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Innovative ideas in enforcement: What the future of MPA surveillance could look (and even sound) like
Posted on August 3, 2014 - 10:25am, by MPA News staff
In April 2014, the technology company Google hosted a unique meeting at its headquarters in California. Involving several dozen scientists, technology engineers, conservationists, and politicians, it was a two-day discussion on the future of ocean surveillance. Presentations covered such technologies as drones and satellite-tracking systems for vessels, and included occasional nods to Google's own enterprises. The latter included futuristic concepts like Project Loon, Google's proposed global network of high-altitude balloons for collecting and relaying data. (The website for the meeting is www.oceanagenda.org/home. A blog post by an attendee, Mimi D'Iorio of the US National MPA Center, is at https://www.openchannels.org/node/6571.)
MPA News attended the meeting, where there was a real sense that technological surveillance of the ocean, including for MPAs, may be approaching a tipping point. Sensors are becoming smaller, cheaper, and more sophisticated. The use of drones for surveillance, by air or water, is becoming more common. We may soon see a future in which an abundance of inexpensive tech tools shifts the effective balance of enforcement in many MPAs from the offenders to the defenders.
That being said, enforcement is not always about technology to detect violations. Strategy and policy are often just as important: deciding how to fine or otherwise penalize violators, for example, can play a crucial role in encouraging better behavior. In this issue, MPA News hears from experts on several innovative approaches to MPA surveillance and enforcement - technological and otherwise.
A. Using sound to detect the presence of violators in an MPA
By Margo Edwards
Editor's note: Margo Edwards is director of the Center for Island, Maritime, and Extreme Environment Security (CIMES) - one of 12 Centers of Excellence funded by the US Department of Homeland Security. It is based at the University of Hawaii (www.cimes.hawaii.edu).
On passive acoustics as a surveillance tool
Passive acoustics is the act of listening for, and analyzing, particular sounds. It has been around since Leonardo da Vinci, who put a tube in seawater and listened for vessels. Our listening tools today are obviously more sophisticated than his but the intent is the same: we can monitor sound to detect when a vessel is nearby, as well as what kind of vessel it is and whether it is doing something it should not be doing.
The main challenge of passive acoustics, even with today's advanced tools, is the signal-to-noise ratio. How do you detect the difference between the signal you are looking for - such as the presence of an illegal fishing vessel - and the noise of the surrounding ecosystem? MPAs have a lot of noise, with waves and various animal sounds. Snapping shrimp, for example, are a common noisemaker in the ocean, generating a crackling sound at an acoustic frequency of 12 kHz. However, researchers at CIMES have discovered that snapping shrimp actually make different sounds when a vessel travels nearby. So what we had thought was just noise can actually be a signal. Knowing this: if we are looking for, say, the presence of a 25-foot fishing vessel in an MPA, we can listen not only for a frequency at which we know 25-foot boats operate, but also for reactions of the shrimp and the ecosystem in general.
On how soon passive acoustics systems could be used by MPAs
Passive acoustics systems aren't perfect at this point, but I expect they will be a valuable part of MPA surveillance in the future. Think of them as the sentinels of MPAs. They will listen, compare their data to other sources (such as data from automatic identification systems on ships), and raise red flags when someone is somewhere he or she should not be. To protect these systems, it will be important to make the devices mobile and camouflaged so violators can't tamper with them.
There does need to be more investment in determining how effective these systems are in various environmental conditions, like rain or crashing waves. And because the acoustic profile of each area of the ocean is unique, each system will need to be tailored to its specific place. You can't simply take what you learn in Hawaii and apply it to Kiribati or Palau, for example. There will also be a time lag as the prosecution side of passive acoustics - basing a conviction on a vessel's acoustic "thumbprint" - will need to catch up to the science side.
