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Life As We (Don't) Know It
Acetonitrile. . .In Space!
You may have seen stories about this paper, which shows that the protoplanetary disk around a (very) young star system is full of HCN, acetonitrile, and other CN-containing compounds. Studies of comets in our own system suggest that these were common materials in our early solar nebula, and this observation strongly suggests that our own situation is not unique. HCN and acetonitrile had already been detected in interstellar dust clouds, but there have been questions about what happens to them during star and planetary system formation. I like how the astronomers call acetonitrile "methyl cyanide" – keep in mind, though, that these are the folks who call everything heavier than helium a metal.
I don't think that enough people realize just how common the small organic building blocks are around the universe. We already have samples from the carbonaceous chondrites (with the Murchison meteorite being the most spectacular example), full of all sorts of compounds. And many small molecules have been detected in nebulae, with many more surely masked by their spectral characteristics. The universe is soaking in the sorts of molecules that life as we know it uses – and literally soaking in water as well, when you consider how much liquid water and water ice is piled up on the outer moons of our own solar system. All those cheapo science fiction movie plots about aliens coming to Earth to steal our water? No way – the ones where they come to steal Earthly women even make more sense than that idea. I should note in haste that no remotely respectable science fiction author has probably used the steal-our-water trope since roughly the 1930s, but movies are another thing altogether. (Not even The Man Who Fell To Earth made sense to me from that angle, but that was mostly social/political satire, anyway).
So life-as-we-know-it would seem not to have any rate-limiting steps that have to do with getting the starting materials together. The rest of it is still an open question, a big one, but if you also make the reasonable assumption that there's probably nothing particularly unlikely about our own solar system, life might well be pretty common. (Note that I'm mostly talking about microorganisms, which were, after all, the only form of life on earth for a huge stretch of time. As for intelligent aliens, I refer you to Where Is Everybody? , an excellent book-length treatment of the Fermi Paradox.
21 comments on "Acetonitrile. . .In Space!"
MolecularGeek says:
10 April, 2015 at 10:42 am
IIRC, Asimov did a back-of-the element calculation, and proposed that phosphorus is the element that would be the limiting factor in (potential) terrestrial biomass. Nobody seems to talk much about the relative abundance of phosphine and its ilk in these kind of studies.
Yes, but Earth's water is naturally occurring and biodynamic. Space water is dead and filled with toxic chemicals like acetonitrile and cyanide.
We're safe as long as the aliens haven't been reading Food Babe.
The Iron Chemist says:
So you're saying that I won't need to construct a Pacific Rim-style robot to protect my organic solvents if we make contact with alien life?
That Guy says:
'I should note in haste that no remotely respectable science fiction author has probably used the steal-our-water trope since roughly the 1930s, but movies are another thing altogether.'
Unfortunately Hollywood has demonstrated time and again that it is replete with pretty faces, but not much imagination. For a recent example of said trope, see 'Oblivion' starring Tom Cruise and Andrea Riseborough.
robbbbbb says:
There is a very sensible explanation for the Fermi Paradox:
http://www.tor.com/stories/2010/08/the-fermi-paradox-is-our-business-model
postoc in space says:
I'm quite surprised there were so much stories about this paper. As astrochemists, we have been reproducing formation pathways of this species since the 80s, and the question was not "will it?" but "when?".
The largest organic in space is, to date, HC11N (excluding C60 and C70), part of polyyne family. From what we have seen, this family is extremely reactive, especially at low temperature, as they are able to form even under heavy UV flux.
Where do we find these? Everywhere, but our instruments are biased toward them because of their permanent dipole moment.
Our dear Woon (famous in our small field) maintains an updated list of species detected in various regions of space at http://astrochymist.org (rule 1 is: no asking about the website design).
By the way, the real question in the field right now is "how do we form those damn aromatic cycles", and there were some controversies recently about direct benzene from acetylene fragments or fulvene.
We are still trying to find some real glycine but I don't really question its existence in space, just the previous detection.
I don't know why you're making such a big deal about a few carbon-based molecules flying around in outer space when Spock clearly showed that the Horta on Janus VI are silicon-based. We must eschew our carbon-based lifeform provincialism.
And, of course, there is no such thing as the Fermi Paradox, it's just that advanced civilizations follow the Prime Directive, as necessitated by the Federation.
Dont forget the interstellar ethanol clouds.
Proof that God wanted us to have alcohol.
Paul D. says:
We should really, REALLY want there to be no ET life. If life arises easily, and complex life too, then that's probably the worst news the human race will ever receive. It would mean the "Great Filter" that apparently prevents intelligent species from colonizing the galaxy is in our future, not in our past.
Derek Lowe says:
#10 Paul – or they're ferociously advanced and incomprehensible, to the point that our culture would not survive contact. . .
Sebastian A says:
It is interesting you post this just around the time this article is published in the print edition of Nature Chemistry
http://www.nature.com/nchem/journal/v7/n4/full/nchem.2202.html
The Sutherland lab has shown you can get precursors to biomolecules from essentially hydrogen cyanide, forming a type of proto-metabolism.
"…keep in mind, though, that these are the folks who call everything heavier than helium a metal."
Planetary scientists also call "ices" any white frozen material with a melting point between -200 and + 200C, including such things like methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and even nitrogen
@10: One does not really need alien – installed filters to prevent galaxy colonization. The limits imposed by physics suffice. It is not even completely clear if humans can make it to Mars and back, without getting sick and sterile.
Gordonjcp says:
So with space being all full of water and big greasy hydrocarbons, does that mean we need to be worried about aliens coming to steal all our cat litter?
It took our planet more than 3 billion years to be "terraformed" to the point of sustaining multicellular life. Somehow without turning into a snowball or hot, dense soup. Universe is only about 13 billion years old. We could simply be first.
If we weren't first I would have expected the planet to have been sterilized by a Berserker von Neumann probe long ago. Of course that doesn't mean that we can't still filter ourselves out later on.
#16 – Your argument is rendered unlikely by the vast numbers of stars. The idea that we're the only planet among the likely trillions of similar planets (http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habuniverse) on which multicellular life evolved is highly improbable. And that just covers biology similar to ours, not including the possibility of other chemistries evolving into self-replicating organisms.
Postide says:
@14: We've been exploring space for, what, fifty years now? Give humanity a few millennia before judging. 🙂 A kid who just learned how to float in the wading pool without drowning isn't going to be crossing the English Channel anytime soon – but give her time. (Or put her on a boat, or chunnel.)
…not to downplay the insane problem that is interstellar travel, nor the equal parts confusion and horror that is the Fermi Paradox.
@1: We shouldn't be worried about phosphorus limitations; I'm sure aliens will all just use arsenic. 😉
Secondaire says:
Well, there won't be too many aliens coming to earth if they have to fly through the big cloud of cyanide on the way in…
The idea that we're the only planet among the likely trillions of similar planets (http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habuniverse) on which multicellular life evolved is highly improbable.
If you know this, you must know the probability that life will arise (and the mechanism, so you can estimate that probability). So when do you pick up your Nobel Prize?
dave w says:
#20: we at least know that the probability is non-zero (n>=1 in maybe trillions), even if we don't know the full mechanism by which we originated. (The error bars on "n" would be too huge to falsify the statement that n>1…)


