text:
Pesticide Companies Leverage Regulations for Financial Gains
Pesticides are present in many food products and play a central role in the production of traded agriculture, giving them global and economic…
Fake News Shared by Very Few, But Those Over 65 More Likely to Pass on Such Stories, New Study Finds
A small percentage of Americans, less than 9 percent, shared links to so-called "fake news" sites on Facebook during the 2016 presidential election…
By 2100, Arid Cities Will Suffer from More Severe Heat Waves than Temperate Cities
Heat waves are among the deadliest and most common of environmental extremes. As the earth continues to warm due to the buildup of greenhouse gases,…


(21 June 2018 - 20 June 2021) Marianne has a background in the health service - she trained as a nurse; so has seen the challenges the health service faces first hand. She also has previous experience as a Board member, Governor, Trustee and Non Executive Director for a variety of charitable and not for profit organisations. Marianne's areas of interest are strategy and accountability. She is not afraid to ask the 'difficult questions' yet aims to do this sensitively! Declared interests: Member of the Labour Party, Governing Board member for Future Qualifications an organisation responsible for paramedic qualifications.
(1 March 2019 - 28 February 2020) Frank is from Polegate in East Sussex. He has been an active member of the Trust for five years, observing and asking questions at many Board and Council meetings. He comes from a family with four generations of service to the ambulance service. Now retired, Frank was a Chartered Engineer. His areas of interest are effective training, recruitment and retention of staff and volunteers in the Trust. Declared interests: Chartered engineer fellow of the institute of engineering and technology.


text:
Trump's lawyers desperately trying to convince Mueller to wrap up his investigation
Noor Al-Sibai
Special counsel Bob Mueller (left) and President Donald Trump (right). Images via screengrab.
Lawyers representing President Donald Trump are seeking a deal with special counsel Robert Mueller to end his investigation into potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia and obstruction of justice for the firing of ex-FBI director James Comey.
The Wall Street Journal reported Friday that Trump's lawyers may negotiate a meeting between the president and the special counsel "as leverage to spur a conclusion to the Russia investigation."
According to a source close to the investigation who spoke with the Journal, the president's legal team is considering potentially using a sit-down meeting with Mueller in exchange for a number of factors, "including that the special counsel commit to a date for concluding at least the Trump-related portion of the investigation." One deadline they floated was 60 days after said meeting, the source told the Journal.
Beyond weighing strategies to hurry the conclusion of the investigation, Trump's lawyers are also reportedly considering ways to strike an agreement with the special counsel "on the scope of his questioning of the president," other sources familiar with the matter told the Journal. The president's legal team expect those questions "to focus largely on his decision to fire former national security adviser Mike Flynn and former FBI director James Comey," the report continued.
Trump's legal team, the Journal noted, has been "under pressure" from the president to end Mueller's investigation. The president is "eager to see the investigation wrap up as quickly as possible, describing it as a distraction that is hurting the country," the report continued.
"His lawyers have repeatedly laid out public timelines by which they expected the investigation to end," the report noted. "Those deadlines have come and gone."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Australia proclaims King Charles III as head of state
Australia formally installed King Charles III — the first new monarch in 70 years — as the country's head of state in a ceremony Sunday.
The proclamation was made by Australia's Governor-General David Hurley at the nation's parliament in Canberra. A series of proclamation ceremonies will also take place across state parliaments in the country on Sunday.
A national day of remembrance will be held on September 22, after Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has returned from Britain, where he will attend the Queen's funeral. A memorial service will also be held on that day, which has been declared a one-off public holiday.
As head of state, Queen Elizabeth II visited Australia 16 times.
Governor-General David Hurley officially proclaims King Charles III the ruler of Australia at Parliament House on September 11, 2022 in Canberra, Australia.
"From her famous first trip to Australia, the only reigning sovereign to ever visit, it was clear Her Majesty held a special place in her heart for Australia," Albanese said in a statement Friday.
"Fifteen more tours before cheering crowds in every part of our country confirmed the special place she held in ours."
In 1999 Australia held a referendum on whether to remove the Queen as head of state, but it was defeated.
On Friday, Sydney's iconic Opera House was lit up with a tribute to the Queen.
Neighboring commonwealth country New Zealand on Sunday also officially proclaimed King Charles III as its head of state in a televised ceremony.
Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said Queen Elizabeth served people of New Zealand for 70 years with unwavering duty.
"For the vast majority of New Zealanders, she is the only monarch we have known, and so upon her death we enter a time of change," Ardern said.
"King Charles has long had an affection for Aotearoa New Zealand and has consistently demonstrated his deep care for our nation." she added. "And so as one chapter closes, another begins."
The Canadian parliament will sit on Thursday to allow members to pay tribute to Queen Elizabeth II, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said on Twitter on Saturday.
Trudeau added the Canadian Parliament will also delay its opening session by a day. "To accommodate Her Majesty's funeral, the opening of the session will be delayed — by one day — to September 20," Trudeau said.


text:
\section{introduction}
Nucleon structure functions are  physical observables  and can be
measured in deep inelastic scattering (DIS). In the naive parton
model\cite{Fey71}, the structure functions are expressed in terms of
the probability of finding quarks and gluons in the parent nucleon.
In collinear QCD factorization formulas, such structure functions
can be given by compact operator matrix elements of the
target\cite{ColSop82}

\begin{equation}
\label{CollinearPDFs}
q(x)=\frac{1}{2}
\int \frac{d y^-}{2\pi}{\rm e}^{- i x p^{+}y^-}
\langle P |\bar\psi (y^-,\vec{0}_\perp) n\!\!\!\slash \mathcal{L}[y^-,\vec{0}_\perp; 0,\vec{0}_\perp] \psi (0,\vec{0}_\perp)| P \rangle\, ,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\label{CollinearGL}
\mathcal{L}[y^-,\vec{0}_\perp; 0,\vec{0}_\perp]\equiv
P \exp \left(- i g \int^{y^-}_0 d \xi^{-} A^+ ( \xi^-,\vec{0}_\perp )
\right) \, ,
\end{equation}
is the gauge link between the quark fields, which arises from final
state interactions between the struck quark and the target
spectators. In  Eq.~(\ref{CollinearPDFs}) and
Eq.~(\ref{CollinearGL}), all fields are evaluated at equal $y^+=0$.
Since structure functions, as physical observables, should not be
dependent on the gauge that we choose, it  is necessary to introduce
such gauge link to ensure the gauge invariance of matrix element. In
the light cone gauge $A^+=0$, where the path-ordered exponential in
Eq.~(\ref{CollinearGL}) reduces to unity,  we can identify the quark
distribution in Eq.~(\ref{CollinearPDFs}) as a probability
distribution as we made in naive parton model. Actually, in
collinear structure function such as Eq.~(\ref{CollinearPDFs}), we
can always select a clever gauge to vanish the gauge link. But when
we consider the transverse-momentum  dependent quark distribution,
such naive manipulation will result in inconsistency. In the
nonsingular gauge, in which the gauge potential vanishes at the
space-time infinity, the transverse-momentum parton distribution is
defined in the literature as
\cite{ColSop82,Collins:1989bt,Collins:2003fm}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{TMD}
q(x,\vec{k}_\perp)&=&\frac{1}{2}
\int \frac{d y^-}{2\pi}\frac{d^2 \vec{y}_\perp}{(2\pi)^2}{\rm e}^{- i x p^{+}y^{-}+i\vec{k}_\perp\cdot\vec{y}_\perp}\nonumber\\
&&\times\langle P |\bar\psi (y^-,\vec{y}_\perp) n\!\!\!\slash \mathcal{L}^\dagger[\infty,\vec{y}_\perp;y^-,\vec{y}_\perp ]
 \mathcal{L}[\infty,\vec{0}_\perp;0,\vec{0}_\perp ]\psi (0,\vec{0}_\perp)| P \rangle\, ,
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation}
\label{TMDGL}
\mathcal{L}[\infty,\vec{y}_\perp; y^-,\vec{y}_\perp]\equiv
P \exp \left(- i g \int_{y^-}^\infty d \xi^{-} A^+ ( \xi^-, \vec{y}_\perp)
\right) \, ,
\end{equation}
and  all fields are evaluated at equal $y^+=0$. From Lorentz invariance, parity invariance and
time reversal invariance, the transverse-momentum parton distribution can be decomposed into the following expressions,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{decompose}
q(x,\vec{k}_\perp)&=& f(x,k_\perp)+\vec{S}\cdot(\hat{\vec{p}}\times \vec{k}_\perp)f_{1T}^\perp(x,k_\perp)/M
\end{eqnarray}
where $\vec{S}$ is the spin of the target nucleon and
$\hat{\vec{p}}\ $ is a unit vector along the direction of the target
momentum in infinite momentum frame. The function $f_{1T}^\perp(x,k_\perp)$ is
just the Sivers function and  can contribute to single spin
asymmetries. It is verified in Ref.\cite{Collins:1992kk} that the Sivers
function  vanishes unless there is the gauge link in Eq.(\ref{TMDGL}),
which is yielded by the final state interactions \cite{Brodsky:2002cx}.
 In the light cone gauge, however, it seems as if the gauge link in
Eq.~(\ref{TMDGL}) would become unity  and the final interaction
vanish accordingly too. Hence there will be inconsistent results
from different gauges, which is impossible, since physical observables
should not depend on the gauge by choice.  Ji and Yuan in
\cite{Ji:2002aa} have shown that the final state interaction effects
in single spin asymmetry can be recovered properly in the light cone
gauge by taking into account a transverse gauge link at
$y^-=+\infty$. Further in \cite{Belitsky:2002sm}, Belitsky, Ji, and
Yuan demonstrate the existence of extra leading twist contributions
from transverse components of the gauge potential at the light cone
infinity. It turns out that these contributions just form a
transverse gauge link in light cone gauge.  In this paper, we will
give another more regular and systematic method to obtain such
transverse gauge link in light cone gauge.
We find the gauge link at light cone infinity will arise naturally from the pinched poles, one of which is provided by the quark propagator and
the other is hidden in the gauge vector field in light cone gauge.
Actually, it turn out that
we  obtain a more general gauge link over  hypersurface $y^-=\infty$, instead of
only transverse gauge link. The difference of such  gauge link
between semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) and Drell-Yan (DY) processes can also be shown directly
and clearly in our derivation.
The paper is organized as follows: in the next section, we will introduce
some kinetics definitions and notations which will be involved all
through our paper. In Sec.III, we would like to give a brief review on the
singularity in light cone gauge and different prescriptions for different
light cone pole structures. Then in Sec.IV,  we will devote to deriving the
 gauge link in light cone gauge in SIDIS process. In Sec.V,
 we will deal with the DY process and compare it with the SIDIS process. A very short summary is given in the end.
 Other relevant work on the transverse gauge link can be found in the literature \cite{Boer:2003cm,Idilbi:2008vm}.

