design in such environment is considerably challenging and exposes the benefits of MIMO signal processing \cite{mikki2020theory}. There are channel modeling and characterization efforts for applications like wireless chip-to-chip communication, however, end-to-end near-field MIMO BER performance is not demonstrated. Rx power measurements in the near-field and the path-loss measurements are very rare in the literature. There is significant gap on the assessment of the effect of near-field coupling on the performance of wireless communication system. We check the performance of near-field MIMO communication system in terms of EVM and BER measurements in various scenarios in stirred metal enclosure environment. The near-field MIMO communication scenarios in presence of rich-scattering may arise in different applications such as industry environment, animal cages \cite{sharma2019wideband}, ICT equipment \cite{ohira2011experimental}, Kiosks \cite{he2017stochastic}, computer chassis \cite{redfield2011understanding}, metal cabinets \cite{khademi2015channel} and wireless inter-board communication\cite{karedal2007characterization}\cite{gelabert2011experimental}.
We previously presented OTA testing of QPSK receiver for the performance of baseband receiver design stages and the measurements were performed in a metal enclosure with all baseband receiver design stages \cite{lodro2020near}. In \cite{lodro2021near}, we conducted near-field EVM measurements in a metal enclosure using a single transmit and a single receive antenna. We transmitted non high throughput (nonHT) IEEE 802.11a OFDM packets for all modulation and coding techniques (MCS0-MCS7) in metal enclosure in different loading conditions. The measurement were performed with single channel full-duplex PlutoSDR from Analog Devices. In contrast this work uses two channel and a high performance full-duplex X310 USRP from Ettus Research for EVM and end-to-end BER measurements in metal enclosure in different channel conditions. Based on the application requirements X310 USRP can be interfaced with different RF cards such WBX and UBX-160. We used two UBX-160 per X310 USRP which can offer effective bandwidth of 160 MHz.
 We have organized our paper into five sections. Section I is an introduction that highlights the near-field measurements in metal enclosure. Section II is about X310 USRP based 2x2 near-field MIMO measurement prototype which discusses experimental setup including USRPs, metal enclosure, the type of antennas, and the mode-stirrer. Section III is about the measurement process and the important prototype development steps and measurement stages. Section IV is about experimental results in four different metal enclosure scenarios. It contains a detailed discussion about the near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements and presents two-channel measurement data. Section V concludes the study and presents future extensions of the prototype and recommendations about near-field measurement scenarios.
\vspace{-0.35cm}
\section{Measurement Setup}
\label{sec:measurement_setup}
The measurement setup consists of two X310 USRPs, four wideband antennas, a mode-stirrer, and a high-performance Intel Xeon PC with P400-quadro NVIDIA GPU. We have used a brass metal enclosure with dimensions of $h\times \ell \times w$ of $45\,cm\times 37\,cm\times 55\,cm$. The metal enclosure is a perfectly reflecting environment and when excited at 5.6 GHz it produces rich multipath fading environment.
Near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurement is performed using wideband antennas at frequency of 5.6 GHz in the metal enclosure. The distance between transmitter and receiver $D$ is kept fixed at $50\, mm$ and the distances between transmit antenna elements $d_t$ and receive antenna elements $d_r$ is also kept fixed at $d_t=d_r=45\, mm$ for all RF measurements. The overall MIMO measurement setup for near-field BER and EVM measurement is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:overallmeasurementsetup} where vertically polarized ultra wideband (UWB) transmit and receive antennas are mounted on the metal lid of the enclosure such that Tx and Rx antennas face each other. This scenario depicts a confined propagation environment where Tx and Rx are deployed in the near-field expecting direct coupling as well as rich-scattering introduced by a metal enclosure. Tx and Rx UWB antennas are connected to Tx and Rx X310 USRPs. Data transfer between the host PC and the USRPs takes place over 1 Gigabit Ethernet cable. Real-time streaming of the IQ data is important for EVM and end-to-end BER performance and check the effect of channel in configuration. The presence of any dropped samples i.e. overflows at the receiver introduces inconsistent and intractable performance. In our measurement, we didn't observe any underflow and overflow when the Tx and Rx ports were configured to transfer IQ data to the host PC at sampling rates of 400 ksps. Therefore, the two channel EVM and the BER were function of hardware-impairments and the channel conditions in the enclosure.
\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{overallmeasurementsetup.jpg}
    \caption{Overall USRP-based 2x2 near-field MIMO measurement setup for BER and EVM measurement.}
    \label{fig:overallmeasurementsetup}
\end{figure}
Fig. \ref{fig:overallmeasurementsetup} shows the overall measurement setup which consists of two host PCs, two USRPs, Octoclock-G, metal enclosure, and ultra-wideband antennas.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\columnwidth]{measurementsetup.jpg}}\hfill
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\columnwidth]{frontview.jpg}}\\
     \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\columnwidth]{sideview.jpg}}\hfill
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\columnwidth]{topview.jpg}}
    \caption{2x2 MIMO BER and EVM measurement setup inside cavity (a) MIMO antennas and inside view of cavity (b) front view of antennas (c) side view of antennas (d) top view of antennas.}
    \label{fig:insidecavity_views}
\end{figure}
Fig. \ref{fig:insidecavity_views} shows an internal view of the metal enclosure including a stirrer, UWB antennas attached to the metal enclosure lid. This also shows the front-view, side-view, and top-view of broadband MIMO antenna configurations. Holes in the metal panel other than used for different Tx and Rx inter-element spacing created for convenience have been covered with metal tape for RF shielding so that the measurements are not affected by external RF signals.
BER measurement is performed using the QPSK receiver. Before running the model USRPs were frequency calibrated. Frequency offset of 17.19 Hz was found using frequency calibration transmitter and receiver baseband models which is tractable by coarse frequency compensation block in the baseband receiver.
The transmit baseband models consists of frame generation which contains upsampled Barker-13 code as frame header plus payload corresponding to ASCII equivalent of '$\mathrm{Hello\, World}\#\#\#$' where $\#\#\#$ is repeating sequence from 001 to 099. The generated frames are QPSK-modulated with Gray mapping. The QPSK-modulated symbols are upsampled by transmit raise cosine filter producing baseband rate of 400 ksps at the transmitter. Transmit USRP sample rate should match with baseband sampling rate by setting DAC clock rate of 200 MHz with interpolation factor of 500 or DAC clock rate of 20 MHz and interpolation factor of 100. In nutshell, USRP sampling rate is selected as:
\begin{equation}
    \mathrm{Sampling\, Rate=\frac{DAC \left(ADC\right)\, Clock\, Rate}{Interpolation\, \left(Decimation\right)}}
\end{equation}
Over-the-air transmitted QPSK waveform is received by Rx USRP with sample rate of 400 ksps for the baseband processing that takes place in MATLAB session. The baseband QPSK receiver consists of different stages for BER measurements and the information recovery. The baseband receiver stages are AGC, coarse-frequency compensation stage, fine-frequency compensation stage, timing recovery, frame synchronization, phase-ambiguity  resolution, and data-recovery stage. We measured EVM after the fine-frequency stage where the received signal is compensated for negative or positive frequency offsets.  BER measurement is critical KPI for complete end-to-end system performance. The QPSK baseband transmitter and receiver Simulink models are configured for EVM and BER conditions in a MATLAB script. The Tx gain of the USRP changes after the current iteration of BER and EVM measurement is finished. The BER and EVM measurements ares stored in a database for further offline processing and statistical analysis.
\vspace{-0.25cm}
\section{Measurement Process and Loading of Enclosure}
We used transmitter and receiver baseband models with QPSK modulation for over-the-air-transmission. After the Tx and Rx USRPs are initialized and configured in MIMO mode, the Tx and Rx QPSK baseband models are also configured to operate in MIMO communication. Baseband transmitter generates two-column QPSK modulated waveforms that are passed to X310 USRP for over-the-air transmission in metal enclosure. Two-column QPSK modulated waveforms represent each channel of the USRP. Digital samples from host PC to USRP for upconversion and transmission are transferred using 1Gig Ethernet cable. Another X310 USRP captures the received signals which are digital down-converted and passed to host PC for baseband processing and two channel BER and EVM measurements. Measurements are conditioned only to proceed when there are no underruns and overruns respectively. Underruns and overruns affect the reliability of KPI measurements particularly two-channel BER measurements. Underruns and overruns depends on the base sampling rates of the USRP, waveform design, speed of the cable connecting USRP and host PC, simulation time and the data-logging techniques in baseband software. X310 USRP can offer higher sampling rates to stream the data to and from host PC, but in most of the cases sample rates limited by the speed of Ethernet cable or the general purpose processors are not configured to handle maximum sampling rates of the USRPs. The Simulink Tx and Rx baseband models were configured to stop in case of any single underrun and/or overruns event occurs. USRP Tx gain is configured in Simulink and programmatically controlled so that two-channel near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements are performed without lifting the metal lid off and creating any possibility of changing EM environment and propagation conditions. The propagation environment can be changed after the BER and EVM measurements are performed. The flowchart of the measurement process is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:flowchart_ber_evm} which shows the critical design and measurement steps.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{flow_chart_2x2.pdf}
    \caption{Flowchart of MIMO BER and EVM measurement.}
    \label{fig:flowchart_ber_evm}
\end{figure}

