text:
Setting the stage for chronic health problems: cumulative childhood adversity among homeless adults with mental illness in Vancouver, British Columbia
Michelle L Patterson1,
Akm Moniruzzaman1 &
Julian M Somers1
BMC Public Health volume 14, Article number: 350 (2014) Cite this article
It is well documented that childhood abuse, neglect and household dysfunction are disproportionately present in the backgrounds of homeless adults, and that these experiences adversely impact child development and a wide range of adult outcomes. However, few studies have examined the cumulative impact of adverse childhood experiences on homeless adults with mental illness. This study examines adverse events in childhood as predictors of duration of homelessness, psychiatric and substance use disorders, and physical health in a sample of homeless adults with mental illness.
This study was conducted using baseline data from a randomized controlled trial in Vancouver, British Columbia for participants who completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) scale at 18 months follow-up (n = 364). Primary outcomes included current mental disorders; substance use including type, frequency and severity; physical health; duration of homelessness; and vocational functioning.
In multivariable regression models, ACE total score independently predicted a range of mental health, physical health, and substance use problems, and marginally predicted duration of homelessness.
Adverse childhood experiences are overrepresented among homeless adults with complex comorbidities and chronic homelessness. Our findings are consistent with a growing body of literature indicating that childhood traumas are potent risk factors for a number of adult health and psychiatric problems, particularly substance use problems. Results are discussed in the context of cumulative adversity and self-trauma theory.
Trials registration
This trial has been registered with the International Standard Randomized Control Trial Number Register and assigned ISRCTN42520374.
Research into the causes of homelessness suggests complex interactions between structural and individual factors, both of which are often present long before the onset of first homelessness [1, 2]. The childhoods of homeless adults are disproportionately characterized by persistent poverty, residential mobility, school problems, and other stressful and/or traumatic experiences [3–5] particularly among homeless individuals with mental illness [2]. In fact, the childhoods of homeless people with mental illness have been described as a "double dose" of disadvantage in the form of poverty as well as violence and family instability [2].
A large body of evidence suggests that adverse childhood experiences, which typically include physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, neglect, dysfunctional family environments, and unstable family structure, are linked to later psychological functioning and may affect multiple domains of health and well-being [6–8]. Moreover, it appears that adverse childhood experiences tend to cluster together [9, 10] and the number of adverse experiences may be more predictive of negative adult outcomes than particular categories of events. Using a sample of adults served by a large health maintenance organization in California, a growing body of research has established a strong dose–response relationship between the number of adverse childhood experiences and poor health outcomes in adulthood including alcohol and drug use, mental health, physical illness, and a variety of risk behaviours [6–8]. However, this sample includes individuals with private health insurance and, therefore, is not generalizable to people with histories of chronic homelessness and mental illness.
Few studies to date have looked at the accumulation of adverse childhood experiences and their effect on the adult lives of individuals who are homeless. Recently, Tsai, Edens and Rosenheck [11] examined the childhood profiles of 738 homeless adults and found three clusters: numerous childhood problems (21%); disrupted family structure (44%); and few childhood problems (35%). Participants with numerous childhood problems were significantly younger when first homeless and engaged in more severe drug use than other participants. Tam, Zlotnick and Robertson [12] examined the long-term effects of adverse childhood experiences on adult substance use, social service use, and employment among 397 homeless adults in Oakland. Adverse childhood experiences were positively correlated with consistent substance use over 15 months of follow-up as well as social service use. Further, consistent substance use was negatively associated with employment and social service use.
No studies to our knowledge have examined the cumulative impact of adverse childhood events on the adult lives of homeless people with mental illness. However, evidence suggests that adults with mental disorders report greater exposure to adverse childhood experiences compared to the general population [13] and that exposure may be related to symptom severity and course of illness [14, 15]. Furthermore, studies have found that cumulative exposure to adverse childhood events was related to homelessness in the past 6 months among adults with severe mood disorders [14] and with psychotic disorders [15].
How are adverse childhood experiences linked to health risk behaviors and illness in adulthood? Research to date has focused on behaviors such as alcohol or drug use, smoking, or other behaviors that have immediate psychological or pharmacological benefit as coping strategies in the face of consistently high levels of stress [6–8]. However, few studies have examined the use of alcohol and other drugs in detail; for example, what frequency and type of substance use is associated with chains of risk? The current study further examines the relationship between adverse childhood events and a variety of adult health outcomes among a sample of homeless adults with mental illness in Vancouver, British Columbia. More specifically, we aim to explore the relationship between adverse childhood events, substance use disorders (including frequency, severity and type of substance), mental illness, duration of homelessness, and vocational functioning. In identifying early indicators for problematic substance use and/or homelessness, we are posing a larger question about how we might prevent or attenuate a myriad of negative health and social outcomes in adulthood.
The Vancouver At Home Study is a randomized controlled trial involving homeless adults with mental illness in Vancouver, British Columbia. Study design and sample size were determined by the At Home/Chez Soi National Research Team which monitored activities at five different study sites [16]. Details related to the trial protocol such as CONSORT have been reported elsewhere [16, 17]. The current study focuses on baseline data from one study site (Vancouver) prior to randomization and does not incorporate any longitudinal findings.
Eligibility criteria included legal adult status (19 years and older), current mental disorder on the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) [18], and being absolutely homeless or precariously housed. Absolute homelessness was defined as living on the streets or in an emergency shelter for at least the past seven nights with little likelihood of obtaining secure accommodation in the upcoming month. Precariously housed was defined as living in a rooming house, hotel or other transitional housing; in addition, individuals must have experienced at least two episodes of absolute homelessness in the past year, or one episode lasting for at least four weeks in the past year.
Participants were recruited through referral from over 40 agencies available to homeless adults in Vancouver; the majority was recruited from homeless shelters, drop-in centres, homeless outreach teams, hospitals, community mental health teams, and criminal justice programs. We specifically targeted organizations that serve women, youth, aboriginal peoples, and gay/lesbian individuals in order to obtain as diverse and representative a sample as possible. Referral was typically initiated by service providers and a preliminary screening for eligibility (e.g., duration of homelessness, mental health and substance use problems), was conducted via telephone with the referral agent. All participants met face-to-face with a trained research interviewer who explained procedures, obtained informed consent, and confirmed study eligibility. A cash honorarium of $5 was provided to the participant for the screening process. Institutional ethics board approval was obtained through Simon Fraser University and the University of British Columbia.
If the individual met all study criteria, they were enrolled as a participant and the baseline interview commenced, consisting of a series of interviewer-administered questionnaires including socio-demographic characteristics, psychiatric symptoms, substance use, physical health, service use, and quality of life [17]. Participants received a further cash honorarium of $30 upon completion of the baseline interview which typically took 90 minutes to complete. The following analyses are based upon data from the baseline questionnaires of 497 participants recruited from October 2009 to June 2011 and data from the Adverse Childhood Experiences scale [19], which was administered 18 months after baseline.
Variables of interest
Childhood events were assessed 18 months after the baseline interview using the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) scale [19], which consists of 17 questions pertaining to age 18 or younger. The ACE includes three categories of childhood abuse: psychological abuse (2 questions), physical abuse (2 questions), contact sexual abuse (2 questions); and two categories of neglect: emotional (2 questions) and physical (2 questions). In addition, the ACE inquires about four categories of exposure to household dysfunction during childhood: parental separation or divorce (1 question), exposure to substance abuse (1 question), mental illness (1 question), violent treatment of mother or stepmother (3 questions), and incarceration (1 question) in the household. Participants received a positive score for a category if they responded "yes" to one or more of the questions in a particular category, for a maximum score of 10. Response options included Yes, No, Don't know or Decline. Only a response of "yes" was recorded as a positive endorsement of items on the ACE. The response "don't know" was recorded as a negative response and declining to respond was considered as missing data.
With regard to mental disorders, Severe Cluster includes at least one of current Psychosis, Mood Disorder with Psychotic Features, and Hypomanic or Manic Episode, as identified through the MINI or documented physician diagnosis. Less Severe Cluster includes at least one of current Major Depressive Episode, Panic Disorder, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Suicidality, Alcohol Dependence, and Substance Dependence were also identified using the MINI. Frequency and type of substance use over the past month were recorded using the Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP) [20]. Physical illness was assessed by self-report using a checklist of 30 chronic health conditions (lasting longer than six months). Blood-borne infectious disease consisted of positive self-report diagnosis of HIV, Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C. Vocational functioning included two variables: (1) have you ever had a job that lasted for at least one year? (yes/no) and (2) are you currently employed in paid work? (yes/no) Psychometric properties for all measures are provided in previous manuscripts [16, 17].
Comparisons of categorical data between participants who completed or did not complete the ACE were conducted using Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Comparisons of numeric variables (e.g., age at enrolment) between groups were conducted using the Student t test and Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to model the independent associations between ACE total score and a series of a priori outcome variables. Each outcome variable was modeled in both univariate and multivariate settings using ACE total score as an independent risk factor. Outcome variables that were significant at the p ≤ 0.10 level were considered for the multivariable logistic regression analyses using the same set of controlling variables (age at enrolment, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, and level of need) chosen based on previous literature [7, 8, 11, 12]. Both unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported as effect sizes and all p-values are two-sided. SPSS-21 was used to conduct these analyses. Missing values ranging from zero to 2% for all outcome and controlling variables in the regression analysis were excluded.
In total, 497 participants completed the baseline questionnaire. Of the total sample, 413 participants (83%) were located for the 18 month follow-up interview and 364 of these participants (88%) provided a valid response on all ACE items. Declined items ranged from 9.2% (physical abuse) to 10.9% (maternal violence) and "don't know" responses ranged from 2.2% (psychological and physical abuse) to 9.7% (household mental illness). Table 1 presents the baseline characteristics for the full baseline sample (n = 497) and for participants who completed the ACE (n = 364). At baseline, the majority of participants who responded to the ACE was male (71%) and White (55%); the mean age at enrollment was 41.0 (SD = 10.6) years; and the mean age when first homeless was 29.0 (SD = 13.1) years. The median duration of lifetime homelessness was 36 months (IQR: 12–84 months). Compared to the baseline sample, participants who completed the ACE were more likely to be categorized as "moderate" than "high" needs (p ≤ 0.05), based on an algorithm that considered type of mental disorder, history of psychiatric hospitalization, substance dependence and/or criminal justice involvement, and community functioning [17]. Otherwise, there were no significant differences at baseline between the full sample and participants who completed the ACE.
Table 1 Socio-demographic, mental disorder, and substance use-related characteristics for Vancouver At Home study participants (n = 497)
The proportion of positive responses for the ten categories included in the ACE ranged from 20% for a household member being incarcerated to 54% for psychological abuse (often experiencing an adult in the household swear, insult or humiliate the participant, or act in a way that made the participant afraid that they might be physically hurt; see Table 2). Only 12% of participants did not endorse any of the ACE items and 42% positively endorsed five or more items. The mean ACE total score was 3.9 (SD = 2.8) (see Table 2).
Table 2 Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) among Vancouver At Home study participants
Bivariate comparisons by ACE total score are summarized in Table 3. Participants with higher ACE scores were significantly more likely to share certain socio-demographic characteristics (i.e., Aboriginal ethnicity, incomplete high school, having children under age 18), and were significantly more likely to report a number of negative health outcomes related to physical health (i.e., blood-born infectious diseases, rating overall health as "poor"), mental health (i.e., less severe cluster of mental disorders, multiple mental disorders) and substance use (i.e., alcohol and/or substance dependence, early initiation of alcohol and/or drug use, daily alcohol and/or drug use).
Table 3 ACE total score by socio-demographic, physical health, mental disorder and substance use variables (n = 364)
Unadjusted (UOR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% CI for variables included in the univariate and multivariable analyses are presented in Table 4. Results from the multivariable logistic regression analyses indicate that ACE total score independently predicted meeting criteria for the less severe cluster of mental disorder(s) (AOR: 1.13), Alcohol Dependence (AOR: 1.11), Substance Dependence (AOR: 1.09), high risk of suicidality (AOR: 1.11), and two or more mental disorders (AOR: 1.15); positive self-report of infectious disease (AOR: 1.09), three or more chronic physical illnesses (AOR: 1.15), and "poor" overall health (AOR: 1.12); early initiation (prior to age 14 years) of alcohol (AOR: 1.17) and/or drugs (AOR: 1.20), current daily substance use (AOR: 1.10), daily drug use (AOR: 1.14), and daily marijuana use (AOR: 1.16). Further, a significant positive trend was observed between ACE total score and a longest single episode of homelessness of one year or more (AOR: 1.07) and past month use of three or more substances (AOR: 1.07).
Table 4 Logistic regression analysis for socio-demographic, mental illness, and substance use-related outcomes based on ACE total score (n = 364)
Among our sample of homeless adults with mental illness, we found a strong relationship between the breadth of exposure to abuse or household dysfunction during childhood (ACE total score) and a number of indicators of poor mental and physical health as well as problematic substance use in adulthood. ACE total score independently predicted meeting criteria for a current mental disorder in the less severe cluster (i.e., major depressive episode, panic disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder), multiple mental disorders, and high risk of suicide; infectious disease, three or more chronic physical conditions, and poor self-rated health; alcohol and/or substance dependence, early initiation of alcohol and/or drug use, and daily use of any substance, illicit drugs, and marijuana. These findings suggest that the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult health and social functioning is strong and cumulative among homeless individuals with mental illness.
