The Porsche 911 (pronounced as nine eleven) is a sports car made by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany. The famous, distinctive and durable car has undergone continuous development since its introduction in 1964. Mechanically it is notable for being rear engined and, until the introduction of the all-new Type 996 in 1999, air-cooled. All 911s use six-cylinder boxer engines.
Since its inception the 911 has been modified, both by private teams and the factory itself, for racing, rallying and other types of automotive competition. It is often cited as the most successful competition car ever, especially when its variations are included, mainly the powerful 935.
In the international poll for the award of the world's most influential car of the twentieth century the 911 came fifth after the Ford Model T, the Mini, the Citroën DS and the Volkswagen Beetle.
A note on the models listed: not all of the Porsche 911 models ever produced are mentioned here. The listed models are notable for their role in the advancements in technology and their influence on the following vehicles from Porsche.
A note on model names: although the articles below use Porsche's internal classifications (911, 964, 993, 996, 997) the car was always sold as 911. "Carrera", "GT3", "Turbo", etc. refer to the specific model trim (they are all 911s).
The 911 was developed as a much more powerful, larger, more comfortable replacement for the Porsche 356, the company's first model, and essentially a sporting evolution of the Volkswagen Beetle. The new car made its public debut at the 1963 Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung, better known to English speakers as the Frankfurt motor show.
It was designated as the 'Porsche 901' (901 being its internal project number). Peugeot protested on the grounds that they owned the trademark to all car names formed by three numbers with a zero in the middle. So, before production started, the new Porsche had its name changed to 911. It went on sale in 1964.
The earliest editions of the 911 had a 130 PS1 (96 kW) six-cylinder engine, in the 'boxer' configuration like the 356, air-cooled and rear-mounted, displaced 1991 cc compared with the 356's four-cylinder 1600 cc unit. The car had four seats although the rear seats are very small, and the car is usually called a 2+2 rather than a four-seater (the 356 was also a 2+2). It was mated to a five speed manual 'Type 901' transmission. The styling was largely by Ferdinand "Butzi" Porsche, son of Ferdinand "Ferry" Porsche. Erwin Komenda, the leader of the Porsche car body construction department, was also involved in the design.
The 356 came to the end of its production life in 1965, but there was still a market for a 4-cylinder car, particularly in the USA. The Porsche 912, introduced the same year, served as a direct replacement. It used the 356's 4-cylinder, 1600 cc 90 PS (66 kW) engine but wore the 911 bodywork.
In 1966 Porsche introduced the more powerful 911S, the engine's power raised to 160 PS (118 kW). Alloy wheels from Fuchs, in a distinctive 5-leaf design, were offered for the first time. In motorsport at the same time, installed in the mid-engined Porsche 904 and Porsche 906, the engine was developed to 210 PS (154 kW).
In 1967 the Targa version was introduced. The Targa had a removable roof panel, a removable plastic rear window (although a fixed glass version was offered alongside from 1968) and a stainless steel-clad roll bar. (Porsche had, at one point, thought that the NHTSA would outlaw fully open convertibles in the US, an important market for the 911, and introduced the Targa as a 'stop gap' model.) The name 'Targa' came from the Targa Florio road race in Sicily, in which Porsche had notable success: victories in 1956, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1973.
The 110 PS (81 kW) 911T was also launched in 1967 and effectively replaced the 912. The staple 130 PS (96 kW) model was renamed the 911L. More excitingly, the 911R was produced in tiny numbers (20 in all). This was a lightweight racing version with thin aluminium doors, a magnesium crankcase, twin-spark cylinder heads, and a power output of 210 PS (154 kW).
In 1968 the B series was introduced: the wheelbase for all 911 and 912 models was increased from 2211 mm to 2268 mm, an effective remedy to the car's nervous handling at the limit. The overall length of the car did not change: rather, the rear wheels were relocated aft. Fuel injection arrived for the 911S and for a new middle model, 911E. A semi-automatic Sportomatic ( www.sportomatic.org) model, composed of a torque converter, an automatic clutch, and the four speed transmission, was added to the product lineup.
For the 1970 model year the engines of all 911s was increased to 2195 cc. Power outputs were uprated to 125 (911T), 155 (911E) and 180 PS (911S). The 912 was discontinued, thanks to the introduction of the Porsche 914 as an entry model.
The 2.2 litre 911E was called "The secret weapon from Zuffenhausen". Despite the lower power output of the 911E (155PS) compared to the 911S (180PS) the 911E was quicker in acceleration up to 100 mph (160 km/h).
The 1972-1973 model years consisted of the same models of 911—the entry level T, the midrange E and the top of the line S. However, all models got a new, larger 2341 cc/142 in³ engine. This is universally known as the "2.4 L" engine, despite its displacement being closer to 2.3 litres — perhaps to emphasize the increase over the 2.2. The new power ratings were 130 hp (97 kW), or 140 hp (104 kW) in the U.S., for the T, 165 hp (123 kW) for the E and 190 hp (142 kW) for the S.
The 911E and 911S used mechanical fuel injection (MFI) in all markets. The U.S. 911T also used MFI, while the RoW (rest-of-the-world) 911T was carbureted, which accounts for the 10 hp (7.5 kW) power difference between the two. In January, 1973, US 911Ts were switched to the new K-Jetronic CIS (Continuous Fuel Injection) system from Bosch. These cars are commonly referred to as 1973.5 models.
With the power and torque increases, the 2.4 L cars also got a newer, stronger transmission, identified by its Porsche type number 915. Derived from the transmission in the Porsche 908 race car, the 915 did away with the 901/911 transmission's 'dog-leg' style first gear arrangement, opting for a traditional H pattern with first gear up to the left, second gear underneath first, etc. Some say this was because the dog-leg shift to second gear was inconvenient for in town driving, other say it was due to Porsche's desire to put 5th gear outside the main transmission housing where it could easily be changed for different races. The Sportomatic transmission was still available, but only as a special order.
In 1972 tremendous effort was made to improve the handling of the 911. One thing Porsche did was relocate the oil tank from its position behind the right rear wheel to in front of it. This had the effect of moving the weight of almost 9 quarts of oil from outside the wheelbase to inside, improving the handling. To facilitate filling of the oil tank, Porsche installed an oil filler door (much like the fuel filler door on the left front fender) on the right rear quarter panel. Unfortunately, this unique design was scrapped after only one year, some say because inattentive gas station attendants were putting gas in the oil tank! The oil tank was moved back to its original position for the 1973 model year, and there is stayed until it was moved back within the wheelbase for the 964 models.
These cars also gained a discreet spoiler under the front bumper to help high-speed stability. With the car's weight only 2314 lb (1050 kg), these are often regarded as the best classic mainstream 911s. For racing at this time, the 911 ST was made in tiny numbers. The cars were available with engines of either 2466 cc or 2492 cc, producing 270 bhp at 8000 rpm. Weight was down to 960 kg. The cars had success at the Daytona 6 Hours, the Sebring 12 Hours, the Nurburgring 1000 km and the Targa Florio.
This model, much prized by collectors, is one of the all-time classic 911s. It was built so that Porsche could enter racing formulae that demanded that a certain minimum number of production cars were made. Compared with a standard 911S, the Carrera RS had a larger engine (2687 cc) developing 210 PS (154 kW), revised and stiffened suspension, a 'ducktail' rear spoiler, larger brakes, larger wheels & wheel-arches, and was about 150 kg lighter—most of the saving coming from the thin-gauge steel used for parts of the bodyshell. In total 1636 were made, comfortably exceeding the 500 that had to be made to qualify for the vital FIA Group 4 class. A more powerful version, the Carrera RS 3.0, was also made. The 3.0-litre cars used standard-gauge steel, and thanks to that extra 180 kg the extra 20 PS (15 kW) did not give it a performance advantage.
The Carrera RSR 3.0 and Carrera RSR Turbo (its 2.1-litre engine due to a 1.4x equivalency formula) were made in tiny numbers for racing. The turbo car came second at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1974, a significant event in that its engine would form the basis of many future Porsche assaults on sportscar racing, and can be regarded as the start of its commitment to turbocharging. The large rear spoiler and the 3.0 turbo engine were to be used again in the production 911 Turbo and the 934 racing car.
