text:
Fresh Views of 17th-Century Discoveries by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek
Author: Howard Gest
Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek are credited with discovering the microbial world during the 17th century. However, some of the details about their contributions are garbled, leading to an unintended mythology. According to microbiologist Milton Wainwright of Sheffield University in Sheff... More...
Glycomics Aims To Interpret the Third Molecular Language of Cells
Authors: Alison A. Weiss, and Suri S. Iyer
Deciphering the chemical codes used by cells provides valuable insights, many of which will help toward ameliorating diseases. In contrast to impressive progress decoding genomics and proteomics, efforts to crack the code for the third major class of biopolymers, carbohydrates, continue to prove ... More...
Whole Genome Transplantation Becomes A Reality
Author: Marcia Stone
Microbiologists at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) in Rockville, Md., transferred the genome from one bacterium to another, "resulting in new cells with both the genotype and phenotype of the input genetic material," says Carole Lartigue, lead scientist on the project. "The recipient genome ... More...
Helicase Mutants Greatly Boost West Nile Virus Levels in Crows
A mutation in the West Nile virus (WNV) gene encoding helicase seems to account for major changes in virulence of this virus, enabling such mutants to replicate at least 104 more efficiently than usual, according to Aaron Brault of the University of California, Davis (UCD), and his col... More...
Engineering Phage To Target Biofilm Matrices Enhances Disruption
Bacteriophage can be genetically engineered to produce enzymes that dissolve polysaccharide matrices surrounding and protecting bacterial biofilms. These enzymes in turn enhance the ability of phage to break down such biofilms, according to bioengineers James Collins of Boston University in Bosto... More...
"Social" Dictyostelium Shows Immune-Like Behaviors
The soil-dwelling amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, although heralded for its social behavior, also has what might be considered an antisocial side—displaying immune-like activities among a subset of cells that protect against bacterial or other threats encountered in its immediate environm... More...
E. coli L Forms Do Not Conform to Cell Wall-Less Dogma
For ordinary bacteria, cell division is tightly linked with cell wall synthesis. Bacterial L forms, however, which are amorphous and penicillin-resistant, supposedly grow without making cell wall, which also is known as peptidoglycan or murein. Not so—at least for Escherichia coli L forms,... More...
Sonication Augments Testing of Prosthetic Joints for Pathogens
Sonicating surgically extracted prosthetic knee and hip joints improves the sensitivity of diagnostic testing for pathogens that form biofilms on such devices, which sometimes cause them to fail, according to Robin Patel and collaborators at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. Conventional testing re... More...
Microbial Trace Fossils Dated at 3.35 Billion Years Raise Questions
Author: Barry E. DiGregorio
Using pillow lava samples from the Euro Basalt of Pilbara Craton in Western Australia, Canadian geochemist and petrologist Neil R. Banerjee from the University of Western Ontario and his collaborators identified microbial tunnels that they date to the Archean period. If this evidence holds up it ... More...
HIV Disrupts Antimalarial Protective Effects of Pregnancy
Women who are pregnant for the first time are highly susceptible to malaria, a condition known as pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM). However, during subsequent pregnancies women typically build up resistance to PAM, except for those who become infected with HIV. Although pregnant women typically... More...
Congress Proposes User Fees on Imports To Bolster Food and Drug Safety
With little fanfare last August, Representative John Dingell (D-Mich.) proposed sweeping legislation to reform the safety of imported foods and drugs. Dingell chairs the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, which has held a series of hearings on the safety of the food and drug supply. The new ... More...
First ASM Conference in Asia
ASM is organizing its first conference in Asia, the ASM Conference on Emerging Technologies of Medical Importance for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases and the Detection of Pathogenic Microbes. This historic event will present the first-ever cutting-edge technology meeting focusing on clinical... More...