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Social Events & Charity Support
Product Support and Solutions
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Sepura supplies TETRA solution to RHS Garden Wisley
Sepura has been chosen by the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) to provide a complete digital communications solution for its flagship garden at Wisley, Surrey, UK.
13 December 2016 - Sepura, in conjunction with sales partner Chatterbox Ltd., has been chosen by the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) to provide a complete digital communications solution for its flagship garden at Wisley, Surrey, UK.
The solution - comprising MBS Lite base stations, over 200 SC2024 hand-portable radios and a dispatcher application with voice recording and GPS mapping - will boost visitor safety, security and facility management procedures across the 240 acre site.
With over 1 million visitors in 2015, and further expansion - including a new science centre, visitor hub and knowledge bank - already underway, the RHS needed a flexible solution to keep pace with their evolving requirements, providing clear communication along with safety features such as Lone Worker and Man-Down. In addition, features such as Emergency Button, Priority Call and GPS will help to improve response times, instantly alerting first aid and security teams to incidents and their location.
"This solution is a superb fit for RHS Garden Wisley and the daily operational challenges faced by staff members," said Gary Leatherby, Managing Director of Chatterbox.
"In user evaluations, the SC2024 hand-portable radio scored the highest: audio is loud and crystal-clear - even in high-noise environments - while its rugged, lightweight design with IP68 environmental protection makes it ideal for outdoor use in all weather conditions."
Gary Maughan, Sepura's Regional Director for UK, Ireland and North/Central Europe, added:
"This award demonstrates our ability to provide high-quality communications solutions to the business and industry sectors. We are delighted that the RHS has placed its trust in Sepura and we are pleased to make a contribution to the safety of staff and visitors alike."
Hytera makes offer to purchase Sepura
Sepura brings cutting-edge communications to Pasto Municipality
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Articles / Publications
Fifth Circuit Takes Homeowner to Task for ...
05.7.2019 | Articles / Publications
Fifth Circuit Takes Homeowner to Task for "Abuse of the System" in Denying RESPA Claims
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit recently rejected a consumer's claim that his mortgage servicer had improperly processed his loss mitigation applications. The homeowner obtained a residential mortgage loan in 2005 secured by a deed of trust. He began falling behind on his payments in 2009 and made his last payment in 2014. After he defaulted and foreclosure proceedings were commenced, the homeowner began submitting a series of loss mitigation applications and filed for bankruptcy. The servicer denied the homeowner's requests for a loan modification based upon investor guidelines, but advised him of other loss mitigation options. After the homeowner failed to take advantage of those options and his bankruptcy was dismissed, the loan was accelerated. The homeowner then filed suit in state court against servicer and the note-holder asserting claims under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ("RESPA") and state law. While RESPA includes various servicing requirements, "A servicer is only required to comply with the requirements of this section for a single complete loss mitigation application." See 12 C.F.R. § 1024.41(i)(2014). The homeowner alleged that § 1024.41(i) was an affirmative defense and that compliance before the 2014 effective date did not satisfy the servicer's obligations. Following removal, the district court entered summary judgment in favor of the defendants.
On appeal, the Fifth Circuit held that § 1024.41(i) was not an affirmative defense that was required to be pled. Rather, the court found that the defendants' denial of the homeowner's RESPA claim and affirmative assertion of compliance with RESPA were "a denial or direct contradiction of [the homeowner's] claim, not an affirmative defense." Second, although noting the recent amendment to the regulation, the Fifth Circuit held "that § 1024.41 is not retroactive." However, because the "apparent purpose of the regulation is not to make already compliant servicers repeat their compliance actions, but rather to bring noncompliant servicers into compliance. . . if the servicer complied with the requirements of the provision prior to the effective date, that compliance must be credited to the servicer because it need only comply with such a requirement once." As a result, the Fifth Circuit affirmed the dismissal of the homeowner's RESPA (and state law) claims.
Finally, the Fifth Circuit chastened the homeowner and his counsel for their delay and litigation tactics:
The history of this case demonstrates beyond cavil that [the homeowner] has spent the last 10 years gaming the system through a series of applications for loan modification, a flawed bankruptcy filing, and the institution of this lawsuit. Doing so has enabled him to achieve his one overarching goal: The prolonged occupancy of his residence with little or no payment on his mortgage debt. With the help of cunning counsel, [the homeowner] used the intended shield of RESPA, TDCA, and various state and federal laws as a sword to avoid (or at least minimize) his mortgage payments while continuing the decade-long occupancy of his encumbered house. Today's termination of [the homeowner's] abuse of the system is long overdue. We caution [the homeowner], and his present and future counsel, if any, that further machinations to prolong this litigation or delay foreclosure proceedings could and likely will be met with sanctions.
Enough said. See Germain v. U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee for Morgan Stanley Mortgage Loan Trust 2006-7, 920 F.3d 269 (5th Cir. Apr. 3, 2019).
Download Fifth Circuit Takes Homeowner to Task for "Abuse of the System" in Denying RESPA Claims, written by Mark Tyson.
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The Design for Diversity Learning Toolkit
Exploring education and advocacy for more inclusive information systems
Using the Toolkit
For Practitioners
Finding Full Text
Study Paths
Algorithmic Bias
Collecting Materials
Curation and Remix
Intellectual and Cultural Property
Metadata and Nomenclature
Process and Partnerships
Community of Focus
African American and Black Communities
Asian American Communities
Latinx Communities
LGBTQ Communities
Model Project
Reading or Video
About Design for Diversity
Mapping Violence: A Case Study on Project Development, Iterative Approaches to Data Collection and Visualization, and Collaborative Work With Undergraduates / Jim McGrath
Collecting Materials Metadata and Nomenclature Process and Partnerships
This case study looks at an important benchmark in the development of Mapping Violence, a digital project interested in histories and records of state-sanctioned racial violence on the Mexico/Texas border in the early twentieth century. Specifically, it focuses on work completed in the summer of 2016 with a team of undergraduates at Brown University, documenting some of the collaborative, iterative, pedagogical, and ethical dimensions of the project's ideas of data, interface, and audience.
artasiamerica
Collecting Materials Curation and Remix Metadata and Nomenclature
artasiamerica is a digital archive for Asian and Asian American contemporary art history. It is an excellent example of a long-term community archive (based at the Asian American Arts Center in New York City), beginning with deep physical collections of which a selection have been processed and digitized. The digital collections are notable for their careful consideration of metadata application, using both existing standards and local headings when existing standards do not have needed terms (see a brief discussion in the FAQ.)
1341761 {1341761:T2GGGTBT} items 1 chicago-author-date default asc https://des4div.library.northeastern.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
"Artasiamerica - A Digital Archive for Asian / Asian American Contemporary Art History." n.d. Accessed October 23, 2018. http://artasiamerica.org/.
Model Project, Reading or Video
CWRC Ontology Specification – 0.99.6
Metadata and Nomenclature Technical Design
The CWRC Ontology Specification (at version 0.99.6 as of this posting) is an excellent example of a thoughtful technical specification showing the process of both creating methods for standardizing data while grappling with the difficult process of distilling human experience into data definitions. The intellectual context included in the robust documentation would be helpful for any project dealing with questions of standardization in cultural heritage data. The ontology itself offers a rich vocabulary for literary study and history with a strong emphasis on representing concepts through careful gender and intersectional analysis. The ontology is a project of CWRC, the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory, which "brings together researchers working with online technologies to investigate writing and related cultural practices relevant to Canada and to the digital turn."
1341761 {1341761:GHXXGJYY} items 1 chicago-author-date default asc https://des4div.library.northeastern.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
"CWRC Ontology Specification - 0.99.6." n.d. Accessed January 22, 2019. http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc-2018-02-22.html.
Community of Practice, Model Project
Black Metropolis Research Consortium
Collecting Materials Curation and Remix Metadata and Nomenclature User Experience
The Black Metropolis Research Consortium is a model project for inter-institutional collaboration and community partnership. The project focuses on methods needed to surface and connect materials related to the history and culture of African Americans. The BMRC's activities include support for internships and fellowships along with projects such as surveying and processing relevant collections for inclusion into their specialized search of finding aids related to African American history and culture. See in particular the BMRC database as an example of increased accessibility through the focused processing of archival collections. The BMRC is, from their website hosted at the University of Chicago: "a Chicago-based membership association of libraries, universities, and other archival institutions. Its mission is to make broadly accessible its members' holdings of materials that document African American and African diasporic culture, history, and politics, with a specific focus on materials relating to Chicago."
1341761 {1341761:QSN6MSY3} items 1 chicago-author-date default asc https://des4div.library.northeastern.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
Black Metropolis Research Consortium, and University of Chicago. n.d. "Black Metropolis Research Consortium – A Resource for Black History in the Chicagoland Area." Accessed October 16, 2018. http://bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu/.
Archivists and Archives of Color Section
The Archivists and Archives of Color Section is an essential group, informally known as AAC, that creates space and advocacy for archives and archivists of color. A section of the Society of American Archivists, AAC members are often at the forefront of thinking about how to partner with marginalized communities and steward community archives both physical and online. It is also an essential community of support for archivists of color.
Enhancing Description to Make African American Materials More Discoverable / Katie Rawson & Trevor Muñoz
This study path will ask learners to replicate the methodology/follow the model described in Dorothy Berry's case study "Digitizing and Enhancing Description Across Collections to Make African American Materials More Discoverable on Umbra Search African American History" in order to better understand the value and values of additional description in surfacing materials from marginalized groups.
Share, Select, and Describe Personal Artifacts / Todd Suomela
This study path asks learners to consider how their own possessions would be described and organized in a cultural heritage institution, and reflect on the assumptions behind how we describe and interpret cultural objects.
Introducing Critical Race Theory to Archival Discourse: Getting the Conversation Started / Anthony Dunbar
Collecting Materials Metadata and Nomenclature
An excellent introduction to and definition of key terms such as critical race theory, microaggression, and social justice, clearly linking those terms to core archival concepts and processes such as how one defines and structures an archival "record".
"This article introduces the application of Critical Race Theory (CRT) to archival discourse in order to demonstrate how such a critical and analytical approach can help identify and raise social and professional consciousness of implicit racial bias. To demonstrate the potential of CRT, the paper discusses how the terminology and methodological structures of CRT might be applied to some aspects of archival theory and practice. The paper concludes that CRT can contribute to a diversified archival epistemology that can influence the creation of collective and institutional memories that impact underrepresented and disenfranchised populations and the development of their identities."
1341761 G96MSDSI items 1 chicago-author-date default asc https://des4div.library.northeastern.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
Dunbar, Anthony. 2006. "Introducing Critical Race Theory to Archival Discourse: Getting the Conversation Started." Archival Science 6 (1): 109–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-006-9022-6.
Umbra Search African American History
Umbra Search African American History "makes African American history more broadly accessible through a freely available widget and search tool, umbrasearch.org; digitization of African American materials across University of Minnesota collections; and support of students, educators, artists, and the public through residencies, workshops, and events locally and around the country." Umbra brings together metadata and items from across archival collections, and thereby helps surface items related to African American history that may not be well-cataloged in physical format, and therefore less find-able in the physical collections. Umbra is also notable for its robust outreach program.
1341761 {1341761:X8Y9QRSD} items 1 chicago-author-date default asc https://des4div.library.northeastern.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
University of Minnesota. n.d. "Umbra Search African American History." Umbra Search African American History. Accessed October 2, 2018. https://www.umbrasearch.org/.
We are excited to also host a case study based on author Dorothy Berry's work at Umbra: Digitizing and Enhancing Description Across Collections to Make African American Materials More Discoverable on Umbra Search African American History.
Digital Transgender Archive
"The purpose of the Digital Transgender Archive (DTA) is to increase the accessibility of transgender history by providing an online hub for digitized historical materials, born-digital materials, and information on archival holdings throughout the world." The DTA was partially developed in response to the placement of transgender history within the archival record: it is often not cataloged and difficult to find, and often difficult to uncover within larger collections. Changes in language around the transgender experience also present challenges in locating older items, and developing new and inclusive cataloging standards that both shares transgender history but respects the privacy of individuals. The DTA is particularly notable for developing clear policies around metadata, copyright, and reuse, as well as developing a model to digitize and bring together items that are physically dispersed.
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This project is made possible in part by the Institute of Museum and Library Services [LG-73-16-0126-16]. The views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed here do not necessarily represent those of the Institute of Museum and Library Services.