But I think that in the next five to ten years, we could have a workable system tailored to an area, even a very large MPA. The fact is, you don't have to be on the lookout across every meter of a site. Look at historical vessel traffic patterns, and at ship tracks from vessels' automatic identification systems. Then set up your listening posts in the areas you expect people to visit.
Margo Edwards, CIMES, Hawaii, US. Email: margo [at] soest.hawaii.edu
B. Global monitoring of fishing vessels, and outsourcing your MPA's surveillance needs
By Tony Long
Editor's note: Tony Long is director of the Ending Illegal Fishing Project, an initiative of The Pew Charitable Trusts (www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/ending-illegal-fishing-project). Long describes the project as "a system that would enable even the most resource-poor fisheries enforcement official to have access to accurate information from a central reliable source, such as to permit or deny port entry or begin legal proceedings." Previously Long served 27 years in the British Royal Navy, where he reached the rank of commander.
On his goal of unique identification for all large fishing vessels (greater than 79 feet in length)
This goal is very likely achievable within 5-10 years. We have already seen six regional fisheries management organizations (WCPFC, CCAMLR, IOTC, SPRMO, ICCAT and IATTC) adopt the IMO number as mandatory in their regions, and we are encouraging other RFMOs to adopt this measure. Being able to identify fishing vessels through their IMO numbers is a vital first component to any system of effective monitoring, both inside and outside of MPAs. [Editor's note: IMO stands for International Maritime Organization, the UN agency for the safety and security of shipping. An IMO number is an ID number unique to each ship.]
On the project's progress and what it means for MPAs
We are seeing success in several areas, beyond just the adoption of IMO numbers. There has been acceleration in the number of countries ratifying or pledging to ratify the UN Port State Measures Agreement (www.fao.org/fishery/psm/en). This is a cost-effective way of stopping illegal fish entering the market; the more countries ratify it, the better the effect of the regulation. Add to this better tracking of fishing vessel activity and you have three key elements in place: the vessel is properly identified, its track can be verified, and it offloads in a "responsible port".
The important fact here for MPA managers is that, as retailers demand more transparency in the purchase of fish from net to plate, where a vessel cannot show an 'honest track' then the catch from that vessel will not be accepted by the retailer. This means vessels that enter an MPA and turn off their vessel tracking system will be seen as 'suspicious' when they are unable to show their activity in full. And on the flip side, the good vessels will be able to show their activity in full and make their catch of premium interest to the buyers [because it is legitimately caught, recorded, and transferred] - the net result being fewer vessels abusing MPAs.
On a new service for MPAs that lack surveillance capacity
Many MPA managers do not have the capacity or expertise to monitor the vessel activity in their MPA. This is why Pew is working on a Virtual Watchroom service, which will provide customers with a regular report of fishing and related vessel activity in their marine protected areas. This will draw on any tracking systems made available to it, and the systems can be customized to each site. Knowing the specifics of where and when illegal fishing might be occurring in their MPAs will enable managers to better focus patrol and enforcement resources on vessels and areas of greatest interest.
Tony Long, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC, US. Email: along [at] pewtrusts.org
C. Applying economics to the enforcement of your MPA
By Linwood Pendleton
Editor's note: Linwood Pendleton is an environmental economist and a senior scholar of Ocean and Coastal Policy at Duke University's Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions. He is also International Chair of Excellence at the European Institute for Marine Studies.
On why the concept of optimality should apply to MPA size and enforcement
We should apply more thought to the costs and benefits of increasing or decreasing the size of each MPA - finding the MPA's optimal size and shape. We tend to use jurisdictional boundaries, social boundaries, or biological boundaries for MPAs. But we don't apply the careful economics needed to see whether there is a best size that fits the site's enforcement goals. Managers should ask themselves, what is the optimal level of enforcement? How many patrol boats do I want to have out there? What is the optimal fine for offenses? These questions are inter-related. You can't put a ranger in every square kilometer of the ocean, for example, but if the fine is big enough you don't have to.