\section{some definitions and notations}
In  studying SIDIS or DY process, it is convenient to  choose  the light cone coordinate system
in which we  introduce two lightlike vectors $n^{\mu}$ and $\bar{n}^{\mu}$,

\begin{equation}
n^{\mu}=(0,1,\vec{0}_\perp)\ ,\ \ \bar{n}^{\mu}=(1,0,\vec{0}_\perp)\ ,\ \ n\cdot\bar{n}=1\ .
\end{equation}
With these basis vectors, we may write any  vector $k^{\mu}$ as $(k^{+},k^{-},\vec{k}_{\perp})$, where $k^{+}=k\cdot n,\ k^{-}=k\cdot \bar{n}$.
For example, in SIDIS process, we  choose the proton  infinite momentum frame, in which the proton's momentum and
the virtual photon's momentum are given by, respectively,
\begin{equation}
p^{\mu}=p^{+}\bar{n}^{\mu},\ \ \ q^{\mu}=-x_B p^{\mu}+\frac{Q^2}{2x_B p^{+}}{n}^{\mu}.
\end{equation}
where $x_B=Q^2/2p\cdot q$ and $Q^2=-q^2$.

In order to make the  derivation  more compact and elegant in the following sections, let us introduce some notations.
For any momentum vector $k^{\mu}$ and the gauge potential vector $A^{\mu}$,
we will manipulate the following decomposition:
\begin{eqnarray}
k^{\mu}&=&{\tilde{k}}^{\mu}+xp^{\mu},\ \ A^{\mu}={\tilde{A}}^{\mu}+ A^{+} \bar{n}^{\mu}
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\tilde{k}}^{\mu}=(0,k^{-},\vec{k}_{\perp})$, $x=k^+/p^+$, and $\tilde{A}^{\mu}=(0,A^{-},\vec{A}_{\perp})$.
For any coordinate vector $y^{\mu}$ , we will make the dual decomposition,
\begin{eqnarray}
y^{\mu}&=&{\dot{y}}^{\mu}+y^{-} n^{\mu}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\dot{y}^{\mu}=(y^{+},0,\vec{y}_{\perp})$. When there is no confusion, we will rewrite $y^\mu$ as $(y^-,\dot{y})$. With such notations,
we have $k\cdot y=\tilde{k}\cdot\dot{y} +xp^{+}y^{-}$,
and in light cone gauge where $A^+=0$ ,we  also have $ A^{\mu}={\tilde{A}}^{\mu}$. It should be noted that in light cone coordinate,
the covariant vector and contravariant vector are related by $A^+=A_-$, $A^-=A_+$ and $A^{\perp}=-A_{\perp}$.

\section{spurious singularity in light cone gauge }
The light cone gauge $n\cdot A=0$
is widely used in perturbative QCD calculations \cite{Dokshitzer:1978hw,Mueller:1981sg}, and under such
a physical gauge condition,  the probability interpretation is expected to hold. The Yang-Mills theories, quantized in light cone
gauge, have been studied by several authors \cite{Bassetto:1984dq,Leibbrandt:1983pj}. However, when we calculate with
the gauge propagator in such gauge in perturbation theory, we have to introduce some spurious pole to regularize associated
light cone singularity. There have been a variety of  prescriptions  suggested to handle the singularities
{\cite{Bassetto:1983bz,Lepage:1980fj,Leibbrandt:1987qv,Slavnov:1987yh,Kovchegov:1997pc}, in which most
attempts were pragmatic. The literature \cite{Belitsky:2002sm,Bassetto:1981gp} states that in general, in light cone gauge, the
gauge potential can not be arbitrarily set to vanish at the infinity, the spurious singularities, characteristic of all the axial gauges,
are physically related to the boundary conditions that one can impose on the potentials at the infinity.
In our paper, we will  consider three different boundary conditions as in \cite{Belitsky:2002sm}, i.e.
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{poles}
&&\textrm{Advanced} : \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \tilde{A}(\infty,\dot{y})=0 \nonumber\\
&&\textrm{Retarded} : \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \tilde{A}(-\infty,\dot{y})=0 \nonumber\\
&&\textrm{Antisymmetric} :\ \ \tilde{A}(-\infty,\dot{y})+\tilde{A}(\infty,\dot{y})=0.
\end{eqnarray}
The typical integration  we will meet with in our derivation is the Fourier transformation of the gauge potential such as,
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{\cal{A}}_\rho(k^+,\dot{y})\equiv\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dy^{-}\textrm{e}^{ik^{+}y^{-}}\tilde{A}_{\rho}(y^{-},\dot{y})
\end{eqnarray}
Manipulating this integration by parts, we  obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{integration}
\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dy^{-}\textrm{e}^{ik^{+}y^{-}}\tilde{A}_{\rho}(y^{-},\dot{y})
=[\frac{i}{k^{+}}]\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dy^{-}\textrm{e}^{ik^{+}y^{-}}\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho}(y^{-},\dot{y})
\end{eqnarray}
where $\partial^{+}=\partial_-={\partial}/{\partial y^-}$. Since the  boundary condition is set, the term $[\frac{i}{k^{+}}]$ can be regularized by
definite prescription,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{regularization}
&&\textrm{Advanced} : \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [\frac{i}{k^{+}}]=\frac{i}{k^{+}-i\epsilon} \nonumber\\
&&\textrm{Retarded} : \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [\frac{i}{k^{+}}]=\frac{i}{k^{+}+i\epsilon} \nonumber\\
&&\textrm{Antisymmetric} :\ \ [\frac{i}{k^{+}}]=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{i}{k^{+}+i\epsilon}+\frac{i}{k^{+}-i\epsilon}).
\end{eqnarray}
where the last propose is just the conventional principal value regulation when the antisymmetry boundary condition
is assigned. Hence, we notice  that there is a secret pole structure in gauge potential in momentum space. We will
show that it is just this pole that will contribute to the final gauge link at the light cone infinity.

The easiest way to illustrate the validity of such regularization is just to set
\begin{equation}
\label{stepfunction}
\tilde{A}_{\rho}(y^{-})=
\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
{\rm Advanced:} &  \theta(-y^{-})\\
{\rm Retarted:} &  \theta(y^{-})\\
{\rm Antysymmetry:}  & \frac{1}{2}\left[\theta(y^{-})-\theta(-y^{-})\right]
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
where the function $\theta(y^{-})$ is the usual step function. It is  a trivial exercise to show that they can result in the proper pole structure as
we present in Eq.\ (\ref{poles}).

As we mentioned above, in the light cone gauge, we can not impose on the gauge potential   the boundary condition
both $\tilde{A}_{\rho}(+\infty,\dot{y})=0$ and $\tilde{A}_{\rho}(-\infty,\dot{y})=0$. We can only choose either of them as the boundary
condition to remove the residual gauge freedom and the other one will be subjected to satisfy the field equation or the request that
the total gauge energy momentum is finite. However, as a matter of fact, we can still impose a weaker condition, that the gauge potential
must be a pure gauge.  In the Abelian case,
\begin{equation}
\label{abelian}
\tilde{A}_{\rho}(\pm\infty,\dot{y})=\tilde{\partial}_{\rho}\phi(\pm\infty,\dot{y})
\end{equation}
or in the non-Abelian case
\begin{equation}
\label{nonabelian}
\tilde{A}_{\rho}(\pm\infty,\dot{y})=\omega^{-1}(\pm\infty,\dot{y})\tilde{\partial}_{\rho}\omega(\pm\infty,\dot{y})
\end{equation}
where $\omega=\textrm{exp}(i\phi)$.
In the non-Abelian case, $\tilde{A}_{\rho}\equiv \tilde{A}^a_{\rho}t^a$ and $\phi \equiv \phi^a t^a$ where $t^a$ are the generators of non-Abelian group in the
fundamental representation. Keeping the leading term in the Tailor expansion of $\omega$ around $\phi$, we  recover the same expression as
 Eq.~(\ref{abelian}) in the Abelian case.
It follows that
\begin{equation}
\label{pathintegral}
\phi(+\infty,\dot{y})=-\int_{\dot{y}}^{\dot{\infty}}d\dot{\xi}\cdot\tilde{A}(+\infty,\dot{\xi})
\end{equation}
where the  integral runs over any  path on the hypersurface $y^-=\infty$.
Notice that this equation  always holds for Abelian gauge potential, and holds for the non-Abelian case only when the $\phi $ is small. It will be interesting
thing to investigate what the nonleading terms contribute to in the non-Abelian case, which is beyond the scope of  this paper. We will show that
the linear term, such as in Eq.~({\ref{pathintegral}}) will lead to the  gauge link at the light cone infinity.

