text:
U.S. begins collecting higher tariffs on Chinese goods arriving by sea
Mike Pompeo blames Obama's 'misjudged' foreign policy for chaos in Middle East
Author: Leroy Wright Jan 10, 2019,
Pompeo is touring the region to explain US strategy after Trump's surprise announcement of an abrupt withdrawal of all 2,000 US troops from Syria, which rattled allies and shocked top US officials, prompting US Defense Secretary Jim Mattis to resign.
Of the nine countries Pompeo is visiting, five are without ambassadors.
"It feels a little bit as if the approach is to 'talk loudly and carry a small stick, '" said Jon Alterman, director of the Middle East program at Washington's Center for Strategic and International Studies think tank.
Trump, who drew bipartisan criticism over his abruptly announced plan to quit Syria, said US forces would be able to use Iraq as a base for regional operations against adversaries. What to do with them has become a critical and growing problem for the Trump administration as it prepares to pull troops out of the country.
Pompeo is meeting with USA allies in the region, including stops in Jordan, Egypt and several Gulf nations, to coordinate an anti-Iran campaign. Still, the United States desperately needs massive military bases it maintains in Qatar, the largest in the region with 10,000 U.S. servicemen, and in Saudi allies Bahrain, Oman and Kuwait, also on Pompeo's itinerary.
Empty ambassador posts are filled in an interim capacity by career diplomats, who don't have the same clout or influence in their host country as a presidentially nominated and Senate-confirmed ambassador.
According to the survey, published by the Israel Democracy Institute as part of its monthly Peace Index, 58 percent of Israelis said the decision announced by US President Donald Trump last month would "damage Israeli security interests". The FBI has said about 300 Americans have left or tried to leave the U.S.to join ISIS. Unlike many other news organizations, we have not put up a paywall.
Al Jazeera's senior political analyst Marwan Bishara said that Pompeo's speech failed to resonate with the Arab audience. "It's a crying shame that this is the new normal".
Earlier this week, Trump, who has lost his secretary of defense James Mattis and his representative to the anti-Islamic State (IS) Coalition Brett McGurk over his surprise announcement on Syria, seemed to be taking a step back on the decision to withdraw the U.S. troops when he said the timeline was still being decided.
Pompeo said on Thursday the United States would withdraw its troops from Syria while continuing to finish the battle against ISIS. That's a low bar, of course, considering that the other players include Iran, Russia, Assad, and ISIS (or its successors and rival jihadists).
Turkish officials had a tense meeting this week with US National Security Adviser John Bolton in Ankara aimed at coordinating the pullout process after Bolton set conditions that appeared to postpone it indefinitely.
Pompeo insisted the two statements were entirely consistent.
"There's no change in our commitment to the defeat of the caliphate or of ISIS globally". "I never said we'd be doing it that quickly", the president said from the White House.
US forces entered Syria back in September 2014. After Bolton's stop in Israel, he was suddenly uninvited to meet with Turkish leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan - apparently a result of Bolton's demand that Turkey not attack pro-US Kurdish fighters in Syria.
Instead, Erdogan went on television and chastised America's national security adviser. The SDF is mostly supported by the United States.
Leroy Wright
Houston: Homeless Face Uncertain Future In Wake of Super Bowl
NIX Solutions Honorary President Igor Braginsky, Ph.D. Is Leaving the Company
Global Geopolitical Series: Trump-Xi consensus reached on trade but statements differ
Ukraine urges NATO to deploy ships amid standoff with Russia
Mexico Accepts Housing Migrants, Seeks US Development Aid
Trump issues $267bn tariff threat to China ahead of trade talks
Trump pledges to work with Democrats but demands wall
Jose Mourinho sacked: Manchester United fire beleaguered manager with immediate effect
Simple but Effective Tips to Make Your Student Life Easier
Why googling 'idiot' brings up Donald Trump photos, Congresswoman asks Sundar Pichai
OPEC deal could push oil to $80 per barrel
Michelle Obama covers ELLE Magazine's December issue in style
Federal Reserve Hikes Rates 25-bps at December Meeting
Tottenham's Harry Kane expects 'tough' Borussia Dortmund tie
Bloodbath in Cryptocurrency Market Continues, Bitcoin Slips Below $5000
Kate Middleton And Meghan Markle Step Out For Prince Charles' 70th Birthday
The Duke of Sussex has his arm around pregnant Meghan Markle , although there is no glimpse of her baby bump . Not just that, a few new revelations about the prince's favorite things have also been brought to light.
XRP Price Begins Soaring - Gets Back Above $0.35. Monday, November 26th
Nasdaq, the second largest stock exchange in NY , is speculated to be launching a Bitcoin Futures platform early next year. The coin has been trading above the key support level, noted at $0.344, since the latter half of Sunday .
U.S. government shutdown would impact 800000 federal employees
During past shutdowns, these employees who've been deemed essential have been paid for their service, but not until a later date. Brian Schatz: "Our federal workers shouldn't suffer because the President and Republicans in Congress don't know how to govern".
Human mission to Mars 'stupid': Astronaut
Fifty years later, here we are again. "Musk and Bezos, they're talking about putting colonies on Mars, that's nonsense", he said. Kennedy's goal, announced in 1962, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth by the end of the decade.
Ukraine's nuclear industry is set to become a new growth point for Europe
Energoatom, Ukraine's national nuclear operator, supports the replacement of its fleet of Soviet reactors for SMRs. Innovations in Ukraine's nuclear power industry will be implemented both by the state and by private business.
Australian media trolled for taking a dig at Team India
Australia hasn't been a happy hunting ground for foreign spinners in recent times. "We're not going to take Australia lightly". A lot of their other guys haven't, a lot of other guys haven't had that much success, certainly away from home.
Incoming House Democrat snubs Pelosi, wants 'new leadership'
They're looking for shifts in leadership, they're looking for some generational change, " Hayes said. Lee, at 72, would also have been the fourth septuagenarian in the House Democratic leadership.
Prime real estate: New Yorkers protest Amazon's Long Island City arrival
Kim's bill would cancel the publicly-funded subsidies within the deal-which, the legislator noted , goes against NY law. If Amazon lives up to New York's incentive goals, the average salary of a job at Amazon will hover around $150,000.
Reasons the Chargers Will Upset the Ravens
They've been invigorated by Jackson's electrifying running game, which is a natural complement to the Ravens' excellent defense. Neither the Ravens or Chargers are obvious Super Bowl contenders, but both teams are extremely unsafe at this time of the year.
Chinese scientist He Jiankui defends 'world's first gene-edited babies'
Granted, cloning from an adult cell may still be unlikely, but they could create a "twin" for a baby I'm sure. He and his colleagues say they used CRISPR to make changes in one-day-old embryos in a gene called CCR5.
Seahawks clinch NFC playoff spot with win over Chiefs
The Seahawks will gain a key linebacker back on Sunday, but Seattle will be without several other important players. Mahomes was 23 of 40 for 273 and three TDs. "We got to elevate our play", Chiefs wide receiver Chris Conley said.
LeBron James loses defender with 360, stuffs slam
Mitchell would not return to the game, and Utah was without its biggest offensive threat for the rest of the game. Of course, the fall is not the NBA's main season, especially with National Football League ratings up this year.
Tips for Golf Championship
There are many obstacles on the field which make tournament not so easy to predict and so interesting at the same time. Apparently, it is his favorite place to be right now. - Jordan Spieth has a lot of free time since the last Masters.
Theresa May survives confidence vote: what happens now?
Rebel Conservatives have insisted that the PM should quit, but Mrs May has said she wants to "get on with the job". Britain is scheduled to leave the European Union on March 29, so there is significant time pressure for progress.
'Marsquake': NASA spacecraft nears Red Planet to monitor earthquakes
The Rover, which has more than 12 miles on its odometer, is now the only thing operating on the Martian surface . InSight will plunge through the thin Martian atmosphere, heatshield first, and use a parachute to slow down.
Sanchez set for Man United return under Solskjaer
Interview: Argentina strives for G20 to build consensus on trade, development: FM
The New Service Helps Victoria Brides Members To Go On A Real Date
Worst Riot in a Decade Engulfs Paris; Macron Vows Action
Trump sets up stormy G20 with Putin snub
Trump's ex-lawyer Michael Cohen does not deserve prison, judge told
Pep Guardiola: Man City have no replacement for Fernandinho
'Christmas Miracle': US Stock Market Experiences Record Rally a Day After Fall
Liverpool vs. Everton - Football Match Report
Chinese scientist created human babies using gene editing resistant to HIV
Lakers vs. Wizards Recap: The good, the bad and the Ball
Hollywood's Most Perfect Derrières
The power of the image in Times Square in New York with the art of Santiago Ribeiro
Twitter reacts to shocking firing of Tom Thibodeau
Rupee, bonds weaken post US Fed 'less dovish' comments
Secretary Of Labor Alex Acosta Resigns Amid Growing Jeffrey Epstein Scandal
Netanyahu: EU response on Iran reminiscent of appeasement of Nazis
Kumail Nanjiani, Padma Lakshmi hit back at Trump's racist tweets
Pentagon chief to speak with Turkish counterpart, position on F-35 unchanged
Houston Police Chief Torches Trump Over ICE Raids: Chase Crooks, Not Cooks