On how to determine the optimal fine for an MPA
First you need to know how large the fine has to be so that the cost of the fine is greater than the benefit from fishing within the MPA. Then, since the probability of getting caught is less than 100%, you need to try to make some assumptions about the probability of getting caught under different enforcement scenarios. As the probability of getting caught goes down, the fine needs to go up. We call the probability of getting caught multiplied by the fine the 'expected fine'. So the expected fine needs to be greater than the benefit.
Of course, the other tradeoff the MPA manager has to consider is the cost of enforcement. The costs of enforcement depend on the size and shape of the MPA as well as the seasonality of illegal activity. Enforcement that yields a higher probability of getting caught usually costs more. So lower cost enforcement would mean lower probability of getting caught, which would mean a higher fine.
On the social impact of fines
While there is an economic optimum for setting fines, I think it is even more important to recognize that: a) a draconian fine would alienate the fishing community and might be seen as unjust (unless, say, the illegal fishers are foreign fishing vessels) and b) there are non-enforcement reasons to have rangers and park personnel on the water.
I think the social impact of the fines can be managed by having a rapidly increasing scale for fines for repeat offenses. You also can have fines that vary within an MPA - say, highest fines for strict no-take areas and lower fines elsewhere. Because of the increased costs of enforcement near the boundaries of MPAs, I think one could also increase the fines in these areas.
So, to wrap up, the MPA manager can adjust the where/when/how much of fines, the probability of being caught, and the factors that affect the effectiveness and cost of enforcement. Because these factors also have to be weighed in a social context, it is good to discuss the tradeoffs publicly and to consider an adaptive approach to finding the schedule of fines that work best.
Linwood Pendleton, Duke University, North Carolina, US. Email: linwood.pendleton [at] duke.edu
D. Progress on developing the International Centre for Compliance Management in MPAs
By John Knott
Editor's note: John Knott is a Canberra-based consultant who over the past 15 years has worked closely with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) to develop all aspects of the park's compliance management model. In partnership with GBRMPA Compliance Manager Reg Parsons, Knott is now establishing an International Centre for Compliance Management in MPAs (profiled in MPA News 14:5, "Advances in MPA enforcement and compliance"). Among the Centre's first programs is a free, four-day compliance management workshop this November.
On the successful GBRMPA compliance management model
In the GBRMPA, the business processes, theoretical models, templates, systems, manuals, standard operating procedures, guidelines, and a comprehensive training framework - all specific to the needs of the MPA - have been developed and continuously improved over a period 15 years. We have developed an outstanding intelligence unit and refined our measurement regime, and we produce comprehensive reports on weekly, monthly, and quarterly bases. The unit has been externally reviewed and evaluated by a number of national and international bodies and has been recognized as best practice.
On the International Centre for Compliance Management
What we aim to offer MPAs through the Centre is an effective blueprint for building compliance management capacity. As part of the training, participants will be provided with a full set of documentation that they will modify to suit the particular context of their MPA. All tasks in the training will be grounded in the practical work of planning, setup, management, operations, evaluation, and continuous improvement of a compliance management unit. Graduates will also have access to ongoing mentoring afterward as needed.
In our experience, an effective compliance management unit requires first-class leadership and a range of other skills in addition to the technical compliance management skills. To this end we are also developing a framework of dedicated competencies with supporting training and qualifications - on everything from risk management and governance to stakeholder management and communications.
On the free compliance management workshop this November
Prior to the World Parks Congress this November, the Centre is providing a four-day compliance management workshop in Townsville, Queensland, Australia. We will offer selected managers (representing all global regions) an informative, hands-on experience. Each participant will return to country with a detailed capacity-building plan for his or her MPA, as well as a thorough grounding in the principles of compliance management.
There is no fee for the workshop. The only cost will be for participants to cover their travel and accommodation costs. Workshop participants will be able to continue on to the World Parks Congress in Sydney if they wish. We have already received expressions of interest from 12 people from various countries, and can accept a total of 25. A flyer on the workshop is available here as a PDF. For further on the workshop, please contact Reg Parsons at reg.parsons [at] gbrmpa.gov.au.