\section{Gauge link in light cone gauge in SIDIS}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.9]
{TGL0.eps} \caption{ The tree diagram in DIS process}
\label{TGL0}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In DIS process, the hadronic tensor is defined by

\begin{equation}
\label{DIStensor}
W^{\mu\nu} = \frac{1}{4 \pi} \sum_{X} \int \frac{d^3 p_J}{(2 \pi)^3}
(2 \pi)^4 \delta^{(4)} \left( P_{_X} + p_J - p - q \right)
\langle P | j^\mu (0) | p_J, X \rangle
\langle p_J, X | j^\nu (0) | P \rangle \, .
\end{equation}

The tree scattering amplitude corresponding to Fig.\ \ref{TGL0} reads
\begin{equation}
M_{0}^\mu =\langle p_J, X | j^\mu (0) | P \rangle_{(0)}
=\bar{u}(k+q)\gamma^\mu \langle X|\psi(0)|P\rangle\,,
\end{equation}
where $k$ denotes the momentum of intial quark scattered by the photon with momentum $q$.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.9]
{TGL1.eps} \caption{The one-gluon exchange diagram in DIS process}
\label{TGL1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
The one-gluon amplitude in light cone gauge corresponding to Fig.\ \ref{TGL1} reads,

\begin{eqnarray}
M_{1}^\mu &=&\int \frac{d^4k_{1}}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^4y_{1}\ e^{i(k-k_{1})\cdot y_{1}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}(k+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{k\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{(k_{1}+q)^2+i\epsilon}
\langle X|\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\gamma^{\mu}\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
The quark propagator can be decomposed into two parts,

\begin{equation}
\frac{{k\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{(k_{1}+q)^2+i\epsilon}=\frac{1}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\left[\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)}+p\!\!\!\slash\right]\,,
\label{decompose}
\end{equation}
where $\hat{k}_1 \equiv(\hat{x}_1p^+,k_1^-,k_{1\perp})$ with $\ \hat{x}_1=\hat{k}^{+}/p^{+}=x_{B}+k_{\perp}^2/2p\cdot (k_1+q)\ $
is determined by the on-shell condition $\ (\hat{k}_1+q)^2=0\ $.
 Actually,
to obtain the Eq.~(\ref{decompose}), we have neglected the contribution
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Theta(-k_1^- -q^-)}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\left[\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}-i\epsilon)}+p\!\!\!\slash\right]
\end{equation}
which will contribute at higher twist level  since they  vanish in the limit $q^-\rightarrow +\infty$.
The last
term in Eq.~(\ref{decompose}) is the so-called ``contact'' term of a normal propagator which does not propagate
along the light cone coordinate \cite{Qiu:1988dn}. Such a contact term will always result in higher twist contribution
and does not contribute to  gauge link at all. Hence, when we are considering the leading twist contribution in our following derivation,
we can just drop such contact terms and only keep the pole terms, i.e. the first term in Eq.\ (\ref{decompose}):

\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{1}^\mu &=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^3\dot{y}_{1}\ \int \frac{p^{+}dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\ e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}+i({x}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}\nonumber\\
&&\times\frac{1}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)} \bar{u}(\hat{k}+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)}
\langle X|\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\gamma^{\mu}\psi(0)|P\rangle
\end{eqnarray}
where  another notation $\hat{M}_{1}^\mu$ with an extra $\hat{\ }$ is introduced to remind us that the only pole term
is kept, and we have also separate the integral over $x_1$ and $y^-_1$ from the others which means we will
finish integrating them out first in the following. Before proceeding further, we should first choose a specific boundary condition for the gauge potential $\tilde{A}_{\rho}$ at
infinity. Let us start with the retarded boundary condition $\tilde{A}(\infty,\dot{y})=0 $. Using the Eq.\ (\ref{integration}) accordingly
which corresponds to retarded boundary condition, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{M1hat1}
\hat{M}_{1}^\mu &=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^3\dot{y}_{1}\ \int \frac{dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\ e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}+i({x}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}({k}+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)}\frac{i}{({x}-{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)} \nonumber\\
&&\times\langle X|\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\gamma^{\mu}\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Now we can finish  integrating over $x_1$ and $y_1^{-}$ first,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{contour1}
&&\int \frac{dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{1}^{-}e^{i({x}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}
\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)}\frac{i}{(x-{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)}
\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1}) \nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\left(\theta(y^{-})e^{i({x}-\hat{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}+\theta(-y^{-})\right)\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\left(\theta(y^{-})+\theta(-y^{-})\right)\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})+ \textrm{higher twist}\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})+ \textrm{higher twist}\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where only the leading term in the Tailor expansion of the phase factor $e^{i({x}-\hat{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}$
is kept, because the other terms are proportional to $({x}-\hat{x}_{1})^n=\left[k_{\perp}^2/2p\cdot (k+q)-k_{1\perp}^2/2p\cdot (k_1+q)\right]^n$ $(n\ge 1)$,
which will contribute at higher twist level.  Only keep leading twist contribution and inserting Eq.\ (\ref{contour1}) into Eq.\ (\ref{M1hat1}), we  have

\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{1}&=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^3\dot{y}_{1}\
\ e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}({k}+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot (\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\langle X|\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Using Eq.\ ({\ref{abelian}}) and performing the integration by parts over $\dot{y}_{1}$ where
$\tilde{\partial}_{\rho}\to -i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{1})_\rho$, we  obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{1}&=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^3\dot{y}_{1}\
\ e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}({k}+q)
(\tilde{k}\!\!\!\slash-\tilde{k}\!\!\!\slash_{1})\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot (\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\frac{-i}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\langle X|\phi(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
To carry out the matrix algebra further, we note that
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{algebra1}
\tilde{k}\!\!\!\slash-\tilde{k}\!\!\!\slash_{1}
=({k}\!\!\!\slash+q\!\!\!\slash)-(\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash_{1}+q\!\!\!\slash)-({x}-\hat{x}_{1})p\!\!\!\slash\,,
\end{eqnarray}
together with the on-shell conditions
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{algebra2}
\bar{u}({k}+q)({k}\!\!\!\slash+q\!\!\!\slash)=0,\textrm{and}\ (\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash_{1}+q\!\!\!\slash)^2=0\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Using these equations, we  reduce the $\hat{M}_{1}$ into
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{M1last2}
\hat{M}_{1}&=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^3\dot{y}_{1}\
\ e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}({k}+q)
p\!\!\!\slash(\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash)\frac{-i}{2p\cdot (\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\langle X|\phi(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})\psi(0)|P\rangle \nonumber\\
&=&\bar{u}({k}+q)
\langle X|i\phi(+\infty,{0})\psi(0)|P\rangle \nonumber\\
&&+\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^3\dot{y}_{1}\
\ e^{i(\tilde{k}_{2}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}({k}+q)(\tilde{k}\!\!\!\slash-\tilde{k}\!\!\!\slash_{1})
p\!\!\!\slash\frac{-i}{2p\cdot (\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\langle X|\phi(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Since the last term in Eq.\ (\ref{M1last2}) only contribute to higher twist, keeping only the leading twist contribution,
we  finally obtain,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{M1last}
\hat{M}_{1}
&=&\bar{u}({k}+q)
\langle X|i\phi(+\infty,{0})\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}

So far, the previous derivations  have been restricted  to the retarded boundary condition where $\tilde{A}(-\infty,\dot{y})=0$, now let
us turn to the other two boundary conditions.  When we assign the advanced boundary condition $\tilde{A}(+\infty,\dot{y})=0$, which means that
 we should choose the advanced one in Eq.\ (\ref{integration}) and Eq.\ (\ref{regularization}). Such a sign change in the pole structure
will lead to replacing the integration in Eq.\ (\ref{contour1}) by,

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{contour2}
&&\int \frac{dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{1}^{-}e^{i({x}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}
\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)}\frac{i}{(x-{x}_{1}-i\epsilon)}
\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1}) \nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\left(\theta(y^{-})e^{i({x}-\hat{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}-\theta(y^{-})\right)\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\nonumber\\
&=& \textrm{higher twist}\,.
\end{eqnarray}
We note that, different from retarded case,  the leading contributions from two poles have canceled  each other completely, and there will be no
gauge link at all. As shown by \cite{Belitsky:2002sm}, all final state interactions have been included into the initial
state light cone wave functions.

If we choose the antisymmetry boundary condition, which corresponds to the principal value regularization, we  have
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{contour3}
&&\int \frac{dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{1}^{-}e^{i({x}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}
\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)}\textrm{PV}\frac{i}{(x-{x}_{1})}
\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1}) \nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\frac{1}{2}\left(2\theta(y^{-})e^{i({x}-\hat{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}-\theta(y^{-})+\theta(-y^{-})\right)\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\frac{1}{2}\left(\theta(y^{-})+\theta(-y^{-})\right)\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})+ \textrm{higher twist}\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})+ \textrm{higher twist}\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mbox{PV}$ denotes principal value.
The above result appear  the same as the one in the retarded boundary condition.  The difference between retarded and principal value regularization is that  final state scattering effects appear
only through  the  gauge link in principal regularization, while they appear through  both the gauge link and initial light cone wave
functions in retarded regularization. Such detailed discussion and  illustration can be found in Ref.\cite{Belitsky:2002sm}.
In the above derivation, we notice that the pinched poles are
needed to pick up the gauge potential at the light cone infinity, which will be shown to result in the gauge link that we expect.
In the following, we will only concentrate on the retarded boundary condition in the following derivation.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.9]
{TGL2.eps} \caption{The two-gluon exchange diagram in DIS process} \label{TGL2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Now let us consider further the two-gluon exchange  scattering amplitude in Fig. \ref{TGL2},
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{2}^\mu &=&\int \frac{d^4k_{2}}{(2\pi)^4}\frac{d^4k_{1}}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^4y_{2}d^4y_{1}
\ e^{i(k-k_{2})\cdot y_{2}+i(k_{2}-k_{1})\cdot y_{1}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}(k+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{2}}\frac{{k\!\!\!\slash}_{2}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{(k_{2}+q)^2+i\epsilon}
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{k\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{(k_{1}+q)^2+i\epsilon}
\langle X|\tilde{A}_{\rho_{2}}(y_{2})\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\gamma^\mu\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Just following what we did in the $M_{1}^\mu$, we drop the contact terms which do not contribute in leading twist level and
label the residual terms as $\hat{M}_{2}$, which is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{2}^\mu&=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{2}}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^3}\int d^3\dot{y}_{2}d^3\dot{y}_{1}
\ \int \frac{p^{+}dx_{2}}{2\pi}\frac{p^{+}dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{2}^{-}dy_{1}^{-}\nonumber\\
&&\times e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{2})\cdot \dot{y}_{2}+i(\tilde{k}_{2}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}
+i({x}-{x}_{2})p^{+}y_{2}^{-}+i({x}_{2}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y_{1}^{-}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}(k+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{2}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{2}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{2}+q)}
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\frac{1}{(x_{2}-\hat{x}_{2}+i\epsilon)}\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)}\nonumber\\
&&\times \langle X|\tilde{A}_{\rho_{2}}(y_{2})\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\gamma^\mu\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Still with the help of the regularization in Eqs.~(\ref{integration}) and (\ref{regularization}), let us do  integrating
over $x_1$ and $y^{-}_1$ first,
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{2}^\mu&=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{2}}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^3}\int d^3\dot{y}_{2}d^3\dot{y}_{1}
\ \int \frac{dx_{2}}{2\pi}\frac{p^{+}dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{2}^{-}dy_{1}^{-}\nonumber\\
&&\times e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{2})\cdot \dot{y}_{2}+i(\tilde{k}_{2}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}
+i({x}-{x}_{2})p^{+}y_{2}^{-}+i({x}_{2}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y_{1}^{-}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}(k+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{2}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{2}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{2}+q)}
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\frac{1}{(x_{2}-\hat{x}_{2}+i\epsilon)}\frac{i}{(\hat{x}-{x}_{2}+i\epsilon)}
\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)} \nonumber\\
&&\times\langle X|\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{2}}(y_{2})\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\gamma^\mu\psi(0)|P\rangle \nonumber\\
&=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{2}}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^3}\int d^3\dot{y}_{2}d^3\dot{y}_{1}
\ \int \frac{p^{+}dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\  e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{2})\cdot \dot{y}_{2}+i(\tilde{k}_{2}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}
+i({x}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y_{1}^{-}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}(k+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{2}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{2}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{2}+q)}
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\frac{1}{(x-\hat{x}_{2}+i\epsilon)}\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)} \nonumber\\
&&\times\langle X|\tilde{A}_{\rho_{2}}(+\infty,\dot{y}_{2})\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\gamma^\mu\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Further integrating over $x_2$ and $y^{-}_2$, which is totally the same as what we did with $x_1$ and $y^{-}_1$.
The results read
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{2}^\mu
&=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{2}}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^3}\int d^3\dot{y}_{2}d^3\dot{y}_{1}
\  e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{2})\cdot \dot{y}_{2}+i(\tilde{k}_{2}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}(k+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{2}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{2}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{2}+q)}
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\frac{1}{(x-\hat{x}_{2}+i\epsilon)}\frac{1}{(x-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)} \nonumber\\
&&\times\langle X|\tilde{A}_{\rho_{2}}(+\infty,\dot{y}_{2})\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})\gamma^\mu\psi(0)|P\rangle \nonumber\\
&=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{2}}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^3}\int d^3\dot{y}_{2}d^3\dot{y}_{1}
\  e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{2})\cdot \dot{y}_{2}+i(\tilde{k}_{2}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}(k+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{2}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{2}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{2}+q)}
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\frac{1}{(x-\hat{x}_{2}+i\epsilon)}\frac{1}{(x-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)} \nonumber\\
&&\times\langle X|\tilde{\partial}_{\rho_{2}}\phi(+\infty,\dot{y}_{2})\tilde{\partial}_{\rho_{1}}\phi(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})\gamma^\mu\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Now we are in a position to perform integrating over $\tilde{k}_2$ and $\dot{y}_2$. Thanks to the integration by parts and the algebras
given in Eq.\ (\ref{algebra1}) and Eq.\ (\ref{algebra2}), we  obtain

