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Q: A concise guide to basic statistics I am asking for a reference in basic statistics following, in the same spirit as my similar question for probability here. That is it should:

*

*Assume some mathematical maturity and can make use of analysis, linear algebra, etc from page 1. On the other hand it should assume nothing itself on statistics itself.

*Be concise but still show examples. It should present the basics results of statistics (whatever that means, I am trying to say that I prefer a book focusing on few fundamental things).

*Not sloppy, but I am not looking for particularly abstract or research oriented viewpoint.

What is it for: I would like to get some basic understanding of machine learning and other data science related techniques. Before doing so, I would like to get some basics in statistics. The rough amount of time I would like to dedicate to this is roughly 6-8 weeks. I am not pretending to learn everything which can be useful for data science in such a short time, but rather the most essential things which would allow me to have a look ahead with some real understanding, rather than just following recipes and copy-pasting code found somewhere.

A: Weighing the Odds by David Williams is a good introduction to statistics by someone who mainly works in probability. That makes it much more interesting to read because he emphasizes some of the mathematical aspects that are interesting. The beginning of the book is a concise introduction to probability theory (without measure theory), with just enough to be able to study statistics.
Since your other question asked about probability theory itself, if Williams' book doesn't serve your purpose, you could consider Probability: An Introduction by Grimmett and Welsh, which is also fairly concise.
Obviously, there are also books that use measure theory, but they're much more involved.

A: I'd also like to find a concise presentation of statistics for mathematicians who are already comfortable with linear algebra and analysis.  I don't know a book that exactly fits this description, but here are a few books I've found that seem useful:

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*Computer Age Statistical Inference by Efron and Hastie.  This was published recently, in 2016, and Hastie is one of the authors of the very popular book The Elements of Statistical Learning. This book gives an insightful big picture viewpoint.

*All of Statistics: A Concise Course in Statistical Inference by Wasserman.

*Introduction to Probability by Bertsekas and Tsitsiklis.  The second edition contains two chapters on statistical inference.

*Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning by Bishop. This is a popular machine learning textbook, and the first few chapters nicely cover some core material in statistics.

A: To get a good understanding of data science, how to apply the methods one needs a comprehensive practical view of statistics. You are on the right track when you say you don't simply want to copy paste code. Here is a collection of books that will guide you through that learning process.

A: First let me note that I found the comment by hardmath very appropriate: even given the ability to follow a mathematically sophisticated presentation, it is probably worth getting some acquaintance to the field and be exposed to examples first.
I had to settle on some references relatively quickly so I could not explore those suggested much, but hopefully I will found the time for this at some point. For now I am mostly using the book "Statistical Inference" by Casella and Berger which treats both probability theory and statistics, and is neither too sloppy nor too advanced.
I plan to read some parts of either "The elements of statistical learning" by Hastie et al, or the simpler, but with example in the programming language R, "An introduction to statistical learning" by James et al.
The programming languages most wort learning first in data science seem to be R or Python, so I will probably integrate with a book or online course exploring application using either. Machine learning by Andrew NG (Coursera I think) is very famous. Unfortunately it uses some other programming language but maybe is still worth following.
I may have some more time in the future to peruse other suggested references, and other people may be interested, so do not let this answer stop you from posting yours!