John Knott, Knott & Associates, Canberra, Australia. Email: john [at] knott.com.au
BOX: Burning the gear of MPA offenders
Carl Gustaf Lundin is director of the IUCN Global Marine Programme. At the Third International MPA Congress last October, Lundin described a community-managed no-take MPA in Mozambique that takes immediate action against violators:
"I had the opportunity to visit a marine protected area in Mozambique called Vamizi Island. The local community has set aside a no-take fisheries reserve around the tourism area, and the reef is very healthy and the fish populations are doing very well. The no-take zone is policed by the community itself and there is only a small amount of illegal fishing.
"When the MPA rangers have caught someone, they burn the offender's gear publicly in the village and make a show of it. This serves two purposes: it shames the offender in front of the local community, and of course keeps the offender from using the fishing gear again. In addition, if anyone is caught three times, he is sent off the island and can't come back. This applies both to migrant fisherfolk and to Vamizi Island residents.
"So even though the enforcement is all done by the community itself, there is a certain amount of sanction associated with it. It's an interesting model."
Carl Gustaf Lundin, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Email: James.Oliver [at] iucn.org
BOX: Other sources of information on MPA enforcement and surveillance
"Maritime domain awareness: How technology is improving compliance and enforcement of MPAs", a blog post by Mimi D'Iorio, NOAA National MPA Center. May 2014. https://www.openchannels.org/node/6571
"Is a vast marine sanctuary any use if you can't police it?", a discussion among OpenChannels readers on MPA enforcement capacity, particularly for very large MPAs. https://www.openchannels.org/comment/4523
"Efficient enforcement for effective MPA management", May 2014 issue of MedPAN's Science for MPA Management newsletter. http://bit.ly/MedPANenforcement
"Advances in MPA enforcement and compliance: Practitioners describe cutting-edge techniques and tools", MPA News 14:5
"MPA enforcement: How practitioners are developing new tools, strategies, and partnerships", MPA News 11:5
"Experiences in MPA enforcement, part II: More tools and strategies", MPA News 11:6
This content is part of a Top List!
The OpenChannels Team curates important content into Top Lists. Browse through the links below to see what other content is included in this Top List.
Top List: Marine Protected Area Enforcement
July - August 2014 (15:6)
World Heritage Committee delays decision on Great Barrier Reef "danger list" status to 2015
US President Obama proposes 2 million-sq km no-take area in Pacific
Notes & news: Scotland - US MPA nominations - High seas - Caribbean - Integrating people and MPAs - Status of US MPA coverage - MPA Campaign Tracker - Poverty alleviation


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UofL prepares for inaugural week of service event, Cards Come Together
and Caitlin Brooks
UofL faculty, staff, students and alumni are invited to participate in Cards Come Together October 22-25
Registration is now open for the University of Louisville's inaugural Cards Come Together event, a week of service to improve the campus and community October 22-25.
The goal for Cards Come Together is to have 1,000 UofL community members, including faculty, staff, students and alumni, participate in the event. Participants will complete projects both on campus and at off-campus sites throughout Louisville.
"One of the things that drew me to this university was its strong to commitment to improving the city of Louisville," said President Neeli Bendapudi. "I'm so excited for us to work together as a cardinal family to showcase how much good we can do."
Service opportunities during Cards Come Together include a UofL community composting project, community cleanup in Old Louisville, New Directions Beautification project in the Highlands and assisting with the Americana Community Center Fall Festival. Daily donation drive opportunities on campus will benefit various organizations, including Volunteers of America's Shelby Men's Recovery program, Dare to Care, Jefferson County Public Schools and Catholic Charities of Louisville.