Local to Savvy Pensacola, FL? Join this community to access great deals and transact with nearby sellers.
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Collect 3 strikes..... you're out for a year.
We reserve the right to remove anyone at anytime. Membership is a not a right. We welcome women over the age of 18 in the Pensacola area that want to be contributing members of Savvy. If you're here to disrupt or waste time- you're not welcome.


Our programs and faculty share a common teaching philosophy centered on experiential learning and critical visual thinking. In the classroom, we merge traditional hands-on techniques with digital technologies, complemented by extensive training in art history and the resources of the Lehigh University Art Gallery, our nationally recognized campus museum. All this takes place in the setting of one of the nation's premier research universities, a short hop away from the museums, internships and professional opportunities of New York City and Philadelphia.
With fifteen faculty teaching over fifty different courses each year, the Department of Art, Architecture and Design offers an extensive curriculum of study, and an exceptional opportunity for you to get a jump start on a future career in the arts. Many of our alumni go on to graduate school, and are pursuing successful careers as artists, architects, designers, museum curators and arts professionals.


This button was released in a series of photo buttons used to promote the film, Star Wars: Return of the Jedi. First appearing in the 1980 film, The Empire Strikes Back, Jedi Master Yoda is portrayed as a puppet that is performed by voice actor, Frank Oz. Originally, Yoda is characterized as an ancient hermit who lives in exile on the planet of Dagobah. It is through Yoda that the series protagonist, Luke Skywalker, is able to begin learning the ways of the force. In the prequel trilogy, Yoda is seen as one of the leaders of the Jedi council, leading his fellow Jedi during the Clone Wars. In these films, Yoda is now played through CGI effects and is again voiced by Frank Oz. Upon his first appearance, Master Yoda has become one of the series most iconic characters due to his appearance and unique speech pattern.


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Fawcett Comments on BlackLivesMatter
Today has seen protests and campaigns from Black Lives Matter in the UK calling attention to racism experienced by black people in their everyday lives.
Racism and sexism remain powerful forces in our society, blighting the lives of our fellow citizens and preventing us achieving the equality that would make us stronger, wealthier and happier as a nation. In particular, Fawcett calls attention to the racist sexism experienced by women of colour and the increase in attacks on women and men of colour following the Brexit vote. Black women earn less than their white counterparts, are underrepresented in positions of power and are subject to a host of negative stereotypes. These are injustices which must be addressed.
The Fawcett Society's Gender Pay by Ethnicity report highlights how the gender pay gap in Britain is shaped by racial inequality and includes recommendations on how to reduce these ethnic gender pay gaps.
Link to the report: Gender Pay by Ethnicity in Britain
The Fawcett Society announces date of Equal Pay Day 2021
The Fawcett Society, the UK's leading membership charity campaigning for gender equality and women's rights at work, at home and in public life, can confirm that Equal Pay Day 2021 will fall on Thursday 18th November.
25% of women are more likely to leave the financial services workforce due to menopause experience
The Fawcett Society, working with Standard Chartered Bank and the Financial Services Skills Commission, publishes new report on women's experiences of menopause in the financial services sector.
Fawcett Society's new CEO, Jemima Olchawski
The Fawcett Society is delighted to announce that Jemima Olchawski has been appointed as the charity's new Chief Executive.
Fawcett Society responds to Prime Minister's comment on misogyny as a hate crime
Fawcett Society responds to Prime Minister's comment on misogyny as a hate crime on 5th October 2021
OVER 40% OF WOMEN EXPERIENCE SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THEIR WORKING LIVES
A new report from leading gender equality organisations led by the Fawcett Society, shines a light on sexual harassment in UK workplaces and equips employers to understand and tackle the root causes of this form of abuse.
New data shows we won't see gender equality in local councils until 2077
Data released today by the Fawcett Society shows that just 34% of the 4,980 councillors elected in May were women. This means that, at this rate of change, we won't see gender parity in local councils until 2077 – over 50 years away.
Fawcett Society publish their Pay and Progression of Women of Colour literature review
Fawcett's new literature review shows Women of Colour face inequalities at all stages of their life which damages their pay and progression.
Government plan to remove the £20 uplift to Universal Credit is out of step with young Conservative voters
Research carried out by Survation for six women's organisations highlights the overwhelming support from young people (aged 18-30) for the Government to invest in social infrastructure.


This entry was posted in childhood, family, memory and tagged childhood, imagination, memories, nephew by megtheintrovert. Bookmark the permalink.
Great imagination, I hope it stays with him and grows with him!


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BRE Welcomes Richard Harrington MP's Announcement
BRE Welcomes Richard Harrington MP's Announcement at BRE, Watford, of £72 million Government funding to the Transforming Construction Alliance (TCA) to deliver a national Core Innovation Hub (CIH) Download images here Formed to drive innovation and technological advances in the UK construction and infrastructure sectors, the TCA brings together the specialist expertise of BRE – … Continue reading "BRE Welcomes Richard Harrington MP's Announcement"
10 Years on from the Climate Change Act (2008), BRE Celebrates more than 20,000 BREEAM Assessed Buildings in the UK
BRE's flagship scheme has assessed more than 20,000 buildings[i] in the UK over the last decade, significantly supporting the net reduction of the nation's CO2 emissions. Office buildings assessed to the BREEAM New Construction standard, present greater CO2 emissions savings: approximately 23%, higher than the regulatory baseline. Predicted CO2 emissions savings in BREEAM Excellent rated … Continue reading "10 Years on from the Climate Change Act (2008), BRE Celebrates more than 20,000 BREEAM Assessed Buildings in the UK"
BRE and USGBC announce new partnership
The world's leading built environment organisations announce the first building quality and performance partnership of its kind BRE and USGBC will partner to deliver global market solutions to raise sustainability standards and deliver greater value. BRE (the Building Research Establishment) and USGBC (U.S. Green Building Council) have announced a partnership that will promote the expertise … Continue reading "BRE and USGBC announce new partnership"
BRE and Loughborough University complete first phase refurbishment of Dementia-friendly demonstration home
Download images here The first phase of a new 'dementia-friendly' home on BRE's Watford Innovation Park, has been completed, having been further developed in partnership by BRE – the leading building science research centre and experts from Loughborough University. The building has been adapted to help educate housebuilders, carers and relatives on how to better … Continue reading "BRE and Loughborough University complete first phase refurbishment of Dementia-friendly demonstration home"
BRE awards Allen & Overy LLP SABRE 'Excellent' Certification for One Bishops Square
The headquarters of Allen & Overy LLP – the international law firm – has achieved In-Use certification to SABRE, BRE's new security certification scheme for buildings, infrastructure and managed space. One Bishops Square is situated in the heart of the modern Spitalfields market area on the fringe of the City of London. Designed by Norman … Continue reading "BRE awards Allen & Overy LLP SABRE 'Excellent' Certification for One Bishops Square"


River Oaks Academy offers specialized programming for those with learning differences, particular styles and behavioral health needs. These programs include the possibility for college admission or vocational training.
Some students require specific strategies to compensate for learning differences or learning disabilities. These problems typically affect reading, writing and arithmetic and therefore secondarily affect most other areas of academic learning. There is a wide and frustrating range of good and bad theories and approaches to helping students with learning differences. The one that fits your child may not be the one fits another. Our individualized approach seeks to find the strategies that work for each child. More information on this issue can be found at the Learning Disabilities of America web site at http://www.ldaamerica.org.
Some students have different learning styles that typically include visual, auditory, and multi-sensory learners. River Oaks Academy carries or finds the curriculum that fits your child's needs. We offer textbooks on tape, video series learning and on-line learning among others to enhance the teaching and learning opportunities.
Some students have a need to develop social skills and emotional or behavioral control skills. These students may be diagnosed with an attention deficit disorder, bipolar disorder, oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder. River Oaks Academy has licensed therapists and specialists who provide planned interventions and develop classroom strategies to help students develop ways of managing themselves and staying focused on their school work.


