text:
Q: Copy array list to another array list I want to copy the below array list
$scope.medicinelist = [

{medicine: 'AMLOPRES 5MG TABLET'},
{medicine: 'ARGIPREG SACHET'},
{medicine: 'ALCIPRO 500MG TABLET'} ,
{medicine: 'PROLOMET AM 50MG TABLET'},
{medicine: 'PROLOMET AM 5MG TABLET'},
{medicine: 'AB PHYLLINE 200MG TABLET SR'} ,
{medicine: 'ACIVIR 800MG TABLET DT'},

{medicine: 'CEPODEM AZ TABLET'},
{medicine: 'ECOSPRIN AV 10MG CAPSULE'},
{medicine: 'ECOSPRIN AV 150MG CAPSULE'} ,
{medicine: 'ATORLIP 40MG TABLET'},
{medicine: 'AMTAS 5MG TABLET'},
{medicine: 'ARKAMIN 100MG TABLET'} ,
{medicine: 'AMPOXIN 500MG INJECTION'} ];

to the following array list
 $rootScope.medicinedrop = [
    // {
    //   medicine: 'you try to drop me somewhere'
    // }

    ];

i am also using $scope.maedicinedrop for drag drop operation from another list, after coping i am loosing that functionality that is not able to drop items into it from another list after copy.
on button press
$scope.copy = function(){
    console.log($scope.pastprescription)
    $scope.medicinedrop.unshift($scope.pastprescriptions.medicine);

     }

but after pressing putton it just show blank that in console data is copied but not displayed.
for drag drop i am using dragular as:
dragularService([containerLeft_Medicine], {
      containersModel: [$scope.allmedicines],
      copy: true,
      //move only from left to right
      accepts: accepts
    });

    dragularService([containerRight_Medicine], {
      containersModel: [$scope.medicinedrop],
      removeOnSpill: true,
      //move only from left to right
      accepts: accepts
    });

ejs file for it is as :
<input class="form-control" type="text" ng-repeat="medicine_name in medicinedrop"
          value="{{medicine_name.medicine}}" />

A: $Scope.medicinedrop = angular.copy($scope.medicinelist);

A: Create a deep copy of source, which should be an object or an array.

angular.copy(source, [destination]);

$scope.medicinedrop = angular.copy($scope.medicinelist);

Refrence : here
Regards.

A: You can simply assign first list to second
 $Scope.medicinedrop = $scope.medicinelist;

A:

var app = angular.module('plunker', []);

app.controller('MainCtrl', function($scope) {

  $scope.medicinelist = [

{medicine: 'AMLOPRES 5MG TABLET'},
{medicine: 'ARGIPREG SACHET'},
{medicine: 'ALCIPRO 500MG TABLET'} ,
{medicine: 'PROLOMET AM 50MG TABLET'},
{medicine: 'PROLOMET AM 5MG TABLET'},
{medicine: 'AB PHYLLINE 200MG TABLET SR'} ,
{medicine: 'ACIVIR 800MG TABLET DT'},

{medicine: 'CEPODEM AZ TABLET'},
{medicine: 'ECOSPRIN AV 10MG CAPSULE'},
{medicine: 'ECOSPRIN AV 150MG CAPSULE'} ,
{medicine: 'ATORLIP 40MG TABLET'},
{medicine: 'AMTAS 5MG TABLET'},
{medicine: 'ARKAMIN 100MG TABLET'} ,
{medicine: 'AMPOXIN 500MG INJECTION'} ];

$scope.medicinedrop = [{medicine: 'TEST'}];
$scope.medicinedrop = $scope.medicinelist.concat($scope.medicinedrop);
console.log($scope.medicinedrop);
});
Try this,
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.23/angular.min.js"></script>
<body ng-app="plunker" ng-controller="MainCtrl">

  </body>


text:
The Silence After A Sigh
August 04, 2014 teaching and tutoring 0 Comments
There's something about these few months that defy words. A stirring bowl of emotions - waxing and waning, growing and receding, waiting - joy, lethargy, a fusion of minds, meeting fresh faces, saying goodbye to old spaces, catching up with memories - a period of change, of transition that resists easy description. So much to say, so few words.
How does one bid farewell to a familiar space where memories sift through every brick, every glass panel, every layer of paint? How to not tire of making small talk with near-strangers? How can one reconcile with the poems written in ignorant youth?
There's so much to consider.
Is there guilt? About nurturing youngsters to be 'good and useful citizens' of a particular country? What's good and what's useful? Do goodness and usefulness necessarily coincide? Can't something be good but not useful? It seems as though the local education system is a factory preparing young people to fit into a particular economy that someone envisions.
In the oceans of practicality and reasonableness, there are silvers of idealism, of people hoping to believe in a higher, more noble goal. Everywhere is grey. It's all about survival, about surviving long enough to afford public housing, procreate, raise one's genetic equivalents, then dying (hopefully with grace). Should there be any guilt to being so practical and teaching children to be equally practical?
And there's something ... heartbreaking ... when a student sits up and pays attention only after being told that the concept will be tested in the upcoming common tests. Not because he's interested. Not because he is curious about the world. Simply because the materials will be examined. How devastating.
Then again, not all is lost. There are children who love to find out more about the world. They come to class, brimming with questions and excitement. One cannot dismiss them simply because they're quieter and less demanding. In every class, it's safe to say there's a bell-curve of attitudes.
There's much to think, more than there is to write. Let's end off with this video of two elephants in an inflatable kids' pool:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
How To Get The Most Out Of Your Remote Working Team
| By Bridget de Maine
| April 1, 2020
From boosting communication skills to using Google Hangouts and maintaining company culture, we outline the best tips for managing your remote working team.
Remote working and flexible work arrangements have been on the rise in recent years but following the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus), businesses have been forced to adopt a fully-virtual workforce almost overnight. This quick pivot comes with unique challenges but also opportunities.
"Remote working forces businesses to establish processes and systems for completing work instead of relying on staff to just get together and work it out in the office," says Anindo Basu, COO of APAC's fastest growing tech company, WithYouWithMe. The start-up has built most of their success, Basu explains, "by being together in a workspace and collaborating."
But recent events and the quick move to remote working, "allows for better work/life integration and generally, more flexibility to be able to work around family commitments," says Basu. "Also, in these uncertain times, it allows family units to stay closer together."
With collaborative tools and a commitment to staying connected with colleagues, you'll have your remote team working like clockwork in no time, no matter where they are. Here are a few tips and tricks to get you started.
Sharpen Your Communication Skills
Basu advocates being direct in order to establish effective task, goal and staff management. It's more productive, he says, to ask, "What are your biggest challenges today?" than "How's your day going?". Questions directed towards specific staff should also get to the point straightaway. "If they're a team leader, I ask specific questions about their staff, for example, 'How is John going with the kids at home now?' or 'Did you get the answer you needed from Jane?' "
Use Quality Collaboration Tools (While Maintaining Your Budget)
Productive virtual workplaces are propped up by a number of intuitive digital collaboration tools specifically created to mimic the traditional office environment, or, in the case of popular instant messaging tool Slack, improve it. Many workplaces, including Slack itself, have eliminated email completely by using the app, while other workplaces use it for quick, informal contact and save email for longer, more formal conversations.
Basu and his team integrate collaborative working with Google Drive, where work can easily be shared between multiple staff for easy, trackable collaboration; Google Hangouts and Zoom for clear video conferencing; and are looking into project management tools such as Monday.com and Asana, where tasks can be created, tracked, assigned and ticked off in a kind of company-wide, online to-do list.
Consider a Different Work Cycle
Unsurprisingly, collective goals are hard to manage among geographically dispersed teams across different time zones. Many agile workplaces such as Google, Uber and Airbnb have countered this obstacle by altering their entire work cycle and applying their version of a 'sprint' model, outlined in the book Sprint by Jake Knapp with John Zeratsky and Braden Kowitz.
In its purest form, this agile working methodology involves an express version of mapping problems and prototyping solutions, with staff working in groups of approximately seven, in bursts (or sprints) of five dedicated days to achieve immediate goals without the traditional roadblocks.
Each day is focused on one key part of the process: day one is defining the problem, day two is conceiving possible solutions, day three involves deciding on the single best solution, day four is when you'll collectively create prototypes and day five is the testing stage, where you'll discover which prototype solves your problem best. The sprint-style work cycle keeps staff focused, agile and united in the completion of shared projects.
Keep Team Member Wellbeing and Morale as a Top Priority
Remote working adds an extra layer of complexity when monitoring employee wellbeing and company culture, but it's important for the health of your employees and your bottom line to keep staff morale in tip top shape.
Studies by the Queens School of Business and the Gallup Organisation revealed that organisations who reported low employee engagement scores experienced 18% lower productivity, 16% lower profitability, 37% higher absenteeism and 60% more errors in their work. This makes a solid case for keeping engagement high.
Basu makes certain to take note of what he sees as key indicators of low staff morale, such as not turning on video during conference calls, a drop in a staff member's contribution to forums and meetings, as well as a general dip in overall productivity.
To combat this, the company is implementing strategies including a focused wellness plan incorporating everything from virtual exercise and beers, as well as Slack channels dedicated to non-work-related chat for the sharing of memes and Netflix recommendations to keep a social element alive in the absence of spontaneous 'water cooler' chat.
Managers can also work on becoming more available to their staff so that concerns can be dealt with quickly, especially by offering one-on-one chats with staff. Even if there's no immediate issue to be dealt with, aim to maintain individual contact on a regular basis (weekly or daily – choose what's right for your team) and ask for feedback on the remote working situation.
Hot Tip The difference between a connected staff member and a disengaged one could be a simple problem that you'll only discover if you ask directly.
Let the Geek Guide You: What Cloud Computing Can Do for Your Business
Top Tips for Maximising Productivity with Remote Working