"The University of Louisville takes pride in its role as a metropolitan research university," said Ralph Fitzpatrick, vice president for community engagement and co-chair of the Cards Come Together Committee. "This week of service provides another opportunity for the university community to come together to fully engage in the welfare and vitality of the Louisville metro area."
Participants must register in advance for Cards Come Together's service opportunities at uofl.me/cardscometogether. Participation is entirely voluntary. This is not a work-related activity under the university workers compensation program. Staff can use Community Service Leave, but should obtain supervisor approval before registering to participate.
Cards Come Together
Neeli Bendapudi
Ralph Fitzpatrick
Caitlin Brooks
Caitlin Brooks is a coordinator of publications and marketing in the University of Louisville's Office of Communications and Marketing. Brooks joined the Office of Communications and Marketing after earning her Bachelor of Science and Master of Art degrees in Communication from UofL. Brooks previously worked as a graduate assistant and public speaking instructor at UofL and is an avid Disney fan.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The private subsidiary of the National Basketball Association, NBA Properties, has signed one of the largest renewals in Manhattan at the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Ave. The 10-year lease transaction was for 153,405 square feet in the space that has been the tenant's corporate headquarters for more than 30 years. Also, food distributor Sysco has purchased a 526,000-square-foot industrial property in Central Islip for nearly $30 million.
By Justin Smulison | July 01, 2009 at 12:00 AM
The private subsidiary of the National Basketball Association, NBA Properties, has signed one of the largest renewals in Manhattan at the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Ave. The 10-year lease transaction was for 153,405 square feet in the space that has been the tenant's corporate headquarters for more than 30 years. Proskauer Rose senior counsel Craig Masheb and partner Elana Butler represented the tenant. Olympic Tower Associates is the landlord of the building's commercial space and was represented by chief executive officer Rich Ehrlich. Terms of the deal were not disclosed, but according to Studley information, overall asking rates in the area were near $91 per square foot in June. Occupying the 14th through 20th floors, the NBA has a five-year renewal option and can expand onto two additional floors in the building. "The NBA had numerous options to relocate throughout Manhattan and New Jersey, and was heavily courted by the city's landlords," said FirstService Williams lead broker Harry Seherr-Thoss in a news release. Mr. Seherr-Thoss served for the landlord with FirstService Williams brokers Mark Jaccom, Robert Freedman, Richard Plehn Sr., and Christina Plakopita. Newmark Knight Frank's Barry Gosin, Moshe Sukenik and Corey Borg served as the brokers for NBA Properties. Located between 51st and 52nd streets, the 51-story building is next to St. Patrick's Cathedral. The first 21 floors of the mixed-use condominium tower consist of retail and office space; the upper 30 floors contain high-end residential units. The building was recently modernized, with new mechanical and HVAC systems, a new lobby and public corridor upgrades. Other office tenants in the building include the headquarters for Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (USA), an affiliate of the landlord, which also sponsors a museum in the building. H. Stern and Armani A/X rent retail space on the ground floor.
Food distributor Sysco has purchased a 526,000-square-foot industrial property in Central Islip for nearly $30 million. Located at 199 Lowell Ave., also known as Boulevard Avenue in western Suffolk County, the building sits on a 45.89-acre parcel. It had previously been used as a distribution facility for Waldbaums, and more recently, for Ocean Logistics, a freight transport arrangement service. Solo practitioner Marc Canter represented the buyer. Ruskin Moscou Faltischek partner David P. Leno and associate Scott D. Schwartz represented the seller, 10 Boulevard Avenue LLC, an entity run by a private individual based in California. Barry Silver, a principal of the Silver Group served as the seller's broker. Cushman & Wakefield national industrial services executive director Frank Frizalone, served as the broker for the buyer. "Rarely does an opportunity of this magnitude become available in Long Island, particularly in western Suffolk County," said Mr. Frizalone. "Sysco took advantage of what was an excellent opportunity to acquire a large property and land parcel." Additional Sysco locations in New York are in Syracuse and Albany and Mr. Frizalone added that Sysco will renovate the site in about a year, into "a modern distribution facility." "They needed a distribution center to cover the Nassau, Suffolk and New York areas. That was the biggest space," he said. Mr. Leno said the seller had owned the property since November 2001. Ocean Logistics' Lease still had about 10 years remaining. "Ocean Logistics was starting to wind down operations there. They were happy to terminate the transaction," he said.