text:
Q: how to combine php array of object by unique id? I have these 2 arrays.
First array is from user input $cart:
$cart = [
   ['id' => 3, 'weight' => 20, 'percentage' => 80],
   ['id' => 1, 'weight' => 50, 'percentage' => 80],
   ['id' => 2, 'weight' => 40, 'percentage' => 80],
];

and second array, I do a database SELECT id, stock WHERE id IN (3,1,2), resulting $db_item
$db_item = [
    ['id' => 1, 'stock' => 9539.00],
    ['id' => 2, 'stock' => 9468.00],
    ['id' => 3, 'stock' => 9295.00],
];

I want to add the stock attribute in second array to first array.
Expected output:
$cart = [
   ['id' => 3, 'weight' => 20, 'percentage' => 80, 'stock' => 9295.00],
   ['id' => 1, 'weight' => 50, 'percentage' => 80, 'stock' => 9539.00],
   ['id' => 2, 'weight' => 40, 'percentage' => 80, 'stock' => 9468.00],
];

This is what I tried, and it works, but I don't think it is necessary to have foreach, array_filter, and array_column:
foreach ($cart as $key => $cart_item) {
    $item = array_filter($db_item, function($item) use ($cart_item) {
        return $item['id'] === $cart_item['id'];
    });
    $cart[$key]['stock'] = array_column($item, 'stock')[0];
}

anyone has better idea how to optimize this?

EDIT: following Mohammad's answer, I can use more attribute in second array
$keys = [];
foreach ($arr2 as $item) {
    $keys[$item['id']] = array(
        'attr1' => $item['attr1'],
        'attr2' => $item['attr2'],
        // and so on
    );
}

$newArr = array_map(function($item) use($keys){
    $item['attr1'] = $keys[$item['id']]['attr1'];
    $item['attr2'] = $keys[$item['id']]['attr2'];
    // and so on
    return $item;
}, $arr1);

EDIT2: found out that we can simplify the foreach loop with just a single line using array_column.
$keys = array_column($arr2, null, 'id');

$newArr = array_map(function($item) use($keys){
    $item['attr1'] = $keys[$item['id']]['attr1'];
    $item['attr2'] = $keys[$item['id']]['attr2'];
    // and so on
    return $item;
}, $arr1);

A: Use combination of array_flip() and array_column() to create array contain id and index of second array.
Then use array_map() to add new key stock to first array.
$keys = array_flip(array_column($arr2, 'id'));
$newArr = array_map(function($item) use($keys, $arr2){
    $item['stock'] = $arr2[$keys[$item['id']]]['stock'];
    return $item;
}, $arr1);

Check result in demo
Also you can use foreach instead of array_flip()
$keys = [];
foreach ($arr2 as $item)
    $keys[$item['id']] = $item['stock'];

$newArr = array_map(function($item) use($keys){
    $item['stock'] = $keys[$item['id']];
    return $item;
}, $arr1);

Check result in demo

A: This can help too, one array_column + one array_map :
$arr2=array_column($arr2,'stock','id');
$arr1=array_map(function($val)use($arr2){$val['stock']=$arr2[$val['id']];return $val;},$arr1);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Ubuntu 11.04 and slow internet experience I am running ubuntu 11.04 on my desktop with wired Internet connection and I am experiencing slow internet connection while the same connection works good for windows machine so it is fix that there is not h/w issue googling this turned into there are some driver issue with ubuntu 11.04
I found this but doesn't work for me.
jigar@jigar-desktop:~$ sudo lshw -class network
[sudo] password for jigar:
  *-network
       description: Ethernet interface
       product: 82579V Gigabit Network Connection
       vendor: Intel Corporation
       physical id: 19
       bus info: pci@0000:00:19.0
       logical name: eth8
       version: 04
       serial: e0:69:95:a3:ea:1e
       size: 100Mbit/s
       capacity: 1Gbit/s
       width: 32 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
       configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=e1000e driverversion=1.3.10-k2 duplex=full firmware=0.13-4 ip=192.1.200.106 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=twisted pair speed=100Mbit/s
       resources: irq:42 memory:fe500000-fe51ffff memory:fe528000-fe528fff ioport:f080(size=32)

A: I've had that problem in the past, and in my case found it was because I had IPv6 turned on and my service provider doesnt support it yet. Turning off IPv6 and relying solely on IPv4 fixed the issue for me.
Alternatively I've begun using openDNS For resolutions instead of using the servers from my provider.

A: I went through a whole host of "solutions" (disabled ipv6, disabled power management, etc etc). I don't know if all of them put together worked plus this one I'm going to write in here, or if it's just this one. But basically, this is the one that did it. The interesting thing is, the whole time I've had this Ubuntu 11.04 thing going, everything except my browsers were fast on the internet. Games worked fine, virtual box pcs running windows 7 were lightening quick on the internet (bridged wireless adapter).
I went into edit connections (drop down from your wifi symbol): selected the wifi connection I'm currently using: click the IPv4 settings tab: method select automatic (dhcp) address only: then in the field that says dns servers: enter the fastest dns server.
How do you know the fastest? I used http://www.grc.com/dns/benchmark.htm with a windows machine. Their software benchmarks the fastest dns servers -just sort the results. I have a hunch that yours will be your router or modem on your internal LAN.
My two fastest dns servers were my wireless router's ip address & my modem's ip address. So you could start by plugging one in then try the other, then try the browser.
So far, the internet has been lightening quick. Hopefully this will last.

A: I found the problem with my slow internet connection thanks to Jorge Castro I change my wireless connection to Wired connection and it started working. I am using IBM thinkpad x60 Lenovo. And the card seems to have this known problem only with Linux drivers.


"Can I become a missionary even if my parents still need my assistance at home?"
"Following Jesus is the most important."
Answer from Sharon, missionary for over ten years based in Austria with Elim Fellowship.
I think that is the wrong question. The first question should be: Did God direct me to go overseas as a missionary? Then ask: Will I obey God or not? Jesus stated that following him at times may entail "hating" your parents. I don't suppose he was suggesting anyone should actively hate their parents. However, your willingness to obey God, rather than the desires of your parents, may seem to them like "hating" them. When Jesus called one person to follow him, he said he needed to first "bury" his parents, presumably meaning, wait until they have died and your obligation to them is carried out. Jesus replied, "Let the dead bury the dead." It sounds harsh, but the inference was clear. Following Jesus is more important than carrying out parental obligations.
"God can care for your parents as you obey him."
Answer from David Smith, director of mobilization with WEC International. David has been a missionary in West Africa and at WEC USA headquarters.
Both my wife and I are first-generation Christians, so when we became interested in missions, we had opposition from both our families. In our case, we heard from the Lord an assurance that if we were about his business, then he would take care of ours.
Our four parents did come to Jesus, and we were in America when each died. They were happy we served in missions.
It may be helpful to know that many agencies allow their missionaries to take an extended leave of absence to care for aging parents at home.
"Remember the kindness of God, be encouraged, and be faithful."
Answer from Jeremy, who has served short-term in Russia and Mexico.
I don't think you will be "abandoning" your parents if you go to obey a call from God. My wife and I asked this question of a missionary of twenty years whom we respect very much. He said that if the only thing keeping us from obeying God's call was our family, then God could remove that barrier (take away our families so we would obey him). Since we don't want that, obedience sounds a lot better! That was a hard word, but it put things in perspective for us.
Another aspect of this, though, is the kindness of God. I have seen God work in my wife's family. She is an only child and most definitely her parents' "treasure." They were not Christians when we became Christians and started answering the call of God to missions. At first it seemed to them that we were nuts and in defiance to them. But, as they have watched our lives, and seen our conviction - and with much prayer on our part - they have become our supporters. One of them has come alive in Christ and now supports missions regularly financially and is excited about us going.
Be encouraged! If God is calling you, he will provide for you in your family relationships. Pray, persevere, and honor your parents, and most definitely obey God at all costs.