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Q: backbone view not accessible through console while declared in jquery Getting an error trying to get declared view (model and collection as well) in jquery
var PageView = Backbone.View.extend({
initialize: function(){
    this.model = new PageModel();
},

});

$(function() {
var pageView = new PageView();
});

in console using pageView (simply typing pageView) getting an error:
Uncaught ReferenceError: pageView is not defined
at <anonymous>:1:1

without jquery works great.
i know that it's basics, but cannot figure it out.
thanks in advance

A: That common bit we put at the start of jquery code:
$(function() {
    // ...
});

that means execute this function when the DOM is ready, and the function passed in as an argument really is a function definition... thus it has it's own scope distinct from the global scope.
Your variable is defined in the function, and remains undefined in the global scope. If you want access to the variable in the global scope, but don't want to initialize it early you can do this:
var pageView = false;
$(function() {
    pageView = new PageView();
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ionic® PK Boost is a plant nutrient supplement specifically formulated to be applied during the final few weeks before harvest of most fruiting and/or flowering crops.
Ionic PK Boost is a plant nutrient supplement specifically formulated to be applied during the final few weeks before harvest of most fruiting and/or flowering crops. Ionic Boost provides the extra phosphorus and potassium that can lead to bumper yields.
Ionic PK Boost is designed to work with Ionic® Bloom and Ionic®Bloom Hard water, but is also compatible with almost all liquid nutrients of the bloom variety.
Ionic Boost delivers the key mineral elements phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in a pure form that is instantly accessible to the plant. These crucial ingredients are used in abundance by plants in their fruiting or flowering cycle and the extra levels provided by Ionic Boost can lead to larger flowers and much heavier crops.
Ionic PK Boost is also designed to replenish the mineral levels that are usually in short supply in hydroponic reservoirs. Ionic PK Boost restores the missing elements that plants use during the fruiting and flowering cycle and restores an ideal balance in the reservoir for optimum plant performance.
The Ionic line is available in a variety of consumer and commercial sizes.
Hydroponics – Add Ionic® PK Boost at the rate of 1ml per liter or 3/4 teaspoon per gallon to nutrient solution every week during fruiting and/or flowering cycle. Increase to 2ml per liter or 1.5 teaspoons per gallon in the final three weeks prior to harvest.
One quart Ionic® PK Boost dilutes to treat 250 gallons of nutrient solution formulated to increase floral production.


Student loan debt may be cancelled through two programs: forgiveness and discharge. Loan forgiveness is something you must earn through service for a specified number of years in a certain career field, such as the military or teaching. Loan discharge is granted by your lender (the federal government or private lender) under certain circumstances, such as death or total and permanent disability.
*For an in-depth look at federal student loan forgiveness and discharge, visit the Cancelling Repayment section on Edvisors.com.
Unlike federal loans, private student loans do not offer a similar list of potential forgiveness or discharge programs. Some lenders will discharge a student loan if the borrower dies or becomes totally and permanently disabled.
Like federal student loans, private student loans are nearly impossible to discharge through bankruptcy. You would have to prove, during the bankruptcy court proceeding, that repaying your loans would be an "undue hardship." Meeting this standard is exceptionally difficult, and borrowers usually need the assistance of an attorney to do so.
You should check with your Private Refinance Loan lender to find out about their discharge policies before you apply.


Mike is an accomplished multi-instrumentalist providing epic guitar solos and backing vocals. Among many other music related qualifications Mike also holds an honours degree in music and has 20 years experience playing guitar and piano. Mike often has the dance floor joining in with 'air guitar moves' as his masterful displays brings our full range of classic hits alive. Listen to our Mp3's and video on this page see hear for yourselves.
Rob Tilsley is an accomplished bass player, samba percussionist and qualified sound engineer. Among other high quality acts Rob has mix the live sound for acts like Steve Craddock (Ocean Colour Scene/Paul Weller) for the Simple Sounds Festival. He holds an honours Degree in Music and will produce an extremely high quality live sound mix for your event. Customers often comment on the sound quality of our performance as well as the energy, enthusiasm, and technical aspects of our show. We can also provide a disco as well as our live show to entertain your guests all night long.
We provide a first class event with our professional sound system, musical equipment, and our highly polished repertoire that will keep people on the dance floor all night. We aim to create a friendly and warm atmosphere and provide music that all will know and enjoy. We are able to play venues from 50 to 400 in capacity but are also able to meet your particular requirements and specifications.
We are very competitively priced. Prices vary and we can cater to your day, we are able to provide additional services to suit your requirements. You can benefit from a 10% early booking discount so don't hesitate to get in touch and book early to avoid disappointment.
Contact Tony on 07505 135 624 or email the band at ajgwynne1980@gmail.com if you have any questions or require any further information.


Refshaleøen is an island in the harbour of Copenhagen, which was mainly used as a shipyard from 1872 to 1996. The island is going through a rapid change and today it appears as an icon in the Danish history of industry. The island houses a lot of different workplaces, galleries, beach bars and restaurants. Refshaleøen has a very central placement and is easily accessible. It only takes around 15 minutes to reach the versatile island from central Copenhagen by bike.
The municipality of Copenhagen has given the green light for the URBAN RIGGER project to create a floating mini-university city with 72 apartments in the harbour of Copenhagen. The first URBAN RIGGER has 12 apartments and happy students are living onboard today. The next 5 URBAN RIGGERs are expected to be ready by late summer of 2019, and ready for new students to move in.
If you wish to become a co-owner of an URBAN RIGGER, please read more about the project and download the sales project here, contact us on our Contact site.


Newer laminate floors, newer windows, updated cabinetry, updated bathroom enlarged to allow for aide to assist. Family room also has exit door to covered patio. Large 2 car garage with addition that was used as a green house.
The approximate monthly Principal & Interest payment for this property would be $174. This payment is based on a 30-year loan at a fixed rate of 4.12 % with a down payment of $4,000. Actual lender interest rates and loan programs may vary.
© 2019 Salina Board of Realtors.
IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use, and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Data is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed accurate by the MLS.


A Pastor had a kitten that climbed up a tree in his backyard and then was afraid to come down. The pastor coaxed, offered warm milk, etc. The kitty would not come down. The tree was not sturdy enough to climb, so the pastor decided that if he tied a rope to his car and drove away so that the tree bent down, he could then reach up and get the kitten. He did all this, checking his progress in the car frequently, then figured if he went just a little bit further, the tree would be bent sufficiently for him to reach the kitten. But as he moved a little further forward... the rope broke.
She replied, "You won't believe this," and told him how her little girl had been begging her for a cat, but she kept refusing. Then a few days before, the child had begged again, so the Mom finally told her little girl, "Well, if the Lord gives you a cat, I'll let you keep it."
She told the pastor, "I watched my child go out in the yard, get on her knees, and ask Lord for a cat. And really, Pastor, you won't believe this, but I saw it with my own eyes. A kitten suddenly came flying out of the blue sky, with its paws spread out, and landed right in front of her."


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Bobby Bones on Demand
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The Big Ride Home with MikeThe Big Ride Home with Mike
Garth Brooks' 'Fun' Album (Finally) Arrives This Fall
Jesse Grant, Getty Images
Four years after his last solo project, 2016's Gunslinger, Garth Brooks is (finally) releasing an album he's been teasing for years. Fun, the country superstar's 12th studio album, is due out on Nov. 20.
Per a press release, Fun will include 14 songs, including "Dive Bar," Brooks' recent duet with Blake Shelton, and a cover of "Shallow" -- originally sung by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper for their version of A Star Is Born -- featuring Trisha Yearwood, his wife and fellow artist. Also on the album are "All Day Long," a Top 20 single from 2018, and "Stronger Than Me," which Brooks performed at the 2018 CMA Awards and dedicated to Yearwood.
The Amazon Music pre-order page for Fun lists "The Road I'm On," "Courage of Love," "Party Gras (The Mardi Gras Song)" and "That's What Cowboys Do" as additional tracks on the record. Brooks previously shared the latter two songs in May.
Blue Rose, Inc.
"The title of the album was sparked because making it has been such a fun process to go through," Brooks says. "Being able to go in and out of the studio while being on the tour, working with the same guys, it's been amazing."
Also on Nov. 20, Brooks will release a deluxe edition of his Triple Live album. Previously issued as part of his The Legacy Collection box set in 2019, the three-CD live album features recordings from Brooks' 2014-2017 World Tour; the deluxe version will also include tracks from his Stadium Tour, which began in 2019 and is currently paused due to the novel coronavirus pandemic.
Brooks' fans will have six different versions of Triple Live Deluxe to choose from, each with the same songs but featuring a different cover. (It's the same way Brooks released his two-disc Double Live live album in 1998). All versions will include a booklet of photos from the road.
Blue Rose Inc
Fun has been complete since at least July, Brooks previously revealed, during one of his weekly Inside Studio G Facebook Live streams; at the time, he also hinted at Triple Live Deluxe's release. However, the singer added, he was waiting to share the projects so as not to do so "where everybody is hurting."
"The album's ready to go," he explained at the time. "It's just, how do you get out and promote and be happy and jolly while everybody's out there fighting for their lives not only physically, but fighting for their lives financially?"
Both Fun and Triple Live Deluxe are available for pre-order and pre-save now.
The Story of Garth Brooks' New Song "We Belong to Each Other"
Source: Garth Brooks' 'Fun' Album (Finally) Arrives This Fall