Of concern was the very high rate of adverse events reported by our sample: 65% reported personally experiencing abuse, 53% reported experiencing neglect, and 79% reported household dysfunction. The mean number of adverse childhood experiences reported was 4. Only 24% of participants reported 1 or zero adverse childhood experiences, 34% reported 2 to 4 events, and 42% reported 5 to 10 events. Rates of adverse childhood experiences in our study were two to nine times higher than those reported by Dube et al. [7] using a large HMO sample. Our findings are similar to those reported by Wu et al. [21] who administered the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised to adults with concurrent mental illness and substance dependence in a residential drug treatment program: 16% of participants reported 1 or zero adverse childhood experiences, 49% reported 2 to 4 events, and 34% reported 5 or more events. Sullivan et al. [2] reported that about one-quarter of their sample of homeless adults with mental illness experienced residential instability as children and over one-third witnessed violence in the home or personally experienced abuse. These authors concluded that homeless people with mental illness appear to receive a "double dose" of disadvantage in the form of poverty as well as family instability and violence. Our findings suggest that childhood adversity among homeless adults with mental illness is much more pervasive and cumulative, and likely contributes to a number of chronic health problems in adulthood.
Consistent with other studies, multiple adverse childhood experiences predicted a variety of adult health problems including physical illness [22, 23], mental illness [24] and substance use problems [12, 25, 26]. As expected, ACE score is predictive of depressive and anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, rather than disorders that are typically characterized as "severe" such as psychotic and bipolar disorders. However, the relationship between ACE score and physical illness and substance abuse suggests a complex syndrome that can be very severe in terms of its impact and duration. ACE total score independently predicted a range of substance use problems in our adult sample, including early initiation of drug and/or alcohol use (before age 14). Along with other studies, our findings suggest that daily drug use is a common mediator for a range of early risk factors [27]. Thus, it appears that abuse of alcohol and other drugs places an individual at greater risk of homelessness, but is not a direct causal factor [28]. Previous research using our sample of homeless adults with mental disorders found that daily drug use significantly predicts the duration of homelessness [29] as well as the severity of mental health symptoms [30].
Cross-sectional, retrospective data cannot disentangle the unique predictors of homelessness and mental illness, but it is likely that negative childhood experiences have both direct and indirect effects on participants' history of homelessness. Documentation of these underlying common factors points to a broad range of vulnerabilities for homelessness and mental illness. These common factors increase the complexity of personal problems as well as the duration of homelessness [29]. Therefore, substance dependence, especially when concurrent with mental illness among homeless populations, is not only a clinical problem but also a critical indicator for a range of other social and psychological problems that may need to be addressed before homelessness can be resolved.
According to Briere's [31] self-trauma model, beyond its initial negative effects, early and cumulative childhood trauma interrupts normal child development, conditions negative affect to abuse-related stimuli, and interferes with the usual acquisition of self-capacities such as affect regulation skills. Reduced affect regulation places an individual at risk for being more easily overwhelmed by emotional distress associated with memories of trauma, and increases the likelihood of using dissociation and other avoidant coping strategies in adolescence and adulthood. In this way, impaired affect regulation leads to reliance on avoidance strategies which, in turn, further prevent the development of self-regulation capacities. This negative cycle is exacerbated by the individual's tendency to repetitively re-experience cognitive-emotional memories of the traumatic event in an effort to process conditioned emotional responses and distorted cognitive schema -- a process that can further overwhelm self-regulation and produce distress. Therefore, in addressing the long-term impact of adverse childhood experiences, the role of family context and environment (e.g., parenting and attachment) must be considered alongside avoidance strategies such as substance use.
Children who have experienced trauma are more likely to experience trauma and abuse in the future [32]. Furthermore, victims of childhood trauma often engage in post-victimization behavior in the form of violence against self or others and poor personal and occupational functioning [33]. The experience of homelessness increases the likelihood that an individual will witness or experience trauma, and homelessness itself is considered as a traumatic experience that interrupts routines and damages social networks [34]. Among homeless populations, having a mental illness and bearing witness to multiple violent events are predictive of increased severity of trauma symptoms [35], placing the individual at higher risk for social and functional difficulties including reduced social support and impaired work performance [12].
Research on early indicators of risk for homelessness has important implications for the prevention of homelessness as well as intervention and service provision. Given the high prevalence and long-term negative consequences associated with adverse childhood experiences (in general as well as homeless populations), increased attention to primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies is needed. Primary prevention of adverse events will ultimately require societal changes that improve the quality of family and household environments during childhood, particularly for poor households. Longitudinal evaluations of early intervention programs (secondary prevention) such as Head Start [36] and the Nurse Family Partnership [37] have documented the prevention of a range of health, social and justice related problems with vulnerable groups (e.g., low income children and first-time mothers).
Prevention also requires increased recognition of the effects of childhood trauma as well as a better understanding of the behavioral coping strategies that are commonly adopted to reduce the emotional impact of these experiences. However, psychological assessment and treatment for children and adolescents is often grossly inadequate. Where psychosocial interventions are available, improved coordination between mental health professionals, general practitioners, child protection and public health workers, and families is greatly needed in order to better understand how social, emotional, and medical problems are linked throughout the lifespan.
A potential weakness of studies with retrospective reporting of childhood experiences is recall bias. Longitudinal follow-up of adults whose childhood abuse was documented has shown that their retrospective reports of such abuse are likely to underestimate actual occurrence [38]. Therefore, difficulty recalling childhood events likely results in misclassification (classifying people who truly were exposed to ACEs as unexposed) that would bias our results toward the null hypothesis. Also, substance use is likely under-reported by participants particularly given that the baseline questionnaires were administered prior to randomization to supported housing or usual care. In addition, the number of participants who declined to respond to items on the ACE was relatively high, and suggests an attempt to avoid thinking about distressing past events. If this is the case, it would result in further under-reporting of adverse events in our sample. Other than level of need, we found no significant differences between participants who completed vs. those who did not complete the ACE. Finally, there may be mediators of the relationship between childhood experiences and adult health status other than the risk factors we examined such as childhood conduct problems or foster care placement.
The retrospective and cross-sectional nature of our data preclude the kind of modeling required to identify the primary adult outcomes related to adverse childhood events. Further longitudinal research is required to more fully understand the developmental and social sequelae related to childhood adverse events. Further research is also needed to understand how social factors regulate behaviours or distribute individuals into risk groups and how those social factors push individual trajectories towards or way from adverse outcomes.
Our research, along with others', shows that the problems experienced by the majority of homeless adults with mental illness have longstanding histories dating back to childhood. Poverty, family instability, damaging psychological experiences, and general household distress are all disproportionately present in the childhood backgrounds of our participants. These early experiences likely work both directly and indirectly to produce risk for homelessness in various ways, shaping, influencing and constraining the intra- and interpersonal resources that children can draw from adults [4].
Shinn M: International homelessness: policy, socio-cultural, and individual perspectives. J Soc Issues. 2007, 63 (3): 657-677. 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00529.x.
Sullivan G, Burnam A, Koegel P: Pathways to homelessness among the mentally ill. Soc Psychiatry Epidemiol. 2000, 35: 444-450. 10.1007/s001270050262.
Herman D, Susser ES, Struening EL, Link BL: Adverse childhood experiences: are they risk factors for adult homelessness?. Am J Pub Health. 1997, 87 (2): 249-255. 10.2105/AJPH.87.2.249.
Koegel P, Malamid E, Burnam MA: Childhood risk factors for homelessness among homeless adults. Am J Pub Health. 1995, 85 (12): 1642-1649. 10.2105/AJPH.85.12.1642.
Lehmann ER, Kass PH, Drake CM, Nichols SB: Risk factors for first-time homelessness in low-income women. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2007, 77: 20-28.
Corso PS, Edwards VJ, Fang X, Mercy J: Health-related quality of life among adults who experienced maltreatment during childhood. Am J Pub Health. 2008, 98: 1094-1100. 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119826.
Dube S, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Chapman D, Giles W, Anda R: Childhood abuse, neglect and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experience study. Pediatr. 2003, 111: 564-572. 10.1542/peds.111.3.564.
Edwards VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg DF, Felitti VJ, Williamson DF: Factors affecting probability of response to a survey about childhood abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2001, 25: 307-312. 10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00238-6.
McLaughlin K, Green J, Gruber MJ, Sampson N, Zaslavsky A, Kessler R: Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication II: associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010, 67: 124-132. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.187.
Green J, McLaughlin K, Berglund P, Gruber M, Sampson N, Zaslavsky A, Kessler R: Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: associations with the onset of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010, 67: 113-123. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186.
Tsai J, Edens E, Rosenheck R: A typology of childhood problems among chronically homeless adults and its association with housing and clinical outcomes. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2011, 22: 853-870. 10.1353/hpu.2011.0081.
Tam T, Zlotnick C, Robertson M: Longitudinal perspective: adverse childhood events, substance use, and labor force participant among homeless adults. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2003, 29: 829-846. 10.1081/ADA-120026263.
Kessler RC, Davis CG, Kendler KS: Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disor- der in the United States national comorbidity survey. Psych Med. 1997, 27: 1101-1119. 10.1017/S0033291797005588.
Lu W, Mueser K, Rosenberg S, Jankowski M: Correlates of adverse childhood experiences among adults with severe mood disorders. Psych Serv. 2008, 59: 1018-1026. 10.1176/appi.ps.59.9.1018.
Rosenberg SD, Lu W, Mueser KT, Jankowski M, Cournos F: Correlates of adverse childhood events among adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psych Serv. 2007, 58: 245-253. 10.1176/appi.ps.58.2.245.
Goering PN, Streiner DL, Adair C, Aubry T, Barker J, Distasio J, Hwang S, Komaroff J, Latimer E, Somers J, Zabkiewicz D: The at home/Chez Soi trial protocol: a pragmatic, multi-site, randomised controlled trial of a housing first intervention for homeless individuals with mental illness in five Canadian cities. BMJ Open. 2011, 1 (2): e000323-
Somers J, Patterson M, Moniruzzaman A, Currie L, Rezansoff S, Palepu A, Fryer K: Vancouver at home: pragmatic randomized trials investigating housing first for homeless and mentally ill adults. Trials. 2013, 14: 365-10.1186/1745-6215-14-365. http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/14/1/365,
Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Herguta T, Baker R, Dunbar G: The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998, 59 (Suppl 20): 22-33.
Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS: Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. Am J Prev Med. 1998, 14: 245-258. 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8.
Marsden J, Gossop M, Stewart D, Best D, Farrell M, Strang J: The Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP): a brief instrument for treatment outcome research. Development and User Manual. 1998, London UK: National Addiction Centre/Institute of Psychiatry, Available at: http://proveandimprove.org.uk/documents/Map.pdf
Wu N, Schairer L, Dellor E, Grella C: Childhood trauma and health outcomes in adults with comorbid substance abuse and mental health disorders. Addictive Behav. 2010, 35: 68-71. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.003.
Anda R, Felitti V, Bremmer J, Walker J, Whitfield C, Perry B, Dube S, Giles W: The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: a convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Euro Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci. 2006, 256: 174-186. 10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4.
Felitti V, Anda R, Nordenberg D, Williamson D, Spitz A, Edwards V, Koss M, Marks J: Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med. 1998, 14: 245-258. 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8.
Turner RJ, Lloyd DA: Stress burden and the lifetime incidence of psychiatric disorder in young adults: racial and ethnic contrasts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004, 61: 481-488. 10.1001/archpsyc.61.5.481.
Wilsnack S, Vogeltanz ND, Klassen A, Harris TR: Childhood sexual abuse and women's substance abuse: national survey findings. J Studies Alc. 1997, 58: 264-271.
Zlotnick C, Tam T, Robertson MJ: Disaffiliation, substance abuse and exiting homelessness. Subst Use Misuse. 2004, 38: 577-599.
Sosin MR, Bruni M: Homelessness and vulnerability among adults with and without alcohol problems. Subst Use Misuse. 1997, 32 (7–8): 939-968.
Brook DW, Brook JS, Zhang C, Cohen P, Whiteman M: Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002, 59 (11): 1039-1044. 10.1001/archpsyc.59.11.1039.
Patterson M, Somers JM, Moniruzzaman A: Prolonged and persistent homelessness: multivariable analyses in a cohort experiencing current homelessness and mental illness in Vancouver, British Columbia. Ment Health Subst Use. 2012, 5: 85-101. 10.1080/17523281.2011.618143.
Palepu A, Patterson M, Strehlau V, Moniruzzaman A, Tan De Bibiana J, Frankish C, Krausz M, Somers J: Daily substance use and mental health symptoms among a cohort of homeless adults in Vancouver, British Columbia. J Urban Health. 2013, 90: 740-746. 10.1007/s11524-012-9775-6.
Briere J, et al: A self trauma model for treating adult survivors of severe child abuse. The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment. Edited by: Briere J, Berliner L, Bulkley C. 1996, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 140-157.
Mullen PE, Martin J, Anderson J, Romans S, Herbison G: The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: a community study. Child Abuse Negl. 1996, 20: 7-21. 10.1016/0145-2134(95)00112-3.
Briere J, Elliott D: Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women. Child Abuse Negl. 2003, 27: 1205-1222. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.008.
Goodman LA, Saxe L, Harvey M: Homelessness as psychological trauma: broadening perspectives. Am Psychol. 1991, 46: 1219-1225.
Kim M, Arnold E: Stressful live events and trauma among substance-abusing homeless men. J Soc Work Pract Addict. 2004, 4: 3-19.
Garces E, Thomas D, Currie J: Longer-term effects of head start. Am Econ Rev. 2002, 92: 999-1012. 10.1257/00028280260344560.
Olds DL, Sadler L, Kitzman H: Programs for parents of infants and toddlers: recent evidence from randomized trials. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 2007, 48: 355-391. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01702.x.
Della Femina D, Yeager CA, Lewis DO: Child abuse: adolescent records vs. adult recall. Child Abuse Negl. 1990, 14: 227-231. 10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-P.
The authors thank the At Home/Chez Soi Project collaborative at both national and local levels; National project team: J. Barker, PhD (2008–2011) and C. Keller, National Project Leads; P. Goering, RN, PhD, Research Lead; approximately 40 investigators from across Canada and the US; 5 site coordinators; numerous service and housing providers; and persons with lived experience.
Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
Michelle L Patterson
, Akm Moniruzzaman
& Julian M Somers
Search for Michelle L Patterson in:
Search for Akm Moniruzzaman in:
Search for Julian M Somers in:
Correspondence to Michelle L Patterson.
This research was funded by Health Canada and the Mental Health Commission of Canada. The views expressed herein solely represent the authors. The authors declare no competing interests.
MLP drafted the manuscript and oversaw data collection; AM conducted the statistical analyses; JMS contributed to study design and critical editing of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the final draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Patterson, M.L., Moniruzzaman, A. & Somers, J.M. Setting the stage for chronic health problems: cumulative childhood adversity among homeless adults with mental illness in Vancouver, British Columbia. BMC Public Health 14, 350 (2014) doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-350
Adjust Odds Ratio
Adverse Childhood Experience
Family Instability
Chronic Disease epidemiology