Laboratory Capacity Building in Côte d'Ivoire
ASM, via the International Laboratory Capacity Building Program (Lab Cap), is providing technical support to Côte d'Ivoire in order to help build the nation's capacity for tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics. An ASM team comprised of Khye Seng Goh and Mah-Séré Keita Sow (Program Manager, Inte... More...
Kadner Institute Inspires Pathways to Career Success
Attracting diverse applicants from across the nation, 25 senior-level graduate students and 10 early postdoctoral scientists were both challenged and inspired this past summer during the ASM Kadner Institute. This intensive five-day program was held 21–25 July on the campus of the University of C... More...
Thirteen Scholars Research Student Learning at ASMSiR
This past July, 13 participants came to ASM in Washington, D.C., for their initiation into the 2007–2008 ASM Scholars-in-Residence (ASM-SiR) program. The individuals, named ASM Scholars, kicked off their one-year virtual residency at a four-day institute on the Scholarship of Teaching and Learnin... More...
ASM Report
Author: Irene Hulede
Sugar Nucleotide Biosynthesis Pathways Mapped in Three Trypanosomatids
Trypanosomatids express complex glycoproteins and glycolipids that are often essential to their viability and virulence. In these parasites, sugar nucleotides are the sugar donors for protein and lipid glycosylation. But there had been no information on which sugar nucleotides are present in thes... More...
Toxin-Antitoxin Systems Promote Neither Stress Recovery Nor Apoptosis in E. coli K-12
Most bacterial genomes harbor multiple toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, at multiple locations—in their genomic core, islands, or mobile elements. This ubiquity strongly suggests horizontal gene transfer is occurring. Researchers have proposed that chromosomally-encoded TA systems may be stress-respo... More...
Bcr1 Gene Shown To Regulate Biofilm Growth in Another Candida Species
Candida species are among the most common causes of nosocomial infection, including species besides C. albicans. C. parapsilosis, which grows in biofilms on indwelling medical devices, is a particular problem in the aged and in premature babies. Biofilms are re... More...
Fluoroquinolone Resistance Gene Identified, Characterized
Fluoroquinolones are poorly active against enterococci. Recently, plasmid-borne resistance to fluoroquinolones due to the qnr gene was reported in certain Enterobacteriaceae species. The gene encodes a protein which protects DNA gyrase from inhibition by fluoroquinolones. Now Stepha... More...
Mouth Bacteria Biofilms Induce Acid Tolerance, Promote Cavities
The oral microbial flora is normally beneficial for the host, and prevents colonization by pathogenic species. But carbohydrate metabolism reduces pH, which demineralizes enamel, and selects bacterial strains adapted to reduced pH. Jessica Welin-Neilands and Gunnel Svensäter of Malmö University, ... More...
eventtype:PERSONALISATION;jsessionid:IVDXGYRaM901DQv-3H3HvFag.x-asm-books-live-01;itemid:http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/microbe/2/10;timestamp:1563448175597


text:
class PathsController < ApplicationController
  include PathsControllerHelper

  def index
    @game = Game.find(params[:game_id])
    @traceables = @game.paths.map { |path| path.traceable }
    render json: { game_id: @game.id, game_is_finished: @game.is_finished, paths_chosen: @traceables }
  end

  def show
    @path = Path.find(params[:id])
    if @path.traceable_type == "Actor"
      @traceables = @path.traceable.most_relevant_movies
    elsif @path.traceable_type == "Movie"
      @traceables = @path.traceable.top_billed_actors
    end
    render json: { game_id: @path.game.id, current_traceable: insert_traceable_type(@path.traceable), possible_paths: include_traceable_type(@traceables), ending_traceable: insert_traceable_type(@path.game.ending_actor), is_movie: (@path.traceable_type == "Actor") }
  end

  def create
    @game = Game.find(params[:game_id])
    @path = Path.new(path_params.merge(game: @game))
    if @path.save
      unless path_params["traceable_id"].to_i == @game.ending_actor.id && path_params["traceable_type"] == "Actor"
        redirect_to @path
      else
        @game.is_finished = true
        @game.save
        redirect_to game_paths_path(@game)
      end
    else
      render body: nil, status: 400
    end
  end

  private
  def path_params
    params.require(:path).permit(:traceable_type, :traceable_id)
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Matt Walsh is OK With Child Molestation, But Not For an Extramarital Affair?