\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{2}^\mu
&=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^3}\int d^3\dot{y}_{1}
\  e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}}
 \bar{u}(k+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\frac{1}{(x-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)} \nonumber\\
&&\times \langle X|i\phi(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})\tilde{\partial}_{\rho_{1}}\phi(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})\gamma^\mu\psi(0)|P\rangle \nonumber\\
&=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^3}\int d^3\dot{y}_{1}
\  e^{i(\tilde{k}_{2}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}}
 \bar{u}(k+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)}
\frac{1}{(x-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)} \nonumber\\
&&\times \langle X|\frac{i}{2}\tilde{\partial}_{\rho_{1}}\phi^2(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})\gamma^\mu\psi(0)|P\rangle
\end{eqnarray}
Repeat what we did with $\tilde{k}_2$ and $\dot{y}_2$ above, and we can finish integrating over
$\tilde{k}_1$ and $\dot{y}_1$ and finally arrive
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{2}^\mu&=& \bar{u}(k+q)
\langle X|\frac{i^2}{2!}\phi^2(+\infty,{0})\gamma^\mu\psi(0)|P\rangle
\end{eqnarray}
All through calculating  $\hat{M}_{2}$, as we did with $\hat{M}_{1}$, we have neglected the higher twist contributions and only keep
the leading twist terms.
From ${M}_{1}$ to ${M}_{2}$, it is obvious that our procedure  can be easily extended to $n$-gluon exchange
amplitude $M_{n}$ in Fig. \ref{TGLn}, which is given by

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.9]
{TGLn.eps} \caption{The $n$-gluon exchange diagram in DIS process} \label{TGLn}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{n}
&=&
\int\prod_{j=1}^{n}\frac{d^3{\tilde{k}_{j}}}{(2\pi)^3}d^3\dot{y}_{j}
e^{i(\tilde{k}_{n}-\tilde{k}_{n-1}) \cdot\dot{y}_{n}+i(\tilde{k}_{n-1}-\tilde{k}_{n-2})\cdot\dot{y}_{n-1}+\ ...\ ...\ +i(\tilde{k}_{2}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot\dot{y}_{2}}\nonumber\\
&&\times
\prod_{j=1}^{n}
\frac{p^{+}d{x}_{j}}{2\pi}dy^{-}_{j}
e^{i({x}_{n+1}-{x}_{n})p^{+} {y}_{n}^{-}+i({x}_{n}-{x}_{n-1})p^{+}{y}_{n-1}^{-}+\ ...\ ...\ +i({x}_{2}-{x}_{1})p^{+}{y}_{1}^{-}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}({k}+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{n}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{n}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{n}+q)}
\ \ ...\ \ ...\ \
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)} \nonumber\\
&&\times\frac{1}{(x_{n}-\hat{x}_{n}+i\epsilon)}\ \ ...\ \ ...\ \
\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)}  \nonumber\\
&&\times\langle X|\tilde{A}_{\rho_{n}}(y_{n})\tilde{A}_{\rho_{n-1}}(y_{n-1})\ ...\ ...\ \tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
We  first finish integrating from $x_{n},y^{-}_{n}$ to $x_{1},y^{-}_{1}$ one by one. Keeping the leading twist
contribution, we have,
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{n}
&=&
\int\prod_{j=1}^{n}\frac{d^3{\tilde{k}_{j}}}{(2\pi)^3}d^3\dot{y}_{j}
e^{i(\tilde{k}_{n+1}-\tilde{k}_{n}) \cdot\dot{y}_{n}+i(\tilde{k}_{n}-\tilde{k}_{n-1})\cdot\dot{y}_{n-1}+\ ...\ ...\ +i(\tilde{k}_{2}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot\dot{y}_{2}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}({k}+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{n}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{n}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{n}+q)}
\ \ ...\ \ ...\ \
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)} \nonumber\\
&&\times \frac{1}{(\hat{x}_{n+1}-\hat{x}_{n})}\ \ ...\ \ ...\ \
\frac{1}{(\hat{x}_{2}-\hat{x}_{1})} \nonumber\\
&&\times \langle X|\tilde{A}_{\rho_{n}}(+\infty,\dot{y}_{n})\tilde{A}_{\rho_{n-1}}(+\infty,\dot{y}_{n-1})
\ ...\ ...\ \tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})\psi(0)|P\rangle\,,
\end{eqnarray}
 or using
\begin{equation}
\tilde{A}_{\rho_{n}}(+\infty,\dot{y}_{n})=\tilde{\partial}_{\rho_{n}}\phi(+\infty,\dot{y}_{n})\,,
\end{equation}
we  rewrite it as
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{n}
&=&
\int\prod_{j=1}^{n}\frac{d^3{\tilde{k}_{j}}}{(2\pi)^3}d^3\dot{y}_{j}
e^{i(\tilde{k}_{n+1}-\tilde{k}_{n}) \cdot\dot{y}_{n}+i(\tilde{k}_{n}-\tilde{k}_{n-1})\cdot\dot{y}_{n-1}+\ ...\ ...\ +i(\tilde{k}_{2}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot\dot{y}_{2}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}({k}+q)
\gamma^{\rho_{n}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{n}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{n}+q)}
\ \ ...\ \ ...\ \
\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!+q\!\!\!\slash}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}+q)} \nonumber\\
&&\times \frac{1}{(\hat{x}_{n+1}-\hat{x}_{n})}\ \ ...\ \ ...\ \
\frac{1}{(\hat{x}_{2}-\hat{x}_{1})} \nonumber\\
&&\times \langle X|\tilde{\partial}_{\rho_{n}}\phi(+\infty,\dot{y}_{n})\tilde{\partial}_{\rho_{n-1}}\phi(+\infty,\dot{y}_{n-1})
\ ...\ ...\  \tilde{\partial}_{\rho_{1}}\phi(+\infty,\dot{y}_{1})\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Continue to integrating over from $\tilde{k}_n$ and $\dot{y}_n$ to $\tilde{k}_1$ and $\dot{y}_1$ one by one, we can finally have
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{n}
&=&
\bar{u}({k}+q)\langle X|\frac{i^n}{n!}\phi^n(+\infty,0)\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
As a final step,  we should resum to all orders and obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\hat{M}_{n}
&=&\bar{u}({k}+q)\langle X|\textrm{exp}\left(i\phi(+\infty,0)\right)\psi(0)|P\rangle\,,
\end{eqnarray}
or the  more conventional form
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{final-dis}
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\hat{M}_{n}
&=&\bar{u}({k}+q)\langle X|P\textrm{exp}\left(-i\int_{\dot{y}}^{\dot{\infty}}
d\dot{\xi}\cdot\tilde{A}(+\infty,\dot{\xi})\right)\psi(0)|P\rangle\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $P\textrm{exp}\left(-i\int_{\dot{y}}^{\dot{\infty}}d\dot{\xi}\cdot\tilde{A}(+\infty,\dot{\xi})\right)$ is just the gauge link
that we tried to derive. It should be noted that the gauge link we obtain in the final result Eq.(\ref{final-dis})
is  over the hypersurface at light cone infinity along any path integral, not restricted along the transverse direction, which means that it is more general
than what Belitsky, Ji and Yuan have obtained in Ref.\cite{Belitsky:2002sm}.