One of the most challenging things one can do when creating serial narrative is retroactive continuity, or retcon: filling in a gap or establishing something about a character or situation that was previously unknown.
Star Trek has, over five decades, engaged in such retcons any number of times (my three favorites are establishing that Worf accidentally killed someone as a teenager, that Bashir was genetically enhanced, and that Troi had a baby sister who died), and in "Lethe" we have one of their most successful.
Way back in 1967, we first met the characters of Sarek and Amanda in "Journey to Babel." In that episode, it was established that Spock turned down going to the Vulcan Science Academy, instead choosing to enlist in Starfleet. Because of that decision (which was later dramatized in the 2009 Star Trek), Sarek and Spock stopped speaking to each other.
Now, many might think this makes Sarek kind of a jackass. I certainly did, as this is a crappy reason to stop talking to your own son. But then, in the same episode, Sarek made racist comments about Tellarites and it was also established that he kept the truth about a serious heart condition from his wife. So, while Mark Lenard imbued the character with tremendous gravitas, it doesn't change the fact that he was a jackass.
Discovery has already established that Burnham was Sarek's ward. Some have complained that it's ridiculous that Spock would never have mentioned this foster sister, which ignores the fact that Spock never mentioned that his Dad was a famous Vulcan ambassador until that ambassador was standing right next to him on the Enterprise, or that he was engaged to be married until he was half-dead from the effects of pon farr and then only after practically being put in a headlock, or that he didn't mention his half-brother until he was standing right next to him on the Enterprise. An open book, Spock ain't.
In "Lethe," we get some fascinating revelations about Burnham that do an excellent job of moving her character arc along. But we also get a new insight into the greater tapestry of the Star Trek universe—and, not coincidentally, get the first good reason why this series should take place in the TOS era as opposed to long after the 24th-century spinoffs. We find out that the VSA was only willing to accept one of Sarek's "experiments" (the delivery of the word with maximum distaste was beautifully done by Jonathan Whittaker as the director of the academy), and Sarek chose Spock over Burnham. And then Spock went and rejected going to the VSA, choosing Starfleet instead.
And, because Sarek is a jackass, he kept that all to himself—just like he kept his heart condition to himself, and just like 100 years later, he'll keep his Bendii Syndrome to himself—and let Burnham (and Amanda, and probably Spock) believe that Burnham washed out of the program, and then when Spock refused to sign up (something that could even have been motivated in part by the VSA keeping his foster sister out), Sarek just stopped talking to his son.
I absolutely love this development, because it adds texture to the Spock-Sarek relationship, including their later inability to speak to each other as established in the "Unification" two-parter.
Plus, Burnham makes tremendous progress in this episode. She realizes that she's trying a little too hard to mold Tilly in her own image, and backs off on her rigorous training of her. She also actually smiles (pretty sure this week is the first time Burnham has cracked a smile on screen), and makes a new friend in Tyler.
It's a pity the B-plot is such a disaster. The minute Admiral Cornwell threatened Lorca's position, you knew something horrible was going to happen to her. I honestly expected her to be killed by the Klingons, not captured, and I'm grateful that Kol sees her as a valuable hostage, as I like Jayne Brook's performance as Cornwell a great deal. But still, this was a really hoary and predictable and lazy writer's trick to create artificial suspense and then restore the status quo unconvincingly. I also find it impossible to credit that the only reason why Lorca hasn't had his command taken away from him is because everyone's blinded by his brilliance except for Cornwell, who's a lover of his. That just doesn't track.
Still, it's good to see Burnham's redemption arc continue apace. It's also fun to see the Burnham-Tilly relationship progress, and the new hippy-dippy Stamets (he really does sound like he's done shrooms—which he kinda has) is hilarious. Having said that, there's no explanation for how they use the spore drive to get to the nebula, since the tardigrade's gone. Is Stamets still plugging himself into it to make it work? And I'm extremely disappointed at the lack of Lorca's reaction to Saru and Burnham freeing the tardigrade at the end of last week. That was a blown opportunity.
However, this episode does wonders for the main character and does a superlative job of integrating the storyline into the greater tapestry of the Star Trek universe.