Let's get one thing straight right off the bat: I do not rejoice in other people's shortcomings or problems. What I do take a tiny bit of pleasure in, is seeing hypocrites being brought out to the light. As God says in the bible, everything secretive will be brought out into the light. Conservative blogger, Matt Walsh who takes pleasure in bashing gays, lesbians and transgenders, calling them "sick perverts" who have "mental illness" has finally admitted that he was wrong about Josh Duggar. He laughs, mocks and bullies those who are of the LGBT community and uses God as a shield so that he won't come across as the ol' fashioned bigot that he is. He proudly shows off his tattoos, smoking a cigar and drinking beer like a good ol' boy. It never ceases to amaze me that someone with tattoos can mock someone who is "sinfully" gay.
"You shall not make any cuts in your body for the dead nor make any tattoo marks on yourselves: I am the LORD." --Leviticus 19:28
I have a tattoo as well. I also love wine. (Too many sinful delights to count.) Homosexuality is listed as an abomination in Leviticus which is the Old Testament that the Jews go by. Once Jesus died upon the cross, the old law was abolished, which is listed in Galatians. But my point is, Matt still goes by the Old Testament, which makes me wonder which sin is worse? Tattooing yourself as God commanded not to do, or being a homosexual? No sin is greater than another -- says so in that big book. He might as well list the other sins, like eating shellfish or wearing clothes with mixed fabrics. And the list goes on.
When the story about Josh Duggar molesting his younger sisters came out, Matt stuck by his side saying, "Well it was a long time ago," and "We should all forgive him."
He then said something very disturbing in my opinion. It even questions the safety of Matt's own children.
He said, and I quote:
"I know I'm opening myself up to serious criticism here, but let me be honest with you: If my own son, God forbid, came to me and admitted to doing what Josh Duggar did, I don't know that I'd immediately run to the cops. Would you? Is it really that simple? The decision to have your child arrested as a sex offender would be an automatic thing for you? Really?"
Yes, it is that simple. Any sexual abuse that is going on in anyone's household should be reported. If Matt thinks sexual abuse is OK, then there is something terribly wrong here. After the recent findings of Josh Duggar's accounts with Ashley Madison, Matt seemed to be outraged over an affair, but not so much over the sexual molestation. Why doesn't that sit well with me? Why are some Christians so eager to stick up for someone who is clearly in the wrong (as long as they're antigay and bullying the LGBT community) -- that they forget about all other sins and focus on the one that they hate the most?
Here's the statement he made the other day:
"The fall of the Duggar family is sad in many ways, and I am still sickened by those who are taking pleasure in it, but this is a tragedy precipitated by conscious decisions. This is sin. This is what sin does. You might think it will bring you pleasure, but in the end it can only destroy. I guess that's the lesson. If only we didn't have to keep relearning it. We live in a sick world, everyone. And Christ is the only medicine."
He's "sickened" over people taking pleasure and saying, "Ah, the antigay hypocrite has his own set of skeletons in his closet!" It's not so much as "taking pleasure" as it is knowing that he can no longer rage against gays and lesbians, knowing how much more of a sinner he actually is. He's hurting others by his actions. Gays, lesbians and transgenders aren't hurting anyone by loving what who they love and being who they are. Adultery is listed in the Ten Commandments. Homosexuality isn't. Homosexuality, as I've stated in this post with my own findings is not a sin.
Matt found himself up to his neck with comments from angry readers pointing out the acceptance of child molestation, but not the acceptance of adultery. He got upset, proverbially stomped his feet and said,
"OK guys. I've explained the really obvious nuances of my position in every way I know how. I think we've probably reached the point in this thread where the trolls outnumber the rational adults. That's when I bow out and move on with my life. Have a great night everyone."
