text:
New Consumption is The Investment Theme in 2019, Says East Ventures' Willson Cuaca
East Ventures, Indonesia's most prolific investor, has identified a new theme for its investments in 2019 — new consumption.
The venture capital firm's managing partner Willson Cuaca said that there are ample opportunities available over and above the innovation that has already taken place in Indonesia in terms of digital infrastructure, payments, delivery, outreach, and customer efficiency optimisation.
"You can put a lot of stuff on top of it. We launched a coffee company based on the online model in China. It's called Fore. We started less than six months ago. As of today, we are present in top app stores. We are in there in all major shopping marts, do a lot of delivery, and we are testing our hypothesis. This is what we call new consumption," Cuaca said during a fireside chat at DEALSTREETASIA's Indonesia PE-VC Summit 2019 on Thursday in Jakarta.
East Ventures, which has launched six funds in the last seven years, was one of the venture capital pioneers in Indonesia, Southeast Asia's largest economy and the world's fourth most populous country.
The firm claims to have provided seed investment to 70 percent of Indonesian startups that went on to raise Series A funding.
Edited Excerpts:
You recently said that Indonesia would overtake Singapore in 2019 to become the startup hub of Southeast Asia both in terms of the number of deals and value. Why do you feel so?
We have been involved in the startup scene in Indonesia since 2010. In the past nine years, we have seen a lot of investments going into what we call 'digital infrastructure'. In our opinion, Indonesia is a very efficient market right now to launch a product.
And why do you say so?
In 2010, when you wanted to build a mobile app and launch a product, you could get hardly get 5000 downloads in a month or two. Today, if you launch a product, within a month, you hit 50,000 downloads. Not only has the market become more efficient but user costs have also come down. Monetisation is very clear. Payments have optimised, considering you have so many e-wallet players such as Traveloka Pay, Go-Pay, and Ovo.
So, when you have this efficient market, you can do a lot of stuff, which also means a lot of investment. Of the $2-trillion economy in SEA, the first trillion dollars come from Indonesia. Of the 600 million population in SEA, 40 per cent is from Indonesia. So we think that if you win Indonesia, you are going to win SEA. And that's the reason we are so bullish.
Talking specifically of East Ventures, you have done six funds in the last seven years.
Yes, six funds between Southeast Asia and Japan. Fundraising is a full-time business.
How do you raise these many funds – you've not just raised funds, but have also returned capital to LPs. How do you keep up this pace?
To be able to raise more funds, you have to spend more. I listened to the LP panel [at the Indonesia PE-VC Summit 2019] and they said that you need to deploy capital for 3-4 years, let the company mature and then start looking at an exit. Unfortunately, we don't have that luxury. Every year, we are almost running out of money. So, every two years, we have raised a new fund. We are always too excited to invest. That's why we keep raising funds.
Our funds have always been small in size. Our recent fund size was $30-40 million. The earlier fund was even smaller. When we started in 2010, there were no exits, and no ecosystem either. It was then difficult to rationalise as to how to exit. So that's why we had small funds so that we can have a quick win, build the ecosystem, create a local hero, return money to the LPs, then raise another fund and have another win. It kind of started the ecosystem. That was our hypothesis in the early days.
On average, you have done at least one deal a month, and at times even 2-3 a month…
In 2016, we did two deals a week.
How do you maintain a pace of two deals a week? How do you meet so many founders and evaluate the deal?
You have to make a decision very fast. So, in a year we talk to about 1,000 founders. We invest in about 20 to 30 new deals. We do another 20-30 follow on (deals). So this way we do things fast. Most of the time I meet founders only once. We limit the first meetings to 45 minutes, and we know within the first 15 minutes whether to invest or not.
What do you look for in a founder because when you start at the seed level, there are no revenues, business plans can be very different from what they are later, and the team may have only one or two people. So, how do you decide so early?
It's true that in early-stage investments you do spray and pray. We do the pray part a lot. It's very difficult to actually spot the [right] founders. It is a people business. It has nothing to do with IT. Most of the founders in our fund come from a technical background. We have what we call technical context. So if a founder says we need to build this app in three months, we say, "No, we can build it in three days since we have the tool kit". If someone says in Indonesia, "We want to do ABC, in Singapore, we want to do CDE", then we say, "No, in Indonesia, you cannot do that because in Indonesia we have the cultural context". So all these contexts come together for us – we create a people hypothesis and we take a decision about whether we want to invest in a startup or not.
When we looked at founders in our early days, we actually looked at 3Ps – people, product, and potential market. In 2013-14, we changed it to 2P – people and potential market. The product did not really matter because a good founder will build a good product. And product can change, the founder cannot. You also cannot change the market. So, it's very important for you to have good people in a very big market. But if you have a very good theme in a very small market, you waste everybody's time.
Just sticking on to people, a lot of your portfolio companies saw co-founders leave…people have fallen out. How can you determine all these factors when you do a seed level investment and only meet the founder or founders briefly?
A lot of things change in a company as they grow and raise more capital. So, how do you judge the people factor? Even some of your biggest companies in SEA like Traveloka saw co-founders leave. How do you handle these situations? We came up with another new hypothesis. I studied computer science but after becoming a VC, I think I have become a philosopher. When looking for good people, we look at three things: integrity, high level of self-awareness, how paradoxical he/she is.
Integrity is important because when you meet new founders, you have never met them before. There is no track record and reference. You have to be able to judge him/her best on the basis of how he/she appeared in front of you, whether they has come on time, replied to their email promptly, and if they are responsive. People who take care of small details, you can give them big money. If no, it's difficult. One way to test our founders is by asking them how they call me. I don't know whether you have noticed that I have double 'L' in my name. Many founders miss that 'L' and I would tell him, I will sign a term sheet with you, but how would you feel I remove one zero from the money? Then they understand. That's the integrity part.
The second is a high level of self-awareness. People who understand their position in life, understand their weaknesses and strength are good people. If a founder knows his weaknesses, he will hire people smarter than him. People who know their strengthens, will multiply it, focus on it, and enhance it. So the big thing about the founders is not how I see them the very first time. It's how he/she evolves with a company that starts with 2 people, 10 people to 100 and then 1,000. That quality of changing as a person from the very beginning is very important. So we have to try to spot that from the very beginning.
The third one is a bit difficult to explain — paradoxical. Every great founder has contradictory traits. They have a strong vision, see very far away, but very pragmatic, they know what to do tomorrow. They are generalists and know accounting, marketing, product management, and everything, but can go very deep on a subject. They have a very strong heart and are very opinionated but at the same time, they listen.
Maybe that's why you did not reply to my initial emails because I missed the double L.
Did you?
Jokes apart, when you look at Traveloka and Tokopedia, did you even think these companies would become unicorns?
No, absolutely not. At that time, we did not know what one billion is and what a unicorn is. Unicorn is a term that started becoming popular 3-4 years ago only. When we were selling (the idea of) Tokopedia to Japanese investors we introduced them as the Rakuten of Indonesia. In the end, they were actually Alibaba, no, in fact, the Taobao of Indonesia.
In the beginning, we picked e-commerce simply because there was no ecosystem. If you noticed, the history of computers, it started from consumer and then came enterprise. Same was the case for Indonesia, where we started from e-commerce. In 2013, we came up with a new hypothesis — SME hypothesis, and we invested a lot in these companies. In 2014, we came up with another new hypothesis called O2O. Looking at the unbankable population and bankable population and somehow everybody said we must consider fintech. And suddenly we have a lot of fintech companies. We look at the problem from the ground up and not top down.
When you started, you made a lot of small investments. As a VC, when you made these really small investments and when companies grow to become really big to do Series A, B, and C, you get really diluted down. In terms of home runs, after dilution, there is not much left. Are you happy with real quick exits? Or do you like staying for some more time?
Percentage is one thing and price per share is another. It's okay to dilute as long as the valuation is up.
Is that why you are doing EV growth fund? So that you can double down on these companies in the Series A stage.
No. It is not the reason. We are doing EV growth fund because I am not good at numbers. I talk to people, judge them and become a judgmental person [laughs]. EV growth is a joint venture between Sinar Mas, East Ventures and Yahoo Japan. Because Sinar Mas and Yahoo Japan are going to crunch the numbers, that's why we did it.
If we looked back years ago, i.e in 2013-14, before we decided to raise the $150 million EV Growth Fund. At that time, people liked to raise between $80-100 million. We actually got confused as to how we are going to return money to the LPs. If you raise a $100-million fund too early and if you want to return 5x [to the LPs], you have to make $500 million. In order for you to make $500 million, you must own 25 per cent in two unicorns. If you do this reverse calculation, it's so hard to catch a unicorn. Until now we have no idea how a startup becomes a unicorn.
I have no idea until today how those people with $100-million funds have returned money to their LPs. Going by the statistics, 70 percent of Indonesian startups that have raised Series A funding were seeded by us. I think we are confident now to cut slightly bigger checks.
But if it comes to doing bigger checks, how do you convince Sinar Mas and Yahoo Japan to invest at your pace?
I am not convincing them, they have to convince us to slow down. We have been doing exactly the same as we did with the seed fund. EV growth started officially in May last year and in six months we have a large portfolio. It's quite an interesting journey.
You are set out to raise $150 million. There's a lot of LP interest in raising a lot more. What size do you see it eventually becoming?
We don't know yet. We haven't closed the fund yet.
You are completely sector-agnostic…
It looks like we are sector-agnostic, but we are thematic. So we tested e-commerce in the early days. At one point, Tokopedia wasted a lot of money, so we decided we will not invest in e-commerce. So when everybody jumped onto e-commerce, we left e-commerce. We moved into SaaS, then when everybody moved to SaaS, we did O2O. So we have been trying things ahead of the time. Investing in early-stage companies is like surfing in the sea. The timing has to be just right. If you are ahead of the wave, you can't catch the wave, if you are behind, you can only see the wave. If you see the trend in Indonesia, it has become too late for the early stage guys. It's important for early stage guys to catch the movement before it becomes a trend.
When you start investing very early, founders also need a lot of hand-holding and help. You have such a large portfolio. How do you even get to meet all of them and extend help?
Frankly speaking, we don't help them. We are very different from other VCs. Many VCs add value by mentoring, etc. We don't believe in that. We believe that if you are an entrepreneur, you should know the basics of business administration. If you are a first-time founder and have never run a company, we believe that you should be able to pick up skills very fast. In order for us to manage a huge portfolio, we came up with another hypothesis. You must be able to differentiate between vision, strategy, and tactics. You have to align the vision to solve the big problem.
Coming to strategy, we advise on the strategy, but we will not advise at the tactical level. So we agree that you need to go over there but whether you turn left or right, it's up to you. We will teach you what you should avoid, and not what you should do. Because if we teach him what to do, you will be limited to my limits. I am 10, and if I teach the person something, he will be 9 or 9.5. But if we teach him not to make mistake, he can fly to the sky.
Do you help the portfolio leverage each other? So if somebody needs a CTO, you may know someone in your portfolio companies…
We are a big believer in cohesiveness. We believe that you are an average of five persons closest to you. So most people in our portfolio companies have similar personality traits – they are humble and down-to-earth and these people can actually bond together and help each other. In fact, most of the time we invest by reference.
There are two unique factors in Indonesia. There are a lot of CVCs, and a lot of unicorns have started buying companies. How does that impact the larger VC ecosystem in Indonesia?
[I believe that] Everything is good. So you just adapt and make good use of it. There are two types of CVCs — there are very traditional companies that feel that they have to own everything and control the vision of the company. Then there are CVCs that are really open, and very progressive in thinking. They talk about commercial first, strategic second. Those are the people that we work very closely with.
Unicorns are good for the ecosystem. Our large exit did not come from either Tokopedia or Traveloka. It came from Kudo when Grab acquired it in the largest deal in SEA. The Kudo deal alone returned two of our funds. It's good for the ecosystem engine.
You said earlier your investments are based around themes. So what is the theme for 2019?
We believe in the new hypothesis that we call 'new consumption'. A lot of digital infrastructure has been built. Payments have been optimised, delivery, outreach and customer efficiency have been optimised. You can put a lot of stuff on top of it. We launched a coffee company based on the online model in China. It is called Fore. We started less than six months ago. As of today, we are present in top app stores. We are in there in all major shopping marts, do a lot of delivery, and we are testing our hypothesis. This is what we call new consumption. This term has come up as we think there's a new way for you to engage with the new millennial, with a new brand. Next week, we are going to launch another product related to new consumption.
Very few VCs do media investments. What made you do media investments?
We have three media investments. It was based on the same hypothesis of solving a problem. One company that we have invested in is similar to yours. The second is IDNtimes.com, a millennial news portal and the third investment is in Katadata, a news portal focused on quantitative data. For the millennials, consumption of media is totally different now, so we created a new hypothesis for it. We need more exposure. Nobody knew what was going on in Indonesia in 2009-2010.
What excites you about Indonesia in 2019, any specific sectors or companies, new innovations?
There are too many things going on in the country.
Will you stick to Indonesia or do you see yourself going out and doing investments in other places?
So far we focus a lot on Indonesia. It seems like Vietnam is getting interesting. When I talk to some Vietnamese people, I feel like they are in our 2003-2004. It's still very fresh in our mind, as to what is going on out there.
Source: DealStreetAsia
By nic|2022-07-18T10:52:51+07:0030 Januari, 2019|East Ventures|


