The present invention generally relates to a radio line design of a mobile communication system, and specifically relates to a power calculation method used by the radio line design employed when defining a service area (cell radius) and a transmission power of a base station of the mobile communication system.
The present invention further relates to an apparatus that can perform the radio line design according to the power calculation method.
In a conventional mobile communication system such as a PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) system, a mobile communication service is provided by dividing a service area into a plurality of relatively small zones, called cells. This type of mobile communication system provides mobile communication service, such as voice communication, by establishing radio channels between a plurality of base stations and a plurality of mobile stations.
In such a mobile communication system, radio wave transmitted from a transmitting point, i.e., a base station or a mobile station, reaches a receiving point, i.e., another mobile station or another base station after attenuation through the space. The grater Magnitude of the attenuation becomes, the larger a range between the transmitting point and the receiving point gets. The receiving point requires certain minimum signal strength in order that a signal is restored in predetermined quality, as defined by, for example, a BER (Bit Error Rate) and a BLER (Block Error Rate). Where a transmission power of the transmitting point is a fixed value, there is a limit in the range for a signal to reach the receiving point at a satisfactory strength level. The range can be increased by installing a higher transmission power amplifier, and by improving receiving performance. In addition, employing an antenna of a higher gain, and shortening a cable between a transmitter and the antenna, reducing loss, can extend the range. While these variables determine a maximum service-able range for a given transmission power, how much transmission power is required to attain a given range can also be obtained, making the transmission power a variable. To structure an efficient service area in the mobile communication system using radio lines, it is highly important to obtain an optimum relation between the service-able range and the transmission power.
In this radio line design, in order to examine the relation of the range of a signal and transmitted power, a table such as shown in Fig. 4 is generally used. The table of Fig. 4 is set to an uplink (from a mobile station to a base station) of a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) mobile communication system, for example. Each of entries (a) through (t) of this table is inter-related by formulas. If a transmission power, for example, is inputted, a service-able range corresponding to the transmission power is computed. If a desired range, to the contrary, is inputted, a transmission power required to obtain the range will be computed.
Such a table is realizable with various kinds of spreadsheet software that generally operates on a personal computer. The table of Fig. 4 includes a transmission power (a), a transmission antenna feeder loss (b), a transmission antenna gain (c), a receiving antenna gain (e), a receiving antenna feeder loss (f), a building penetration loss (q), and the like, which are taken into consideration as losses and gains of propagation. A required receiving power (m) is a function of a total noise (j), information transmission speed (12.2kbps (1), 64kbps (2), 384kbps (3)) (k2), and required Eb/(N0+I0) (1). Here, the total noise (j) is a sum of a noise figure (NF) of a receiver (g), a thermal noise power density of the receiver (h), and an interference margin (i). In this example, a diversity handover gain (diversity gain by a simultaneous connection with a plurality of base stations) (n) that is characteristic of CDMA mobile communication, a shadowing margin (o) by buildings, and a fluctuating transmission power margin due to high-speed transmission power control (p), etc., are also considered. Here, the interference margin (i) is a margin allowed for interference caused by other users' communications to signal transmission of the receiver concerned in the case of CDMA mobile communication. The interference power is considered in the radio line design in this manner. In this table, properties are given in dB values such that evaluation is realized by adding and subtracting. Generally, this table is called a link budget, and widely used in a radio line design.
As mentioned above, a similar technique to the conventional radio line design, i.e., link budget, is applicable to the radio line design of the uplink circuit in the CDMA mobile communication, by introducing the interference margin representing an amount of the uplink interference that can have big influence on capacity. However, the conventional link budget technique cannot be applied as it is to the downlink of the CDMA mobile communications (called CDMA hereafter) for the following reasons.
In the downlink of CDMA, signals are transmitted from a base station to a plurality of mobile stations in the same radio frequency band. In order to increase receiving signal strength at a mobile station in a cell, an area of the cell can be set small, that is, a smaller radius cell helps providing relatively stronger signal to the mobile stations in the cell. However, for a mobile station that is nearby the base station, and therefore requires a smaller output of the base station, a relatively strong signal to a relatively remote mobile station causes interference. In this manner, making the cell radius smaller does not provide a desirable solution in terms of a ratio of signal strength of a desired signal vs. interference signals. In other words, a total output power transmitted from the base station is a source of the interference against mobile stations.
Further, similar interference is conceivable from other cells, as explained with reference to Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 shows two base stations 200 and 210, each transmitting at an output power level of 100. Each of mobile stations 100 and 110 near boundary of a respective cell is receiving signals from the base stations 200 and 210, respectively, at a receiving signal strength level of 5. In an attempt to increase the receiving signal strength level, suppose that a cell radius is decreased as shown by (b) of Fig. 3. Certainly, the signal strength level of a desired signal received at a mobile station 120 is increased to 20, However, the signal strength level of an undesired signal from a base station 230 is also increased to 20. In terms of the ratio of the desired signal vs. interference, there is no improvement.
As above, there are two important parameters in designing a CDMA downlink circuit, namely, a total output power of a base station and how much of the total output power to be assigned to a design target channel. Studies on this point have been published. For example, reference 1 (Ishikawa, Nakano, Uebayashi, "DS-CDMA Mobile Communication Downlink Radio line Design Method", the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers 1997, Society Conference, B-5-8, September, 1997) analyzes in detail how the total power of a base station and the ratio of the power assigned to a design-target channel influence receiving quality, such that an optimum total power and an optimum ratio are obtained. Reference 2 (Hayashi, Usuda, Ishikawa, Nakamura, Onoe, "Study on Power Ratio to a common control channel in a downlink of W-CDMA", the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers 2000, General Conference, B-5-81, March, 2000) provides a detailed report on how distribution ratio of the power influences a BER of a channel.
As described, the CDMA downlink circuit has a complicated property that receiving signal strength of not only a desired signal, but also interference of other station, significantly varies with a cell radius and various losses. For this reason, design of a downlink circuit has been performed by computer simulation, etc., that is, the conventional link budget technique, in which calculations are based on adding and subtracting a gain and a loss, cannot be applied as it is.
US 5,842,114 discloses a system which dynamically adjusts the power of signals transmitted from a wireless base station over global channels to minimize spillover to other communication cells, and monitors the total transmit power of the base station and dynamically adjusts the global channel transmit power as a function of the total transmit power of the base station as measured at the base station.
Accordingly, it is one object of the present invention to provide a power calculation method applicable to a downlink of a CDMA mobile communication system, and an apparatus therefor that substantially obviate one or more of the problems caused by the limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
Features and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent from the description and the accompanying drawings, or may be learned by practice of the invention according to the teachings provided in the description. Objects as well as other features and advantages of the present invention will be realized and attained by an apparatus particularly pointed out in the specification in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention.
To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention provides a power calculation method for a code division multiple access radio communication system, for calculating a required receiving power of a radio wave in a radio channel included in a radio line established between a transmitting station (20) and a receiving station (10) in the system, characterised by the step of: calculating the required receiving power of the radio wave of the radio channel, with using a transmission power of the radio channel and a ratio of the transmission power of the radio channel to a total transmission power in the radio channel.
A factor of a non-orthogonal component, and interference from other base stations are also considered in the calculation such that an accurate result is obtained. The present invention also provides a power calculation apparatus that can be realized by a personal computer or a workstation by using spreadsheet software.
Fig. 4 is a figure showing an example of the link budget of an uplink circuit of the CDMA mobile communication system.
Fig. 1 is a figure showing a structure of a mobile communication system to which a power calculation method of an embodiment of the present invention is applied. This mobile communication system employs, e.g., CDMA as a radio access method. Service is provided by dividing a service area into relatively small radio zones, which are also called cells 30-34. In the case of the CDMA mobile communication system, a carrier of the same frequency is used in all the cells 30-34. The CDMA mobile communication system includes two or more transmitting stations (henceforth base stations) 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24, each of which covering one of the divided radio zones, and receiving stations (henceforth mobile stations) 10, 11, and 12 that communicate with the base stations 20, 21, and 23, respectively, by setting up a radio channel.
Fig. 2 shows an embodiment of the present invention of a link budget of a downlink circuit of the CDMA mobile communication system.
In this formula of calculating the required receiving power (r), the numerator represents a receiving power where there is no interference, and is equivalent to R0 of the formula (1) and the formula (2), and the denominator serves as a compensation term to the receiving power R0. In the denominator, (k)x103/(n)x106 is equivalent to a spread coefficient pg. Further, a constant expressing reduction of interference in a cell in which the receiver is present (orthogonality factor) γ, which is equivalent to (q) in the formula (3), is a parameter indicating that the interference in the cell is reduced by downlink orthogonalization. The orthogonality factor γ (0<= γ=<1) takes zero where perfect orthogonality is in place, generating no interference in the cell, and takes 1 where no orthogonality is present. Further, γ= 1 will be set up where this γ constant is not used. A coefficient F indicates interference from other cells, and is equivalent to (o) in the formula (3), which is a parameter indicating magnitude of interference from other base stations as compared with a power from the cell, as measured at a boundary of the cell. Where the interference from other cells is not taken into consideration, F=0 is set up.
Next, an example of calculation of the required receiving power R is shown below.
Parameter values necessary for the calculation of the required receiving power R in the formula (3) are set as follows, for example.
Applying the above parameters to the formula (3), the required receiving power R is obtained as R=-116.95[dBm]. Here, a propagation loss can be converted to a range, according to various theories, empirical formulas, etc. For example, an empirical formula of radio wave propagation given by reference 3 (M. Hata, "Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services" IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol., vol.VT-29, no.3, pp.317-325, Aug.1980) can be used. (In this example, the range (y) obtained according to the above-mentioned reference 3 is 4.12 [km]).
The link budget of a downlink circuit of the CDMA mobile communication system shown in Fig. 2 is an embodiment example of a link budget of CCPCH of this invention, and does not limit the embodiment of the present invention. Although the required receiving power when there is no interference was calculated in this example, based on a property of a receiver, such as the thermal-noise power (m) of the receiver, and required SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio that is a ratio of desired signal power to noise power) value Λ (p), the values may be determined by a computer simulation or by experiments with actual receivers. Moreover, although this embodiment employs items peculiar to mobile communications, such as the shadowing margin and building entry loss, these items are not essential to this invention. That is, so long that a required receiving power is calculated according to the total power of the base station 20, and the power of a predetermined radio channel, and, as required, the orthogonality coefficient and the interference coefficient relative to other cells, it is possible to acquire the same effect.
As mentioned above, the CDMA downlink circuit, that is, from the base station 20 to a mobile station 10, has unique characteristics. Such unique characteristics includes that a plurality of mobile stations receive signals transmitted from the base station 20 collectively in the same frequency band in different places, which causes interference amount significantly to differ from place to place. Further, the unique characteristics includes that an orthogonal coding is employed, a common control channel that transmits advisory information and paging information is present, and a common pilot channel method is applied. The power calculation method of this invention realizes a calculation of the required receiving power in a downlink circuit of the CDMA system having above characteristics, using the total power of the base station 20 and the transmitted power of a given radio channel, and, as required, the orthogonalization coefficient and the interference coefficient relative to other cells. Based on the calculated required receiving power, the range (cell radius) can be obtained easily. That is, the link budget technique is now applicable to designing a downlink circuit of the CDMA mobile communication system, which has been difficult so far. Thus, the link budget technique of the present invention provides, among other things, a required transmission power value of a base station, especially that of the common control channel (CCPCH) easily and with high precision.
A power calculation apparatus according to the power calculation method of this invention can be realized by a personal computer or a workstation. Spreadsheet software is introduced to the personal computer or the workstation, and the formula (3) is placed in a box of the table of the link budget shown in Fig. 2, corresponding to the required receiving power (r). In this manner, the required receiving power (r) is obtained easily.
In this example, the spreadsheet function introduced into the personal computer or the workstation represents power calculation means.
As mentioned above, the link budget technique is now available to calculating the required receiving power of a given radio channel in the downlink circuit of a CDMA mobile communication system. The present invention realizes the link budget for the CDMA downlink by considering both the transmitted power of the given radio channel and the total transmission power. In addition, a higher precision result can be obtained by further considering a degree of orthogonality and magnitude of interference from other cells.
The present invention further provides the power calculation apparatus that performs the power calculation according to the above power calculation methods.
calculating the required receiving power of the radio wave of the radio channel, with using a transmission power of the radio channel and a ratio of the transmission power of the radio channel to a total transmission power in the radio channel.
a total transmission power of the radio channel and a ratio of the transmission power of the radio channel to the total transmission power in the radio channel.
Ptotal is the total power transmitted from the transmitting station (20).
ξ is a ratio of the transmission power of the predetermined radio channel transmitted from the transmitting station (20) to the total transmission power.
A power calculation method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the required receiving power of the radio wave of the radio channel is calculated using a coefficient that estimates an amount of interference received from the transmitting station (20) with which the receiving station (10) is in communication.
A power calculation method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the required receiving power of the radio wave of the radio channel is calculated using a coefficient representing a ratio of a sum of interference amounts from transmitting stations (21, 22, 23, 24) other than the transmitting station (20) in communication with the receiving station (10), and interference power from the transmitting station (20) in communication with the receiving station (10).
γ is a coefficient multiplied to interference from the transmitting station (20) in communication with the receiving station (10).
F is a power ratio of a total interference from transmitting stations (21, 22, 23, 24) other than the transmitting station (20) in communication with the receiving station (10), and an interference from the transmitting station (20) in communication with the receiving station (10).
power calculation means that calculates the required receiving power of the radio wave of the radio channel, with using a transmission power of the radio channel and a ratio of the transmission power of the radio channel to a total transmission power in the radio channel.
total transmission power of the radio channel and a ratio of the transmission power of the radio channel to the total transmission power in the radio channel.
A power calculation apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the power calculation means calculates the required receiving power of the radio wave of the radio channel using a coefficient that estimates an amount of interference received from the transmitting station (20) with which the receiving station (10) is in communication.
A power calculation apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the power calculation means calculates the power of the radio wave of the radio channel using a coefficient representing a ratio of a sum of interference amounts from transmitting stations (21, 22, 23, 24) other than the transmitting station (20) in communication with the receiving station (10), and interference power from the transmitting station (20) in communication with the receiving station (10).
F is a power ratio of a total interference from transmitting stations other than the transmitting station in communication with the receiving station (10), and an interference from the transmitting station (20) in communication with the receiving station (10).