\vspace{-0.25cm}
\section{Experimental Results and Discussions}
In this section, we present near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurement results in different scenarios. Measurements are performed in an empty enclosure in the presence of a static mode-stirrer and the near-field MIMO BER and EVM results are presented when the mode-stirrer is moving continuously. In the third scenario, we present near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements in the presence of MIMO interference. MIMO interference is continuously generated using B210 USRP at sampling rates of 400 ksps. Baseband interference signals were generated in GNU Radio and passed to B210 USRP for the repeated transmission.
\subsection{Near-field MIMO BER and EVM in Empty Enclosure}
In this scenario 2x2 MIMO setup is investigated for BER and EVM measurements in stationary channel conditions. This scenario has direct coupling and as well as rich scattering.
\begin{table}
\centering
  \caption{2x2 near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurement in the metal enclosure. Maximum power gain of AGC is set to 60 and RF frequency is 5.6 GHz.}
  \begin{tabular}{|c|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
    \hline
    \multirow{3}{*}{\thead{Tx Gain\\ (dB)}} &
      \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Channel 1} &
      \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Channel 2} \\
   \cline{2-7} & Prx(dB)&\thead{EVM\\ ($\%$)}&BER&Prx(dB)&\thead{EVM\\ ($\%$)}&BER \\
    \hline
    2 & -71 & 87& 3e-2& -68& 81 &7e-3\\
    4&-69&84&7e-3&-66&77&3e-3\\
    6&-67&79&2e-3&-64&70&2e-3\\
    8&-61&58&3e-3&-61&61&4e-3\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
  \label{tab:ber_evm_60}
\end{table}
Table. \ref{tab:ber_evm_60} shows BER and EVM measurements of two USRP channels at frequency of 5.6 GHz and AGC gain of 60. It can be seen that the BER and EVM of two USRP channels improves as the TX gain of the USRP is increased.
\begin{table}
\centering
 \caption{2x2 near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurement in the metal enclosure. Maximum power gain of AGC is set to 80 and RF frequency is 5.6 GHz.}
  \begin{tabular}{|c|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
    \hline
    \multirow{3}{*}{\thead{Tx Gain \\(dB)}} &
      \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Channel 1} &
      \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Channel 2} \\
   \cline{2-7} & Prx($\mathrm{dB}$)&\thead{EVM\\ ($\%$)}&BER&Prx(dB)&\thead{EVM \\($\%$)}&BER \\
    \hline
   2&-67&22&3.4e-2&-68&20&5.3e-3\\
   4&-65&17&5.1e-3&-66&18&4.7e-3\\
   6&-63&14&9.3e-3&-64&15&9.3e-3\\
   8&-61&13&5.4e-3&-61&13&5.1e-3\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}

 \label{tab:ber_evm_80}
\end{table}
Table \ref{tab:ber_evm_80} shows BER and EVM measurement of two USRP channels at a frequency of 5.6 GHz and AGC gain of 80. It can be seen that the BER and EVM of the two USRP channels improve as the Tx gain of the USRP is increased. A noticeable difference in the measured BER and EVM values can be observed for AGC gain of 60 and 80 respectively. For both the cases BER and EVM values improve however, the BER values decrease faster for AGC gain value of 80. This is because of the extra increase in the AGC gain.
\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Ch1_2_60.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Ch1_8_60.pdf}\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Ch2_2_60.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Ch2_8_60.pdf}
    \caption{Channel 1 and channel 2 QPSK constellation diagram at 5.6 GHz. AGC gain=60, Rx Gain=0 dB and Tx Gain varied from 2 dB to 8 dB with step of 2 dB.}
    \label{fig:const_carrier_60}
\end{figure}
Fig, \ref{fig:const_carrier_60} shows QPSK constellation diagram of two USRP channels. Measured QPSK constellations shown in this work are recorded after carrier frequency synchronization. The QPSK constellation diagram is recorded after carrier synchronization for different Tx gain values of the USRPs. It can be seen that the USRP channel 2 is better than USRP channel 1. Additionally, the two USRP channel QPSK constellation diagram improves as the Tx gain of the USRP increases which corresponds to improved BER and EVM measurements.