No. There were hundreds -- thousands of commenters who were not just random trolls. They were rational adults -- even Christian conservatives just like Matt, who were disgusted by the acceptance of child molestation -- or more so, the the ability to find forgiveness for a child molester, but not for an adulterer.
For me, I wonder what he'll teach his beautiful young children. Will he tell them that it's okay to bully gays, lesbians and transgenders so viciously as he has done publicly? And what if, one of his own turns out to be gay? Will they read his past articles on how being gay or transgender is a mental illness and that they're sick perverts? Will he try to make excuses for what he has said in the past? Will he once again say he was wrong? Will he forgive one of his children if they have an abortion? Will he try to control their choice to not bear a child? Will he forgive them? Even though I lean towards pro-life -- God gave us choice. And with that, I have no right to tell another woman what to do with her body. That's her decision. As a man, he has NO right to dictate what a woman should do with her own body.
Have you ever met a real diehard Christian conservative man? I will give you a description and you'll probably nod your head and say, "Wow, that's just like the guy I know!"
He's controlling. He wants everything (that's not his business) to be his way or no way. He uses God to scare people -- even those who don't believe in a "god". He tries to control women, and with that, control their choices of what to do with their own bodies. They're super political and think the entire world should just be Christian and that's that. They have no concept that there are other people out there who have different religions, or none whatsoever. They don't feel like God has enough control, so they try to convert people to "come to Christ" or that they're going to hell if they don't get saved by the Lord soon. But in the same breath, they can do whatever they damn well please. They can tattoo their bodies, drink, smoke and tear down people they don't even know. They're bullies with this grandeur delusion of God backing them up. God doesn't bully people. Bigots do. They're typically racist, even if they won't admit to it. 99% of the time, they won't hesitate to stick up for the cop who kills an unarmed black person. They are "always right", until their own personal issues rears its ugly head. And then it's just another apology note just like Duggar wrote.
Being a writer and having a public blog is wonderful. There is nothing wrong with having an opinion, even when it's not the popular one. Some people have off-the-wall opinions that may offend people, and that's okay -- this is your blog. But own up to your opinions instead of being a coward and calling your very own readers "trolls" when they don't agree with you. Either tell your side and defend your opinion, or let it go. Name calling on your own website is just childish.
My opinion on my blog is this: people who are controlling are very weak individuals. They have no courage to love unconditionally. The main problem is the ego. When you have that large of an ego, it's just as if you're wearing a mask or shield to cover up the real person inside. The ego is unwilling to become vulnerable. What the ego sees as "strength" is actually weakness. I like to call it "cowardliness". If you're a reader of mine, you know that without a doubt, I have spilled my vulnerabilities out on this blog because I believe we all relate in some way or another. I don't pay no mind to judgments, because I know who I am and I accept those who are different than me. But there are many people with large egos who cannot accept other people "as is". And that's sad. They ruin a great opportunity to learn something different other than themselves and their own tiny world.
Like I said in the past, I've always believed that those who are extremely antigay, who mock and bully gays, lesbians and transgenders are usually hiding something very deep, whether it's hidden resentment, or the fear of being gay or transgender themselves. It's psychology 101 if you really think about it. What we hate in others is what we hate in ourselves. If you're using God in order to bash people over the head with a bible -- is it because you don't think God is strong enough to correct His own people if they're doing something wrong? Aren't those big shoes to fill?
Maybe I'm wrong?
For more of Deb's articles, please visit: www.debrapasquella.com or join her on Facebook and Twitter. Check out her cooking blog for some of her famous recipes!
Ashley Madison Ashley Madison hack cheaters child molestation Christianity homosexuality Josh Duggar LGBT matt walsh transgender
Caitlyn Jenner States That She Would Feel More "Fe...
Matt Walsh is OK With Child Molestation, But Not F...