text:
Beau knows the Titans need to back up Raiders performance
Tue 13 Jul 2021, 01:14 PM
One game back, one win.
Beau Fermor was one of five Titans who returned to the side in their last outing against the Canberra Raiders with immediate impact.
The Titans comprehensively won that game 44-6 and equalled a couple of club records along the way - most points in a game, biggest winning margin - but Fermor says he and his teammates know they need to deliver consistent performances every week, starting with the Eels this Friday.
"We are a pretty young side, so we have all got to get used to the fact that NRL is a hard game every week, there are no easy weeks," Fermor said.
"We need to make sure we are putting up a strong performance every week.
"We went through a bit of a rough patch through the middle of the year, but had a good win before the bye and we ae hoping to keep it going (against the Eels).
"We have been focusing on the last week (over the bye) and this week on backing up that performance, because we know how important a win is and we need to be beating top eight sides if we want to play finals.
One of the other players that returned against the Raiders was Maroons representative AJ Brimson and Fermor said he gives the whole side confidence.
"AJ is a freak, he is a ball of energy, he is fast and he brings that air of confidence when you are playing with him," he said.
"You just think well we have him so we can do anything."
Watch Beau and the Titans take on the Eels at Cbus Super Stadium this Friday night - TICKETS.
Fermor hits the ground running in pre-season
Mon 15 Nov, 2021
Beau wanting more in 2022
Sun 10 Oct, 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Lee Krasner, Sun Woman I, 1957.
Arshile Gorky, How My Mother's Embroidered Apron Unfolds in My Life, 1948.
Robert Rauschenberg, Odalisk, 1955 - 1958.
"In Odalisk, Rauschenberg's combine operates with full force."
Remember to underline or bold the title of the work in your written analysis.
2. What questions do you ask of the work?
The method you use often depends on the type of questions you are asking.
Jackson Pollock, Moon Woman, 1942.
2	Steven T. Brown, Tokyo Cyberpunk: Posthumanism in Japanese Visual Culture (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 124.
3	Bill Wasik, "#Riot: How Social Media Fuels Social Unrest," Wired, January 2012: 76-83, URL.
Willem De Kooning, Woman, 1944.