Similar to the theoretical predictions and previous measurements, the two USRP channel QPSK constellation diagrams improve as the Tx gain of the USRP increases which corresponds to improved BER and EVM measurements. The measurements are performed at stationary channel conditions when the mode-stirrer was off. The mode-stirrer rotation has direct implications on the measured BER and EVM values because when the mode-stirrer rotates channel becomes non-stationary. The channel power gain of the MIMO communication link varies drastically as a result AGC at the receiver tries to compensate low and high gain values to stabilize the received signal for carrier frequency offset correction. Hence EVM measurement of two USRP channels is not stationary because of time-varying channel power gain and time-varying frequency offset. The same measurements were repeated when the mode-stirrer was turned on. In the presence of mode-stirrer rotation the MIMO channel is time-varying, therefore the constellation diagram and MIMO digital receiver KPIs are also time-varying.
\vspace{-0.15cm}
\subsection{EVM Measurements Moving Stirrer}
EVM measurements of two USRP channel is measured when the stirrer is continuously moving. The movement of the stirrer creates a time-varying channel which has a direct implication on two-channel EVM. Figure \ref{fig:const_carrier_60_stirr_on} shows QPSK constellation diagram of two USRP channels. It can be seen that the QPSK constellation diagrams are also time-varying as the mode-stirrer rotates the received power values changes whose effect is visualized in the form of constellation diagram with low and high gain values. This means the BER and EVM are also time-varying. Average BER and EVM of two USRP channels is summarized in table \ref{tab:ber_evm_time_varying}. Fig. \ref{fig:ch12_EVM} shows time-varying EVM of two USRP channels for Tx gain values from 2 dB to 8 dB respectively. It can be seen that the USRP channel 1 EVM has a high variation in max and min values of EVM. USRP channel 2 is more stable. For the Tx gain value of 2 dB (see Fig.\ref{fig:ch12_evm_2dB}), the standard deviation of channel 1 EVM is $\sigma_{ch1}=1.93$ and the standard of channel 2 EVM is $\sigma_{ch2}=1.01$.
Similarly, for the Tx gain of 8 dB(see Fig. \ref{fig:ch12_evm_8dB}), the standard deviation of channel 1 is $\sigma_{1}=1.11$ and the standard deviation of channel 2 is $\sigma_{2}=0.414$. The standard deviation of channel 1 is higher for all the Tx gain values. Note that the possible cable faults were ruled out by exchanging the two USRP channels which resulted in exactly similar performance. In other words, USRP channel 1 EVM was better than USRP channel 2 EVM. In this way we precisely restricted our two-channel EVM and BER values to be a function of propagation environment.
\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.22\linewidth]{Ch1_2_60_on.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.22\linewidth]{Ch1_4_60_on.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.22\linewidth]{Ch1_6_60_on.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.22\linewidth]{Ch1_8_60_on.pdf}\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.22\linewidth]{Ch2_2_60_on.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.22\linewidth]{Ch2_4_60_on.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.22\linewidth]{Ch2_6_60_on.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.22\linewidth]{Ch2_8_60_on.pdf}
    \caption{Channel 1 and channel 2 QPSK constellation diagram at 5.6GHz in mode-stirred metal enclosure. AGC gain=60 dB, Rx Gain=0 dB and Tx Gain varied from 2 dB to 8 dB with step of 2 dB.}
    \label{fig:const_carrier_60_stirr_on}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \subfloat[\label{fig:ch12_evm_2dB}]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{EVM12_2_60_on.pdf}}\\