Josh Duggar's Public Apology to All Gays and Lesbians
Josh Duggar & Jared Fogle Both Sentenced to Castra...
Walking Contradiction: Having Beliefs & Opinions T...
"Why Are the Americans More Concerned Than Us?" --...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I'm fairly new at this and I want to check that Im going about things in a reasonable manner.
Most of my "serious" music is in FLAC files on my hard drive (I use Logitech Squeezebox for streaming them in the house to NAD amp etc in basement).
I also have Apple Music for casual listening and of course all those tracks are "duplicated" there in lower quality form, which is fine for purpose (Kef ceiling speakers in kitchen, Energy bookshelf in living room old iphone with Harman Kardon CL phones etc).
I now have an iPhone 8 plus with a lot more storage so I can put a good chunk my music library on it if I wish, and am looking at getting some mid-quality Bluetooth headphones. So a ton of questions.
1. Given its iPhone, I should get headphones that support AAC codec in the Blurtooth? I realise aptX is no use, the question is am I right that AAC will be noticeable versus SBC. Sennheiser (HD1, PXC550 etc) in particular seem not to support AAC.
2. With mid quality headphones would I hear the difference between FLAC files transferred direct to the iPhone and played with, say, Foobar 2000 Mobile; versus convert to high bit rate AAC files before transfer to iPhone and then play through iOS Music App). Or will that cause Apple to convert down to lower bit rate AAC? Bear in mind I might also use the headphones wired in some cases, if it makes a difference, but Im not wild about the 2 cable thing with iPhone . Im not entirely sure I understand what happens when Foobar2000 plays a FLAC file on the iPhone.
1. Why aptX is no use? Yeah SBC will probably not be transparent, there are people who notice SBC distortion.
2. Source format should not cause any audible difference; it's certainly worth trying Opus by the way as it's the state of the art in lossy compression now. AAC won't have advantage because there's no such player that doesn't transcode for Bluetooth and that would make mixing impossible (stuff like other sounds/notifications, etc). But if you have heard about such players, then maybe it's worth testing if it will save some battery life by not transcoding for Bluetooth.
Being that he's talking about an iPhone, and no iOS products have ever supported aptX, that's why it will be no use to buy something that supports aptX. For iOS devices and Macs, you'd want something that supports AAC for listening, or possibly even that for two-way, or at least SBC.
That is correct. One should choose a reasonably transparent format for their device storage, and not rely on Bluetooth compression destroying the audio, rather, should have reasonable quality to start with so that it isn't degraded further.
Correct. It is completely subjective.
AAC won't have advantage because there's no such player that doesn't transcode for Bluetooth and that would make mixing impossible (stuff like other sounds/notifications, etc). But if you have heard about such players, then maybe it's worth testing if it will save some battery life by not transcoding for Bluetooth.
By "battery life" do you mean play time per charge or the lifetime of the battery? Not too fussed by the former, within reason. Of course the former affects the latter (more charges per month).
Id like to be clear, you are suggesting that Foobar would convert FLAC to AAC for broadcast? I guess that's inevitable. But I just subscribe to the concept of deferring down conversion as long or far as possible. The only case for not doing that is if the conversion on desktop could be less lossy somehow than whats done on the phone, but I assume the algorithms are the same?
But you are ALSO saying that it would also re-convert AAC (to AAC)? Thats weird (to me anyway).
Mixing ... yeah that's something Id love to turn off, there is nothing more annoying that having the music interrupted, especially when Im using it as background music and then some advert or spam on a web page Im browsing hijacks the sound away from my music.
Indeed. Just like "mid priced wine" (or amplifier or ...).
On the headphone front the dilemma I have is that I like Sennheiser sound but they dont support AAC (HD1 and PCX 550), which I find rather odd. Of the sets that do, none is perfect, either too expensive, dont fit too well, or the sound is way too bright, or too boomy.
The trick is probably not to over think it.