When kidnappers were holding professor Alan Garen's son Micah hostage in Iraq this summer, Yale stepped in to support the Garen family and aid efforts to free Micah Garen.
Micah Garen, 36, a journalist, was working on a story in Nasiriyah when he was abducted by Al-Sadr militiamen on Aug. 13. His captors released him after nine days, and he returned to the United States in late August.
Though Yale President Richard Levin declined to comment on any specifics, he said he became personally involved in the effort to free Micah Garen. The University's Office of Public Affairs helped the family deal with the press while the story of the kidnapping was unfolding.
It is common for members of the University staff to rally behind faculty members during hard times, Levin said. But he said in the Garens' situation, he felt it was necessary to take a more active role.
Though Alan Garen declined to comment on any details related to his son, he said he appreciated the University's involvement during a trying time for his family.
Alan Garen also received support from within his department, Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry. MB&B chairman Nigel Grindley said the department is a close-knit community.
"Certainly there have been a lot of things we've done to help out," Grindley said.
"As a general rule, when it comes to issues that are unrelated to Yale itself — in other words, media inquiries that are coming in because someone has an association with Yale — our general view is we're glad to help if the faculty member wants that," Conroy said.
Though Conroy said OPA did not tell reporters who gathered near the Garen home in August to leave the premises, the office conveyed that the family would not release a public statement to the media. Having people outside the family deal with news media can be not only a relief to the family but also appreciated by reporters, Conroy said.
"I think for the reporters who were gathered that day, some found it helpful to know there wasn't going to be a statement," Conroy said.
In general, those working at Yale are responsive when a colleague is experiencing a situation related to a family dilemma like Garen's, a Yale faculty member said.
"I think there is that feeling that there is a solidarity when something major happens to a Yale faculty member, especially something like this," said the faculty member, who declined to be named out of respect for the family.


Having easy back and forth access can be very important to you for a number of reasons. You may only be in London for a single night to meet with clients or another office to go over matters and then you are off to somewhere else. Time can be precious when you are on a schedule like this and even the smallest delay because of traffic can cause you big problems or make you miss your flight. When you stay close to the airport you know that you can get there in a matter of minutes so you will not have to worry about missed flights or being late for any meetings.
Very often you will find that hotels that are just a bit further outside of the central area of London can be much more affordable for you. You can end up saving quite a bit of money over a place that might be right in the middle of a heavy business area or tourist area. The great thing is you do not have to sacrifice comfort for price. There are quality affordable hotel options that offer a clean, comfortable room with the amenities that you require the most. You can still get things like Wi-Fi Internet access, ample workspace, and access to business services like faxing and photocopying and transportation to the airport when you need it without having to paying very high prices for the services.
For some people that may be flying out of Heathrow, getting a hotel room that offers a place where you can leave your car for a few days during your trip can be a big bonus. It can be much more affordable for you than parking at the airport and much less of a hassle.
The next time you are traveling to London on business, make sure to look and see what is available in West London near the airport. You will find that of all of the hotels in London West End that the Best Western Chiswick Palace is the ideal location for you. The Best Western provides you with very affordable rooms with quality amenities and comfort at a great price and keeps you close to Heathrow just like you wanted to be.


text:
Q: mysql update with several joins I would like to update with 2 join.... but :
 UPDATE glpi.glpi_users
FROM
    glpi.glpi_groups_users
    INNER JOIN glpi.glpi_groups ON glpi.glpi_groups_users.groups_id = glpi.glpi_groups.id
    INNER JOIN glpi.glpi_users ON glpi.glpi_users.id = glpi.glpi_groups_users.users_id
    SET glpi.glpi_users.id = 2
WHERE
    glpi.glpi_groups.`name` LIKE 'technique'

1064 - You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near 'FROM
          glpi.glpi_groups_users
          INNER JOIN glpi.glpi_groups ON glpi.glpi_groups_us' at line 2
  Time: 0s

thanks for your help

A: I think that the syntax you want is:
UPDATE glpi.glpi_users u
INNER JOIN glpi.glpi_groups_users gu ON gu.users_id = u.id
INNER JOIN glpi.glpi_groups g ON g.id = gu.groups_id
SET u.id = 2
WHERE g.name = 'technique'

That is: MySQL update/join syntax doesn't have a FROM clause - it looks like UPDATE ... JOIN ... SET ... WHERE ....
Notes:

*

*since no wildcards do appear in the right side operand, name LIKE 'technique' is equivalent to name = 'technique'

*table aliases make the query easier to write and read

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
HDSLR is een internationaal geadopteerde term (mei 2010) die gebruikt wordt voor het filmen met DSLR-camera's. De term is een samenvoeging van de termen HD (high-definition) video en DSLR- (digitale spiegelreflexcamera) camera.

Achtergrond
Het filmen met DSLR-camera's is begonnen toen de Canon EOS 5D Mark II op de markt kwam. Deze camera werd veelvuldig gebruikt door fotografen die voor verschillende persbureaus de wereld over reisden om het nieuws vast te leggen. Vanuit deze persbureaus kwam het verzoek binnen om een filmfunctie aan de fotocamera's toe te voegen. Dit om de kosten voor de persbureaus te drukken. Waarom zou men immers een complete cameraploeg invliegen als men al een fotograaf boven op het nieuws heeft zitten?

Canon heeft in deze behoefte voorzien en een filmfunctie aan de DSLR toegevoegd. Daarmee heeft men een niet te stuiten ontwikkeling gestart die uiteindelijk de eigen video-divisie van Canon zwaar beconcurreert. De beeldkwaliteit die met DSLR-camera's kan worden geproduceerd is veel beter dan de kwaliteit die men met conventionele camera's kon bereiken. Een simpele DSLR-camera verslaat zelfs de veel duurdere broadcast-camera's op vele fronten. Diverse cameramerken hebben de functionaliteit van de DSLR-camera's op het gebied van filmen lange tijd bewust beperkt, men haalde immers zelf de concurrent voor hun eigen video-divisies binnen. Met de inzet van een aantal fanatieke gebruikers kwamen echter steeds meer functies beschikbaar. Er werden zelfs firmware updates gemaakt waarmee een groot aantal beperkingen kon worden omzeild. De ontwikkeling is echter niet meer te stoppen.

De hoge kwaliteit hangt voor het grootste deel samen met het formaat van de gebruikte beeldsensor. De sensor in DSLR-camera's is vele malen groter dan de sensor die in videocamera's wordt gebruikt. Zelfs als men uitgaat van een heel kostbare broadcastcamera met drie sensoren wordt deze verslagen door de grote beeldsensor van een DSLR-camera. Daarnaast heeft men bij het filmen met een DSLR-camera de mogelijkheid om een ongekend groot aantal kwaliteitsobjectieven te gebruiken.

Sinds 2009 heeft het filmen met DSLR-camera's binnen een kleine groep filmmakers een grote vlucht genomen en het valt te verwachten dat het aantal mensen dat deze camera's gebruikt om te filmen sterk zal groeien. Binnen de internationale DSLR film community heeft men lang naar een passende naam voor deze manier van filmen gezocht. Moest het hybride filmen gaan heten? of DSLR film? uiteindelijk heeft men de naam HDSLR geadopteerd. HDSLR staat voor High Definition Single Lens Reflex.

De voordelen
Het filmen met een digitale spiegelreflexcamera brengt een groot aantal voordelen met zich mee. Door het grote formaat van de beeldsensor is het bijvoorbeeld mogelijk om onder moeilijke lichtomstandigheden (weinig licht) opnames te maken. Een ander voordeel van de grote beeldsensor is dat er veel meer mogelijkheden zijn om met de scherptediepte te werken.

De nadelen

Omdat de DSLR-camera's primair zijn ontwikkeld om mee te fotograferen krijgt men helaas ook te maken met een aantal nadelen. Afgezien van zaken zoals de ergonomie en de beperkte mogelijkheden om goed audio op te nemen is een van de grootste nadelen het Jello-effect (ook wel rolling shutter genoemd); bij snel bewegende objecten kan het beeld vervormen. Ook moet in de videomodus de spiegel in de camera weggeklapt blijven, daardoor is het enkel mogelijk het beeld te bekijken via het scherm, in plaats van via de zoeker. Uitzondering hierop is een elektronische zoeker, zoals bij een systeemcamera.