text:
Queen Square. A history of the National Hospital and its Institute of Neurology
Posted in Book Reviews on 1st May 2019
Authors: Simon Shorvon and Alastair Compston
Published by: Cambridge University Press
Price: £59.99 (20% discount for ACNR readers. Go to http://www.cambridge.org/queensquarehistory and use code ACNR at checkout)
Reviewed by: AJ Larner, Cognitive Function Clinic, WCNN, Liverpool.
Published online: 7/5/19
There can be few neurologists, if any, unaware of the signification of "Queen Square" (although here in Liverpool it is synonymous with a bus station). It used to be said that there were two types of Neurologist – those who trained at Queen Square, and those who wished they had trained at Queen Square. Certainly many of the former and quite possibly many of the latter may be interested to consult this long awaited and limited edition history of an institution which some may still regard as the Neurology "mother ship".
The founding of the National Hospital in 1860 occurred at a time of developing interest in Neurology as an independent specialty (e.g. the work of Charcot and Vulpian at the Salpêtrière in Paris; Silas Weir Mitchell at the Turner's Lane Hospital in Philadelphia). Its origins were as a philanthropic endeavour funded by charity with unpaid honorary clinical appointments, from which has eventually evolved a research-intensive medical specialism. The journey documented here has evidently been a bumpy ride, with the hospital near closure on more than one occasion. Whilst the clinical contributions emanating from Queen Square are well known, the bureaucratic history provided here is certainly less familiar, and serves to remind us that the power struggle between clinicians and managers is not unique to our own times.
Great though the pantheon of QS alumni is, this book is no mere hagiography: although the greats are individually attended to (e.g. Hughlings Jackson, Ferrier, Gowers, Horsley, Holmes, Kinnier Wilson, Critchley, Symonds), this is also a carefully contextualised history, with much recourse to the minutes of the Board of Management and reference to contemporary historical events (hence, it is more than might have been anticipated from the book's title alone). The world wars in particular did much to shape the institution's history. The chapter on development of Neurology in the United Kingdom more widely is a welcome counterpoint; of course, Queen Square trainees accounted for much of the initial spread of neurological services.
This is a fascinating history, well told, with a uniformity of style despite the dual authorship and the (unspecified) contributions of three others (Andrew Lees, Michael Clark, Martin Rossor). The text is supplemented with footnotes, some quite extensive (e.g. biographical sketches of some of the notable, but not stellar, QS staff), black and white illustrations (some very evocative, such as the entrance hall where one sat before interview in the Boardroom, p41; the blackboards in the lecture theatre, p135; A-room, p458-9). There are occasional anecdotes, consistently engaging (e.g. Carmichael's self-experimentation on testicular pain, p441n4, was particularly eye-watering – researchers were made of stern stuff in those days!) and authorial asides.
It would be neglecting a reviewer's duty to forego a few minor criticisms, however nit-picking they may appear. There are occasional typographical and factual errors (particularly egregious: "Single Proton [sic] Emission Computed Tomography, p399; the date given for Anita Harding's graduation, 1995, is in fact the year she died, p474; "winter of discontent" ascribed to 1973/4, rather than 1978/9, p503n14); many seem to be in the footnotes. I was disappointed that in discussing Gowers as a possible source for Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes story The Resident Patient, the reference (p58n16) was to Lees' paper (Brain 2015;138:2103-8) but without mention of what I believe to be the original formulation of Holmes as Gowers (The Sherlock Holmes Journal 1992;20(4):128-30; Lees does not cite this paper, either) by Robin Howard and Hugh Willison, both of whom were working at QS at the time. The minutiae of ward life and the patient perspective are also absent, since unlikely to have been recorded for the benefit of posterity.
I found this book an immensely enjoyable read. The authors have produced a work which will stand as the definitive history for many decades. They deserve our thanks and congratulations for their labours. It is a book which I shall certainly return to in the future. ACNR