R&M is again providing Europe's cabling experts with the opportunity to 'talk shop' directly in front of their own front door in 2019. On a roadshow through more than 20 countries, two R&M trucks are now visiting contacts on site. There is plenty of information on board for planners, installers and their customers, project managers, distributors, system integrators, users and other interested parties.
Over the years, the R&M truck had become a popular meeting place which is why R&M is extending the offer and sending a further truck on tour from 2019. The visitors meet up in the exhibition bus in a practice-oriented atmosphere. Here they swap stories and share experiences on the latest developments in network technology. The focus is on tips and tricks for installation, subjects such as bandwidth requirements, network management and cyber security.
Between racks, patch panels, copper and fibre optic cables, visitors obtain exclusive information from R&M experts. They can test products as well as R&M's termination and cabling technologies. One of the two trucks focuses on solutions for Fiber to the Home (FTTH). The other is equipped with systems for Power over Ethernet, data centre and LAN cabling.
Visitors can familiarise themselves with technologies that are still relatively new to them, such as Passive Optical LAN (POLAN). In the R&M truck, IT managers become acquainted with automated infrastructure management which will free them of manual network administration.
Planners use the trucks to advise building owners and project customers as well as demonstrate how to use R&M solutions. This facilitates the decision-making process. The roadshow teams also offer training sessions on site, saving on travel to distant seminars, and update partners in the connectivity industry on all the latest findings.