Objectieven
Bij het gebruik van adapters heeft de gebruiker van een DSLR-camera de keus uit een zeer groot aantal (kwaliteits)objectieven. Zo kunnen er bijvoorbeeld objectieven van fameuze objectiefbouwers als Zeiss en Leica gebruikt worden op niet Leica camera's. Ook zijn er fabrikanten die gebruikmaken van het universele Four Thirds systeem. Bij camera's die binnen dit systeem werken kunnen objectieven van verschillende fabrikanten onderling uitgewisseld worden.

Externe links
Nederlandse HDSLR website
Internationale HDSLR website
Internationale HDSLR website

Digitale camera
Beeldtechniek
Video

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Twice she lost her serve, clearly thrown by the swirling wind and delivered a string of double-faults much to her own fury.
Hsieh led 4-2 but could not maintain the pressure against Sharapova who clawed her way back. Hsieh saved two match points but lost the third when she sent a backhand wide.
The elegant Russian, who first won Wimbledon in 2004 at the age of 17, will have to sharpen her game against her next opponent, last year's semi-finalist Sabine Lisicki of Germany.
"That's a tough one," Sharapova said. "She did extremely well last year. She is a very good player on grass and I look forward to it."


Jen Hindin, chair of Wiley Rein's Space and Satellite Group, advises on domestic and international regulatory, policy, and transactional matters related to the licensing and operation of space stations and earth stations. Her representation focuses on the largest and most successful satellite operators across all service areas, including global fixed satellite service, global mobile satellite service, direct-to-home broadcasting satellite service, satellite digital audio radio service, satellite global broadband Internet access, and Earth imaging. She helps clients navigate a highly complex, cross-jurisdictional regulatory environment on issues such as spectrum sharing, orbital debris mitigation, and space safety for geostationary and non-geostationary low-Earth orbit spacecraft.
Wiley Rein's Space and Satellite Group represents clients in all aspects of the commercial space industry including: Intelsat; Sirius XM; Iridium; AT&T-DIRECTV; SSL MDA Holdings.


Base Unit – The base unit shall be fabricated of galvanised steel and insulated with closed cell foam. The unit shall be complete with water coil, one or more centrifugal fans, condensate drain tray, enclosed electrical box, supply air duct spigot and return air duct spigot. Units shall have mounting holes on the top side for ease of installation. Spring mounts (optional) shall be available for mounting the unit.
Coils – Coils shall be comprised of die formed plate type aluminium fins mechanically bonded to high efficiency seamless inner rifled copper tubing. Water connections shall be BSP male threaded. Cooling coils shall have a manual air vent.
Fan/s - Fans shall be centrifugal, forward curved, direct driven by a permanent split capacitor motor with bearings oiled for life. Each impeller shall be statically and dynamically balanced. Motors shall be 4 pole type operating off a single phase power supply. Motors shall have a minimum of 3 speed windings.
Drain Tray – Drain tray shall have an adjustment for inducing a positive drainage with the unit level. The tray shall project under the entire length and width of the coil including headers and return bends.
Filters – Filters shall be removable, 13 mm thick, washable, rated EU2, and mounted in a plastic frame.
Electric Heat - Electric elements shall be fin-tube constructed of stainless steel and include both a manual and auto reset high temperature cutout switches as well as two contactors (as required by AS/NZS 3350.2.40 1997). Additional safety protection shall be provided by an air pressure switch and circuit breaker control. A fan run-on timer shall be provided for heat dissipation.