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Recaptcha and Windows Phone How to display Recaptcha on Windows Phone?
I'm using Windows Phone 8.1 and ASP.NET WebApi in backend.
My WebApi method takes some data, recaptcha-challenge and recaptcha-response in parameters.
[HttpPost]
public void Method(MyData data, string challenge, string response)
{
    string recaptchaValidationUrl = "http://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/verify";
    string privateKey = "MY_RECAPTCHA_PRIVATE_KEY";

    if (!CheckRecaptcha(recaptchaValidationUrl, request.RcChallenge, request.RcResponse, privateKey,
    HttpContext.Current.Request.UserHostAddress))
    {
        return new FindTechResResponse { ErrorMessage = "Invalid captcha code" };
    }
}

public static bool CheckRecaptcha(string recaptchaValidationUrl, string challenge, string response, string privateKey, string clientIp)
{
    using (WebClient webClient = new WebClient())
    {
        NameValueCollection data = new NameValueCollection();
        data["privatekey"] = privateKey;
        data["remoteip"] = clientIp;
        data["challenge"] = challenge;
        data["response"] = response;

        byte[] responseBytes = webClient.UploadValues(recaptchaValidationUrl, "POST", data);
        string responseString = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(responseBytes);
        string isSolvedString = responseString.Split('\n')[0];
        bool isSolved = bool.Parse(isSolvedString);
        return isSolved;
        }
    }
}

A: This method gets challengeId and loads image
Placeholder {YOUR_PUBLIC_KEY} should contain your Recaptcha PublicKey
private async Task GetCaptcha()
{
    HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
    HttpResponseMessage response = await client.GetAsync("http://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/challenge?k={YOUR_PUBLIC_KEY}");
    string responseStr = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();

    string captchure = Regex.Match(responseStr, @"challenge\s\:\s\'.+\'").Captures[0].Value;
    string challenge = captchure.Split(':')[1];
    challenge = challenge.Trim('\'', ' ');

    string imageUrl = "http://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/image?c={0}";
    response = await client.GetAsync(string.Format(imageUrl, challenge));
    using (Stream stream = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync())
    {
        BitmapImage image = new BitmapImage();
        image.SetSourceAsync(stream.AsRandomAccessStream());
        CaptchaImage = image;
    }
}

In XAML image control binds to CaptchaImage property
<Image Source="{Binding CaptchaImage}" />

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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text:
Woman dies at resort where couple found dead
FOX NEWS - DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - A Pennsylvania woman who was vacationing with her husband in the Dominican Republic died suddenly in her room, five days before a couple from Maryland passed away at the same hotel in similar circumstances, Fox News has learned.
The woman, identified by a relative as Miranda Schaup-Werner, a 41-year-old psychotherapist from Allentown, Pa., collapsed on May 25 after having a drink from the mini-bar at the all-inclusive Bahia Principe Hotel in La Romana, her relative told Fox News.
Five days later, engaged couple Edward Nathaniel Holmes and Cynthia Day, were found dead in their room by a resort employee who went in after they failed to check out. They had coincidentally arrived the same day Schaup-Werner passed away.
The U.S. State Department on Tuesday confirmed the death to Fox News, saying: "We can confirm the recent deaths of three U.S. citizens in La Romana, the Dominican Republic - Nathaniel Edward Holmes, Cynthia Ann Day, and Miranda Schaup-Werner.
We offer our sincerest condolences to the families for their loss. The U.S. Embassy is actively monitoring the investigations by Dominican authorities into these tragic deaths. We stand ready to provide assistance as requested."
"The U.S. Department of State and our embassies and consulates abroad have no greater responsibility than the protection of U.S. citizens overseas. Out of respect to the family during this difficult time, we have no further comment."
The hotel also confirmed Schaup's death in an emailed statement to Fox News.
"Mrs. Schaup Werner, who was a guest of Luxury Bahia Principe Bouganville, was found unresponsive in her room on May 25," the statement said. "Following established protocols, the hotel doctor responded immediately and coordinated her transfer to Hospiten Santo Domingo. Unfortunately, Mrs. Schaup passed away in the room prior." "In the days that followed, we provided our complete support to Mr. Werner in collaboration with local authorities and the U.S. Embassy. We are deeply saddened by this situation and express our deepest condolences to the family and friends of the deceased."
The relatives of all three U.S. citizens are raising questions about the deaths, noting that they occurred suddenly.
In all three cases, Dominican authorities said that an autopsy gave the same apparent cause of death - respiratory failure and pulmonary edema, which is caused by excess fluid in the lungs.
The Regional Institute of Forensic Sciences said that, in the case of Holmes and Day, further tests are required.
Officials say the couple arrived at the Bahía Príncipe hotel in La Romana on May 25 and planned to leave May 30, the day they were found after they failed to check out.
Police say several bottles of medicines to treat high blood pressure were found on the scene, though the relevance to their simultaneous deaths was not made clear.
The Bahia Principe Hotel's statement to Fox News said that Schaup "had suffered from heart conditions in the past."
They said that her husband had mentioned her past heart condition during an interview with Dominican authorities.
Get updates from this story at FoxNews.com.


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Welcome to the Kenton County Republican Party!
We are the home of great leaders like Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan. We stand for lower taxes, smaller and less intrusive government, personal responsibility and accountability, Constitutional government, respect for life and above all else, liberty. We have made amazing strides spreading the Republican message here in Kenton County and at long last and after much hard work by many dedicated individuals, the number of registered Republicans in Kenton County now exceeds the number of registered Democrats. The majority of Kenton County's state legislators are Republican as is the entire Fiscal Court and most of the other county offices! Additionally, Republicans now hold the majority of city council seats. We sincerely thank you for placing your trust and faith in the Republican Party! But, even with all our hard fought progress, we still need your help! If you love more money in your pocket and less government on your back, if you're concerned about family values and freedom, be sure to register Republican, join and volunteer to help our candidates. Browse around and enjoy your stay, and be sure to check back often for breaking KCRP news and upcoming events.