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High Fidelity (magazine)
High Fidelity was an American magazine that was published from April 1951 until July 1989 and was a source of information about high fidelity audio equipment, video equipment, audio recordings, and other aspects of the musical world, such as music history, biographies, and anecdotal stories by or about noted performers.
327,000 at closure in 1989
Milton B. Sleeper
April 1951 (1951-04)
Final issue
Audiocom, Inc. (1951–1957)
Billboard Publications, Inc. (1957–1974)
ABC Consumer Magazines (1974–1989)
Great Barrington, Massachusetts
For other uses, see High fidelity (disambiguation).
Great Barrington, Massachusetts-based High Fidelity magazine was original founded as a quarterly publication in 1951 by audiophile Milton B. Sleeper.[1][2][3][4] One of the first editors was Charles Fowler.[1] Later, the publication became a monthly and Fowler became the publisher.
In 1957, High Fidelity and its sister publication Audiocraft was obtain by Billboard Publications, Inc., when it purchased High Fidelity's parent company, Audiocom, Inc. from Audiocom's president and publisher Charles Fowler.[5][6]
After 16 years of ownership, Billboard sold High Fidelity in 1974, along with its sister publication Modern Photography, to the magazine division of the American Broadcasting Companies for $9 million.[7][8] At the time of the sale, High Fidelity and Modern Photography had circulations of 260,000 and 470,000 respectively.
Until 1981, its editorial offices were located in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. In January of that year, its parent company, ABC Consumer Magazines, began moving the publication's operations to New York City, a process that was completed in about a year. In 1989, ABC sold High Fidelity and its sister publication Modern Photography to Diamandis Communications (now Hachette Filipacchi Media), which merged its subscriber list with that of Stereo Review magazine.[9][10] (Stereo Review transformed into the present Sound and Vision magazine in 2000.) High Fidelity and Modern Photography had circulations of 327,000 and 689,000 respectively by the time these magazines were shut down by Diamandis.
Musical AmericaEdit
Main article: Musical America
While as a subsidiary of Billboard Publications, High Fidelity purchased Musical America in 1964 and incorporated the newly acquired publication as an additional insert to selected editions of High Fidelity that were mailed to subscribers who had paid an additional fee.[11][12] During this time, the Musical America was not available in the copies of High Fidelity that were sold at newsstands, but only in certain copies available only by subscription. This business arrangement continued after High Fidelity was sold to ABC Consumer Magazines in 1974.
ABC continued this publishing arrangement until 1986 when ABC decided it needed to revive Musical America as a separate monthly publication[13] (which later became bimonthly) to fight back against that lost of readership caused by the foundation of a new competing classic music publication by a James R. Oestreich called Opus. Oestreich was a former High Fidelity classic music editor who was fired in 1983 for protesting the cutbacks in classic music coverage in the joint High Fidelity/Musical America publication.[14] In protest to Oestreich dismissal, several noted classic music editors resigned in mass to eventually join Oestreich at his new publication.
The reintroduction of the first separate issue of Musical America in 1987 was mishandled by ABC since ABC did not provide copies for distribution at newsstands in many major cities.[15] Although Musical America's tenure at ABC was not very impressive,[16] it avoided High Fidelity's fate of being sold to Diamandis and remained with ABC until 1991 when it was sold to media investor Gerry M. Ritterman.[17]
Audio (magazine)
^ a b "Ad for High-Fidelity magazine". Popular Mechanics. 96 (6). December 1951. p. 35. ISSN 0032-4558.
^ Anderson, Tim Jay (1998). Lost in sound: Cultural-material issues in American recorded music and sound, 1948-1964 (Ph.D.). Northwestern University. pp. 305–306. OCLC 50420754. Again, take for example the number of feature articles that High Fidelity ran in its first few years of publication. As the first commercial magazine printed for the pleasures of the amateur and professional audiophile, High-Fidelity was established in the summer of 1951 with the intent of being a quarterly, but within a few years demand was great enough to force it through the stage of bi-monthly publication, and finally into monthly editions. As the editor, Milton B. Sleeper, claimed, High Fidelity was "devoted to your interests in 'the sense of hearing,'" emphasizing topics ranging from in-home record audio equipment, records worth mentioning and, of course, FM radio. Link via ProQuest.
^ Marshall, Christy & Selvin, Barbara (May 25, 1989). "Diamandis Buys, Will Fold 2 Mags". Newsday (New York ed.). p. 51. High Fidelity was started by a radio and audio aficionado named Milton Sleeper. ABC bought Modern Photography, High Fidelity and Musical America, from Billboard Publications in Manhattan in 1974 for $12 million. ABC is keeping Musical America. Link via ProQuest.
^ Ziesmann, Jeffrey K. "Milton B Sleeper". American Radio History.
^ "High Fidelity Magazines Join Billboard Fold". Billboard. 69 (43). November 25, 1957. pp. 1, 25. ISSN 0006-2510. Billboard Publishing Company bought Audiocom, Inc., owner of High Fidelity and Audiocraft. Charles Fowler president and publisher Alternate Link via ProQuest.
^ "2 Music Papers Merge: High Fidelity and Billboard Will Retain Present Format". New York Times. November 27, 1957. p. 26. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
^ "ABC Plans to Purchase 2 Consumer Magazines As Base of New Unit". Wall Street Journal. June 21, 1974. p. 13. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
^ "Media Briefs". Los Angeles Times. June 23, 1974. p. E10. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
^ "Diamandis Acquires 2 Magazines". New York Times. May 25, 1989.
^ "Hachette Unit Buys High Fidelity, Modern Photography Subscriber Lists". Associated Press. May 24, 1989.
^ "Classical Music: BB's High Fidelity Buys Musical America". Billboard. 76 (47). November 21, 1964. p. 16. Link via ProQuest.
^ "Musical America Magazine Sold; To Run as Part of High Fidelity". New York Times. November 10, 1964. p. 57. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
^ Page, Tim (November 2, 1986). "Music Notes; Championing the Music of Today". New York Times. p. A.23. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
^ Page, Tim (October 5, 1983). "Music Editor Dismissed". New York Times.
^ Reich, Howard (March 15, 1987). "A Classic Newsstand Tale Of Woe". Chicago Tribune. p. 24. The most eagerly anticipated "new" classical music magazine in America went into print this month, but it's impossible to buy a copy in Chicago... or New York or Los Angeles. Musical America, for years published inside High Fidelity magazine, went to a free-standing format for its March issue--unfortunately, the magazine never made it to the newsstands. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
^ Page, Tim (December 18, 1990). "Now Musical America Is For Sale: Bad Times for The Classical Music Press". Newsday. p. 59. In recent years, however, Musical America has often been hard to find. From 1964 to 1986, the magazine was available only as an insert in special subscription editions of High Fidelity. (In 1983, High Fidelity had an estimated circulation of 400,000; at that time only one issue in 20 carried Musical America.) In 1986, Musical America was again cut loose from High Fidelity. At first a monthly, then a bimonthly, it never caught on at the newsstands, in part because of the unusually high price - $6 - that was set for the slim magazine. The new, independent Musical America expanded its coverage and began to run recordings reviews. Link via ProQuest.
^ Kozinn, Allan (April 3, 1991). "Musical America Magazine Announces Reorganization". New York Times.
Stereophile announces demise of High Fidelity
List of High Fidelity equipment reviews from 1954–1974
List of High Fidelity equipment reviews from 1975–July, 1989
High Fidelity archive at the Internet Archive
High Fidelity archive at Vintage Vacuum Audio from March 1954–May 1960
High Fidelity archives at American Radio History from Summer 1951–December 1970
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Fidelity_(magazine)&oldid=899352098"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Here is the second quilt in the series. I really liked Emilie's drawing for this one. The quilting is not as detailed but I like the over-all design better. I forgot to get pictures before I started painting.
Before quilting, I transferred the drawing with pencil to the fabric. I starched the fabric three times before transferring the design. This keeps the pencil from staying in the fabric. The paint that I use is Jacquard fabric paint. I used a hand-dyed fabric base for this one instead of muslin.


Pleurotus mushrooms are commercially important to the world market. They are widely cultivated and appreciated for their specific taste and nutritional values all over the world. They are rich in proteins, amino acids, and essential fatty acids.
Pleurotus citrinpileatus forms large clusters that bear a spicy-bitter-nutty flavor but unfortunately its fragility makes it difficult for post-harvest distribution to far away markets. This kind grows rapidly through pasteurized straw and sterilized sawdust. It develops well at higher temperatures than the common oyster mushroom. Will grow on logs and stumps, particularly of Ulmus and Carpinus. In China, farmers grow them on cottonseed hulls, sugar cane bagasse, sawdust, and straw. In the U.S.A., the most frequently used substrate compositions imply wheat straw or hardwood sawdust. For fruiting, substrates range from pasteurized wheat, chopped corn cobs to hardwood sawdust. Alternative substrates that are being developed commercially are represented by paper by-products, banana fronds and peanut hulls. Straw inoculated with grain spawn is considered to have considerably greater yields than straw inoculated with sawdust spawn.
Regarding to yield potentials it needs to be said that this species in not as prolific as the more popular Pleurotus ostreatus in the conversion of substrate. Studies have shown that using cottonseed amended substrates provided higher yield efficiencies. The biological efficiency ranges from 50-100% on wheat straw.
One study selected seven locally available substrates for figuring out the growth and yield performance: bean straw, sawdust of African mahogany, maize cobs, rice straw, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, and banana leaves. The best performance was obtain on bean straw substrate. In this particular study all seven substrates were pasteurized at 70°C for 2h. After cooling, they were individually spawned at a rate of 5% under laminar air flow and then, labeled and incubated in the dark at 25±2°C for 8-21 days. After completing this task, they were transferred into a humid growing room and kept at a 12 h light/ 12 h dark photoperiod at 23±2°C. After completing the experiment, data gathered concluded that all substrates recorded great fruiting and mycelia colonization. Maximum yield and biological efficiency (148%) was found at a spawn rate of 5% using bean straw substrate. Closely following was rice straw, with an efficiency of 90%, sugarcane bagasse 78%, wheat straw 41%, banana leaves 16% and the lowest, maize cobs 5%.
Another recent study focused on growing this type of mushroom on pea pod shell, paddy straw, brassica straw, radish leaves and cauliflower leaves separately and on various combinations. Pleurotus citrinopileatus apparently failed to grow on pea pod shells, radish and cauliflower leaves but developed very well on paddy straw in combination with other kinds of substrates. When harvested from paddy straw only, the total yield and biological efficiency was lower than on other wastes combined with paddy straw. The maximum biological efficiency was held by 70% paddy straw with 30% other wastes. Six essential amino acids were found in the mushrooms grown on the mixed substrate and also higher quantities of protein, sugar and non-reducing sugar.
It's important to highlight the fact that using these agro-wastes gave high yields and definitely playing around with random substrate combinations or factors is key, but hey! once you got a great recipe a great strain and know what this particular strain likes and dislikes you'll get happy results.
M.P. Singh, V. K. Singh, "YIELD PERFORMANCE AND NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS OF PLEUROTUS CITRINOPILEATUS ON DIFFERENT AGROWASTES AND EGETABLE WASTES", 2011.
Musieba, et al., "Suitability of Locally Available Substrates for Cultivation of the Kenyan Indigenous Golden Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotuscitrinopileatus Singer)", 2012.
Paul Stamets, "Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms", book 1993.