text:
stories about: "myriad genetics"
Myriad Genetics Refuses To Accept That People Have A Right To Access Their Own DNA Sequences
from the just-because-it's-your-genome,-don't-think-you-own-it dept
Mon, Jun 13th 2016 3:22am — Glyn Moody
One of the biggest victories on the patent front was when the US Supreme Court finally ruled that naturally-occurring DNA cannot be patented. The company involved in this case, Myriad Genetics, didn't give up at this point, but tried to claim that despite this ruling, its patents on genetic testing were still valid. Fortunately, the courts disagreed, and struck down those patents too.
However, as we noted at the time, there's another issue that remains unresolved, which concerns the huge database of DNA that Myriad Genetics has built up over years of sequencing the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that have variants linked to cancer. Because of Myriad's unwillingness to provide that important data to the people whose DNA was sequenced, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has decided to take action:
On May 19, 2016, the ACLU filed a complaint pursuant to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ("HIPAA") with the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services ("HHS") on behalf of four patients against Myriad Genetics, a genetic testing laboratory based in Utah. The complaint was filed by patients who have experienced cancer, including breast and bladder cancers, or who are members of families with substantial histories of cancer.
All of the patients received genetic testing from Myriad Genetics in order to determine their hereditary risk for various forms of cancer and to guide treatment decisions. They later asked for all of their genetic information, not just the results, but Myriad refused to provide it. As the ACLU explains:
The patients want full access to their genetic information because they know that the understanding of genes and their variants is constantly evolving, and they want to be able to proactively monitor their own cancer risk and that of their family members as scientific knowledge and clinical interpretation of genomic information advances. Most importantly, the patients, many of whom have uncommon genetic variants, are concerned that Myriad controls much of the data about BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic variants in a proprietary database. This impedes the ability of researchers to better understand whether these variants are connected with various types of cancer. The patients want to have the option of sharing their data with the broader research community.
The last point is key. Myriad is sitting on a wealth of information that might well lead to new treatments and even cures for the many cancers involved. Instead, it is asserting its proprietorial right over DNA that comes from other people. That's particularly egregious since the scientists who first sequenced DNA on a large scale were pioneers in data sharing. As early as 1996, laboratories taking part in the Human Genome Project not only agreed to share their data, but to do so immediately, and with no restrictions. Myriad Genetics' action is totally at odds with the ethos of sharing that lies at the heart of genomics.
As a blog post on the ACLU site notes, on the eve of the HIPAA complaint being filed, Myriad suddenly agreed to provide the information requested, but only on a "voluntary" basis. That is, it refused to recognize the broader rights of patients to their own genetic information. However, the ACLU believes that the law is straightforward here:
Patients are guaranteed access to their health information -- including their genetic data -- under HIPAA. In 2014, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services amended the HIPAA regulations to make clear that all laboratories, which were previously exempted, are subject to this obligation. And earlier this year, HHS released guidance stating that with respect to genetic testing, patients have a right to access "not only the laboratory test reports but also the underlying information generated as part of the test," including "the full gene variant information generated by the test, as well as any other information in the designated record set concerning the test."
Let's hope this case leads to yet another defeat for Myriad, and establishes once and for all that DNA sequences belong to the people from whom they were obtained. That way they will be free to make data available to researchers for the benefit of everyone, not just for a few companies like Myriad Genetics.
Follow me @glynmoody on Twitter or identi.ca, and +glynmoody on Google+
Filed Under: dna, gene patents, hipaa, patents
Companies: aclu, myriad genetics
Australia Finally Rejects Gene Patents
from the big-win dept
Wed, Oct 7th 2015 12:53pm — Mike Masnick
Back in 2013, in a hugely important decision, the US Supreme Court rejected the idea of gene patents, in particular the patents held by Myriad Genetics for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (that are genetic warning signs for breast cancer). A parallel case was happening down in Australia, where an Australian court went the other way last year, ruling that genes could be patented. As we noted, the case could still be appealed to the Australian High Court. And now... the High Court has finally rejected gene patents.
The High Court held that an isolated nucleic acid, coding for a BRCA1 protein, with specific variations from the norm that are indicative of susceptibility to breast cancer and ovarian cancer, was not a "patentable invention"...
Specifically, the court rejected the argument that isolating the gene represented a "manner of manufacture" as required by the law to be patentable.
The Court unanimously allowed the appeal, holding that the invention claimed did not fall within the concept of a manner of manufacture. The Court held that, having regard to the relevant factors, an isolated nucleic acid, coding for the BRCA1 protein, with specified variations, is not a manner of manufacture. While the invention claimed might be, in a formal sense, a product of human action, it was the existence of the information stored in the relevant sequences that was an essential element of the invention as claimed. A plurality of the Court considered that to attribute patentability to the invention as claimed would involve an extension of the concept of a manner of manufacture which was not appropriate for judicial determination.
That's a fairly complex way of saying you can't patent genes. It's always nice to see a little more common sense enter the patent system.
Filed Under: australia, brca1, dna, gene patents, patents
Companies: myriad genetics
Read More | 5 Comments
Myriad Genetics Finally Gives Up Its Gene Patent Fight... Just As The Patent Office Opens The Doors Up To More Gene Patents
from the some-good,-some-bad dept
Fri, Feb 13th 2015 3:44pm — Mike Masnick
For many years, we've been covering the story of Myriad Genetics, the biotech company that has a test for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (often an indicator of a higher risk for breast cancer). The company argued that because of its patent on those genes, no one else could test for those genes. Back in 2013, the Supreme Court did the right thing and finally rejected the concept of gene patents, despite years of the USPTO granting such patents. As the court noted, allowing gene patents created a perverse situation in which a single company could have the exclusive right to isolate a person's own genes -- and that's just not right.
But Myriad Genetics did not give up easily. Just a month after the Supreme Court ruling it sued a bunch of competitors over a different set of gene patents, insisting that the Supreme Court had really only struck down the two in question. Those lawsuits did not go well, as Myriad lost again and again. At this point, it's only choice was to go back to the Supreme Court, where it was obviously going to get a pretty big smackdown -- so Myriad has now admitted that it will not pursue an appeal effectively ending this latest round of cases (after costing those other testing centers tons of money to defend themselves).
As the ACLU notes, this news is great, but there's also some bad news. Just as Myriad is finally coming to terms with what the Supreme Court actually said a year and a half ago, the US Patent and Trademark is quietly opening the door back up to gene patents:
In response to severe criticism by industry groups, patentholders, and patent attorneys, the Patent Office issued new guidance in December that watered down the standard for determining whether something is an unpatentable product of nature. It said that differences in structure or function could allow companies to patent things based in nature. Under this test, if a surgeon removed a kidney from one's body in order to transplant it, the surgeon could argue that she should be able to patent it because it no longer has the same structure as in the body since its blood vessels were cut. The kidney, of course, would be intended to function just as it has prior to being removed in the body that receives it.
The Supreme Court has long rejected this view. For example, in 1931 the court said that a fruit treated with a preservative in its rind could not be patented, because while it has a different structure, its uses are still the same – to be eaten. The applicant could have sought a patent on a new preservative it developed, but not on the fruit itself.
In other words, the ugly head of gene patents may be about to come back alive, despite the Supreme Court killing it off a couple years ago. However, there's still a chance the USPTO will reconsider:
The public has an opportunity to weigh in on this latest guidance. The Patent Office is seeking comments until March 16. In its next revision of the guidance, the Patent Office must require differences in both structure and function when assessing patent applications. Otherwise, the public will bear the consequences when another company, like Myriad, wields its exclusive rights on nature to stall medical and scientific advancement.
Filed Under: cafc, gene patents, patents, supreme court, uspto
Myriad Loses Again: Patents On Genetic Testing Ruled Invalid
from the now-go-forth-and-innovate dept
Thu, Dec 18th 2014 2:44pm — Glyn Moody
Back in 2013, the Supreme Court struck down patents that Myriad Genetics had obtained on naturally-occuring DNA sequences linked to breast cancer. As a result of that judgment, other companies started offering diagnostic tests based on the genes in question. Myriad claimed that despite losing patents on the DNA, its patents on tests based on that DNA were still valid, and took legal action to stop others from offering similar services. As we reported earlier this year, a federal district court judge refused to grant Myriad a preliminary injunction against one of those new entrants, and now the genetic testing patents have been ruled invalid, as Bloomberg reports:
Myriad Genetics Inc. (MYGN) can't block competitors' DNA tests to determine risk for breast and ovarian cancer after a U.S. appeals court said three patents on the tests never should have been issued.
The patents cover products of nature and ideas that aren't eligible for legal protection, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said in an opinion posted today on the court's docket. The court upheld a trial judge's decision to allow the competing tests, including those made by Ambry Genetics Corp., to remain on the market.
That's great news for women who can now choose freely from among a range of diagnostic options, often at prices substantially less than comparable testing offered by Myriad. It means that Myriad's monopoly on data derived from those tests has been broken: thanks to its patents, it has created the world's largest database of mutations in breast cancer genes. Most importantly, perhaps, it opens up the field of gene-based diagnostic testing to allow new entrants to experiment and innovate more freely. That, rather than granting monopolies to a few companies, is far more likely to lead to new medical breakthroughs, products and services.
Filed Under: brca1, brca2, dna, dna patents, gene patents, genetic testing, patents
Australian Court Disagrees With US: Claim Genes Are Totally Patentable
from the sucks-to-be-DownUnder dept
Tue, Sep 9th 2014 1:37pm — Mike Masnick
Last year, the Supreme Court made an important ruling in the Myriad Genetics case, effectively saying that genes aren't patentable, even if you can separate them out from the rest of a strand of DNA. Myriad Genetics had isolated two key genes related to breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2 and argued that only it could test for those genes, because of its patent. The Supreme Court soundly rejected that, noting that you cannot patent something in nature, and clearly Myriad did not "make" the genes. Unfortunately, as we'd noted just a few months earlier, a court in Australia had come to the opposite conclusion, saying that Myriad Genetics had legitimate patents on BRCA1 and BRCA2. That case was appealed, and there was some hope that after the US's ruling, higher courts in Australia might see the light. Not yet apparently. An appeals court has agreed that genes are patentable Down Under, which means that such important genetic tests there are likely to be much more expensive and limited.
You can read the full ruling here if you'd like. The case can still be appealed to the Australian High Court, so perhaps it will take the same trajectory as in the US, where it needed the Supreme Court to finally point out the absolute insanity of patenting genes. Though, frankly, if Australia does keeps genes patentable, it might make for an interesting natural experiment to see how much innovation and research happens in both places -- one with, and one without, patents.
Filed Under: australia, brca1, brca2, breast cancer, dna, genes, patents
Myriad Genetics Loses Again: Court Refuses To Grant Preliminary Injunction Against Rival Genetic Testing Company
from the battling-cancer dept
Tue, Mar 18th 2014 7:59pm — Glyn Moody
In June last year we reported on a major ruling from the Supreme Court, which effectively said that you can't patent genes. That ripped a huge hole in Myriad Genetics' monopoly on testing for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that are linked to breast cancer, but that didn't stop it suing some of the new entrants to this market. In particular, it asked a federal judge in Utah to order one of them, Ambry Genetics, to stop providing its gene testing service for those genes. The American Civil Liberties Union filed an amicus brief opposing Myriad's motion, together with a number of other organizations. Here's the latest development in the case:
Yesterday, a federal district court judge in Utah rejected Myriad's motion. Judge Shelby found that Myriad had failed to establish that it was likely to win its lawsuit against Ambry, because there are substantial questions about whether Myriad's patent claims improperly monopolize products of nature, laws of nature, and abstract ideas.
While Myriad's lawsuits can proceed -- for now -- patients continue to have the right to choose other BRCA genetic testing providers. They can obtain a second opinion before making life-changing medical decisions. And they can decide which laboratory will have their data.
That last point is important. As the ACLU explains:
Myriad has used its patents over the genes to create the largest database in the world about BRCA genetic mutations and their medical significance and refuses to share that information with the scientific community.
That underlines another huge problem with gene patents: they allow monopoly-holders to lock up key medical information that could have been used by researchers around the world to advance knowledge and come up with new treatments. Far from accelerating innovation, as apologists for patents like to claim, they throw huge roadblocks in its way. It's yet another reason why the Supreme Court's decision to strike down gene patents should be celebrated.
Filed Under: brca, brca1, brca2, dna, gene patents, genetic testing, injunction, patents
Companies: ambry, myriad genetics
US Court Rules Again That Natural Phenomena Cannot Be Patented, Casting Further Doubt On Gene Patents
from the keep-'em-coming dept
Tue, Nov 5th 2013 1:49pm — Glyn Moody
Back in June, Mike wrote about the important Myriad Genetics judgment from the Supreme Court, which said that naturally-occuring genetic material could not be patented. However, because of some hedging from the judges, there were concerns about how much this would block gene patents in practice. Last week we had an indication that the impact is indeed likely to be significant, as VentureBeat reports:
a District Court judge in California upheld the landmark [SCOTUS] ruling, and struck down a patent held by a San Diego-based diagnostics company called Sequenom. Sequenom offers a non-invasive genetic test for Down's Syndrome, which pregnant women can take as early as 10 weeks.
Sequenom plans to appeal the decision to the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals. It was highly unexpected, and has caused shockwaves of disbelief in the scientific community. The judge, Susan Illston of the United States District Court in Northern California, ruled against Sequenom after a summary judgement, citing the Supreme Court case "Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 12-398."
In both cases, the judge ruled that a "natural phenomenon" could not be patented.
As Science magazine explained in its report on the case:
If this decision stands, "I don't see how you can maintain a genetic diagnostic claim anymore," says Christopher Holman, a molecular biologist and professor of law at the University of Missouri, Kansas City.
However, that does not mean that biotech is now an area that will be abandoned by investors. As the VentureBeat story notes:
Bryan Roberts, a health-focused investment partner at Venrock, predicts that "real innovation will be patentable and rewarded" while patents on natural phenomena will not. Roberts is a leading investor in Ariosa Diagnostics, the San Jose, Calif. based company that filed suit against Sequenom in 2011.
That connection means that Roberts may be biased in his view of this particular case, but his broader analysis of the ruling's impact remains true:
The ruling "raises the bar to rely on intellectual property as a business defense," said Roberts. "It will drive prices down [and support] the product that is both high quality and efficiently priced."
What makes this latest judgement (embedded below) particularly welcome is that it joins the Myriad Genetics decision, and an earlier SCOTUS ruling that struck down a patent on basic medical diagnostics, to form part of a growing body of US case law that brings some much-needed sanity to the world of gene patents.
Filed Under: biotech, dna, gene patents, patents
Companies: ariosa diagnostics, myriad genetics, sequenom
Nobel Prize Winning Economist: Intellectual Property Reinforces Inequality, Hurts The Economy
from the say-that-again dept
Mon, Jul 15th 2013 11:36am — Mike Masnick
Nobel prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz, who has spoken out before about how intellectual property hurts innovation and makes globalization problematic, has written a fantastic op-ed for the NY Times about how intellectual property increases inequality and how that can lead to much greater harm for the economy.
Much of his article is about the Myriad Genetics case, in which the Supreme Court recently struck down gene patents. Stiglitz points out how this is a good thing, and uses the Myriad case to show how patents in particular can do tremendous damage. He talks about why the Supreme Court ruling was important, but notes there's much more to be done. Of course, since he doesn't mention it, I'm guessing that the piece was either written before Myriad thumbed its nose at the ruling by filing a bunch of new patent lawsuits about the new competitors that have sprung up in its wake, or Stiglitz wasn't yet aware of that fact. Either way, the fact that this is how Myriad has responded really only makes his argument that much stronger.
Most of the article focuses on the history of Myriad, how it's basically putting lives in danger and disproportionately harming the poor, who can't afford $4,000 for a simple test. But, the really interesting part is in the last third of the piece, where he digs a little deeper into how this kind of "inequality" actually has a tremendous cost on the economy that is rarely taken into account. In part, this is based on the fact that patents allow for companies to just try to seek a larger part of the existing pie, taking away the incentives to create larger pies -- which is where real innovation and economic growth occur.
Some of the most iniquitous aspects of inequality creation within our economic system are a result of "rent-seeking": profits, and inequality, generated by manipulating social or political conditions to get a larger share of the economic pie, rather than increasing the size of that pie. And the most iniquitous aspect of this wealth appropriation arises when the wealth that goes to the top comes at the expense of the bottom. Myriad's efforts satisfied both these conditions: the profits the company gained from charging for its test added nothing to the size and dynamism of the economy, and simultaneously decreased the welfare of those who could not afford it.
While all of the insured contributed to Myriad's profits — premiums had to go up to offset its fees, and millions of uninsured middle-income Americans who had to pay Myriad's monopoly prices were on the hook for even more if they chose to get the test — it was the uninsured at the bottom who paid the highest price. With the test unaffordable, they faced a higher risk of early death.
And, while you can argue that the poor always have it tougher, and if they can't afford the test, that's an unfortunate part of life, Stiglitz has a detailed response to that as well. The question is not just whether or not the Myriad tests for BRCA1 and BRCA2 are helpful in their own right, but what would have happened in the absence of the current situation. And Stiglitz argues, compellingly, that Myriad has actually made things much worse. Without such patents, it's likely that the same genes would have been discovered anyway and we'd have more, better and cheaper genetic testing for a much wider selection of the population.
Advocates of tough intellectual property rights say that this is simply the price we have to pay to get the innovation that, in the long run, will save lives. It's a trade-off: the lives of a relatively few poor women today, versus the lives of many more women sometime in the future. But this claim is wrong in many ways. In this particular case, it is especially wrong, because the two genes would likely have been isolated ("discovered," in Myriad's terminology) soon anyway, as part of the global Human Genome Project. But it is wrong on other counts, as well. Genetic researchers have argued that the patent actually prevented the development of better tests, and so interfered with the advancement of science. All knowledge is based on prior knowledge, and by making prior knowledge less available, innovation is impeded. Myriad's own discovery — like any in science — used technologies and ideas that were developed by others. Had that prior knowledge not been publicly available, Myriad could not have done what it did.
Further, on top of that, keeping more people alive to do more and contribute more to society, while not having to take on the costs of breast cancer, also has tremendous positive impacts on the economy, which are almost entirely ignored by most who view the situation through the single prism of "patents = incentive for innovation."
Indeed, one of the important insights of Robert W. Fogel, a Nobel Prize-winning economic historian who died last month, was that a synergy between improved health and technology accounts for a good part of the explosive economic growth since the 19th century. So it stands to reason that intellectual property regimes that create monopoly rents that impede access to health both create inequality and hamper growth more generally.
He further notes that supporters of strong patent laws have "overemphasized their role in promoting innovation," and that many of the greatest and most important innovations of the modern era were not driven because of the opportunity to patent them, or even to directly profit from them. As he notes, there are many, many other ways to pay for modern innovation without creating the burdensome negative impacts of today's intellectual property system, harming overall innovation while increasing inequality and increasing prices.
It's great to see such concepts make their way to the NY Times. Hopefully it leads more people to begin to recognize just how broken today's intellectual property systems are.
Filed Under: economics, gene patents, health, inequality, intellectual property, joseph stiglitz, patents
Myriad Mocks Supreme Court's Ruling On Gene Patents; Sues New Competitors Doing Breast Cancer Tests
from the chutzpah dept
Mon, Jul 15th 2013 8:59am — Mike Masnick
Remember how, just a month ago, the Supreme Court had struck down gene patents in the Myriad case? If you don't recall, Myriad claimed, effectively, to have patented the isolated BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are indicators of a likelihood for developing breast cancer. As such, they blocked anyone else from doing tests to find those two genes, and charged a whopping $4,000 or so for anyone who wanted the test. The Supreme Court, thankfully, tossed out those claims, noting that Myriad "did not create or alter any of the genetic information" in those genes, and that if found valid, it would "give it the exclusive right to isolate an individual's BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes." That's obviously crazy, so it was good that the Supreme Court rejected those claims.
Immediately after that, a few competitors jumped into the space, offering BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing -- for significantly lower prices. And, Myriad wasted very little time in suing them all for patent infringement. Huh? The short version is that Myriad claims that the Supreme Court merely removed five total claims out of its patents, and it still has 515 remaining claims across 24 patents -- and these tests violate those:
As of the morning of June 13, 2013, Plaintiffs collectively had 24 patents containing 520 claims concerning two genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2), and methods of use and synthetic compositions of matter related thereto. On June 13, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that five patent claims covering isolated naturally occurring DNA were not patent-eligible, thereby reducing the overall patent estate to 24 patents and 515 patent claims. This case involves none of those five rejected claims.
The filing goes on to suggest that the Supreme Court ruling really didn't mean very much at all. In many ways, this really does appear to be Myriad giving the middle finger to the Supreme Court. As Tim Lee notes, if Myriad's interpretation of the Supreme Court ruling is correct, then the Court's ruling is effectively meaningless, because Myriad (and anyone else) can effectively write patents for genes by just changing how they structure the patents:
The patent claims the Supreme Court invalidated last month were "composition of matter" claims, covering the chemical structure of the BRCA genes. But Myriad's patents also have "method" claims covering processes for diagnosing breast cancer. And while these patents use different language than the composition-of-matter patents the high court invalidated, their practical effect on the genetic testing market could be very similar.
Consider Patent 6,951,721, one of the patents cited by Myriad in its lawsuit against competitor Ambry Genetics. It claims the concept of diagnosing breast cancer by "determining the nucleotide sequence of the BRCA1 gene" from a "female individual" and then checking for mutations at specific points on the gene. The patent isn't limited to any particular technology for isolating or sequencing the patient's BRCA1 gene. So while it's not technically a patent on the BRCA1 gene, it might as well be.
Of course, as you look over the details, it seems like Myriad is still going to be in trouble. Effectively, the claims it's relying on may appear to be more similar to a patent on the diagnostic process itself. But, that's a problem for Myriad, because in the big Prometheus Labs case, which the Supreme Court decided a year ago, and which it relied on in the Myriad case itself, medical diagnostics aren't patentable either.
It seems like Myriad is just trying to squeeze some more money out of these patents before it gets smacked down again. Of course, not everyone agrees. Dennis Crouch seems to think they have a "very strong case," while PubPat's outspoken Dan Ravicher feels otherwise:
PubPat director Dan Ravicher, e-mailing Ars from Beijing, described Myriad's new suits as a way to save face with Wall Street. He said the Supreme Court decision was a "total loss" for Myriad, and the synthetic cDNA they are focused on now is not needed for genetic testing. "I am confident they will lose these cases, too, so long as the defendants have the financial resources and institutional desire to fight," said Ravicher.
Of course, it's that last bit that's the challenge. Any such case will take years and millions of dollars. And, during that time some may just choose to settle, and if lower courts side with Myriad and issue injunctions it can be a big risk for the competitors in the space. The end result may work in Myriad's favor even if these cases are completely bogus: it's likely to scare away competitors, and keep the prices of its breast cancer gene tests very high, making it much more likely people will die. I do wonder how Myriad's execs look at themselves in the mirror. There is no reason for doing what they're doing other than to enrich themselves, while ensuring that more women will die from undetected breast cancer. Sickening.
While the FTC has claimed that it's going to go after patent trolls, this seems like another situation where they, along with the DOJ, should also look into Myriad. While it may not be a traditional "troll," there's certainly a strong argument to be made that the company is abusing patents in a manner this is likely to lead to much higher prices for consumers, especially following the Supreme Court rejecting the very premise that they're now relying on in these new lawsuits -- that no one but Myriad can offer tests for BRCA1 and BRCA2. One hopes that the FTC decides to expand its "investigations" into companies like Myriad.
Filed Under: brca1, brca2, breast cancer, cancer, gene patents, lawsuits, patents
Supreme Court Strikes Down Gene Patents
from the good-news dept
Thu, Jun 13th 2013 11:16am — Mike Masnick
Here's a bit of good news: the Supreme Court has effectively said you can't patent genes, though in typical Supreme Court fashion, it hedged a bit. Basically, they found that merely separating out naturally occurring DNA is not patentable, but that synthetically made "complementary DNA" or (cDNA) can be patentable. This case has been going on for quite some time, involving a company called Myriad Genetics, which isolated two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, where mutations indicate a high likelihood of developing breast cancer. Myriad then set up a very lucrative, extremely high priced set of tests to find those mutations and argued that others testing for those genes violated its patents -- because stopping breast cancer should be prohibitively expensive, apparently.
The unanimous ruling found that merely separating out naturally occurring genes cannot be patentable, because that would be ridiculous:
It is undisputed that Myriad did not create or alter any of the genetic information encoded in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The location and order of the nucleotides existed in nature before Myriad found them. Nor did Myriad create or alter the genetic structure of DNA. Instead, Myriad's principal contribution was uncovering the precise location and genetic sequence of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes within chromosomes 17 and 13. The question is whether this renders the genes patentable.
And that doesn't make much sense under patent law:
Myriad's patents would, if valid, give it the exclusive right to isolate an individual's BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (or any strand of 15 or more nucleotides within the genes)by breaking the covalent bonds that connect the DNA to the rest of the individual's genome.
Myriad's main argument was that it basically had to put a lot of work into finding and isolating the genes, but the court noted that "Groundbreaking, innovative, or even brilliant discovery does not by itself satisfy [the conditions for patent eligibility]."
The court also rejects the idea that just because the US Patent Office regularly granted gene patents for years, it should be allowed to continue to do so. The court does say that complementary DNA, made by Myriad, can be patentable:
... the lab technician unquestionably creates something new when cDNA is made. cDNA retains the naturally occurring exons of DNA, but it is distinct from the DNA from which it was derived. As a result, cDNA is not a "product of nature" and is patent eligible...
The court also points out that you can still patent a form of a test for DNA, if that method is innovative, but you can't patent the underlying genetic structure if it's naturally occurring. However, Myriad's method was not new or innovative. As the court notes, it was "well understood by geneticists at the time."
On the whole this is a good ruling that will invalidate a large number of bogus gene patents. While patent extremists are complaining that this will destroy the biotech field, more reasonable minds are pointing out that it should have little effect. I'd argue that, if anything, it may drive greater efforts in biotech, since companies can now do more exploration on genes without fearing being sued by someone who discovered and isolated a particular gene first -- and this should also lead to significantly cheaper genetic testing, creating even more opportunities for biotech firms to innovate on top of widespread genetic testing.
Filed Under: biotech, dna, gene patents, isolated dna, patent eligible, patents, supreme court
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In the comment there was a request that sounds like this: «How to add a table that contains the University exams with date, exam, credits and grade in my EuroPASS CV template that respect the style of it?».
The question is simple and almost easy to resolve but manually, i.e. writing a code and every time starting from a scratch. Against the idea that goes with the template: a series of macro easy to call and use.
Basically, the command requires two arguments: the name of the command you want to create, and the definition of the command. Note that the command name can but need not be enclosed in braces, as you like. The num argument in square brackets is optional and specifies the number of arguments the new command takes (up to 9 are possible). If missing it defaults to 0, i.e. no argument allowed.
So, if I wanted to realize an handy macro that should simplifiy that procedure, how do I should do? I will have many problems for sure, due to the number of exames that the user have to highlight (all or the most importants for the CV?) and still remains the limit of default arguments that is 9. But above all, every University faculty has a fixed number of exams, therefore I can't define from the start, how many variables should be put in a classical LaTeX macro.
In roughly words I can't establish how many arguments my macro needs but only a multiple number of them, for example if I want to write 4 exams: I need 4x4=16 arguments and so on.
The only solution is a macro that repeats itself in function of the number of arguments. As well described in this article: Writing a LaTeX macro that takes a variable number of arguments.