\section{Gauge link in light cone gauge in DY}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.9]
{Drell-Yan.eps} \caption{The one-gluon exchange diagram in DY process} \label{Drell-Yan}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Now let us turn to the DY process, which is represented in Fig.\ (\ref{Drell-Yan}), where, for brevity, we have fixed
the target to be  a nucleon and the projectile to be just an antiquark, $q$ is the virtual photon's momentum
and $q-k$ and $p$ is momentum of the projectile and target respectively. Such simplifying does not lose any generality
when we are only considering how to derive the gauge link,  but  it will be more convenient and
manifest to  compare with the SIDIS process.
 We still choose the light cone coordinate system, and
use the two lightlike vectors $n^\mu$ and $\bar{n}^\mu$ to fix ``plus'' and ``minus'' directions. All the notations  and conventions are
the same as in DIS. The one-gluon exchange amplitude reads

\begin{eqnarray}
M_{1(DY)}^\mu &=&\int \frac{d^4k_{1}}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^4y_{1}\ e^{i(k-k_{1})\cdot y_{1}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}(q-k)\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{q\!\!\!\slash-k\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!}{(q-k_{1})^2+i\epsilon}
\langle X|\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\gamma^{\mu}\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Dropping the contact terms and  assigning  the retarded boundary condition, we  rewrite it as
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{M1hat1DY}
\hat{M}_{1(DY)}^\mu &=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^3\dot{y}_{1}\ \int \frac{dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\ e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}}
e^{i({x}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}(q-k)\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{q\!\!\!\slash-\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}-q)}
\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}-i\epsilon)}\frac{i}{({x}-{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)} \nonumber\\
&&\times\langle X|\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\gamma^{\mu}\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
It should be noticed  the difference of the pole structure between Eq.(\ref{M1hat1DY}) and Eq.(\ref{M1hat1}).
 Just like we did in the SIDIS,  we can finish  integrating over $x_1$ and $y_1^{-}$ first,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{contour4}
&&\int \frac{dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{1}^{-}e^{i({x}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}
\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}-i\epsilon)}\frac{i}{(x-{x}_{1}+i\epsilon)}
\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1}) \nonumber\\
&=&-\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\left(\theta(-y^{-})e^{i({x}-\hat{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}-\theta(-y^{-})\right)\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\nonumber\\
&=&-\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\left(\theta(-y^{-})-\theta(-y^{-})\right)\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})+ \textrm{higher twist}\nonumber\\
&=& \textrm{higher twist}\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Opposite to the case in SIDIS, the retarded boundary condition does not lead to
the  gauge link  at the light cone infinity  and hence all the final state interaction effects must be shifted into the initial light cone wave
functions. For the advanced boundary condition, we  have
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{M1hat1DY-A}
\hat{M}_{1(DY)}^\mu &=&\int \frac{d^3\tilde{k}_{1}}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^3\dot{y}_{1}\ \int \frac{dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\ e^{i(\tilde{k}-\tilde{k}_{1})\cdot \dot{y}_{1}}
e^{i({x}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}\nonumber\\
&&\times \bar{u}(q-k)\gamma^{\rho_{1}}\frac{{q\!\!\!\slash-\hat{k}\!\!\!\slash}_{1}\!\!}{2p\cdot(\hat{k}_{1}-q)}
\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}-i\epsilon)}\frac{i}{({x}-{x}_{1}-i\epsilon)} \nonumber\\
&&\times\langle X|\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\gamma^{\mu}\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Finish  integrating over $x_1$ and $y_1^{-}$:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{contour5}
&&\int \frac{dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{1}^{-}e^{i({x}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}
\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}-i\epsilon)}\frac{i}{(x-{x}_{1}-i\epsilon)}
\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1}) \nonumber\\
&=&-\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\left(\theta(-y^{-})e^{i({x}-\hat{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}+\theta(y^{-})\right)\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\nonumber\\
&=&-\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\left(\theta(-y^{-})+\theta(y^{-})\right)\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})+ \textrm{higher twist}\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(-\infty,\dot{y}_{1})+ \textrm{higher twist}\,.
\end{eqnarray}
If we choose the antisymmetry boundary condition, we have,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{contour3}
&&\int \frac{dx_{1}}{2\pi}\int dy_{1}^{-}e^{i({x}-{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}
\frac{1}{(x_{1}-\hat{x}_{1}-i\epsilon)}\textrm{PV}\frac{i}{(x-{x}_{1})}
\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1}) \nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\frac{1}{2}\left(-2\theta(-y^{-})e^{i({x}-\hat{x}_{1})p^{+}y^{-}}-\theta(y^{-})+\theta(-y^{-})\right)\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})\nonumber\\
&=&-\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\int dy_{1}^{-}
\frac{1}{2}\left(\theta(y^{-})+\theta(-y^{-})\right)\partial^{+}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(y_{1})+ \textrm{higher twist}\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{{x}-\hat{x}_{1}}\tilde{A}_{\rho_{1}}(-\infty,\dot{y}_{1})+ \textrm{higher twist}\,.
\end{eqnarray}
The difference between advanced and principal value regularization in the DY process is that  final state scattering effects appear
only through  the  gauge link in principal value regularization, while they appear through  both the gauge link and initial light cone wave
functions in advanced regularization.
It follows that,
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{M}_{1(DY)}
&=&\bar{u}(q-{k})\langle X|\left(-i\int^{\dot{y}}_{-\dot{\infty}}d\dot{\xi}\cdot\tilde{A}(-\infty,\dot{\xi})\right)\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Just as in the SIDIS process, the pinched poles are indispensable to produce a finite contribution in the leading
twist level.
Following the same line
as the one carried out in SIDIS, we  show that the gauge link in advanced or antisymmetry boundary conditions  is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\hat{M}_{n(DY)}
&=&\bar{u}(q-{k})\langle X|P\textrm{exp}\left(-i\int^{\dot{y}}_{-\dot{\infty}}d\dot{\xi}\cdot\tilde{A}(-\infty,\dot{\xi})\right)\psi(0)|P\rangle\,.
\end{eqnarray}
It should be noted that
the light cone infinity $y^-=+\infty$ has been replaced by $y^-=-\infty$, reflecting that the gauge link arises from the initial state
interactions rather than from the final state.

To summarize, in light cone gauge, we should choose a specific boundary condition first to fix the residual gauge freedom. Using the proper
regularization corresponding to specific boundary condition, we can obtain the residual gauge link at infinity along the light cone coordinate.
We find the gauge link at light cone infinity arises naturally from the pinched poles: one is from the quark propagator and
the other is hidden in the gauge vector field in light cone gauge.
Actually, it turns out that
we  obtain a more general gauge link over  hypersurface $y^-=\infty$, which is beyond the transverse gauge link. The difference of such  gauge link
between SIDIS and DY processes can also be obtained directly
and clearly in our derivation. We expect our regularization method will also be valuable to make it possible to
perform higher twist calculations in light cone gauge more unambiguously.

\begin{acknowledgments}
I would like to thank Jian Zhou for helpful discussions. This work
 was supported, in part, by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
under the Grant No. 10525523,  the Department of Science and Technology of
Shandong Province and  the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
funded project under Contract No. 20090460736.

\end{acknowledgments}

\vspace{-0.2in}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Three injured in election shooting at Kahawatta
Three people were injured when an unidentified person had fired shots at them while setting up a stage for an election rally of NDF presidential candidate Maithripala Sirisena in Kahawatta last night.
Police said the injured were undergoing treatment at the Ratnapura Hospital and that the rally was scheduled to be held today.
8 Responses to Three injured in election shooting at Kahawatta
This is a robbery , not an election at all.
Rajapakse family regime is shameless to do these things for power and wealth.
There is no evidence that Hon MR supporter committed this crime. For all we know, it may be the sly work of opposition candidate himself to deceive people to think this crime is the work of MR. MS is trying to win support by deceit. He is a corrupt man. His brother made billions on through the sweat and toil of the poor farmers who remain poor. He got his son to open a company, and all govt orders for pharmaceuticals for state hospitals were bought through this company. This man is also a billionaire. Such is the corruption of MS. After he is soundly defeated, Hon MR must not forgive him for his treachery but investigate his corruption and if proven guilty he must be punished with a lengthy prison sentence and all his wealth gathered through corruption and the wealth of his brother and son, should be seized and used for the development of poor villages, with better roads, drinking water supply and health centres.
If you say this shooting as a conspiracy of MS, you are speaking from anus, so no pint of discussing with you.
Manjula says:
Bas,
If you don't have a valid counter argument, it is better to keep silent rather than slinging mud and call names at others who don't agree your view.
The latter will only expose the mud slinger's low level of education and civilization.
Amden says:
Bugnayaka shows his buggy wit through writing himself. He's internationally reputed fool who joined to internationally reputed foe sirisena. If he wins then abasaranai 4 all.
Basil Gorakapola says:
In this rare occasion, I agree with Blogger 2, Nicholas Dias.
Mr Sirisena was a leading member of the Government of Mahinda Rajapaksa for over 10 years.
He alleges corruption and nepotism; he did no have the courage to pick up a piece of paper and right his resignation.
Now, he has found dutch courage with the $50m contribution from the CIA for regime change.
Mr Sirisena did nothing as a Senior Minister; he spent most of his time dreaming of becoming the Prime Minister. As heath Minister, he wanted pictures in Cigarette packets. Dear Srisena, people in SL do not buy cigarettes in packets; they buy them one by one; they never get to see whats is on the packet.
So Mr Sirisena, the end is near; goodbye my dear friend; hope you go back to your grassroots and till the paddy field s in Anuradhapura.
Goodbye my dear friend, you had opportunity as a Senior Minister and as a Secretary of SLFP which you failed to grasp. Hope you get out of the evil clutches of CBK, RW and Mangala and Champika and hope you live long earning a rich and fulfilling life as a farmer in the dry North-Central province.
Phil Jayawardane says:
As Amden says, if MY3 becomes President, abasaranai 4 all.
I hope the Sun fails to rise tomorrow because it may be a terrible day where the King and His Royal Family will be facing decimation due to the stupidity of the CBK-RW cabal.
Nepotism was found in UNP and under CBK, who appointed his sick mother as PM, who did nothing for the good of the country. Her obese brother was even worse, who enjoyed flights abroad on first class travel and 5 star hotel accommodation doing F all.
Hon MR did not commit nepotism but appointed his 3 brothers to important positions in the govt as they were very capable and helped to end LTTE terrorism and build the economy of the country and infra-structure. They were loyal, trustworthy and not corrupt as MS was. MS and his 11 brothers were all corrupt and made billions at the expense of the poor and the country. I hope they rot in hell one day. His greed is his downfall. All that money he made was given to him as bribe by USA was credited directly into Swiss Accounts, so that the GOSL cannot touch it.
There is still more work to be done. Hence the need for a stable govt in the capable hands of Hon MR, not just for a 3rd term but also a 4th term if necessary. Besides the country needs security against militant LTTE terrorism from rising again under US and British underhand manipulation for their own vested interests.
Home » Three injured in election shooting at Kahawatta