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Painted China, 22nd Infantry
A piece of painted china from the place setting of the 22nd Infantry. This artifact was excavated in 2009 by the Fort Lewis College Archaeological Field School.
Fort Lewis was a US Army post in southwest Colorado that operated from 1878 to 1891. The post had two locations: the first, Camp Lewis, in Pagosa Springs and the second south of Hesperus. Camp Lewis was founded in 1878 and moved to Hesperus in 1880 because Pagosa Springs was too far from the Ute and Navajo Reservations, and citizens in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico feared the Utes, especially after the White River Agency confrontation in 1879.
The Hesperus post was completed in 1881. The garrison was home to several infantry and cavalry units, but troops from Fort Lewis did not take part in any major battles. In 1890, with relative peace between white citizens and Native Americans, the troops began moving out of Fort Lewis. It served temporarily as the Ute Indian Agency and became an Indian Boarding School after it was decommissioned in 1891. Fort Lewis is unique because the land and real property have remained in public trust, allowing for its survival to the present and use as a significant historical resource.
In mid-October of 1878, under the command of Captain William Hartz, troops from the Ninth Cavalry (D Troop) and the Fifteenth Infantry (I Company) made their home on a bench above the San Juan River in southwest Colorado near large mineral springs. The springs were a sacred place to the Ute tribe that made this part of southwest Colorado their home. They called the place Pagosa, meaning "stinking waters" or "water that smells like sulfur." This cantonment (a temporary fort) on the San Juan River was initially called Pagosa Springs, but the name was later changed to Camp Lewis. Lt. Colonel William Lewis, for whom the fort was named, was an accomplished soldier and American Indian sympathizer. He died from a severed femoral artery in a surprise attack by the Cheyenne at Punished Woman's Fork on the Smoky Hill River in Kansas. The Ninth Cavalry, the larger of the two regiments, were Buffalo Soldiers, black regiments consisting of former slaves and free blacks. The Pagosa garrison never became anything more than a cantonment.
In September 1879, an unfortunate sequence of events at the White River Ute Agency in northwest Colorado culminated in the death of Indian agent Nathaniel Meeker and angered the citizens of Colorado, who threatened revenge on the Ute Indians. To address the potential for an uprising, the army initiated the move from the Pagosa Springs garrison. The isolated post along the San Juan River was too far from any major Anglo-American settlement it had been commissioned to protect. It was also too distant from the Ute and Navajo reservations.
Move to Hesperus
In the summer of 1880 troops were moved to a location along the La Plata River just south of Hesperus, near the fast-growing communities of Durango, Animas City, and Silverton. A temporary cantonment about a mile upstream of the proposed fort was set up with tents, a sawmill, and a shingle mill. Harsh weather and poor living conditions in the temporary encampment exacerbated unrest and troubling health conditions among the troops. The first trooper to die at the Hesperus cantonment was Private Frederick Beehler of the Thirteenth Infantry, who succumbed to pneumonia on November 18, 1880.
Despite a miserable winter with most of the troops housed in temporary tents, the new post was officially designated as Fort Lewis on January 21, 1881. It was located on the second terrace along the west bank of the La Plata River. The cavalry stables, blacksmith shop, employee quarters, and facilities were located along the riverbanks. The cemetery was positioned on the first terrace of the La Plata River, but at a distance east of the post. Buried together in this cemetery were members of the military and their families, along with civilian employees.
Over the ten years of operation at Hesperus, Fort Lewis was home to the 6th, 13th, 15th and 22nd Infantries and the 6th Cavalry. The Twenty-Second Infantry was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Peter Swain. In August 1883, two companies of Buffalo Soldiers camped in close proximity to Fort Lewis on their way to Fort Craig, New Mexico. Troops at Fort Lewis participated in no major battles, and only a few skirmishes demanded their attention. Perhaps the most significant of these was a sortie into the Abajo Mountains of southeastern Utah. Troops arrested an Indian accused of killing a local rancher, but this incident did not result in a battle. The post briefly served as the Southern Ute Agency headquarters until a full service agency was established at Ignacio.
An excursion to the Grand Canyon from Fort Lewis was led by First Lieutenant Edward Wanton Casey of the Twenty-Second Infantry. The purpose was to explore the lands of the Moqui, Navajo, and Pueblo Indians thought to be of possible military interest and to provide better geographical and topographical knowledge of the land. The party left Fort Lewis in November 1887 and returned in January 1888. They reached the Grand Canyon ten miles below the mouth of the Little Colorado River but never reached the canyon's north side.
One member of this expedition was Private Christian Barthelmess, a noted musician and photographer. Christian Barthelmess served several terms with the US Army and was stationed throughout the west. He was intrigued with the Native Americans and took hundreds of photographs, many of them now housed at the Montana Historical Society. He took most of the photographs of the Fort Lewis post near Hesperus. Maurice Frink's Photographer on an Army Mule with Casey Barthelmess documents the story of Christian Barthelmess as he photographed the western frontier during the closing years of the nineteenth century.
End of the Fort
With relative peace between the Utes and Navajos and the white settlers, Fort Lewis was decommissioned in September 1891 and troops from the Twenty-Second Infantry left for Fort Lyon, Colorado, before continuing on to Fort Kehoe, Montana. The land and the buildings were transferred to the secretary of the interior, Department of Indian Education, to be used as an Indian boarding school.
The Fort Lewis Indian boarding school operated from 1892 until 1911. Declining enrollments in boarding schools in general, along with the construction of schools on reservations, brought an end to the Indian boarding school period. After the boarding school closed, the reservation property and infrastructure were transferred to the Colorado Department of Agriculture with the stipulation that it become a school for both whites and Indians that provided free and equal access to education for Native American students.
Charles, Mona C.
"Collection M 118: Fort Lewis Military Fort Federal Records Inventory," Center of Southwest Studies, Fort Lewis College, updated July 11, 2007.
Maurice Frink with Casey Barthelmess, Photographer on an Army Mule (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965).
Montana Historical Society Research Center, "Christian Barthelmess Photograph Archives."
"Post Records," Center of Southwest Studies, unpublished manuscript collections on the Fort Lewis military post (Durango, CO: Fort Lewis College).
Duane Smith, A Time for Peace: Fort Lewis, Colorado, 1878–1891 (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2006).
"Collection M 211: Fort Lewis Indian School federal records inventory," Center of Southwest Studies, Fort Lewis College, updated June 25, 2013.
Robert W. Delaney, Blue Coats, Red Skins, and Black Gowns: 100 Years of Fort Lewis (Durango, CO: Durango Herald, 1977).
Fort Lewis College, "Military Fort: 1880–1911," 2016.
Robert W. Frazer, Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios and Posts Commonly Called Forts West of the Mississippi River to 1898 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972).
Jolie Anderson Gallagher, Colorado Forts: Historic Outposts in the Wild Frontier (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2013).
Duane Smith, Sacred Trust: The Birth and Development of Fort Lewis College (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1999).
Archuleta County
Indian Agency
military posts
Indian boarding school
Animas Canyon Toll Road
Brunot Agreement
Conejos Indian Agency
Denver Special Indian Agency
Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad
Fort Logan National Cemetery
Indian Agencies and Agents
Indian Annuities
La Plata County
Lafayette Head
Los Piños Indian Agency
Middle Park Indian Agency
Missionary Ridge Fire
Pike's Stockade
Upper Arkansas Indian Agency
Western Slope


text:
Julian Lennon Can Imagine How To Help Ukraine
May 19, 2022 James ForgeyEntertainment
What is a more perfect illustration of how the old world and the new world are colliding than this: Ukraine is invaded by its neighbor Russia who came over with tanks, missiles and rifle bearing soldiers intending to take possession of their country by overwhelming physical force. The rest of the world, collaborating over satellite enable communication applications and sophisticated computer software created a series of punishing sanctions isolating the invader. Then, to raise money in support of the Ukrainian resistance, Julian Lennon went into the deep archive for his father's classic song Imagine, rerecorded it, repurposed it and is putting it out in to the ether as an NFT the proceeds of which will go to Ukrainian relief.
The NFT of Imagine, including Julian singing the song, his narration, and some additional materials will be up for sale for eleven days starting Friday, June 20, 2022. The price is only $11. That's barely the price of lunch at Chipotle. We're trading the price of burritos to fight bombs here. That's the power of this new world. Evil has no place to hide in a world where everyone owns a light and a magnifying glass.
Think about this: Julian using nothing more than the power of music and the talent which flows through his bloodline is about to share a classic musical moment from history with everyone who has $11 to help Ukraine. Who wouldn't want to be part of that movement?
The NFT sale is being handled by YellowHeart, the fast growing Web3 company helmed by Josh Katz. YellowHeart is all about ticketing, NFTs and building the infrastructure to accommodate what the metaverse will become.
Katz and his team are in the midst of hockey stick growth, as this corner of technology is replacing how things once were with what they should be. In a sense, Web3 is as transformative as the printing press once was. It's the infrastructure to create, custody and distribute ownership, access and information. There will be a lot of pain at companies which ignore how things are changing and they are changing fast.
As for Julian, he continues to be an advocate for making the world better, something he pursues with his art, his photography and through The White Feather Foundation which is where he continues to devote time and money in support of worthy causes.
Today's conversation with Julian was, as always, interesting. Julian has an easy sense of himself, and where he fits in this world. I always enjoy our conversations. Links to the talk in both video and audio podcast format are below:
It seems that Julian's use of his father's song is appropriate in this context. The performance is beautiful, and the mission is appropriate. If John were able to comment, there is no question he would be proud of his son and the way he held back this piece until it had a purpose which rose to the historical significance of the piece.
History is funny. There's always something to learn in the future from what took place in the past. Imagine if only we didn't have to learn these same lessons about good and evil over and over. As a species, if this was so, then all we'd have to think about would be Love Me Do. But, that is an entirely different story.
Liverpool news: Klopp urged to rethink Salah contract as Reds rival Man Utd for transfer
Man Utd news: Pogba's transfer battle as Ten Hag urged to sign Liverpool target Bowen
Oscar Nominations In Heavy Flux: The British Bookmakers Weigh In On Andrea Riseborough's Chances For Best Actress