Id like to be clear, you are suggesting that Foobar would convert FLAC to AAC for broadcast? I guess that's inevitable.
I mean the play time per charge.
It's unlikely that Foobar will do the conversion for broadcast, it's usually a job for a driver or some other OS component.
Need to specifically search for software which can do that.
No regular player can do this.
The trick is probably not to overthink it.
The trick is to use wired headphones and 3.5mm jack.
This is cheaper and has none of the problems that Bluetooth has.
The only case for not doing that is if the conversion on desktop could be less lossy somehow than whats done on the phone, but I assume the algorithms are the same?
very hard to say, especially in closed source systems from Apple. you can probably sniff the protocol somehow to see which codec is being used, but even if the codec is the same, encoding method may be different. and it's not even a well defined problem to decide which is "less lossy". but if one can detect it by ear, then it must be bad.
I'm pretty sure that AAC requires licensing fees as it's a format burdened by lots of patents, so this could be the reason.


text:
SC college tuition freeze; extra money in budget puts 1% cap on tuition hikes
by: Georgiaree Godfrey
Members of the General Assembly are waiting for Governor Henry McMaster to put his final signature of approval on the 2019 fiscal budget.
The budget includes raises for teachers and state employees and a $50 refund check for taxpayers. But it also includes extra money to support higher education in the state.
South Carolina lawmakers included the additional funding for colleges and universities to cover increasing operational cost so the schools don't have to bill the students.
South Carolina colleges and universities have some of the highest tuition in the country. It's a result of underfunding by SC lawmakers over the past 10 years.
"A lot of this goes back to the great recession in 2008 when the state had to cut a lot of funding for our colleges and universities," explained Mike LeFever, the interim president of the SC Commission on Higher Education."
So now lawmakers are trying to play catch up by appropriating more money than usual. Representative Murrell Smith added,"It's probably the most they've received in a decade."
In the 2019 budget money for the state's 33 colleges and universities is separated into two different funds. One fund, for $36 million, would help stop tuition from increasing.
Rep. Murrell Smith continued, "Those recurring dollars are going to be given in exchange for a tuition freeze. We've capped the tuition at 1% which is how much they can raise tuition this year if they want those recurring dollars."
The other fund includes $110 million for the upkeep of buildings, construction of new buildings or implementation of new programs.
Colleges and universities have to often raise tuition to pay for deferred maintenance and to keep up with the increasing operational costs. LeFever added, "Public colleges don't have public money coming in would have to be through tuition and fees."
The additional money in this budget would only be for the 2019-2020 school year.
The University of South Carolina says this funding will give the school an extra $18 million to the school's base funding. The university's board of trustees will discuss how to implement the new 1% cap when the board reviews the fall tuition plan.


Nedungadi P., Raman R. & McGregor M. (2013, October). Enhanced STEM learning with Online Labs: Empirical study comparing physical labs, tablets and desktops. In Frontiers in Education Conference, 2013 IEEE (pp. 1585-1590). IEEE.


text:
Today in History 04/15/17
April 15, 2017 by GµårÐïåñ
(1755) Dr. Johnson's dictionary is published
Nine years of solitary scholarly effort are about to change the world as Samuel Johnson's 'A Dictionary of the English Language' is published in London. It will stand as the definitive dictionary for 173 years.
Published on 15 April 1755 and written by Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, sometimes published as Johnson's Dictionary, is among the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English language.
Author: Samuel Johnson
First published: Apr 15, 1755
wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language
(1927) America's worst river flood begins
Swollen by the previous year's torrential rains, the Mississippi River begins flowing over levees as more record-breaking showers fall. The ensuing flood will wash into 10 states, eventually covering 14 percent of Arkansas.
The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 was the most destructive river flood in the history of the United States, with 27,000 square miles inundated up to a depth of 30 feet. To try to prevent future floods, the federal government built the world's longest system of levees and floodways.
wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927
(1942) Malta is awarded the George Cross for bravery
Britain's King George VI awards an entire island's populace a medal for heroism. Malta, an island in the southern Mediterranean, and part of the British Empire, has been relentlessly bombarded by WWII Axis powers.