Manifest a magnificent beautiful persona with the Emporio Armani Visability Bi-Colour Microfiber Padded Bandeau Top.
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text:
package sun.jvm.hotspot.asm.sparc;

import sun.jvm.hotspot.asm.*;

public class SPARCV9PopcInstruction extends SPARCFormat3AInstruction
                  implements SPARCV9Instruction {
    public SPARCV9PopcInstruction(ImmediateOrRegister source, SPARCRegister rd) {
        super("popc", POPC, null, source, rd);
    }

    protected String getDescription() {
        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
        buf.append(getName());
        buf.append(spaces);
        buf.append(getOperand2String());
        buf.append(comma);
        buf.append(rd.toString());
        return buf.toString();
    }

    public ImmediateOrRegister getSource() {
        return operand2;
    }

    public SPARCRegister getDestination() {
        return rd;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The U S Constitution - Protection from Tyrannical Government
The U S Constitution is the most amazing founding document on the planet - at least in terms of its brevity and profound importance.
About 22 years ago Joyce and I had the pleasure of participating in a small class of citizens who studied this document under the leadership of a fine senior citizen and Navy veteran Leonard Holder.
Holder was not related to the current attorney general, and unfortunately for us all, he passed away sometime during the '90s.
Under Leonard's tutalege we went through it multiple times, line by line, phrase by phrase, even clause by clause.
Most class members had a little previous exposure to this master document of self-government, but never had had the opportunity to gain the understanding afforded by Leonard's leadership and method.
The most important aspect of understanding gained by our meticulous study had to do with the ability to read the simple, everyday language of this instrument.
Every time educated men and women attempt to read anything, we do so through eyes and mind prejudiced by prior experience along with exposure to dogma and propaganda. This is especially true during these times saturated with the sounds and images of the electronic mass media.
No wonder that the U S Constitution is vulnerable to the distortion promoted by greedy, power-hungry politicians and others eager to build empires and reap their own selfish goals.
Political parties and other organizations and individuals can easily twist the words of any document through the use of seemingly innocent rhetoric to make it seem to say something entirely foreign to the original intent of the author or authors.
This has most certainly been the typical approach and use of each of the founding documents of our nation, the result of which has been to make the U S Constitution and the Declaration of Independence nearly meaningless to vast numbers of citizens, as well as to enemies of the state.
You may wonder how any of us as ordinary citizens with no formal credentials can possibly approach the U S Constitution with the intent of understanding how it affects each us.
There's an important parallel here.
We've been conditioned to feel insignificant compared to those who claim expertise in areas of law and government - and equally so in areas of health or health care.
In both of these very important areas, each of us as adults and even many children, have the opportunity and the duty to know and understand as much as we need to in order to prevent domination and tyranny by others.
You may wonder, as I occasionally do, how can the U S Constitution possibly help us return to liberty considering how very far we've moved away from it.
The answer is that this great document, the Supreme Law of the Land, is still intact. It's our duty as citizens to understand it along with the limits it places on government.
That understanding will enable each of us to move with certainty at the right time to implement the return to liberty.
Is our destiny preordained?
When we take the time to consider our history as a nation - a nation under God - it's hard not to conclude that we've been favored by a higher power.
Although there are certain events in our history which seem to be inimical to that idea.
Many history books have glossed over or even eliminated certain parts of history in order to glamorize it - to make it seem something it is not.
One very obvious example is the history of minorities in the U.S. and how they've been treated, especially the division and Civil War which happened as a result of slavery.
Slavery lasted as long as it did in this country because of ignorance and greed on the parts of those who benefited from it financially.
The fear factor could also have been a part of it.
The U S Constitution along with the Declaration of Independence provide us with the all important means of maintaining our focus as a nation.
If more Americans of all ethnical backgrounds correctly understood the U S Constitution, many or even most of the problems we're experiencing would be solved.
Attempted power grabs by various groups would be stopped before they gain momentum.
The current power grab by the Obama administration is not unique. It seems unique and even very frightening to those who seem to be its victims.
Yet a short glance back in time reveals that other administrations have seemingly committed very similar kinds of tyrannical acts.
That it's happened before does not excuse the current administration.
And it does not justify the illegal and unconstitutional actions of Obama, his cabinet or his various czars. Just the fact that he has czars is unconstitutional.
The czars wouldn't be unconstitutional if they did nothing but have an occasional beer with Obama - assuming they would not be on the government's payroll.
This page really is not meant to be a verbal attack on Obama. There are enough of those elsewhere on the web.
I certainly am very critical of Obama and all other liberals who would either ignore the U S Constitution, or, as in the case of Obama himself, have studied it carefully and know exactly what needs to be done to avoid the consequences of exceeding the constitutional limits of power.
The U S Constitution has been under attack by various powerful people almost since the day it was adopted. That it has been diluted is a matter of history.
Or, at least it seems to have been diluted.
There has been little or no dilution as far as the original words and intent of the document are concerned. It is in the application or lack thereof that has caused deviation from the Constitution.
The dilution has occurred primarily because very few Americans have really understood the U S Constitution. This is especially true today and throughout the 20th century.
It's not that it's difficult to understand - rather it's simply true that an extremely small number of citizens ever take the time to read and study it.
An extremely small number of citizens ever have the time, and so most of us just rely on those few lawyers, teachers, professors and other experts who have looked at it and interpreted it for us.
Many lawyers, including legislators and Supreme Court justices, have carefully misinterpreted the U S Constitution, because they believed they could benefit by advocating for big government.
If we as individual citizens give any time or effort or even recognition that the document exists we will at least add impetus to anyone who reads and studies it for himself, refusing to believe those who want to interpret it out of existence.
A class on the U S Constitution should be a part of the curriculum for every high school student in our country.
Even though many instructors would probably get it wrong, at least many more students would have contact with the instrument, and most likely, some would be inspired to really study it.
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
A careful look at the preamble helps establish the basis for understanding the entire document.
It's interesting to note that the writers themselves considered themselves to be among the People of the United States. So, the people granted certain powers through the Constitution to the three branches of the government.
As you read through, you see that in granting certain powers, the writers also placed severe restrictions or limits on those powers, and specifically withheld many powers from the government.
Many powers were reserved to the States, or to the people themselves.
On the tyranny page of this website, I write about the government's strong tendency to try to take care of us as individuals - recently by attempting to force private citizens to buy health insurance.
Not only would they mandate the purchase of insurance, but the so-called Affordable Care Act tries to prescribe the exact parameters and details of any insurance policy we might buy.
Anyone who thinks this is a good idea or thinks it might be Constitutional should notice that the Preamble says Promote the general welfare - not provide, or even provide for the general welfare.
What about each individual's right to be in charge of his own body and soul? How can anyone be comfortable with the tyranny of having the government be in charge of our individual health care?
The whole health insurance and health care situations didn't just suddenly pop up during the last 20 or so years.
Lots of other circumstances have occurred in which it seems that the government has gone into rampages of usurpation of individual rights and responsibilities.
The government would hardly be able to usurp anything if we the people were sufficiently prepared to fend off unconstitutional power grabs.
But while we sleep, the government does grab in lots of seemingly innocuous areas.
One of those areas is in education.
As a former public school teacher, I've witnessed first hand what federal government meddling in education has done to our schools. I remember very well the education I was privileged to gain all through the 12 years I spent in public schools during the '50's and '60's, then through another 4 years as an undergraduate at San Diego State College.
After graduating from high school in 1961 then college in 1965, I've seen a very steady decline in the general level of education during the years and decades since.
And, I'm pretty sure it had already declined considerably prior to those years.
The sad truth is that rising control from Washington has probably damaged American schools by reducing local flexibility, retarding innovation, and burying school administrators in regulations. Federal involvement should be ended, and it should be up to the states, the schools, and parents to boost school performance.
The above paragraph appears on the CATO Institute website. It was written by CATO scholar, Chris Edwards.
Another sad truth is that it's a common experience of many of us to come across young people working at restaurants and retail jobs and find that they cannot make correct change when completing transactions at the cash register.
It's so bad that if we give our young clerk a ten dollar bill along with a quarter and two pennies to pay our tab of $5.27, the young adult clerk is often completely stumped.
They often pull out a calculator to figure out the higher math in order to make correct change.
These young folks are often high school graduates - and sometimes even college graduates.
Even more hideous than the fact that high school and college grads often cannot add and subtract is their complete lack of historical perspective resulting from little or no coursework in U.S. history.
Or, in many cases the U.S. History being taught is far from accurate, and is taught so poorly that students develop very little interest in the subject.
The text books now are filled with disinformation which negatively impacts students as far as a correct understanding of the importance of individual rights are concerned.
I remember sitting in faculty meetings during my early years as a teacher listening to some veteran teachers lamenting the imposition of more and more regulations coming from the Federal Government. They especially lamented the fact that the regulations were seriously reducing instructional time in the classroom.
The reduction in instructional time was and is only a part of the problem.
The other part is having the financial burden of requirements - often connected with the implementation of the requirements.
I can only imagine what those same well-educated experienced teachers would say if they knew what's happening in education now as a result of the activities of the U.S. Department of Education during Obama's tenure as President.
Many provisions of No Child Left Behind installed by the U.S. Department of Education under George W. Bush were bad enough. It seems clear that NCLB has not resulted in any improvement.
It may well have resulted in substantial damage to schools.
But now, during the Obama administration, with Obama's creation of a Safe-schools Czar within the U.S. Department of Education is an even more flagrant violation of the Constitution in more ways than any previous effort on the part of the Federal Government.
The only activity on the federal level should be of the nature of supporting the right and duty of local school districts to improve their schools using local resources and ideas.
The fact that a tax-payer funded event known as a lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Youth Summit was organized and carried out in secrecy - with no reporters admitted - should alert every adult in the country that something very sinister occurred.
Where's the Constitutional authority for such an event?
How does having a secret summit involving LGBT youth increase safety in our schools?
For many citizens - especially those who consider themselves to be part of the LGBT community, such activities by the Federal Government are considered to be strongly positive.
Why is any political leader interested in promoting the agenda of the LGBT community?
A decade or so ago, there was still debate going on as to whether sexual preference could be a civil right, guaranteed by the U S Constitution.
Apparently that debate is still going on in some circles.
That fact brings us back to the question as to the Constitutional authority for the Federal Government to sponsor a secret convocation to promote the gay life style among children.
Even if it were limited to adults, if it's funded and promoted by the Federal Government, there's no authority in the U S Constitution for any activity which is highly personal in nature.
Lack of authority under the U S Constitution has hardly been a deterrent to many actions taken by the current administration.
To many or most liberals, that fact is positive.
And it's especially positive to the libs when the same government leaders seek to control the personal lives of protected classes through regulations promulgated through bad legislation and unconstitutional executive orders.
By far the worst result of most government controlled public school educations gained by today's students is an utter failure in the area of reading.
This failure has been going on for decades.
I'd always thought I was able to read well until I crossed paths with Leonard, the gentleman I mentioned near the beginning of this page.
During the summer about 22 years ago while privileged to study the U S Constitution under Leonard's leadership, I discovered that my reading skills were sadly lacking.
It's easy to read something for the entertainment value, but when it''s necessary to read important passages for correct understanding, bad reading habits cause nearly anyone to fail to realize the true message intended by the writer or writers.
Even Supreme Court Justices - or especially Supreme Court Justices - frequently fail to derive the correct understanding of the Constitution.
They often understand it according to their own political biases.
We should all be aware that many Supreme Court decisions have been rendered by the narrow margin of 5-4. This is true with some of the most vital cases to come before the Supreme Court.
Further, several Supreme Court cases have been overturned by later courts, and a few have been overturned by amendments to the Constitution.
One of the great features of the U S Constitution is the fact that, in spite of its brevity, new vital truth can be extracted from it every time you take enough time to look at it carefully and study it.
For example, look at the ninth amendment:
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
That's what almost anyone might consider great empowerment with economy of words.
It's so important that every American should memorize it.
I must admit that I've hardly looked at it until now. But it's so short and so incredibly important that I'll certainly commit it to memory now.
I wish I were smart enough to have realized its importance on my own, with no prompting from any source beyond myself.
My prompting came from Timothy Sandefur, as I was reading the first chapter of his book, The Conscience of the Constitution.
We often hear about the Fifth Amendment, and lately, very much about the Second Amendment. But how often do we hear about the Ninth?
It's similar to the situation among those of us who are fans of classical music. We often hear the Fifth Symphony of Beethoven, and also his Ninth. His Sixth Symphony is also popular.
But Beethoven's Third, his Seventh and Eighth, are much less frequently heard live by modern symphony orchestras.
Not a very good analogy, really.
The Ninth Amendment to the U S Constitution is vital - but its truth would still be there if it had never been written.
Having it in writing, as part of the Bill of Rights, is exciting and empowering to any American who feels constrained or frightened by the vast over-reaching activities of the Federal Government, or by any other level of government within the United States.
As Timothy Sandefur tells us, the framers of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence knew first hand what individual rights are and where they came from.
But they weren't at all unified in their opinions.
Somehow, most likely supernaturally, the words and phrases within the U S Constitution as they were penned by Madison, Jackson, Washington, and a host of others, were solidified and enacted into the Supreme Law of the Land.
This page of my website, Alternativehealth-mindpower.com, will necessarily grow over time, as I' m able to research the vast number of writings in books and on the web pertaining to the relevant history.
It may seem strange to you that a page on the U S Constitution would appear on a site about alternative health.
I'm convinced that our health as individuals is deeply affected by efforts of politicians - many of whom are power-hungry tyrants - who desire to control the masses, destroying our God-given rights in the process.
The best antidote to this activity is for masses of us dumb citizens to increase our understandings of the U S Constitution. To realize that the original words in the main body of it and the amendments, give us the power to return control of our country to those who are dedicated to the Supreme Law of the land, also give each of us the ability to claim all of our natural rights and power under common law.
Return to Tyranny Page from U S Constitution
Nutritious Foods
Physical Exercises
Alternative Health Care
Stress Free Living
Drug Effects
Self Health Care
Copyright 2010 by Robert C. Graf