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SEC, CFTC Charge Bitcoin Futures Firm 1Broker With Securities Law Violations
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) are suing an international securities dealer for allegedly violating federal law through a bitcoin-based security swap scheme.
The SEC announced in a press release that it filed charges against 1pool Ltd., also known as 1Broker, as well as CEO Patrick Brunner for selling security-based swaps to U.S. and international investors without following proper "discretionary investment thresholds." Notably, investors could only purchase these swaps with bitcoin, according to the claims.
The SEC is further claiming that 1Broker was not registered a "security-based swaps dealer" and "failed to transact its security-based swaps on a registered national exchange," according to the release.
It added:
"The SEC alleges that a Special Agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, acting in an undercover capacity, successfully purchased several security-based swaps on 1Broker's platform from the U.S. despite not meeting the discretionary investment thresholds required by the federal securities laws."
Shamoil Shipchandler, director of the SEC's Fort Worth regional office, said in a statement that "the SEC protects U.S. investors across a variety of platforms, regardless of the type of currency used in their transactions … International companies that transact with U.S. investors cannot circumvent compliance with the federal securities laws by using cryptocurrency."
The regulator is looking for a permanent injunction against Brunner and 1pool, along with penalties and "disgorgement plus interest."
In addition, the CFTC filed charges against 1Broker for similarly violating federal laws by failing to implement anti-money laundering and supervisory features.
1Broker did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
RBI Denies Creating Crypto, Blockchain and AI Research Unit
Colombia Crypto Exchange Asks New President for Banking Help


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Q: submiting form using a button outside the form iam not an expert in coding but just a learner
i have created  a dynamic form. when the form is generated, the user is expected to fill and submit
the form details directly to google sheet.
ref https://trickuweb.com/submit-custom-html-form-data-to-google-sheets.php
[enter link description here][1]
[1]: https://trickuweb.com/submit-custom-html-form-data-to-google-sheets.php
this is the html

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<title>my project</title>
<link href="" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

Fill the form below to submit to google sheet

<button id='submit'>FORM SUBMIT</button>

and here is the jquery code
$(document).ready(function(){
var formData =
["Name","Email","Phone"];

function createForm2(){
    $("#share").append('<form name="google-sheet">');
    for(var f=1; f<4; f++){

   $("#share form").append('
'+ f +'<input type="text" placeholder='+ formData[f-1] + '  name=' + formData[f-1] +  '  id=""/>');
   }
   $("#share form").append('
<input type="submit" id="savebutton" value="Save" />');

    const scriptURL = 'https://script.google.com/macros/s/AKfycbwOE4ndEngGXcIerdQ708EUI0O1qdjJ7T2YTpGmzJYe_0VL3m4YlPzt9zrMl8oSewqG-Q/exec'
            const form = document.forms['google-sheet']

            form.addEventListener('submit', e => {
              //e.preventDefault()
              fetch(scriptURL, { method: 'POST', body: new FormData(form)})
                .then(response => alert("Thanks for Contacting us..! We Will Contact You Soon..."))
                //.catch(error => console.error('Error!', error.message))
                .catch(error => alert("An error occured while processing your request"))
            })

        $("#ok").on("click",function(){form.submit(); });
}

});

if i click on the save button inside the form it works fine but if i click on the form submit button the data is not submitted?
help!

A: You can use "form" attribute if you want to submit form using a button outside form
https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_attributes_form.asp
Example:
<form id="Form1" method="POST" action="something.php">
    <input type="text" name="name">
</form>

<input type="submit" form="Form1">


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AWMA Business
Become an AWMA Sponsor
Record a Working Title
Join the AWMA
Scorebook FAQs
AWMA FAQs
FMBB 2020
List of Judges
Guidelines for Judges
Requirements for Judges
Getting a Judge
IPO 3 Club
Notes on IPO Rules
Forms & Docs
Stud Dog Directory
Friday FAQs
IPO is a set of rules that govern a sport called Schutzhund, which originated as a breeding suitability test for the German Shepherd Dog. Originally there were variations in the rules between differing organizations in the US and Europe for this three-phase sport of tracking, obedience, and protection, but recently the rules have been unified and are administered by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). The AWMA believes that the through the use of IPO trials, important aspects of the working quality of the dog can be determined. The sport therefore serves as a mechanism for selecting dogs for breeding as well as for service work.
This is a very challenging sport that evaluates the dog's character and trainability. Not all dogs have the temperament to succeed, and even if they do, countless hours of thoughtful training are needed to prepare the dog for competition. But when it all comes together, there is nothing more exciting than watching the power and poetry of a confident, well trained dog performing on the field with its handler.
IPO titles are attained sequentially, beginning with IPO 1 and progressing through IPO 2 and IPO 3. To attain each title, the dog and handler must pass all three phases with a minimum of 70 out of 100 pts per phase. Tracking is scored on the ability of the dog to precisely follow the footsteps of the track and to indicate articles placed on it. Depending on the title, the tracks vary in length, shape and age. In obedience, the dog must exhibit joy in the work while demonstrating attentiveness to the handler and successfully completing the exercises. Depending on the title, obedience includes on and off lead heeling, sit, down, and/or stand while moving, recall(s), retrieving, jumping, and a long down. During the heeling and long down, shots are fired from a blank pistol to test the dog's sound sensitivity. The third phase is protection. The dog must have courage, self-confidence, and be obedient throughout this phase. There is no place for dogs that are out of control or overly aggressive. The dog must search for the helper, bark when he is found, and leave the helper when called. The dog must only bite the protective sleeve worn by the helper and release the bite when given a command. The manner in which the dog interacts with the helper, including the confidence in which the dog bites the sleeve, is part of the judging. Aggressive dogs and those that lack obedience and control will be failed.
In addition to the IPO titles, there are tracking titles, including the FH, FH 2 and IPO FH. FH tracks are 1200 paces (FH1) to 1800 paces (FH2), have cross-tracks laid by an additional tracklayer, are three hours or more old, and also have more articles that the dog must indicate. For the IPO FH, the dog must pass two FH2 tracks on subsequent days. These advanced tracks truly evaluate the heart, determination and training of the dogs.
[*Photos by Michelle Kutelis]
Donate to the AWMA
Support your team!
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Copyright 2005 - 2017 American Working Malinois Association | All Rights Reserved
Web design Lodestar Graphics | Bozeman Montana


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Tag Archives: Powers of Pain
Favorite Survivor Series Match (Elimination Style) Part One
By GG November 21, 2013 November 22, 2017 Pro Wrestling, WWE
Via WWE.com
With the 2013 version of the Survivor Series approaching, one of the traditional four WWE PPV shows, I tasked the FGB crew to come up with their favorite or most memorable Survivor Series elimination match. We all had a lot of fun with this. So much fun that I had to split it into two parts because of length.
Here's part one: Continue reading
Tagged Bret Hart, British Bulldogs, Conquistadors, Demolition, Diesel, Favorite Survivor Series, Hart Foundation, Jeff Jarrett, Owen Hart, Powers of Pain, Randy Orton, Razor Ramon, Shawn Michaels, Survivor Series 1988, Survivor Series 1994, Survivor Series 2003, Team Austin vs. Team Bischoff, The Bad Guys vs The Teamsters
Wrestlemania V – The Mega Powers Explode
By GG February 20, 2009 April 16, 2017 Pro Wrestling, Review, WWE
It was the night the Mega Powers were about to explode. But to the fans, that night happened at The Main Event which was broadcast on NBC. Hulk Hogan and Randy "Macho Man" Savage were wrestling the Twin Towers of the Big Bossman and Akeem (One Man Gang). Tension had already been building between Hogan and Savage on television as the storyline had been built up for over a year. Ever since Vince McMahon made the decision to put the belt on Savage as Hogan's replacement champion, he had a blueprint on how Hogan was going to get the belt back. And it involved the lovely Elizabeth. At The Main Event, Savage was whipped towards the outside of the ring and plowed into the Elizabeth. Elizabeth was "knocked unconscious" and with Savage out of his wits from being thrown to the outside, Hogan had to save her. He picked her up and took her to the back, leaving Savage to fight on his own. After the match, Savage jumped Hogan from behind with a groggy Elizabeth pleading with the two men to get a long. Hogan couldn't believe Savage was jealous and Savage couldn't believe Hogan couldn't believe Savage was jealous. The build up towards this match was excellent. It started the prior summer.
At the very first SummerSlam in 1988, the tease to the breakup first started. Hogan and Savage were in the midst of a bro-mance. They had a goofy handshake and were called the Mega Powers, which was supposedly a name to make fun of the Super Powers, who were Dusty Rhodes and Nikita Koloff. The Mega Powers were to face Andre The Giant and Ted DiBiase. Jesse "The Body" Ventura was the designated special guest referee. And Hogan promised that Elizabeth was going to wear an itsy bitsy teeny weeny bikini. Randy Savage probably put the kibosh on it and as a twelve year old boy with a mighty crush on Elizabeth, I was disappointed. Elizabeth did wear a bikini bottom at least and helped the Mega Powers win the match, and the tease started. As they won, Hogan hoisted up Elizabeth on his shoulder to celebrate, and Savage gave him one slightly disgusted look before they went off air. That's all it took. You knew right then and there, it was going to happen. And you knew it was going to happen at Wrestlemania. So the big question was that if you already know what is going to happen, why watch it? I don't think movie plot lines are all that hard to figure out. I don't think sitcom plot lines are all that hard to figure out. Same here. They just lead to a logical path. And if they are done well, it doesn't matter if you know what is going to happen.
From SummerSlam, to The Main Event, to Wrestlemania, there was a logical story thread that led to their first meeting in at least a couple years. Savage as the heel, had been a fan favorite, and he had some good matches with Ted DiBiase, but when Hogan was ready to come back from his first movie role, the belt had to come back to Hogan. The match itself was anticlimactic, but the buildup was still great. Savage was the ultimate jealous heel and he let Elizabeth know that she was his woman. Elizabeth played the damsel in despair role and she did it well. She understood her role perfectly and had great facials. And while Hogan couldn't understand how Savage could be upset, the storyline arc was completed. You were lead to believe that whoever won would get Elizabeth. It didn't exactly happen that way, but that's what you were lead to believe.
Tagged Akeem, Andre The Giant, Arn Anderson, Big Bossman, Blue Blazer, Brainbusters, Brother Love, Demoltion, Elizabeth, Hulk Hogan, Jake Roberts, Mega Powers, Morton Downey Jr., Mr. Fuji, Mr. Perfect, Owen Hart, Powers of Pain, Randy Savage, Rick Rude, Roddy Piper, Run DMC, Strike Force, Summerslam, Ted DiBiase, Tully Blanchard, Ultimate Warrior, Wrestlemania, Wrestlemania V