The George Cross is the second highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It is awarded for gallantry "not in the face of the enemy" to members of the British armed forces and to British civilians. It has always been able to be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians including police, emergency services and merchant seamen although no British civilian has received the award since 1976. Many of the awards have been personally presented by the British monarch to both recipients and in the case of posthumous awards to next of kin. These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace.
wiki/George_Cross
(1947) Jackie Robinson integrates baseball
More than 26,000 spectators, at least 14,000 of them African Americans, crowd into New York's Ebbet Field as Jack Roosevelt Robinson, the first African American to play baseball for a Major League team, starts as the Brooklyn Dodgers' first baseman against the Boston Braves. Robinson will endure racist resistance throughout his first season in the majors, but the national pastime's color barrier will be forever broken.
Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson was an American professional baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947. The Dodgers, by signing Robinson, heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.
Lived: Jan 31, 1919 – Oct 24, 1972 (age 53)
Height: 5′ 11″ (1.80 m)
Spouse: Rachel Robinson (m. 1946 – 1972)
Education: John Muir High School (1935 – 1936) · Pasadena City College (1937 – 1939) · University of California, Los Angeles (1939 – 1941) · Washington Middle School (1931 – 1935)
Related movies: 42
Children: Jackie Robinson Jr. (Son) · David Robinson (Son) · Sharon Robinson (Daughter)
1945: In a famous three-hour exchange on August 28, 1945, Rickey asked Robinson if he could face the racial animus without taking the bait and reacting angrily—a concern given Robinson's prior arguments with law enforcement officials at PJC and in the military.
1946: On February 10, 1946, Robinson and Isum were married by their old friend, the Rev. Karl Downs.
1947: Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947.
1947: Larry Doby (who broke the color barrier in the American League on July 5, 1947, just 11 weeks after Robinson) and Satchel Paige played for the Cleveland Indians, and the Dodgers had three other black players besides Robinson.
1948: Racial pressure on Robinson eased in 1948 as a number of other black players entered the major leagues.
1972: On October 24, 1972, nine days after his appearance at the World Series, Robinson died of a heart attack at his home on 95 Cascade Road in North Stamford, Connecticut; he was 53 years old.
wiki/Jackie_Robinson
4.0.a17
← Daily Pic 04/14/17
Daily Pic 04/15/17 →
1956 2000 1789 1983 1961 daily pic 1994 1941 1963 1957 1993 1914 1938 1968 1918 1977 1916 1974 1971 1919 1911 history 1966 1990 1965 1812 1933 1898 1917 1865 1944 code holiday 1958 1951 1967 1940 has_audio Germany 1959 1946 1863 1976 vocabulary 1991 1859 1962 1960 1889 1948 1982 1969 has_video 1989 1978 memorial 1973 1935 1949 1995 1980 1943 1922 1952 1979 New York 1902 1846 1942 1939 1915 national park 1984 1986 1964 event annual 1975 1954 1870 1776 1945 NASA United States 1937 1908 1851 1947 1901 Soviet Union 1972 1970 1981 1953 1985 1998 1950 1934 England 1955


During my 10th grade spring break, perhaps one of the most enlightening trips that I took in high school was with my Jack and Jill of America teen group was to the campus of historic Tuskegee University, founded by Hampton Institute (now University) graduate Booker T. Washington in Alabama to "lift the veil of ignorance" from the masses of former slaves.
Of the many things that struck me as profound about Tuskegee was that many of the buildings were built by the very former slaves who would later traverse their halls seeking enlightenment. (Statue of Booker Washington and Washington Hall at Tuskegee University below).
Indeed, many of Tuskegee's fellow Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) faced similar inauspicious beginnings to become beacons of hope, as they lit the flames of education and activism that soon saw a burgeoning black middle and upper class that, much like the mythological figure Prometheus bringing fire to mortals, brought education to those who previously faced the possibility of certain death for seeking the same.