text:
Share this Story: Sitting With the Spits: Stint with Wings paying dividends for Spitfires' Chatfield
Sitting With the Spits: Stint with Wings paying dividends for Spitfires' Chatfield
Windsor Spitfires sophomore defenceman Jalen Chatfield used an invite to the Detroit Red Wings' training camp as a catapult to launch him on his best season in the OHL.
Bob Duff
Feb 23, 2016 • February 23, 2016 • 2 minute read
Windsor Star columnist Bob Duff, left, chats with Windsor Spitfires Jalen Chatfield and coach Rocky Thompson during taping of Sitting with Spits at News Cafe Feb. 23, 2016. Photo by Nick Brancaccio /Windsor Star
As a youngster growing up in Ypsilanti, Mich., Jalen Chatfield worshipped at the altar of the Detroit Red Wings. A defenceman, he gravitated toward Detroit superstar Nicklas Lidstrom as his favourite NHL player.
Imagine Chatfield's surprise a few years later when he moved to play youth hockey in nearby Novi and one of his teammates turned out to be Lidstrom's son Adam.
Sitting With the Spits: Stint with Wings paying dividends for Spitfires' Chatfield Back to video
"That was a pretty cool thing to happen," Chatfield said. "I was a Wings fan all my life.
"I watched a lot of Nick Lidstrom."
But wait, the story gets better. Last summer, the Red Wings invited Windsor Spitfires defenceman Chatfield to their prospects camp. He must have impressed someone in the organization, because Chatfield was asked to play for Detroit's team in the club's annual NHL rookie tournament in the fall in Traverse City, Mich.
And the dream just continued. The 6-1, 180-pound Chatfield was among the few rookies not under contract who was also invited to participate in Detroit's main training camp.
"A couple of years ago I was playing with those guy's names on my sticks," he said of the NHLers he suddenly was calling teammates.
As much as he was living the dream, Chatfield sought to stay grounded in reality.
"You've kind of just got to make it as this is where you want to be," Chatfield said of his matter-of-fact approach during his first NHL camp.
Windsor, Ontario. February 23, 2016 — Windsor Star columnist Bob Duff, left, chats with Windsor Spitfires Jalen Chatfield and coach Rocky Thompson during taping of Sitting with Spits at News Cafe Feb. 23, 2016. Photo by Nick Brancaccio /Windsor Star
While competing, Chatfield also sought to be a sponge, absorbing as much knowledge as he possibly could.
"I watched a lot of (Detroit defenceman) Mike Green," Chatfield said. "He's a right shot D like me.
"Being around the pro guys, just getting in the gym with them before practice and noticing the small things they do to get ready, you really pick up some stuff."
With each passing day Chatfield felt less like an outsider and more like he belonged.
"You get more confident as you skate with the guys," he said.
He didn't leave camp with a contract, but Chatfield did return to Windsor with a new level of self-belief.
"Coming back you realize the level of play you are at now," Chatfield said. "There's a difference when you're playing against guys in junior so it helps out in terms of confidence, knowing that you've skated with the best players in the world."
That self-assurance is evident in his play. In his second full OHL season, Chatfield, 19, has produced career highs in goals (eight) and points (33) and his plus-19 rating is a 180-degree turnaround from the minus-19 he finished with a year ago.
"Jalen has really stepped up this year," Windsor coach Rocky Thompson said. "He's played heavy minutes from the beginning.
"He was asked to play a more offensive role, which he's done. He's put in a tremendous amount of work."
That effort and performance could lead to the deal he sought a year ago.
"I think now he's starting to turn some eyes and some heads in the professional ranks," Thompson said.
bduff@postmedia.com
twitter.com/asktheduffer