From 1974 a detuned version of the 2687 cc engine from the Carrera RS was used in the mainstream production cars. The cars looked rather different from the previous year's, thanks to bulky new bumpers front and rear, to conform with low-speed impact protection requirements of US law. The interior was refreshed too. The model line-up was now: 911, 911S and 911 Carrera (the latter now a regular production model). The Turbo was introduced in 1975 (see below). In 1976 the Carrera model was upgraded to what was essentially the Turbo's 2992 cc engine, minus the turbocharger, developing 200 PS (147 kW). The 2.7 engines proved to be less reliable than the 'bulletproof' 2.4 units. In effect, the 2.4-litre engine had been enlarged with no additional cooling capacity. The engines saw problems, particularly in hot climates, where the different rates of thermal expansion between the magnesium of the crankcase and the aluminium of the cylinder heads contributed to major failure. In addition, some engines saw problems whereby the cylinder head studs would pull themselves out of the crankcase. The 3.0-litre engine of the Turbo and Carrera had not used magnesium, but rather aluminium, thereby showing equal expansion rates to the cylinders. The move to that engine across the board was welcome for reliability reasons. However, the aluminium case weighed 15 lb more than the magnesium one. In addition with the 1973.5 engines Porsche moved away from MFI to Bosch K-Jetronic CIS. This system varied fuel pressure to the injectors dependant on the mass airflow. While this system was exceedingly reliable, it did not allow the use of as "hot" cams as MFI or carburators allowed. Therefore the 911S's horsepower decreased from 190 to 165 despite the displacement increase from 2.4 to 2.7 L. However, the engine did have increased drivability.
Also produced for the 1976 "model year", for the U.S. market, was the 912E, a 4-cylinder version of the 911 like the old 912 that had last been produced in 1969. It used the I-series chassis and the 2.0 Volkswagen engine from the Porsche 914. In all, 2099 units were produced. In 1976 the Porsche 924 took this car's place for the 1977 "model year" and beyond.
Although Porsche was continuing development of the 911, executives were troubled by its declining sales numbers and in 1971 greenlighted work on the Porsche 928. Larger, with a front-mounted V8 engine that was considerably more powerful than the contemporary 911's, the 928 was not only designed to eclipse its performance, it was designed to be a more comfortable car, a sporty grand tourer rather than a focused sports car. The 928 sold reasonably well, and managed to survive from its introduction in 1977 until 1995. Throughout its 17 years, despite its capabilities on the road, it never outsold the 911. Notably, it achieved little success in racing.
In 1975 Porsche introduced the first production turbocharged 911. Although called simply Porsche 911 Turbo in Europe, it was marketed as Porsche 930 (930 being its internal type number) in North America. The body shape is distinctive thanks to wide wheel-arches to accommodate the wide tyres, and a large rear spoiler often known as a 'whale tail' on the early cars, and 'tea-tray' on the later ones. Starting out with a 3.0-litre engine (260 PS or 191 kW), it rose to 3.3 litres (300 PS or 221 kW) for the 1978 model year. The early cars are known for extreme turbo lag.
Production figures of the car soon qualified its racing incarnation for FIA Group 4 competition as the Porsche 934, of 1976. Many participated at Le Mans and other races including some epic battles with the BMW 3.0 CSL 'Batmobile'. The wilder Porsche 935, a more highly tuned car in FIA Group 5 and evolved from the 2.1-litre RSR Turbo of 1974, was campaigned in 1976 by the factory and won Le Mans in 1979. Private teams continued to compete successfully with the car until well into the 1980s.
As demand for the Turbo soared in the late 1980s, Porsche introduced novelty variants including a slant-nose version, while not significantly improving the range mechanically. Although these cars could be sold for extraordinary premiums over the standard models, the company's reluctance to invest in research and development of the entire 911 line at that time turned out to be an almost fatal decision not only for the 911, but for the entire company.
Only in its last production year the 930 was equipped with a five-speed gearbox. Before, the five-speed gearboxes of the naturally-aspirated cars were not strong enough to cope with the torque of the turbo engines. With the four-speed gearbox the 930 was capable of exceeding 200 km/h in third gear!
There have been turbocharged variants of each subsequent generation of 911. Four-wheel-drive was standard from the 993 Generation and on, except for the lightweight GT2.
SC stands for "Super Carrera" (although Porsche never claimed this or marketed it as such). All 911 models standardized on the 2994 cc engine for the 1978 model year (introduced in late 1977). This engine was a unit fresh from the factory delivering 180 PS (132 kW) that was still capable of substantial extra tuning, compared with the 2.7 which was almost at its limit. Yet, the weight of the extra equipment on these cars was blunting performance compared with what would have been expected from earlier, lighter cars with the same power output.
SCs sold in the UK could be specified with the Sport Group Package (UK) which added the rear spoiler, front air dam and black Fuchs wheels.
In 1981 a Cabriolet concept car was shown at the Frankfurt motorshow. Not only was the car a drop top, but it also featured four-wheel drive. In late 1982 (débuting as the 1983 model) the first 911 cabriolet went on sale (the first Porsche cabriolet since the 356). To many, this was a much more attractive car than the Targa, the other open-top 911. But while the Targa was priced to match the regular car, the Cabriolet cost significantly more. Cabriolet versions of the 911 have been offered ever since.
In 1979 Porsche made plans to replace the 911 with the 928, but the 911 still sold so much better than the 928, that Porsche revised its strategy and inject new life into the Type 911 European editions. Those cars (1981-1983 911 SCs) were massaged to yield 204 bhp @ 5900 rpm from their 2994 cc powerplants. North Americans would have to wait for the replacement 3.2 L 911 Carrera in 1984 before seeing any extra horsepower.
In 1984 a new 3.2-litre car replaced the 3.0-litre SC model. It was badged '911 Carrera' but known as '3.2 Carrera', the first time the sporty label had been applied to the basic 911. Power was increased, brakes were better, the fuel injection was upgraded to enhance everyday reliability, and the car was more refined. The non-Turbo models became available as 'Turbo-look' or 'Super Sport', a style that aped the Turbo with wide wheel-arches and the 'whale-tail', but did not reflect any mechanical changes.
In 1987, the Carrera got a new five-speed gearbox sourced from Getrag, model number G50. This included a hydraulic clutch.
The 911 Speedster, a low-roof version of the Cabriolet, evocative of the Porsche 356 Speedster of the 1950s, was produced in limited numbers. The Carrera Club Sport from 1987 (340 produced) is highly collectible. It was stripped of electric windows, electric seats, and radio to save a claimed 50 kg in weight. Its engine was allowed to rev higher, and the engine developed a little more power.
In late 1989 (and for the 1990 model year) the 911 underwent a major evolution with the introduction of the Type 964.
This would be a very important car for Porsche, since the world economy was undergoing recession and the company could not rely on its image alone. It was launched as the Carrera 4, the '4' indicating four-wheel-drive, a decision that surprised many but demonstrated the company's commitment to engineering by reminding buyers that race and rally engineering (of the 959) does affect road cars. Drag coefficient was down to 0.32. A rear spoiler deployed at high speed, preserving the purity of line when the vehicle was at rest. The chassis was redesigned overall. Coil springs, ABS brakes and power steering made their debut. The engine was increased in size to 3600 cc and developed 250 PS (184 kW). The car was more refined, but thought by some journalists to have lost some purity of the 911's concept. The rear-wheel-drive version, the Carrera 2, arrived a year later.
The 964 incarnation of the 911 Turbo returned in 1990 after an absence from the price lists, using a refined 3.3-litre engine of the previous Turbo, but two years later a turbo engine based on the 3.6 litre engine of the other models was introduced.
Porsche introduced the ahead-of-its-time 'Tiptronic' automatic transmission in the 964 Carrera 2, featuring adaptive electronic management and full manual control. The 964 was one of the first cars in the world offered with dual airbags standard (from 1991).
In 1992, Porsche re-introduced a limited-edition RS model, inspired by the 1973 Carrera RS and emissions-legal in Europe only. Appeals from American customers resulted in Porsche developing the RS America of which 701 were built. However, while European RS was a homologation special, RS America was a low spec variant of the regular model. The RS 3.8 of 1993 had Turbo-style bodywork, a larger fixed whale tail in place of the moveable rear spoiler, and a 300 bhp 3746 cc engine.
Since the RS/RS America was intended as a no-frills, higher performance version of the 964, there were only 4 factory options available: a limited-slip differential, AM/FM cassette stereo, air conditioning, and a sunroof. The interior was more basic than a standard 911 as well; for example the interior door panels lacked the armrests and door pockets and had a simple pull strap for the opening mechanism. Although RS America was about $10,000 cheaper than a fully-equipped C2 at the time of their production , these models now command a premium price on the used market over a standard 964 (RS Europe was about $20,000 more expensive than a C2).
In 1990 Porsche introduced a Turbo version of the 964 series. This car is sometimes mistakenly called 965 (this type number actually referred to a stillborn project that would have been a hi-tech turbocharged car in the vein of the 959). For the 1991 and 1992 model years, Porsche produced the 964 Turbo with the 930's proven 3.3L engine, improved to produce 320hp. 1993 brought the Carrera 2/4's 3.6L engine, now in turbo-charged form and sending a staggering 360hp to the rear wheels. With the 993 on the way, this car was produced through 1994 and remains rather rare.
The mid-nineties Type 993 had sleeker bodywork. This is the lightweight GT2 variant.