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text:
TEL AVIV. Historians believe that about one-fifth of the art works in Europe
were looted by the Nazis; many of them can be found today in major museums
and private collections. Now, the original owners and their heirs are
beginning to reclaim their property
http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/464046.html
Fri., August 13, 2004 Av 26, 5764
Stolen treasure
By David Rapp <mailto:drapp@haaretz.co.il>
Historians believe that about one-fifth of the art works in Europe were
looted by the Nazis; many of them can be found today in major museums and
private collections. Now, the original owners and their heirs are beginning
to reclaim their property
In 1943, a young woman stood on the railway platform in Florence. She waited
two whole days for her parents, the Gutmanns, from the Netherlands,
second-generation Christian converts. The couple knew that under the Nazi
occupation their lives were in danger and planned to leave their homeland
and join their daughter, Lili, who had moved to Italy in 1938.
They had the necessary papers for leaving the Netherlands, but then two SS
men appeared at their door. The Gutmanns were put on a train that took them
to an interrogation at the Theresienstadt camp in Czechoslovakia. They were
questioned about their art collection, among other things. A short time
later, the two were murdered. Their art collection was confiscated. Bernard,
Lili's brother, escaped from Holland and survived.
About two years ago, Lili Gutmann returned to her country of birth,
accompanied by Simon and Nick Goodman, the sons of Bernard, who died in
1994. Gutmann, a woman in her eighties, went with them to a large warehouse
in Rijswijk, not far from The Hague. In the warehouse, 233 items awaited
her: paintings, embroidered rugs and silver utensils - all belonging to her
parents. That was only a small part of the vast amount of property looted by
the Nazis. It had been transferred to the Dutch government at the end of
World War II, with a view to returning it to its owners. But in Holland, as
in most European countries, almost nothing was done for decades.
Historians believe that during the 12 years of the German Reich, about
one-fifth of the art works in Europe were looted by the Nazis. Even now,
almost 60 years after the end of World War II, many of these works are
collecting dust in warehouses, gracing private collections, or being
exhibited in respectable museums the world over.
A combination of inactivity, neglect and lack of information, as well as
many transactions carried out in good faith, gave rise to a situation where
thousands of masterworks now have at least two owners: Those who owned them
until the Nazi era, and those who bought or received them after the end of
World War II. Both are legal owners, until proved otherwise.
During the past decade - as a result of the fall of Communism, the opening
of archives in the West and increasing public pressure - the owners, today
very elderly people, or their heirs, are beginning to receive information
about the vestiges of their cultural heritage, and are starting to take
action. Some are turning to the courts, while others are forming pressure
groups that are working to change the law in various countries so that they
can claim what is rightfully theirs.
Israel is focusing on studying the material (which is already old) and on
preaching to the Europeans. There is nobody to lead the battle to return the
works to their owners. Even where disclosing information is concerned - for
example, on works that were transferred to museums in Israel from the assets
of those who disappeared after the war - little has been done.
Lili Gutmann identified every item in the warehouse in Rijswijk, but the
most important work in the Gutmanns' collection - a pastel drawing by Edgar
Degas, "Landscape with Smokestacks" - was not there.
The picture never reached the Dutch government - the Gutmanns sent it to
friends in France after the German occupation of Holland in 1940, and then
it disappeared. Lili's brother Bernard dedicated his entire life to a search
for this work, and died without finding it. His sons, who live in Los
Angeles, started to search for the drawing after their father's death. In
1996 they found a photo of it in a catalogue, with the name of the buyer
next to it: Daniel Searle, a Chicago collector, had bought it in 1987 from a
gallery in the United States for about $850,000. Searle, who bought the
painting legally, refused to consider the claim that it was stolen property.
The brothers decided to take legal action, and Anne Weber, who directs
documentary films, asked to document their steps.
Weber accompanied Lili Gutmann to her childhood home in the town of
Heemstede, Holland. She interviewed Gutmann's nephews as well as Searle, and
conducted research that became increasingly thorough over a two-year period.
In an interview with Britain's Daily Telegraph about a year and a half ago,
Weber estimated that Searle and the Gutmann brothers had spent about $1
million on legal proceedings in the United States.
When she completed the film in 1998, and before it was broadcast on
Britain's Channel 4, Weber sent a copy to each of the parties, and Searle
called her. He had seen the film, was very moved, and decided that he had to
meet with the brothers. Perhaps his decision was preceded by a conversation
with his lawyer, who may have encouraged him to reach a compromise. Whatever
the case, the parties met and reached a financial agreement and a
compromise, according to which the names of the original owners would be
written alongside the painting, which is on display in the Chicago Institute
of Art.
Weber had found her calling. In 1999, along with several colleagues, she
established the Commission for Looted Art in Europe (ECLA), a nonprofit
organization involved in returning works of art looted by the Nazis to their
owners. Only six people work in the organization's London offices, but they
have nevertheless succeeded thus far in handling hundreds of complicated
requests from all over the world, including quite a number from Israel.
Today the ECLA is the most important international organization in the
In Israel there is very little involvement in the struggle to help Holocaust
survivors locate works of art that belonged to their families, or to lead a
public battle on the issue. The Claims Conference in Israel says that at the
moment they are not active in this area. Yoram Dori, spokesman for the World
Jewish Restitution Organization (WJRO), the umbrella group for 11
international organizations that are working on the issue (including the
Claims Conference), says that "the emphasis in WJRO activity for returning
works of art is not to receive compensation, but to carry out historical
justice." Dori says that WJRO has been busy for five years mainly with
gathering information. "What is really important to us is that the real
owners of the works be acknowledged," he says. "The act of removing
paintings from museums such as the Louvre, for instance, is not a simple
thing."
The Czechs give up the Feldmann Collection
As opposed to WJRO, ECLA's activity has had tangible results. Weber, who
serves as co-chair of the organization alongside David Lewis, says that to
date ECLA has succeeded in returning about 400 works of art to their owners,
some of them Israeli. "We conduct negotiations with museums and collectors,"
she said this week in a phone interview, "and occasionally with official
representatives of the countries themselves, as in the case of the prolonged
discussions with Holland on behalf of the Gutmanns. So far we haven't been
forced to turn to the courts."
In March 2004, ECLA managed to reach an agreement for the return of a
collection of drawings to the Israeli heirs of attorney Arthur Feldmann of
Czechoslovakia, who was an enthusiastic art collector. Although in 1934 he
sold part of his collection, including drawings by artists such as
Rembrandt, Titian and Rubens, he immediately began to expand it once again.
When it was confiscated by the Nazis in 1939, the collection included over
700 drawings. Feldmann and his wife perished in the Holocaust, but their two
sons survived, and their children live in Israel.
In 1960 they discovered that part of their grandfather's collection of
drawings was on exhibit in the Moravian Gallery in the city of Brno in
Czechoslovakia. In the mid-1990s, when it became possible, their
representative turned to the courts in the Czech Republic, demanding that
the works be returned to them. The lawsuit was rejected, on the pretext that
the expiration date for submitting such claims was 1948. A new law passed in
the Czech Republic in 2000 enabled Feldmann's heirs to take action once
again. This time they didn't turn to the courts, but to ECLA, which
conducted negotiations with the management of the gallery in Brno and with
representatives of the Czech government for two years. In March 2004, the
representatives of the parties published a notice to the effect that 150
drawings now in the gallery in Brno would be returned to Feldmanns' heirs in
Israel.
The gallery directors in Brno said at the time that they were offering to
buy the five most important works in the collection for $160,000. Anne Weber
informed them on behalf of the family, which preferred not to reveal its
identity, that it would consider the proposal. The only thing that clouded
the agreement was the announcement that now the Czech export laws would have
to be examined, in order to decide how it will be possible to take the many
works out of the country.
Many of those who claim ownership of works of art that were taken from them
or from their relatives emphasize that they are not motivated by money. But
even if questions of justice and ethics are the main thing, the issue does
involve a great deal of money. Among the hundreds of thousands of works of
art looted by the Nazis, a small number were confiscated and were not
allowed to be displayed, after being defined as "degenerate art."
Most of the looted works were transferred to the private collections of
Hitler and senior officials of the Third Reich, or were designated for the
realization of the Fuehrer's great dream - the establishment of a
museum-city in Linz, Austria, which would put the museums of Vienna and
other world museums in the shade. And what better way to compete with the
great art collections than to confiscate them and integrate them into the
new collection?
Hitler was a frustrated artist, and those who didn't want him in the Academy
of Art in Vienna got him as a curator, in the context of the Anschluss of
1938. At the time, Hitler initiated a program called the Linz Special
Mission, which was classified "top secret." The mission - to turn his sleepy
childhood city into the crown jewel of the Reich. For that purpose, the
German military forces included officials who were instructed to bring
important works of art with them. These works were concentrated in several
sites in Austria and Germany.
When the Allied attacks on Germany increased, the Nazis transferred the
stolen property to castles of historical importance, on the assumption that
they wouldn't be bombed, and to protected salt mines. The Fuehrer had
promised a thousand-year Reich, and the works of art were supposed to wait
patiently for the establishment of the new museum-city. Allied soldiers
found them in these collection centers. The Americans also included among
their forces experts who were instructed to look for stolen works of art
that had been hidden in the "liberated" areas. This took several years: The
works of art were transferred to a special central authority established for
the purpose, which dealt with returning the works to the countries from
which they had been looted. Each country, for its part, promised to do
everything possible in order to return them to their owners. Most did very
little.
On the issue of works of art looted by the Nazis, there are two different
tracks: one relates to works that were transferred to various countries
immediately at the end of the war. Another consists of works that over the
years wound up in private collections or museums, and which come from
collections assembled by the Nazis from stolen works. These are complicated
cases, because it is difficult to find out how the work changed hands over
the years, and because in many cases the buyers acted in good faith. Most of
the legal proceedings carried out in recent years throughout the world deal
precisely with such situations.
$10 million for one of grandmother's paintings
In 2002, a Swiss businessman who was interested in buying a work by Picasso,
"Femme en Blanc" ("Woman in White)," turned to the Art Loss Register, a
commercial body that investigates the legal background of art transactions,
and ascertains that the works have changed hands legally. The Register
discovered that the painting by Picasso, which was owned at the time by the
Alsdorf family of Chicago (generous patrons of the arts) belonged in the
1930s to Carlota Landsberg of Berlin.
When Landsberg fled from Germany with her only daughter, Edith, in 1938, she
handed over the painting to a Jewish art dealer for safekeeping. A short
time later, the dealer fled to Paris with the painting. In 1939 he left
Europe for the United States, but left the painting behind. The Picasso work
was eventually confiscated by the Nazis. Carlota Landsberg and her daughter
also went to live in the United States.
After the war, Landsberg began to search for the painting, but without
success. In 1969 she signed a special agreement with the German government:
The government transferred about $27,000 to her as compensation for the loss
of the work, and Landsberg promised to return the money if the painting was
discovered. Both parties were aware that it was worth many times the sum she
had received.
Carlota's daughter had a son, Thomas Bennigson, whose parents died when he
was young. The years passed, and in 1994 Landsberg died as well, without
knowing that 19 years earlier, in 1975, James Alsdorf had bought "Woman in
White" for $375,000, at the Steven Hahn Gallery in New York. Bennigson was
already a law student at the University of California, Berkeley, when in
2002 they called him from the Art Loss Register and told him that the
painting that had belonged to his grandmother had been offered for sale at a
Los Angeles gallery for $10 million. Bennigson turned to attorney E. Randol
Schoenberg, who filed a suit in his name in the California courts, demanding
that the painting be returned to Bennigson. At present the parties are
preparing for a legal battle over "Woman in White," after months of
discussions in various legal instances that focused on the question of the
authority of the California court to rule on the issue.
Schoenberg, a young lawyer, has been conducting for several years a legal
battle for the return of works of art to their owners; his fight is arousing
a great deal of interest in many countries. Schoenberg represents Maria
Altmann, a resident of Los Angeles, who is demanding that the Gallery
Belvedere in Vienna return six works by Gustav Klimt that belonged to her
family. Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a precedent-setting decision,
concluded that the American legal system has the authority to rule on the
Government apathy
Attorney Edward Fagan, who became known for the class action suits he
conducted against the Swiss banks in 1998 on the issue of "Nazi gold," stood
outside the German Finance Ministry in Berlin last June, and announced that
he plans to file a suit for $18 billion against the German government.
Fagan, representing the Association of Holocaust Victims for Restitution of
Artworks and Masterpieces (AHVRAM), claims that the government did not make
a proper effort to return 2,000 works of art that remained in its hands to
their owners, from the property transferred to it after World War II. In
response, the German Finance Ministry published an announcement stating that
over one million works of art have been returned to their owners or to heirs
since the end of the war. The ministry estimated the value of the works
whose owners have not yet been located at about 60 million euros.
A few weeks ago, Fagan filed a lawsuit in a New York court against
Sotheby's, claiming that since the 1970s the large auction house dealt in
works of stolen art, including paintings by artists like Van Gogh, Titian
and Rembrandt. Sotheby's replied this week that "The claim is patently false
and the lawsuit is without merit. Sotheby's has moved to dismiss the
complaint. An earlier complaint filed by the same attorney has already been
dismissed."
Not all of Fagan's colleagues are impressed by his activities in the field
of art, and particularly by his belligerent declarations. Lucille Roussin is
a New York lawyer with a doctorate in the history of art and archaeology,
who specializes in making arrangements for returning works of art to
Holocaust survivors. Roussin says that until last week she couldn't find a
copy of Fagan's suit against the German government. "In any case, a class
action in this area is a rather strange idea," she says. "This is not a
matter of identical damage done to many people." She explained that each
work of art has changed hands many times, that each has a different value,
and the method of returning it to its owner is very complicated.
Roussin says that lawsuits for returning works of art were filed in the
United States many years ago, but in recent years there has been a great
awakening. "One of the reasons is the opening of archives, in Germany and
all over the world," she says. "In addition, after many years in which the
main emphasis was on emotional rehabilitation and dealing with the trauma of
the Holocaust, recently more survivors have become aware of the cultural
heritage that was stolen from them."
In the United States and in Israel there have been calls for European
soul-searching regarding stolen works of art that hang in museums on the
Continent. Roussin dares to say what many of her colleagues are afraid to
express - that the situation in the United States and in Israel needs to be
improved too. "During my last visit to the Israel Museum I saw several
pictures next to which it says that the work was contributed by the IRSO.
That was an organization - established on the basis of the special authority
set up by the Americans after the war, for returning works of art - which
received property that was known to have belonged to Jews, in order to
distribute it among organizations and museums, as it saw fit," she says.
"But who among the visitors knows that these initials mean that the works
were transferred to Israel from Europe in the 1950s, because their owners
could not be found? Some of the works may belong to someone, and the least
that should be done is to publish the information, and make sure people know
that those works of art come from the property of European Jews."
Special labels
In 1951, 28 crates arrived in Israel. The crates contained a real treasure:
dozens of works of art that had been collected by the Allied forces at the
end of the war, and transferred a short time later to the JRSO (Jewish
Restitution Successor Organization, which in many documents was also
referred to as the IRSO). Mordechai Narkiss, then the director of the
Bezalel art school and museum, reviewed the works. With the opening of the
Israel Museum in the mid-1960s, the works were transferred to the museum
collection.
In the 1950s the works continued to arrive from Europe, little by little.
Stephanie Rahum, the senior curator of modern art at the Israel Museum, says
that some of the important works in the collection came to the museum in
that way, including the 1915 painting "The City," by Egon Schiele, as well
as works by Alfred Sisley and Max Lieberman. Rahum says that when a work