text:
49ers' Cannon taken off field in ambulance after scary hit
San Francisco 49ers special teams player Trenton Cannon is being evaluated for a concussion after a scary hit on the opening kickoff against the Seattle Seahawks on Sunday at Lumen Field that resulted in him being put on a stretcher and taken away in an ambulance.
Trenton Cannon (concussion) and is out for the game.
— Matt Maiocco (@MaioccoNBCS) December 5, 2021
Nearly three hours later, the 49ers announced that Cannon is in stable condition and will remain in the Seattle-area hospital overnight for observations.
From #49ers:
Trenton Cannon is in stable condition and will stay the night at the hospital for further observation.
While trying to tackle Seahawks returner DeeJay Dallas, the knee of 49ers safety Talanoa Hufanga collided with Cannon's head.
Cannon was immediately attended to by the medical staff. After several minutes, he was put on a stretcher and an ambulance was brought on to the field.
Cannon's 49ers teammates and a large group of Seahawks players surrounded him, with some dropping to a knee.
Trenton Cannon down after the kickoff and a cart is out for him. The entire #49ers bench is empty pic.twitter.com/qw9b021Ola
— Jennifer Lee Chan (@jenniferleechan) December 5, 2021
There was a bit of good news as Cannon was being put into the ambulance: He was seen moving his left arm.
Trenton Cannon is on a stretcher about to be taken away in an ambulance. I saw his left arm moving.
The 49ers and injured running back Raheem Mostert asked for prayers for Cannon.
Prayers up for @cannnon25 ❤🙏 #IGYB
— San Francisco 49ers (@49ers) December 5, 2021
Prayers to my brother TC..
— Raheem Mostert (@RMos_8Ball) December 5, 2021
Cannon was selected in the sixth round of the 2018 NFL Draft by the New York Jets and spent two seasons in the Meadowlands before joining the Carolina Panthers last season. This year, he began the 2021 season with the Baltimore Ravens before being claimed off waivers by the 49ers in September.
Primarily a running back, Cannon has been used on special teams by the 49ers. Entering Sunday's game in Seattle, he had appeared on just two offensive snaps while playing on 159 special teams snaps.