Located in Ashburn, Loudoun Valley and Loudoun Valley Estates are planned communities established in the early 2000's and in the last few years. The two communities feature pools, tennis courts, a fitness center, a pond, and tot lots, and a number of walking trails. Due to these amenities, over 1500 families call the communities home!
Included in those 1500 families are more than 400 townhouse owners. Offering two car garages and brick fronts, the average home has 3 bedrooms, 3.5 baths, and just over 2000 square feet.
The single family home portion of these neighborhoods have two distinct sections. One consists of homes on .25 acre lots with 4 bedrooms, 3.5 baths, and 3000+ square feet. The other section includes sixty-eight estate homes on .75+ acre lots. The larger estate homes here represent one of the few neighborhoods in Ashburn with homes of this size.
In addition to the single family and townhouses, there are a number of brand new condo units that are built using the standard "two over two" floor plan. These floor plans offer the convenience of condo living with lower maintenance costs and many of the homes also feature single car garages.
Loudoun Valley Estates is home to Lyndora Park, a LoCo Parks and Recreation facility. Schools in the community include Rosa Parks ES, Stone Hill MS and Rock Ridge High.
Beyond the community amenities is a great shopping center just five minutes away in the Brambleton neighborhood, which features a multi-screen movie theater, several great restaurants, a OneLife Fitness facility and a Harris Teeter grocery store. And, now that Loudoun County Parkway is open from Route 7 all the way to Route 50, the community is a quick drive to both the rural west to the commercial east.
Thinking about moving to the neighborhood? Or maybe looking to sell with Loudoun County's Favorite Realtor? Contact us using the form below and let's get started!


Luis Ortiz is a MA and Ph.D. by the Centre for the Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (CEACS) of the Juan March Institute of Research (now Carlos IIIJuan March Social Science Research Institute). He has been Visiting Research Fellow at the Industrial Relations Research Unit (University of Warwick, UK) (19951996) and Invited Lecturer at the Department of Industrial Relations of the London School of Economics and Political Science. His research initially dealt with models of unionism, comparative industrial relations and unions' reaction to the introduction of new management techniques; more recently, he has done research on transition from school to work, skill mismatch, educational expansion and early school leaving. He has published in Work, Employment and Society, European Sociological Review, the European Journal of Industrial Relations and the British Journal of Industrial Relations, among others. Luis Ortiz is coordinator of the Research Master in Sociology and Demography (UPF), where he teaches 'Labour Market Policies and Economics'. He is also member of the scientific committee of the 'Transitionsin Youth' European research network, the International Advisory Board of Work, Employment and Society and DoctorMember of the Juan March Institute of Research.
Sociology of education, transition from education to work, overeducation, job mismatch, occupational and educational attainment, influence of institutional frameworks (welfare regimes and labour market institutions) in labour market performance, labour market studies.


text:
GRADUAL PRODUCER PRICE INDEX IMPROVEMENT FOR INTERMEDIATE MANUFACTURED GOODS BODES WELL FOR THE METALS AND ENGINEERING CLUSTER – SEIFSA
|In Latest News
Johannesburg, 28 June 2018 – The Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of Southern Africa (SEIFSA) welcomes the latest Producer Price Index (PPI) data for intermediate manufactured goods released by Statistics South Africa today, which affirm the gradual improvement in selling price inflation for sub-industries in the metals and engineering (M&E) cluster, SEIFSA Economist Marique Kruger said.
The annual percentage change in the PPI for intermediate manufactured goods, which is measured in factory gate prices, increased from 0,1 percent in April 2018 to 0,2 percent in May 2018. From April 2018 to May 2018, the PPI for intermediate manufactured goods increased by 0,4 percent.
Speaking after the release of the data, Ms Kruger said the increase is consistent with the annual change in the PPI for final manufactured goods, which also improved from 4,4 percent in April 2018 to 4,6 percent in May 2018.
"Given that the headline PPI also captures production costs in manufacturing, the expectation is for the improving trend to have a slight upward knock-on effect on the headline consumer inflation figures to be released next month," said Ms Kruger.
She said that despite a fairly better business and consumer confidence so far this year when compared to 2017, domestic producers still operate under difficult business conditions. She added that the situation was compounded by low domestic demand and volatility in input costs due to an unpredictable exchange rate and increasing variables costs such as energy and fuel prices.
Ms Kruger said all these factors largely account for a significant increase in selling price inflation in the M&E cluster and are expected to continue to influence the trend in the months to come. She said she was hopeful that the improving PPI for intermediate manufactured goods will provide a significant buffer for businesses, as it is always important to maintain a positive differential in the selling price inflation and input cost inflation to ensure that healthy margins are maintained.
"Similarly, as domestic demand steadily improves, the demand for the intermediate products of the M&E cluster will also improve. SEIFSA, therefore, anticipates continuous improvement in the PPI for intermediate goods index in June 2018," Ms Kruger concluded.
Ollie Madlala
Communications Consultant
Tel: (011) 298 9411 / 082 602 1725
Email: ollie@seifsa.co.za
Web: www.seifsa.co.za
SEIFSA is a National Federation representing 23 independent employer Associations in the metals and engineering industries, with a combined membership of 1600 companies employing around 200 000 employees. The Federation was formed in 1943 and its member companies range from giant steel-making corporations to micro-enterprises employing fewer than 50 people.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The former port of Kampot is now a charming riverside town on the southern coast of Cambodia. It is home to a striking collection of colonial architecture, especially the area around the Old Market and along the Riverside Road. Other than being a pleasant sleepy backwater, Kampot rouses itself to produce some of the world's finest pepper in its plantations. With the town as your base, it is possible to explore Bokor Hill Station, often coated in a thick mist which adds to its desolate feel.
Kep, on the other hand, was Cambodia's grooviest seaside escape from the early 1900's until the 1960's – a thriving town which catered to rich French and the Khmer elite. Following independence from France, Kep went on to become the most exclusive beach town in South East Asia, as many large and luxurious villas lined the beach front. Like so much else, the Khmer Rouge years put paid to that and, until very recently, Kep had a desolate, abandoned air to it. Classic villas are still in evidence but most are in a pitiful state of disrepair. However, after many years in hibernation, Kep-sur-Mer is once again taking off, with new boutique hotels and resorts offering comfortable, atmospheric accommodation and delicious food.
Kep's setting is beautiful; wedged between lush forested mountains and the sea. The pace is wonderfully sedate. The town is still rich in ambience, often busy with Cambodians who, at weekends, come in increasing numbers for a seaside break and the renowned local crab.


On January 16, the Ford government announced the entirety of its plans for regressive changes to Ontario's post-secondary system. This is undeniably an attack on the quality of education and student services on our campuses. We will do everything we can to fight it.
They've announced a series of changes to OSAP and ancillary fees (i.e. "student fees") in Ontario that threaten independent student-run organizations. This includes student unions like YUGSA.
1) The 10% tuition cut announced is more complex than a simple cut to tuition fees.
The government is taking money out of students' tuition but they are NOT increasing the amount of public funding to post-secondary institutions to compensate for the drop in revenue they will receive. A 10-per-cent tuition cut would take about $360 million away from universities and $80 million from colleges.
When the Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities, Merrilee Fullerton, was questioned several times on how universities and colleges would make up this cut in revenue, she circled around the question, and then claimed it will be left it up to post-secondary institutions to decide – this could mean a 10% reduction in student services, cuts to courses and faculty positions, or other cuts (as it stands, how York distributes funding is not equitable).
This comes at a time when operational funding for universities and colleges is already low, and services like counselling and mental health resources, peer support, reproductive healthcare, accessibility supports, and more, are already stretched thin and need additional funding.
We need the government to invest in our schools and work toward truly free and accessible education.
The government also announced the removal of the 6-month interest-free grace period that students in Ontario had for the repayment of OSAP loans. Low-income students could qualify for grants large enough to cover the full cost of tuition under the previous government's plan, but now a portion of the funding they receive will be a loan.
2) The government released a broad plan to make all ancillary fees (i.e. "student fees") optional.
We are not entirely sure how they plan to implement this, but we take it seriously because the move to voluntary ancillary fees is an attack on students' unions, democracy and services.
This matters a great deal because it threatens our ability to sustain YUGSA. Students' unions were created as political organizations, by students, to challenge what the wealthy and powerful administrators of these institutions want, and to fight for universal, accessible education.
The YUGSA is proud to be an independent student-run organization representing graduate students' interests and advancing graduate student representation across York. We absolutely need students' unions to push back against cuts and actions that threaten our quality of education and student rights.
We will not waver in the face of a government that it has to find ways to deliberately silence voices that hold it and our universities and colleges accountable.
– Services in partnership with organizations like the YFS food bank, use of Student Centre spaces, and more.
It's also alarming the government didn't think it worth consulting any stakeholders at Ontario's universities or colleges in advance – this is what they did with the Free Speech policy last year. Ford's announcement signals a top-down chilling effect to stop progressive campus activism.
There is no doubt that if the Doug Ford government is successful in their attack on student unions then they will further attack trade unions and potentially implement right-to-work law (a ban on contractual agreements between employers and union employees requiring workers to pay for the costs of union representation). This will seriously threaten the sustainability of trade unions to fight for workers' rights. We need our allies and organize here and now to stop Ford's attacks.
We are deeply rooted and committed to students and our communities. Students deserve to have independent student-run organizations. But that means respecting our autonomy – including the fact that thousands of students decide through democratic referenda that our student unions deserve funding.
We will let you know about the latest updates and future actions to fight it.