that was in those deliveries is displayed, the plaque alongside it includes
the letters IRSO. "These works are a memorial to people who perished in the
Holocaust," she says.
"When we guide groups, we are sure to mention the significance of the
letters IRSO, and to explain that these are works that arrived at the Israel
Museum when their owners could not be located, and that if they are found
they will receive their property back. We have an exact listing of these
works."
Nehama Guralnik, curator of international art at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art,
points out a work by German expressionist Erich Heckel, which may have
originated in the IRSO deliveries. When she tried to learn about the history
of the work, Guralnik discovered that it was brought to Israel in September
1953, transferred to the Tel Aviv Museum about six years later, and added to
the collection. "On the back of the picture I found a label saying that the
work originally belonged to the Mannheim Museum in Germany," says Guralnik.
"The rest of its history isn't sufficiently clear." Guralnik doesn't know of
other works in the museum collection that may have come from the IRSO. And
in any case, in the Tel Aviv Museum, such works don't receive any special
The concentrated effort made by the Allies at the end of the war to return
works of art to the countries from which they had been stolen resolved many
injustices when it came to museums and some owners of important collections.
But the number of works that belonged to others was also huge, and the
governments of many European countries did nothing with them. Moreover, the
right of citizens to claim their property was drastically curtailed in some
countries. In Germany, it was first decided that lawsuits could be filed
only until 1948, a very short time for those whose world had fallen apart,
and who were required to produce documents or give precise testimony
regarding works they hadn't seen for many years.
Research studies published in the 1990s breathed new life into efforts to
locate lost works of art. The book "The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe's
Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War," by Lynn Nichols,
published in 1994, documented the entry into the international art market of
works confiscated by the Nazis. It made waves. In 1995, the Austrian
government announced that it would transfer the Mauerbach collection, which
was named after the monastery where the Nazis stockpiled a large group of
looted works, to the country's Jewish community. It was agreed that the
property would be sold at public auction, and the money be distributed among
survivors, the local community and Jewish organizations. At the auction,
which took place in 1996, about 1,000 items were sold, for about $10
million.
Before the auction, Sophie Lillie, an art historian, was invited to
investigate how the various works had reached the Mauerbach collection. She
entered the Federal Monuments Office in the heart of Vienna, and emerged six
years later, with a thick book called "Was Einmal War" (What Once Was), in
which she documented almost 150 collections of Austrian Jews, with a precise
listing of the works they contained.
One of the collections she investigated was that of Jenny Steiner, who
managed to escape from Austria to the United States, and left behind some
paintings by Klimt. One of them is "Water Snakes II."
"The painting was never recovered since it was seized from Jenny Steiner in
1938," said Lillie this week. "It was put up for sale at the Dorotheum
auction house in Vienna in 1940, but withdrawn before the auction and
acquired directly by Gustav Ucicky (thanks to the intervention of Baldur von
Schirach, the Nazi administrator, or `major,' of Vienna). Gustav Ucicky was
the illegitimate son of Klimt, a collector of his work and a Nazi film
producer. His wife inherited the painting upon Gustav's death." Lillie says
she hasn't been able to confirm what happened to the painting after that.
Schiele ignited a battle
One of the catalysts for dealing with the Mauerbach collection was a study
published in the mid-1990s in Art News, in which it was claimed that the
Austrian government was not doing anything to return the works in its
possession. But the subject burst into international awareness in 1997,
after a U.S. court received a request to delay the return to Austria of two
paintings by Egon Schiele, which were on display at an exhibition in New
York's Museum of Modern Art. A short time later, the court ruled that one of
the works would stay in the United States rather than be returned to the
Leopold Museum in Vienna, until clarification of a claim by an American
citizen, Lea Bondi, that the painting had been taken from her by the Nazis.
A year later, the U.S. State Department initiated a convention on the
subject, with representatives of 44 countries participating, to discuss ways
of locating and returning the property. This led to many initiatives in the
field. In Europe, the organization headed by Anne Weber was established
shortly afterward and initiated preparation of a huge data base, the Central
Registry, sponsored by the Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies at Oxford
University. It contains lists of works that were looted by the Nazis,
alongside the names of their past and present owners, and photos of the
works. Searches can be conducted according to various parameters.
"The tragedy in this matter is lack of information," says Weber. "Who can
conduct a serious search on his own in hundreds of museum warehouses?" The
data base compiled by the organization contains information about the legal
situation in each of the countries in which the issue is likely to arise. It
documents about 20,000 works. The site tries to present as many photos of
the works as possible, and the information appears in English alongside
other languages.
Weber has harsh criticism of some European countries. "In Germany, for
example, fewer than 20 museums (out of about 6,000) have bothered to publish
information about suspicious works of art in their collections," she says.
Germany and Russia have in fact set up Internet sites in recent years,
containing information about stolen works of art, but Weber says that "the
Germans initiated the site in order to list works of art that were looted
from Germany by the Russians, and only afterward did they begin to list the
works that were looted by the Nazis. As far as the Russian site is
concerned, it is meant only for Russian speakers, so that it misses the goal
of addressing as many people as possible."
In Britain, says Weber, they have taken several positive steps. For example,
a few months ago the British Museum published an unusually frank notice, to
the effect that it is possible that many works in its collections originate
in the trade in looted art.
France experienced an earthquake in 1997, with the publication of a book by
journalist Hector Feliciano, "The Lost Museum: The Nazi Conspiracy to Steal
the World's Greatest Works of Art," which investigates how French art
collections made their way to Nazi Germany and back to the art world in
dubious ways.
Weber says that over 60,000 works were returned to France at the end of
World War II. About 45,000 of them were returned to their owners, about
13,000 were sold, and of the remaining 2,000 works, whose owners could not
be found, some were chosen by French museums for "temporary" display. These
works are displayed on a special Web site set up by the French government.
There have been contacts going on for several years regarding loaning some
of these works to the Israel Museum. The French embassy in Israel insists
that such a loan will not be implemented until Israel passes a law
guaranteeing immunity from lawsuits by Israelis regarding ownership of the
loaned works. The reason given is that such a claim may crop up in France as
well in the future, and then Israel will be required to return the works to
France, in order to clarify the matter.
The director of the Israel Museum, James Snyder, doesn't believe that the
differences of opinion are so great. "The demand for immunity from lawsuits
is routine in connection with loans of works of art among museums," he says,
"and there is no reason why this case should be different. We are discussing
with the French the possibility that they will loan us, for the long term or
for temporary exhibits, works from that same large body of work that has
remained in the hands of the French Museums Authority, and we consider this
very important."
Martin Weil, former director of the Israel Museum, and today director of the
Bracha Foundation, which supports the arts, can say what they are afraid
even to imply in the French embassy and the present museum administration:
"The level of these works is not uniform, and not all of them are worthy of
being displayed in the museum," says Weil. "And even were they to pass this
hurdle of quality, I'm not certain that as a country, Israel has to demand
that they be displayed here. If the paintings were stolen from the
collection of a French Jew, for example, the fact that they wound up at an
exhibit in a public museum like the Louvre, is not a bad solution."
In the international art market, the complications involved in selling a
work of art that doesn't have a "clean" pedigree has motivated the large
auction houses to carry out investigations regarding every item that reaches
them. The main office of Sotheby's in London has established a special
department for that purpose, headed by attorney Lucien Simons. In recent
years, the information gathered there has also served to locate possible
heirs to the works. Of course this is done for economic reasons as well: In
1999, for example, Sotheby's located the owner of a Claude Monet painting,
"Monceau Park," 1878 (one of three paintings he painted on that subject) and
helped the owner and the person who had the painting to reach an agreement.
Thus Sotheby's was able to sell the work in the end to a third party for
about 3.5 million pounds sterling, to the satisfaction of both sides.
The Pissarro in the Israel Museum
The Israel Museum was directly involved in recent years in a claim for the
return of a work of art that was looted by the Nazis. The work was found in
the museum's collection in Jerusalem. In the Impressionist art wing, the
painting "Montmartre Boulevard: Spring" (1897) by Camille Pissarro is on
display, and next to it is a text that explains its history over the past
century, including an embarrassing episode.
The work was purchased in 1960 by John and Frances Loeb of New York. In
1997, after John's death, it was donated to the Israel Museum. Two years
later the museum received a letter from a woman named Gerta Silberberg,
widow of the son of a Jewish industrialist and art collector from Breslau,
Germany, who claimed that the painting belonged to her. The painting had
been confiscated from her husband's father in 1935, and for years there was
no trace of it. In the end it showed up at a public auction, and that was
how it came into the hands of the Loebs. The parties finally reached an
amicable compromise, which is worded in marvelously diplomatic language:
Silberberg did receive ownership of the work, but left it "on loan for 10
years" in the Israel Museum. The director of the museum, James Snyder, is
justly proud of this arrangement.
This example illustrates how vital it is to victims of the looting to be
acknowledged. But it also raises another delicate issue, which the heads of
the museums in Israel are apparently afraid to discuss. To date, no
comprehensive study has been carried out in Israel regarding the provenance
of the works of art that comprise the collections in local museums, and even
when information exists, as in the Israel Museum, it is not sufficiently
accessible to the public.
Perhaps such a study should be carried out, at the initiative of the Israel
Museums Association, for example, before the day on which a real lawsuit
reaches one of these respectable institutions, and not only a letter from an
insulted heiress. Anne Weber says that about 700 works of art were brought
to Israel in the context of IRSO, "not only paintings, but tallit ornaments,
for example. The Nazis tore them off the tallit, because they considered
them to have artistic value. Such works were also sent to Israel in the
1950s, and when they are displayed in the Israel Museum, the letters IRSO
appear alongside them."
The subject of this 1907 portrait by Gustav Klimt was Maria Altmann's aunt;
Altmann is demanding its return in a lawsuit in the U.S.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Of 17 HMOs participating on the federal health insurance exchange in Michigan, 9 proposed increases, 6 proposed decreases and two are new competitors.
Obamacare critics had a field day last fall when all the news was bad: malfunctioning healthcare.gov website, cancellation of individual policies and rising employer health benefit costs from taxes and fees associated with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
There also were predictions of a government takeover of the health care industry and opinions of skyrocketing costs and little real impact to average people.
But then came 2014 and some hard numbers.
Private health insurance paid enrollment numbers on healthcare.gov totaled nearly 8 million and Medicaid expansion exceeded 7 million as of June 30. Nearly six in 10 people who became insured either through Medicaid, the exchange, their employers or the open market were previously uninsured, said the Kaiser Family Foundation in a June report.
Michigan has signed up more than 500,000 people on Medicaid and through the private health insurance industry through June. Projections estimate that the uninsured rate will decline by 66 percent in Detroit over the next two years, said the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Some experts estimate the state's current 10 percent uninsured rate will drop to under 4 percent in the next several years.
Nationally, the Rand Corp. said the uninsured rate dropped to 16 percent in March from 21 percent last September. While 5.2 million people lost coverage, 14.5 million gained coverage for a net gain of 9.3 million people, Rand said.
For those of you not experts or regular readers of health care policy data, these numbers could mean lower overall health care costs – and less human suffering – because they represent, in the eyes of physicians, preventive health care.
This is because people who are insured are more likely to see physicians and have costly and injurious chronic diseases detected much earlier than those without insurance.
Insuring more people should also help reduce Detroit's high rates of diabetes, asthma and high blood pressure. Insuring more pregnant women also can reduce the city's high rate of preterm deliveries and infant deaths, which are the highest per capita in the nation.
But for business-minded folks, the big effect of Obamacare has been producing near record profits so far this year for such national health insurance companies as Aetna, United Healthcare, Humana and Wellpoint.
For example, Aetna said in its April 10Q that total revenue increased 47 percent to $14 billion during the first quarter ended March 31 from $9.5 billion for the same period in 2013.
Aetna's bottom line also was rosy – record-high rosy. Net income increased 36 percent to $665 million from $490 million in the same quarter of 2013, and operating income increased 40 percent to $722 million from $516 million.
"Aetna posted higher operating earnings, operating revenues and medical membership in the first quarter, each representing historic highs for our company," said CEO Mark Bertolini, a Detroit native and Wayne State University graduate.
Despite the gloom and doom from medical device makers and suppliers, I also predict record or very high profit margins for these health care industry support companies. The additional customers and business should more than outweigh any tax disadvantages they may have temporarily suffered. Like with any disruptive technology or policy, time will tell.
On the other hand, hospital system profits declined in 2013 both in Michigan and nationally, primarily due to Medicare cuts to help fund Obamacare. Hospital executives hope those numbers will rebound this year as uncompensated care will go down from insurance expansion, but the jury is still out.
Still, federal spending in Detroit alone will increase by $6 billion over the next decade, bolstering bottom lines of safety net hospitals, physicians, health centers and health insurers, Robert Wood said.
To address potential patient access problems from insurance expansion, Obamacare has been providing billions of dollars to fund expansion of federally qualified health centers and residency training programs for young doctors.
For example, over the last week health organizations in Detroit and Flint were notified they would be getting nearly $9 million to help train 85 new primary care doctors.
The bulk goes to the Detroit Wayne County Health Authority for training in family medicine, internal medicine, psychiatry, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology. The Hamilton Community Health Network in Flint will receive $900,000 for family medicine training.
More than 550 doctors nationally will be trained using $83.4 million in Affordable Care Act funding.
Adding to more than $13 billion spent over the past three years to open 600 new health centers and expand existing ones, Obamacare will fund another 150 new health center sites next year with $100 million in expenditures.
More than 1,300 health centers nationally provide care to 21 million Medicaid, low income and uninsured people.
Michigan has already received $165.7 million for health center services and construction including support for 16 new health centers in Michigan. A total of 37 health centers operate some 223 service delivery sites that care for 570,000 patients in Michigan, said the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
In Southeast Michigan, six federally qualified health centers serve the region. They are Detroit Community Health Connections, Community Health and Social Services, Western Wayne Family Health Centers, Detroit Central City Community Mental Health, Covenant Community Care and Advantage Health Centers.
HHS also announced initial approval for $25 million in innovation grants to fund projects at Altarum Institute, Detroit Medical Center and the University of Michigan. Nationally, 39 organizations in 27 states are expected to receive this year about $360 million to test innovative models.
Pending final approval this summer, Altarum will receive $9.4 million to improve dental and primary care for children in Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program.
DMC will be awarded $10 million to make primary care immediately available to individuals who arrive at its four hospital emergency departments by creating patient-centered medical home clinics. The initial focus will be on diabetes and asthma care.
University of Michigan regents will receive $6.4 million to work with 40 Michigan hospitals to improve surgical outcomes for patients having abdominal surgery.
While the news so far this year has generally been positive about the full implementation of Obamacare, questions remain as the U.S. health care system is far from No. 1 in the world.
In fact, The Commonwealth Fund ranks the U.S. last of 11 nations studied, including France, Germany, Australia, Canada, England and Sweden. The World Health Organization also ranks the U.S. system very low compared with other countries in terms of cost, quality and value.
I think we can do better than that. Hopefully, changes included in Obamacare and others we need to implement to reduce costs and improve quality will help toward that ultimate goal.