The 911 was again revised in 1993 and was now known as the Type 993. This car was significant as it was the final incarnation of the air-cooled 911, introduced in 1964.
The exterior featured an all new front and rear end, with only the windscreen, side windows and doors maintained from the previous 964. The revised bodywork was smoother, having a noticeably more aerodynamic front end somewhat reminiscent of the Porsche 959. Styling was by Englishman Tony Hatter under the supervision of design chief Harm Lagaay.
Along with the revised bodywork, mechanically the 993 also featured all-new multilink rear suspension that improved the car's ride and handling.
The new suspension, along with chassis refinements, enabled the car to keep up dynamically with the competition. Engine capacity remained at 3.6 litres, but power rose to 272 PS (200 kW) thanks to better engine management and exhaust design, and beginning with model year 1996 to 285 PS (210 kW). A new four-wheel-drive made a return as an option in the form of the Carrera 4, the rear wheel drive versions simply being called Carrera. A lightweight RS version saw capacity rise to 3.8 litres, with power reaching 300 PS (221 kW). The RS version had rear-wheel drive only.
Non-turbo models appeared that used the Turbo's wide bodyshell and some other components (the Carrera 4S and later the Carrera S).
The Targa open-topped model also made a return, this time with a large glass roof that slid under the rear window.
The Targa and wide-body versions remained in production in model year 1998, when the entirely new Porsche 996 was launched, the 993´s successor.
A Turbo version of the 993 was launched in 1995 and became the first standard production Porsche with twin turbochargers and the first 911 Turbo to equipped with all-wheel-drive (in order to delete the 4WD, one had to refer to the more powerful and race homlogated GT2). The similarity in specification and in performance levels inspired several comparison road tests with the Porsche 959 (f.e. Car and Driver, July 1997, p. 63).
After 34 years in production the famous air-cooled 911 was replaced by an all-new water-cooled model. Known as the Type 996 this car was a major leap for Porsche, although many of the traits that made the 911 what it was during the past 34 years still remained with the new model. As with the 993 before it the 996 was also a significant model, but mainly for the way it was conceived and designed, and the effect it had on Porsche during the 1990s.
Pundits criticised the 996's styling a great deal, largely because it shared its headlamps—indeed much of its front end, mechanically—with the less expensive Boxster. The 996 had been on the drawing board first and was a more advanced car in some respects, but the cost-cutting seemed inappropriate for an expensive car. Otherwise, the Pinky Lai-penned shape followed the original Butzi Porsche design very closely. The interior was further criticised for its plainness and its lack of relationship to prior 911 interiors, although this came largely from owners of older 911s.
The Type 996 spawned over a dozen variations, including all wheel drive Carrera 4 and Carrera 4S models, the club racing-oriented GT3, and the forced-induction 996 Turbo and GT2. The Turbo, four-wheel-drive and twin-turbo, often made appearances in magazines' lists of the best cars on sale.
The Carrera and Carrera 4 underwent revisions for model year 2002, receiving the front headlight/indicator lights which were first seen on the Turbo version two years earlier. This allowed the 911 to be more distinguishable from the Boxster. A mildy revised front fascia was also intorduced, though the basic architecture remained.
Engine wise, displacement was 3.4 litres and power 300 PS (221kW), increased in 2002 to 3.6 litres and 320 PS (235 kW).
Porsche unveiled a road-going GT3 version of the 996 series which was derived from the racing GT3. Simply called GT3, the car featured lightweight materials inside and out, including thinner windows, the GT3 was a lighter and more focused 911 with the emphasis on handling and performance. The suspension was lower and more aggressive than other 996s, leading to excellent handling and razor-sharp steering though the ride was very very firm. Of more significance was the engine used in the GT3. Instead of using a version of the water-cooled units found in other 996s, the naturally-aspirated engine was derived from the Porsche 911 GT1-98 sports-prototype racing car and featured lightweight materials which enabled the engine to rev highly.
In 2000 Porsche launched the Turbo version of the Type 996. Like the GT3, the new Turbo engine derived from the 911 GT1 engine and, like its predecessor, featured twin-turbos and now developed 420 bhp. Also like its predecessor the new Turbo was only available with 4 wheel drive. A $17,000USD factory option, the X50 package, was available that boosted the engine output to a tidy 444 bhp with 457 ft/lbs of torque across a wide section of the power band. With the X50 package in place the car could make 0-60mph in about 3.6 seconds.
Styling wise, the car was more individual than previous Turbos. Along with the traditional wider rear wings, the 996 Turbo had different front lights and bumpers when compared to the Carrera/Carrera 4. The rear bumper had air vents that were reminiscent of those on the Porsche 959 and there are large vents on the front bumper, which have been copied in the Carrera 4S and Cayenne Turbo models.
In 2004 the 911 was heavily revised and the 996's replacement, the 997, was unveiled in July. The 997 keeps the basic profile of the 996, bringing the drag coefficient down to 0.28, but draws on the 993 for detailing. In addition, the new front fascia is reminiscent of the older generation "bug eye" headlights. Its interior is also similarly revised, with strong links to the earlier 911 interiors while at the same time looking fresh and modern. The 997 shares about 30% of its parts with the outgoing 996, but is still technically very similar to it. The 0-60 acceleration for the Carrera S was noted to be as fast as 3.9 seconds in a recent Motor Trend comparison, but other sources contradict that. Type 997 versions of the GT2 and Turbo S have yet to have a released introduction date, but they will most likely start production during 2006 and 2007 (as of July, 2006). The Targas (4 and 4S) will be released in November 2006. However, the GT2 is rumored to be released in late 2006, have 520-550 hp, and cost around 200,000 USD.
In 2006 Porsche unveiled the Turbo version of the 997 series. Still simply called the Turbo the new car was a heavily revised over the 996 Turbo, incorporating many of the upgrades from the Carrera versions of the 997 when it was launched in 2004.
The Turbo still featured the same 3.6 litre twin-turbocharged engine as the 996 Turbo, but this time it developed 480 hp and 460 lb ft of torque. This was in part due to the 997's new variable-geometry turbocharger (a first on a petrol-engined road car) which essentially combines the low-rev boost and quick responses of a small turbocharger with the high-rev power of a larger turbocharger. As well as producing more power and flexibility, the new turbocharger improved fuel consumption over the 996 Turbo. With these performance upgrades, it will be able to accelerate 0-60 mph in 3.7 seconds (3.5 seconds with engine overboost), have a top speed of 193 mph, and have the title of the highest performance 911 ever (at least until the 997 GT2 is released).
The optional Sports Chrono overboost package increases torque to 505 lb ft for short periods (max 10 seconds) but over a narrower rev range.
The Turbo's standard 4 wheel drive system was new though, featuring many of the features found on the Porsche Cayenne. Featuring PTM (Porsche Traction Management) the new system incorporates a clutch-based system which varies the amount of torque to the front wheels, regardless of wheel slip front and rear. This, according to Porsche, aids traction and the handling by redirecting the torque to control oversteer or understeer.
Styling wise, as with the 996 Turbo the car featured more unique styling cues over the Carreras, one of the more distinctive elements the front LED driving/parking/indicator lights mounted on a horizontal bar across the air intakes. The traditional rear wing is a variation of the 996 bi-plane unit.
Porsche released information for one of two of their two-seating, lightweight 911 models, the 911 GT3 on February 24, 2006 (the other would be the GT2); it is reported to accelerate 0-60 in 4.1 seconds and have a top speed of 193 miles per hour . It will be released in the summer of 2006, and its cost will start at $106,000. The 911 GT3 RS will release in October 2006 in Europe and the spring of 2007 in North America. It is stripped of most luxuries to reduce weight, therefore increasing performance. However, it will sport the same 415 hp flat-six.
Porsche is expected to debut its next entirely new 911, the Type 998, in 2009. The 998 is rumoured to have an entirely new 3.8 litre or 4.0 litre flat eight engine, still hanging over the rear axle. This is just a rumour, and a very doubtful one at that. Previous Porsche press releases said that for the 911 they would never deviate from the flat-6 rear engine rear drive platform although apparently there are some Porsche engineers who would like a mid-engined platform for future 911s.
The Porsche 911 showed great promise in rallying from the start. The rear engine means that the car has inherently good traction. Here are a few of its more significant rallying achievements.
In 2004, Sports Car International named the 911 number three on the list of Top Sports Cars of the 1960s, the Carrera RS number seven on the list of Top Sports Cars of the 1970s, and the 911 Carrera number seven on the list of Top Sports Cars of the 1980s. In addition, the 911 was voted Number 2 on Automobile Magazine's list of the "100 Coolest Cars". The 997 was nominated for the World Car of the Year award for 2005.
Sally Carrera, from the 2006 Pixar movie, Cars is a 2002 Porsche 911.