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Future Net Worth
Source of Wealth Professional Rapper
What is Future's net worth? Let's find out. The rapper was born Nayvadius Wilburn on November 20, 1983, in Atlanta, Georgia. Much like Dr. Dre, Nicki Minaj, and Jay Z, Future started out his career in the rap game by releasing a series of mixtapes that gained popularity.
https://www.instagram.com/p/Bxu-TkpAy1q/
From 2010 to 2011, Future released three mixtapes and his final mixtape featured a hit single titled 'Tony Montana' which got him some national attention. During this time, he partnered with Gucci Mane on a collab album titled Free Bricks and signed with Epic Records in September 2011. His career was starting to come together in a big way. Future's net worth began to grow.
In April of 2012, Future released his debut studio album 'Pluto' and found commercial success. It debuted at number eight on the US Billboard 200 and sold over 40,000 copies during its first week. And for a debut album, it was a star-studded affair, featuring guest spots from Drake, T.I., and Snoop Dogg. In 2014, his second studio album (Honest) performed even better on the charts, debuting at the number two spot. This album featured even more guest appearances. It was becoming clear that Future was a master collaborator.
In 2015, Future reached the number one spot on the Billboard 200 with his third studio album, DS2. Not only did the album have commercial success, but it was also critically acclaimed and was featured in a number of "Best Albums of the Year" lists. His fourth studio album, Evol, reached the number one spot as well and featured some of Future's most well-known singles, including 'Low Life' and 'Wicked'. In early 2019, Future joined Nicki Minaj to co-headline the NICKIHNDRXX Tour.
https://www.instagram.com/p/Bvp40slgV3b/
Future's personal life is a bit complicated seeing as he has five children with five different women, but at least he'll be able to afford child support. Future's net worth sits at an impressive $30 million, and that number will likely increase as he continues to dominate the music world.
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text:
About Matandy
Matandy Pledge
Employee Ownership
Our Start In Steel
Helping to Build America
Matandy Steel & Metal Products, LLC, is a steel service center specializing in the processing of flat rolled material, including aluminized, hot dip galvanized, electro-galvanized, cold rolled, galvannealed, galvalume, and hot rolled pickled and oiled.
We process steel for many industries, including automotive, lawn and garden, construction, office furniture, appliance, agriculture, HVAC and more. Our 120-plus dedicated professionals serve customers across the U.S. from our headquarters in Hamilton, Ohio.
Rooted in Innovation
Matandy Steel is named after Matt and Andy Pfirman, the sons of founder Frank Pfirman. When he launched the company in 1987, Frank operated out of his parents' house using an old card table for a desk, but he had a vision for building something bigger: a company that served people, not businesses. A true entrepreneur, he strove for excellence at every level to build a stronger future for our company, our colleagues, our clients and our community.
In 2022, Frank cemented his people-first legacy by selling the Matandy family of companies to an ESOP (Employee Stock Ownership Plan). This move made Matandy 100 percent employee-owned and ensured the future of the company as a people-first, customer-first, and community-first organization.
Dedicated to Our People and Customers
Over the years Matandy steadily grew, adding both space and capabilities. Today, our campus totals more than 120,000 square feet of production and warehouse space.
Even as we expanded our staff and customer base, we stayed true to the values on which we were founded. That's because our strength isn't just in our steel — it's in our people. We still go the extra mile to get to know our customers and their needs. We all share the same energy and drive, the commitment to get it right, the strength to make the right decision for each other and our clients, and pride in a job well done. And we believe that following through on our promises is not about checking off tasks — it's about honoring our word.
We believe that corporate philanthropic involvement provides positive returns for our community. As such, we support many local charities as well as a variety of academic and athletic programs at many nearby schools.
© 2021 – Matandy Steel & Metal Products LLC
Matandy and True As Steel are trademarks of Matandy Steel & Metal Products LLC.


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text:
North Star Country: Upstate New York and the Crusade for African American Freedom
Milton C. Sernett
[✓ North Star Country: Upstate New York and the Crusade for African American Freedom || × PDF Download by ↠ Milton C. Sernett]
April 11, 2019 April 11, 2019 Milton C. Sernett
North Star Country: Upstate New York and the Crusade for African American Freedom By Milton C. Sernett,
Title: North Star Country: Upstate New York and the Crusade for African American Freedom
Author: Milton C. Sernett
The compelling and wide ranging tale that examines the moral choices made by blacks and whites of New York State to aid the newly freed slaves to secure the promise of freedom The North Star was both an astronomical reference guiding slaves north to freedom, and a symbol of the moral enterprise that sought to end slavery This crusade for freedom in the north was born ofThe compelling and wide ranging tale that examines the moral choices made by blacks and whites of New York State to aid the newly freed slaves to secure the promise of freedom The North Star was both an astronomical reference guiding slaves north to freedom, and a symbol of the moral enterprise that sought to end slavery This crusade for freedom in the north was born of the religious revivals of the 1820s and 1830s in central and western New York known as the Burned Over District, which lit the fires that eventually burst into the conflagration of the Civil War Milton C Sernett begins with a history of slavery in upstate New York and ends with John Brown s execution and burial in the Adirondacks He includes great abolitionists among them Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Gerrit Smith, Beriah Green, Jermain Lougen, and Samuel May and many lesset known characters who rescued fugitives from slave hunters, maintained safe houses along the Underground Railroad, and otherwise furthered the cause of freedom.
North Star Country Upstate New York and the Crusade for African American Freedom The compelling and wide ranging tale that examines the moral choices made by blacks and whites of New York State to aid the newly freed slaves to secure the promise of freedom The North Star was both
One thought on "North Star Country: Upstate New York and the Crusade for African American Freedom"
Sernett weaves together a complicated narrative that illustrates the important role that Central New York played in antebellum sectional debates Beginning with the Second Great Awakening, he illustrates that of the myriad reform movements born throughout the Burned Over District none was influential than immediatism the uncompensated abolition of slavery Charles G Finney s emphasis on perfecting society created abolitionist hubs in which a loose patchwork of moral reformers labored to save sout [...]
With this book, Milton C Sernett has done an excellent job presenting the abolitionist movement in western New York State including an array of individualists, who affected its spread and beliefs Despite its subtitle Upstate New York and , this book does not cover Albany, the Capital District or the Adirondacks The book is well researched and documented, and has excellent notes and bibliography The book unfortunately has an short index making easy reference difficult While packed with interestin [...]
Milton Sernett has given us a liberation geography of the BurntOver District in New York with a commendable emphasis on the African American presence The interweaving of Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Lucretia Mott, Susan B Anthony, Amy Post, William Seward, Gerrit Smith, John Brown and a host of others demonstrates how ideas sped along the Erie Canal, down the Finger Lakes, across the Mohawk Great traceable sources and accessible prose make this a hidden treasure of history books in recent [...]
Amazing, well researched book about Upstate New York and its pivotal role in the abolition movement As a resident of this region, I find myself very proud to read about the characters that inhabited this place A great read, I highly recommend it
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sahifa by Milton C. Sernett


What Does An Eye for an Eye and a Tooth for a Tooth Really Mean?
The expression "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth" has been widely used to justify vengeful feelings. Since it is in the Bible, many people claim that it is our duty not to let anyone take advantage of us. It is taught that we should do our best to get even with those who have wronged us.
To set the record straight, let us be clear here. This passage is NOT generally meant to be a literal requirement of executing judgment. We don't see any verse in the Bible that shows this principle to be literally carried out. Yes, a judge in Israel may demand a life for a life, stripes for stripes or wound for wound for certain crimes, but we don't see any indication that the eye-for-eye and tooth-for-tooth principle have been carried out.
In fact, if we read in Exodus 21:26-27, we read that if a man struck the eye of his servant or knocked his tooth, that man should let go of this servant. We don't see that a literal eye was paid for an eye or a tooth for a tooth.
The KEY to understanding this passage is to learn its INTENT. The eye-for-an-eye principle and other aspects of this verse were meant to ensure that the punishment would fit the crime and most especially to make sure that the penalty should NOT GO BEYOND the crime.
The natural tendency of people is not just to get even, but to never be cheated. If you cost me my hand, then you will pay your hand and foot for it. If you killed my brother, then I will kill your whole family. That's just how human nature operates.
Now, in most cases, the judges don't carry out these punishments literally, but rather they use it as a guide. Imagine if someone who destroyed another person's hand and be compelled for his hand to be cut off as well. It would be irrational to think that way. How can the offender make amends or help the injured if his hand would also be cut off? Obviously, one of the ways to recompense for the damage done was for the offender to work with his hands (maybe for the rest of his life) and help the injured party earn a living.
The judges are wise enough to make a judgment that would result in better compensation for the offended party rather than make things even worse for both sides.
What does Jesus Christ teach about the eye for an eye principle?
Apparently, the Pharisees were teaching the Jews that it was acceptable to seek personal revenge. If someone punched you in the face, it is okay that you punched him back. If a person stole your property, then it is okay to take their property as well.
Christ corrected this teaching. Since Christ is the God of the Old Testament, He was not in any way nullifying this principle or the rest of the Old Testament teaching. On the contrary, Jesus was MAGNIFYING THE LAW and showing its spiritual intent (Matthew 5:17-20).
Jesus was telling His audience that it was the job of the magistrates or the judges to apply the eye-for-an-eye principle in their judgment and it is our job to forgive those who have wronged us.
Christ went on to say that we must be willing to endure harm and offense for the sake of maintaining peace. We must be peace-loving, merciful, and kind to both our friends and enemies.
The eye-for-an-eye expression or principle is NOT there to encourage vengeful feelings, nor it justifies seeking unjust personal retribution for a slight offense. This principle is rather built on the God's sense of justice and mercy. Eye for an eye ensures that the punishment should not go beyond the crime committed.
Jesus Christ explained that we must be patient and loving with one another. Instead of harboring an unforgiving and hateful spirit, we must overlook offenses and let God handle the situation. Of course, this does not mean that we let evil to triumph and let criminals hurt or kill us. That's not the intention of Christ.
Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good" (Romans 12:17-21).