Healthcare Solutions | General Data Company, Inc.
LaserTrack cassette printers are the top choice for histology labs that demand smooth, efficient, dependable and error-free printing and labeling of tissue cassettes as part of their lab workflow.
For barcoded cassettes that are highly legible and deliver high scan rates, laser is the best and most preferred printing technology. LaserTrack cassette printers' laser printing technology consistently and reliably produces sharp, crisp text and 2D barcodes that are permanent and deliver nearly perfect scan rates.


text:
Q: Remeshing depending on physical quantity values I am performing Code Saturne simulations of fluid flows. I mesh the computational domain with gmsh. I would like to adapt my mesh by refining regions of my investigated case depending on the results of a previous simulation. Here is the process:

*

*Step 1 : Mesh -> first_mesh.msh

*Step 2 : Simulation with first_mesh.msh

*Step 3 : Mesh adaptation -> if a quantity extracted from the simulation field is above a given value in a particular area then I would like to refine this area and produce a new mesh called adaptated_mesh.msh for instance

*Step 4 : Simulation with adaptated_mesh.msh
Is that possible ?
If yes, could you give me a simple example to see how it's work ?
Thanks a lot


After 15 years of working in New York City as a commercial photographer, German born Andreas Kuehn lives now with his family on beautiful Cape Cod. While still pursuing his career in the commercial world, Andreas started 'Andreas Kuehn Photography', which specializes in contemporary portrait and landscape/fine art photography.
His portrait images have a reportage and candid feel to them...he works to capture spontaneity rather than anything too posed. Andreas's method of spending time with you creates a level of comfort...relaxed, true moments shine thru and are captured for you to keep.
Besides shooting portraits and kids, he has been working on his landscape/fine art portfolio...his first love in photography...exploring Cape Cod and it's beauty.


text:
Q: How vector network analyzer measures S-parameters of lumped element? i've seen video lecture where S-parameters of 50 Ohm resistor placed in series between input and output port of VNA with reference resistance also of 50 Ohm are calculated by hand. S11 was calculated as equal 1/3 by formula of reflection coefficient S11 = Г = (Rin - Z0) / (Rin + Z0) = (100 - 50) / (100 + 50) = 1/3. So question is why resistor have reflection? It is not waveguide, what reflections can it have? And if it have reflection, how VNA measures it? Does it simply measures amplitude on its port or somehow measures amplitude of outcoming and reflected wave? I also heard that reflected wave can be detected somehow via directional coupler but anyway i don't understand what reflection do i have in case of lumped resistor? Sorry if I mix different questions in one.

A:
why resistor have reflection?

First, you're not measuring just a resistor, you're measuring a resistor whose other end has been connected to the input of a transmission line whose far end is (pretty close to) ideally terminated.
But to answer your question, the signal coming out of the first transmission line can only propagate forward without reflections if the ratio of its voltage (measured between the inner conductor and outer conductor for a coaxial line) to its current (measured on the inner conductor) is equal to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
Since the termination you provided (a resistor plus another transmission line with an ideal termination) has an effective impedance of 100 ohms, the ratio of voltage to current at this termination will be 100 V/A, rather than 50 V/A. This means that a backward travelling wave (a reflection) must be produces so that the voltage-to-current ratio in the termination can be 100 V/A while the voltage-to-current ratios in the forward and reverse travelling waves on the feed line are both 50 V/A.

And if it have reflection, how VNA measures it?

The VNA (speaking broadly) separates the reflected wave from the outgoing wave with a directional coupler and measures its amplitude with an RF detector (a diode-based device that converts RF signals to DC voltages). If the reflected signal is mixed with a local oscillator before being measured, the phase of the reflected signal can also be determined.


text:
Q: MFC: how to draw text with wrapping and v-centering? The following code draws text using DrawText (single line) and DrawTextEx (wrapping). I want both v-centered.
    CRect rect1(50, 50, 100, 125);
    CRect rect2(100, 50, 500, 125);

    CPen pen(PS_SOLID, 0, RGB(192, 192, 192));

    pDC->MoveTo(rect1.left, rect1.top);
    pDC->LineTo(rect2.right, rect2.top);
    pDC->MoveTo(rect1.left, rect1.bottom);
    pDC->LineTo(rect2.right, rect2.bottom);

    pDC->DrawText("hello", rect1, DT_SINGLELINE | DT_CENTER | DT_VCENTER);
    pDC->DrawTextEx("0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 ",
                    rect2, DT_EDITCONTROL | DT_WORDBREAK | DT_LEFT | DT_VCENTER, NULL);

The output is figure below, looks like single line is v-centered but not the one with wrapping. Also, note that some of the upper line is covered, which should be addressed as well.

A: DT_VCENTER can only be used in combination with DT_SINGLELINE. For multi-line drawing, use DT_CALCRECT to obtain the height, then manually calculate the center. Example:
CString str = "0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789";
CRect rc = rect2;
dc.DrawText(str, &rc, DT_EDITCONTROL | DT_WORDBREAK | DT_LEFT | DT_CALCRECT);
rc.OffsetRect(0, (rect2.Height() - rc.Height()) / 2);
dc.DrawText(str, &rc, DT_EDITCONTROL | DT_WORDBREAK | DT_LEFT);


With 2016 reaching its final months, there's little to look forward to this year. The only flagship devices that we're expecting are the iPhone 7 and Nexus lineups. Out of these, the latter should come with an impressive hardware upgrade in the form of the Snapdragon 821. After all, even as Qualcomm managed to reverse its overheating fortunes with the Snapdragon 820, the processor still doesn't perform as well as we'd expect it to. If you're a believer in benchmark scores, we've got a lot of them for you today. The Snapdragon 820 and the Exynos 8890 have been tested on the Galaxy Note 7, so read more below to find out more.
The Snapdragon 820 Vs The Exynos 8890; Which Processor Is The Right One For The Note 7?
When we talk about a gadget's performance, there are a lot of aspects which come under consideration. From computing performance, to multimedia and design, any smartphone or phablet is nothing more then an efficient combination of various aspects. To that end, benchmarks end up evaluating only one of these i.e. the computing and graphics performance of a device. For the Glaxy Note 7, it looks like Samsung's once again managed to outdo itself with the Exynos 8890.
Before we get in scores, let's first take a look at what both the processors are made of. Both the processors are manufactured on Samsung's 14nm FinFET. They also come featuring ARM's v8 instruction set which marks the end of their similarities. The Exyos 8890 comes with two sets of four cores, in a simple implementation of big.LITTLE. Four of these are ARM's Cortex A53 cores and the other four are the first generation of Samsung's Mongoose M1 cores. The Snapdragon 820 also comes with custom cores on board. These are two sets of two Kryo cores, clocked at 1.6 and 2.1Ghz for these tests. GPUs for the Snapdragon 820 and Exynos 8890 are the Adreno 530 and the Mali T880, clocked at 624 and 650Mhz respectively.
Starting from the popular graphics benchmark application GFXBench, we see that Qualcomm once again dominates in the graphics sphere. Even as the US manufacturer continues to cede space to Samsung in flagship Android processors, graphics seem to be one area where things aren't looking to change anytime soon. Samsung's consistent reliance on ARM's Mali GPUs doesn't end up doing the Korean tech giant any favors when it comes in the graphics department.
Qualcomm on the other hand continues to enjoy near seamless integration of its Adreno GPU lineup with the Snapdragon processors. The Snapdragon 820 and the Adreno 530 manage to consistently lead cross all four platforms, from T-Rex to Car Chase. The above scores represent average fps values for the processors and their GPUs. They're offscreen versions as well, so at the moment, we've got no solid idea of rendering capabilities of the pair on the Samsung Galaxy Note 7.
Moving towards core performance measures, Samsung's Exynos 8890 clearly dominates the Snapdragon 820. Featuring two pairs of four Cortex A53 and Mongoose M1 cores, the Exynos appears to be the dominating processor when it comes to key compute scores. The difference becomes even more stark in multi-core results, where the Exynos has the clear advantage over the Snapdragon. As mentioned earlier, the Snapdragon 820 comes with two sets of dual, custom Kryo cores, which clearly translates in benchmark scores.
In single-core results, the Snapdragon still tails behind the Exynos, though by a much smaller margin. Qualcomm definitely seems to have its work cut out with Kryo. Keep in mind that the Galaxy Note 7 on which these tests were conducted was still running background apps and processes, so these scores don't represent a clear cut picture. Nevertheless, the fact that Qualcomm launched the Snapdragon 821 earlier this month shows that the US chipmaker has understood its weaknesses on the Snapdragon 820 and Kryo.
After performance and graphics, let's now take a look at read/write scores of Samsung's Galaxy Note 7. Qualcomm definitely seems to have the edge here, even as the manufacturer performs disappointingly in compute scores. Before we get in the details of the results above, it'll be relevant to differentiate between internal and external scores.
External storage tests represent the device's internal memory/SD card storage where apps and other multimedia is stored. Internal tests on the other hand represent application/private data storage for the device. In all four segments, it's the Snapdragon 820 which has the lead over the Exynos. The difference isn't stark enough to draw any concrete conclusions. The end results should depend on personal preference.
The age old and widely popular benchmark Antutu neatly sums up the differences between the Exynos and Snapdragon variants of the Samsung Galaxy Note 7. Starting from 3D or graphics scores, the Adreno 530 simply dominates the Mali-T880. This is a direct result of several reasons. Firstly, the Adreno 530 is simply the better GPU out of the two. Secondly, Qualcomm's efficient integration of the GPU, CPU and DSP on the Snapdragon 820 manages to play its part clearly in these scores.
In CPU performance, it's the Exynos 8890 which comes out on top. Like mentioned above, Antutu clearly sums up the differences between the two processors and devices. At this point, we'd conclude that today's scores provide as efficient a comparison between the two devices as possible. There isn't much difference in RAM or User Interface scores for the Exynos 8890 and the Snapdragon 820. Critical differences seem to lie only in between performance and graphics.
As is the case with any benchmark comparison, the final result depends on user preference and availability. Furthermore, performance and graphics scores aren't the only indicators of a device's performance. We're unsure of what differences in battery life are present on the Snapdragon and Exynos Galaxy Note 7. The Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge exhibited stark differences, and it isn't clear whether the pattern persists on the Galaxy Note 7.
To conclude, if you're looking for strong processor performance and want to run heavy duty applications, today's results point you towards the Exynos 8890 on the Galaxy Note 7. If you're more of a gamer and multimedia lover, then the one with the Snapdragon 820 is the device for you. Additionally, if you haven't booked the device yet and are thinking about doing so, we'd advise you to wait. Battery life is a very important factor when gauging a device's performance and more data will become available for the Note 7 in this matter. Thoughts? Let us know what you think in the comments section below and stay tuned for the latest.