text:
#ifndef YOUBOT_WHEELEDBASEKINEMATIC_H
#define YOUBOT_WHEELEDBASEKINEMATIC_H

#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include "generic/Units.hpp"
namespace youbot {

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// abstract class of a base / platform kinematic
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class BaseKinematic {
};
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// abstract class of a wheeled based / platform kinematic
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class WheeledBaseKinematic : public BaseKinematic {
  public:
    virtual void cartesianVelocityToWheelVelocities(const quantity<si::velocity>& longitudinalVelocity, const quantity<si::velocity>& transversalVelocity, const quantity<angular_velocity>& angularVelocity, std::vector<quantity<angular_velocity> >& wheelVelocities) = 0;

    virtual void wheelVelocitiesToCartesianVelocity(const std::vector<quantity<angular_velocity> >& wheelVelocities, quantity<si::velocity>& longitudinalVelocity, quantity<si::velocity>& transversalVelocity, quantity<angular_velocity>& angularVelocity) = 0;

    virtual void wheelPositionsToCartesianPosition(const std::vector<quantity<plane_angle> >& wheelPositions, quantity<si::length>& longitudinalPosition, quantity<si::length>& transversalPosition, quantity<plane_angle>& orientation) = 0;

};

} // namespace youbot
#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
fargodome
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Happy Harry's Ribfest is back in June 2021
Joe Radske,
Fargo, ND – The Happy Harry's RibFest you know and love returns this June at FARGODOME. Enjoy ribs, brisket, pulled pork, chicken and all your favorite foods from 11am-11pm daily. Happy Harry's RibFest, FARGODOME and Radio FM Media will follow local guidelines in place at the time of the event for the health and safety of the organizers and attendees….
Local News, North Dakota News
UND Fans Are Thrilled With The Start of their Football Team's Season
GRAND FORKS, N.D. — UND football is making some noise early on in the season and hope to keep the momentum alive. As the Fighting Hawks duel with South Dakota Thursday night, there's plenty of optimism among the fans. Just two games into their Missouri Valley Football Conference tenure, UND is off to a perfect start. The green and white…
College, Top Sports Headlines
Fargodome Fan Policies for NDSU Football Spring Season
Dome to be at 50 percent capacity
Nick Couzin,
FARGO, N.D. — For the North Dakota State spring football season he seating capacity at the FargoDome will be limited to 50 percent or 9500 people for the first game against Youngstown State on the 21st. Tickets are being disturbed to season ticket holders, students and players first. The rest, will be made available to team makers the Monday before…
Fargodome opens its doors for first major public event since pandemic closure
The Red River Valley Boat show helps prepare guests for smooth sailing
FARGO, N.D. — It has returned. North Dakota's 29th largest annual Red River Valley Boat Show is back at the Fargodome. After closing its venue doors to events amid the pandemic, the Fargodome is helping prepare guests to set sail as it welcomes them back for a three day boat and marine products show. "Being the first event back at…
Pandemic blamed for first Fargodome deficit in its history
Jim Monk,
FARGO (KVRR/KFGO) – Since the Fargodome opened in 1993, the venue finished every year with a surplus. That was until 2020 when the coronavirus hit. General Manager Rob Sobolik says the Fargodome's deficit was just over $770,000. The venue had budgeted 96 days of events and nearly 472,000 people for 2020. It ended up with only 34 events and just…
NDSU Football Prepares For First Indoor Practice
The team will be taking the same precautions and safety measures as they did for their lone game in October
FARGO, ND (KVRR) – North Dakota State Football hits the practice field this Friday for the first time since the summer. That was when they were outdoors. Now, they'll be inside at the Fargodome where the safety measures will be just as critical. Head Coach Matt Entz said that the precautions and guidelines will be exactly the same as they…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Cool apps that surprise and delight mobile users, built by developers like you, will be a huge part of the Android vision. To support you in your efforts, Google has launched the Android Developer Challenge, which will provide $10 million in awards -- no strings attached -- for great mobile apps built on the Android platform.
In the Android Developer Challenge I, the 50 most promising entries received by March 3 will each receive a $25,000 award to fund further development. Those selected will then be eligible for even greater recognition via ten $275,000 awards and ten $100,000 awards.
So lets gear up and come up with ideas.
Submit your applications (between January 2 and March 3, 2008). A submission form will be available on this page starting on January 2, 2008.
Newer PostBasic Question - What is Java?


This is David Garrison's basic pedigree chart. There are many additional tools for David's genealogy below.
This shows up to five generations of children and grandchildren of David along with their spouses.
Genetic genealogy is the new frontier. Our two DNA views are designed to help you use genetic testing to confirm and expand David's genealogy. The DNA Ancestors page shows the specific ancestors from whom David gets his Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA. Especially helpful for some serious genetic genealogists is the inheritance pattern for David's X chromosome, also shown here. The DNA Descendants page shows exactly who has inherited David's testable DNA.
This page shows all the Garrisons on WikiTree. It's useful for genealogists with an interest in the surname that goes beyond David. There are a variety of connected tools, such as Garrison DNA Connections and GARRISON G2G.
Birth: Sugar Creek, Mechlenburg County, North Carolina on Google Maps | Open Street Map.
The profile page is the central place for organizing and viewing information and sources on an individual. This tree & tools page is a supplement to it. Whenever you see David's name on WikiTree (and ideally, elsewhere on the Internet!) it will be linked to the profile at https://www.WikiTree.com/wiki/Garrison-1706 where Garrison-1706 is David's unique WikiTree ID.
Enter Garrison-1706 and any other WikiTree ID to find the genealogical relationship between David and the other person. It will name the relationship, e.g. "third cousin twice removed," and show the trail of connections to a common ancestor. Although not everyone on WikiTree shares common ancestors, finding and connecting them is our ultimate goal. See the Relationship Finder Quick Links to check for relationships to US presidents, Mayflower passengers, Magna Carta Sureties and more.
Download and share an attractive family tree image. This is a great way to elicit information and photo sharing from family and old friends. You might be surprised at who replies. The "Wikid Shareable Tree" is another option. You can just copy and paste the URL https://www.WikiTree.com/treewidget/Garrison-1706/4 into your favorite social network.
The surnames page is a quick reference sheet that displays seven generations of David's family names. Many members share its URL https://www.WikiTree.com/treewidget/Garrison-1706/10 via e-mail, e.g. with a DNA match to ask if the other person recognizes a surname.
If you're a blogger who's writing a post about David or have a Garrison family website or surname website you can include one of these widgets to illustrate his tree.
You'll notice colored privacy icons in search results, the Garrison surname index, etc. The white dot for David indicates that his profile is Open. Only the profile manager can edit this setting.


Take a FREE tour of New York City's City Hall and learn about its history and architectural significance. It's an official NYC landmark, both for its exterior and impressive rotunda.
City Hall is one of the oldest continuously used City Halls in the USA that still houses its original governmental functions, and is considered one of the finest architectural achievements of its period.
It was constructed from 1803 to 1812, and was an early expression of NYC's growing importance and cosmopolitanism.
The City Hall tour includes a discussion of the building's history, art, architecture, and civic function.
Spaces toured include the landmarked rotunda (President Lincoln lay in state here in 1865), City Council Chamber, and Governor's Room, an impressive reception area whose visitors have included the Marquis de Lafayette and Albert Einstein.
The Governor's Room also houses part of the City Hall Portrait Collection and historic furnishings.
Group tours of City Hall are typically offered for groups (10-20 people or one class) on Mondays and Tuesdays at 10:30 AM.
Tours for individuals are on Wednesdays at 12:00 PM and Thursdays at 10:00 AM.
Learn more about City Hall.


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Imperial Commissary Collectors Convention (2019)
Published on 20 November 2018 - Last update : 10 September 2019
Alan Flyng
Andrew Lawden
Andy Herd
Bill Westley
Billy Martinez
Blake Foster
Brent Scotchmer
Chris Bunn
Claudia Wells
Clem So
David M. Santana
Don Teems
Eileen Roberts
Gerald Home
Guy Gilchrist
Jennifer Cihi
Jim Mehsling
Kevin B. Cleveland
Lauren Roman
Nick Joseph
Pam Rose
Sandeep Mohan
Sean Crawford
Shawn Lamb
Simon J. Williamson
Stephen Costantino
Tim Dry
Tina Simmons
Tom Bancroft
Tracy Lynn Cruz
Victor Botha
Sep 13th 2019 to Sep 15th 2019
Voir les séries
3-2-1 Penguins!, A.T.O.M.: Alpha Teens on Machines, Aladdin (1992), Alice au pays des merveilles (1972), Alice in Wonderland (TV Show – 1986), All My Children, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, Atom TV, Avengers Assemble (TV Show - 2013), Back to the Future, Batman: The Brave and the Bold, Beauty and the Beast (1991), Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer, Blackstar, BraveStarr, Brother Bear, CBS Schoolbreak Special, Clarence (TV Show - 2013), Codename: Kids Next Door, Continuum, Covington Cross, Cut to the Chase, Danny Phantom, DC Comics, Doctor Strange, Doctor Who, Drawn Together, Drop Dead Diva, Elena of Avalor, Ellis Island, Emily Owens M.D., Family (TV Show - 1976), Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, Fast Times (TV Show - 1986), Fortitude, Free Ride (TV Show - 2006), Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda, General Hospital, Ghostbusters (TV Show - 1986), Guardians of the Galaxy (TV Show - 2015), Harry Potter, He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (TV Show - 1983), Hellboy (2018), Herbie the Love Bug, Holby City, Hollywood Off-Ramp, Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., If You Give a Mouse a Cookie, Inspector Morse, Jenny's War, John Carter, Johnny Bravo, Johnny Test, Justice League, Kaijudo: Rise of the Duel Masters, Kim Possible, Legion of Super Heroes, Lewis, Marvel, Midsomer Murders, Mission Impossible (Saga), Mulan, Nadia (TV Show - 1990), Off the Rack, Only Fools and Horses...., Out (TV Show – 1978), Out of Order (TV Show - 2003), Pete's Dragon (1977), Pocahontas, Power Rangers, Press, Prime Suspect 1973, Princess Mononoke, Quatermass (TV Show - 1979), Red Widow, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991), Roundhouse, Saving Grace (TV Show - 2007), Scooby-Doo (TV Shows), She-Ra: Princess of Power, Sofia the First, Space: 1999, Star Wars, Stitchers, Superbook, Superman, Tarzan (1999), The Boondocks, The Boot Street Band, The Capture of the Green River Killer, The Dark Crystal, The Escape Artist (TV Show - 2013), The Flash, The Fox and the Hound, The L Word, The Lion King, The New Adventures of Zorro (TV Show - 1981), The Powerpuff Girls, The Professionals (TV Show - 1977), The Rescuers (1977), The Spectacular Spider-Man, The Sweeney (TV Show - 1974), The Tom and Jerry Show, The Walking Dead, Top Boy, Transformers, Transformers: Robots in Disguise (TV Show - 2000), Treasure Planet, Tru Calling, Ultimate Spider-Man (TV Show - 2012), VeggieTales, VeggieTales in the House, War and Remembrance, We Bare Bears, When Calls the Heart (TV Show - 2014), Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Widget the World Watcher, Wild Roses (TV Show - 2009), Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa, Willow, Wives and Daughters (TV Show – 1999), Xtro, Young Justice
Nashville, Tennessee, États-Unis
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Anime / Tv Shows / Movies
Roster Con is a website dedicated to comic con, anime conventions, movies conventions and tv show conventions. Find on our website all news related to the meet & greet, the fanmeet and the conventions but also the list of all the convention organizers and all the events in the world.
Roster Con is not a convention organizer. We simply list to the conventions and cultural events dedicated to tv shows, anime or movies. For all the demands related to refunds, ticketing problem, ... thank you to contact directly the organizer of the event.
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The 2015 general appropriation act is amended to balance and make adjustments to the total amount appropriated to the department of public safety. The general fund portion of the appropriation is decreased and the cash funds, reappropriated funds, and federal funds portions are increased, resulting in an overall decrease to the total amount appropriated to the department.
Refer House Bill 16-1248 to the Committee of the Whole and consent calendar.
Refer House Bill 16-1248 to the Committee of the Whole.