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9 March, 2015 Road Race
The Worrall Review: Sergiu`s Drive for Five
Alan Worrall reports from Ballycotton: In 2013 the great Kilkenny hurling team fell at the final hurdle to a youthful Clare team in their quest to win 5 all Ireland Hurling titles in a row. In Ballycotton today the drive for 5 was achieved by the one man show Sergiu Ciobanu. Since 2011 Sergiu has owned the title of the king of the roads in Ballycotton and rightly so. Without doubt the Ballycotton 10 is one of the greatest of races on the domestic running scene in Ireland.
These 5 titles in a row were achieved in near perfect running conditions under rare sunshine for this time of the year. Sergiu absolutely blitzed the entire field with superb front running over a testing course. He is now up there went some of the greats of the Irish running who have won this great race. On this performance everything augers well for Sergiu's next big challenge a Spring Marathon in April. Leading on we all hope and pray to a place on the Marathon starting line up in Rio 2016 for the great man in the black and amber.
The best advice when running the Ballycotton 10 any year is get there early. Heeding this advice I arrived in Ballycotton at 10:45a.m. Even though the race was not due to commence till 13:30hrs. The planning and mobilisation of the race is brilliant and one must consider that it is all voluntary. What started out as a small race of 31 competitors in 1978 now boosts and entry of over 3,500 competitors?
This year alone the entry places were booked up with in hours of opening such is the appeal of the race. This is a fine tribute to "Mr Ballycotton" John Walshe and the organizing committee. The village on the morning of the race is a Mecca for runners. It's all there, the marquee where you can change and get a well deserved massage from the onsite physios. There is the official merchandise of the race where you can get the much sought after tee-shirt with the logo of the race. Plus JohnBuckley Sports, will kit you out in the latest running gear. .To the race itself. We all lined up at the start of the race waiting in anticipation for the gun to go. At 13:30 hrs the echoes of the song the Ballycotton 10 could be heard from the tannoy. "Well were all hear again for the Ballycotton 10".
The first two miles are down hill so you need to pace yourself as we have to run these last two miles on the way back. The course is shaped like a spoon and is run on country roads which have a number of cross roads and T-junction's where the supporters watch the race. The crowds at these positions are quite large and the noise and atmosphere is brilliant, very like a big city marathon atmosphere. We run past the world famous Ballymaloe House. At 8 miles is the dreaded return to the village via the hill which we ran down earlier. I dig deep and push on to the left is the Grotto. No time to say a prayer and there's the finish I cross the line in 68 mins 38 secs. 2 weeks lost with an injured foot plus my final semester for my MSc has pushed my running into the proverbial pits, roll on June.
On crossing the line if you are in the first 100 you get the famous top 100 T-shirt. On the way up the hill to collect your running gear each competitor is given the famous Ballycotton mug.
Finally it is back to the car and the long drive home. Just to finish well done to the other Clonliffe Harriers who ran today along with Sergiu.
Our numbers participating have dwindled since from the highs of a few years ago when the black and amber was well represented. So maybe next year we as a club might get a large group to travel. In the case of Dublin Clubs, Raheny Shamrocks had a big number along with Donore and DSD plus I spotted some Tallaght A.C vests.
To finish up" a Classic race at a Classic distance" as the Ballycotton 10 motto goes.
Here's to 2016. Did anyone mention the drive for 6, if Carlsberg did dreams??? – Alan Worrall
Fast legs from Clonliffe duo in Euro Indoor Relay
BHAA: Joyce O`Hare 3rd at ALSAA


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CAMILLE ACKER
Training School for Negro Girls
Copyright © 2018; All rights reserved.
"The life experience of Acker's Washingtonian women is broad: teachers, T.S.A. employees, college applicants, the young and the elderly — but they all share a shrewd understanding of the narrow perceptions they face as black women. When underestimated they're often fiercely, beautifully unyielding. "
In her debut short story collection, Camille Acker unleashes the irony and tragic comedy of respectability onto a wide-ranging cast of characters, all of whom call Washington, DC, home. A "woke" millennial tries to fight gentrification, only to learn she's part of the problem; a grade school teacher dreams of a better DC, only to take out her frustrations on her students; and a young piano player wins a competition, only to learn the prize is worthless.
Ultimately, they are confronted with the fact that respectability does not equal freedom. Instead, they must learn to trust their own conflicted judgment and fight to create their own sense of space and self.
Purchase the book


Spent the night at a sweet campfire outside of Mt. Robson Provincial Park and got to hang out with a great family from Washington. In the morning I was packed up early and heading into Jasper National Park. Check it out, there is so much ahead!
Next Friends You Meet Along the Way..


The Perfect Trio Set is a curated collection of our Heather Gray and Dusty Pink Feather Hijabs with our Signature Rose Oud perfume. Our fabric is made up of Rayon and Polyester that come together to create the perfect fabric blend. The fabric is breathable, durable, and best of all luxuriously soft. These hijabs feature custom made feathers that are thick and luscious along two edges of the scarf.
Our Signature Rose Oud fragrance is made using rose, oud, sandalwood, cinnamon, and raspberries. The result is an unforgettable scent that will linger throughout the day.
So go ahead, treat yourself to the best products yet, give this Boxed Set as a gift, or add on to your Framed People collection!


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Medaile Za mateřství (: Медал за майчинство) bylo vyznamenání Bulharské lidové republiky založené roku 1950. Udílení tohoto vyznamenání mělo v zemi podpořit natalitu.

Historie a pravidla udílení
Medaile byla založena 13. prosince 1950 společně s Medailí za bojové zásluhy a Medailí Za vynikající práci výnosem prezidia Národního shromáždění č. 649. Jejím prototypem byla pravděpodobně sovětská Medaile mateřství založená roku 1944. Obě medaile se podobaly svým vzhledem i statutem. Medaile byla původně udílena ve dvou třídách. V roce 1966 byla reformována. Byl změněn vzhled medaile a nadále zůstala zachována pouze jediná třída. Medaile byly raženy ve státní mincovně v Sofii. Naposledy byl řád udělen 31. prosince 1989.

Po pádu komunistického režimu byla medaile zrušena.

Třídy
Medaile byla od svého založení v roce 1950 udílen ve dvou třídách. I. třída byla původně udílena za výchovu čtyř dětí a II. třída za výchovu tří dětí. V roce 1966 byla II. třída medaile zrušena. I. třída byla od té doby udílena za výchovu tří a více dětí.

 I. třída
 II. třída

Insignie
Medaile I. třídy byly vyrobeny ze žlutého kovu, medaile II. třídy z bílého kovu. Na přední straně byla vyobrazena žena v roli matky a dvě děti. Nad nimi byl portrét Georgiho Dimitrova. Na zadní straně byl nápis v cyrilici Медал за майчинство (medaile za mateřství).

Medaile I. třídy se nosily na kovové destičce s barevně smaltovanou bulharskou vlajkou. Medaile II. třídy se nosily na stuze světle modré barvy.

Odkazy

Reference

Související články
 Matka hrdinka (Bulharsko)
 Řád Matka-hrdinka
 Řád Mateřská sláva