    \subfloat[\label{fig:ch12_evm_8dB}]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{EVM12_8_60_on.pdf}}
    \caption{Channel 1 and channel 2 instantaneous EVM measurement at 5.6GHz in mode-stirred metal enclosure. AGC gain=60 dB, Rx Gain=0 dB and Tx Gain varied from 2 dB to 8 dB with step of 2 dB.}
    \label{fig:ch12_EVM}
\end{figure}
\begin{table}
\centering
 \caption{Two Channel BER and EVM measurement in mode-stirred metal enclosure at 5.6GHz. Maximum AGC=60, Rx Gain=0 dB and Tx Gain is varied from 2 dB to 8 dB with step of 2 dB.}
  \begin{tabular}{|c|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
    \hline
    \multirow{4}{*}{\thead{Tx Gain \\(dB)}} &
      \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Channel 1} &
      \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Channel 2} \\
   \cline{2-7} & \thead{Avg.\\ Prx(dB)}&\thead{Avg.\\EVM \\($\%$)}&BER&\thead{Avg.\\ Prx(dB)}&\thead{Avg.\\ EVM\\($\%$)}&BER \\
    \hline
   2&-69&59&1.4e-2&-69&67&5.2e-3\\
   4&-65&49&7.3e-3&-67&59&8.3e-4\\
   6&-63&37&5.7e-3&-65&48&0\\
   8&-61&23&1.6e-3&-63&33&0\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
 \label{tab:ber_evm_time_varying}
\end{table}
\subsection{EVM Measurements in the presence of Interference}
2x2 MIMO EVM measurements are presented in the presence of MIMO interference as a function of interference gain values. QPSK receiver is tested in the presence of MIMO interference generated by B210 USRP. The measurement setup is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:topview_panel_int} which shows MIMO antenna configuration and MIMO antenna interference antennas attached to the enclosure lid. B210 USRP which generated MIMO interference can also be seen on the enclosure lid. We used GNU Radio based signals and transmitted by B210 USRP as a source of interference. B210 USRP is a full-duplex fully-coherent 2x2 MIMO transceiver with integrated RF agile direct conversion transceiver AD9361 chip. B210 USRP has RF coverage from 70 MHz to 6 GHz and it supports instantaneous bandwidth of 56 MHz in 1x1 configuration and 30.72 MHz instantaneous bandwidth in 2x2 configuration. The Tx and Rx antennas are placed at a distance of 50 mm and the inter-element distance between transmit and receiving elements is 45 mm. The MIMO interference signal which is white Gaussian noise is generated using B210 USRP. Fig. \ref{fig:const_qpsk_60_int} shows QPSK constellation diagram in the presence of interference. It can be seen that the USRP channel 1 and USRP channel 2 constellation diagram degrades as the interference increases. However, the QPSK constellation diagram can be improved by increasing the Tx gain of the communication link USRP with the direct implication of increasing the signal-to-interference-plus-noise power ratio (SINR). Fig. \ref{fig:EVM_int_10dB} shows measured EVM of channel 1 and channel 2. It's clear that EVM degrades as the interference signal level increases from 60 dB to 75 dB. Channel 1 EVM has degraded from $34\%$ to $43\%$ which is $26.4\%$ increase in the RMS EVM. Similarly, channel 2 RMS EVM has degraded from $17\%$ to $66\%$ which is $288.23\%$ increase in the RMS EVM. Additionally, channel 1 RMS EVM has higher standard deviation than the channel 2 RMS EVM standard deviation.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{topview_int.jpg}}\\
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{panel_int.jpg}}
    \caption{2x2 MIMO BER and EVM measurement setup in the presence of MIMO interference. }
    \label{fig:topview_panel_int}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Ch1_8_60_int60.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Ch1_8_60_int75.pdf}\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Ch2_8_60_int60.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Ch2_8_60_int75.pdf}
    \caption{Channel 1 and channel 2 QPSK constellation diagram at 5.6GHz in the metal enclosure in the presence of MIMO interference. AGC gain=60 dB, Rx Gain=0 dB and Tx Gain= 8 dB.}
    \label{fig:const_qpsk_60_int}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{EVM12_10_60_int60_75.pdf}
    \caption{Measured EVM of channel 1 and channel 2 in the presence of different levels of MIMO interference. Tx gain of the USRP is 10 dB.}
    \label{fig:EVM_int_10dB}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{BER12_8_60_int60_75_1.pdf}
    \caption{Measured BER of USRP channel 1 and USRP channel 2 in the presence of different MIMO interference levels.}
    \label{fig:my_label}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-0.35cm}
\subsection{Near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements in empty and loaded enclosure}
In the previous section, BER and EVM were measured in the presence of interference in an empty metal enclosure. Here, the BER performance is checked in an empty enclosure and when the enclosure is loaded with losses in the form RF of absorber cones. Here BER performance of near-field MIMO communication link is measured as a function of transmit gain, enclosure losses, and interference level. Fig. \ref{fig:empty_enclosure_int} shows measured BER of channel 1 and channel 2 in an empty metal enclosure at different interference gain values. It can be seen that there are BER values at lower Tx gain values as the interference is dominant at these values for all MIMO interference values. For the all the inteferer Tx gain values the BER of two channels remain consistent i,e, channel 2 has higher BER than channel 1. BER of both the channels starts to degrade as the interference gain level increases. The BER curve for channel 1 flattens for Tx gain of 70 dB.

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.72\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_55int.pdf}}\hspace*{2mm}
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.72\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_60int.pdf}}\\
    \subfloat[interference Gain=55 dB\label{fig:evm_int55}]{\includegraphics[width=0.72\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_50_int55_EVMbar.pdf}}\hspace*{2mm}
    \subfloat[interference Gain=60 dB\label{fig:evm_int60}]{\includegraphics[width=0.72\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_50_int60_EVMbar.pdf}}

    \caption{Measured MIMO BER of channel 1 and channel 2 in the presence of MIMO interference when the metal enclosure was empty.}
    \label{fig:empty_enclosure_int}
\end{figure*}

Fig.\ref{fig:evm_int55} and Fig. \ref{fig:evm_int60} shows EVM measurement of SDR channel 1 and SDR channel 2. It can be seen that EVM of channel 1 and channel 2 for all the Tx gain values at interference gain of 55 dB is less than the EVM of channel 1 and channel 2 at interference gain of 60  dB. Channel 2 EVM has degraded at high interference B210 USRP gain of 60 dB. Channel 1 EVM is degraded less than the channel 2 at all the Tx gain values. The channel 1 EVM at Tx gain of 10 dB degraded from $20.7\%$ to $30.2\%$ which is increase in the EVM by $45.89\%$. Fig. \ref{fig:enclosure_mimo_int_10cones} shows measured BER of channel 1 and channel 2 when the metal enclosure was loaded with ten RF absorber cones. It can be seen that the measured BER degrades with the increase in MIMO interference power. However, it requires higher MIMO interference power to get the same BER value of channel 1 and channel 2. Fig. \ref{fig:enclosure_mimo_50_int_EVM} shows EVM measurement of SDR channel 1 and SDR channel 2, when the empty chamber was loaded with ten pieces of RF absorbers and the AGC gain was set to 50. It can be seen that both SDR channels have comparatively stable EVM. This is because of the absorption effect of the absorbers and stabilized signal at AGC output. In the next experiment, the effect of change in AGC gain is demonstrated on EVM measurements of two USRP channels. EVM measurements are recorded by keeping the same environment and USRP configuration parameters and only changing the AGC gain from 50 dB to 60 dB.
\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_60int_6cones.pdf}}\hspace*{2mm}
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_65int_6cones.pdf}}\\
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_70int_6cones.pdf}}\hspace*{2mm}
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_75int_6cones.pdf}}\\
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_80int_6cones.pdf}}\hspace*{2mm}
    \subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_85int_6cones.pdf}}
    \caption{Measured MIMO BER of channel 1 and channel 2 in the presence of MIMO interference when the metal enclosure was loaded with ten pieces of RF absorber cones.}
    \label{fig:enclosure_mimo_int_10cones}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \subfloat[No Interference]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_6cones_50_int_EVMbar.pdf}}\hspace*{2mm}
    \subfloat[Interference Gain=55 dB]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_6cones_50_int55_EVMbar.pdf}}\\
    \subfloat[Interference Gain=60 dB]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_6cones_50_int60_EVMbar.pdf}}\hspace*{2mm}
    \subfloat[Interference Gain=65 dB]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_6cones_50_int65_EVMbar.pdf}}\\
    \subfloat[Interference Gain=70 dB]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_6cones_50_int70_EVMbar.pdf}}\hspace*{2mm}
    \subfloat[Interference Gain=75 dB]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{empty_gainsweep_6cones_50_int75_EVMbar.pdf}}
    \caption{Measured MIMO EVM of SDR channel 1 and SDR channel 2 in the presence of MIMO interference when the metal enclosure was loaded with ten pieces of RF absorber cones.The Tx gain was swept from 2 dB to 10 dB. AGC gain was set to 50 dB.}
    \label{fig:enclosure_mimo_50_int_EVM}
\end{figure*}