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Hello and Welcome!  I am a native Russian speaker who moved to LA LA Land from Moscow, RU over 10 years ago. Prior to my move, while still being a student myself, I started teaching both Russian and English as a Second Language courses to other students. I never intended to become a teacher by profession, so I graduated with a degree in Business Administration (minoring in Real Estate and Human Resource Management). Nonetheless, the rewarding fascination with teaching has not allowed me to stop ever since. I absolutely love and have helped many students of different demographics throughout the years. Such wide teaching experience has taught me to always customize my techniques to ensure that my students learn in the most natural way to them. For this purpose, I use different working materials and an eclectic mix of approaches (lecture, demonstration, discussion, brainstorming, role plays, and repetitions).  * Few things to keep in mind when you allow me to be part of this exciting journey with you. I am a very much goal oriented individual myself; which means that the goals of my students automatically become my personal goals. With this in mind, I always take time to ask open-ended questions in the beginning of our first session to provide you with most effective and efficient results. This also, allows me to better focus on your specific goals; while understand your learning styles, skills and preferences with homework. While many people believe that learning a new language can be too challenging, especially Russian. I strongly believe that with the right tools and tricks, the process can be incredibly rewarding and fun at the same time. And just like someone once said: "Things don't get easier with time, we simply get better".
Private classes available at your home, office, or for a better rate at our teacher's location in Glendale, LA (see map below.) Don't live close to Glendale, LA but want to work with Narine? Take private classes online!


This entry was posted on Monday, January 28th, 2013 at 2:51 pm and is filed under EI technical work programme, Human factors.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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NAVISTAR DONATES VEHICLE TO ASSIST IN ALABAMA REBUILDING EFFORTS
Vehicle to Aid Local Organization in Rebuilding Efforts; Donation is in Addition to $50,000 Contribution to the Governor's Emergency Relief Fund
WARRENVILLE, ILL. – (June 29, 2011) – Navistar continues to show its commitment to the communities it serves by donating a used step van valued at $20,000 to HERO (Hale Empowerment and Revitalization Organization, Inc.) in Hale County, Alabama, to assist the organization in its rebuilding efforts in the wake of the devastating tornadoes that swept through the state of Alabama, where Navistar has significant operations.
Alan Stegich, national service director for Navistar's Workhorse custom products business unit, and Andrea Clay, Workhorse legal and consumer affairs manager, recently presented the keys to HERO Executive Director Pam Dorr.
"This donation is a small token of how Navistar and Workhorse are giving back to the areas where employees live and work," said William Osborne, vice president, Custom Products, Navistar. "We are committed to ensuring the community succeeds in its rebuilding efforts."
"The tornadoes here were quite damaging for our small area," said Dorr. "We were not sure how to rebuild with this kind of devastation, but it is clear with this donation that we can begin getting the process moving along."
"When I shared with Pam what our intentions were, she was almost crying on the phone," said Clay. "Pam said they have never had such a generous donation— they always just had to piece trucks together. This will make a huge difference in hauling supplies back and forth for rebuilding homes."
The donation of the vehicle is in addition to the $50,000 Navistar provided to the Governor's Emergency Relief Fund (GERF), established by Alabama Governor Robert Bentley to help Alabama residents with unmet recovery needs. Donations to this fund will be used to relieve suffering caused by the spring storms. The fund, which is administered by the United Ways of Alabama, will operate on an ongoing basis to help Alabama residents who have exhausted all other avenues of disaster relief, such as FEMA, the American Red Cross, the Salvation Army and any other disaster relief programs.