In Pennsylvania, you cannot pass a vehicle inspection with wheel spacers, so lets get that out of the way now. I don't care if you have passed or your uncle hooks you up or whatever, I've looked up the inspection codes myself.
I am not personally opposed to having a second set of wheels, and running spacers. I can put the old wheels and tires on for inspection time. The problem I have is that most Trailblazer wheels start at 17", so that leaves you with the large selection of affordable 6X5.5 wheels. The problem I have with those wheels is that most of them are 0 or negative offset, which combined with 1.5" wheel spacers are going to stick out pretty far. Some of you guys are running similar setups and your vehicle is nice but it just doesn't suit my tastes. I am hoping to run 265/75/16 and those tires just aren't big enough to me to look right sticking out that far.
I have found these wheels here https://www.amazon.com/Ion-Alloy-Black-Machined-6x127mm/dp/B004IPPA2G/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1520436615&sr=8-1&keywords=6x127+wheels which are a 17x8 wheel in 6x5. The offset on them is 10. The listing says that they have 5 inches of backspacing, I calculate 4.89. Do you guys think I would be able to mount 265/70/17 on them without any wheel spacers? Some of you are really more familiar with all these different combinations. I know there is a plethora of information and charts on the forums (and I have been looking at them for months) but I am having trouble squeezing the trigger not knowing if they will really fit.
Though, you got a good deal on those stock wheels.
I was worried with the wider tires... I knew I was probably good. But finding a matching tire at the right price kept me in a better price point all around. Maybe someone else will be able to reference the thread.
The 8" wide wheels should have been fine for anything over 255mm or so section width AFAIK.


Edgar Wright doesn't just make great films -- he makes rewarding films. His movies, which have tapped into many different genres and styles since Shaun of the Dead in 2004, are all immensely entertaining in their own right on first viewing, but what makes them brilliant is the excessive attention to detail that adds a new level to the narrative with each new viewing. Baby Driver, a project that Wright has been developing for a solid two decades, is most certainly no exception to this -- and while it will be multiple screenings to fully digest everything it has to offer, it only takes one watch to recognize it as an exceptional piece of art.
In the way that Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz and The World's End are respectively tributes to zombie horror, '80s action, and '50s sci-fi, Baby Driver is Edgar Wright's concoction of heist movie and non-singing & dancing musical, and it clicks on every level. Bleeding a special cinematic language while being brilliantly unique, it's put together unlike anything you've seen before, and while mixing fast chases, smart wit, high-stakes drama, fantastic performances and a genius soundtrack, it's everything you want from a film experience.
Borrowed from a Simon & Garfunkel song, the title also concisely sums up the titular character, Baby (Ansel Elgort), who is perhaps the world's greatest getaway driver. Suffering from a persistent ringing in the ears courtesy of a car crash that killed both of his parents when he was young, he perpetually has headphones piping music to his brain -- and it just so happens that he can find perfect synchronicity with a beat that allows him to execute incredible vehicle maneuvers behind the wheel. Good as he is, however, the crime world is one that he desperately wants to escape, and when he has a love-at-first-sight encounter with a new waitress at his favorite diner (Lily James), he begins to plot his departure, no matter what the cost.
Sporting a 30-song soundtrack that will become a must-buy for anyone who sees the movie, Baby Driver is entirely built around its music -- in the same way that the world is for the protagonist -- and it's nothing short of an astonishing feat. Requiring a stunning degree of specificity and assembled with hyper-elegance by editors Jonathan Amos & Paul Machliss, it's breathtaking to watch everything from a one-shot coffee run choreographed to Bob & Earl's "Harlem Shuffle," to a final showdown set to Queen's "Brighton Rock." The music basically winds up being its own special effect in the film, as what's accomplished will alone have you leaving the theater asking yourself, "How the hell did they do that?"
Baby Driver also has the effect of making the action of Hot Fuzz look like a training wheels exercise for Edgar Wright, as the film's numerous car chases might as well be stress tests for the arm rests of theater seats. Ansel Elgort and the expert stunt team pull off moves with vehicles you would ordinarily think would be impossible -- which is also by itself a credit to the impressive realism generated by dedication to practical on-set work. While your foot is tapping to the beat, your heart is perpetually in your throat as though you've been strapped to the hood of Baby's car, and it demands the big screen.
That same mix of tones in combination with some wonderfully complex character arcs really creates some tremendous opportunities for the ensemble cast of Baby Driver, anchored by the wonderful chemistry between Ansel Elgort's tight-lipped/smartass Baby and Lily James' Debora, the beautiful southern belle who is completely ready to move her life far, far away from Georgia. Strong as the protagonist game is, however, the real show comes from the balancing act that is the movie's group of intensely shady individuals -- played to perfection by Kevin Spacey, Jamie Foxx, Jon Hamm and Eiza Gonzalez. All of them have a special way of blending sinister and friendly and it perfectly leaves you wondering what to expect from them next.
In comparison to the cult-beloved Cornetto Trilogy and the more niche Scott Pilgrim vs. The World, Baby Driver is arguably the most accessible film we've seen from Edgar Wright (at least within the capacity of an R-rating), and it's a pure delight. It's a thrill from end to end; is funnier than any straight studio comedy we've seen this summer; and is a stunning auteur vision that actually reads as a perfect passion project. It's easily one of the best films of the year so far, and will continue to hold that esteem as we roll into December in a few months.


text:
Q: Problem with loading data from json in Flutter Stateful Widget When loading data from json I got some problem. I think the problem is in fetching the data.
Any idea what's going on?
I'm not best Flutter developer it's more like hobby so try to be easygoing.
Here is error:

The following NoSuchMethodError was thrown building RulesCard(dirty,
dependencies: [_LocalizationsScope-[GlobalKey#806d5],
_InheritedTheme], state: _RulesCardState#471f3):
The getter 'campusRulesList' was called on null. Receiver: null Tried calling:
campusRulesList
The relevant error-causing widget was:    RulesCard
file:///H:/Projekty/kampus_sggw/lib/global_widgets/side_drawer.dart:43:57
When the exception was thrown, this was the stack:
#0      Object.noSuchMethod (dart:core-patch/object_patch.dart:54:5)
#1      _RulesCardState.build (package:kampus_sggw/screens/map_screen/rules_card.dart:69:53)
#2      StatefulElement.build (package:flutter/src/widgets/framework.dart:4684:27)
#3      ComponentElement.performRebuild (package:flutter/src/widgets/framework.dart:4567:15)
#4      StatefulElement.performRebuild (package:flutter/src/widgets/framework.dart:4739:11) ...
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
E/flutter (18750): [ERROR:flutter/lib/ui/ui_dart_state.cc(186)]
Unhandled Exception: Unable to load asset:
assets/json/campus_rules_pl.json E/flutter (18750): #0
PlatformAssetBundle.load
(package:flutter/src/services/asset_bundle.dart:227:7) E/flutter
(18750):  E/flutter (18750): #1
AssetBundle.loadString
(package:flutter/src/services/asset_bundle.dart:68:27) E/flutter
(18750):  E/flutter (18750): #2
_RulesCardState.loadFromJson (package:kampus_sggw/screens/map_screen/rules_card.dart:31:54)
E/flutter (18750):  E/flutter (18750): #3
_RulesCardState.initState. (package:kampus_sggw/screens/map_screen/rules_card.dart:23:21)
E/flutter (18750):  E/flutter (18750):

rules_card.dart where the Widget is defined:
class RulesCard extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  _RulesCardState createState() => _RulesCardState();
}

class _RulesCardState extends State<RulesCard> {

  CampusRules rulesListPL;
  CampusRules rulesListEn;

  @override
  initState() {
    WidgetsBinding.instance.addPostFrameCallback((_) async
    {
      rulesListPL = await this.loadFromJson();
      print(rulesListPL);
    });
    super.initState();
  }

  Future<CampusRules> loadFromJson() async {

    Map<String, dynamic> campusRulesMap = jsonDecode(await CampusRules.getJsonSting());
    final campusRules = CampusRules.fromJson(campusRulesMap);

    return campusRules;
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Drawer(
      child: ListView(
        padding: EdgeInsets.zero,
        children: [
          Container(
            height: 90.0,
            child: DrawerHeader(
              child: Text(
                  LocaleKeys.campus_rules.tr(),
                  textAlign: TextAlign.center,
                style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline3
              ),
              decoration: BoxDecoration(
                  color: Theme.of(context).bannerTheme.backgroundColor
              ),
            ),
          ),
          for (CampusRule campusRule in rulesListPL.campusRulesList)
            SingleChildScrollView(
              physics: BouncingScrollPhysics(),
              child: buildListTitle(context, campusRule),
            ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget buildListTitle(BuildContext context, CampusRule rule) => ExpansionTile(
    title: Text(
      rule.rule,
      style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline4,
    ),
    children: [
      for (CampusSubRule subRule in rule.subRulesList)
        ListTile(
          title:
          Text(
            subRule.subRule,
            style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline4,
          ),
        )
    ],
  );
}

campus_rules.dart where is defined the model of CampusRules object:
import 'package:flutter/services.dart';
import 'package:json_annotation/json_annotation.dart';
part 'campus_rules.g.dart';