In general, whether the LED lamp works stably, the quality is good or bad, and the heat dissipation of the lamp body itself is very important. The heat dissipation of the high-brightness LED lamp on the market often uses natural heat dissipation, and the effect is not ideal. The LED light source is composed of LED, heat dissipation structure, driver and lens. Therefore, heat dissipation is also an important part. If the LED does not dissipate heat well, its life will be affected.
Since the p-type doping of the group III nitride is limited by the solubility of the Mg acceptor and the higher starting energy of the hole, heat is particularly easily generated in the p-type region, and this heat must be dissipated through the entire structure on the heat sink; The heat dissipation path of the LED device is mainly heat conduction and heat convection; the extremely low thermal conductivity of the Sapphire substrate material leads to an increase in the thermal resistance of the device, which causes a serious self-heating effect and has a devastating effect on the performance and reliability of the device.
The heat is concentrated in the chip with small size, the temperature of the chip rises, causing the non-uniform distribution of thermal stress, the luminous efficiency of the chip and the lasing efficiency of the fluorescent powder to decrease; when the temperature exceeds a certain value, the device failure rate increases exponentially. Statistics show that for every 2 °C rise in component temperature, reliability is reduced by 10%. When multiple LEDs are densely arranged to form a white light illumination system, the heat dissipation problem is more serious. Addressing thermal management issues has become a prerequisite for high-brightness LED applications.
The most direct way to increase the brightness of a power LED is to increase the input power. To prevent the saturation of the active layer, the size of the p-n junction must be increased accordingly; increasing the input power necessarily increases the junction temperature, which in turn reduces the quantum efficiency. The increase in single-tube power depends on the ability of the device to derive heat from the pn junction, and to increase the size of the chip separately, while maintaining the current chip material, structure, packaging process, current density on the chip, and equivalent heat dissipation conditions. Temperature will keep rising.


Divers have retrieved two more bodies from the wreck of the South Korean ferry that sank last month, as conditions on the ship further deteriorated, officials said on Saturday.
The bodies were found late Friday in the inverted, submerged ship, bringing the confirmed death toll from the April 16 disaster to 275, Coastguard Spokesman Ko Myung-Suk told journalists. Twenty-nine are still unaccounted for.
Divers have now swept through most of the ship, which is resting on its side at a depth of more than 40 meters off the country's southern coast. But as days go by, they are retrieving fewer and fewer bodies.
The divers have also reported that partition walls on the ship have started warping and are at risk of collapsing, which would further complicate their work, a government task force said in a statement.
The divers have been under immense pressure from the authorities and the victims' families to retrieve all the trapped bodies as quickly as possible. They face enormous hazards and challenges, including near-zero visibility, strong currents and often treacherous weather conditions.
A storm warning was likely to be raised later Saturday, Ko said. "But the government will push through with the search operations", he said.
The Sewol was carrying 476 people when it sank after listing sharply to one side. Of those on board, 325 were children from a high school in Ansan City in the southern suburbs of Seoul who were on an organised trip to the southern resort island of Jeju.
Initial investigations suggest the ferry was carrying up to three times its safe cargo capacity. "The ferry had been habitually overloaded," investigators said.
The Sewol's regular captain, who was off duty on the day of the accident, has told prosecutors that the ferry operator - Chonghaejin Marine Co - "brushed aside" repeated warnings that the 20-year-old ship had stability issues following a renovation in 2012.
A court warrant was issued late Friday to arrest the head of Chonghaejin, Kim Han-Sik, Prosecutor Yang Jong-Jin told AFP on Saturday. He faces charges of manslaughter through negligence and breaches of vessel safety laws, Yonhap news agency said. The latest move brought to five the number of Chonghaejin officials arrested over the disaster.
Meanwhile, there has been no let-up in nationwide mourning over the catastrophe.
The government said more than 1.65-million people had paid their respects at memorial places across the country since the mourning period began.


text:
Graphic Novel Page Prints
8.5"x11" / Page 8 / Matte - $10.00 USD 8.5"x11" / Portuguese Ship / Matte - $10.00 USD 11"x14" / Ship / Matte - $20.00 USD
Pages from the first installment of our soon-to-be-released graphic novel.
The Black Gotham Experience graphic novel series are works of historical fiction that will visually thread a continuous line from the west coast of Africa in the early 17th century to the dawn of the archipelago metropolis of New York City at the end of the 19th century; connecting three centuries of African Diasporic history before Harlem becomes the epicenter of Black American culture.
The first story in the series, Other Side of Wall Street, is being released as chapters. This important story lays the foundation for the graphic novel series, looking deeply into the world of Black people who survived and escaped slavery, then built a town of farmers stretching from today's East and West Village. More
Archival Art Prints
Available in Matte
© 2020, blackgotham


text:
\section{Introduction}
Jet opening angles are observed in different type of objects like AGNs or YSO \citep{jun99,hor06}
These observations show a decrease of the jet opening angle with distance from the central core, indication of collimation processes. Jet models also predict a variation of the jet opening angle (e.g. \citealt{fer97,cas02,mck06,haw06,zan07}
and indeed some of them are enable to reproduce the observations \citep{doug04}.
However, the existence of a jet opening angle is generally omitted in radiative jet models. We investigate the importance of the jet opening angle using a simple formalism (Boutelier et al. 2010, B10 hereafter).

\section{Formalism}
We consider the simple case of a shell initially spherical, propagating with a relativistic speed characterized by the Lorentz factor $\gamma_{0}$ on the jet axis. In the jet rest frame, we assume that the surface emissivity is uniform with a flat spectrum. The geometrical collimation of the jet is characterized by $\theta_{jet}$, and the velocity distribution is described by a function $\gamma(\theta)$, where $\theta$ is the angle to the jet axis. For a point of this surface referenced by the angle $\theta$, the velocity vector is directed in the $\theta$ direction (see Fig. \ref{fig1}).
\begin{figure}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\columnwidth,angle=0]{SchemaModel.eps} &
\begin{minipage}{6cm}
\vspace*{-5cm}
\caption{\label{fig1}Sketch of the jet model in the case of velocity distribution $D_{1}$. See text for the signification of the different parameters}
\end{minipage}\\
\end{tabular}

\end{figure}

For a given  observational angle $\theta_{{obs}}$ defined between the jet axis and the line of sight, we project on the sky plane the surface observed at a given observational time $T_{{obs}}$ where:
\begin{equation}
T_{{obs}}(M)=\frac{r}{\beta(\alpha) c} - \frac{r\cos\alpha}{c} = \frac{r}{\beta(\alpha) c}(1-\beta(\alpha)\cos\alpha)
\end{equation}
where $\beta(\alpha)$ is the velocity of M deduced from the velocity distribution $\gamma(\theta)$ in the jet frame and $\alpha=\theta_{obs}-\theta$. Hence, two points of the jet  $M_{1}$ and $M_{2}$ will be seen by the observer at the same instant if the observational times reach the condition: $T_{{obs}}(M_{1})=T_{{obs}}(M_{2})$. Let's choose as a reference point, the intersection between the propagating shell and the jet axis. At a given instant $t$, this point is at distance $r_{0}(t)$ from the origin, and is characterized by the Lorentz factor $\gamma_{0}$. The parametric equation of the jet surface seen at a given observational time expressed in the observer's frame is then:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:TobsCt}
r(\alpha)=r_{0}(t) \left(\frac{\beta(\alpha)}{\beta_{0}}\right) \left[ \displaystyle \frac{1-\beta_{0}\cos\theta_{{obs}}}{1-\beta(\alpha)\cos\alpha} \right]
\end{equation}
No characteristic scale is involved in this equation which is auto-similar.