text:
Back to the Future: The Animated Series
s01e12 Retired
s01e12 — Retired
Released: 7 Dec 1991 07.12.1991 17:00
s02e03 — A Friend In Deed
s02e02 — Put on Your Thinking Caps, Kids! It's Time for Mr. Wisdom!
s02e01 — Mac the Black
s01e13 — Clara's Folks
s01e11 — Gone Fishin'
s01e10 — Dickens of a Christmas
s01e09 — Solar Sailors
s01e08 — Batter Up


text:
Characterization of water-stress tolerant cotton cultivars based on plant growth and in activity of antioxidant enzymes
Jessica Damasceno Rodrigues
Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
Carliane Rebeca Coelho da Silva
Rennan Fernandes Pereira
Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, Brazil.
Jean Pierre Cordeiro Ramos
Pericles de Albuquerque Melo Filho
Jose Jaime Vasconcelos Cavalcanti
Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Cotton, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.
Roseane Cavalcanti Santos
Article Number - A71A9CE60824
Vol.11(39), pp. 3763-3770 , September 2016
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2016.11301
Accepted: 14 July 2016
The aim of this study was to characterize cotton cultivars based on growth data and on antioxidant enzymes activity, in order to identify better-adapted cultivars to water-stress conditions. Nine genotypes were submitted to 7 days of water suppression starting at 45 days after seedling emergence (phase R1). The essay was carried out in greenhouse conditions, where plants were grown in 5 L vases filled with sandy soil previously fertilized as recommended for the crop. A completely randomized experimental design adopted in a 9×2 (genotypes × water treatment) factorial scheme and 4 replications. Cultivar classifications were performed by multivariate analysis, using canonical variable and UPGMA cluster analysis. The following growth traits were recorded: Plant height, leaf stalk diameter, number of leaves and root length and weight. Antioxidative activities (SOD, CAT and APX) were also tested by spectrophotometry. Water stress affected all genotypes with different response level. The genotypes adapted to semiarid environment showed better capacity to grow under water limitation, and also better performance of antioxidative enzymes in order to avoid cellular damages. BRS 286, CNPA 7MH and CNPA 5M were better adapted to drought period and regarded as the best cultivars to use in cotton breeding aiming tolerance to water stress.
Key words: Gossypium hirsutum L., antioxidative enzymes, water stress.
Abbreviation: SOD, Superoxide dismutase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; CAT, catalase; EDTA, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid; NBT, nitrobluetetrazolium; ROS, reactive oxigen species; ¹O2, oxigen singlet; O2•, superoxide; OH•, hydroxil radical; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; O2, molecular oxigen; CV, canonical variables; UPGMA, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean; CCC, cophenetic correlation coefficient.
Plants submitted to environmental stresses respond with several physiological and biochemical chain reactions in order to minimize or avoid the cell damages. Drought is one of the more critical environmental problems because it leads to losses in several crops, worldwide. Damages took place in varied level, depending on genotype,
phenological stage and mainly, intensity and length of dry period. At cell level, when stress signs are perceived by cell, an excessive amount of ROS is generated, such as ¹O2, O2•-, H2O2 and OH•, which lead to oxidative damage at various levels, depending on the tolerance mechanisms of genotype (Sekmen et al., 2014; Farooq et al, 2009). Excessive ROS may cause cell death due to the inactivation of enzymes essential to defense metabolism, and also damages in organelles and membranes due to degradation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The cytotoxic action of ROS is controlled by combined action of plant defense machinery, which includes both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems. In the enzymatic, the most known involves the actions in cascade started by SOD, which starts the neutralization process and acts as catalyzer of O2•- dismutation into H2O2 and O2. Subsequently, CAT promotes H2O2 inactivation, which is mainly produced during photorespiration process, converting it into H2O and O2. Finally, APX acts in H2O2 decomposition by using ascorbate as reductor, donating electrons to formation water and monodehydroascorbate (Barbosa et al., 2014; Shigeoka et al., 2002; Alscher et al., 2002).
In growth aspect, water stress affects the plant in all phase of development, especially before blooming and the fruit development. Symptoms are often phenotypically apparent, affecting plant height, canopy and root systems due to inhibition of cell expansion (Baldo et al., 2009; Ball et al., 1994). Physiologically, water suppression leads to changes in cell division and expansion. Consequently, other processes are triggered such as reduction in photosynthesis and respiration rates, delay in nutrients absorption and assimilation, losses in turgidity and stomatal conductance, senescence and leaf shedding, among others (Farooq et al., 2009). The response of plant to water stress tolerance depends on several factors, among which are photosynthetic metabolism, genetic inheritance and water suppression period.
Gossypium L. is a malvaceae with more than fifty identified species. Many of them have wide variability to growth in semiarid environment. In Brazil, the types, Gossypium hirsutum subsp. latifolium Hutch, a short cycle-herbaceous and annual and var. Marie-galante Hutch, a late cycle-arbustive and perennial are the main accepted by growers (Freire and Vidal Neto, 2013). The genotypes from M. galante types have broad adaptation to dry environments, although they show less fiber yield than latifolium ones.
Drought tolerance in herbaceous cotton is genotype-dependent, and reduction in canopy, plant height and boll numbers are often seen in sensible plants. The effect of water stress is most critical in reproductive phase, mainly in boll and fiber developments (Baldo et al., 2009; Ball et al., 1994).
Baldo et al. (2009) evaluated cotton genotypes submitted to 45 days of water suppression and observed severe reduction on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of leaves and reduction of 25% on boll yield, as well. Batista et al. (2010) corroborated these results when evaluated cotton genotypes submitted to 23 days of water suppression. The authors also observed losses on fiber quality, although elongation on root system was verified in tolerant genotypes, as a defense response to desiccation.
In Brazil, the main commercial cultivars growth in Savanna region have limited yield in environments with water irregularities. Considering the world climatic changes, mainly those related to water availability, the development of cultivars tolerant to drought is a valuable strategy adopted by several plant breeder in several countries. Since 1970's, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) coordinates a robust cotton breeding program, focusing on the development of high yield cultivars, with broad environmental adaptation. Annually, several genotypes are tested by using biochemical and agronomic traits in order to identify promising parental for further use in dialelic crossing aiming tolerance to drought. Several top lines have been obtained by this procedure, revealing expressive production and broad adaptation to semiarid environment, in field conditions (Cavalcanti et al., 2016). As the genetic improvement is a dynamic process, it is necessary that new materials could be periodically evaluated in order for further use in hybridization platforms.
In this work, we evaluated the response to water stress in nine Brazilian cotton cultivars, based on growth analysis and in activity of antioxidative enzymes, during early growth.
Genetic resources and experimental design
The experiment was carried out in greenhouse, in Campina Grande, PB (7º13'50"S, 35º52'52"W, 551m), from July to September 2015. Seeds of nine cultivars were grown in 5L vessels filled with sandy soil previously fertilized with urea (20 Kg ha-1), single super-phosphate (60 Kg ha-1), and potassium chloride (30 Kg ha-1). Two seedlings were maintained per vessel, all daily watered, maintaining moisture near field capacity. The water requirements of plants were estimated according to Almeida et al. (2015).
Treatments were established at R1 phase (45 days after emergence), represented by the beginning of flowering (Marur and Ruano, 2001). Plants were submitted to regular watering (control) and water suppression (stressed treatment) for 7 days. A factorial-completely randomized design was adopted with four replications. Temperature and relative air humidity data were daily collected during assay.
After stresses period, the following data were collected: plant height, main stem diameter, total number of leaves, main root length and fresh weight of root mass. The main characteristics of cultivars used in this work are shown in Table 1.
Biochemical analysis
Biochemical assays were based on activity of antioxidative enzymes. Leaf tissues were collected at the end of water suppression, in control and stressed plants. A crude extract (25%) was obtained from fully expanded leaves, by using monobasic phosphate buffer (100 mM) and EDTA (0.1 mM) (pH 7.0). The activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT and APX) was estimated by spectrophotometry (Thermo Scientific-Biomate).
SOD procedure was followed as described in Bulbovas et al. (2005), with minor modifications. The reaction (2.0 ml: 100 mM of monobasic potassium phosphate (pH 7.8), 1 mM EDTA, 13 mM methionine, 75 mM of nitrobluetetrazolium (NBT), 1 nM of riboflavin and 40 µl of plant extract) was exposed to fluorescent light (75 W) for 15 min and read at 560 nm. APX methodology was followed as described in Nakano and Asada (1981). The reaction (1.5 ml: 50 mM of monobasic phosphate buffer and 0.1 µM of EDTA (pH 6.0), 0.5 mM of ascorbate, 1 mM of H2O2 and 75 µM of plant extract. The activity was determined by oxidation of sodium ascorbate during 1 min, at 290 nm. Measurement was carried out using the molar extinction coefficient of 2.8 M-1cm-1. The CAT activity was estimated following Beers Júnior and Sizer (1952) methodology (1.5 ml: 100 mM of monobasic phosphate buffer and 0.1 M of EDTA (pH 7.0), 20 mM of H2O2 and 50 µM of the plant extract). The activity was determined by H2O2 degradation in 1 min, at 240 nm. Measurement was carried out using the molar extinction coefficient of 36 M-1cm-1.
Multivariate statistical analysis
Growth and biochemical data were submitted to Lilliefors test in order to verify the normality. Then, data were submitted to variance analysis, by using F test (p≤0.05). Tukey test (p≤0.05) was used to mean comparisons. For multivariate analysis, we use only statistically significant data from stressed treatment. Dissimilarity measurement between genotypes were based on Mahalanobis method (D2) in which 9 × 9 matrix served as basis to UPGMA clustering method and also to estimate the relative contribution of traits to differentiation of genotypes (Cruz et al., 2012). The adjustment of hierarchical method was based on cophenetic correlation coefficient (Sokal and Rohlf, 1962).
The CV were estimated through transformation of original data into a set with equivalent dimension of uncorrelated data (Cruz et al., 2012). The first CV often explains the maximal amount of variance in the data set and its direction. The scores corresponding to the CVs were calculated from the correlation matrix. The first two CV scores were used to group the genotypes in dispersion graphic. Cluster analysis was performed using the software GENES, version 2013.5.1(Cruz, 2013).
Nine cotton cultivars were submitted to water suppression at beginning of flowering and evaluated as tolerance based on growth traits and activity of antioxidative enzymes. The symptoms of water stress were verified from the fourth day on late cultivars (developed to Cerrado environment), however, at the end of the seventh day, all plants had developed significant growth alterations (Figure 1), particularly on height, number of leaves and root length.
Statistically significant differences (p≤0.01) were verified by analysis of variance (F test) in genotypes and treatments for most growth traits but no significant effect on G x TH interaction was seen for stem diameter or root mass weight, meaning that the behavior of genotypes were similar in both treatments.
Table 2 shows the means obtained for plant height (PH), number of leaves (NL) and root length (RL). Cultivars showed different responses to plant height and number of leaves during water suppression period. FMT 701, CNPA 7MH, FMT 705, FMT 966 and BRS 286 showed minor losses, under to 15% in relation to control plants.
Taking into account the behavior of root system in plants from stressed treatment, we found that the most cultivars showed adjustment to drought condition because they were able to deep their roots into the soil, especially CNPA 7MH, CNPA 5M and 286. As this trait is associated with a morphological mechanism of drought tolerance, these results agree with genealogy of these three cultivars, once they were generated from drought resistance parents and are all adapted to semiarid environment (Carvalho et al., 2014).