For many years parents have warned their children about strangers. Although the "stranger danger" mantra is quite catchy, is this the best way to protect our children from people that may hurt them?
Although parents often fear that strangers will abuse their children, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics' (2005) Personal Safety Survey, only 11% of children victimised sexually were victimised by a stranger. More often, children are abused by someone they know such as relatives, neighbours or family friends.
Child abusers usually begin with the offender building trust and friendship. They are unlikely to fit the strange, lurking man at the park stereotype. And even if a child has not previously met the person, once the person introduces themselves and strikes up a conversation then guess what? This person is no longer a stranger! So you can see how warning children against strangers may not be the most effective way to teach personal safety. What do we do instead? Pattie Fitzgerald, a child safety expert from Safely Ever After suggests we teach children about Tricky People.
that if they can't check with a parent first, then the answer is NO!
Thanks for mentioning and recommending Some Secrets Should Never Be Kept!


text:
The 2012 Christy Ring Cup was the eighth season of the Christy Ring Cup since its establishment in 2005.

Teams
A total of eight teams contested the Christy Ring Cup, including seven sides from the 2011 Christy Ring Cup and London, who were promoted as champions of the 2011 Nicky Rackard Cup. London again ended the season as champions, this time in the Christy Ring Cup, thus securing promotion to the top tier of hurling, the All-Ireland Championship, in 2013.

While both Armagh and Mayo had failed to win any of their (two) games in the 2011 Christy Ring Cup, Mayo retained their place in the 2012 edition with Armagh being relegated to the Nicky Rackard Cup for 2012 without a playoff game; Mayo had the longest tenure as a Christy Ring Cup member having competed in every season since the inaugural one in 2005 while Armagh had only joined the Christy Ring Cup in 2011, having won the previous year's Nicky Rackard Cup.

Team summaries

Stadia and locations

Structure
The tournament has a double elimination format - each team will play at least two games before being knocked out.
The eight teams play four Round 1 matches.
The winners in Round 1 advance to Round 2A.
The losers in Round 1 go into Round 2B.
There are two Round 2A matches.
The winners in Round 2A advance to the semi-finals.
The losers in Round 2A go into the quarter-finals.
There are two Round 2B matches.
The winners in Round 2B advance to the quarter-finals.
The losers in Round 2B are eliminated.
There are two quarter-final matches between the Round 2A losers and Round 2B winners.
The winners of the quarter-finals advance to the semi-finals.
The losers of the quarter-finals are eliminated.
There are two semi-final matches between the Round 2A winners and the quarter-final winners.
The winners of the semi-finals advance to the final.
The losers of the semi-finals are eliminated.
The winners of the final win the Christy Ring Cup for 2012 and are promoted to the Liam MacCarthy Cup 2013.

Fixtures

Round 1

Round 2A

Round 2B

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final

Top scorers

Season

Single game

References

External links
 Christy Ring Cup fixtures

Christy Ring Cup
Christy Ring Cup

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you know of any and see any in your travels then drop my a line to discuss.
A Few Photos I Shot..
I have always liked the look of an old small 6x3 ft timber trailer, you never see them any more at all getting about and the old ones you do stumble across sitting under an old gum tree in a farmers paddock are usually stuffed, broken and rotten away beyond repair, so the other day when I found one on Ebay and only 80kms from home well I just couldn't help myself so I brought it there and then.
With a larger trailer in tow I went and retrieved it at Seaford with the help of Ray Dean, I brought it from a fella who had just inherited the family farm and was in the process of cleaning out some sheds on the property, so the trailer had to go..
Straight around to my cousins workshop when I got home and on went the industrial hot pressure washer, heaps a paint came off, many layers of brushed on white acrylic water based paint flew off everywhere in tiny pieces and made a hell of a mess on the ground but that to was later cleaned up.
What was left was a nice old cream colour which looked very neat with the raw timber poking through in places, so next I will completely brush on some paint remover nice and thick, let that sit for 24 hours and hit it again with the pressure washer over the weekend.
It needs a new timber floor and also I will make a new front gate, I have some better old rusty hinges for the tailgate, some old antique looking lights to match the Chevy in be install and I will be looking for and restoring some wooden spoke wheel also like the Chevy and I will paint the guards in a matt black and rub them back here and there a little.
First coat of paint stripper doing its job..
I have now applied a second thick coat of paint stripped and I will let that sit for 24 hours then wash it off..
Some WD40 applied and both guards and rims are looking very nice..
- is not more than 3 metres long including the drawbar and any load on the trailer.
My cousin called in yesterday, he was going through his shed at home, you know having a clean out and came across this old thing... a "Dead Easy" tyre pump - patent 1917 from Battle Creek Mich. USA which he said I could have for the Chevy, Love It and THANKS!!
He remembers an elderly gentleman gave it to him many years ago when doing the same thing of sorting out junk so he brought it home, sat it on a shelf in the corner and forgot about it, as we all do from time to time.
I know these are very rare, this one works, pumps air well and is complete with hose and fittings, I have heard about them but never seen one before or for that matter seen I mounted onto the side running boards of a vehicle as they were designed to do, so I have now soaked it in WD40, gave it a light brushing and it has come up looking great and over the next weekend I will install it onto Monty which will be a straight forward job..
Dad and Gordon were good friends, Gordon worked at Fowler and Sons as the workshop mechanic along side dad and Uncle Digger for for many years before his sudden passing and weekend "clearing sales" were always a topic of conversation come Monday mornings around the workshop woodfire while overalls were put on and the days plans on what needed repairing were discussed, Gordon loved a bargain and so to Dad and Digger and they attended many a good sale in the Gippsland area together.
Here pictured below is another old truck that Dad and Uncle Digger had for many years which they used to transport buildings and whole house around the area, it is a 4x4 Leyland.
Yes this will be like no other clearing sale in the area that I know of for quite some time, with very old antique tractors, crawlers, tractor cranes, cars, machinery and stationery engines of all kinds being pulled out of the sheds were they have sat year decades and now lined up across the freshly cut paddock in rows.
All the while I had a keen eye looking out for old Chevrolet parts while I walked about the long grass around the sheds and bloody snakes to but I was out of luck today with the parts, but found it very interesting just the same wandering about one man's lifetime collection.
Below are some more pix, Cheers.
While I was wandering about another couple came over and asked if they could get a few shots of Monty.
To Mirboo North I Went..
A Sunny Saturday it is and with a sign install completed by lunch time with thanks going to my son for lending a helping hand and with the girls heading off to Traralgon for a little shopping and my son in Warragul being social with friends, I thought well buggar the lawns today so I got the ole Chevy oiled up and out the driveway I rolled.
I was quickly out of town and heading up over the hills towards and not to long after found myself pulling up outside the little cute Post Office in the main street of Thorpdale. (Potato Country).
With me again selecting 3rd gear, I soon had the right foot flat to the timbers and encouragement for Monty to reach 30mph as I pulled up out of Thorpdale on the long incline towards Mirboo North and the Strezlecki Hwy then before I knew it I was rolling into the township, which by the way was where my Mother grew up, so the place always has a special connect to the family, plus a brewery and a fantastic little chocolate shop.
So now I am making my back towards home which is only 20 miles away, not a long trip but it is very hilly which means slower with some long slow climbs which is a good hard pulling workout for the little 4 cylinder motor and the temp gauge on the radiator cap is constantly up in the max when working hard but I do not push it today as there is very little traffic, the sun is shiny and the views are fantastic.
With the potato crops looking great and the masses of green fields and bright red spud dirt neatly laid out like an ever expanding patch work quilt as far as the eye can see over the rolling countryside, I detoured off at the Narracan road intersection and went into the 1600 acre property of Durkin Potato Growers to see if Mike Durkin, the proprietor was home who I have known and supplied their signage for years.
With the farm to myself except for a couple a very large tractors making their way over the crops in the distance, I would by lying if I said I went at a leisurely pace down the bright red dirt track, it was flat out all the way with clouds of red dust following me closely behind as I looked back in the rear view mirror and I can say the chevy came back home with a nice red glow to the wheels and rear end.
I turned off a the bright red track and up into a dry sun burnt grassed paddock and here is this very large, very old and very disused timber building with great big stands of gum trees shadowing it either side, which would of been useful on a hot aussie summers day while working inside under the rusty corrugated iron roof.
I parked, pulled on the hand park and had a good look around and inside the building, with nothing much of interest inside I got the camera out and took a few pictures, this style of photography I am starting to really enjoy and you can just stand back and think about how this old building was once a hive of activity years ago, full of rough talking, hard faced and harder working shearers when the sheep shearing season was in full swing, but now so very quiet, so still with only the trees doing all the talking...... Was peaceful..