The observed flux on the sky plane is related to the intrinsic flux in the source rest frame $S_{\nu,\,{int}}$ by the Doppler factor: $S_{\nu,\,{obs}}=S_{\nu,\,{int}}\delta^{3}$\footnote{We assume a flat spectrum}. Due to the velocity distribution $\gamma(\theta)$, each point shell have an intrinsic velocity different in norm and direction, and then a different apparent speed as measured by the observer. We choose to define the apparent speed of the whole structure as the one of the brightest point of the sky plane. This is what is expected from VLBI observations for which the apparent speed of a component is computed by fitting the position of the maximum intensity on a temporal sequence of observations. This assumption differs however from the previous works done on the same subject \citep{gop04,gop06,gop07}. These authors estimate the apparent velocity from the average of the apparent speed of each point of the structure weighted by the Doppler factor boost (see discussion in Boutelier et al. 2010). These works also do not take into account the light travel effects that distort the emitting region as seen by the observer. Due to the axial symmetry hypothesis on the jet geometry, the problem of determining the direction of the brightest point of a tridimensional surface projected on the sky plane can be treated in a bi-dimensional approach. Indeed, the direction of the maximum of intensity is necessary in the plane defined by the jet axis and the observer line of sight. Hence, the following work solve only the two dimensions case, as represented on the Fig.~\ref{fig1}.

\section{Results}
Knowing the shape of the observed surface, it is now possible to project it on the sky plane and to compute the intensity profile. It can be shown (B10) that the intensity profile is parametrized by the following two equations:
\begin{equation}
\left\{
\begin{array}{l}
x'(\alpha)=\displaystyle r_{0}\sin\alpha \left(\frac{\beta(\alpha)}{\beta_{0}}\right) \left[ \displaystyle \frac{1-\beta_{0}\cos\theta_{{obs}}}{1-\beta(\alpha)\cos\alpha} \right] \\
I(\alpha)= \displaystyle I_{0} \left[ \frac{\sqrt{1-\beta(\alpha)^2}}{1-\beta(\alpha)\cos\alpha } \right]^3
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}

We compare two different types of velocity profile $\gamma(\theta)$ (cf. Fig \ref{fig:BetaAppProfil}): a conical profile, which assumes $\gamma=\gamma_0$ for $\theta<\left |{\theta_{jet}}\right |$, and a gaussian profile where $\displaystyle\gamma(\theta)=1+(\gamma_{0}-1)\exp
  \left[-\ln2\left(\displaystyle\frac{\theta}{\theta_{{j}}}\right)^{2}\right]$
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{Beta_app_cone_en}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{Beta_app_gaussien_en}
\caption{\label{fig:BetaAppProfil}Jet apparent velocity in unit of $c$ (black empty circle) and Doppler factor (black empty diamond), as a function of the observational angle $\theta_{{obs}}$, computed for different jet velocity profiles; {\bf left}: conical velocity distribution. {\bf right}: gaussian velocity distribution. The jet opening angle is $\theta_{jet}=15\,^\circ$, and the Lorentz factor on the jet axis is $\gamma_{0}=10$. As a comparison, the theoretical expression for the apparent velocity (red line) and the Doppler factor (red dashed line) for a point like source of the same Lorenz factor is also shown.
}
\end{figure}
For the gaussian velocity profile for which the velocity is never constant in the jet, the apparent velocity is always positive for every observational angle but $\theta_{{obs}}=0\,^\circ $. The reason is that in that case, the brightest point of the jet is never on the line of sight, but slightly shifted. However, we emphasize that the apparent velocity is rather small compare to the point-like source approximation. This is due to the lower intrinsic Lorentz factor at this point of the jet, but also because the brightest point is very close to the line of sight ($\alpha<\gamma^{-1}$). This is confirmed by the high values of Doppler factor: $\delta>\beta_{{app}},~\forall~\theta_{{obs}}$. We can observe on Fig.~\ref{fig:BetaAppProfil} that the maximal apparent speed is reached for an observational angle close to the jet opening angle $\theta_{{obs}}\approx \theta_{jet}\pm \epsilon$.

\subsection{Maximum apparent velocity}
In order to study together the effect of the jet opening angle and the Lorentz factor, we have computed with our model the maximum apparent velocity $\beta_{{app,\,max}}(\theta_{jet},\gamma_{0})$ and the associated Doppler factor, for each velocity profile. We show on Fig.~\ref{fig:abaq} the result for the gaussian profile. It confirms the affirmations that we make in the previous sections, i.e. that the jet opening angle decrease dramatically the apparent velocity, even for high jet Lorentz factor. Together with the increase of the opening angle, $\beta_{{app,\,max}}$ get farther than the ideal case, that would be materialized by vertical lines on Fig.~\ref{fig:abaq}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace*{-2cm}
\includegraphics [height=\textwidth,angle=90]{abaqgauss.eps}
\vspace*{-3cm}\caption{ Contour of maximal apparent velocity ($\beta_{{app,\,max}}$ on the left) and the associated Doppler factor (on the right), as a function of the geometrical collimation of the jet $\theta_{jet}$ and of the Lorentz factor on the jet axis $\gamma_{0}$, for a gaussian velocity profile $\gamma(\theta)$.}
\label{fig:abaq}
\end{figure}

More precisely for high Lorentz factor ($\gamma_{0} \gg 1$) and small observational angles ($\alpha<\gamma^{-1}$), the Doppler factor can be wrote as $\displaystyle\delta(\alpha,\gamma)\approx \frac{2\gamma}{1+\gamma^2\alpha^2}$. If $d\gamma/d\theta\ll\gamma^2$ (i.e. the characteristic angular scale $\Delta\theta$ on which the Lorentz factor varies $\gg 1/\gamma$, the relativistic beaming angle) it can be shown that the maximum Doppler factor is reached for $\displaystyle \alpha\approx \frac{\dot{\gamma}}{2\gamma^3}$. The corresponding apparent velocity is then of the order of $\displaystyle\beta_{app}\simeq\frac{d\gamma/d\theta}{\gamma}\simeq\frac{1}{\Delta\theta}$.

\section{Conclusion}
The jet angular aperture can have a significant effect on the jet appearance velocity. For a  $\gamma(\theta)$ characterized by an angular scale $\Delta\theta$ the apparent velocity is upper limited by $1/\Delta\theta$. In consequence, large apparent velocities require highly collimated jets. Note also that small apparent velocity and high Doppler factor can be obtained with large opening angle. This has to be taken into account in beamed/unbeamed populations studies. Moreover, jet opening angles varying along the jet would result to different apparent velocity at different position in the jet (e.g. VLBI vs. VLA). Finally, as already discussed by \cite{gop07}, TeV blazars, which require apparently large Doppler factor but show generally subluminal motion, could be characterized by large opening angles.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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// Copyright (c) 2011 Martin Ueding <dev@martin-ueding.de>

session_start();
if (empty($_SESSION['benutzer_id']))
	header('location:../index.php');?>
<!DOCTYPE html>

		<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
		<title></title>

Schreibe einen O-Ton für jemand anders

	<form action="speichern.php" method="post">

		Name
		Dein O-Ton

	<?PHP
	include('../../login.inc.php');

	$sql = 'SELECT * FROM abi_leute LEFT JOIN abi_oton ON oton_von='.$_SESSION['benutzer_id'].' && oton_an=person_id WHERE modus=2  ORDER BY nachname, vorname';
	$erg = mysql_query($sql);
	while ($l = mysql_fetch_assoc($erg)) {
		echo '
';
		echo ''.$l['vorname'].' '.$l['nachname'].'	';
		echo '<input type="text" size="50" maxlength="255" name="oton'.$l['person_id'].'" value="'.$l['oton_text'].'" />	';
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	Die Person, über die du schreibst, kann sehen, was du geschrieben hast. Es wird jedoch nicht angezeigt, dass DU es geschrieben hast. Die Person hat langfristig die Möglichkeit die O-Ton von dir zu löschen, falls er nicht gefällt.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Emilie Siarkiewicz at work with the box tops and labels.
Emilie Siarkiewicz has reorganized this collection to benefit schools in our service area based on goals, wish lists and their own efforts to collect the labels and box tops.
Labels for Education has been in place for 41 years and has provided $114 million in merchandise to participating schools. This began with Campbell Soup Company and has expanded to Pepperidge Farm, Swanson, Bic, Post and Pace. These labels accumulate as points for art supplies, athletic equipment and academic supplies.
Box Tops was started in 1996 by General Mills and includes Green Giant, Hefty, Hanes, Progresso, Scott, Boise, Ziploc and Land O' Lakes. Box tops coupons are worth $.10 each and the cash can be used for anything the kids need – playground equipment, field trips and books. A school can earn up to $20,000 with these little cardboard coupons.
Containers are at Suite L in the commercial center, in SaddleBrooke HOA 1 Library and the DesertView Library. Kids' Closet will have a drop off canister also. Look for containers at the Golden Goose Thrift Shop and SaddleBrooke Ranch in the near future. The SBCO office is open Monday through Wednesday, 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.
Currently labels have been collected for 1st Avenue Elementary School in San Manuel to help them obtain sporting equipment. To date, the school has received 1345 labels! Box tops for a value of $76.80 will go to the J.F. Kennedy Elementary School north of Mammoth for the purchase of books.
You certainly must eat something with a label or box top on it! Clip it off, bring it to a canister and help a child obtain a new book or a fresh soccer ball. You can make a difference by simply having a can of Progresso soup! Please include the expiration date on the box top and include the bar code along with the logo on the labels. Without these two pieces of information the items cannot be redeemed.