But in the 1930's, in as much as the Harlem Renaissance from the 1920's had introduced the nation–if not the world–to the varied talents of many of the black writers, artists and painters of the era, many of whom had attended an HBCU, by the mid-1930's, these same graduates were struggling like other Americans to make ends meet within their chosen professions. Some, like Lincoln University alumnus Langston Hughes and former Howard University student Zora Neale Hurston had signed on with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration to work as writers and more importantly, as biographers who wrote slave narratives culled from still living former slaves.
Under Houston's leadership, the pair began a series of legal challenges to the Plessy vs Ferguson decision that had established "separate but equal" as the law of the land in 1896. The problem with Plessy was that while most state public institutions were separate, they were far from being equal in terms of funds allocated for buildings, books and teachers. To this end, Houston and Marshall's first "moral victory" was 1935's Murray vs Pearson case, one in which the Maryland Supreme Court held that the state was required to fund legal education at the state's black colleges in Baltimore (Morgan State) and Princess Anne (Maryland State–now Maryland Eastern Shore).
The pair would reel off a series of victories in the late 1940's in the Sweatt v Painter and McLaurin vs Oklahoma State Regents cases, both decided in 1950 and both creating cracks in the separate but equal doctrine. Cognizant that an ideological shift could lead to Plessy being overturned, by 1950, many southern states went on an expansive building spree to modernize schools for black children in hopes of coming closer to the "equal" language of Plessy from a facilities and costs per pupil standpoint. In Florida, many high school buildings at old black high schools in Gainesville, (Lincoln) Tallahassee (FAMU High and "Old" Lincoln), Havana (Havana High), Quincy (Carter-Parramore) and Jacksonville (Old Stanton), had buildings built or modernized that looked and where still standing, still look eerily similar to each other.
The Jim Crow South, however, would crawl at a snail's pace and in sheer defiance of what many considered to be federal meddling, many state legislatures in the south soon voted to place the Confederate Battle Flag as prominent features on the individual state flags.
Still, the slow change in public sentiment among the more educated white leaders in Florida soon gave way to the enrollment of UF Law's first black student, George Starke, who registered in September of 1958. Starke, under constant pressure and death threats, withdrew after only three semesters, thus making W. George Allen, Class of '62, the first black graduate of UF Law. It would be eight full years, 1970 exactly, before Stephan P. Mickle became the second black to graduate from UF Law. Mickle also holds the distinction of being the first black to graduate as an undergraduate at UF in 1965 and his wife, Evelyn, was the first black to graduate from UF's Nursing School in 1967. Mickle would later rise to a series of other "firsts" in his home county of Alachua including becoming the first black county judge, then the first black circuit before being named to the District Court of Appeal and finally being tapped as a Federal District Judge. To my fortune, I have had the privilege to practice before Judge Mickle in numerous federal criminal and civil cases during my career.
As we will analyze in future lessons, the Brown decision and its progeny, while crucial, would be fought against in earnest for the better part of a decade and a half and more critically, the fight also led to a rise in lynchings, bombings and murders of black and white protesters by hard hearted segregationists.


In this lesson, we learn Rumi's poem Rooz ō shab. In this poem, the words rooz, day and shab, night, are repeated like a mantra. Even though Rumi was a 13th century Persian poet, his poems remain extremely relevant and relatable today. So, don't be intimidated by the unfamiliar sounding language. Over the next few weeks, we will dissect the words and phrases used in this poem until it sounds like ordinary language to you. This poem is so beautiful, it might make you fall out of your chair.
Unfortunately, there's not an easy version of Lotfi's interpretation of this poem to link to- however, if you check out this video at minute 19:00, you can hear it in all its glory. He starts by singing the poem, and eventually gets lost in the zekr, rooz ō shab, rooz ō shab, rooz ō shab.