\vspace{-0.15cm}
\section{Conclusion and Future Work}

In this work, we have shown a 2x2 near-field MIMO measurement setup and performed two-channel BER and EVM measurements in a metal enclosure. Near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements are performed in MIMO mode using USRP in different configurations. We checked the two-channel BER and EVM measurement in a stationary environment in a metal enclosure and we found out the BER and EVM measured as a function of USRP Tx gain. In this configuration we notice BER and EVM improvement as the USRP Tx gain increased. In the second configuration, we performed BER and EVM measurements in dynamic channel conditions when the mode-stirrer moved continuously. In this scenario, we notice that the BER and EVM measurements are a function of frequency offset and dynamic channel conditions. We present the mean EVM and standard deviation of near-field EVM measurements. Two-channel EVM and BER changed dynamically as the stirrer performed movement. In the third scenario, we measured near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements in the presence of MIMO interference. In this scenario, we observed that the BER and EVM degraded as the Tx gain of interference generated by B210 USRP increased.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Is this Ann Naden (bp. 1742)?
While researching the provenance of a family portrait, I recently revisited the research problem posed by my ancestress Martha (____) (Naden) Mortier, an Englishwoman who came to New York before the American Revolution with her second husband, Abraham Mortier, and her daughters Elizabeth and Ann Naden. As I've mentioned before, occasional Google searches on intractable research questions can sometimes yield surprising results, now that so many original documents have been digitized and made available online.
The 1878 Gray diary is unusual in filling two full volumes instead of the more usual single one Mrs. Gray devoted to the events in her life. Volume 1 ends with this entry, one that mixes hope and anxiety, sightseeing and sickbeds.


text:
Letter to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House Urging Passage of an Effective Gun Control Law.
Dear Mr. President: (Dear Mr. Speaker:)
Today the Nation cries out to the conscience of the Congress.
Criminal violence from the muzzle of a gun has once again brought heartbreak to America.
Surely this must be clear beyond question: the hour has come for the Congress to enact a strong and effective Gun Control Law, governing the full range of lethal weapons.
I have sought--and fought for--such a law through all the days of my Presidency.
On occasions before, I have spoken of the terrible toll inflicted on our people by firearms:
--750,000 Americans dead since the turn of the century. This is far more than have died at the hands of our enemies in all the wars we have fought.
--sorrow and suffering that cannot be counted, and fear that cannot be measured.
Each year, in this country, guns are involved in more than 6,500 murders. This compares with 30 in England, 99 in Canada, 68 in West Germany, and 37 in Japan. 44,000 aggravated assaults are committed with guns in America each year. 50,000 robberies are committed with guns in America each year.
I have told the Congress and the Nation of the brutal loopholes in our laws. Two million guns were sold in the United States last year. Far too many were bought by the demented, the deranged, the hardened criminal and the convict, the addict, and the alcoholic. We cannot expect these irresponsible people to be prudent in their protection of us, but we can expect the Congress to protect us from them.
Weapons of destruction can be purchased by mail as easily as baskets of fruit or cartons of cigarettes. We must eliminate the dangers of mail-order murder.
The Congress has finally begun to take action. The Senate has passed a watered-down version of the Gun Control Law I recommended. The House has taken action on the Senate Bill.
But this half-way measure is not enough.
It covers adequately only transactions involving hand guns. It leaves the deadly commerce in lethal shotguns and rifles without effective control--fifty-five long months after the mail-order murder of President John F. Kennedy.
So today, I call upon the Congress in the name of sanity, in the name of safety--and in the name of an aroused nation--to give America the Gun Control Law it needs.
I urge the Congress to make it unlawful to sell rifles and shotguns--as well as hand guns--by mail order.
I urge the Congress to make it unlawful to sell rifles and shotguns--as well as hand guns--to persons who are too young to bear the terrible responsibility that is placed in the hands of a gun owner.
I urge the Congress to make it unlawful to sell rifles and shotguns--as well as hand guns--in one State to residents of another.
This will not prevent legitimate hunters or sportsmen from purchasing firearms but with this reinforced law we can give the States the proper incentive to shape their own gun control legislation, and the country can at long last have a network of systematic safeguards for all our citizens.
I am asking the Governors of the fifty States immediately and comprehensively to review their gun laws and to amend them where necessary to fully protect citizens of their States from deadly weapons in dangerous hands.
The voices of the few must no longer prevail over the interests of the many.
When I last appealed to the Congress on this subject again only a month ago, I asked this question: "What in the name of conscience will it take to pass a truly effective gun control law?"
In this new hour of tragedy, that question should at last be answered. Let us now spell out our grief in constructive action.
Note: This is the text of identical letters addressed to the Honorable Hubert H. Humphrey, President of the Senate, and to the Honorable John W. McCormack, Speaker of the House of Representatives. The President also read the letter for radio and television broadcast.
The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 which contains gun control provisions, was approved by the President on June 19, 1968 (see Item 320). The Gun Control Act of 1968 was approved by the President on October 22, 1968 (see Item 553).
On June 7, 1968, the White House released a telegram from Price Daniel, Assistant to the President for Federal-State Relations, to all Governors urging them to revise State gun laws for "the purpose of initiating any amendments that may be necessary to provide additional safeguards and protection against deadly weapons in dangerous hands." (4 Weekly Comp. Pres. Docs. p. 919)
Lyndon B. Johnson, Letter to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House Urging Passage of an Effective Gun Control Law. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/237149