Since late December, silver and related precious metal commodities have proven to be some of the best investments for those looking for a hedge against geopolitical uncertainty and heightened market volatility. While prices have rallied tremendously over a short period of time, in this article, we'll take a look at three silver-related charts that suggest the move is just getting started and try to determine how active traders will want to position themselves for a long-term uptrend.
It wasn't a particularly good year for silver and silver-related investments in 2018. The strong rally that started in September helped many recoup some major losses, and the momentum has continued to benefit investors so far in 2019. Taking a look at the chart of the iShares Silver Trust (SLV), a common barometer used for measuring the day-to-day movement of silver bullion, the price has been able to break above two key levels of resistance. The break above the 200-day moving average in late 2018 and subsequent retest of the newly formed support is a significant technical development and suggests that the bulls are now in control of the longer-term direction.
Active traders will be particularly keen on following the rising 50-day moving average, which looks poised to move above the 200-day moving average at some point this week. When it occurs, the bullish crossover will be referred to as a golden cross and is a technical signal that officially marks the start of a long-term uptrend. The proximity to the major support levels to current prices is providing followers of technical analysis a lucrative risk-to-reward ratio, and many will look to see if the crossover will be the catalyst required for a move back toward the January high and above.
One of the world's leading mining companies when it comes to precious metals such as silver is Wheaton Precious Metals Corp. (WPM). Taking a look at the chart below, you can see that the breakout in December was strong enough to send the price of the stock above the resistance of its 200-day moving average. The price consolidated along its 200-day moving average for several weeks until it started its trek higher.
The break above short-term resistance was a clear sign to the bulls that prices were headed higher, and the momentum is likely enough to trigger a golden crossover between the two long-term moving averages, as shown by the blue circle. Followers of technical analysis will likely keep a close eye on this chart because a crossover will likely be used as confirmation of a move higher and will likely mark the start of a long-term uptrend.
Another significant player within the silver market that active traders may be interested in following is First Majestic Silver Corp. (AG). While the pattern isn't quite as developed as those mentioned above, the confined range shown on the chart is a clear indication that a major move in one direction or the other is imminent. The several failed breaks above the resistance of the 200-day moving average suggest that the bears are in control. However, if the other charts are any sort of indicator, a break above $6.17 could be the catalyst needed for a reversal in sentiment and likely a sharp move higher.
There are few segments of the financial markets in which traders are able to find shelter from the rising levels of volatility and uncertainty. With that said, the patterns that have recently started to show on charts of major silver assets suggest that the move higher in this niche could be in the early days and poised to continue over the coming weeks or months.


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What on earth happened to stocks? Here's where to cast the blame
The sharp sell-off in stocks that started last week and gathered steam this week lacked a specific trigger — unlike the last time U.S. shares fell this much.
By Qrius
By Christopher Anstey & Cormac Mullen
Not widely welcomed, but arguably overdue?
The sharp sell-off in stocks that started last week and gathered steam this week lacked a specific trigger — unlike the last time, U.S. shares fell this much, which came in the wake of the U.S. losing its AAA sovereign rating at S&P Global Ratings in 2011.
"People are waking up shocked — January was a very good month and suddenly you hit February and it's all flipped," said Kerry Craig, a Melbourne-based global market strategist at JPMorgan Asset Management, which oversees about $2 trillion. "I had a flurry of emails from clients" wondering "what on Earth has happened," he said by phone.
Experts are pointing to a confluence of factors, from concerns over the path of Federal Reserve interest-rate increases to a rapid unwinding of trades predicated on continued low volatility in markets.
Here's a selection:
Surge in Yields
Longer-dated U.S. Treasuries stubbornly refused to budge much after the Fed kicked off monetary tightening in 2015. The narrative was that with a "Goldilocks" economy of growth without much inflation, long-term borrowing costs could stay low. And that was all bullish for stocks. Then yields started popping higher last month. Some warned that if 10-year yields punched through 2.6 percent, it would spell trouble for equities. They were right.
Fed Questions
Behind the surge in yields is an increasing debate over the outlook for Fed policy. For much of the current tightening cycle, investors were comfortable with the idea that the U.S. central bank would stop raising its target rate at a much lower level than in the past — because slower trend growth rates would hold down inflation.
Then a $1.5 trillion tax cut was enacted just as the economy expanded an average 3 percent over the last three quarters of 2017. Friday's U.S. employment report suggested wage gains are picking up — potentially boosting inflation. Combined with a changing of the guard in Fed leadership, it all raised the question of whether indeed policy makers would stop at around 3 percent for the upper band of the target. And it may be weeks before investors hear from the new chairman, Jerome Powell.
Stretched Technical Indicators
The strong start to the year in U.S. shares was the "standout" indicator that stocks were overbought in the short-term, strategists at Citigroup Inc. said on Jan. 25. The weekly relative strength index for the S&P 500 had risen to the highest on record and the strategists noted a pull-back to the current cycle's trend-line would mean a market correction of over 20 percent.
For Bank of America Merrill Lynch, it was a case of too much money being plowed into the market too quickly. A contrarian sell signal was triggered on Jan. 30, when its "Bull & Bear" indicator surged towards the red zone, thanks in part to record equity inflows.
Short Volatility Pressure
The popularity of short-volatility bets showed its ugly side Monday, as selling from trend-following strategies contributed to the mini flash crash that hit U.S. equities around 3:10 p.m. on Wall Street, according to JPMorgan Chase & Co. strategists Marko Kolanovic and Bram Kaplan. A rise in realized volatility on Friday had been significant as it was a signal for many related strategies to bail out of risk, they wrote. A continued surge will probably spur a total of $100 billion of outflows from U.S. stocks by funds following so-called systematic approaches, they estimated.
Read more on the impact the VIX's rise is having on short-volatility investors here
Extended Valuations
U.S. stock valuations were heading to extreme levels, even by the elevated standards of the past three decades. The Shiller P/E Ratio, a measure based on comparing prices with cyclically adjusted earnings, climbed more than two standard deviations above the average of the last century — only for the third time, after the dot-com bubble and the roaring '20s surge that ended with the Great Depression.
This article was originally published on Bloomberg Quint.
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The Good Price mini-market in Colombes did not comply with the conditions of its lease, which stated the shop must act as a "general food store," the Court of Nanterre ruled.
The local authority argued members of the local community were not being served properly because the shop did not sell pork or alcohol products.
A bailiff's report said the store almost exclusively stocked halal products.
When the manager was questioned at the time, he said: "It's business. I look around me and I target what I see."
His lawyer argued alcohol "is not part of the general diet" and the store had no obligations to sell it as it was only a complement to food.
The court said the products the shop stocked were "restrictive and did not fit the broad concept of general good."
It ordered the termination of the store's lease and ordered the eviction of the tenants.
The manager was ordered to pay €4,000 to the local authority in legal costs.
In an era of increased tribulations, every dimension of one's faith, including Halaal will be tested. We ask Allah to grant us steadfastness.
Muslim businessmen should be cognisant of the fine print attached to lease agreements and franchise contracts as some of them stipulate it a prerequisite that pork and liquor also be made available to patrons. As Muslims, we cannot trade in Haraam items even if our customer-base is non-Muslim.