Bulharská státní vyznamenání
Ocenění založená roku 1950

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Five architecture and design events in January from Dezeen Events Guide
Egypt's only design film festival and consumer electronics trade show CES, which features a talk about non-fungible tokens with Paris Hilton, are among the architecture and design events featured in Dezeen Events Guide this month.
Other events taking place in December include Oslo Design Fair as well as two major international exhibitions on British architects Peter Cook and Norman Foster.
Read on for details of our five highlights from January and see Dezeen Events Guide for more architecture and design events around the world.
Top image: The White Hell is showing at Egypt's Film My Design festival. Above: Foster + Partners' retrospective in China includes projects such as the Bund Finance Centre
Urban Visions: Sustainable Communities
Until 18 February, China
Shanghai's Xintai Warehouse hosts a retrospective charting more than five decades of work from Foster + Partners, including international as well as local projects such as the Bund Finance Centre.
The exhibition collates models, videos and photographs to illustrate the firm's approach to sustainability, which span a variety of scales from industrial design projects to entire city masterplans.
Consumer Electronics Show (CES)
5 to 8 January, USA
The most important technology trade show in the world is taking place in person this year for the first time since the start of the coronavirus pandemic.
Transport is set to be a major focus, with General Motors CEO Mary Barra delivering the event's opening keynote while US transportation secretary Pete Buttigieg will speak on the industry's efforts to decarbonise.
Meanwhile, a new programme dedicated to the rise of the "digital asset industry" will include exhibitions of virtual artworks backed by non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and a panel talk featuring "OG Crypto Queen" Paris Hilton.
The City Landscapes exhibition in Denmark looks at Archigram's idea of the Instant City
Peter Cook – City Landscapes
21 January to 8 May, Denmark
The Louisiana Museum of Modern Art near Copenhagen is hosting an exhibition of drawings and collages by Archigram founder Peter Cook, charting his contributions to the architectural discourse since the beginning of his career in the 1960s.
The show will explore some of Archigram's seminal concepts such as the Instant City, which can be set up overnight, and the Plug-In City made of prefabricated capsule homes.
Oslo Design Fair 2022
26 to 28 January, Norway
The 2022 edition of Oslo Design Fair is set to go ahead at the Norges Varemesse conference centre in Lillestrøm, about half an hour east of Oslo.
The show features design products from around the world with halls dedicated to interior design, craft and fashion, food, and home and garden design.
The Film My Design festival will show Andrey Paounov's film Walking on Water about Christo
Film My Design
27 to 30 January, Egypt
More than 30 screenings, talks and Q&As are scheduled to take place as part of the Film My Design festival in Cairo, which according to the organisers is the "first and only design film festival" in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.
One section of the programme will focus on local stories, including four newly commissioned collaborations between emerging Egyptian filmmakers and designers, as well as the award-winning short The White Hell, documenting the working conditions in the limestone quarries of El Minya.
Another section, called Design Across Borders, will showcase a curated selection of design films from across the world including a tribute to Dieter Rams and a behind-the-scenes of Christo's artwork Floating Piers.
About Dezeen Events Guide
Dezeen Events Guide is our guide to the best architecture and design events taking place across the world each year.
The guide is updated weekly and includes virtual events, conferences, trade fairs, major exhibitions and design weeks, as well as up-to-date information about what events have been cancelled or postponed due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.
Inclusion in the guide is free for basic listings, with events selected at Dezeen's discretion. Organisers can get enhanced or premium listings for their events, including images, additional text and links, by paying a modest fee.
In addition, events can ensure inclusion by partnering with Dezeen. For more details on inclusion in Dezeen Events Guide and media partnerships with Dezeen, email [email protected].
The post Five architecture and design events in January from Dezeen Events Guide appeared first on Dezeen.
The biggest architecture and design stories of 2021


Park's Screw-Type Chain Tool is the ideal shop tool for easy and reliable chain maintenance and repair. The sliding shelf makes it compatible with 1/8th-inch chains and all 3/32nd-inch chains, from 5- to 11-speed. It's made from investment-cast tool steel and has long vinyl-coated handles and fine threading for easy chain pin removal. It also includes a stiff-link loosener and comes with an extra pin.


TEG Live proudly present Royal Wedding Gospel Choir, The Kingdom Choir, for their inaugural New Zealand tour in August 2019, with tickets to go on sale 12pm Friday 26 October through Ticketek.
The Kingdom Choir will play Auckland's Vodafone Events Centre on Saturday 10 August 2019 and Christchurch Town Hall on Sunday 11 August 2019.
Following their show-stopping performance of 'Stand By Me' at the Royal Wedding, in front of nearly 2 billion people, The Kingdom Choir have attracted worldwide acclaim and will perform at the Closing Ceremony of the Invictus Games Sydney on 27 October.
Their performance at the Closing Ceremony coincides with the worldwide release of their highly anticipated album on Friday 26 October through Sony.
The album includes 'Stand By Me' as well as a cross section of classic and contemporary vocal driven hits including 'Halo' (Beyoncé), 'Fix You' (Coldplay), 'All Of Me' (John Legend), as well as 'Blinded By Your Grace Part 2' (Stormzy).


This post explains how to add hyperlinks to text,how to make hyperlinks open in new window.
If you don't know what hyperlinks means?Hyperlink means a link which when clicked go to another section of document or webpage,etc.
As you can observe the above links,when clicked go to another page.
Anyone don't want their visitors to go away from their site.So,placing links which open in new window is very useful and very good thing to do.
As you can observe,we added the attribute "target......blank" to make this happen.
Not in this case, add that attribute to any link(image or text) to make them open in new window.
If you want to know how to add hyperlinks(html codes) to IMAGES, please refer this.
your blog,on the left sidebar, at the bottom, has "link to us".
i'd like to have the same page element, but everytime i paste my button code,it turns to a picture on a blog,and it should be a code-just like you have it-so other blogger can copy & paste it.
how to make it work??
I tried adding a hyperlink to an email. (The way you said to do it) and it did not work. What is wrong?
Please email me at: ruphotography[at]gmail.com and tell me what I did wrong.
I want to add iframe for my link code same as your page to the right "Link to us" How to do it? Would be very appreciate if you answer.
hi Patt, simply write your code,text,etc between the 'textarea' tags.
When I use this on the Charcoal2 it will not work. I get errors in the XML....HELP!
Nice and very useful site.Keep publishing more and more post like this.Thanks.
Hey, help me. How do u align cbox on the sidebar? My cbox will be disarray whenever ppl click on my link.
Thks a lot for this beautiful trick.
Don't forget to visit my site.
i have a question..how do u make those navigation buttons at the top of a blog page?
like your 'templates', 'css code' etc buttons?
i wanna use minima dark template but with additional navigation buttons.
Really great article. it works.
I have images of books and I want to be able to have a link under the image to send they to where they can buy the books. I used to be able to do this with Yahoo but cant seem to do it any more. I know there is a way with HTML code but I don't know what it is. I am still learning.
option in my blog i had searched my sites but i didnot any idea so can u pls tell how to add that button to my blog in main page because i dont like to disply lengthy articles in a single page so i need ur help even i downloaded that templet having that option & uploaded to my blog but it cannot show on my blog. pls pls pls help me frnd.u also used option in ur blog.
I wanna ask how to make "search" gadget at header?
How to make search gadget at header?
Hello Kranti, your blog is amazing. Its form your site that I learnt to author a blog.
thank u for replying now i had add "READ MORE" option to my blog www.hacking2all.blogspot.com.
im using the different templates on my blog.
i cant find any comment links on my new skins.
how am i going to put the links so that all my readers can drop some comments?
hi, i'm interested to make an iframe like what you did for "Link to us" but i don't know how.
Problem is i have created link which will open page in new window (as u posted), but when we click on it blogger giving error that- sorry,your page does not found/ exit.
I visited your blog.. You are adding the code in the wrong way..
Solution sent to your email..


The following Cipro Oedema Peripheral side effect reports were submitted by healthcare professionals and consumers.
which developed after the beginning of treatment. This side effect report can indicate a possible existence of increased vulnerability to Ciprofloxacin treatment in female patients suffering from arthropod bite, resulting in Oedema Peripheral.
. Concurrently used drugs: NA. This finding indicates that some patients can be more vulnerable to developing Ciprofloxacin side effects, such as Oedema Peripheral.
A patient from SG was prescribed and started Ciprofloxacin on Sep 06, 2013. Patient felt the following Cipro side effects: oedema peripheral Additional patient health information: male , 70 years of age, The consumer reported the following symptoms: . Ciprofloxacin dosage: NA. Concurrently used drugs: NA.
Drugs used concurrently:NA. Although Ciprofloxacin demonstrated significant improvements in a number of clinically relevant cases, troublesome symptoms, such as Oedema Peripheral, may still occur.
This opens a possibility that Ciprofloxacin (ciprofloxacin) could cause Oedema Peripheral and that some female patients may be more susceptible.
and was treated with Ciprofloxacin. Directly after treatment started, patient experienced the unwanted or unexpected Cipro side effects: hypersensitivity vasculitis, oedema peripheral, petechiae. Ciprofloxacin dosage: 500 Mg, 2x/day.
The patient was hospitalized. These side effects may potentially be related to Ciprofloxacin.
which developed after the beginning of treatment. The patient was hospitalized. This side effect report can indicate a possible existence of increased vulnerability to Cipro treatment in female patients suffering from urinary tract infection,ankylosing spondylitis,colitis ulcerative,hypertension, resulting in Oedema Peripheral.
. Concurrently used drugs: NA.The patient was hospitalized. This finding indicates that some patients can be more vulnerable to developing Cipro side effects, such as Oedema Peripheral.
A female patient from US was prescribed and started Ciprofloxacin on Dec 28, 2012. After Cipro was administered, patient encountered several Cipro side effects: tendon disorder, contusion, oedema peripheral Additional patient health information: Female , weighting 130.0 lb, The consumer reported the following symptoms: . Ciprofloxacin dosage: NA. Concurrently used drugs: NA.
The patient was hospitalized. Although all drugs are carefully tested before they are licensed for use, they carry potential side effect risks. Some side effects, such as Oedema Peripheral, may become evident only after a product is in use by the general population.
This opens a possibility that Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride could cause Oedema Peripheral and that some patients may be more susceptible.
and was treated with Cipro. Patient felt the following Cipro side effects: tendon rupture, pain in extremity, oedema peripheral, joint swelling, arthralgia, burning sensation, paraesthesia. Cipro dosage: 500 Mg, Bid. These side effects may potentially be related to Cipro.
My 3 year old just got his 2nd set of tubes. First 2 days with Ciprodex, no problem. Today, every time I put them in it took 2 adults holding him down as he screamed in total pain. What is wrong? I may stop giving them, can't call the Dr until Monday.
I'm an adult who was prescribed this for ear problems. The pain was intense. I can't imagine putting it in a child's ear. I might note - I had no pain prior to using Ciprodex and none when I quit using it. You're right to check back with the Dr.
THE FIRST TIME I WAS ON CIPRO I LOST USE OF MY HANDS AND ARMS FOR A PERIOD OF ABOUT A WEEK...THAT WENT AWAY..HAD NO IDEA THIS WAS FROM CIPRO..THOUGHT IT WAS FROM MY SURGERY...THEN I WAS PUT ON IT AGAIN AND THIS TIME I LOST THE USE OF THE UPPER PART OF MY INDEX FINGER..AND HAD TERRIBLE PAIN IN MY ARMS...THE DOCTORS SAID BE THANKFUL IT IS ONLY ONE FINGER, BUT FROM THE LOSS OF THAT ONE PART OF MY FINGER THERE IS ALOT I CAN'T DO WITH THAT HAND...NOW NO MORE OF THAT TYPE OF ANTIBIOTIC.
Well, It all started 3 days into the 7 day script. I was shopping at a grocery store heading towards the checkout line. The room started spinning and my knees felt as though they were going to give. I thought that I was going to pass out! My doctors says that this medicine is making me dehydrated, not to mention that I had started to have runny bowl movements. For the next 5 days, it was horrible.... Nausea and light headed... I was on Ciprofloxacin 500mg 2X day. Becareful when taking this med.
I am going to take this medicine CIPROBAY 500 and try to advoice for me . My issue is one infected wound on my right leg. I am having the penicillin reaction. So I can't use medicine from the penicillin group.
I developed pacreatitis and an inflammned liver, vomiting and was in intensive care for four days.