9′ Unlit Ontario Spruce Artificial Christmas Tree | Realistic Artificial Christmas Trees : It's Gorgeous!
The best entry level PE tree, our 9-foot Ontario Spruce Artificial Christmas Tree is the perfect way to celebrate Christmas with practicality and style. Realistic with its Real-Feel PE and classic PVC needles, it is a delightful centerpiece for your holiday merriment.


The shoulder is a complex joint and it involves more muscles than any other joint in the body.
The shoulder joint is quite susceptible to injury because it is able to move through such a wide range of motion.
There are many different causes of shoulder pain, so it is important to have the shoulder assessed to determine the problem.
Shoulder joint dislocation and instability –dislocation occurs when the ball-shaped head of your arm bone (humerus) comes out of the shoulder socket. This will usually only occur is there is heavy trauma to the shoulder joint. Following a dislocation, the shoulder joint often becomes unstable and prone to re-dislocation.
'Frozen' shoulder – also known as adhesive capsulitis, involves progressive pain and stiffness in shoulder with marked decrease in range of movement.
Pinched nerves – nerve impingement in the neck may cause shoulder pain.
The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles that holds the shoulder joint in place and help move the shoulder.
Rotator cuff injuries result from inflammation or damage to the rotator cuff muscles or tendons. The most characteristic symptom of a rotator cuff injury is pain at the front or on the outside of the shoulder, which is made worse when the arm is lifted above the head.
Rotator cuff inflammation may result from general wear and tear that occurs with age, activities that involve a repetitive shoulder action, trauma, muscle imbalance or poor posture.
If inflammation is left untreated it may lead to a tear in that muscle, usually in the tendon. The most common place to develop a tear in the shoulder is in the supraspinatus tendon.
By treating the rotator cuff as well as the other surrounding shoulder musculature, Myotherapy aims to decrease shoulder pain, improve functional range, improve scapular control, strengthen scapular stabilisers and rotator cuff muscles, improve posture and regain normal shoulder biomechanics.
Stretching exercises- prescription of shoulder stretches to allow the joint to move more freely though its full range.


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Home / News Stories / Selling Property? Once Contracts Are Exchanged You Must Complete
Selling Property? Once Contracts Are Exchanged You Must Complete
Every property seller should be aware that, once contracts are exchanged, there is a strict obligation to complete the deal. One woman who failed to do that, following the death of her husband, was ordered by the High Court to go through with the sale and to pay substantial damages to buyers who were kept waiting for almost two years.
The woman and her husband had contracted to sell their home for £500,000 and the buyers had paid a £50,000 deposit. However, she failed to complete the transaction following her husband's death. The buyers, whilst expressing sympathy for her, were not prepared to terminate the contract and launched proceedings.
In resisting their claim, the woman argued that the sale contract was unenforceable, having been tainted by illegality. It was submitted that the sale price had in fact been agreed at £510,000 but part of that sum had been paid in cash in order to bring the property into a lower bracket for Stamp Duty purposes.
In rejecting that allegation of fraud, however, the Court accepted that the buyers had paid sums in cash in order to secure the property and to ensure that it could not be bought by anyone else. The Court directed 'specific performance' (which is the name given when the court rectifies a breach of contract by requiring the party that commits the breach to complete the contract in accordance with its original terms) of the contract and in addition ordered the woman to pay damages to the buyers to reflect losses that they had suffered due to the delay in completion.
Arguments that the enforced sale of her home would cause the woman exceptional hardship were rejected. […]
Cost of living reduction in Wellers remortgage legal fees
Residential Conveyancing | September 14
The single biggest monthly cost for…


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ALL IN A DAY'S WORK
Freedom 50 cyclists complete historic Oldham to London cycle!
A group of cyclists have completed Freedom 50 - A historic cycle ride and national initiative with individuals and organisations coming together to form a collective to celebrate 50 years of Bangladesh's independence.
Through Freedom 50, cyclists visited 8 UK cities to promote global warming and raising money for charity.
The final leg from Finsbury Park Mosque after Friday Jumuah prayers to Whitechapel saw the riders being greeted and welcomed by students from the London Enterprise, it's Headteacher Ashid Ali and world record percussion drummer Sudarshan Das.
Speaking after the cyclists arrived at Altab Ali Park, Whitechapel, Muzahid Khan, newly appointed Deputy Lieutenant for Greater Manchester commented, "It's been a roller coaster and emotional experience with friends, family and strangers coming together under one banner for a common purpose. Congratulations to everyone - The hard work has paid off!"
Tower Hamlets First Citizen and official Speaker, the Honourable Ahbab Hossain was the chief guest and welcomed all the riders to Whitechapel alongside Ward Councillor Faruque Mahfuz Ahmed.
Councillor Abdal Ullah, who is joint convenor alongside Ayesha Qureshi MBE of the prestigious British Bangladeshi Power & Inspiration publication added, "I am thrilled that such a momentous event has been completed without any hitches. This is a testament to the team, volunteers and the cyclists for all their wonderful work.
"We have raised awareness of the importance issue of climate change and how it affects Bangladesh as a country. With the generosity of the community £30,000 has been raised for street children projects - A phenomenal achieving."
Posted by Number 7 at 18:00
Welcome to my blog. This is a collection of news, views and general musings.
Find Madeleine
Get the Bring Madeleine McCann Home widget and many other great free widgets at Widgetbox! Not seeing a widget? (More info)
Kings of Africa
Lyrical recitals from the African Cup of Nations - Angola 2010. http://www.football-poems.com
Henry Delaunay's Dream
My latest book
My new book - The Greatest Game On Earth
Order now! www.football-poems.com
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Key West author of crime & noir fiction
Key West Nocturnes Series
Jack Barnett/Las Vegas Series
"COLD BLOODED" AUDIOBOOK NOW AVAILABLE
Cold Blooded, a tense action thriller written by Bernard Lee DeLeo (RJ Parker Publishing), is my latest audiobook voiceover narration and production, and it just went live on Audible.com. It's also available as an audiobook on Amazon and iTunes. First off, here's a brief description:
Nick McCarty decides after ten years of black ops assassinations it's time for a change. Against the wishes of his shadow government bosses he has inexplicably managed to become a best-selling author with a string of novels about an assassin named Diego. The novels have made him world famous and provided a cover for his overseas sanctions. But Nick feels something's missing. An employer Nick sometimes takes sanctions from, when they coincide with the wishes of his government sponsors, orders the death of a woman in the witness protection program. This kickstarts the story.
This is the first installment in the new Nick McCarty series, and I'm excited to have been selected to narrate and produce this novel as an audiobook. Bernard Lee DeLeo is the author of some twenty novels, spread out over several different series, all of them doing very well. I'm quite confident the Cold Blooded audiobook will find great success. I'm hoping for the opportunity to do the sequel when it's released this summer.
Right now, it's a steal at $19.95 on Audible.com. You can check it out, along with an audio sample, here.
posted in The Business Of Writing | tagged with action thriller, audiobook, Bernard Lee DeLeo, Cold Blooded, Nick McCarty series, RJ Parker Publishing |	No Comments
Download it now from Kindle or get it in Paperback
Available in Kindle format
or in Paperback
Available now for Kindle or in Paperback
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Loading manuals...
Suzuki Owner's Manuals
For the first 30 years of the Suzuki manufacturing company's life, it focused on looms to take advantage of the booming silk industry in Japan. You can find the PDF versions of the official owner's manuals on this page, simply select a model and then the relevant year on the next page.
Browse by Suzuki Model (7 in total)
The Alto has been a long-running Kei car from Suzuki that reshaped that segment of the market by offering a way around certain taxes in its home country of Japan. Performance versions have come and gone including the Works and more modern RS
Alto Owner's Manuals
The Celerio is a city car that has a no-frills offering and a low price to match. It is marketed in many regions including Europe but the Indian version of the car is very basic and lacks many of the safety features found in the international Celerio
Celerio Owner's Manuals
This Suzuki Ignis is a subcompact crossover SUV like the Vitara but slightly smaller. Although the car is so small it still packs some amazing features such as a hybrid system to capture lost energy during braking to recycle later
Ignis Owner's Manuals
The Jimny has been Suzuki's biggest commercial success yet. It's a tiny offroad capable mini-SUV with a fun attitude and has historically been available as a hard or soft-top with small yet capable Suzuki engines under the hood
Jimny Owner's Manuals
Replacing the Cultus, the Swift came onto the market in 2004 and is classed as a subcompact car. Many trims have existed during its existence including the sporty SZ3 and some with a four-wheel-drive system underneath
Swift Owner's Manuals
The SX4 was a joint project between Suzuki and Fiat to create a subcompact car. As it entered its second generation in 2013 it became an in-house exclusive subcompact crossover SUV that was now branded the SX4 S-Cross
SX4 Owner's Manuals
Vitara (& Grand)
Originally the Vitara was a mini-SUV that was launched in the late-1980s. In 2015 the car had its offroad equipment removed changing it into a subcompact crossover SUV and reducing its weight greatly - helping it appeal to a wider audience
Vitara (& Grand) Owner's Manuals
About Suzuki
Its founder Michio Suzuki was a hands-on person who was born in a village full of farmers and silk growers.
Thanks to the founder's ingenious innovations on his weaving machines the company was now exporting them worldwide and struggling to keep up with demand.
Suzuki felt the need to diversify the companies offering and so decided to move into cars.
This movement into the automobile market started in 1935 and after 2 years the company had 2 prototype compact cars to unleash upon the world.
Unfortunately for the company, the onset of World War 2 forced them to change their focus away from this new venture to help with the war effort.
Once the Second World War finished Suzuki benefited from another boom in the silk industry when America approved the import of the textile from Japan.
This was until the early 1950s when the silk market collapsed, to counteract this Suzuki once again attempted to crack the vehicle market with a motorized bicycle engine.
By the mid-1950s the now called Suzuki Motor Company was selling over 6,000 vehicles a month and started the development of their first car, the Suzulight.
This new model was well ahead of the competition, it had rack-and-pinion steering and four-wheel independent suspension – features that wouldn't become commonplace for 30 years.
Models: 7
Manual-Directory.com
The Manual Directory is a free online resource that stores PDF owner manual's for cars.
Our community of helpers source car manual's and we index them into manufacturers/models so you can easily browse and find the one you need.
Owner's manuals contain all of the instructions you need to operate the car you own, covering aspects such as driving, safety, maintenance and infotainment.
Depending on where you are in the world you may hear them also referred to as a user manual, a handbook, an operator's manual or a user guide.
If you have a hard-to-find owner's manual then submit it for others to find here.
This site is part of the GimmeManuals.com community-driven group of websites.
At GimmeManuals we collect popular and hard to find owner's manuals and then archive them in an easy-to-search way.
Submit Owner Manual
©	Manual Directory 2022 | Manual-Directory.com is not associated with any of the car manufacturers.