text:
"How do we feasibly adapt our lifestyle approaches to strengthen our immune system?"
The immune system is critical for our overall health outcomes and well-being over a lifetime. It is integrated into all aspects of our physiology and operates to protect us from both infectious disease and non-communicable chronic illness. The idea of 'boosting' one's immune system, therefore, presents an appealing focus for many to help maintain and improve health. In this article, we cover research-based strategies on how to give our immune system the upper hand.
"As a consequence, there is no magic bullet or single solution available to bolster our immunity"
Our immune function has evolved as a finely balanced and complex macrocosm of organs, circulating cells, proteins and regulatory molecules that protect us from all manner of invading pathogenic microbes, toxins and allergens. As a consequence, there is no magic bullet or single solution available to bolster our immunity. How do we then feasibly adapt our lifestyle to support it?
In the first instance, it's important to recognise that the immune system operates through two complimentary functions, or responses, referred to as innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity includes physical barriers such as the epithelial cells that cover and line the surfaces of our bodies, the mucus that overlays them, and the microscopic hairs known as cilia that move to refresh the mucus and remove anything foreign that may have been inhaled or ingested.
Innate immunity is also provided by our white blood cells or leukocytes. Examples include dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils — all with unique functions.
There are receptors on the surface of leukocytes that help produce a rapid non-specific immune response. They bind molecular patterns that are commonly expressed on a large number of foreign pathogens or toxins, and are not present in our own body [Chaplin DD. 2010]. This recognition of "non-self" is very important for an appropriate immune response. In addition, these cell types produce signalling molecules like cytokines, that cause inflammation and further increase white blood cell migration to a site of infection.
Other elements of innate immunity are circulating plasma proteins, known as the complement system. They bind to the surface of pathogens directly and mark them out for destruction.
The innate immune response is a rapid, first line of defence against an immune threat and is known to last between 4-7 days, before the synergistic adaptive immune response kicks in. [Janeway CA. 2001]
Adaptive immune function is mediated by cells called lymphocytes, predominantly two types known as T-cells and B-cells. These cells are produced and activated by signals from the innate immune system. T-cells have different roles, including killing their target cells, or regulating the immune response. B-cells are most commonly known for their function as antibody producing cells, although they have other essential roles in the immune system [Chaplin DD. 2010].
One of the outcomes of an adaptive immune response is the creation of memory T-cells and B-cells. The other cells that have been involved in an immune reaction are cleared from the system. Memory cells carry an immunological recall and respond rapidly in the future if we suffer a repeat infection from the same pathogen. Adaptive immunity therefore is distinguished in having a memory [Chaplin DD. 2010].
Every stage of our immune response can be affected by a number of lifestyle factors. We discuss the impact of these individually, and approaches for optimisation in the rest of this article.
"Every stage of our immune response can be affected by a number of lifestyle factors"
The role of micronutrients for optimal immune function
We often hear reference to a study in the media of a particular mineral or vitamin being critical to the immune system, which may increase our propensity to reach for a supplement as a universal fix when we feel we're succumbing to illness. However, the role of micronutrients is a varied and complex one. Indeed, there are numerous studies to show that vitamins A, C, D, E, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, and the minerals iron, copper, selenium, magnesium and zinc have all been found to be essential for immunocompetence [Maggini S. et al., 2018; Gombart AF. et al., 2020]. There is particularly strong evidence for an immune support function for vitamins C and D and zinc, which we will explore below. However, it's important to note these act synergistically with multiple other micronutrients at every stage of the immune response.
Vitamin C is not, as sometimes purported, a one shot fix to all things immune, but undoubtedly has some central roles in immune function. These include, but are not limited to, acting as an antioxidant against damaging reactive oxygen and nitrite species produced when pathogens are killed, stimulating the production and movement of leukocytes, supporting the integrity of epithelial barriers, and key roles in the proliferation of lymphocytes and antibody production [Carr AC and Maggini S. 2017; Jacob RA. 2002].
Vitamin C RDA's for adults are commonly 75mg for women and 90 mg for men [Institute for medicine US. 2000]. Although some suggest saturating plasma levels of vitamin C (100-200 mg) can be used prophylactically to reduce the risk of infection [Carr AC and Maggini S. 2017; Balz Frei et al., 2012 ]. Other peer-review suggests this may shorten the duration of infection, rather than preventing us catching it [Hemilä, H. 2013]. It's important to note that at high doses, >1g per day, most of it will be excreted in our urine.
Vitamin D is known to have a key role in the regulation of immune function, with most immune cells possessing receptors for it. Some of its actions are an ability to promote differentiation and movement of the many white blood cells in the innate immune response, and inhibit aspects of adaptive immunity. It has also been identified as regulating antimicrobial proteins, that can help the gut in immune defence and protect the lungs from infection [Gombart, A.F. 2009].
Zinc helps maintain the integrity of skin and mucosal membranes. In addition, it has been shown to have a critical role in the function and survival of leukocytes of the innate immune system, T- cell proliferation and differentiation, the complement protein pathway and also antibody production. A decline in the functioning of the thymus (thymic atrophy) – a central organ to healthy immune function, is also seen in zinc deficiency [Gombart AF. 2020].
There is evidence to show that as we age, supplementation of key micronutrients may be beneficial as poor absorption reduces their bioavailability from a standard balanced diet [Maggini S. 2018]. This may be compounded by a less varied diet in some older individuals. So even though our overall required calorie intake reduces as we get older, our relative micronutrient requirements may increase.
In addition, individuals who smoke, have high levels of stress, or are subjected to high levels of pollution require higher micronutrient dietary intake, to counteract the deleterious effects of these factors on their stores [Gombart AF. 2020].
Our gut microbiome has a crucial role
As well as the pathogenic community of microbes we encounter during our lifetimes, many other beneficial ones exist, which use our body as a host in a commensal and mutualistic manner. They help support our normal tissue and organ functions in turn.
There are several such varieties of microbes including bacteria, archaea, yeast, fungi and viruses. Much of the viral count is made up from bacteriophages – viruses that infect bacteria. In totality, some estimates suggest that the human gut may be populated with as many as 100 trillion microbes, the majority of which are located in the colon, and whose collective genome is referred to as the microbiome.
Some microbes are 'entrenched' in that they are permanently housed on the gut wall, others are ingested. In addition to dietary roles like helping digestion, synthesising beneficial micronutrients and metabolising others in a useful way, our gut microbiome has been found to have a critical role in immunity.
The gut forms a central point of congregation for many immune cells. They work alongside an epithelial cell and mucus layer in an effort to produce an effective barrier against the microbiome, which is sometimes known as the 'mucosal firewall,' thus preventing an unintended immune response against beneficial microbes. The immune cell interactions and signalling responses here are thought to have several beneficial effects to our body's immunity at large, such as by producing antimicrobial proteins and molecules that adversely affect the survival and virulence of pathogens.
As a result of the research into the role of our microbiome in immune system competence, it is increasingly recognised that fostering a healthy, diverse universe of microbes in our gut contributes substantially to our overall health and ability to fight disease. Not surprisingly, this also comes back to having a balanced diet of the kind referenced above. More specifically, pre-biotics – that help feed the microbiota in our gut, probiotics that include 'live' commensal bacteria like lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, and fermented foods have all come into favour in recent years to support microbes and maintain diversity. We will cover the gut microbiome in greater detail in our next paper, dedicated solely to this topic.
Ensure regular, high-quality sleep
The optimal sleep level according to recent research is between 7-8 hrs per night for adults [Daza EJ et al., 2019; Chaput J,P et al., 2018]. Sleep and the body's circadian rhythm show an intrinsic link to immunity. Fluctuations are seen in the number of circulating immune cells, molecules and overall function of the immune system, during different stages of the sleep/wake cycle.
Specifically, sleep restriction has been shown to perturb immune function. In one study even a mild reduction in the amount of sleep, from 8 to 6 hrs a night for a period of 8 days, was shown to increase pro-inflammatory cytokines. Sustained levels of these pro-inflammatory markers are associated with a wide variety of medical illnesses, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In a separate study, sleep deprivation demonstrated an increased susceptibility to viruses like the common cold [Besedovsky, L. et al., 2012 Review].
The adaptive immune response, and associated immunological memory is thought to be initiated during sleep. For example, studies looking at the response to a Hepatitis A vaccination showed that sleep bolstered the reaction two-fold. Sleep restriction, on the other hand, reduced the response against vaccination to the influenza virus. Studies have also shown that some types of T-cells migrate to the lymph nodes during sleep, which may support the adaptive immune response. Conversely, immune cells of the innate immune system that have more immediate actions, are shown to peak during wakefulness [Besedovsky, L. et al., 2012. Review].
In summary, many research studies highlight that getting a good night's sleep is essential for optimal immune function. Inversely, sleep restriction, or deprivation acts as a stressor to disrupt immunity, with the potential to act as a contributory factor in the development of chronic illness.
"chronic stress starts to suppress the adaptive and innate immune response by decreasing immune cell numbers and function"