For survival, the children of Muntigunung must spend many hours every day carrying water to their homes.
Our projects are enabling these children to attend school.
The main focus of our work is to secure sustainable livelihood development in poor regions in Bali, Indonesia.
Muntigunung is one of the mountain areas that suffer from the harsh climate conditions in North Bali. The village is home to most of the begging women who come to the main cities and tourist centers in the south during dry season.
They bring their children to the streets and beg for money to secure the much needed income for their families up north. This situation is rather unusual for the Balinese culture. Families and communities are usually strong and supportive of each other. However, due to the difficult living conditions in Muntigunung, those supporting structures are no longer working.
Question: If the people do not have water, why don't they move?
Answer: The Balinese have deep roots in their own land, and every Balinese house has its own family temple where it is believed that their ancestors reside. It is this deep religious connection that leads people – even those who have succeeded in finding jobs far away – to regularly return to their villages to attend important ceremonies in the family house and the temple, and to bring offerings to the different gods and spirits at the village temples. For most Balinese, it would be considered impossible to break those ties forever by leaving the land, because they would be leaving with it all of their ancestral, religious and spiritual ties to the land.
Question: Why do the women of Muntigunung travel to the tourist spots to beg with their small children?
Answer: Extreme poverty and hunger, caused by the chronic lack of water and no hope of income, force the women to bring their children to the more prosperous areas of Bali, where there is at least the possibility of gathering enough money simply to buy food for themselves and their families to survive.
Question: Are the people in Muntigunung simply 'too lazy' to work? Couldn't they do more to improve their own lives?
The objective of this commercialized activity is to produce high quality products locally grown and to sell them under the "Muntigunung Community Social Enterprise" label in Bali. We want to grow this business in order to create as many additional work places as possible. Zukunft für Kinder is responsible for the initial funding of this program.
After harvesting 4.6 tons of rosella flowers and processing them to tea in 2009 (25 villages participated during the first year), the results of 2010 were mind blowing. 65 tons of flowers had to be processed: 40'000 boxes of tea, sweets (dried rosella flowers) and thousands of glasses of rosella in syrup were produced over a time period of 10 weeks. Muntigunung Community Social Enterprise received the required licenses to sell the products. Due to bad weather conditions in the following year, only eight tons of flowers were harvested in 2011. As a result of continuous promotional activities as well as local media coverage, sales numbers are growing slowly but steadily. Some of the leading hotels in Bali use the rosella tea to prepare welcome drinks for their guests. During the processing period of three months, up to 80 villagers are employed full time. It is our aim to further grow our customer base and develop additional rosella based products.


text:
Sustainable Agriculture News Briefs - February 14, 2018
Apply for 2018 Conservation Stewardship Program Funding by March 2
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service has announced that farmers and ranchers have until March 2, 2018, to submit an initial application for the FY 2018 Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP). ATTRA can help you with this application.
Online Certification Program for Dairy Goat Producers Launched
Montana State University to Host Western SARE
Updated Midwest Vegetable Production Guide and Variety Trial Report Available
Fertilized Soil Contributes to California's Nitrogen Oxide Pollution
Nitrogen Balance Offers Simple Way to Track Conservation-Practice Success
Study Finds Aquaculture and Livestock Feed Conversion Similar
Annie's Sustainable Agriculture Scholarships
Texas Young Farmer Grant
Minnesota Good Food Access Program Technical Assistance Grant
Louisiana Small Farmer Conference
Massachusetts Urban Farming Conference
Midwest School for Beginning Apple Growers
The Kika de la Garza Institute for Goat Research at Langston University has launched an online certification program for dairy goat producers and has updated its online certification program for meat goat producers. The dairy goat course takes 40 to 60 hours to complete. The instructional material is available free online, but a fee of $25 is required for processing the certification.
Related ATTRA Publication: Tips for Marketing Sheep and Goat Products: Dairy
Montana State University (MSU) has been selected as the next host institution of the Western Region Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE). Beginning in the fall of 2018, MSU will administer four of five grant programs through Western SARE: research and education grants, farmer-rancher grants, professional and producer grants, and graduate student grants. The University of Wyoming will administer Western SARE's professional development grant program.
Purdue Extension has released its updated 2018 Midwest Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers. The guide is an annual summary of state-specific information on vegetable varieties, fertility, seeding rates, fertilizer rates, weed control, insect control, and disease management. The guide is for sale in print or available as a free download. A companion publication, Midwest Vegetable Trial Report, provides yield and quality data based on field test results under different cropping conditions for several crops.
Scientists at the University of California, Davis, found that heavily fertilized soils in California's Central Valley are contributing 25 to 41% of the NOx emissions in the state. However, if this farmland were converted to other uses, such as housing, scientists estimate that greenhouse-gas emissions from that land would be 70 times greater. This study suggests potential solutions for reducing NOx soil emissions from agriculture, including fertilizer management, conversion to perennial crops, and micro-irrigation.
Researchers from EDF, University of Nebraska, and Cornell University found that nitrogen (N) balance is an effective proxy measure of nitrogen losses to the environment from agriculture. Improving N balance—through practices such as cover crops and crop rotation—reduces water pollution and greenhouse-gas emissions, while using fertilizer more efficiently for crop yield.
A study published by Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future found that farmed fish and shrimp convert protein and calories in feed to edible seafood at rates similar to livestock. Researchers found that average protein and calorie retention across nine types of farmed fish and shrimp are lower than chickens and similar to pig and cattle production.
Undergraduate or graduate students studying organic and/or regenerative agriculture at an accredited two- or four-year college or graduate school in the United States can apply for a scholarship from Annie's. Applicants must focus on one of three tracks: building soil health, fostering above-ground biodiversity, or promoting resilient farm communities.
Applications are due by March 15, 2018.
The Texas Young Farmer Grant program provides dollar-for-dollar matching grant funds to young agricultural producers. Individuals that are 18 to 46 and are engaged or will be engaged in creating or expanding agriculture in Texas may apply. Grant awards range from $5,000 to $20,000.
Applications must be received by March 22, 2018.
The Minnesota Department of Agriculture is accepting applications for projects designed to improve access to affordable, nutritious, and culturally appropriate foods, including fresh fruits and vegetables, for underserved communities in low- and moderate-income areas. These grants will assist organizations providing needs-based technical assistance to new or existing for-profits, non-profits, public agencies, and cooperative self-service retail food establishments. Applicants may request between $5,000 and $75,000 and must contribute 25% of project costs.
"Transforming and Elevating Louisiana Small Family Farms" will highlight educational opportunities, USDA programs and services, and other resources. The event is designed for new and beginning farmers, small and urban farmers, and community members.
This conference is designed to advance the opportunities and address the barriers involved in cultivating a resilient and thriving Urban Farming sector. It includes interactive panels, demonstration workshops, expert discussions, and networking opportunities.
The Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems offers a realistic picture of what it takes to run a successful orchard operation. Topics include soil fertility, pest management, business planning, risk management, recordkeeping, marketing, and economics.
Updated ATTRA Publication
Crop Insurance Options for Specialty, Diversified, and Organic Farmers
Where can I find funding for a sustainable agriculture project?
Our Farms, Our Future
Early registration ends February 22, 2018.


Congrats to my fellow lab members and Dr. Hout for all of the VSS presentation acceptances! I will present research I completed last semester examining pupillary reflexes during categorical search. Here is a list of our upcoming presentations: Robbins, A., & Hout, M. C. (2016, to be presented). Typicality effects in categorical visual search investigated… Continue reading Cranking out that research!
Check out our latest article in Visual Cognition. I will be presenting this paper at OPAM this year in Chicago.
New article out in AP&P!
We have a new article out in AP&P: a tutorial in using MDS to quantify similarity for stimuli! Check it out at Hout's website HERE. Congrats to my coauthors on a great paper!