It sounds like you are making great use of your Disney Vacation Club Vacation Points. My family loves the flexibility of banking and borrowing points, depending on our vacation needs. Unfortunately, since you can only borrow up to one year in advance, you would not be able to borrow points from your 2017 Use Year to be used for a stay in May of 2015.
I do have a few ideas that might help you for your upcoming stay. You can borrow and use all 47 points that are left in your 2016 Use Year. You can also purchase up to 24 "one-time-use-points" from Member Services when booking a stay. This would bring you up to 71 points. You could use these points to book some of your needed nights. You could then book the remaining nights as a cash reservation if there is availability. Sometimes cash rooms are available at a discount to Disney Vacation Club Members booking through Member Services. The discount can vary based on season, and availability is limited, but I would recommend inquiring about availability for your stay.
A second alternative would be to book a cash room reservation through the Central Reservations Office. Currently there is a room-only discount available to the general public for most nights this spring. Visit the Walt Disney World Special Offers page for more details and to check availability for your exact dates.
I hope one of these suggestions helps you to secure your desired magical room reservation for your upcoming trip to the Walt Disney World Resort. Let me know if I can help you with any additional questions as you plan your trip!


Countryside Farmers' Market at Howe Meadow will open for the season on Saturday, May 2 from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. The market features over 70 vendors selling an array of local food. This season, we're excited to announce the addition of more than 15 new vendors. They will bring a range of new products to the market, including fermented foods, ethnic eats, beautiful terrariums, hand-crafted wooden bowls, micro-greens, and vegan spreads. The vendors newly joining us at Howe Meadow are Akron Coffee Roasters; Fermentation Girl; Fire and Ash; Gary's Granola; Ingmar Rauschert; Lauren's Artistic Epiphytes; Log Cabin Farm; Martha's Farm; Native Roots; Plantscription; Quarry Hill Orchards; Rainbow Gardens; Red Lotus Foods; Spice Acres; Spring Wood Handcrafts; The Natural Body; and Three Sisters Momo.
Countryside Farmers' market at Howe Meadow is located at 4040 Riverview Rd, Peninsula, in the heart of Cuyahoga Valley National Park. The beautiful location near Indigo Lake, the Beaver Marsh Boardwalk, and the towpath make it a perfect weekend destination. Visitors can even ride the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad to the market. Each Saturday features plenty of ready-to-eat foods, cooking demonstrations, and live music. May 2 will feature local brass quintet First Class Brass.
Countryside Farmers' Markets are free and open to the public. For purchases, customers may use cash, check, debit card, or the Ohio Direction Card. Ohio Direction Card holders are also eligible for Carrot Cash, a program that provides matching funds for purchases of fresh fruit and vegetables.


text:
Browse Items (2043 total)
Statue of eagle and naval cadet in Mecca Day parade, The University of Iowa, 1919
Mecca Day was put on by the College of Engineers. The name Mecca derives from the first letters of the names of the engineerng departments: mechanical, electrical, civil, chemical, and architectural. Mecca Day events included a parade highlighting…
State University Hospital, The University of Iowa, 1910s
State Historical Society of Iowa Library in Schaeffer Hall lobby, The University of Iowa, March 4, 1910
Standard Historical Atlas of Worth County, Iowa
Standard Historical Atlas of Mitchell County, Iowa
Anderson Publishing Co.'s 1911 standard historical atlas of Mitchell County, Iowa.
Standard historical atlas of Mills and Fremont Counties, Iowa
Standard Atlas of Wright County, Iowa
Geo. A. Ogle & Co.'s 1912 Standard Atlas of Wright County, Iowa.
Standard Atlas of Union County, Iowa
(Geo. A. Ogle & Co., 1916, Standard Atlas of Union County, Iowa)
Standard Atlas of Shelby County, Iowa
(Geo. A. Ogle & Co., 1911, Standard Atlas of Shelby County, Iowa)
Standard Atlas of Osceola County, Iowa