text:
Uppinakudru o la "Isla de Sal", es el nombre de un isla en el río Gangavali que se encuentra 6 km hacia el norte del distrito Kundapura Udupi, en el estado de Karnataka, en la India. Es una isla con una pequeña aldea, una vez famosa por el comercio de sal (uppu) y también por los mariscos (recolección de conchas marinas en aguas estancadas).

Fue aislada de tierra firme de Kundapura y utilizada en el importante transporte que se realizaba solo a través de los barcos. Durante el régimen del Sultán Tippu, la isla Uppinakudru fue un punto fundamental para el almacenamiento de armas. Fue también un destino en la ruta del mar Arábigo hacia Basrur que era un importante centro de comercio hasta el siglo XIX. Los cocoteros se encontraban alrededor de la isla y literalmente la escondían de los piratas, siendo útil hasta el siglo XX al ser este una pueblo que estaba cerca de una ruta de comercio marítimo importante. Los buques destinados a Basrur, (en ese entonces un importante centro de negocios, ahora un pueblo menor) debían pasar por Uppinakudru.

Véase también
 Geografía de India
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de la Isla en Wikimapia

Archipiélagos e islas de Karnataka
Islas fluviales de India


text:
Agriculture and Climate Change
Agriculture is an essential component of societal well-being and it occupies 40 percent of the land surface, consumes 70 percent of global water resources and manages biodiversity at genetic, species and ecosystem levels. At every point of production, agriculture influences and is influenced by ecosystems, biodiversity, climate and the economy, including energy trade. Modern agriculture is a fossil fuel energy-intensive industry and its development is tightly linked to energy factors.
While the successes in agriculture production over the last half decade are heralded, the inequitable benefits and unsustainable impacts on natural resources are becoming more evident.
Undoubtedly, the acceleration of environmental degradation and climate change has direct effects on agricultural productivity and food security.
There is no global challenge facing humanity that is more important than managing the earth's environment to assure that it can sustain life in all its forms. The ecological balance on which current and future generations depend can only be preserved through food chains that balance energy and nutrient flows. The challenge is to balance the competing demands of different users of the same resources and of managing the resources to optimise the benefits to be derived on a sustainable basis.
Over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in human history. Between 1960 and 2000, the demand for ecosystem services grew significantly as the world population doubled to 6 billion people and the global economy increased more than six fold. To meet these growing demands, food production increased by roughly two-and-a half times, water use doubled, wood harvests for pulp and paper production tripled and timber production increased by more than half.
Approximately 60 percent of our ecosystems are being degraded or used unsustainably, including: capture fisheries, water supply, waste treatment and detoxification, water purification, natural hazard protection, regulation of air quality, regulation of regional and local climate, regulation of erosion and aesthetic enjoyment. Degradation of ecosystems is likely to grow significantly worse over this century.
A series of recent assessments have indicated that the target of the World Food Summit to reduce the number of food insecure persons is not being met and that, despite the signing of major environmental agreements, carbon emissions continue to rise, species extinction is continuing anddesertification continues to be of great concern in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas.
With an increasing global population and overall purchasing power, more food calories are required while the availability of the necessary biotic and abiotic (nonliving) production factors is shrinking: land is being converted to non-food production systems, water resources are scarcer, and climate change plus shrinking biodiversity are threatening the viability of farming in various settings.
Today it is clear that there is no choice but to produce more with less, while deploying every effort to minimize production factors' risks. This means that environmental sustainability in agriculture is no longer an option but an imperative.
In the future, climate change is expected to accelerate many pressures on the wild environment, as long-established production systems become destabilised and abiotic stress (such as water shortages, salinity, aridity and heat) are increased, always in the light of a growing demand for food. Furthermore, the expected increase of biofuel and bioplastic feedstock monoculture production may lead to increased rates of genetic erosion. These changes pose great challenges because biodiversity is the raw material that breeders use to create the new crop varieties that will be needed to safeguard biodiversity for food and agriculture for future generations as well as maintaining a broad gene pool, which ensures ecosystem resilience.
Using the results from formal economic models, the Stern Review estimates that in the absence of an effective counteraction, the overall costs and risks of climate change will be equivalent to losing at least 5 percent of global GDP each year. If a wider range of risks and impacts is taken into account, the estimates of damage could rise to 20 percent of GDP or more, with a disproportionate burden and increased risk of famine on the poorest countries. The costs of extreme weather events, including floods, droughtsand storms are already rising, including for developed countries. Without action, millions of people could become refugees as their homes and lands are hit by drought or flood.
Climatic factors like solar energy and water are essential to agricultural production as they constitute major environmental resources. World agriculture and forestry practices (e.g. conversion of wetlands to agriculture, deforestation, rice paddies, cattle feedlots, fertiliser use) today contribute about 25 percent to the emissions of greenhouse gases reduce carbon sinks and change hydrological cycles, thus exacerbating climate change effects. In turn, the increasing frequency of storms, drought and flooding has implications on the viability of agro-ecosystems and global food availability.
Agriculture and forestry can be part of the solution by contributing to climate change mitigation, through carbon conservation, sequestration and substitution, and establishing ecologically designed agricultural systems that can buffer extreme events. Through carbon sequestration, agriculture and forestry can also contribute to implementing the Kyoto Protocol.
Agriculture and Bioenergy
Energy markets have always influenced agricultural markets through the input side, as low or high energy prices affect the cost of fertilisers, pesticides and diesel. Relatively high petroleum prices in recent years and policy changes mandating increased use of liquid biofuels have made a number of agricultural products competitive sources of energy. It has stimulated investment in bioenergy, and has a direct impact on agricultural output prices, including those of several basic food commodities.
The increasingly strong link of agriculture to the quasi indefinite demand for energy is already resulting in price increases for agricultural commodities, namely sugar. Since 2004, oil and sugar prices have been moving up in tandem. As some countries started to shift out of sugar and into ethanol, thus reducing sugar exports during a period of deficit global supplies, sugar prices went up on the world market, enticing farmers in other countries to increase production of sugar (in substitution to other crops), thus causing an increase in prices in other crops as well.
Climate change issues are tightly linked with energy policies. There is an urgent need to assess the feasibility of selected bioenergy systems based on countries' needs and resource endowments, to ensure food security is not compromised by fuel demands.
Global Action Is Required
There is a need to anticipate likely future changes and begin to shift production practices. (for example conservation tillage)
To be effective, planning that foresees major adjustments in agricultural production, for bio fuel and bio plastic feed stocks, must evaluate all consequences at global level, including phytosanitary risks such as pest introductions and invasive species propagation, as well as changing uses of genetic resources and synthetic agricultural inputs.
Policy makers, planners, researchers and operators must consider the larger energy economy that is now tied closely to agriculture. Energy efficiency of the total system, despite rapidly shifting prices, is an important goal. Farmers should be helped to adjust to changes on a short-term basis. On the longer term horizon, adaptation to climate change means rapid evolution of all agricultural and agro ecological options, technologies and decision tools.
(Material on this page is draws heavily on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Committee for Agriculture, April 2007 ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/011/j9420e.pdf)
BIOPLASTICS: Instead of petroleum, bio renewable materials such as starch from corn or whey from cheese-making can be used to make plastics. Industry uses microbes or their enzymes to convert biomass to feed stocks — building blocks for biodegradable plastics, industrial solvents and specialty lubricants.
PHYTOSANITARY: the spread of pests and diseases amongst plants and animals.
AGROECOLOGY: is the science of sustainable agriculture; the methods of agroecology have as their goal achieving sustainability of agricultural systems balanced in all spheres. This includes the socio-economic and the ecological or environmental.
ABIOTIC: Nonliving, The abiotic factors of the environment include light, temperature, and atmospheric gases.