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'The Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air' To Reunite For 30th Anniversary Special
Cast of popular sitcom, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air have signed up to reunite for a 30th anniversary TV special.
The series which ran for six seasons from 1990 to 1996, is about the life of a street-smart teenager (Will Smith) from West Philadelphia who was sent to move in with his wealthy uncle and aunt in their Bel Air mansion after getting into a fight in his hometown.
In celebration of the sitcom's anniversary, Westbrook Media announced on Monday that the show's stars will reunite for an unscripted special and look back at the series and the cultural impact it has had since its debut in 1990.
The special will feature a mixture of fan nostalgia and special guests as the cast look back on the most memorable moments from the sitcom.
Will Smith, Alfonso Ribeiro (Carlton Banks), Tatyana Ali (Ashley Banks), Karyn Parsons (Hilary Banks), Daphne Maxwell Reid (Aunt Viv), Joseph Marcell (Geoffrey) and DJ Jazzy Jeff (Jazz) are all set to appear, and Smith will also executive produce through his production company Westbrook Media.
Sadly, the HBO Max special will not feature James Avery – who played the beloved 'Uncle Phil' – after he passed away at the age of 68 in 2013 from open-heart surgery complications.
Also missing from the cast is Janet Hubert, who played Aunt Viv who left the show after three seasons.
She was eventually replaced by Reid, who will be joining the reunion. Hubert, whose exit was due to 'creative differences,' has long said she would never reunite with the cast.
HBO Max describes the special as;
A funny and heartfelt night full of music, dancing, and special surprise guests, in honor of the series that ran for six seasons and 148 episodes.
The reunion is currently scheduled to be filmed on September 10, the actual 30th reunion, and directed by Marcus Raboy. It will be released on HBO Max around November.
'The Batman' Filming Halted As Crew Member Tested Positive For COVID-19
Kiki Mordi's Sex For Grades Documentary Get Emmy Nomination