Use techniques to minimise and manage stress
The major mediators of stress in our bodies are the neuroendocrine hormones adrenaline, noradrenaline, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), as well as the glucocorticoid — cortisol. Together these make up what's known as the hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis — a feedback loop between the brain and adrenal gland that regulates stress. There are many pathways connecting the HPA axis and the immune system. For example, many white blood cells bind the hormone mediators of stress directly [Segerstrom SC. and Miller JE. 2004].
There are several studies examining the effects of stress on the immune system. A distinction is often drawn between short-term stress, of the 'fight' or 'flight' type — lasting minutes to hours, versus chronic or long-term stress. The latter being defined as lasting for several hours per day over weeks and months. Short-term stress can actually enhance the immune system to an extent, particularly the innate response, mobilising it against pathogens. In contrast, chronic stress starts to suppress the adaptive and innate immune response by decreasing immune cell numbers and function, in conjunction with an increase in inflammatory and autoimmune responses.
Using interventions designed to minimise the effects of long term stress in our daily lives, can therefore help maximally promote health and healing [Dharbar 2009, 2014].
Smoking is known to cause cancer and increase the risk of stroke and cardiovascular diseases. In terms of the immune system, research has shown that smoking alters the development, cytokine release, and function of both innate and adaptive immune cells, with a potential to lead to pro-inflammatory responses and dysfunction in immunity. Several studies have linked smoking to auto-immune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, amongst other conditions highlighted in a recent review [Qiu, F. et al in 2017].
Another study has implicated exposure to cigarette smoke (including second-hand smoke) directly to graft rejection [Wan F., et al 2012]. Whilst further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms responsible for the many smoking-mediated immune effects, it is clear it has damaging outcomes. Therefore, smoking cessation should be considered to be crucial to any efforts to improve immune function.
Reduce your exposure to air pollution
Ambient pollution levels have reached concerning levels globally, with the World Health Organisation (WHO) stating that 91% of the world's population live in areas of pollution above accepted levels. According to their estimates, outdoor and indoor (household) pollution is thought to contribute to as many as 8 million deaths combined a year. For context, this figure is comparable to the annual number of smoking-related deaths worldwide.
Air pollutants, including particulate matter, mainly deposit themselves on the respiratory airways and the cells that line them, which has been a focus for much of the research in the area. The common effects seen are increases in pro-inflammatory immune responses across multiple classes of immune cells at this location. This has been linked to exacerbations in asthma, allergy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as reduced anti-viral responses. [Glencross, D.A., et al 2020].
Furthermore, studies have also linked air pollution to more diverse immune system problems, including effects on immune development in the neonate, and alterations in the gut microbiome in adults [Glencross, DA. et al., 2020; Dujardin, C et al 2020]
Avoid excessive alcohol consumption
Alcohol consumption has been shown to be detrimental to immune function in a dose dependent manner. Whilst low to moderate alcohol consumption does not show any significant effect, heavier drinking is shown to disrupt innate and adaptive immunity through multiple pathways.
Elevated blood concentrations of ethanol have been shown to interfere directly with the ability of white blood cells to recognise and bind endotoxin, a toxin released when bacteria are destroyed and a key marker of bacterial pathogens, resulting in an increased susceptibility to disease. Heavier drinking reduces the number of dendritic cells, that are key to activating the adaptive immune system into antibody production and pathogen destruction. Other studies have shown a reduced T-lymphocyte population, faster progression rates of viral infection, poor outcomes following injury and deficient wound healing [Molina, PE et al 2010]. Some sources suggest the gut may also become more 'leaky' to pathogens after chronic alcohol exposure, resulting in pathogenic molecules crossing into the blood stream [Barr, T. et al., 2017; Sureshchandra, S. et al., 2019].
To be safe, moderate or low risk alcohol consumption should be in line with current government guidelines, which in the UK are a maximum of 14 alcohol units a week or less, for both men and women – equivalent to a maximum of 6 glasses of 175ml wine, 6 pints of beer, or 10 X 25ml shots over 7 days – with designated drink free days across that period. The guidelines in the US are comparable.
Go for moderate, or vigorous, regular exercise <60 mins duration
Exercise has been shown to modulate the immune system in a complex way, dependent on the intensity and duration of the physical exertion. Some documented effects of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, of less than 60 minutes duration, show a bolstering of the innate immune response. This includes the improved anti-pathogenic activity of macrophages, enhanced circulation of neutrophils and an anti-inflammatory effect. This occurs in parallel with an improved circulation of adaptive immune elements such as cytotoxic T-cells, and immature B-cells, all of which play critical roles in immune defence activity. Metabolically, this sort of exercise can also improve glucose and lipid metabolism over time [Gleeson, M. 2015].
Conversely, immune responses to the type of prolonged and intensive exercise undertaken by professional athletes, have been shown to result in transient immune dysfunction lasting from hours to days [Gleeson, M. 2015] although the long term effects are still being disputed amongst researchers [Campbell, J. 2018].
Ultimately, a lack of exercise and sedentary lifestyle can lead to obesity, that is associated with immune dysfunction, and increased risk to infections [Milner, J. 2012]. Exercise has also been shown to help mitigate the effects of ageing on immune function [Campbell, J. 2018].
A note on immunotherapy
The clear link between lifestyle adaptations and immune system competence is encouraging. We really are in control of much of our health. Moreover, medical advances have shown that our immune system can be manipulated to further help prevent and fight disease. Vaccines are a primary example of this. Here a small amount of altered or inactivated pathogen is injected that can't in itself cause disease. It effectively hijacks our immune response so that we produce antibodies to protect us against future infection. Catastrophic and fatal diseases like Small Pox have been eradicated as a result.
Recent advances go further. Cancer immunotherapy uses several approaches to harness the power of an individual's own immune system to attack tumour cells. For example, in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy some of a patient's own immune cells (T-cells) are collected from their blood and modified so they specifically attack cancer cells when introduced back into the body. At present this therapy has shown to be effective in some specific blood cancers (childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia, and lymphoma) [Almåsbak H, et al 2016, Review].
Other types of cancer immunotherapies include monoclonal antibodies that specifically attach to tumour cells, identifying them for destruction by our own immune system. Vaccines are also in development, where components of different types of cancer cells are being used to try and elicit an immune response. Other approaches include administering specific signalling molecules in the immune system called cytokines. One of their mechanisms of action includes encouraging our killer T-cells to attack tumour cells.
Immunotherapies for the treatment of all types of cancer are at a preliminary stage, with applications in a limited number of tumour types. However, research and clinical trials are emerging at a fast pace, and targeted immunotherapy, annexing our own immune system offers much promise for combatting cancer in the future.
"…we can conclude that healthy-living strategies of the kinds outlined, will give our immune systems the best chance of fighting infection and much chronic disease"
Here we highlight that building and maintaining optimal immunocompetence requires a multi-faceted approach. The immune system is infinitely complex, with researchers still trying to decipher many aspects of its function. It is clear that immune system dysfunction can be problematic and is intrinsically linked to adverse health, including susceptibility to infection, the development of auto-immune diseases and co-morbidities, some of which can significantly reduce lifespan.
Avoiding exposure, and minimising the risk of infection sources through hygiene is very relevant in today's climate. Furthermore, identifying the specific causes of a weakened immune system – for example nutrient deficiencies – requires clinical tests to ensure appropriate actions are be taken.
There are several lifestyle factors that we can optimise to bolster our innate and adaptive immunity. Studies to date indicate the influential effects of diet, age-related supplementation, gut health, sleep, psychological stress, air pollution, alcohol, smoking and exercise on the immune response. Whilst further research will provide further clarity, we can conclude that healthy-living strategies of the kinds outlined, will give our immune systems the best chance of fighting infection and much chronic disease.
Dr. Seema Sharma for SX2 Ventures © 2020
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A foreigner eating at a Tokyo restaurant with a couple of local friends has had his attempt at verbal communication redirected to another person.
"Apparently, I'm not worthy of human interaction," says 34-year-old Christian Taylor.
The restaurant waiter looked at the floor while processing the flow of information coming from Taylor's mouth and then took a moment before replying to Taylor's friend.
"My mate wasn't even listening," says Taylor.
Taylor's friend is South Korean visiting Japan on vacation and wouldn't have understood the waiter's response even if he was listening.
Happened to me a million times….
I lived in Tokyo, and eventually came to expect it – especially at restaurants.
It became normal to me. Anything can become normal to you, you just stop questioning it.
But, it eventually becomes normal, and comfortable. And you become comfortable with being treated different. when I came back to Canada I expected to be treated "normal," but there`s no "normal," politics exist everywhere – no matter where you are…there are these largely unwritten rules of human interaction. I`ve finally accepted that I will never fit in.
Yeah, my wife is from South Korea and doesn't speak Japanese but every time we are out, go to the bank, store or doctor, everybody always answers to her…even when I tell them she doesn't speak Japanese.
When I go to restaurants with my wife now, she doesn't even look at the staff and completely ignores them, forcing them to talk to me.