@JsonSerializable()
class CampusRules {
  String name;
  String lang;
  List<CampusRule> campusRulesList;
  CampusRules(
      this.name,
      this.lang,
      this.campusRulesList,
      );
  factory CampusRules.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) =>
      _$CampusRulesFromJson(json);

  static Future<String> getJsonSting() {
    return rootBundle.loadString('assets/json/campus_rules_pl.json');
  }
}

@JsonSerializable()
class CampusRule {
  int ruleNumber;
  String rule;
  List<CampusSubRule> subRulesList;
  CampusRule(
      this.ruleNumber,
      this.rule,
      this.subRulesList,
      );
  factory CampusRule.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) =>
      _$CampusRuleFromJson(json);
}

@JsonSerializable()
class CampusSubRule {
  int subRuleNumber;
  String subRule;
  CampusSubRule(
      this.subRuleNumber,
      this.subRule,
      );
  factory CampusSubRule.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) =>
      _$CampusSubRuleFromJson(json);
}

campus_rules.g.dart where is the auto generated code for Serialization
// GENERATED CODE - DO NOT MODIFY BY HAND

part of 'campus_rules.dart';

// **************************************************************************
// JsonSerializableGenerator
// **************************************************************************

CampusRules _$CampusRulesFromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
  return CampusRules(
    json['name'] as String,
    json['lang'] as String,
    (json['campusRulesList'] as List)
        ?.map((e) =>
            e == null ? null : CampusRule.fromJson(e as Map<String, dynamic>))
        ?.toList(),
  );
}

Map<String, dynamic> _$CampusRulesToJson(CampusRules instance) =>
    <String, dynamic>{
      'name': instance.name,
      'lang': instance.lang,
      'campusRulesList': instance.campusRulesList,
    };

CampusRule _$CampusRuleFromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
  return CampusRule(
    json['ruleNumber'] as int,
    json['rule'] as String,
    (json['subRulesList'] as List)
        ?.map((e) => e == null
            ? null
            : CampusSubRule.fromJson(e as Map<String, dynamic>))
        ?.toList(),
  );
}

Map<String, dynamic> _$CampusRuleToJson(CampusRule instance) =>
    <String, dynamic>{
      'ruleNumber': instance.ruleNumber,
      'rule': instance.rule,
      'subRulesList': instance.subRulesList,
    };

CampusSubRule _$CampusSubRuleFromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
  return CampusSubRule(
    json['subRuleNumber'] as int,
    json['subRule'] as String,
  );
}

Map<String, dynamic> _$CampusSubRuleToJson(CampusSubRule instance) =>
    <String, dynamic>{
      'subRuleNumber': instance.subRuleNumber,
      'subRule': instance.subRule,
    };

And the json file:
{
  "name": "campus_rules",
  "lang": "pl",
  "campusRulesList": [
    {
      "ruleNumber": "1",
      "rule": "I. Kampus Uczelni jest terenem ogólnodostępnym w godz. od 6:00 do 22:00. W pozostałym przedziale czasowym na terenie Kampusu mogą przebywać tylko osob do tego uprawnione:",
      "subRulesList": [
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "1",
          "subRule": "1) pracownicy Uczelni (a także osoby im towarzyszące) oraz osoby wykonujące prace zlecone na rzecz Uczelni posiadające indywidualne zezwolenia;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "2",
          "subRule": "2) studenci i doktoranci SGGW oraz osoby im towarzyszące;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "3",
          "subRule": "3) mieszkańcy domów studenckich. Domu Asystenckiego i Pokoi Gościnnych Ikar;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "3",
          "subRule": "4) osoby korzystające z obiektów usługowych na terenie Kampusu do czasu ich zamknięcia."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "ruleNumber": "2",
      "rule": "II. Każdy kto przebywa na terenie Kampusu SGGW zobowiązany jest do:",
      "subRulesList": [
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "1",
          "subRule": "1) przestrzegania ogólnie przyjętych norm postępowania w zakresie relacji międzyludzkich:"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "2",
          "subRule": "2) przestrzegania zasad poszanowania mienia wspólnego Uczelni, poszanowania zieleni, a zwłaszcza niezaśmiecania Kampusu;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "3",
          "subRule": "3) właściwego korzystania z urządzeń, instalacji oraz wyposażenia budynków z uwzględnieniem ich przeznaczenia;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "4",
          "subRule": "4) właściwego korzystania z dróg transportu samochodowego, parkingów dla samochodów oraz chodników dla pieszych;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "5",
          "subRule": "5) zachowania zwykłych i nakazanych środków ostrożności przy trzymaniu psów oraz przy trzymaniu innych zwierząt."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "ruleNumber": "3",
      "rule": "III. Na terenie Kampusu zabrania się:",
      "subRulesList": [
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "1",
          "subRule": "1) zakłócania porządku publicznego, agresywnego, napastliwego i nieobyczajnego zachowania oraz niszczenia mienia Uczelni;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "2",
          "subRule": "2) spożywania alkoholu (nie dotyczy lokali konsumpcyjnych znajdujących się na terenie Kampusu SGGW oraz wydarzeń okazjonalnych lub cyklicznych organizowanychna terenie Kampusu SGGW, pod warunkiem wyrażenia przez Władze Uczelni zgody na spożywanie alkoholu podczas takiego wydarzenia), przebywania w stanie nietrzeźwym oraz pod wpływem innych środków odurzających;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "3",
          "subRule": "3) wnoszenia i posiadania broni (z wyłączeniem osób pełniących służbę ochrony) i innych przedmiotów mogących stanowić zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa, w szczególności: materiałów wybuchowych, wyrobów pirotechnicznych, środków odurzających lub psychotropowych;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "4",
          "subRule": "4) organizowania ognisk;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "5",
          "subRule": "5) grillowania poza miejscami do tego wyznaczonymi;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "6",
          "subRule": "6) wyprowadzania psów bez smyczy i kagańców oraz pozastawiania ich bez opieki;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "7",
          "subRule": "7) parkowania pojazdów poza wyznaczonymi miejscami;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "8",
          "subRule": "8) prowadzenia handlu obwoźnego i akwizycji bez zgody Władz Uczelni."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "ruleNumber": "4",
      "rule": "VII. Osoby odpowiedzialne za sprawowanie nadzoru na terenie Kampusu SGGW. a szczególnie pracownicy Straży Akademickiej oraz monitoringu obiektów są uprawnione i zobowiązane do:",
      "subRulesList": [
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "1",
          "subRule": "1) ograniczania wstępu na teren Kampusu osobom nieupoważnionym, a w przypadku ujawnienia naruszeń postanowień Regulaminu żądania opuszczenia terenu Kampusu;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "2",
          "subRule": "2) zwracania szczególnej uwagi na osoby, które swoim zachowaniem budzą uzasadnione podejrzenia zakłócenia porządku publicznego i reagowania w sytuacjach zagrożenia;"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "3",
          "subRule": "3) współdziałania, zgodnie z Prawem o Szkolnictwie Wyższym i Statutem Uczelni, w zakresie bezpieczeństwa z właściwymi terenowo jednostkami Policji. Straży Miejskiej, a w przypadku jakiegokolwiek zagrożenia wezwania grup interwencyjnych czy innych służb miejskich lub ratunkowych (Straż Pożarna. Pogotowie Ratunkowe);"
        },
        {
          "subRuleNumber": "4",
          "subRule": "4) kontrolowania uprawnień do przebywania na terenie Kampusu SGGW."
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

A: You're trying to access rulesListPL without waiting for loadFromJson() to complete and assign the result to it. So, you need a loading state:
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  // If rulesListPL has not initialized yet
  if (rulesListPL == null) {
    // Display your loading screen instead
    return Center(
      child: CircularProgressIndicator(),
    );
  }

  return Drawer(
    child: ListView(
      padding: EdgeInsets.zero,
      children: [
        Container(
          height: 90.0,
          child: DrawerHeader(
            child: Text(LocaleKeys.campus_rules.tr(),
                        textAlign: TextAlign.center,
                        style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline3),
            decoration: BoxDecoration(
              color: Theme.of(context).bannerTheme.backgroundColor),
          ),
        ),
        for (CampusRule campusRule in rulesListPL.campusRulesList)
        SingleChildScrollView(
          physics: BouncingScrollPhysics(),
          child: buildListTitle(context, campusRule),
        ),
      ],
    ),
  );
}

A: Thanks to Stewie answer I added some code to handle refresh after it is loaded:
class _RulesCardState extends State<RulesCard> with TickerProviderStateMixin{

  CampusRules rulesListPL;
  CampusRules rulesListEn;
  AnimationController controller;

  @override
  initState() {
    WidgetsBinding.instance.addPostFrameCallback((_) async
    {
      rulesListPL = await this.loadFromJson();
      print(rulesListPL);
    });

    controller = AnimationController(
      vsync: this,
      duration: const Duration(seconds: 5),
    )..addListener(() {
      setState(() {});
    });
    controller.repeat(reverse: true);

    super.initState();
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    controller.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  Future<CampusRules> loadFromJson() async {