Freddie Mac is a much better company that has transformed significantly. In the last year alone, we hit several important milestones. Today, we're efficiently and effectively executing on our mission – to provide liquidity, stability and affordability to the mortgage market. We're delivering on our mission in many important ways, helping to foster a better, stronger housing finance system for the nation.
"We now have a fully competitive company that is executing on its mission, protecting taxpayers and helping to build a better housing finance system for the nation. We are all proud to be part of this better Freddie Mac."
Our total guarantee portfolio grew to $2 trillion, reaching the best annual growth in a decade and its highest level ever.
Credit risk transfer is fully integrated into our business model, changing the way we're funding the mortgage market for the better. To date, we've transferred a portion of credit risk on more than $1 trillion of mortgages, pushing risk away from taxpayers.
Our funding for first-time homebuyers is at a 10-year high.
Through our Duty to Serve plan, we're developing innovative solutions to help the nation's most underserved markets.
For the third straight year, we're the nation's top financier of multifamily business, funding more than 820,000 apartment units – the vast majority being affordable for low- to moderate-income families.
Working together with our industry partners, including lenders, servicers and investors, we supported 2.3 million of America's families.
What's more, a better Freddie Mac is delivering solid financial results to taxpayers.
We reported $5.6 billion in net income.
We've returned more than $112 billion to Treasury, nearly 60 percent more than we've received in draws.
Learn more about how we're a better, more effective company that's building a better housing finance system.