Protecting intellectual property continues to be a high priority in the cannabis industry. Patents and trademarks for new, innovative cannabis products, including novel strains of the cannabis plant, can help to protect and reward individual inventors and artisans and, thereby, help to foster innovation and, ultimately, progress. When you have a patent that is owned by an individual or company, such as Cannabis Sativa Inc, that is in the position to take that patent to the next level, by bringing a new, exciting strain of cannabis into the hands of consumers across the country, for example, then you have a situation where everyone wins. Marijuana patents and trademarks can also help small businesses compete with giant corporations—pharmaceutical, alcohol, and tobacco behemoths that are widely believed to be watching the emerging marijuana industry with salivating interest, and which will inevitably begin to muscle their way in the moment prohibition ends.
Other than working hard now to develop relationships with a base of loyal and informed customers, while working collaboratively with existing marijuana businesses; intellectual property remains the most effective way for small businesses to protect themselves from the looming war with these large corporations. In fact, for those cannabis entrepreneurs that hope to survive and thrive far into the future, the focus ought to be less on the incoming administration in Washington, and more on the fierce competition that the end of marijuana prohibition portends.
The CBDS patent announcement came hard on the heels of a stinging rejection by the USPTO of JUJU Joints' application for a trademark to protect their own cannabis-related intellectual property—specifically the name "JUJU Joints," and their slogan, "powered by JUJU." JUJU appealed the decision, but their rejection was later affirmed. If the experience of other cannabis companies is any indication, JUJU Joints might have gotten around the rejection by registering their brand as a food or clothing company, or some other classification that suits the company but is not currently illegal under federal law. The problem that the USPTO had, according to High Times, was that JUJU's trademark application was marijuana-specific.
But this raises an obvious question: Why did the USPTO award a patent to CBDS for a cannabis strain, but deny a trademark to JUJU for cannabis vaporizers?
Unfortunately, there does not appear to be any real rhyme or reason for the difference. But there is a pattern. According to attorney Bob Morgan, who has extensive experience in the cannabis industry, "While trademarks continue to be denied for cannabis-related marks, patents for cannabis products hold promise." What's more, while patents for high THC strains of cannabis—such as the one recently awarded to CBDS—remain exceptionally rare, the USPTO appears to be at least somewhat more inclined to issue patents for cannabis plants that are low in THC, but high in CBD.
This, of course, is only the beginning of the U.S. government's contradictory policies in regards to marijuana's Schedule I status. The government, for example, refuses to take the steps necessary to allow banks to accept cash from marijuana businesses because those businesses are illegal under federal law. Yet, the government has no problem at all taking the cash from those same marijuana businesses in the form of tax revenue.
The solution, of course, is not for the U.S. government to continue to deny reality and ignore the medical science behind their own cannabis patent. The solution is not to stifle innovation, hinder job creation, or put the nation at a disadvantage against foreign inventors and global competitors. The solution is to overcome the fears and propaganda of the failed war on drugs. The solution is to unleash the talent and innovation of the American people, and tap into the miraculous power of the cannabis plant. The solution is to reschedule marijuana today.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Several pages on the SRA website require username and password. Your username is your last name. Your password is your member number, omitting the leading zeroes.
If you experience problems contact the SRA business office at Secretariat@sra.org.
Rates do not include additional regional organization and/or specialty group memberships which may be required; these rates can be found on the membership form. Refunds are not issued for purchase of Society for Risk Analysis membership; membership is canceled when the membership term expires or if an individual or institution requests that the membership be terminated.


San Jose, CA, October 27, 2015 -- /EPR NETWORK/ -- In his distinguished 30-year career, San Jose bankruptcy attorney Ike Shulman has been involved in landmark legislation and significant achievements in the bankruptcy field. But what really drives him is his desire to help the average person faced with crushing debt and depression to find salvation.
Shulman lists the creation in 1992 of the National Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys (NACBA), the country's leading advocate of consumers in bankruptcy, as one of his greatest accomplishments. But he also says helping thousands of consumers is equally high on his list.
Shulman said his passion for helping people was stoked by the personal contact he's had with individuals and families over the years.
Shulman is still actively involved in consumers' rights through NACBA, serving as chair of the association's Legislative Committee. Shulman was also a key member of a panel that guided more than 3,000 lawyers through all the complicated changes in an anti-consumer bankruptcy law passed by Congress in 2005.
Shulman was selected to serve on the panel because he was well versed in the intricacies of the new law.
The seed for the formation of NACBA actually grew out of an informal meeting of lawyers in Santa Clara that Shulman was part of. He was the first chairman of the Santa Clara County Bar Association's Chapter 13 Subcommittee in 1989, and is currently the chairman of that committee. Shulman says that group was a "springboard" for the formation of NACBA.
* Being given the "Fresh Start" award in 1997 by his peers for his distinguished service in the consumer bankruptcy field.
* Testifying on behalf of consumer bankruptcy debtors before Congress in 1998 and testifying before the National Bankruptcy Review Commission several times from1995 to 1997, as major changes to the bankruptcy laws were being considered.
* In 2006, Shulman received a Certificate of Recognition from the Northern District of California Bankruptcy Court Judges for his service as chairman of the Bankruptcy Local Rules Committee.
* Shulman has been given the highest possible rating for legal ability and ethics by Martindale-Hubbell® and was selected for inclusion in the Super Lawyers® list from 2008 to the present.
* He has been recognized as a Certified Specialist in Bankruptcy Law by the State Bar of California Board of Legal Specialization.
After more than 30 years as a highly respected and influential bankruptcy attorney, Shulman said "retirement" is not in his vocabulary.


text:
Study reveals tDCS can help novice gamers rapidly boost esports skills
Brittany A. Roston - Mar 27, 2021, 8:00am CDT
A new study from the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software (Lero) has found that it only takes 10 minutes of training daily to increase a novice gamer's esports skills — something that benefits from a 20-minute pre-session involving transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). As part of the research, participants were tasked with playing Counter-Strike: Global Offensive.
The new research comes from the Esports Science Research Lab (ESRL) at the University of Limerick, where researchers found that novice games are able to make 'significant' improvements in their esports skills by training for 10 minutes per day. The best benefits, however, were found in cases where the participants first used a tDCS headset for 20 minutes before each training session.
The study involved tasking participants with eliminating opponents as fast and accurately as possible in CS:GO for each training session. Some of the participants first wore a tDCS headset, while others didn't receive the stimulation; another group was given a 'sham' stimulation treatment.
The results indicated that combining tDCS stimulation with training sessions 'significantly' improved the participants' performance when doing specific game tasks after five days when compared to the trainees who didn't receive the stimulation.
The use of tDCS while training may offer the best benefits in the early stages of learning a skill — and that may not be limited to just video games, the researchers note. Someone who has suffered a stroke may benefit from using a tDCS headset before physical therapy to improve their rehabilitation effort, for example.
Kentucky bans Fortnite from esports programs over gun concerns
League of Legends and Spotify team up for esports podcasts and playlists
Aston Martin AMR-C01 racing simulator promises a luxury esports experience
Topics EsportsResearchStudy