In late February, the North Carolina chapter of the Americans for Prosperity Foundation — a group co-founded by the libertarian billionaire Koch brothers — embarked on what it billed as a statewide tour of charter schools, a cornerstone of the group's education agenda. The first — and it turns out, only — stop was Douglass Academy, a new charter school in downtown Wilmington.
Douglass Academy was an unusual choice. A few weeks before, the school had been warned by the state about low enrollment. It had just 35 students, roughly half the state's minimum. And a month earlier, a local newspaper had reported that federal regulators were investigating the school's operations.
But the school has other attributes that may have appealed to the Koch group. The school's founder, a politically active North Carolina businessman named Baker Mitchell, shares the Kochs' free-market ideals. His model for success embraces decreased government regulation, increased privatization and, if all goes well, healthy corporate profits.
In that regard, Mitchell, 74, appears to be thriving. Every year, millions of public education dollars flow through Mitchell's chain of four nonprofit charter schools to for-profit companies he controls.
Over six years, Mitchell's two companies have taken in close to $20 million in fees and rent — some of the schools' biggest expenses. That's from audited financial statements for just two schools. Mitchell has recently opened two more.
The schools buy or lease nearly everything from companies owned by Mitchell. Their desks. Their computers. The training they provide to teachers. Most of the land and buildings. Unlike with traditional school districts, at Mitchell's charter schools there's no competitive bidding. No evidence of haggling over rent or contracts.
The schools have all hired the same for-profit management company to run their day-to-day operations. The company, Roger Bacon Academy, is owned by Mitchell. It functions as the schools' administrative arm, taking the lead in hiring and firing school staff. It handles most of the bookkeeping. The treasurer of the nonprofit that controls the four schools is also the chief financial officer of Mitchell's management company. The two organizations even share a bank account.
Mitchell's management company was chosen by the schools' nonprofit board, which Mitchell was on at the time — an arrangement that is illegal in many other states.
Charters are privately run but government-funded schools that are supposed to be open to all. Policymakers and many parents have embraced charters as an alternative to poorly performing and underfunded traditional public schools. As charters have grown in popularity, an industry of management companies like Mitchell's has sprung up to assist them.
Many of these companies are becoming political players in their states, working to shape the still-emerging set of rules charters must play by. A few, including Mitchell's company, have aligned themselves with influential conservative groups, such as Americans for Prosperity and the Koch-supported American Legislative Exchange Council, or ALEC.
This new reality — in which businesses can run chains of public schools — has spurred questions about the role of profit in public education and whether more safeguards are needed to prevent corruption. The U.S. Department of Education has declared the relationships between charter schools and their management companies, both for-profit and nonprofit, a "current and emerging risk" for misuse of federal dollars. It is conducting a wide-ranging look at such relationships. In the last year alone, the FBI sent out subpoenas as part of an investigation into a Connecticut-based charter-management company and raided schools that are part of a New Mexico chain and a large network of charter schools spanning Illinois, Indiana and Ohio.
Two of Mitchell's former employees told ProPublica they have been interviewed by federal investigators. Mitchell says he does not know if his schools are part of any inquiry and has not been contacted by any investigators.
To Mitchell, his schools are simply an example of the triumph of the free market. "People here think it's unholy if you make a profit" from schools, he said in July, while attending a country-club luncheon to celebrate the legacy of free-market sage Milton Friedman.
It's impossible to know how much Mitchell is taking home in profits from his companies. He's fought to keep most of the financial details secret. Still, audited financial statements show that over six years, companies owned by Mitchell took in close to $20 million in revenue from his first two schools. Those records go through the middle of 2013. Mitchell has since opened two more schools.
Many in the charter-school industry say that charter schools are more accountable than traditional public schools because, as Mitchell is fond of saying, "parents can shut us down overnight. They stop bringing their kids here? We don't get any money."
Moreover, Mitchell said, students at his two more established schools have produced higher test scores at lower costs than those in traditional public schools: "Maybe Baker Mitchell gets a huge profit. Maybe he doesn't get any profit. Who cares?"
But many charter supporters question that perspective. The National Association of Charter School Authorizers, a group that promotes best practices for overseeing charter schools, says schools should be independent from their contractors. Mitchell's dual roles as both a charter-school board member and a vendor, for instance, were a blatant violation of those standards.
"This kind of conflict of interest is what I would consider shocking," said Parker Baxter, a program director for the group.
"This isn't as if one of the board members happens to own a chalk company where they buy chalk from, and he recused himself from buying chalk," he said. "This is the entire management and operation of the school."
Mitchell was pushed by North Carolina regulators to step down from his schools' board last fall, a move he derides as unnecessary. "It's so silly," he told ProPublica. "Undue influence, blah blah blah."
But concerns about his influence continued even after he stepped down. One board member resigned in frustration over the role of Mitchell's company. Two others also quit around the same time. Mitchell still serves as secretary for the board, taking notes and doing the meeting minutes. Asked about frustrations among board members over his involvement, Mitchell said, "Everybody's free to their own opinion."
Mitchell moved to North Carolina in 1997, a year after the state passed a law allowing charter schools. He said he dreamed of starting a school after selling his computer business in Houston in 1989. He had planned on a private school, but when he moved to North Carolina and read about charters, he said he figured that was his chance. He applied to open his first school in 1999, laying out his plans to teach what his company website describes as a "classical curriculum espousing the values of traditional western civilization." He opened Charter Day School the following year.
Settled into the southeastern part of the state, Mitchell quickly connected with the state's big political players, including conservative kingmaker Art Pope. By 2002, he was sitting alongside Pope on the board of the John Locke Foundation. The foundation is part of the State Policy Network, a Koch-supported group of think tanks whose agenda includes steering public funds away from traditional schools and toward charters, vouchers and tax credits for homeschoolers.
From the beginning, concerns about excessive profits and Mitchell's conflicts of interest dogged the new school. In 2001, the Internal Revenue Service rejected the group's application for tax-exempt status, noting Mitchell's dual roles as both a board member and head of a company doing business with the board. The IRS also noted the bank account shared by the schools' nonprofit and Mitchell's for-profit company, and that the school was leasing space from another company owned by Mitchell.
"Mr. Mitchell thus controls both your management company and your lessor," the IRS wrote in a denial letter. "He has dual loyalties to you and his private, for-profit companies. This is a clear conflict of interest for him."
Mitchell's second school, Columbus Charter School, opened in 2007, in rural Columbus County. That school and Mitchell's first, Charter Day School, have won recognition several years in a row for their performance on state tests.
But comparing the performance of these two schools to their traditional-school counterparts is complicated by the fact that they have comparatively low percentages of needy students, who tend to score lower on standardized tests. For instance, 37 percent of test-takers at Columbus Charter School earlier this year were "economically disadvantaged," compared to the county's 74 percent. The two schools do not provide busing or participate in the federal free and reduced-price lunch program — services that are considered key to ensuring broad access.
Mitchell says his third school, Douglass Academy – whose diversity was celebrated by a visit from the Koch group – is the only one that provides transportation and food for students. Its target population is children in several Wilmington housing projects. Students at the school, which opened in 2013, haven't yet taken state tests so there's no data to show how they're faring.
Mitchell's schools are also distinguished from public schools by their different tone. Staff and students pledge to avoid errors that arise from "the comfort of popular opinion and custom," "compromise" and "over-reliance on rational argument." Students must vow "to be obedient and loyal to those in authority, in my family, in my school, and in my community and country, So long as I shall live."
Mitchell's company has managed the schools' staffs with similar rigor. A strong sense of hierarchy took root as the schools expanded. When a new corporate office was built to house the management company, teachers jokingly began calling it the "White House."
From the "White House," Mitchell and other top administrators could watch teachers in their classrooms via surveillance cameras installed in every classroom, in every school. During a tour of school grounds with this reporter, Mitchell and the school's IT director discussed surveillance software called iSpy. "We need to call it something else," Mitchell offered with a chuckle. "Call it iHelp or something." Mitchell said the cameras give administrators the ability to observe teachers in action and offer them tips and coaching.
Republicans took control of the state legislature and swiftly eliminated the cap on charter schools. Mitchell was also given a coveted position on the state's new Charter School Advisory Council, an influential committee tasked with reviewing charter applications and making recommendations to the State Board of Education.
One of them was Douglass Academy, Mitchell's school for needier students in downtown Wilmington. Under state law, charter schools must have at least 65 students enrolled, but Douglass Academy was well below that. Mitchell's colleagues on the advisory council gave him a temporary waiver that allowed the school to avoid closure while it tried to boost enrollment.
"I would say it was unusual," Joel Medley, head of the state's Office of Charter Schools, said of the temporary waiver. According to Medley, the only other charter schools in the state that received such waivers got them on a permanent basis because of geographic isolation or because they had set out to serve special student populations deemed ill-suited to large-school settings. Neither condition was true of Douglass Academy, whose leadership blamed the enrollment troubles on difficulties securing a facility. The school has since cleared the state's minimum, though enrollment is still far below the school's own projections.
Mitchell's fourth school, South Brunswick Charter School, also lucked out. In 2013, the school's application failed an initial screening and was put in a stack of applications excluded from further consideration. But then the president of the state Senate, Sen. Phil Berger — the same Republican lawmaker who appointed Mitchell to the Charter School Advisory Council — intervened on behalf of frustrated applicants. The whole stack was re-evaluated — a "one-time decision," said a memo from the advisory council, due to "extraneous circumstances." Berger did not respond to a request for comment.
Even upon re-evaluation, a subcommittee of the council voiced unease about aspects of South Brunswick's application, including "concern that two of seven board members are active employees" of its management company.
But Mitchell's fourth school was nevertheless approved, with the stipulation that members of the management company, including Mitchell, step down from the board. South Brunswick Charter School opened its doors this summer at a temporary site. A permanent spot is in the works — on land purchased by another one of Mitchell's for-profit companies with plans to lease it back to the school.
Mitchell's influence has also reverberated beyond his four schools.
In 2013, the state legislature passed a sweeping charter school bill pushed by Mitchell that loosened oversight and regulation. The law relaxed requirements on how many of each charter school's teachers had to be certified, giving schools more flexibility and potential savings on labor costs. It also included a perk — a tax exemption — for landlords who, like Mitchell, rent property to charter schools.
Mitchell was intimately involved in seeing the bill through as chair of a pro-charter lobbying group, the NC Alliance for Public Charter Schools. Asked about the tax break and whether he had pushed for provisions that would directly benefit him, Mitchell told ProPublica, "There was another group that pushed that through. I didn't have anything to do with it."
But a lobbyist for Mitchell's group, Debbie Clary, said, "It was our bill. I was the only lobbyist working on it." Clary added: "The person most engaged was Baker [Mitchell]."
Mitchell's group also posted a note on Facebook after the bill was signed, calling the new law the culmination of two years of work by the Alliance. "The Alliance was able to gain an exemption from county or city property tax, no matter who owns the property, if it is used exclusively for a Charter School," the note read.
Mitchell has close ties with Sen. Jerry Tillman, the lawmaker who sponsored the bill. "We're good friends," Mitchell said. "We talk." Records show that Mitchell wrote Tillman's campaign a $4,000 check a month after the bill was signed — the maximum that state law at the time allowed an individual to give directly to a candidate each year. Tillman did not respond to requests for comment.
Mitchell and the Alliance didn't get everything they wanted.
Over the years Mitchell had pressed lawmakers to move charter schools largely out from under the authority of the State Board of Education. Mitchell said he views the state board as a force restricting the free market through overregulation and protecting "the monopoly of the government-run schools."
Parents at Mitchell's schools were urged to press their elected officials to remove charter schools from the purview of the State Board of Education: "Your legislators need to hear from you and know of your support for an independent Office of Charter Schools," said a school newsletter. "Let them know you do not want the State Board of Education controlling charter schools."
But the state's other main pro-charter group deemed the proposal too extreme and came out strongly against it. An amended bill eventually passed that created a new board without all the power Mitchell and the Alliance had sought. And while Mitchell was appointed to the board, he resigned earlier this year while under pressure over conflicts of interest. He told ProPublica he stepped down because it became a lot of work.
Mitchell has also expressed frustration with a state law passed this summer that requires charter schools to comply with public records laws. Still, the new law does not apply to charter management companies such as Mitchell's.
Mitchell himself has taken a hard line against disclosures of financial information concerning his for-profit companies. For private corporations, he wrote on his blog in July, "the need for transparency is superfluous" and is simply a mechanism for the media to "intrude and spin their agenda."
In North Carolina and many other states, the battle over charters is no longer about whether to have them. Instead, it's largely between those who believe in regulating them and creating mechanisms for public accountability and those, like Mitchell, who believe that's the job of the free market.
"That's the fight in North Carolina," said Damon Circosta, executive director of the A.J. Fletcher Foundation, which sees charter schools as a way to improve public education. "That free-market ideology has taken hold with this newer legislature."
Large national for-profit charter management companies have joined regional powers like Mitchell to lead the charge. They've found allies in local lawmakers. Tillman, the co-chair of North Carolina's Senate education committee, for instance, recently berated state regulators because he was upset more schools were not being approved.
Two kinds of people get in the charter-school business, said Guckian: "Group one, they're looking for entrepreneurial opportunities. Group two, they're looking to run high-quality schools. My bias is toward the latter. That's not to say I have anything against entrepreneurship, but I don't think that's a reason for getting into the education space."
"There's no statutory basis for it," Mitchell said of the new requirements. His schools' board submitted basic budget documents in response to the agency's order, but it withheld information on management-company finances, stating that the board "does not possess individual salaries paid by any private corporation that furnishes services." Asked what he'll do if the agency objects, Mitchell said, "We'll see what they say and deal with it when it comes."
He views these new requirements as a sign that North Carolina is moving in the wrong direction, toward an overregulation of charter schools. "I see the banks of the river narrowing," he said. "In a few more years, there will just be a very narrow channel to navigate in. A lot of the freedoms will be regulated out."