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We are convinced that the value of our company is linked to the quality of the people working in it. Working with us, you will become part of a leading company in its sector, where you will have the opportunity to share ideas, experiences and the opportunity to grow together professionally. We are looking for people with a desire to work and capable of working as a team. If you are interested in joining GRUPO1844, send us your CV.
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Data protection officer TRANSPORTES ANTONIO DÍAZ HERNÁNDEZ, S.L., C.I.F. B-35062926, registered office and postal address C/ Las Mimosas, 41, 1º Agüimes (Gran Canaria – España), telephone number: +34 928 120 038, contact email: juridico@grupo1844.es.
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Published On: Fri, Dec 14th, 2012
Business / Science & Technology / Technology | By Stephen Nevets
New Google Maps app for the iPhone, Apple goes back to the drawing board
Google Maps has found its way back to the iPhone.
The world's most popular online mapping system returned late Wednesday with the release of the Google Maps iPhone app, details the Washington Post. This is a great additional to other popular apps and Android Phone Monitoring Software.
The release comes nearly three months after Apple Inc. replaced Google Maps as the device's built-in navigation system and inserted its own map software into the latest version of its mobile operating system.
photo Roguegeek via wikipedia and wikimedia commons
Apple's map program was very ineffective and turned the "setback for Google" into vindication.
Apple's maps misplaced landmarks, overlooked towns and sometimes got people horribly lost. In one example brought to light this week, Australian police derided Apple's maps as "life-threatening" because the system steered people looking for the city of Mildura into a sweltering, remote desert 44 miles from their desired destination.
Google hails its new iPhone app as a major improvement from the one ejected by Apple.
"We started from scratch," said Daniel Graf, mobile director of Google Maps. Google engineers started working on the new app before Apple's Sept. 19 ouster, Graf said, though he declined to be more specific.
Google's mapping app for the iPhone doesn't include ads, but that will likely change, based on the steady stream of marketing flowing through the Google maps app on Android phones.
The additional tools in the free iPhone app include turn-by-turn directions. Google's previous refusal to include that popular feature on the iPhone app —while making it available for smartphones running on its own Android software— is believed to be one of the reasons Apple decided to develop its own technology. The increasing friction between Google and Apple as they battle for leadership in the smartphone market also played a role in the mapping switch.
Stephen Nevets - Stephen is a contributor and writer on The Dispatch. Stephen is the founder and editor for the Steven Spielberg Fan Club website and contributes to pop culture stories on The Dispatch, especially upcoming movie news. Beginning in 2016, Stephen took the role of Managing Editor for the Tampa Dispatch.
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Home » Historical Background » Preservation of the Buddha Dhamma
Revised October 28, 2017; January 9, 2019; January 26, 2020; re-written June 25, 2021; revised November 19, 2022
Tipiṭaka – The Pāli Canon
1. After the passing away of the Buddha, his teachings were handed down verbally from one generation to the next over three to four hundred years. Preservation in the written form took place 2000 years ago.
Tipiṭaka was composed into a form suitable for easy verbal transmission, in many cases in SUMMARY form. See, "Sutta Interpretation – Uddēsa, Niddēsa, Paṭiniddēsa." That is why it survived almost entirely in content over this long period.
It was written down in Matale, Sri Lanka, at the turn of the first century, 2000 years ago. See "Welcome to Aluvihāra Rock Cave Temple" for information about where the Tipiṭaka writing took place.
The other earliest written Buddhist documents are from Gandhāra in modern northwestern Pakistan; see "The Buddhist Literature of Ancient Gandhāra" by Richard Salomon (2018.) However, those do not provide a complete version of the Tipiṭaka; see p. 83 of the book.
All other documents in Chinese, Tibetan, etc., date later and are derived from the Pāli Tipiṭaka.
Initial Oral Transmission
2. The discourses of the Buddha were said to have been delivered in the Māgadhi language. The written form was called Pāli. But Pāli does not have its script, so it was written down with Sinhala script.
That provides a straightforward way of sorting out the Mahāyāna literature, written in Sanskrit and never written in Pāli. Mahāyānic philosophers wrote all the Sanskrit suttā in Sanskrit.
Around the turn of the first millennium, translations of the Tipiṭaka to Chinese and Tibetan also took place. The original manuscripts in Pāli can be expected to contain most of the original discourses delivered by the Buddha.
3. Today, it is hard to fathom (especially for Westerners) that such accuracy would be possible in verbally transmitted material.
However, we need to understand the background traditions and the monks' determination over thousands of years that helped preserve most of the original teachings.
Even today, some people have memorized large sections of the Tipiṭaka, especially in Myanmar (formerly Burma). In Myanmar, there are special examinations to test memorization. See "TIpitakadhara Sayadaws of Myanmar ( Burma ) in Five Decades." Also, see "Memorizing the Tipiṭaka."
During oral transmission, groups of bhikkhus memorized (overlapping) sections of the Tipiṭaka. Then during a Sangāyanā (Buddhist Council), they all got together and compared each other versions to make sure they were all compatible.
It Took Three Councils to Finalize the Tipiṭaka
4. A major reason for the assembly of the First Buddhist Council within three months of the Buddha's Parinibbāna — around 480 BCE — was to organize the vast material.
Within the next two hundred years, two more Councils were held to recite and verify the teachings and to finalize the Tipiṭaka in three broad categories ("ti" + "Pitaka" or "three baskets"). The second was held about a century after the first one.
The third was held in 250 BC at Pataliputra under the patronage of King Asoka. The "three baskets" were completed at this Council with the finalization of the Abhidhamma Piṭaka; see #15 below.
This completed Tipiṭaka was written down in 29 BCE at the Fourth Buddhist Council in Matale, Sri Lanka. This was the last Council attended ONLY by Arahants. Thus, we can be assured of its authenticity. Since Pāli does not have its script, it was written in the Sinhala language.
The authenticity of the Tipiṭaka
5. Another critical point is hidden in the history of the Tipiṭaka. Even up to the 20th century, the whole Tipiṭaka was written on specially prepared ōla (palm) leaves. They typically deteriorate over 100 years or so and need to be rewritten. Even though that was a very labor-intensive process (about 60 large volumes in the modern printed version of the Tipiṭaka), it served another essential purpose.
Sinhala language (both spoken and written) changed over the past 2000 years. The need to re-write it every 100 or so years made sure that they took account of the changes in the Sinhala script. Of course, the Pāli language has not changed.
The following video gives an idea about the preparation process and the tools used to write:
European Civil Servants saved existing Pali manuscripts of the Tipiṭaka in the 1800s. See "Misinterpretation of Anicca and Anatta by Early European Scholars." The original documents on Palm leaves are still kept at the British Museum:
Most Suttā Are Condensed Versions of the Discourses
6. A critical point here is that a sutta is a CONDENSED version of discourse in many cases. For example, the Dhamma Cakka Pavattana sutta was delivered to the five ascetics overnight. Imagine how many written pages would be if written verbatim! Yet, it is summarized in a few pages. The same is true for all the deeper suttās. Otherwise, it would have been impossible to transmit all those thousands of suttā.
The Buddha delivered most of his discourses in the Māghadhi (māghadhi = "maga" + "adhi" or Noble path) language. Tipiṭaka was written in Pāli with Sinhala script. Pāli is a version of Māghadhi suitable for writing down oral discourses in a summary form suitable for transmission.
Each Pāli word is packed with a lot of information, and thus commentaries (called "Attha Kathā") were written to expound on the meaning of critical Pāli words and to explain the key phrases in the suttā.
Importance of the Commentaries
7. Pāli suttā are not supposed to be translated word-by-word. see, "Sutta Interpretation – Uddēsa, Niddēsa, Paṭiniddēsa." The Tipiṭaka was meant to be used with the commentaries. Commentaries compiled by Arahants at the time of the Buddha are still there with the Tipiṭaka: Patisambhidamagga, Petakopadesa, and Nettippakarana. Venerable Mahinda started compiling Sinhala Commentaries 200 years later.
Sadly those Sinhala commentaries were burned during the Anuradhapura era; see "Incorrect Theravada Interpretations – Historical Timeline."
Fortunately, three original commentaries prepared by the foremost disciples of the Buddha (Ven. Sariputta, Ven. Kaccayaṃa, etc.) during the Buddha's time were included in the Tipiṭaka (in the Khuddhaka Nikāya) and thus survived. The current revival of pure Dhamma by Waharaka Thero in Sri Lanka was partially due to his perusal of these three documents (Patisambhidamagga, Petakopadesa, and Nettippakarana).
8. With the loss of most of the commentaries and the non-prominence of the surviving three commentaries mentioned above, people started translating the Tipiṭaka word by word, a practice that continues to date: "Elephant in the Room" – Direct Translation of the Tipiṭaka." The problem was compounded by the increasing usage of the Sanskrit language beginning around the first century CE.
For example, "anicca" was translated first to Sanskrit as "anitya," and then the same Sanskrit word "anitya" was ADOPTED as the Sinhala translation for anicca. Similarly, "anatta" was translated to Sanskrit as "anāthma" and again was adopted as the Sinhala word for "anatta." This has prevented millions of people from attaining Nibbāna all these years; see "Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta – Wrong Interpretations."
Another good example is the translation of Paṭicca samuppāda to Sanskrit as Pratītyasamutpāda; see "Paṭicca Samuppāda – "Pati+ichcha" +" Sama+uppäda" and the Wikipedia article, "Pratītyasamutpāda."
It is NOT POSSIBLE to translate some critical Pāli words to Sanskrit, English, or any other language without losing their true meaning. In many cases, I prefer to keep the original words (e.g., anicca, anatta, taṇhā) and explain their meanings.
Buddha Prohibited Translation of the Tipiṭaka to Sanskrit
9. The Buddha foresaw this and warned not to TRANSLATE the Tipiṭaka to Sanskrit. There were two Brahmins by the names of Yameḷa and Kekuṭa who were experts on the Vedic Texts; they became bhikkhus and asked the Buddha whether they should translate the Pāli suttā to Sanskrit.
The Buddha admonished them that Sanskrit was a language with musical overtones developed by the high-minded Brahmins. Thus, it was impossible to convey the true meanings of Maghadhi (Pāli) words in Sanskrit; see Chulavagga 5.33. He admonished them not to translate his teachings to Sanskrit.
In the Sutta Central English translation, the Pāli word for Sanskrit (chandasa) is mistranslated as "metrical"; see "15. Minor matters (Khuddaka)." The relevant Pāli text starts as, "Tena kho pana samayena yameḷakekuṭā nāma…".
10. One grave problem today is that many people try to translate a given sutta word by word to other languages. Thus the Dhamma Cakka Pavattana sutta that we mentioned above is translated into a few pages.
For a comprehensive translation of that sutta: "Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta."
That is why most of the existing translations are inadequate at best and erroneous in most cases; see "Sutta Interpretation – Uddēsa, Niddēsa, Paṭiniddēsa."
Buddhaghosa's Commentaries
11. Finally, just before the burning of the Sinhala commentaries, Buddhaghosa translated and edited those commentaries back to Pāli in his Visuddhimagga and other books.
Even though he had made many errors (like including kasina meditation and substituting the ānāpanasati bhāvanā with "breath meditation"), he had used the words anicca and anatta in the Pāli version of the Visuddhimagga; see, "Buddhaghōsa and Visuddhimagga – Historical Background" and "Buddhaghosa's Visuddhimagga – A Focused Analysis."
Thus the incorrect translations of the words "anicca" (as "impermanence") and "anatta" (as "no-self") may have happened more recently; see "Misinterpretation of Anicca and Anatta by Early European Scholars."
Now, let us systematically review the timeline of the Tipiṭaka.
Timeline – First Buddhist Council
12. That first Buddhist council was held three months after the Parinibbāna at Rājagaha, the capital of Māgadha.
Shortly after the Buddha passed away, Ven. Mahakassapa, the de facto head of the Saṅgha, selected five hundred monks, all Arahants, to meet and compile an authoritative version of the teachings.
13. The Cullavagga, one of the books of the Pāli Vinaya Piṭaka, gives an account of how the authorized texts were compiled at the First Buddhist Council:
Based on Venerable Upāli's recitation of Vinaya, the Vinaya Piṭaka, disciplinary matters were compiled.
Venerable Ananda then recited "the Dhamma" or the Sutta Piṭaka, i.e., the discourses, and based on this recitation, the Sutta Piṭaka, the Compilation of Discourses, was compiled (Venerable Ananda was supposed to have an amazing memory and had memorized all the Suttas preached by the Buddha).
The Abhidhamma was rehearsed by all the Arahants present at the Council. Although they recited parts of the Abhidhamma at these earlier Buddhist Councils, it was not until the Third Council that it became finalized to its present form as the third and final Piṭaka of the Canon.
Finalization of Tipiṭaka at the Third Council
14. The Moggaliputta-Tissa Thero compiled the proceedings of the Third Council in the Kathavatthu, which became part of the Tipiṭaka (Three Baskets). During the Third Council, Arahants compiled the final version of the Tipiṭaka (as available today). It finalized the Abhidhamma Piṭaka and added several books on the Khuddhaka Nikāya and the Kathavatthu.
The composition of the Tipiṭaka is as follows:
1. The Vinaya Piṭaka is composed of five books: Major Offenses (Prajika Pāli), Minor Offenses (Pacittiya Pāli), Greater Section (Mahavagga Pāli), Smaller Section (Culavagga Pāli), and Epitome of the Vinaya (Parivara Pāli).
2. The Sutta Piṭaka consists of five nikāyas: Digha Nikāya (Collection of Long Discourses), Majjhima Nikāya (Collection of Middle-Length Courses), Samutta Nikāya (Collection of Kindred Sayings), Anguttara Nikāya (Collection of Discourses arranged by a number), and Khuddaka Nikāya (Smaller Collection).
3. The Abhidhamma Piṭaka consists of the following categories: Dhamma Saṅghani (Classification of Dharmas), Vibhanga (The Book of Divisions), Kathavatthu (Points of Controversy), Puggala Pannatthi (Description of Individuals), Dhatukatha (Discussion regarding Elements), Yamaka (The Book of the Pairs), and Patthana (The Book of Relations). Venerable Moggaliputta Tissa COMPILED Kathavatthu at the Third Buddhist Council,
That collection is the Tipiṭaka (Three Baskets) or the Pāli Canon that exists today.
Abhidhamma Piṭaka Finalized at the Third Council
15. The work on the Abhidhamma Piṭaka started during the time of the Buddha by Ven. Sariputta was not finalized until the Third Council. The Buddha only taught the basic framework to Ven. Sariputta. It was completed over roughly 250 years by the lineage of bhikkhus, starting with Ven. Sariputta. Of course, Ven. Sariputta was one of the two chief disciples of the Buddha: While Ven. Moggallana excelled in supernatural powers, Ven. Sariputta excelled in Dhamma. He was only second to the Buddha in Dhamma knowledge.
The minute details on the structure of a citta vithi (a series of citta) of 17 thought moments, with each citta lasting sub-billionth of a second, can be seen only by a Buddha. The Buddha described only the underlying principles to Ven. Sariputta. Then Ven. Sariputta and his group of bhikkhus (and their subsequent lineage) completed the monumental task of categorizing the Abhidhamma, starting with the fundamental entities.
Bhikkhu Bodhi describes the origins of Abhidhamma in his book, "Comprehensive_Manual_of_Abhidhamma," (2000); see pp. 9-11.
As I mentioned, compiling Abhidhamma Piṭaka (after the Buddha described it in summary form to Ven. Sariputta) was not a trivial task. That is why it took 250 years to finalize that work. Anyone with even a little knowledge of Abhidhamma would realize that it must be the work of a Buddha. See the "Abhidhamma" section at puredhamma.net.
The Abhidhamma Piṭaka is fully consistent with the Sutta Piṭaka. I would be happy to discuss any perceived inconsistencies.
However, it is not necessary to learn Abhidhamma to attain magga phala. It is an additional tool for those who like to get into details. It is truly a joyful experience to "see" how phenomena can be explained at a deeper level.
Writing Down the Tipiṭaka at the Fourth Council
16. This enlarged Canon, completed at the Third Council, was committed to writing in Sri Lanka in the first century BCE (29 BCE) at the Aluvihara Monastery at the Fourth Buddhist Council. The material in Pāli was written down in the Sinhala language (Pāli does not have its script).
Bhikkhus wrote on palm leaves with styluses, a pointed steel dagger-like instrument, which scratched the letters into the soft leaves. Ink made from berries was rubbed over the whole page and gently removed so that only the indentations retained the color. It is said that Tipiṭaka was also written down on gold leaves as well. These could be entombed inside stupās; see the Wikipedia article "Stupa"
Translation of the Tipiṭaka to Other Languages
17. It is to be noted that Theravada Buddhism was brought to Burma and Thailand from Sri Lanka in the first century CE. Over the next two centuries, it diffused into adjoining countries of Laos and Cambodia and survived in its purity in those countries as well to the present day. (In Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge regime in the 1970s massacred most monks, and the Buddha Dhamma is virtually extinct).
However, the Chinese/Tibetan versions of the Tipiṭaka seem to have come from India. The Tibetan version seems to have undergone many revisions/additions and, in some cases, is far removed from the original teachings.
While the Saṅgha (with the aid of most of the kings) in Sri Lanka took pride and honor in keeping the teachings intact, Buddhism underwent many changes in India, China, Japan, and Tibet. It then finally disappeared altogether from India around 1200 CE.