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adidas ZX 8000 W
Hazy Sky / Yellow Tint / Wild Pink
Product Details adidas ZX 8000 W
SKU: FY3593
Color name: Hazy Sky / Yellow Tint / Wild Pink
Description adidas ZX 8000 W
The adidas ZX line began a success story in 1984 that continues over 25 years later. As with most of today's popular sneaker silhouettes, the focus of the adidas ZX line was initially on the athletic performance of the shoe. Jacques Chassaing was responsible for the original design of the ZX line at the time. The very first shoe in the line was launched in 1984 as part of the revolutionary adidas ZX Running concept. The core theme of this concept was to combine three of the most important criteria for runners on one silhouette: cushioning, stability and leading. The first shoe in this line was the adidas ZX 500, and today this is still arguably one of the most legendary adidas shoes of all time. In the years that followed, numerous other ZX running releases followed. The next particularly defining year for the adidas ZX line was 1989, when the launch of the ZX 4000 series established a completely new design concept. One of the most significant changes was the introduction of a special heel support, the so-called "heel cap". This is still used today in many silhouettes of the brand with the three stripes. Another milestone at the time was the use of the Torsion system on a shoe in the ZX line. The Torsion system is a kind of ultra-light bridge that connects the forefoot to the heel. In this way, the Torsion system stabilizes the entire foot, giving the runner extra stability. A true revolution in running technology and absolutely unique. The subsequent models are still firmly part of the great ZX repertoire today and legendary shoes like the adidas ZX 8000 Aqua inevitably wrote sneaker history.
All Adidas Products
About Adidas
Since its founding in the 1950s, adidas has stood above all for quality and innovative product design. So it's no wonder that the sporting goods manufacturer is the market leader in this segment together with Nike. The three stripes that adorn the adidas company logo are legendary. The history of adidas began somewhat earlier and more contemplatively: with the brothers Adi and Rudolf Dassler, who fulfilled their dream of independence with the "Dassler Schuhfabrik". After they decided to go their separate ways following a successful collaboration, Adi Dassler founded the adidas company. The name adidas can be derived from the name of the founder. His brother, on the other hand, founded the brand Puma, which today also enjoys a high degree of recognition.
The global brand from Herzogenaurach has been around for almost 70 years. The further development of their own product range and the highest level of performance have always been the main driving forces behind their work. In the meantime, adidas can look back on a product history that is second to none.
From the sports sector to streetwear
However, adidas has long since ceased to be just a brand for sporting goods. Over the years, adidas has also conquered the streetwear market and played a decisive role in shaping it in many places.
As one of the largest and most relevant sporting goods manufacturers in the world, adidas knows how to bring new items to the market. Supported by their own developments from the last decades and thanks to modern techniques, new classics are created, such as the adidas Ultra Boost series. But also icons like the adidas Stan Smith, the adidas Superstar or the EQT collection are continuously given new life. Not least thanks to numerous artist collaborations, adidas manages to turn the sneaker scene on its head. Whether with Run DMC in the 80s or nowadays with Kanye West's Yeezy range, adidas stays true to its motto and continues to give its best to the best.
In the apparel sector, too, adidas is constantly setting new trends and regularly enters into exciting collaborations with designers or pop culture stars. For example, adidas and the musician Pharrell Williams not only launched sneakers, but also an entire collection of T-shirts, hoodies, shorts and sweatpants. At the same time, adidas always stays true to its designs without closing itself off to new ideas and suggestions and thus remains innovative as it was in the first days of the shoe factory in Herzogenaurach.
Buy Fashion by adidas now - at Asphaltgold
In the Asphaltgold online shop you will find a wide range of adidas products - from sneakers and shirts to caps and shorts. Take a look around and let our range of adidas products convince you. Here you will find adidas shoes and apparel in various sizes and colours.


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Home > News > Costa Coffee expands in Spain advised by C&W
Costa Coffee expands in Spain advised by C&W
Cushman & Wakefield has advised on the opening of several units like the notable Sant Jaume square in Barcelona
The british coffee chain Costa Coffee wants to consolidate in Spain and plans a major expansion this year. The company will open 20 stores in 2015, to be added to the 11 stores located throughout the Spanish territory already in full operation. The British multinational forecast is to reach 150 coffee shops in five years, with a planned investment of 40 to 50 million euros.
Cushman & Wakefield, the World's largest private international property consultant advised Costa Coffee in the opening of sereral new establishments. Recently signed lease agreements at a unit in Barcelona's Plaça Sant Jaume another one close to Sagrada Familia. The chain has oppened coffee shops in other relevant areas such as the Avenida Diagonal and Calle Pelai.