text:
Esta é uma lista de vulcões ativos e extintos no Quênia.

Quênia

Ligações externas
 Volcanoes of Kenya Volcano Alive, Página visitada em 2 de novembro de 2007

Quenia

Volcanoes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
DR Congo:
Support us to amplify the voices of victims of international crimes in court
Policy Brief : Reflexions on victim's participation before the International Crimes Division in Uganda
Victim participation is a central element in achieving justice and reconciliation in Uganda. The practice is allowed by the International Crimes Division (ICD) but efforts still have to be made by courts and the legislator to actualize its full use in court proceedings. This policy brief offers an analysis as well as a few recommendations regarding the situation of victim participation in Uganda.
The concept of victim participation is a relatively new aspect in Uganda's common law system, where victims traditionally have no role in criminal court proceedings. The Rules of Procedure and Evidence (RoPE) of the International Crimes Division (ICD) are an exception in that regard, as they allow victims of international crimes to participate in the court proceedings. However, the Rules are silent on how such participation should be operationalized. Relying on close monitoring of Thomas Kwoyelo's case at the ICD, interactions with the victim communities and study of the relevant legislation, this policy brief provides an analysis of how victims have been participating in the court proceedings since the adoption of the RoPE and highlights the challenges that have been encountered so far in the process. Among those challenges, we note the absence of clear guidelines for participation of the victims in proceedings and the lack of resources dedicated by the Court to ensure such participation. The Court has so far taken a reactive approach which has made it difficult for the victims' lawyers to make participation meaningful. The physical distance between the victims and the Court and lengthy proceedings further contribute to the loss of interest and fatigue that have been growing among victims. Besides the necessity for the ICD to develop guidelines on victim participation to address those issues, there is an urgent need for the Justice Law and Order Sector (JLOS) to come up with a proper victims participations strategy and to ensure financial support to the ICD and the victim lawyers.
The policy brief also puts forwards a few observations and recommendations regarding reparations. Reparations are a central issue for the victims and a main motivation for their participation in the proceedings. The possibility for the court to order reparations upon a guilty verdict is foreseen under the RoPE. However, important questions remain unanswered and call, once more, for guidance from the ICD. For example, it is unknown whether or not victims who are not participating in the proceedings will be entitled to reparations, and what the actual modalities of court-ordered reparations, if ever awarded, would be. Additionally, the scope of reparations under the RoPE lays emphasis on financial compensations, mismatching victims' own preference for other forms of reparations. Beyond court-ordered reparations, there is a need for the legislator to work on a country-wide reparations framework that provides victims with clear perspectives to address their grievances.
Victims' participation is an important element in court processes especially among the victims that were affected by post conflict in Northern Uganda. This greatly contributes to justice, healing and reconciliation among others. It also makes the victims feel part of the processes in achieving justice for the harm that they suffered. It is therefore important that the different stakeholders ensure that this concept is actualized to avoid instances of the victims losing interest in the court processes.
Download the policy brief here
Published in Access to justice and development | News | Uganda
6 January 2020 Detained for 10 years for no reason
10 December 2019 Joint Statement: Case submission to the French NPC to establish transparency on the Perenco Group's activities in Tunisia
14 October 2019 The long walk: Uganda adopts a Transitional Justice Policy
16 September 2019 Policy Brief : Reflexions on victim's participation before the International Crimes Division in Uganda
29 July 2019 Keys for access to justice in the Central African Republic


text:
Tough Traveling: Turncoats
The Thursday feature "Tough Traveling" is the brainchild of Nathan of Review Barn, who has come up with the excellent idea of making a new list each week based on the most common tropes in fantasy, as seen in The Tough Guide to Fantasyland by Diana Wynn Jones. Nathan has invited anyone who is interested to come play along, so be sure to check out the first link for more information. Compulsive list-maker that I am, I'm very excited to take part!
This week's tour topic is: Turncoats
TURNCOATS are people who change to the side of the DARK LORD in mid-tour.
The theme title is pretty self-explanatory this week, methinks. Sit tight now, as we explore fantasy fiction's offerings of traitorous, double-crossing, two-timing, back-stabbing jerks, renegades, betrayers and other dastardly characters.
Mogsy's Picks:
A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin
Yeesh, you can't swing a dead cat without hitting a traitor or a turncoat in GRRM's series. These books are full of them, from mercenaries who switch sides for a higher bidder, bitter lords who put on a welcoming face only to later slaughter all your friends and family, so-called brothers-in-arms who will turn on you the moment your back is turned, and the list goes on and on. Notable examples of turncoat characters include Littlefinger who plays the game of thrones only for himself, and Theon Greyjoy, in fact nicknamed "Theon Turncoat" after his heinous actions at Winterfell.
Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling
Lots of turncoats in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter books as well, the most notable one of course being Peter Pettigrew also known as "Wormtail" to the childhood friends he ends up ruthlessly selling out to Lord Voldemort.
Broken Homes by Ben Aaronovitch
I just realized the massive potential for spoilerific details with this week's theme. Unless you've been living under a rock for the last fifteen years or so, I think most people know what happens in Harry Potter, and I tried to be sufficiently vague when I talked about ASoIaF. But Broken Homes is a different matter. Obviously I can't reveal the identity of the turncoat here, but the betrayal happens right at the end of this book, by a character most characters have grown to care for, which makes the violation of trust hurt all the more!
Turn Coat by Jim Butcher
With a title like that, I thought this Dresden Files book would be a shoo-in this week for sure. As it turns out, it's a bit more complicated. The "turncoat" is a battered and bleeding Morgan who shows up on Harry's doorstep one day, accused of killing one of their own. Morgan was found standing over the body of a Senior Council member wielding a bloody knife, but he claims to have no memory of the incident. Morgan came to Harry because it was the last place anyone would expect him to go, and also he believed Harry would empathize with being accused of a crime he wasn't guilty of.
Half A King by Joe Abercrombie
When his father the king and older brother are unexpectedly killed in an enemy ambush, Prince Yarvi has no choice but to inherit the throne, but he barely has the chance to warm the seat before he is betrayed and left for dead – by someone close to him whose loyalty he thought was beyond reproach.
Category: Tough Traveling Tags: A Song of Ice and Fire, Ben Aaronovitch, Broken Homes, George R.R. Martin, Half a King, Harry Potter, J.K. Rowling, Jim Butcher, Joe Abercrombie, Turn Coat
Panels: Moriarty: The Dark Chamber →
20 Comments on "Tough Traveling: Turncoats"
Rabindranauth Sep 4, 2014 at 00:18 am
Two picks in common! Though in my case Pettigrew's an honorable mention.
Mogsy Sep 5, 2014 at 01:50 am
Merely an HM for Peter Pettigrew, THE turncoat extraordinaire? 🙂
Yea, I actually remembered him last -.-
Jeyna Grace Sep 4, 2014 at 02:20 am
Theon did something that was so beneath him…
Agreed, though he got what was coming to him….
Wendy B Sep 4, 2014 at 07:49 am
Hmmm I'd add The Barrow to this list.
Great choice. Too bad you were busy this week, I could have used your help! 😉
Danya @ Fine Print Sep 4, 2014 at 08:07 am
Seems like Pettigrew is ending up on a lot of lists, which makes perfect sense because he's the ultimate turncoat-y little bastard. Theon is a really good choice as well; I was actually really surprised when he turned on the Starks and everyone at Winterfell. Apparently I'm just gullible.
GRRM likes to do that to his readers…Theon Turncoat indeed!
lynnsbooks Sep 4, 2014 at 14:00 pm
Pettigrew is the worst really! I can't believe I left off Half a King – I actually had it on my list – Doh!
That happens to me all the time!
stephswint Sep 4, 2014 at 14:23 pm
What happens with the turn coat in Broken Homes quite literally broke my literary heart. It's not okay!!!!!
YES! Someone else who read it and understaaaaaaands!!! I was totally floored.
blodeuedd Sep 4, 2014 at 15:53 pm
I almost made it to the library today..I was too lazy. But if I had made it I would have borrowed Half a king. damn me being lazy
Doh! Curse the case of the lazies. It's a great book 🙂
Tabitha (Not Yet Read) Sep 4, 2014 at 18:52 pm
MORGAN~ bah bah bah I'd like to sucker punch him with an iron gauntlet.
Morgan's such an ass…but that was what make that book so good!
Nathan Sep 4, 2014 at 21:30 pm
Well done with finding Turn Coat right in the title. I like that thinking.
Damn it Theon, I hate you.
Yeah, it didn't fit exactly into the theme, but the title was too perfect.
Charlotte @ Thoughts and Pens Sep 5, 2014 at 09:39 am
I found this week's topic to be really hard as I can only think of three turncoats and 2 of them are already famous, Pettigrew and Saruman. The other one is from Suzanne Collin's MG series.
Oh geez, I didn't even think of Theon Greyjoy and Littlefinger. But yeah, Theon really shattered my heart. I mean, WTH, the young Starks treated him as a brother and he betrayed them. >.< This may sound evil but he really deserved what happened to him later into the series.
Thanks for sharing, Mogsy!