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Andres Iniesta scores again in Japanese league
Vissel Kobe's Andres Iniesta, right, fights for the ball with Sanfrecce Hiroshima's Toshihiro Aoyama during their J-League soccer match in Kobe, weste... Vissel Kobe's Andres Iniesta, right, fights for the ball with Sanfrecce Hiroshima's Toshihiro Aoyama during their J-League soccer match in Kobe, western Japan Wednesday, Aug. 15, 2018. (Takumi Sato/Kyodo News via AP)
Vissel Kobe's Andres Iniesta, center, celebrates his game-tying goal during a J-League soccer match against Sanfrecce Hiroshima in Kobe, western Japan... Vissel Kobe's Andres Iniesta, center, celebrates his game-tying goal during a J-League soccer match against Sanfrecce Hiroshima in Kobe, western Japan Wednesday, Aug. 15, 2018. (Takumi Sato/Kyodo News via AP)
Vissel Kobe's Andres Iniesta, center, scores a game-tying goal during a J-League soccer match against Sanfrecce Hiroshima in Kobe, western Japan Wedne... Vissel Kobe's Andres Iniesta, center, scores a game-tying goal during a J-League soccer match against Sanfrecce Hiroshima in Kobe, western Japan Wednesday, Aug. 15, 2018. (Takumi Sato/Kyodo News via AP)
TOKYO (AP) — Andres Iniesta scored his second goal in the Japanese league on Wednesday, helping Vissel Kobe earn a 1-1 draw with first-place Sanfrecce Hiroshima.
The former Barcelona midfielder collected a pass in the 18th minute and scored the equalizing goal from 20 meters. Patric had given the hosts the lead moments earlier.
Also, FC Tokyo lost to Kashiwa Reysol 1-0 and dropped into third place. Yusuke Segawa scored the only goal in the 77th minute.
Kawasaki Frontale moved into second place despite being held to a 0-0 draw by Sagan Tosu. Former Spain forward Fernando Torres has yet to score for Sagan Tosu in six matches.
More AP sports: https://apnews.com/tag/apf-sports and https://twitter.com/AP_Sports


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We're as best prepared as we possibly could be - Morgan
Thread: We're as best prepared as we possibly could be - Morgan
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England captain stressed the expectations won't hamper his side's performance in the World Cup. © Getty
In an ever evolving cricketing landscape, four years is a good amount of time to build a world beating team that revolutionised the way ODI cricket is being played. England are a living example of that. From failing to make it to the knockouts of the 2015 edition of the World Cup to possessing a star-studded side that has a penchant for record totals, England have come a long way in the last four years. Hence, it hardly came as a surprise when most of the captains who had gathered at the media interaction on Thursday (May 23) labelled the hosts as the favourites to lift the 2019 World Cup.
The last four years have been a period of revamp for England, who have only five players from the 2015 squad in the current set-up, including skipper Eoin Morgan. With a team brimming with all-rounders, hard-hitting batsmen, pacers who can bowl really quick and a useful spin attack, England have all bases covered in their bid to clinch their maiden title in the 50-over World Cup.
Looking at the numbers since the end of the 2015 World Cup, England have the most number of wins and are one of only two teams along with India to bag in excess of 50 victories in the said period. With a win percentage of close to 70 since January 2018, and seven 350-plus totals in the said period - three more than the next best - England have set a template heading into the 12th edition of the world event.
But with all that also comes the pressure of expectation, something that Morgan is aware of and hopes to handle it by sticking to the methods that have worked well for England in recent years.
"We always talk about why expectation is there. Expectation doesn't come out of hot air. We have scored some high scores, particularly at home and that's built a lot of confidence within the side. We certainly believe the expectation is there for a reason," said Morgan. "Obviously we've prepared pretty well but World Cup is a different kettle of fish. You still have to play against some of the best sides in the world, all the best teams in the world, to earn the right to get to the latter stages.
"Like every other side, we'll have to do that regardless of what has been before. Everything you've done, yes it does contribute - experience, performance, confidence going into the World Cup. But you still have to produce it then as well. We're as best prepared as we possibly could be. We want the first game to be tomorrow. Get yourself into the tournament regardless of what happens. In many ways, you just want to play that first game. Put your head on the pillow ahead of the first game knowing you've done everything possible to prepare your best before the tournament and to go out and do your best to give a good account of your country," said the England skipper.
For England's opposition on the opening day of the World Cup, it's a different label that they're carrying as they enter the event. As several of their players have stressed, including captain Faf du Plessis, South Africa are flying below their radar as far as expectations are concerned. Star players like AB de Villiers and Morne Morkel have retired and although the team still possesses a fair share of experienced cricketers, there are some new names as well.
"Compared to the previous tournaments, teams that we've had, it's a lot younger in terms of the names that we have on the team sheet. With that comes exciting opportunities for younger players. We've got some experienced campaigners that have been to World Cups. But there's absolutely no guarantee that South Africa will come here and win the tournament. There are 10 high-quality teams," said du Plessis.
The South Africa captain reflected on the importance of playing the best cricket and not worry about the result as he recalled some of the memorable and emotional matches that his team played in the last World Cup. "For us, there were some really good times when we have played in the previous World Cups. Really enjoyed that we started playing some of our best cricket towards the end of the (2015) tournament. Had a really good game against Sri Lanka in the quarterfinal and then a fantastic game of cricket against New Zealand, who were better than us on the day.
"As long as you're doing that, that's all you can control. If you're playing your best cricket, if the opposition is better than you on that day then you hold your head up high and say 'well done'," said du Plessis, adding that the history wouldn't have any bearing on his team's performance in their latest quest for a world title. "You can't control history. I'm a firm believer that you can't control the past or the future. All you can try and focus on is what's there ahead of you. If that's good enough on the day then it's great. If it's not, as I said, as long as the opposition is playing better than you, then it's okay.
"It's about a year or two about planning, putting teams together, putting players together, putting game plans together. Just excited for the tournament to start actually now. It's been a long process of looking forward to the World Cup and in a week's time we'll get there," du Plessis concluded.
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Q: RAD Studio stopped working Periodically as I work on XE8 under Windows 10 64 bit the user interface will stop working and through up the dialog "Embarcadero RAD Studio for Windows has stopped working". This requires a restart with loss of editing to that point.
It doesn't seem to be associated with any one task I am performing except that I have a rather large project loaded and am looking at the source code with the editor.
Any ideas on this?


What does it take to protect Mitt Romney?
Posted byPaul	 2012-08-15 2014-11-13 Leave a comment on What does it take to protect Mitt Romney?
Interesting peek into what it takes to protect a Presidential candidate in the United States! I love this Secret Service stuff.