The time has flown by...it seems like just yesterday that we opened our doors for the first time. Now here we are 1 year later with the best customers in the world. We want to celebrate our first year with you! September 30th from 12pm to 10pm we'll have beer, bands, a food truck (or 2) out on the patio and more. More details to come as they get solidfied.
Advanced purchase tickets are $20. Designated Driver tickets are available for $12 (which includes admission and the Legitimus party favor).


Girl Charlee Fabrics is very excited to announce the arrival of the Made with Moxie pattern line to our growing family of independent sewing patterns. Creator Jill Dorsey has just launched her first pattern, the Prefontaine Shorts! Inspired by running shorts from the 1970s, these versatile sewing patterns are available in both adult and children's versions, and best of all they can be made from both knit fabrics AND specialty woven fabrics. Here is a little more information about Jill and her patterns.
Jill Dorsey, designer and creator of Made with Moxie, has spent the last thirty years rooting through other people's trash to find her treasures. In addition to making, she is a huge nerd. Jill is afraid of the dark, creeped out by men's black socks, and would one day like to host a sleepover in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Her only regret is quitting piano lessons.
We wanted to see what these shorts could do so we sent Jill some selected fabrics to try out. She sewed up a pair using our uber comfortable French Terry fabric and we all just love the results. Read Jill's experience on her blog, Made with Moxie.
We love how you can dress these shorts up, as well as keeping them casual. Use a specialty woven or ponte de roma to create the perfect shorts to go out on the town.
Thank you Jill for showing us how amazing this pattern is with so many different fabric choices to sew it up in!
Made With Moxie Prefontaine Shorts for Women Sewing Pattern :: The Prefontaine Shorts for Women are inspired by the running shorts of the 1970s. They feature a retro contrast trim and a comfortable sport elastic waistband. Front pockets lie flat and smooth against the body. Back pockets can be patch or welt style and are designed to easily hold your cell phone. Two inseam lengths (5" and 1.25") allow you to stitch up modest shorts or shortie shorts. Recommended for beginner to intermediate sewists. Suggested fabrics are mid weight knits such as cotton jersey, cotton spandex, ponte de roma or french terry. For something different try a light weight woven such as crepe de chine, rayon challis or peach skin.
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Get To Know Our Apprentice!
Get to know our lovely new Apprentice Alicia! She has answered some questions on the time she has spent at Soshell so far, and given you the boost you need to become an apprentice in 2022!
Say hi to Alicia, our brand new apprentice who started with us in October and has quickly become a major part of the Soshell team. In this article, we've asked Alicia some questions regarding her first few months with us, as well as given some advice for those who are considering an apprenticeship!
Now, let's get stuck in…
Alicia's Q&A
1. How haS working at Soshell for the past three months been for you?
My past three months at Soshell have been amazing. I have loved every single minute of it. When I applied for this position, I wanted to be able to wake up every day, go to work and for it to not feel like a choir. And working for Soshell is definitely not a choir. I've always been interested in Marketing, and I am very grateful that I am now a part of the team! I have learnt so much in such a short amount of time, as well as built friendships with the nicest people.
Every day is exciting to me as there's always something fun to get stuck into. In my first few months at Soshell, I have had the opportunity to get involved in several campaigns. My favourite being a wedding shoot which gave me an idea of how shoots work and how we produce content in such settings.
2. What has been the highlight so far for you?
Again, the highlight so far has definitely been the Christmas wedding shoot at Rise Hall. Not to mention, we often get to enjoy yummy food as a team who I have loved getting to know, not just for the purpose of work.
3. What have you taken an interest in the most?
The creative side. Going to shoots, social media marketing, Tik Tok; the list goes on. Recently. I have also learnt how to create a blog which I've found very enjoyable.
4. What do you hope to accomplish in the next three months?
In the next 3 months, I hope to gain even more skills within the creative side of Marketing and also learn more about Steve, our Graphic Designer, and Ellie, our Head of Strategy's Job.
5. How would you describe the Soshell family in three words?
Thoughtful, Caring & Fun.
6. And finally, what would your advice be to anyone considering a Digital Apprenticeship?
Do it! It's the best way to earn and learn. If you are lucky enough to be offered an apprenticeship, it's a great chance to explore an industry to find an area you'd like to specialise in- especially if its Marketing!
Are you considering an apprenticeship? If so, there are many businesses that require extra help, and are up for teaching you in their field. With 161,900 apprenticeship starts in the past year, there's no question that this career move is favoured for both a business and an individual with the thirst to learn. Take the next step in your career with Apprenticeships at Direct Gov or get in touch with your chosen companies today- there's not harm in asking, after all!
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List of The Mindy Project episodes - Wikipedia
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M/Y Drizzle är en motoryacht tillverkad av Feadship i Nederländerna. Hon levererades 2012 till en okänd ägare och köptes 2016 av Amancio Ortega, en spansk affärsman. Drizzle designades exteriört av De Voogt Naval Architects medan interiören designades av Redman Whiteley Dixon. Motoryachten är 67,27 meter lång och har en kapacitet upp till tio passagerare fördelat på fem hytter. Den har en besättning på 18 besättningsmän.

Referenser

Externa länkar

Superyachter
Fartyg byggda i Nederländerna
Fartyg sjösatta 2012


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Las trompas uterinas, también conocidas como tubas uterinas, trompas de Falopio salpinges uterinas u oviductos, son dos conductos musculares que conectan los ovarios y el útero o matriz.
Sus funciones están relacionadas con la ovulación, con el transporte y  capacitación de los espermatozoides y con la fecundación. Algunas enfermedades y trastornos que afectan la trompa, pueden ser la enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria, el embarazo ectópico y las Neoplasias.

Historia
El médico griego Herofilo, en su tratado sobre partería, señala la existencia de los dos conductos que, suponía transportaban el "semen femenino". Luego Galeno ya en la era actual, describió que los conductos pares señalados por Herophilus se conectaban con el útero.

En 1561 el médico renacentista Gabriel Falopio publica  su libro Observationes Anatomicae. Su aporte es una descripción detallada de la "trompa" del útero, sus diferentes porciones, con su extremo más alejado (distal) abierto hacia el abdomen y el otro (proximal) en conexión con el útero.

Embriología

Las trompas de Falopio derivan del extremo craneal de los conductos paramesonéfricos o conductos de Müller.
En la mujer las trompas se originan en los espacios pelvi-viscerales para terminar en la celda genital, lugar donde se sitúa el útero.

Anatomía

Existen dos oviductos, cada uno conecta un ovario con el sector superior y lateral del útero.
En la mujer tienen una longitud promedio de 10cm, con límites entre 7-14cm.
El diámetro interior es de 1milímetro (mm) en los oviductos intramurales  y de 4mm en los pabellones de la trompa.
Se extienden a lo largo del margen superior de los  ligamentos anchos del útero, desde su extremo  medial o "cuernos del útero" hasta su extremo lateral en la superficie del ovario.
Cada trompa se ancla en su cara inferior, mediante una doble hoja de peritoneo llamada mesosálpinx y se abre a la cavidad peritoneal.
El interior de la pared es complejo, con pliegues orientados longitudinalmente y pliegues de la mucosa llamados "plicas", ambos en número y tamaño creciente desde el segmento medial (istmo) al segmento lateral (pabellón).