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Services for Accountants
Moving To/From NZ
Estate & Trusts
Inland Revenue Audits
Time for a tax advocate
Lucky we aren't European taxpayers
The unknown unknowns in tax
September 6, 2019 Rebecca Caroe The Week in Tax
Three stories from the week in tax
Why small businesses need a tax advocate
More on using cryptocurrencies to pay salaries
Another unknown unknown the UK regulations implementing the 4th EU Anti-money laundering directive
Transcript of the podcast
This morning, I and many other tax agents got a letter from Inland Revenue. It began:
We have found some errors in the way our old system calculated late payment penalties and interest for the 2018 income year. The errors relate to a legislative change that took effect in the 2018 income year, when new rules around interest were applied under section one 20K(b)(b) of the Tax Administration Act of 1994. You do not have to take any action.
We will correct the effected amounts over the next few months. Priority will be given to updating accounts that had been overcharged late payment penalties, and or debit interest or where credited interest has been underpaid.
Clients who have met their tax obligations may have been undercharged debit interest or overpaid credit interest. They will not have to pay the additional debit interest, or repay the excess credit interest.
Clients who have not met their tax obligations will be continued to be charged debit interest and that standing balances.
A fellow tax agent immediately lamented "Sigh, really IRD? I went to battle with them on a few clients over this and lost, because mighty IRD are always right, and now turns out I was right."
There will be a lot of exasperation about this. What it leads onto for me is the issue of the difficulties for small businesses of engaging in disputes with Inland Revenue. This is something that I was actually asked to look at for the Tax Working Group in July last year, and the suggestion that we came up with was a tax advocate for small businesses.
What was driving my arguments and that of other interested parties is that Inland Revenue plays with a stacked deck of cards. It knows that it has the full weight of its departmental resources behind it, but it doesn't mean it's right all the time.
In some cases, a dispute will arise between taxpayers and Inland Revenue over interpretation of the law. The capital revenue divide is an example, or cases like I just pointed out, where the tax agent knows there's something not quite right about the calculations but hasn't got the resources to push the fight through.
What tends to happen, and we see it continually, is clients make a business decision. Okay, we think this is deductible, but it's going to cost you $20,000 to fight it with Inland Revenue. How much is the tax at stake? $10,000. It's easy in that context for clients to say, "Well, what's the point of paying $20,000 to fight over a deduction worth $10,000?" They fold their tents and walk away, and this has been going on for a long period of time.
It's been well known within the industry and the complaints have been made repeatedly through various channels such as the various institutes. The Chartered Accountants of Australia and New Zealand (CAANZ) and the New Zealand law Society have made submissions about this particular problem.
Because to take up a dispute within Inland Revenue, you go into the formal dispute process, and that's a fairly laborious matter that's been in play for over 20 years now. What happens is it begins with what is called a Notice of Proposed Adjustment. Inland Revenue or yourself, will come back with a Notice of Response, and then it all goes into a bit of a limbo as arguments go backward and forward.
Eventually a dispute will get passed through to Inland Revenue's Adjudication Unit, and then after that it gets down to the real nitty gritty with Statements of Position, and then onto the Taxation Review Authority.
It's time-consuming and expensive, and the result has been that there has been a marked drop-off in the amount of disputes going through to courts, which I pointed out in the report that I prepared for the Tax Working Group.
Period Taxation Review Authority High Court
A couple of Supreme Court Justices actually, Justice Young and Justice Glazebrook, both raised this matter of what's [causing the drop in tax cases reaching the courts].
What's really interesting is are the Inland Revenue statistics around what disputes are going on, that is those actually entered into the formal disputes procedure I mentioned a minute ago. Over the seven years to June 2017, the average number of NOPAs issued during year was 517, which when you consider there are 4.8 million active taxpayers registered within Inland Revenue, including over 400,000 companies and 240,000 trusts seems extraordinarily low in what is a very litigious area. We fight over a lot of disputes.
The idea has been developed that small businesses in particular back away from fights with Inland Revenue, even when they are on strong grounds to do so, because they simply haven't got the resources and so they just fold the tent and move on.
The Tax Working Group, looked at this and considered that "A taxpayer advocate could play a valuable role in the fair resolution of tax disputes." The advocate would play several roles, including the provision advice and facilitation and mediation services, and it recommended that the Government establish a taxpayer advocate service to assist with the resolution of tax disputes.
Now when the Tax Working Group recommendations initially came out, that was not one that was picked up, but there has been some movement and pressure put on the Government on the matter. I know when I was at a presentation with the Minister of Revenue, Stuart Nash, I deliberately raised this issue. The audience greeted it with great enthusiasm, and I understand in the background officials have been working further on the proposal.
It's interesting then to note that a few weeks back the Government released background papers, on advice given to Cabinet on Tax Working Group proposals. The very first one of the 33 odd papers released was on the taxpayer advocate issue, which I found interesting reading.
This is something that I certainly will continue to raise, and I know other organisations such as CAANZ and the Accountants and Tax Agents Institute of New Zealand will also be putting pressure on the Government to push forward with it.
I think there's an idea here that the system in the interests of fairness, needs to try and establish a balance between the rights of the individual taxpayers to dispute what's going on, and the power of the Inland Revenue to just simply shrug and say, "So What?"
Just finally, we understand that this issue of the faulty interest and penalties, was something that large organisations picked up. What happened is that larger organizations with the muscle to say, "No, Inland Revenue. You are wrong on this," were able to get Inland Revenue to reconsider what was happening and make the relevant changes.
Cryptocurrencies and salaries
Moving on, since Inland Revenue released its rulings on the tax treatment of using crypto assets to pay salaries there's been a great deal of enthusiasm about this in the crypto world. I understand this is in part probably inspired by an accidental headline in the Financial Times who had misinterpreted exactly what Inland Revenue had said, to mean that the Inland Revenue had authorised using crypto assets to pay salaries.
It hadn't done that. It had just mainly addressed the issue of what would be the tax position, if crypto assets were used. At the time myself, and one or two other people raised the issue of the Wages Protection Act, and whether in fact crypto assets could be used to pay salaries.
A colleague, Jason Hoseason, a tax manager at Duns Limited in Canterbury has just commented on LinkedIn,
via query services, Employment New Zealand/MBIE have responded that the Wages Protection act applies, so that payment of wages in crypto currency would not be legal, and there has been no change to that legislation.
In short, not yet in terms of the authorised use of cryptocurrency, legally, to pay salaries.
Another article this week has pointed out that it should be put in the employment agreements that you can do so. There will need to be an actual legal change to the Wages Protection Act to enable the payment of cryptocurrency salaries to be paid in cryptocurrency, but that's not to say that there won't be payments for employees that can be made through crypto currency.
The payment of tokens perhaps as a means of an equity type investment in a crypto company, would appear to still be possible.
Again, it's just watch this space, but Inland Revenue deserve praise for having gone out and set out the basic principles. They're not terribly controversial, but they've done it and set it down. It's good to show a bit of forward-thinking and clarity on the matter.
Overseas disclosures
Finally, another unknown unknown. An Inland Revenue media release caught my eye about a Bulgarian data breach.
Apparently, there was a data breach at the Bulgarian National Revenue Agency, and the Bulgarian National Revenue Agency has confirmed that a small number of people with New Zealand investments, who are taxpayer residents of Bulgaria, have been affected.
The data involved does not involve any financial details for the taxpayers, only their IRD numbers, date of birth and name and address details, which is fairly significant in the case for identity theft.
How does the Bulgarian National Revenue Authority have someone's IRD number?
Well, this is part of the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development's Common Reporting Standards on the Automatic Exchange Of Information. CRS or AEOI as it's sometimes referred to. This is a huge initiative, in which vast amounts of data are shared by tax authorities all around the world.
One of the complaints around this was the question of the risk of data being lost or being hacked, as in this particular case. The Common Reporting Standards are something that people are not generally aware how much data is being shared.
There are several other similar initiatives going on in the world, and these include the EU's anti-money laundering directives. And the one that I want to talk about here, which has got implications for New Zealanders is how Britain implemented the Fourth EU Anti Money-Laundering Directive.
It did so by introducing, the Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing, and Transfer of Funds (Information on the Payer) Regulations 2017 which took effect in June 2017..
Why they're important for New Zealanders, is if a New Zealander is resident in the UK and receives [UK sourced] income from a New Zealand trust, the New Zealand trust will have reporting obligations.
These obligations arise every year it's liable to pay any of the following taxes in the UK: Income Tax, Capital Gains Tax, Inheritance Tax, Stamp Duty Reserve Tax, which is on transfers of shares, and Stamp Duty Land Tax, which is on transfers of property.
The trust will then need to provide the name, date of establishment, country of residence and country of administration of the trust, and details of the trustees. It also must provide all details including IRD numbers, passport numbers for the the settlor and current beneficiaries, plus any other person with the ability to influence the trustee's decision. This would be perhaps, for example the person who has the power to appoint and remove trustees.
The list goes on, and it's an absolute nightmare for trustees. They also have to provide descriptions of the class of potential beneficiaries, where the trust is discretionary trust, including any wishes as to future beneficiaries by the settlor in a memorandum of guidance. Finally, [they must provide] details of the trusts worldwide assets including current market value, and, this is the kicker, details of the trust's, legal, financial and tax advisors.
These regulations are largely unknown. When I spoke about them at the Financial Advice conference two weeks ago there was a stunned silence in the room when advisors realised that many of their clients could potentially be caught.
This is all part of the brave new world of tax we operate in, with massive information sharing going on. There are two risks here. One, as the Bulgarians have just found out, you could be hacked or two, you may have inadvertently triggered some fairly onerous disclosure obligations.
By the way, the EU's fifth anti money-laundering regulations are due to come into force in 2020, and some cynics are saying that one of the drivers for a crash out Brexit is that certain wealthy Britons don't want to be part of the EU at that time, because of their tax planning activities.
Now, surely not, but who knows what's going on over there at the moment. And on that bombshell, that's it for The Week in Tax
Tags : AML, Anti money laundering, Crypto tax, Tax advocate, Tax regulations
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Rebecca Caroe
Uber is a case study in our complicity with tax avoidance
A look back at the big tax stories of 2019
Chris Cunniffe of Tax Management New Zealand talks about tax pooling
The Week in Tax
Inland Revenue's new approach to tax investigations
Tax crackdown coming for Airbnb owners as Inland Revenue uses smart technology
Tax styles of the rich and famous
More on Inland Revenue CRS initiative
Property developers and a still too common GST mistake
Tax risks of being a trustee
Inland Revenue comes looking
Inland Revenue's Annual Report
Baucher Consulting Ltd
AML/CFT requirements
Contact: Terry Baucher
Phone: (+64) 9 486 6200
Cell: (+64) 27 440 4917
Email: info@baucher.tax
Level 5, 19 Como Street
Takapuna, Auckland, 0622
© Baucher Consulting Limited


Death Knight is an ACTION-PACKED battle between the FORCES of EVIL and GOOD. BRANDISH your WEAPON, UPGRADE it, and step onto the BATTLEFIELD.
On a planet at war, a new brigade of mechanical soldiers was created to fight the attacks from experimental and modified creatures commanded by the enemy forces. They are the last resort of a devastated civilization which struggles to avoid its own extinction. A brigade of giant destructors equipped with powerful weapons designed and devised for the purpose of annihilating the hordes of the enemy. Choose one of the three different Mechs depending on the type of mission and help win this war. Beginning by freeing the main communication facility at the capital city, the different missions will lead you through snow-capped mountains, an abandoned prison in the desert and more, up to the space. As your level rises up, you will be able to equip a higher number of armaments and your team will provide you with more powerful weapons.
Look! What a hot girl over there in the bus stop! A bald man is peeping at her! The smart girl wants farting and she can't let others notice this, so she has to fart when any vehicles pass by.
1. Easy control, just press the button to control the girl to fart.
2. Pretty art graphics. Japanese style. Hot girl, freaky man, cool cars!
3. OpenFeint enabled so that you could challenge any players all over the world.
4. 10 Achievements for you to get.
5. Help doc makes it so easy to play!
Come on! That girl needs your help!
"Full Moon: Warrior Within" is a game by the popular Korean cartoonist, Park, Chansup is available as an iPhone application.
Choose your favorite hero and lead your tribe towards a bright new future in the lands of Kalevala. Exciting new match-3 mechanics, powerful hero powerups, and an extensive village building game provide hours of exciting new entertainment. Experience over 140 hand made levels featuring never before seen match-3 game play like lock bomb combos and tar fights. Build your own village from scratch and see how it starts to thrive and produce wealth. Can your tribe acquire the fabled Sampo?
Learn the art of Kung Fu by protecting your Master from the deadly objects. Prove that you're the greatest Kung Fu fighter by winning the black belt on the Kung Fu World Tour. Try to unlock all the tournaments from around the world – each country has a new belt to win. Improve your skills – by scoring big points you can learn powerful moves.
Combining the fast pace of action games with the satisfaction of a precision sniper shot, Sniper Strike offers exciting gameplay like never before. You eliminate targets in six distinct and beautiful environments. Rain down chaos from afar with 5 different sniper rifles and various different mods against different targets and goals.
16fun is a social network game, if you can read Chinese, it's interesting for you, else skip this one pls.


is designed to help you fine-tune your skills in guiding people towards their right life.
learning curve, whether you're a seasoned hand analyst or just starting out in your career.
Explore 16 Advanced Hand Shape Archetypes in depth. Two 90 minute classes per archetype. 32 classes in total.
shape variations and advanced threading possibilities.
with Jupiter, Saturn, Apollo and Mercury types.
We explore 16 Mythological Hand Shape Archetypes in depth. Two classes per archetype.
pattern recognition and query prints, practical applications and variations.
pertaining to the class and transcripts of all 32 calls.
Much of this material is new and has never been taught before.
Why learn the advanced hand shape archetypes?
find themselves in my examples much more easily.
Type 13: – Doctor, Lawyer, Guide.
Type 16: – The Musician.
Richard is maestro behind modern hand analysis and the teacher of all other accredited hand analysis teachers. He is a world authority on hands, author of LifePrints: decoding your life purpose from your fingerprints and founder of the International Institute of Hand Analysis. Richard first decoded life purpose from fingerprints, then he decoded gift markers, heart lines and other line formations and, more recently, advanced hand shape types including the career archetypes. He has an engaging lecture style and is deeply thought provoking. This is an opportunity for you to learn Richard's most recent work – advanced hand shape archetypes – directly from Richard wherever you are in the world.
Jena Griffiths is the founder of Earth School. She is a BA BSc hons graduate from the University of Cape Town. (Psychology, Social anthropology and Geography.) Post grad degrees in meteorology, environmental impact and Education. She worked 10 years in advertising as a copywriter before sailing around the world and changing her life completely. She's a certified master hand analyst, Life Purpose coach and IIHA faculty teacher with over 10 years experience in this system. She hosts Richard weekly in Earth School and also teaches and consults internationally.
You will get all replays, marked up documents and transcripts of all the calls.
All these calls are instantly accessible.
Jena's probing questions rich new material rises to the surface.
" I want to thank you so much for these calls with Richard.
for those in the hand analysis world.
than i learned in his class. In fact, my final test score was 106%. WOW!!
"Earth School is no doubt the best online source of hand analysis information in the world!