The ruins of a reported Taliban safe house in Khost destroyed by American and Afghan troops in December 2009.
A Soldier from Charlie Company 2nd Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment sets fire to a Taliban safehouse discovered during Operation Catamount Fury.
Al-Qaeda is understood[by whom?] to have operated a number of safe houses, some of which were used as training centres.
American intelligence analysts justified the extrajudicial detention of some Guantanamo suspects because they stayed in what they characterized as an Al Qaeda safe house. American intelligence analysts also justify the detention of suspects who stayed in an Al Qaeda guest house, a Taliban safe house or a Taliban guest house.
In the first Seton Hall report, Mark Denbeaux writes that guest houses and/or safe houses are mentioned in the evidence against 27% of detainees. Denbeaux states that "In the region, the term guest house refers simply to a form of travel accommodation" and "Stopping at such facilities is common for all people traveling in the area." A response to that report written by West Point's Combating Terrorism Center argued that "the Seton Hall report inaccurately defines the term 'safe-house' – a well-known tool leveraged by criminals and terrorists to facilitate discreet movement of associates – as an innocuous residence used by American tourists and travel agencies." Denbeaux responded that the Seton Hall study had "used the Department of Defense's terms objectively and accepted their plain meanings" and that "West Point does not provide any basis for equating guest houses and safe houses other than the obvious problem with detaining an individual in part based on his stay in a 'guest' house."
Safe-houses, sometimes referred to as 'guest-houses,' facilitate an individual's ability to discreetly (sic) transit from one location to another by providing them with a place to spend the night, acquire resources, obtain false documentation or secure modes of transportation. Organized crime syndicates, terrorist networks and traffickers all rely on safe-houses to move people from place-to-place. They may be houses, apartments, mosques, stores, refugee camps, barracks, or any other type of infrastructure that houses individuals involved in nefarious activities.
Al-Qa`ida, the Taliban and their associates have leveraged the safe-house network to great ends, particularly in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Many of these houses and apartments, which had been run for the specific purpose of ensuring safe passage for associates of those movements, have been identified by the United States in its ongoing counterterrorism operations.
Benjamin Wittes and his colleagues at the Brookings Institution noted in January 2010 that different judges reviewing the habeas petitions for different Guantanamo captives had reached conflicting conclusions on the common issue of whether an alleged stay in a suspect guest house indicated terrorist affiliation strongly enough to justify continued detention. Wittes and his colleagues, in their analysis of the documents from the first 558 Combatant Status Review Tribunals, reported that continued detention was found justified for 130 Guantanamo captives at least in part because they "stayed in Al Qaeda, Taliban, or other guest- or safehouses."
Joseph Felter and his colleagues, in "An Assessment of 516 Combatant Status Review Tribunal (CSRT) Unclassified Summaries", found that 24 percent of the Summary of Evidence memos, or 122 of the 516 they analyzed, justified the continued detention of a captive due to claims of stays in a suspicious guest house or safe house.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taliban or al Qaeda guesthouses.
^ "Summary of Evidence Memoranda" (PDF). Office for the Administrative Review of the Detention of Enemy Combatants. January 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-07-31. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
^ "Summary of Evidence Memoranda" (PDF). Office for the Administrative Review of the Detention of Enemy Combatants. February 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-07-31. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
^ "Summary of Evidence Memoranda" (PDF). Office for the Administrative Review of the Detention of Enemy Combatants. March 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-07-31. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
^ "Summary of Evidence Memoranda" (PDF). Office for the Administrative Review of the Detention of Enemy Combatants. April 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-07-31. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
^ "Summary of Evidence Memoranda" (PDF). Office for the Administrative Review of the Detention of Enemy Combatants. May 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-07-31. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
^ "Summary of Evidence Memoranda" (PDF). Office for the Administrative Review of the Detention of Enemy Combatants. 2006-03-03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
^ "Summary of Evidence Memoranda" (PDF). Office for the Administrative Review of the Detention of Enemy Combatants. 2006-03-03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
^ a b Mark Denbeaux; Joshua Denbeaux (8 February 2006). "Report on Guantanom detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees through Analysis of Department of Defense Data" (PDF). Seton Hall University School of Law. p. 20.
^ Joseph Felter; Jarret Brachman (25 July 2007). "A response to the Seton Hall Study: An Assessment of 516 Combatant Status Review Tribunal (CSRT) Unclassified Summaries" (PDF). Combating Terrorism Center. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
^ Benjamin Wittes; Zaahira Wyne (2008-12-16). "The Current Detainee Population of Guantánamo: An Empirical Study -- Executive Summary" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-26. If the government's allegations against detainees are uniformly credited, the following picture of the current population emerges ... 130 stayed in Al Qaeda, Taliban, or other guest- or safehouses.


text:
Limited Spectators to be Allowed at Remaining MHSAA Football, Girls Volleyball Tournaments
Updated with football finals locations and times.
(UPDATED January 6, 2021 5:51 PM) Limited numbers of spectators will be allowed for the final rounds of the Michigan High School Athletic Association Football and Girls Volleyball Tournaments, per approval received today from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS).
Football teams will receive 125 tickets, to be divided among game participants for purchase by immediate family members via the GoFan digital ticketing platform. Volleyball teams will receive 50 tickets, also to be purchased by immediate family via GoFan.
Spectators in different households must be spaced out by six feet and maintain distancing at all other times including arrival and departure from the game facility. Spectators also must wear fact masks at all times.
Football restarts Saturday (Jan. 9) with 8-Player Semifinals and 11-Player Regional Finals, with championships for 8-player Jan. 16 and for 11-player Jan. 22-23.
8-Player Finals:
Saturday, Jan. 16 – Legacy Center, Brighton
2 p.m. – Division 1 8-Player Final
40 Minutes Following Game 1 – Division 2 8-Player Final (approximately 5:30 pm)
11-Player Finals:
Friday and Saturday, Jan. 22-23 – Ford Field, Detroit
Friday – D8, D2, D6 and D4 (10, 1, 4:30 and 7:30 p.m.)
Saturday – D7, D1, D5 and D3 (10, 1, 4:30 and 7:30 p.m.)
Volleyball restarts Tuesday (Jan. 12) with Quarterfinals and concludes with Semifinals and Finals that weekend, Jan. 14-16, at Kellogg Arena in Battle Creek.
The Lower Peninsula Girls Swimming & Diving Finals will conclude that sport's season Jan. 15-16 at three sites. However, spectators will not be allowed at those events because those meets will include much higher numbers of participants, and adding spectators would push the total number of people in attendance past what is considered safe for indoor events.
All three Swimming & Diving Finals, as well as the Volleyball Semifinals and Finals will be streamed live on MHSAA.tv (http://www.mhsaa.tv/).
JTV will have a live telecast of the Lumen Christi vs Schoolcraft football game (live at 10:45 AM Saturday) with replays at 7 PM Saturday and 3:30 and 9:30 PM Sunday. JTV will carry the Michigan Center vs Constantine football regional on a tape delay basis, Sunday at 1 PM and 7 PM.
FOX Sports Detroit will broadcast all Football Finals – that schedule for streaming and cable will be announced closer to those events.