However, the behavior of FMT 705 and FMT 701 are inedited because both were developed to Brazilian Cerrados (Freire and Vidal Neto, 2013), and no record about drought tolerance have been found, so far. According to reports in literature, the impact of water stress in cotton crop depends not only on duration but also on physiological phase that takes place (Baldo et al., 2009; Plaut et al., 1996). Roots are the first tissues that detected the dissection signals and provide a prompt response when soil moisture decreases. Plaut et al. (1996) submitted cotton plants to several level of water suppression (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% pot capacity) at flowering stage (42 to 70 days) and reported an expressive increase in root length density in all moisture contents above 20% in the two deepest soil segments (24 and 36 cm).
No hydrotropism was seen and dry matter production by roots was less severely inhibited than that by shoots. The authors concluded that, even at soils moisture content equivalent to a Ψm of 0.1 MPa, the rate of root growth was sufficient to reach a wetted soil layer at 36 cm. Ball et al. (1994) reported that a short water suppression (5 days) in cotton plants during boll development (55 to 65 days) lead to reduction in leaf expansion up to 61%, while root system is decreased in about 50%. These values are varied, depending on level of tolerance of cultivar, but reduction in growth is a natural strategy in order to minimize the transpiration and, consequently, save water for further use in
physiological processes (Baldo et al., 2009).
As to antioxidative enzyme analyses, statistically significant differences were found in variance analysis to genotypes, water treatments and G x TH (p<0.01) to all three enzymes evaluated, meaning that the antioxidative machinery of cultivars responded differently to water treatments.
The individual behavior of each cultivar to SOD, CAT and APX is presented in Figure 2. These enzymes act in cascade events in order to avoid cell damages caused by ROS production, in response to oxidative stresses.
We found an input of 85, 52, 30 and 19% in SOD activity to CNPA 5M, BRS Seridó, BRS 286 and CNPA 7MH, respectively, in stressed treatment. The availability of SOD in cells of these genotypes contributed to better adjustment in defense processes, generating reasonable amounts of CAT, so that, in the end of the antioxidant chain complex, the APX production was normalized (CNPA 5M and BRS 286 in both treatments) or minimized (CNPA 7MH and BRS Seridó). These cultivars, therefore, were more adjusted to water stress, based on conditions of this assay. We also found that FMT 705, FM 966, BRS Rubi and CNPA ITA 90 did not show enough SOD input to trigger the first process of antioxidative complex, so that, the next steps involving neutralization of H2O2 by CAT and APX, were probably circumstantial, and not directly involved with water stress response.
Finally, the behavior of FMT 701 was different from all other cultivars, with low activity of SOD in stressed treatment and a high input of APX (about 135%), at end of antioxidative process. This reaction suggests that the sum of peroxides not neutralized by CAT, overloaded the cell machinery, generating an expressive input of APX. Besides, as peroxidase also generated by photorespiration process, we suggests that the increase seen here may be associated to this event, whose metabolic pathway naturally generates enough ROS. This could explain the over-expression of CAT and APX in this cultivar.
Several works are available in literature reporting the role of antioxidative enzymes in response to water stress. The input of SOD is often reported as a response to drought tolerance in plants due to better ability to eliminate super-oxide from cells (Sekmen et al., 2014; Cataneo et al., 2010; Rahman et al., 2004). As a consequence, the levels of H2O in cells are increased, and further neutralized by CAT and APX, which convert H2O2 into H2O2 +½ O2 and H2O2 into H2O + R(O)2, respectively. The reduction of H2O2 level will contribute to minimize the cell damages caused by oxidative stresses.
Sekmen et al. (2014) submitted two cotton cultivars (tolerant and sensitive to drought), during 10 days of water suppression, from 21 days of emergence. They found an input of 71 and 57% in SOD activity, in tolerant and sensible plants of stressed treatment, indicating that tolerant plants have better adjustment to eliminate O2-. When this elimination is limited by cell machinery, the superoxides may form hyperoxides in the cell leading to cell damages and further physiological changes.
In order to estimate the genetic divergence among cultivars, CV analysis was performed using six statistically significant traits from stressed treatment. Table 3 displays the eigenvalues, individual and accumulated variance (%) associated with CV. The first two CV explained 86% of total variance (CV1 = 58.72%; CV2 = 27.28%), indicating that the most variability may be summarized in these two components and genotypes may be plotted in a two-dimensional graphical dispersion.
Three groups were formed with clear distinction as to drought tolerance: 1: represented by six annual cultivars: Two mid-cycle and developed for Cerrado region (FM 966 and CNPA ITA 90) and three earliness and developed for semiarid conditions (BRS 286, BRS Rubi, BRS Seridó and CNPA 7MH). It worth noting that, although FM 966 and CNPA ITA 90 are not recommended for dry regions, both have broad environmental adaptation, inherited from Deltapine Acala 90, an annual cultivar developed in USA West (Longenberger, 2008); 2: Represented by FMT 705 and FMT 701, both late cycle cultivars, developed for Cerrado region, with high technological input (Freire and Vidal Neto, 2013; Anselmo et al., 2009); and 3: represented only by CNPA 5M, a perennial type, with broad adaptation to dry environments (Souza and Silva, 1994).
The relative contribution of traits to the genetic divergence was estimated based on S.j statistical (Singh, 1981). The analysis showed that APX, number of leaves, root length and plant height were the most contributive traits, with 53, 15, 13 and 12%, respectively.
In order to corroborate the results seen by graphical dispersion, an UPGMA clustering analysis was also performed, based on dissimilarity coefficient ≥ 80% and CCC = 0.79 (p<0.01). Three groups were formed (Figure 4), with identical clustering seen in Figure 3, indicating consistency of both multivariate methods as to genetic divergence of cotton cultivars.
Drought is a phenomenon established in tropical and semiarid environments and leads to different levels of damage in several crops. The improvement focused on drought tolerance is a relevant goal in many breeding programs around the world. Plants with ability to adjust the solutes in order to avoid the cell damages faced by
water suppression are robust candidates to breeding focusing on yield and environmental adaptations.
Cotton is a fiber crop of significant importance to textile industry. The Brazilian breeding program coordinates by Embrapa have made efforts in order to develop competitive cultivars, to attend the national and international fiber markets. Previous knowledge of genetic background of parents is quite useful in order to shorten the selection procedures, often requested for development of cultivars. The results showed here are contributive to assist in cotton breeding and provide information about promising candidates for further improvement to environment with water limitation.
Based on climatic changes verified in several Brazilian regions, especially in water availability, we suggest the use of cotton cultivars from Groups I and II in dialelic crossings in order to combine yield and drought tolerance for further selection of promising top lines with broad yield stability and environmental adaptation.
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
SOD, Superoxide dismutase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; CAT, catalase; EDTA, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid; NBT, nitrobluetetrazolium; ROS, reactive oxigen species; ¹O2, oxigen singlet; O2•, superoxide; OH•, hydroxil radical; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; O2, molecular oxigen; CV, canonical variables; UPGMA, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean; CCC, cophenetic correlation coefficient.
Almeida LLS, Nobre RG, Souza LP, Barbosa JL, Elias JJ (2015). Crescimento do algodoeiro colorido pós-poda em solos com distintas PSTs e doses de esterco. RVADS 10(4):06-11.
Alscher RG, Erturk N, Heath LS (2002). Role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in controlling oxidative stress in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 53(372):1331-1341.
Anselmo JL, Costa DS, Leal JF (2009). Ensaio de competição de cultivares de algodoeiro em Chapadão do Sul - MS. In: Congresso Brasileiro do Algodão, Campina Grande. Anais, Embrapa Algodão. pp. 1567-1571.
Baldo R, Scalon SPQ, Rosa YBCJ, Mussury RM, Betoni R, Barreto WS (2009). Comportamento do algodoeiro cultivar delta opal sob estresse hídrico com e sem aplicação de bioestimulante. Cienc.Agrotec. 33:1804-1812.
Ball RA, Oosterhuis DM, Mauromoustakos A (1994). Growth dynamics of the cotton plant during water-deficit stress. Agron. J. 86:788-795.
Barbosa MR, Silva MMA, Willadino L, Ulisses C, Camara TR (2014). Geração e desintoxicação enzimática de espécies reativas de oxigênio em plantas. Cienc. Rural. 44(3):453-460.
Batista CH, Aquino LA, Silva TR, Silva HRF (2010). Crescimento e produtividade da cultura do algodão em resposta a aplicação de fósforo e métodos de irrigação. Rev. Bras. Agric. Irrigada. 4(4):197-206.
Beers Júnior RF, Sizer IW (1952). A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J. Biol. Chem. 195(2):133-140.
Bulbovas P, Rinaldi MCS, Delitti WBC, Domingos M (2005). Variação sazonal em antioxidantes em folhas de plantas jovens de Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (pau-brasil). Rev. Bras. Bot. 28(4):687-696.
Carvalho LP, Farias JFC, Lima MMA, Rodrigues JIS. (2014). Inheritance of different fiber colors in cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 14(4):256-260.
Cataneo AC, Chamma KL, Ferreira LC, Déstro GFG, Sousa DCF (2010). Atividade de superóxido dismutase em plantas de soja (Glycine max L.) cultivadas sob estresse oxidativo causado por herbicida. Rev. Bras. Herbicidas. 4(2):23-31.
Cavalcanti JJV, Vasconcelos UAA, Vasconcelos WS, Santos RC, Farias FJC, Araújo GP, Assunção JH (2016). Combining ability estimates for agronomic and morphological traits in cotton under water stress. In: World Cotton Research Conference – 6. Goiana: Brazilian Cotton Institute. Abstracts. P 131.
Cruz CD (2013). GENES - a software package for analysis in experimental statistics and quantitative genetics. Acta Sci. Agron. 35(3):271-276.
Cruz CD, Regazzi AJ, Carneiro PCS (2012). Modelos biométricos aplicados ao melhoramento genético. Viçosa: UFV. 514p.
Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi N, Fujita D, Basra SMA (2009). Plant drought stress: Effects, mechanisms and management. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 29:185-212.
Freire EC, Vidal Neto FC (2013). Melhoramento Genético do Algodoeiro. In: Vidal Neto FC, Cavalcanti JJV. (Ed.) Melhoramento Genético de Plantas no Nordeste - Brasília, DF: Embrapa. p. 49-83.
Longenberger PS (2008). Evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool for the identification of drought tolerance in upland cotton (Dissertation).Texas A&M University: Texas. 129p.
Marur CJ, Ruano O (2001). A reference system for determination of cotton plant development. Rev. Oleaginosas Fibrosas 5(2):313-317.
Nakano Y, Asada K (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidases in spinach chloroplast. Plant Cell Physiol. 22(5):867-880.
Plaut Z, Carmi A, Grava A (1996). Cotton root and shoot responses to subsurface drip irrigation and partial wetting of the upper soil profile. Irrig. Sci.16:107-113.
Rahman SML, Mackay WA (2004). Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance of four tomato cultivars. Hortic Sci. 39(5):983-986.
Sekmen AH, Ozgur R, Uzilday B, Turkan I (2014). Reactive oxygen species scavenging capacities of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars under combined drought and heat induced oxidative stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 99:141-149.
Singh D (1981). The relative importance of characters affecting genetic divergence. Indian J. Genet. Plant Breed. 41(2):237-245.
Shigeoka S, Ishikawa T, Tamoi M, Miyagaw Y, Takeda T, Yabuta Y, Yoshimura K (2002). Regulation and function of ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes. J. Exp. Bot. 53(372):1305-1319.
Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1962).The comparison of dendrograms by objective methods. Taxonomy 11(1):30-40.
Souza JG, Silva JV (1994). Fenologia e fisiologia do algodoeiro arbóreo após a seleção para acúmulo de amido nas raízes. Rev. Bras. Fisiol. Veg. 6(2):145-148.
Back to Vol. 11 No. 39