Hot News: Anti-Mortem – release exclusive acoustic performance clip for 'Hate Automatic'!
The song comes off the band's highly anticipated debut album, »New Southern«.
»New Southern« will be released in physical & digital formats on April 25th in Europe, April via Nuclear Blast Entertainment. The album was produced, recorded, and mixed by the esteemed Bob Marlette (BLACK STONE CHERRY, LYNYRD SKYNYRD, SHINEDOWN, ROB ZOMBIE).
The »New Southern« bundle – which includes the album + an exclusive t-shirt is available for pre-order now via http://bit.ly/1hPIBT7.
Hot News: Anti-Mortem – debut album »New Southern« out now!
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Hot News: Anti-Mortem – sign worldwide deal with Nuclear Blast!


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Home About CCKJ. Scott Kilpatrick
Contact J.
jskilpatrick@cck-law.com
Catastrophic Injury and Wrongful Death
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Private Long Term Disability Insurance
Wills and Trusts Disputes
J. Scott Kilpatrick
J. Scott Kilpatrick ("Scott") is a Founding Partner of CCK. He is a seasoned trial attorney and his practice focuses on civil litigation, including insurance disputes and general litigation. Scott has successfully litigated hundreds of complex and high stakes damages and benefits cases. His diverse experience base serves as an advantage for the firm's clients in a broad range of matters, including insurance, business, and disputes over wills, trusts and other instruments.
After graduating from Emory University in 1985, Scott attended St. John's University School of Law in 1988. Scott began his career as an Assistant Attorney General in the Criminal Division of the Rhode Island Department of Attorney General. He went on to work at Morrison & Mahoney & Miller, a large New England insurance litigation firm, until he and our other Founding Partner, Robert Chisholm, founded Chisholm Chisholm & Kilpatrick in 1999.
Mr. Kilpatrick is a member of the Rhode Island and Massachusetts Bar Associations and sits on the Rhode Island Federal Bench/Bar Committee. He is also a member of the Federal Bar Association, of which he is a past President of the Rhode Island Chapter. He is a member of the American Association for Justice and the Rhode Island Association for Justice, where he serves on the Board of Governors. He is a member of the National Employment Lawyers Association, and has been a featured speaker for the National Business Institute, the Rhode Island Bar Association, and the Federal Bar Association on issues such as Trial Evidence in Federal and State Courts, Trial Practice, and ERISA Insurance Litigation. He is a contributing author to the last four editions of the American Bar Association's book ERISA Survey of Federal Circuits. He is a member of the Roger Williams University School of Law Board of Directors, and sits on the Board's Governance Committee. He also serves on the Civil Pro Bono Panel for the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island, and serves as a member of the Rhode Island Supreme Court Disciplinary Board.
In his free time, Mr. Kilpatrick enjoys the outdoors, cooking, gardening, and spending time with his wife and three adult children.
State of Rhode Island
U.S. District Court, District of Rhode Island
U.S. District Court, District of Massachusetts
U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
Troiano v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 844 F.3d 35 (1st Cir. 2016)
Chisholm v. McDonald, 28 Vet. App. 240 (2016)
Gazaille v. McDonald, 27 Vet. App. 205 (2014)
Slusarski v. Life Ins. Co. of North America, 632 F. Supp. 159 (D.R.I. 2009)
Smith v. Jefferson Pilot Financial Inc. Co., 607 F. Spp. 266 (D.Mass. 2009)
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Kuhl v. Town of Westerly, 706 A.2d 1328 (R.I. 1998)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Gente di Mare Italian Genealogy › Community Forums › General › General Discussion Groups › Was it common to celebrate a different day as your birthday?
Community Forums › General › General Discussion Groups › Was it common to celebrate a different day as your birthday?
Was it common to celebrate a different day as your birthday?
Posted: Sun Sep 16, 2007 12:28 am Post subject: Was it common to celebrate a different day as your birthday?
Does anyone know if it used to be common to celebrate a day other than your actual birth as your birthday?
My great-grandfather's birth certificate lists his birthday as 9/28, but his death certificate lists it as 6/11. I know in some religions, people would celebrate their patron saint's day rather than their birthday, but I don't know if this is the case here or not. (My great grandfather was Salvatore, and the only St. Salvatore's day that I could find is in March).
Can anyone shed some light on this? Thanks!!
Believe it or not, thats not unusual.
Pay attention to his birth certificate..its a primary source and the info was given closer to the actual day. The death certificate info was given by someone who was more than likely guessing...its a secondary source. I would however, try and collect other documents just to keep things all together.
I have my great grandfathers certificates, census records, ww1 draft registration cards etc and none give the correct day of birth..they are all different. In the end, I got a record that he applied to the Italian comune to amend his birth act..seems like everything on it was wrong...including his parents names.
I'll have to post that..its very interesting.
Yes, Nuccia is right. I have both my grandparents death certificates. Their eldest son provided the information on my grandmothers and the birthdate was incorrect. My uncle simply did not know the correct information. All American documents on my grandfather list different birth years for him. I started with 4 different years. None were correct. My grandfather, like most men back then lied about their ages.
My Dad was born on April 27, 1903.....His birth was recorded on May 2nd and he used the dates interchangeably. This actually caused a few problems for me later in life when he passed away. For some reason, he argued that the date his birth was recorded was the official date of his birth since it was recorded then. I could never understand his logic, but I guess that he was taught that was the correct date.
My grandfather did the same thing. He was born on November 1 but in the just found army registration (in Italy) he listed his date of birth as November 11 - the date it was recorded in the town. Perhaps many of them did that. Of course my grandfather added to the confusion by using several different birth years in the U.S.
Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2007 3:15 pm Post subject: Re: Was it common to celebrate a different day as your birthday?
Same here: my ggf's death certificate, with information supplied by his oldest son, had the wrong date and wrong year. The only thing right was the month!


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