In addition, employees at Navistar's Melrose Park engine plant secured generators to assist employees at Navistar's Huntsville engine plant when they were without power.
"Our hearts go out to the people of Alabama whose lives have been impacted by the worst domestic disaster since Hurricane Katrina," said Eric Tech, president, Navistar Engine Group. "We believe in being a good neighbor wherever we do business and we are proud to step up and help the community in a great time of need."
About Hale Empowerment and Revitalization Organization, Inc. (HERO)
HERO works as a catalyst for community development in areas of the Alabama Black Belt to end rural poverty. As a non-profit housing resource center, HERO provides community resources and housing education. HERO was founded in 1994 by a group of committed citizens who wanted to create a strong community focused on family. HERO is a 501c3 non-profit organization.
About Navistar
Navistar International Corporation (NYSE: NAV) is a holding company whose subsidiaries and affiliates produce International® brand commercial and military trucks, MaxxForce® brand diesel engines, IC Bus™ brand school and commercial buses, Monaco® RV brands of recreational vehicles, and Workhorse® brand chassis for motor homes and step vans. The company also provides truck and diesel engine service parts.
Another affiliate offers financing services.
Additional information is available at www.Navistar.com/newsroom.
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Here are the useful tips on how to use iPad, how to backup iPad and how to recover lost/deleted data on iPad.
Stuck at Apple ID login screen? Follow this article to know how to remove Apple ID from iPad.
This post details how to recover deleted or lost iPad Mini data on Mac OS X (including Mac OS X 10.9, 10.8, 10.7, 10.6). You can follow this article to learn tips about data recovery for iPad mini on Mac.
Want to convert videos for your iPad 4/3/2/mini on Mac/Windows? This article provides you with the best iPad video converter for Mac and Windows.
Important data on iPad Air are deleted due to factory settings reset, jailbreak or accidental deletion? No need to worry, with the Mac iPad Air data recovery tool, you can restore contacts, SMS, notes and more from iPad Air easily.
Recovering text messages from iPad Air/mini 2/mini/4 can be very easy if you have the right tool in aid. Read this post to learn how to recover SMS directly from iPad on Mac and how to restore from iTunes backup even your iPad is broken or dead.
This post explains how to recover deleted or lost photos from iPad mini/4/3/2 on Mac. With tips below you can recover iPad photos on almost all Mac OS X after jailbreak, iOS update and more.


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Carmel Head är en udde i Storbritannien.   Den ligger i riksdelen Wales, i den sydvästra delen av landet,  km nordväst om huvudstaden London.

Terrängen inåt land är platt. Havet är nära Carmel Head åt nordväst. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  km sydost om Carmel Head. Runt Carmel Head är det ganska tätbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Holyhead,  km söder om Carmel Head.

Klimatet i området är tempererat. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juni, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är februari, med  °C.

Kommentarer

Källor

Halvöar i Wales

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Here's a terse little paper and experiment showing some clean (easy to understand and rework) results.
Past research on the benefits of network structure on the flow of information has often focused on the positive properties of small-world networks [2, 3]. The results of our research cast this view in the wider perspective of fit between network structure and problem space, highlighting the importance of exploration vs. imitation. For the network structures we studied, the lattice promotes the most exploration, followed by the small-world, and the random networks, with the fully connected network producing the least exploration. The needle payout function requires the most exploration to find the global maximum, followed by the multimodal, and then the unimodal. Since there is a tradeoff between the exploration of a problem space and the exploitation of good solutions [4, 5] this tradeoff seems to be highly relevant to the ability of a group to succeed at our task.
That's pretty academic talk and I'm going to add to it. Check this essay out. Combining the two essays and we have something interesting. The Lattice network set up is best at solving a problem requiring exploration AND we are unable to construct an algorithm that can optimize the traversing of the lattice. The best path emerges simply by trying to solve the problem AND it's better than other networks like Small World.