text:
Friebus ist ein Gemeindeteil des Ortsteils Wohlhausen der Stadt Markneukirchen im Vogtlandkreis (Freistaat Sachsen). Er kam mit der Gemeinde Wohlhausen am 1. Januar 1994 zur Stadt Markneukirchen.

Geografie

Lage
Friebus liegt im Süden des sächsischen Teils des historischen Vogtlands bzw. Oberen Vogtlands, befindet sich jedoch bezüglich des Naturraums am Übergang vom Westerzgebirge zum Elstergebirge. Nordöstlich des Orts liegt der Gipfel Hoher Brand (). Friebus liegt nordöstlich von Wohlhausen, zu dessen Gemarkung die Siedlung auch gehört. Der Ort liegt im Naturpark Erzgebirge/Vogtland.
Im Süden und Osten wird Friebus von der Bundesstraße 283 tangiert.

Nachbarorte

Geschichte
Die Waldsiedlung Friebus nordöstlich von Wohlhausen wurde um 1600 als "Fripiser" erwähnt. Sie ist somit gut 200 Jahre jünger als Wohlhausen. Der geringe Flurbesitz des Orts deutet darauf hin, dass Friebus auf der Flur des Ritterguts Wohlhausen entstand, zu dessen Gutsherrschaft der Ort auch gehörte und die auch der Gründer des Orts ist.

Das genaue Gründungsdatum ist nicht sicher belegt. Als Gründer des Orts kommen die Gutsherren Hans Georg Carl bzw. Georg Wilhelm in Frage. Mit großer Sicherheit waren die Siedler von Friebus Exulanten aus Böhmen, die wegen der dort stattfindenden Gegenreformation besonders nach 1652 wegen ihres protestantischen Glaubens verfolgt wurden und sich dadurch kurz hinter der Grenze des Kurfürstentums Sachsen niederließen. Das Gutsarchiv von Wohlhausen verzeichnet seit 1661 zahlreiche neu erscheinende Namen, deren böhmische Herkunft erwiesen ist.

Unmittelbarer Zeuge dieser Neuansiedlung ist das dicht an der sächsischen Grenze östlich von Graslitz im Tal der Rothau liegende böhmische Städtchen Frühbuß. Im Zuge der Gegenreformation in Böhmen erschien am 31. Juli 1627 ein kaiserliches Reformationspatent, das vom Adel verlangte, binnen sechs Monaten entweder katholisch zu werden oder außer Landes zu gehen. Somit kam Frühbuß im Jahr 1628 an den Freiherrn Otto von Nostitz und nach dessen Tod im Jahr 1631 an dessen Neffen, Grafen Hans Hartwig von Nostitz-Rieneck (1610–1683). Seit 1652 prägte dieser als strenger Katholik für fast 30 Jahre als Oberstkanzler die Rekatholisierung Böhmens. Besonders in seinen Herrschaften trieb er die Gegenreformation voran. In Früßbuß und im benachbarten Sauersack hatten sich die Einwohner am längsten der Gegenreformation widersetzt, so dass hier zwischen 1679 und 1684 der spätere Erzbischof von Prag Daniel Joseph Ignatz Mayer als katholischer Missionar wirken musste. Dennoch verließ ein Großteil der Bevölkerung Böhmen und siedelte sich im benachbarten Kursachsen an, um weiterhin beim protestantischen Bekenntnis bleiben zu können. So entstand auch die 20 Kilometer westlich der böhmischen Stadt Frühbuß gelegene sächsische Siedlung Friebus. Der Ortsname leitet sich vom tschechischen Wort "převoz" ab, das "Gebirgspass" bedeutet.

Friebus gehörte als Teil der Grundherrschaft Wohlhausen bis 1856 zum kursächsischen bzw. königlich-sächsischen Amt Voigtsberg und nach 1856 zum Gerichtsamt Markneukirchen. Zu dieser Zeit zählte die Siedlung bezüglich der Kommune jedoch zum östlich gelegenen Gopplasgrün. Um 1875 gehörte Friebus jedoch zu Wohlhausen in der Amtshauptmannschaft Oelsnitz. Durch die zweite Kreisreform in der DDR kam Friebus als Gemeindeteil von Wohlhausen im Jahr 1952 zum Kreis Klingenthal im Bezirk Chemnitz (1953 in Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt umbenannt), der im Jahr 1990 als sächsischer Landkreis Klingenthal fortgeführt wurde und 1996 im Vogtlandkreis aufging.

Mit der Eingliederung der Gemeinde Wohlhausen in die Stadt Markneukirchen wurde Friebus am 1. Januar 1994 ein Gemeindeteil von Markneukirchen.

Öffentlicher Nahverkehr
Der Ort ist im Stundentakt mit der PlusBus-Linie 30 des Verkehrsverbunds Vogtland an Markneukirchen, Adorf, Bad Elster und Klingenthal angebunden. Außerdem verkehrt die zweistündliche TaktBus-Linie 93 zwischen Schöneck und Bad Elster.