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text:
Red Lodge shooting: Cambridgeshire men charged following shooting in Suffolk
Two men from Cambridgeshire and two more from London have been charged following a shooting over the weekend
Freddie Lynne
A police cordon remains in place at a scene (stock image) (Image: Coventry Telegraph)
Two men from Cambridgeshire have been charged following a shooting in Red Lodge over the weekend.
Police officers were called to the scene in Elms Road, Red Lodge, which just over the Cambridgeshire border in Suffolk, after shots were heard at around 3pm on Sunday afternoon (April 4).
Police found an 18-year-old man and a 16-year-old boy who had both sustained injuries caused by shotgun pellets. One of them had suffered wounds to his face and neck.
A 17-year-old girl was also injured during the incident after suffering a fall whilst running to safety.
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All three were taken to the hospital for treatment and were later discharged that day.
Police arrested four men in connection to the incident on Sunday afternoon, two of whom are from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, the others from London.
Bernard Mongan, 35, and David Mongan, 25, both of Setchell Drove, Cottenham have now been charged with two counts of malicious wounding with intent to cause grievous bodily harm (joint enterprise) and also violent disorder.
Jim Mongan, 29, of Shaftesbury Avenue, Harrow and Thomas Mongan, 24, of Gregory Road, Southall, Ealing were also charged with the same offences.
Thomas Mongan was also charged with possession of a shotgun with intent to endanger life.
You can see more crime news and statistics from your local area in the widget below:
All four men have been remanded in custody and are due to appear before Ipswich Magistrates' Court later on Tuesday (April 6).
Police enquiries to identify and apprehend other potential suspects are continuing.
Anyone with information about this incident is asked to contact West CID at Bury St Edmunds Police Station, quoting reference: 16672/21.
New Dinky Door 'crime scene' appears in Cambridge after artwork stolen
24 Hours in Police Custody: Who is Ricardas Puisys and when did he disappear?


Centrifuge all supernatant samples to pellet any cell debris as this can inhibit the PCR.
Transfer 100 µl cell supernatant to a 0.6 ml tube (screw cap tubes for viral supernatants). Close tube tightly to prevent opening during heating step.
Boil (or heat to 95°C) supernatant for 5 minutes. Spin tube briefly (2-5 seconds) in a microcentrifuge.
Resuspend the StrataClean Resin by vortexing for 30 seconds until no pellet remains. Add 10 µl of resin to the extract. Mix the resin and the extract by gently flicking the tube. Briefly centrifuge for 5-10 seconds to pellet the resin.
Remove the supernatant to a fresh tube and dilute (optional) 1:10 with UV-irradiated water Per PCR, 5 µl of diluted template is required. Avoid aspirating the resin into the aliquot. Store the template at 4°C until use.
Calculate volume of premix needed for all samples, one positive control, one negative control (water) and one extra reaction.
Thaw PCR reagents from freezer (except Biolase Taq). Make premix in one tube.
Add Biolase Taq into premix tube, mix and aliquote into PCR tubes.
Add 5 µl test sample, positive control or negative control into the tubes.
If not using thermal cycler with heated lid, add 2 drops of mineral oil.
Keep tubes on ice until ready for cycling.
Store samples at 4°C until ready to run agarose gel.
Make 150 ml of 2% agarose gel.
Prepare samples for loading: 2 µl 5x loading buffer, 3 µl H2O, 5 µl PCR products (or 2 µl 1kb, φx174 or HindIII marker).
Load the samples and run the gel for 1 - 1.5 hours at 100 volts.
Visualize banding pattern: positive control = 874bp, internal control = 1000bp.


text:
require 'rattler/compiler'

module Rattler::Compiler

  # A +ParserGenerator+ generates ruby parsing code from parser models.
  module ParserGenerator

    autoload :GrammarGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/grammar_generator'
    autoload :RuleSetGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/rule_set_generator'
    autoload :RuleGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/rule_generator'
    autoload :ExprGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/expr_generator'
    autoload :GeneratorHelper, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/generator_helper'
    autoload :NestedExprGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/expr_generator'
    autoload :SubGenerating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/sub_generating'
    autoload :NestedSubGenerating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/sub_generating'
    autoload :TopLevelSubGenerating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/sub_generating'
    autoload :Nested, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/nested'
    autoload :TopLevel, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/top_level'
    autoload :MatchGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/match_generator'
    autoload :ChoiceGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/choice_generator'
    autoload :SequenceGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/sequence_generator'
    autoload :RepeatGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/repeat_generator'
    autoload :GeneralRepeatGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/general_repeat_generator'
    autoload :ListGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/list_generator'
    autoload :GeneralListGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/general_list_generator'
    autoload :ApplyGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/apply_generator'
    autoload :AssertGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/assert_generator'
    autoload :DisallowGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/disallow_generator'
    autoload :EofGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/eof_generator'
    autoload :ESymbolGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/e_symbol_generator'
    autoload :SemanticActionGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/semantic_action_generator'
    autoload :NodeActionGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/node_action_generator'
    autoload :AttributedSequenceGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/attributed_sequence_generator'
    autoload :TokenGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/token_generator'
    autoload :SkipGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/skip_generator'
    autoload :SuperGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/super_generator'
    autoload :LabelGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/label_generator'
    autoload :BackReferenceGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/back_reference_generator'
    autoload :FailGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/fail_generator'
    autoload :DelegatingGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/delegating_generator'
    autoload :SequenceGenerating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/sequence_generating'
    autoload :ZeroOrMoreGenerating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/zero_or_more_generating'
    autoload :OptionalGenerating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/optional_generating'
    autoload :OneOrMoreGenerating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/one_or_more_generating'
    autoload :List0Generating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/list0_generating'
    autoload :List1Generating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/list1_generating'
    autoload :PredicatePropogating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/predicate_propogating'
    autoload :TokenPropogating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/token_propogating'
    autoload :SkipPropogating, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/skip_propogating'
    autoload :GroupMatchGenerator, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/group_match_generator'
    autoload :GroupMatch, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/group_match'
    autoload :GEN_METHOD_NAMES, 'rattler/compiler/parser_generator/gen_method_names'

    # Generate parsing code for a parser model using a ruby generator +g+.
    #
    # @overload generate(g, grammar)
    #   @param [RubyGenerator] g the ruby generator to use
    #   @param [Rattler::Parsers::Grammar] grammar the grammar model
    #   @return g
    #
    # @overload generate(g, rules)
    #   @param [RubyGenerator] g the ruby generator to use
    #   @param [Rules] rules the parse rules
    #   @return g
    #
    # @overload generate(g, rule)
    #   @param [RubyGenerator] g the ruby generator to use
    #   @param [Rule] rule the parse rule
    #   @return g
    #
    # @overload generate(g, parser)
    #   @param [RubyGenerator] g the ruby generator to use
    #   @param [Parser] parser the parser model
    #   @return g
    #
    def self.generate(g, parser, opts={})
      unless opts[:no_optimize]
        parser = ::Rattler::Compiler::Optimizer.optimize(parser, opts)
      end
      GrammarGenerator.new(g).generate(parser, opts)
      g
    end

    # Generate parsing code for +parser+ using a new {RubyGenerator} with the
    # given options and return the generated code.
    #
    # @overload code_for(grammar, opts)
    #   @param [Rattler::Parsers::Grammar] grammar the grammar model
    #   @return [String] the generated code
    #
    # @overload code_for(rules, opts)
    #   @param [Rules] rules the parse rules
    #   @return [String] the generated code
    #
    # @overload code_for(rule, opts)
    #   @param [Rule] rule the parse rule
    #   @return [String] the generated code
    #
    # @overload code_for(parser, opts)
    #   @param [Parser] parser the parser model
    #   @return [String] the generated code
    #
    def self.code_for(parser, opts={})
      ::Rattler::Compiler::RubyGenerator.code(opts) {|g| generate g, parser, opts }
    end

  end
end


text:
Sarah Pillow and Jeff Johnson "Grace in Time"
Sarah Pillow & Jeff Johnson "Grace in Time"
Just north of Times Square, on West 46th Street, stands the Church of St. Mary the Virgin. The Parish, orginally formed in 1867, was founded on a principle of Catholic thought in ritual and teaching in the Episcopal Church. Lovingly known as "Smokey Mary's" from the high volume of incense used during its services, St. Mary the Virgin is a peaceful haven steps away from the busiest intersection in the world. It is in this sanctuary where Sarah Pillow and Jeffrey C. Johnson recorded their 3rd Form Records release, Grace in Time, a selection of spiritual songs for voice and organ featuring works by Mozart, Mahler, Hugo Wolf, Arthur Sullivan, Louis Vierne, and Duke Ellington on themes of love, immortality and heavenly life. Jeffrey's performance on the celebrated Aeolian-Skinner pipe organ in this spacious acoustic forms the perfect backdrop for Sarah's joyful, ethereal singing.
Sarah Pillow - voice
Jeffrey C. Johnson - organ