    Map<String, dynamic> campusRulesMap = jsonDecode(await CampusRules.getJsonSting());
    final campusRules = CampusRules.fromJson(campusRulesMap);

    return campusRules;
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    // If rulesListPL has not initialized yet
    if (rulesListPL == null) {
      // Display your loading screen instead
      return Center(
        child: CircularProgressIndicator(
          value: controller.value,
        ),
      );
    }

    return Drawer(
      child: ListView(
        padding: EdgeInsets.zero,
        children: [
          Container(
            height: 90.0,
            child: DrawerHeader(
              child: Text(
                  LocaleKeys.campus_rules.tr(),
                  textAlign: TextAlign.center,
                style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline3
              ),
              decoration: BoxDecoration(
                  color: Theme.of(context).bannerTheme.backgroundColor
              ),
            ),
          ),
          for (CampusRule campusRule in rulesListPL.campusRulesList)
            SingleChildScrollView(
              physics: BouncingScrollPhysics(),
              child: buildListTitle(context, campusRule),
            ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Virgin Atlantic Airways tailfin / EdithRum/iStock
Delta Looks to Buy Big Share in Virgin Atlantic
by Maryrose Mullen
Even with all the precautionary measures taken, dutifully taking the TSA's advice, and charging up all your WiFi-accessible tech doodads for use on your trip, future flights may soon bring further frustrations to travelers. This time, however, it's not about flight delays, the lack of legroom, or crying babies. It's just business. Delta Airlines has announced plans to acquire a 49 percent stake in Virgin Atlantic, an international flier and separate company from Virgin America.
Delta aims to snatch up Singapore Airlines' share (the company's remaining 51 percent belong to owner Richard Branson). Delta's motivation for the buy is not only a means of consolidation. Holding a major stake in a Britain-based international airline offers Delta the chance to procure more landing slots at London's Heathrow Airport, one of the world's largest hubs.
Consolidating airlines is nothing new to the industry, with mergers occurring frequently over the past several decades (remember when Continental and United were two separate airlines?). A company is better served aligning with other airlines, rather than attempting to take over individual international carriers individually. Though mergers are a better alternative to stave off bankruptcy, the practice can translate to a diminished experience for passengers. With less competition between fewer airlines, costs will continue to rack up for travelers. Customers can expect to see further fare increases, coupled with weaker overall performance. A messy marriage between two airlines has baggage – labor integration, loyalty programs, cutting services or routes – meaning customers are paying more to get less.
The Delta-Virgin Atlantic relationship is still it talks, but should it go though, travelers can take away a silver lining. Passengers will likely see benefits in the short term, including increased spots at Heathrow. Long-term benefits and detriments are yet to be seen, but fliers should not expect the airline industry's exercise in consolidation to end anytime soon.


text:
Lithuanian ambassador in Minsk handed note over Belarusian border violation
Lithuania's ambassador in Minsk, Andrius Pulokas, on Monday was handed a diplomatic note over a violation of Belarus' border.
Belorussian Embassy in Vilnius
© DELFI / Kiril Čachovskij
Belarus says that Lithuanian border guards on September 28 illegally entered the neighboring country's territory as they tried to detain two Belarusian citizens.
According to Belarus' embassy, the incident occurred at the Lavoriškės-Kotlovka border checkpoint.
"Armed (border guards) crossed the state border of the Republic of Belarus and went around 40 meters deep into its territory. As Belarusian border guard officials were approaching them, the Lithuanians hurried back to Lithuanian territory after the unsuccessful detention operation without giving any explanation," it said in a statement.
The embassy described the Lithuanian border guards' actions as dangerous, noting that the incident occurred at a time of heightened tensions in the region over last month's Russia-Belarus military exercise Zapad.
Lithuania officially admits border guards violated Belarusian border
Lithuania to tighten access into state border guard zone next year
Border officials of the two countries discussed the incident during a meeting on Friday. Lithuania admitted the violation and apologized, according to the embassy.
The Lithuanian Foreign Ministry confirmed to BNS on Monday evening that it had received the note.
"We confirm that the note has been received. The Interior Ministry and the State Border Guard Service have been asked to provide additional information about the event," Rytis Paulauskas, the Foreign Ministry's spokesman, told BNS.
Lithuania has officially admitted that its border guards had violated the Belarusian border ,...
Lithuania will tighten access into its state border guard zone starting next year, narrowing the range...


Well this is rather exciting. A Brisbane craft and design gallery called "Artisan" is holding a steampunk exhibit in October - and it appears to be touring all the eastern Australian states. It includes a number of my favourite Australian steampunk artists, and if you're an Australian Steampunk artist they're still open for submissions. You can find more information at their gallery exhibits site (you'll have to search for it as it's in date order of all their exhibits). They also have a Facebook page to add to your calendar.


Every year we have the honour of celebrating the success of our graduates and welcoming old friends as they achieved associate and fellowship status, as well as offering thanks to those who have reached 50 year status membership.This year was no exception.
200 members, students, friends and families celebrated their success and achievement at the enchanting Merchant Taylor's Hall in London which has roots as far back as the 14th century!
Amanda Mellors inspiring story shows the valuable experiences that are possible throughout your career.


Now comes the tricky part. To be able to change the IP address on the adapter you need to be able to connect with it. To do this you most likely need to change the IP address of your computer to a value that makes the adapter accessible. You can then connect to the adapter, make the change to the adapter, then return the computer back to it's original settings.
Each Epson Ethernet Interface module has a 'Base' MAC Address programmed into the it. A unique MAC Address and a Serial Number are programmed into the Flash ROM at the factory, and cannot be changed. Labels with both the MAC address and serial number are affixed to the module. These numbers are important when configuring the adapter- It is advisable to make a note of these values in a secure place.


Prices for both games are their all-time lowest price according to ITAD.
Saboteur is rated 100% positive and allows you to play the original levels plus some new levels.
Versus Squad is rated as very positive on Steam.
Versus is a fast action twin-stick shooter from the creator of Nation Red. Create your own sandbox defense before doing battle with thousands of zombie mutants in fast-paced top down combat. Face up to a dozen bosses. Simultaneously. Play in single player, on-line or local coop with up to 4 players!
Set up your player class, attributes and weaponry, then choose your map setting and build barricades, tactically place explosives, sentry guns, ammo and medical kit stockpiles, weapon stations and more.
Then battle it out in Free Play or Tactical Mode, alone or with friends and survive against 360-degree zombie attack or defend one or more breach points.
Save your map to disk or Steam Cloud to play later or rearrange your defenses after a defeat to try a different tactical approach.
During your play collect loot, repair your base and earn dozens of perks ranging from increased weapon accuracy to setting up drone strikes.
Versus supports leaderboards, per-game and lifetime player and weapon stats, achievements, custom map making and more.
Build your sandbox defense and see how long you survive on your own map!
Oh, man, how many hours lost on my amazing (for the time) Sinclair Spectrum!
What's ITAD? My googles didn't come up with anything.


text:
HON JACOB SWOOPE SUITE
ELIZA TRENT SWOOPE
GEORGE WASHINGTON SWOOPE, SR
GEORGE WASHINGTON SWOOPE, JR
MARGARET JUNE BAYLOR-SWOOPE
MARIE ANTOINETTE SWOOPE BRIDAL DRESSING ROOM — WEDDING PARTY
DINING SPECIAL
info@innatmeadowcroft.com
Frontier Culture Museumwattersk2017-12-27T17:59:54+00:00
Frontier Culture Museum
The Frontier Culture Museum of Virginia tells the story of the thousands of people who migrated to colonial America, and of the life they created here for themselves and their descendants.
These first pioneers came to America during the 1600s and 1700s from communities in the hinterlands of England, Germany, Ireland, and West Africa.
Many were farmers and rural craftsmen set in motion by changing conditions in their homelands, and drawn to the American colonies by opportunities for a better life. Others came as unwilling captives to work on farms and plantations.
Regardless of how they arrived, all became Americans, and all contributed to the success of the colonies, and of the United States.
In conjunction with the celebration of American independence, in 1975 a group of ambitious individuals proposed the creation of an expansive outdoor museum that would interpret the contributions made by settlers from backcountry communities of England, Germany, Ireland, and West Africa that pioneered our Western frontier in the 1700s. In 1978, the Virginia General Assembly authorized the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation to prepare a feasibility study for the land at the junction of I-64 and I-81 as the potential museum site. The study concluded that the site was exceedingly well suited for what would be become the celebrated Frontier Culture Museum of Virginia.
Today, the Museum operates as an agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Additional support for the Museum comes from generous donations. Incorporated in 1982 as a tax-exempt, 501(c)3 organization, the American Frontier Culture Foundation is empowered to accept all private donations for the museum. Donations support current and new permanent and temporary exhibits, the acquisition and reconstruction of historic buildings, the reproduction of historic buildings and furnishings, and the preservation of historic buildings and artifacts at the Frontier Culture Museum. Donations also provide the Museum with resources for illuminating teacher education programs, entertaining lectures, workshops, special programs and much needed school field trips to the Museum.
331 Glebe School Road
Swoope VA 24479
VISIT OUR FARM SITE
© Copyright 2018 | Inn at MeadowCroft | All Rights Reserved | Site Design: KWGraphicsandWeb


This article is a stub. You should help Wolfire by expanding it.
The way this works is that if you have or currently contributing to the wiki put your work or progress in the "Fresh" section. If no work has been done on the task for two weeks it will go "stale". Please try to keep things fresh and move things to "Stale" if you a) can't work on it or b) see no progress for a while. It is up to you to keep things fresh! Please help us out.
Then when you are sure that you are completely finished put it in the "Finished" category.
Here is how you write the things in the list.
(Make sure that the dates include the year.
dd Month, yyyy: What you did (include links). Handle.
I just listed a top/down approach to creating the to-do list. If you prefer the bottom/up approach then post the children tasks by themselves with links to their parents.
This page was last edited on 8 August 2013, at 04:15.