Sectores de la trompa
Se pueden distinguir cuatro segmentos en la trompa de Falopio, desde el ovario hasta el útero.

Pabellón de la trompa

Porción fímbrica, embudo, extremidad ovárica o infundíbulo, es la sección con forma de embudo por la cual se conecta el oviducto con el ovario.
Fimbrias
El pabellón posee en su borde libre unas digitaciones o flecos llamados fimbrias que parecen abrazar al ovario y palpan su superficie para determinar dónde se va a producir la ovulación.
El epitelio del pabellón está conformado por células secretoras y células ciliadas. La motilidad de estas cilias es esencial para la captación del óvulo y por tanto para la fertilidad.

Ampolla de la trompa

Porción ámpula, ampolla de la trompa es la zona dilatada de la trompa y lugar donde se produce la fecundación. Es la sección más ancha y larga con más de la mitad de la longitud total de la trompa. La ampolla sola, mide de 7 a 8centímetros de longitud y tiene 7-8milímetros de diámetro.
Aquí las células ciliadas son más abundantes que las células secretoras, y la mucosa posee numerosos pliegues longitudinales que protruyen en el lumen ocupándolo.
En ella permanecerá el óvulo entre 24 y 48 horas para lograr la fecundación, en el tercio-mitad externa.

Istmo de la trompa

Porción ístmica, istmo de la trompa: es la porción de mayor longitud y también de mayor estrechez, con estructura redonda y en forma de cordón que constituye el tercio medial de la trompa. Llega a la parte superior y lateral del útero. Presenta menos pliegues en su mucosa y abundantes células secretoras.

Intersticio  de la trompa
Porción intraparietal, oviducto intramural: pequeña porción de 1centímetro (cm) de longitud y hasta 1milímetro (mm) de diámetro, es el segmento que atraviesa la pared del útero y lo conecta con el istmo.

Histología

La pared de las trompas en su cara interna (luminal) es compleja. La mucosa está dispuesta sobre pliegues longitudinales denominados "plicas".

La estructura histológica varía en los diferentes segmentos, lo que permite una funcionalidad adaptada en cada uno. Se observan tres capas tisulares diferentes mucosa (endosalpinge), muscular (miosalpinge) y serosa, sus proporciones varían en los distintos segmentos.

Internamente, cada oviducto está cubierto de una mucosa con pliegues ("plicas"),  con un epitelio cilíndrico seudoestratificado con células ciliadas, células caliciformes y células no ciliadas intercalares (o peg). Las células epiteliales descansan sobre una lámina basal y una lámina propia conjuntiva laxa subyacente.
La capa media contiene músculo liso, donde se puede distinguir una capa circular interna y otra longitudinal externa.
La capa más externa consiste en la serosa de epitelio simple plano, con tejido conectivo subyacente donde se pueden observar grandes vasos sanguíneos y nervios.

Los cilios, ayudan a movilizar al ovocito y a su encuentro con los espermatozoides, o al cigoto para su implantación en el endometrio.

Irrigación

 Arterias tubáricas laterales de la arteria ovárica (proveniente de la aorta abdominal)
 Arterias tubáricas mediales de la arteria uterina (proveniente de la arteria iliaca interna o hipogástrica)
Se describe una anastomosis entre estas dos arterias en el borde del útero, a la altura del ligamento redondo.

Fisiología
Las funciones fisiológicas de la trompa uterina, dependen principalmente de tres factores: la motilidad tubárica, los cilios tubáricos y el líquido tubárico.

Contracción peristáltica
La contracción peristáltica de las fibras musculares lisas de la pared tubárica (miosalpinx), permite que: los gametos se unan y que el ovocito fecundado sea transportado hasta el útero.
Batido de los cilios
La actividad ciliar es responsable de la captación de óvulos por el ostium fimbrial y del movimiento a través de la ampolla, así como de la distribución del líquido tubárico que apoya la maduración y fertilización de los gametos.
Los cilios móviles funcionales presentes en el #Pabellón de la trompa, son esenciales para la recogida y el transporte de los ovocitos. Los cilios móviles en las regiones de la Ampolla y el Istmo del oviducto facilitan el transporte de gametos y embriones.

Líquido tubárico
El líquido tubárico es rico en mucoproteínas, electrolitos y enzimas. Se origina de la trasudación de plasma sanguíneo y de la secreción de las células del epitelio.
Presenta variaciones en su composición, propiedades reológicas y volumen a lo largo del ciclo ovárico.

Transporte en la trompa
Las trompas uterinas son el lugar para el transporte y acondicionamiento de los gametos, el lugar para la fecundación y para el transporte del embrión de pocas células (etapa de mórula).

Transporte del óvulo

La trompa sana transporta habitualmente el óvulo (gameto femenino), que es una célula grande e inmóvil, en dirección proximal hacia el útero cada mes. Esto sucede en la mujer durante décadas, en tanto se produzca la ovulación.
Justo antes de la ovulación, las células del epitelio de la trompa uterina aumentan las cilias. Los cilios móviles del #Pabellón de la trompa, son esenciales para la recogida y el transporte de los ovocitos.
Cerca del momento de la liberación del óvulo, las fimbrias del extremo de la trompa (pabellón), cambian a tumescentes y congestivas, acercándose al ovario y mostrando movimientos pulsátiles y en barrido sobre su superficie.

Las trompas también transportan los espermatozoides (gameto masculino) en dirección distal hacia el ovario. Cuando alcanzan la trompa pueden ser retenidos en la región del #Istmo de la trompa, mediante enlace a las células del epitelio. Estas interacciones celulares estrechas, suprimen la capacitación y la motilidad de los espermatozoides, mientras incrementarían su viabilidad con vistas a una posible fecundación.
Los espermatozoides llegan hasta la porción de la #Ampolla de la trompa para encontrarse con el óvulo. Es aquí donde normalmente ocurre la fertilización en el
humano.

Transporte del embrión

Si el ovocito es fecundado, pasa por las primeras etapas de desarrollo  mientras recorre las trompas de Falopio.
El embrión es transportado por medio de los movimientos de los cilios del epitelio de las trompas y por las contracciones de la capa muscular.
El transporte del ovocito fecundado, es ayudado por una ola de movimiento del músculo liso del oviducto. Este músculo liso está controlado por el sistema nervioso simpático. La estimulación de los receptores β2-adrenérgicos causa relajación del músculo liso, en tanto la estimulación de los receptores α1-adrenérgicos causa la contracción del músculo liso, lo que lleva a la formación de una onda de relajación y contracción que hace avanzar el contenido.
Las hormonas esteroides sexuales y otros factores producidos por el propio oviducto, como las prostaglandinas, óxido nítrico, prostaciclina y cAMP, también pueden modular la contracción del músculo y desempeñan un papel principal en el transporte de embriones.
La actividad de los cilios, está controlada por factores como las hormonas esteroides sexuales y la Interleucina-6 (IL-6). También se ha demostrado que los factores que se encuentran dentro del líquido folicular ovárico, que ingresan a las trompas de Falopio en el momento de la ovulación, afectan la frecuencia del latido de los cilios de la trompa.

Patología
La Salpinge (salping- σάλπιγ-ξ/-γος griego: 'trompeta') presenta patologías de tipo benigno y también canceroso.
Algunas enfermedades que afectan a los oviductos son:
 Salpingitis
 Amebiasis
 Endometriosis
 Enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica
 Cáncer de trompas uterinas

Ocasionalmente se encuentran pequeños nódulos quísticos con células que presentan una depresión o tabique medio que constituye una de sus características fundamentales, llamados células de Walthard. Tampoco es infrecuente observar quistes serosos que aparecen como resultado de una invaginación y por la subsiguiente oclusión del tejido seroso de la trompa. Estos quistes, aunque se le ha atribuido erróneamente una causa inflamatoria, no tienen ninguna importancia patológica.

Embarazo tubario

Más del 98% de los embarazos ectópicos se implantan en las trompas de Falopio. Esta implantación es causada por la retención de los embriones dentro de la trompa, como consecuencia de un transporte tubárico deficiente y por alteraciones en el microambiente tubárico. El transporte del embrión a través de la trompa de Falopio está controlado por una combinación de contracciones del músculo liso, por latido de los cilios del epitelio y por líquido tubárico.

Ligadura de las trompas uterinas

Este método anticonceptivo, quirúrgico e irreversible, consiste en cerrar el oviducto, para detener el paso de los espermatozoides hasta el óvulo y como consecuencia también se evita la bajada del óvulo hacia el útero.

Véase también

 Fertilización humana
 Ovulación
 Aparato reproductor femenino

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Micrografía color de la Ampolla. Humana. Facultad de Medicina. UdelaR.
 Micrografía color del Istmo. Facultad de Medicina. UdelaR.

 El sistema reproductor femenino
 Trompa de falopio en la enciclopedia Icarito
 Un corte histológico del epitelio (gran aumento).

Aparato reproductor femenino
Anatomía humana
Términos médicos


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