Weblinks

 Die Siedlung Friebus auf der Webseite der Stadt Markneukirchen

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Vogtlandkreis
Geographie (Markneukirchen)
Exulantenstadt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
import Queue, textwrap, time

import tx
import block
import monitor
import peers
import wallet
import splash
import console
import net
import forks

def resize(s, state, window):
    if state['mode'] == 'tx':
        tx.draw_window(state, window)
    elif state['mode'] == 'block':
        block.draw_window(state, window)
    elif state['mode'] == 'peers':
        peers.draw_window(state, window)
    elif state['mode'] == 'wallet':
        wallet.draw_window(state, window)
    elif state['mode'] == 'monitor':
        monitor.draw_window(state, window)
    elif state['mode'] == 'console':
        console.draw_window(state, window)
    elif state['mode'] == 'net':
        net.draw_window(state, window)

def getinfo(s, state, window):
    state['version'] = str(s['getinfo']['version'] / 1000000)
    state['version'] += '.' + str((s['getinfo']['version'] % 1000000) / 10000)
    state['version'] += '.' + str((s['getinfo']['version'] % 10000) / 100)
    state['version'] += '.' + str((s['getinfo']['version'] % 100))
    if s['getinfo']['testnet'] == True:
        state['testnet'] = 1
    else:
        state['testnet'] = 0

    if state['mode'] == "splash":
        splash.draw_window(state, window)

def getconnectioncount(s, state, window):
    state['peers'] = s['getconnectioncount']

def getbalance(s, state, window):
    state['balance'] = s['getbalance']

def getunconfirmedbalance(s, state, window):
    state['unconfirmedbalance'] = s['getunconfirmedbalance']

def getblock(s, state, window):
    height = s['getblock']['height']

    state['blocks'][str(height)] = s['getblock']

    if state['mode'] == "monitor":
        monitor.draw_window(state, window)
    if state['mode'] == "block":
        if 'queried' in s['getblock']:
            state['blocks'][str(height)].pop('queried')
            state['blocks']['browse_height'] = height
            state['blocks']['offset'] = 0
            state['blocks']['cursor'] = 0
            block.draw_window(state, window)

def coinbase(s, state, window):
    height = str(s['height'])
    if height in state['blocks']:
        state['blocks'][height]['coinbase_amount'] = s['coinbase']

def getnetworkhashps(s, state, window):
    blocks = s['getnetworkhashps']['blocks']
    state['networkhashps'][blocks] = s['getnetworkhashps']['value']

    if state['mode'] == "splash" and blocks == 2016: # initialization complete
        state['mode'] = "monitor"
        monitor.draw_window(state, window)

def getnettotals(s, state, window):
    state['totalbytesrecv'] = s['getnettotals']['totalbytesrecv']
    state['totalbytessent'] = s['getnettotals']['totalbytessent']

    state['history']['getnettotals'].append(s['getnettotals'])

    # ensure getnettotals history does not fill RAM eventually, 300 items is enough
    if len(state['history']['getnettotals']) > 500:
        state['history']['getnettotals'] = state['history']['getnettotals'][-300:]

    if state['mode'] == 'net':
        net.draw_window(state, window)

def getmininginfo(s, state, window):
    state['mininginfo'] = s['getmininginfo']

    if 'browse_height' not in state['blocks']:
        state['blocks']['browse_height'] = s['getmininginfo']['blocks']

    state['networkhashps']['diff'] = (int(s['getmininginfo']['difficulty'])*2**32)/600

def getpeerinfo(s, state, window):
    state['peerinfo'] = s['getpeerinfo']
    state['peerinfo_offset'] = 0
    if state['mode'] == "peers":
        peers.draw_window(state, window)

def getchaintips(s, state, window):
    state['chaintips'] = s['getchaintips']
    state['chaintips_offset'] = 0
    if state['mode'] == 'forks':
        forks.draw_window(state, window)

def listsinceblock(s, state, window):
    state['wallet'] = s['listsinceblock']
    state['wallet']['cursor'] = 0
    state['wallet']['offset'] = 0

    state['wallet']['view_string'] = []

    state['wallet']['transactions'].sort(key=lambda entry: entry['category'], reverse=True)

    # add cumulative balance field to transactiosn once ordered by time
    state['wallet']['transactions'].sort(key=lambda entry: entry['time'])
    state['wallet']['transactions'].sort(key=lambda entry: entry['confirmations'], reverse=True)
    cumulative_balance = 0
    nonce = 0 # ensures a definitive ordering of transactions for cumulative balance
    for entry in state['wallet']['transactions']:
        entry['nonce'] = nonce
        nonce += 1
        if 'amount' in entry:
            if 'fee' in entry:
                cumulative_balance += entry['fee']
            cumulative_balance += entry['amount']
            entry['cumulative_balance'] = cumulative_balance

    state['wallet']['transactions'].sort(key=lambda entry: entry['nonce'], reverse=True)

    unit = 'BTC'
    if 'testnet' in state:
        if state['testnet']:
            unit = 'TNC'

    for entry in state['wallet']['transactions']:
        if 'txid' in entry:
            entry_time = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.gmtime(entry['time']))
            output_string = entry_time + " %8d" % entry['confirmations'] + " conf"
            delta = entry['amount']
            if 'fee' in entry:
                delta += entry['fee'] # this fails if not all inputs owned by wallet; could be 'too negative'
            output_string += "% 17.8f" % delta + unit
            output_string += " " + "% 17.8f" % entry['cumulative_balance'] + unit
            state['wallet']['view_string'].append(output_string)

            output_string = entry['txid'].rjust(74)
            state['wallet']['view_string'].append(output_string)

            if 'address' in entry: # TODO: more sanity checking here
                output_string = "          " + entry['category'].ljust(15) + entry['address']
            else:
                output_string = "          unknown transaction type"
            state['wallet']['view_string'].append(output_string)

            state['wallet']['view_string'].append("")

    if state['mode'] == "wallet":
        wallet.draw_window(state, window)

def lastblocktime(s, state, window):
    state['lastblocktime'] = s['lastblocktime']

def txid(s, state, window):
    if s['size'] < 0:
        if 'tx' in state:
            state.pop('tx')
        if state['mode'] == 'tx':
            tx.draw_window(state, window)
        return False

    state['tx'] = {
        'txid': s['txid'],
        'vin': [],
        'vout_string': [],
        'cursor': 0,
        'offset': 0,
        'out_offset': 0,
        'loaded': 1,
        'mode': 'inputs',
        'size': s['size'],
    }

    for vin in s['vin']:
        if 'coinbase' in vin:
            state['tx']['vin'].append({'coinbase':  vin['coinbase']})
        elif 'txid' in vin:
            if 'prev_tx' in vin:
                state['tx']['vin'].append({'txid': vin['txid'], 'vout': vin['vout'], 'prev_tx': vin['prev_tx']})
            else:
                state['tx']['vin'].append({'txid': vin['txid'], 'vout': vin['vout']})

    state['tx']['total_outputs'] = 0
    for vout in s['vout']:
        if 'value' in vout:
            if vout['scriptPubKey']['type'] == "pubkeyhash":
                buffer_string = "% 14.8f" % vout['value'] + ": " + vout['scriptPubKey']['addresses'][0]
            else:
                buffer_string = "% 14.8f" % vout['value'] + ": " + vout['scriptPubKey']['asm']

            if 'confirmations' in s:
                if 'spent' in vout:
                    if vout['spent'] == 'confirmed':
                        buffer_string += " [SPENT]"
                    elif vout['spent'] == 'unconfirmed':
                        buffer_string += " [UNCONFIRMED SPEND]"
                    else:
                        buffer_string += " [UNSPENT]"

            state['tx']['total_outputs'] += vout['value']
            state['tx']['vout_string'].extend(textwrap.wrap(buffer_string,70)) # change this to scale with window ?

    if 'total_inputs' in s:
        state['tx']['total_inputs'] = s['total_inputs']

    if 'confirmations' in s:
        state['tx']['confirmations'] = s['confirmations']

    if state['mode'] == 'tx':
        tx.draw_window(state, window)

def consolecommand(s, state, window):
    state['console']['cbuffer'].append(s['consolecommand'])
    state['console']['rbuffer'].append(s['consoleresponse'])
    state['console']['offset'] = 0
    if state['mode'] == "console":
        console.draw_window(state, window)

def estimatefee(s, state, window):
    state['estimatefee'] = s['estimatefee']

def queue(state, window, interface_queue):
    while True:
        try:
            s = interface_queue.get(False)
        except Queue.Empty:
            return False

        if 'resize' in s: resize(s, state, window)
        elif 'getinfo' in s: getinfo(s, state, window)
        elif 'getconnectioncount' in s: getconnectioncount(s, state, window)
        elif 'getbalance' in s: getbalance(s, state, window)
        elif 'getunconfirmedbalance' in s: getunconfirmedbalance(s, state, window)
        elif 'getblock' in s: getblock(s, state, window)
        elif 'coinbase' in s: coinbase(s, state, window)
        elif 'getnetworkhashps' in s: getnetworkhashps(s, state, window)
        elif 'getnettotals' in s: getnettotals(s, state, window)
        elif 'getmininginfo' in s: getmininginfo(s, state, window)
        elif 'getpeerinfo' in s: getpeerinfo(s, state, window)
        elif 'getchaintips' in s: getchaintips(s, state, window)
        elif 'listsinceblock' in s: listsinceblock(s, state, window)
        elif 'lastblocktime' in s: lastblocktime(s, state, window)
        elif 'txid' in s: txid(s, state, window)
        elif 'consolecommand' in s: consolecommand(s, state, window)
        elif 'estimatefee' in s: estimatefee(s, state, window)

        elif 'stop' in s:
            return s['stop']

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Chris Gatling accused of house squatting
Chris Gatling (208 cm, ODU'91), a former NBA All-star, has been accused of squatting in a house in Paradise Valley, Arizona. Gatling is facing several criminal charges.
He is accused of breaking into a key box and and living in the home from July 2010 to August 2011. A police report says the homeowners lived in California but had left the power on.
He listed the four-bedroom home as "for rent" on Craigslist for $800. Gatling's attorney, however, says that this is just a "misunderstanding."
Gatling played for CSKA Moscow in 2002-03 and later moved to Victoria Libertas Pesaro from Italy's Serie A in February 2003. Gatling last played in the NBA for the Miami Heat during the 2001-02 season where he appeared in 54 games and averaging 6.4 ppg and 3.8 rpg. He made the NBA All-star team in 1996-97. It is reported that Gatling made around $30 million during his NBA career.
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She's five today. My Groundhog Day girl. Last night, we dug up videos from the day she was born. And the three of us sat and watched in disbelief. It was like seeing life in reverse; noticing how her face looked so much like her, even in the very first hours after she was born. That cry and that little face ... it was so her and we didn't even know it yet. It's hard to explain but it's never been so clear how time plays tricks on you and all of a sudden, your baby turns five. We've all come so far since then and I can't believe that in the next week or two, another baby will be joining our little family. Almost exactly five years later. Wow.
So here she is; my five-year-old. She loves drawing and making books, watching Phineas and Ferb, playing drums, dancing to songs from Yo Gabba Gabba, eating grilled cheese sandwiches, and is a fan of anything and everything pink. Happy birthday, my girl. Thanks for being pretty much the coolest kid ever. We didn't make you that way – you just are.
5???? What? Where has time gone? Happy bday little Lo!
We need to plan a family trip once that little bean gets outta yer belly!