text:
← 72 years ago today
Mapping out the Boston Bruins 2016 draft strategy →
June 7, 2016 2016 NHL Entry Draft, Uncategorized Al MacInnis, Auston Matthews, Charlie McAvoy, Dante Fabbro, Jake Bean, Jakob Chychrun, Jesse Puljujarvi, Logan Brown, NHL draft publications, Patrik Laine, Red Line Report Leave a comment
Red Line Report 2016 draft guide is out
June is finally here and in addition to the Pittsburgh Penguins being up 3 games to 1 in the Stanley Cup Final series against the San Jose Sharks, it means that the NHL Entry Draft is about 2 weeks away.
TSP founder's note- Truth in lending- going to plug a product here, and for those who might not be aware, I am a member of the staff that produced it, so this is not an objective product review. As long as you're okay with that, read on…
The 2016 draft previews and guides are out. Red Line Report's 22nd annual draft issue arrived in mail boxes yesterday (or today if you're further away from Lake Placid) and you can also order it on pdf at a $50 fee.
Why so expensive?
Well, for one- Red Line Report is an independent hockey scouting service founded by professionals and designed for professionals. There are no bells and whistles- no photos, statistics or any of the eye candy that you want in a classic magazine format publication. What you are paying for is hard information and scouting reports, insider notes and analysis on players that RLR scouts (all of whom have proven hockey backgrounds either as players or analysts) have all seen *live* in multiple viewings.
Back in the mid-1990s, several smart hockey men (one of whom is a D1 NCAA hockey head coach) realized that there was no existing professional journal for hockey insiders, and thus Red Line was born- with an idea of providing hard news and notes on players and prospects that might be of interest to various team executives, staffers and coaches. The original RLR did not exist in the format that it does today, but by 1997, it was becoming increasingly more of a deeper dive into NHL draft prospects than what the public typically saw from the annual Hockey News draft preview issues published every spring since 1984.
When Nashville Predators scout Kyle Woodlief left his position in 1998, he had previously done work for Red Line before his NHL scouting job and saw an opportunity to bring his vision to life. Woodlief purchased the publication and immediately set about shaping RLR into the NHL's unofficial 31st team- running his staff like an NHL team does and building an annual amateur player ranking very similarly to the way the 30 pro hockey clubs do.
As such, RLR never, ever uses our inside knowledge to put players on our list where we think they *might* get drafted- we rank the players from top to bottom based on how we see it, and that's why a player like Boston University defenseman Charlie McAvoy, who very well could be a top-10 selection in Buffalo and should fall no lower than 15-18 in a few weeks, is currently ranked just outside our first round. This is nothing against McAvoy, who has the makings of a good player, we're just not convinced he's better than the 30-odd players we have ranked ahead of him. Sometimes we're spot on, and other times- not so much. But you can say that about 100% of the NHL teams out there and every individual who has claimed to be a draft analyst- no one has a perfect track record…that's just not how the world works.
In the near two decades that Woodlief has owned RLR, he's helped more than 10 of his staffers land scouting jobs with NHL teams. All 30 NHL clubs currently subscribe to Red Line's professional season-long service along with myriad junior, NCAA and other pro clubs. When it comes to independent scouting, RLR is the recognized standard. That is not to say the other draft publications aren't, but I'll let them make their own cases to the marketplace. I know the people involved, and there is mutual respect there.
So, what are you getting for your $50?
For starters- the Red Line business model is simple: less is more.
Our draft guide is just 32 pages because we know that there is such a thing as paralysis by analysis. If you want more product, then there are other options out there worth exploring, but we won't expand our guide to compete, because we believe in our approach- largely unaltered since 1999.
Inside, you get our draft list of players from 1 (Auston Matthews) to 312 (Julien Tessier). Yes, we know there are only 211 draft spots (2014 1st-rounder Conner Bleakley's re-entry means that Phoenix gets a 2nd-round comp pick for him after acquiring his rights but not signing him by June 1), but we see a lot of players, so there is no harm in building a more robust base list, which helps teams with a perspective as they finalize their own lists.
Of those 312 listed players in RLR, we do in-depth scouting reports on the top-116. These scouting reports are typically around 120 words a pop, so you're not going to get a lot of repetitive language to describe how crisply a player's edging contributes to his game. We know your time is precious, so we get to the point and cover the gamut of what a player does and what we think he can be at the pro level one day. Every profile comes with an NHL projection of what kind of contribution we think he'll make (if he makes it) and an NHL player comparison.
Also in the guide-
— 2 mock drafts in which Kyle and yours truly attempt to determine what the 2016 first round will look like. These mocks are very different from our own list because in it, we *are* using our inside info in certain spots to predict what teams will draft whom where. For example- McAvoy is a top-20 pick in both.
— A comprehensive team needs analysis to assist you with what we think each NHL club is lacking and how some of those needs might factor into their draft strategy.
— A European free agent roundup. Some players on our list have already been signed to NHL deals and we list them out. Other European vets are available, so it gives you the reader a head start should your favorite NHL team snap one up between now and the September start of training camp.
— The 2017 NHL draft top-67. This is how we see things some 400 days before next year's draft and a lot can change. In our 2015 draft guide, here's what our top-5 looked like:
1- Auston Matthews
2- Jakob Chychrun
3- Jesse Puljujarvi
4- Logan Brown
5- Jake Bean
One year later, all five of those guys are in the running for top-10 selections, with Matthews a cinch to be No. 1 overall and Puljujarvi very likely going 3rd. Truth in lending- we whiffed on Patrik Laine, who was 48 in June 2015- that had much more to do with a lack of work ethic and maturity last year, but he proved us all wrong and is a firm No. 2 on our 2016 draft guide list. Oh, and B's fans- we had Dante Fabbro at 7th overall a year ago (and he's pretty close to that ranking in June 2016), so don't let anyone tell you he wasn't highly regarded coming into the season- that's bunk.
— Finally, our draft guide has its annual "special categories and awards" section, where we rank the most underrated, overrated, best and worst skaters, scorers…best character guys, toughest, and then those who we find lacking for one reason or another. When you hear people (agents?) complain about RLR, this is usually at the crux of the matter, but this is something that is as much a part of the draft guide as jelly is with peanut butter on a sandwich.
So…that's the pitch.
$50 is a lot to spend on any publication and our product is not for everyone. But again- if you are a hard core hockey and draft enthusiast, and you want what the pros use (true story- sat next to Blues scout and HHOFer Al MacInnis on a flight to Pittsburgh and when I introduced myself as a RLR staffer, he pulled out our draft guide), then it's a good investment. (Yes, tooting the own horn here, but it's an honest statement- NHL guys read RLR)
You can order the guide (sans subscription) a la carte at the aforementioned price by going to http://www.redlinereport.com or by simply calling Kyle at 518-523-4289 and placing your order. If the year-long subscription interests you, there are several options you can choose from. And when you get Mr. Woodlief on the phone, tell him Kirk sent you. I won't get anything more than a boot in the backside when the staff meets up in Buffalo for the draft, but at least he'll know I'm working for a living.
Up next on the blog- will do a Boston Bruins draft strategy analysis for you, whereby I will attempt to break down the team's philosophy and what I believe they need and how that all dovetails into what they will do in Buffalo.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<title>AllVarMapGuard xref</title>
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../../../stylesheet.css" />

1
16
17  package dollar.api.guard;
18
19  import dollar.api.Value;
20  import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
21  import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
22
23  import java.lang.reflect.Method;
24  import java.util.Map;
25
26  @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
27  public class AllVarMapGuard implements Guard {
28      @NotNull
29      @Override
30      public String description() {
31          return "Non Null Collection Guard";
32      }
33
34      @Override
35      public void postCondition(@NotNull Object guarded, @NotNull Method method, @Nullable Object[] args, @NotNull Object result) {
36          if (result instanceof Map) {
37              ((Map) result).forEach((k, v) -> assertTrue(v instanceof Value, method));
38          }
39      }
40
41      @Override
42      public void preCondition(@NotNull Object guarded, @NotNull Method method, @Nullable Object[] args) {
43          if (args != null) {
44              for (Object arg : args) {
45                  if (arg instanceof Map) {
46                      ((Map) arg).forEach((k, v) -> assertTrue(v instanceof Value, method));
47                  }
48              }
49          }
50      }
51
52  }

Copyright © 2017. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Chris Turpaud
Church Partnership Director
Support The Turpauds
Chris and Lauren's Story
Meet Chris and Lauren Turpaud, both Church Partnership Directors for World Orphans. This dynamic couple joined World Orphans in September 2015 after a Journey Trip to Ethiopia led them to a three year commitment as part of the World Orphans team in Guatemala. In 2018 they returned to the US, but now with a beautiful addition to their family, their daughter, Natalie. Chris and Lauren recently purchased their first home in Castle Rock, Colorado, and from there they both work to develop relationships between US churches and their church partners around the world. After traveling to Ethiopia and living and working with churches in Guatemala, Chris and Lauren are uniquely qualified for their current roles.
Lauren holds a bachelor's degree in human development and family studies and was formerly a program manager for a nonprofit that worked to empower adults with special needs. Chris holds a bachelor's degree in construction management and was an assistant superintendent for a paving company. The Turpauds have been married since 2012 and already have had countless adventures. They enjoy everything about being outdoors: swimming, skiing, biking, backpacking, climbing, and hiking.
1.888.ORPHANS (677.4267) - 6020 Erin Park Dr Ste A, Colorado Springs, CO 80918


text:
ABC News' medical reporter drowns
Jamie Zimmerman, a doctor and reporter with ABC News' medical unit, has drowned while on vacation in Hawaii. She was 31.
ABC News' medical reporter drowns Jamie Zimmerman, a doctor and reporter with ABC News' medical unit, has drowned while on vacation in Hawaii. She was 31. Check out this story on jacksonsun.com: https://www.jacksonsun.com/story/news/2015/10/16/abc-news-medical-reporter-drowns/74043650/
The Jackson Sun Published 9:02 a.m. CT Oct. 16, 2015
News in brief(Photo: The Jackson Sun)Buy Photo
HONOLULU (AP) — Jamie Zimmerman, a doctor and reporter with ABC News' medical unit, has drowned while on vacation in Hawaii. She was 31.
Zimmerman apparently lost her footing while trying to cross the Lumahai River on Kauai's north shore and was swept out to sea, ABC News President James Goldston said Thursday in a note to staff. She died Monday, according to a post written by Zimmerman's mother on the doctor's Facebook page.
"The area where Jamie is believed to have lost her footing is right at the river mouth — at Lumahai Beach," Kauai County spokeswoman Sarah Blane said in an email to the Associated Press.
The incident occurred just before 4 p.m., and witnesses called police to say they saw a woman being swept out to sea, Kauai police said in a news release. Lifeguards rushed to the scene on a Jet Ski and found her unresponsive in the water about 200 yards east of the river mouth. They brought her to shore and administered CPR. She was taken to Wilcox Hospital where she was pronounced dead.
Read or Share this story: https://www.jacksonsun.com/story/news/2015/10/16/abc-news-medical-reporter-drowns/74043650/
Liberty Park streaker bond revoked as he awaits sentencing
Kerry Mallard case moving to grand jury
Madison County postpones resolution on refugee resettlement
Jackson implements tracker system in vehicles to save money and better serve the community
"What do you remember?": The city of Jackson honors MLK Day
Tennessee employers learn how to navigate opioid crisis