Rural areas resemble societies long ago and is characterized as "structured lattice." That is, people in rural areas are more likely to be friends with each other, while having less bridging friendship ties with the outside world.
Urban areas resemble random connection societies. That is, from telecommunication advances that are readily available in urban areas, more friendship bridging ties are available.
Okay, now a fun exercise is defining the structure of MySpace, Facebook, LinkedIn, Open Source Community and sussing out why each one may be so good at what it does. This is purely me just toying with an idea (what do you think?).
MySpace – Full. You can and do connect to anyone and everyone. It's a race for connectivity and theirs no real "neighbor" paradigm. MySpace definitely has the imitation feel to it.
Facebook – Lattice, small world. Your neighbors typically are your college mates and work mates. Apps, links and "problems" propogate and are reworked quickly, far more quickly in my experience, than on MySpace.
LinkedIn – Lattice. hard to assess linkedin's ability to solve problems or propogate thinking. It's mostly a lead gen network.
Master Software Developer Competition – Lattice. but hard to say. There seemed to be a few key nodes and generally some "neighborhoods". On slashdot it was full, but once the Google group took over the network structure changed a lot. Hmmm… need to think on that.
Open Source – Lattice, sometimes small world. Open source projects generally are not completely wide open (there's a skill level required/credibility) and their aren't random. Ideas, code propogate 1 or 2 degrees from the original node. Very rarely isn't it full, like the internet. Everyone connected. Ideas and problems are very efficiently solved in open source but it's damn near impossible to predict who, what, when.
The implication that network structure alone can have that big an impact is very interesting, and a powerful concept to understand if you are in the business of solving problems or socializing ideas/policies or marketing a product.
Methinks the network structure is a proxy for the schedules of reinforcement at play. Different structures reinforce behavior in different ways.
How about a different social network…the church.
Lattice locally, yet strong enough to wage global wars based on assumed shared values with people you've never met…small world.
Regardless of the faith, there are guiding principles and rules on how people are to behave and interact with one another. They are written down in the Bible, Torah, Koran, etc. These rules are often reinforced with schedules/rituals that happen predictably and routinely (annually…holidays), (daily…eating kosher foods), and over your lifetime (marriage, children, death).
It's an offline operating system for social networking. Conflicting operating commands are perceived to be a "virus" threatening the system…and that's how religious conflicts get started and can end up in an infinite loop.
So what will be the offline manifestations of MySpace and Facebook that reinforce the online network? Facebook was originally tied to all the people you went to college with…so that's something.
When are the scientologists launching their social networking site?
Excellent example. In fact, there are already several large social networks of faith – overt and emergent.
And some of the biggest sites on the net remain BeliefNet, Catholic.Net.
You bring up a second point – the offline components of the online networks. Facebook has the offline component built in – it's based on your offline network (college mates and office mates). MySpace is a bit more virtual.
The religious offline components are very interesting to analyze. I think you hit on something with the transmission of values and reinforcers via shared rulesets that do apply as directly to the other networks. I have no conclusion on this yet, but do think it is worth more investigation.
I am new to this site and have enjoyed reading many of the posts. I was hoping to get feedback regarding an idea that I have read about in recent publications and you touched on here – networks.


The US House of Representatives just voted to pass H.R.2494, the Global Anti-#Poaching Act.
This bipartisan bill provides additional tools and resources to curb illegal killing of some of the world's most iconic and at-risk species and trafficking in their parts. Poaching is a global crisis, and the world needs U.S. leadership on the issue.
Special thanks to House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Ed Royce and Ranking Member Eliot Engel for introducing the Act and championing it through to a vote.
Building off the momentum from the Enough Project's event on the Hill last week, this act is a crucial step in the effort to break the links between wildlife trafficking networks and mass atrocities.
This is an incredible victory, and one YOU made happen! This is truly Justice For Cecil The Lion!