In an ever-changing regulatory environment, Compagnie Monégasque de Banque (CMB) generated almost €1.2 billion in credit volume—25 percent more than the previous year—as well as a phenomenal 38 percent boost in total assets to 12,041 billion euro. Shareholders' equity stands at 700,280 million euro. Such remarkable growth is a testament to CMB's unique but highly effective approach towards client service, as well as to an entrepreneurial spirit that underpins significant innovation within the bank in recent times.
Its position within Monaco as the private bank with the highest standards of service, moreover, remains largely unrivalled.
Fully owned by the leading Italian investment bank Mediobanca, Monaco's CMB is among the world's true private-banking luminaries. It was founded in 1976, and over the 40-plus years that it has been in business, it has cemented its reputation as one of the region's most forward-thinking financial institutions, and as a fierce proponent of forging meaningful, lasting client relationships that endure for years, if not decades. Its position within Monaco as the private bank with the highest standards of service, moreover, remains largely unrivalled. For instance, the bank is prominent in real-estate financing; it can lay claim to launching the first ever real-estate fund in Monaco; and it was the first financial institution (around 10 years ago) to create an investment vehicle that exclusively invested in environmental friendly and sustainable companies. Given the significant global shift in focus towards climate-friendly banking solutions in recent years, it is clear to see that CMB is a bank that is well ahead of the curve.
Of utmost importance are the bank's clients. Putting their financial needs first over the long-term forms the basis of the bank's operations, and is reflected in its slogan, "Generating value for generations". Indeed, the bank clearly recognises that knowing one's clients, their personal financial goals and the issues they are facing is absolutely crucial in determining the ultimate quality of a private bank's service. According to CMB, a bank needs to be able to anticipate a client's needs, offer advice and accompany the client with a highly tailored, custom-designed service.
Observing and respecting the diversity that exists within CMB's client base, as well as throughout the bank's workforce, is also a key feature of its overall outlook. Indeed, around 120 nationalities are resident in Monaco, with CMB's client base being fully representative of this diversity. Given that no two client-bank relationships are the same, therefore, CMB places considerable importance on personalising its service as much as possible, and being responsive to specific needs, in order to build long-term, trust-based partnerships. This approach ensures CMB has a particularly high proportion of client relationships that go beyond merely one-time interactions; rather, value is unfailingly provided to clients on a consistent, ongoing basis.
CMB's desire to provide commitment over the long-term is reflected not only by the number of lasting client relationships the bank has managed to develop, but is also abundantly demonstrated through the numerous development strategies it has devised, which enable the bank to disseminate its expertise throughout its client base. Projects have been created that facilitate development for each major client segment; for instance, the Investments of Passion project involves a series of seminars in which clients can learn directly from a range of experts how to value and understand those markets in which they have particular interest, such as fine wine, art and collection cars. Next Generation is a similarly imaginative creation whereby exclusive events are organised for the bank's younger clients and prospects aged 25 to 45 years, through which they can network with other like-minded individuals and exchange ideas. The revolutionary Academy Women & Finance initiative was also launched last year, which educates the bank's female clients to take on a lead role regarding the management of family wealth. Over the course of a year, they are given invaluable insight from experienced professionals concerning financial-management topics before applying this theory in the form of managing their own virtual portfolios. Then there's the latest addition to the project suite—the Philanthropy Academy aims to create synergies between participants and philanthropic stakeholders within Monaco, a city-sate known internationally for its humanitarian actions.
In addition to such frequent displays of originality when approaching customer service, CMB also outperforms the competition through its keenness to adopt innovative digital solutions into its business model. While many banks in the space tend to offer similar products and services—and thus tend to face the same challenges, such as an ageing customer base and competition from non-traditional tech companies—CMB is focused on bucking this trend by implementing a digital strategy that offers customer-driven digital solutions and leverages innovation and data to create value. As an example, the bank will launch its much-awaited mobile-banking application at the beginning of next year, which will allow clients to have real-time access to their accounts, as well as provide them with the same functionality that they currently have on CMB's existing e-banking platform. The introduction of such an app will be a first for the private-bank industry in Monaco.
Much of CMB's recent success can be attributed to the leadership of its chief executive officer, Mr. Werner Peyer, whose many years of expertise in private banking with several first-class international private banks have helped to substantially boost CMB's fortunes in recent times. He identifies "technical" and "emotional" skillsets as being the two core competencies a private bank must develop in order to achieve success in private banking. The emotional aspect may prove a surprise to some, but Mr. Peyer emphasises how vital it is for CMB bankers to actually listen to their clients. Rather than being "product sellers", therefore, bankers are considered "relationship builders"; and thus by reframing CMB's strategic, long-term approach as one that is focused on clients' needs, rather than on individual transactions, Mr. Peyer has managed to successfully transform the decision-making process within the bank. Moreover, as diverse as the bank's client base is, Mr. Peyer has sought to ensure his employees have a similarly diverse background—not just in terms of nationality (of which there are more than 20 within the bank alone), but also culture, languages and risk attitudes, which allows CMB to more suitably match bankers with individual clients.
Indeed, CMB devotes a remarkably large proportion of its resources to the development of human capital—one astonishing statistic is that at any given time, more than 20 percent of the bank's employees are receiving training to develop new skills and stay well-informed of the latest regulatory developments. CMB's career-development policy ensures the entire cross-section of the workforce is well-supported, which in turn provides a springboard for employees at all levels to confidently embark on self-development opportunities. For instance, in-house education is available to those who seek to obtain the CMB Diploma, a three-year training programme in finance, economics and law. In addition, internal-evaluation methods have been recently transformed, in order to ensure employees are judged on the things that matter—namely, performance, instead of personality, education or personal skills. The bank also hosts its annual CMB Management & Leadership Seminary, at which all directors and managers participate in a two-day programme, complete with a range of guest speakers.
Looking towards the future, CMB has a handful of key strategic goals that it hopes to achieve over the next couple of years, most of which are focused on strengthening the needs within key client segments, as well as aiming to cultivate organic development. The bank has successfully upgraded its IT (information technology) platform, with a specific focus on bolstering its risk-management, compliance and digitalisation capabilities, in close cooperation with the Group. The enhancements are enabling CMB to offer clients high-performance, responsive and secure applications for their financial and wealth-management projects. As far as the bank's position within the local market is concerned, meanwhile, Mr. Peyer recently acknowledged the large wave of consolidation that has been taking place. Having completed a number of acquisitions in Monaco–including the recent takeover of part of the business of CFM Indosuez Wealth, the 1996 acquisition of Banca Commerciale Italiana Monaco, the 2006 purchase of ABN-AMR.O Monaco and the 2008 acquirement of Capitalia Monaco—he views CMB as one of those "consolidators"; and with more than 30 banks still operating within the small Mediterranean city-state, further acquisitions being made is not out of the question, either.
But at the same time, the bank seems keen to prevent its growth from creating unwanted distance between itself and its clients. It aims to continue having close proximity to its client base, which should in turn guarantee one of the most essential characteristics required of a private bank: strong reactivity; continuing to possess such a quality will allow clients to continue having convenient access to their personal account managers. Its financial strength and overall solidity – two of the most crucially important assets of any private bank – also underline both the commitment of CMB employees and the abundance of confidence that clients can place in the bank. Moreover, the bank's local origins, the stability of its management and the desire to remain comparatively small will also ensure it can make decisions and approve new measures quickly. And as long as clients remain as satisfied with CMB's service as they have been in recent years, the bank will continue to greatly prosper going forward.


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Triumph of a recovering alcoholic - Ann Njeri
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Ann Njeri Mathu walked a bumpy road as an alcoholic for many years and in the process wasted many precious opportunities. Today she walks with her head held high after conquering the monster that was part of her life – alcohol. She candidly shares her story of pain and triumph over alcoholism with FAITH MURIGU.
"Alcohol consumption is like a cancer if not taken in moderation. It has the power to ruin individuals and families and is no respecter of gender, race, socio-economic status, or academic achievements," says Ann Njeri Mathu, a recovering alcoholic.
Looking at Ann, one cannot see the signs of the struggle and pain she has been through in her many years of alcohol abuse. At 49, she looks youthful, is charming and eloquent, and comes out as a very social person. She was born in Murang'a County in a family of four siblings. Her father, a functional alcoholic, worked in Murang'a town before being transferred to Thika Municipal Council in 1968, as a senior administration officer. Her mother was a devout Christian and primary school teacher.
A SIP OF ALCOHOL AT TEN
"My father doted on me due to my jovial and outgoing nature. He often took me to bars and restaurants in Thika town, which he frequented for his favourite drink. Thanks to him, I had my first encounter with alcohol when I was ten years old. He started offering me a sip of alcohol whenever I went to the bars with him and in my innocent mind I thought it was okay," Ann explains how her long journey with alcohol abuse started.
Her father died in 1977 in a grisly road accident while driving to Murang'a under the influence of alcohol. By the time of his death, Ann was no longer sipping alcohol when she went to the bars with her father, but drinking it. His sudden death left her feeling empty, angry and hopeless, and she drank more alcohol to dissipate any lingering thoughts of him. At the time, she was a high school student at Ngandu Girls Secondary School in Nyeri. Together with her friends, most from affluent families, they would sneak alcohol and cigarettes to school.
Ann lost focus in her schoolwork due to her deviant behaviour and although she completed secondary school education in 1980, she had such low grades that her dream of joining university was thwarted. All the same, she enrolled at the Kenya Polytechnic in 1981 for a two-year diploma course in institutional management.
"I put up at the institution's hostels in Upper Hill, Nairobi. Being a government-sponsored student at the college I got Ksh 500 monthly stipend, most of which I spent on alcohol. At the time a bottle of beer cost only three shillings," explains Ann.
Ann had grown into a beautiful woman and she dreamt of one day winning a beauty contest. She contested for Miss Kenya beauty pageant in 1982 and scooped the first runners-up position. This great achievement came with money and exposure. She rubbed shoulders with prominent personalities and wined and dined in places she would never have imagined before. In the process she sank deeper into alcohol and since she was out celebrating her new status most of the time, she neglected her studies. In the end Ann never graduated.
She got a job at Moi Equator Girls Secondary School near Nanyuki town as a cateress. Due to her sociable nature, she quickly made many friends at the nearby Laikipia Air Base who facilitated her to buy alcohol cheaply from the Armed Forces Canteen Organisation (AFCO). Her house was always overflowing with alcohol and she drunk as and when she wanted.
ON THE DOWNWARD PATH
"I got into a relationship and got pregnant. My daughter, Valerie, was born in 1983. Valerie's father loved me and wanted me to stop drinking as he could see the harm it was doing to me. He selflessly cared for my daughter and I for two years while trying to get me stop drinking. On realising that he couldn't help me, he left. His departure made me miserable and I drowned myself in more alcohol. I became careless to the point of allowing my daughter to sip alcohol when she was three. I became just like my dad. Fed up with life in Nanyuki without my boyfriend, I quit my job and relocated to Nairobi," Ann explains.
"I got a job at the Panafric Hotel's housekeeping department. By this time I was a true alcoholic and couldn't function without a drink. I would disappear after payday for days and nights of drinking and would only return to work after the money ran out with fake reports from doctors showing I had been unwell. When the HR personnel realised my problem was alcohol related and that I was cheating, I was lucky not be sacked. Instead, I was transferred to Kericho Tea Hotel as an assistant housekeeper," she narrates.
Ann was so deep into alcohol that she would even add vodka into her tea and coffee. She lived with a brother who was also into drinking, chewed miraa and smoked bhang. Ann knew that she and her brother needed help but they couldn't help each other.
After the 1992 tribal clashes, she returned to Thika where she met a doctor in a bar she frequented in Thika town. They became intimately involved and eventually moved together. This doctor, also an alcoholic, fell sick and was diagnosed with pneumonia, tuberculosis and asthma and was advised to stop drinking and smoking. He didn't and eventually died.
Ann was not allowed to participate in his funeral arrangements as the man's family didn't approve of her and were opposed to the relationship right from the beginning. Her way of mourning her partner was indulging in more drinking and she also started abusing food, eventually suffering from anorexia. She didn't have the energy to take care of herself, leave alone her children, who were now three in number, and her mother eventually took the children to live with her.
RELOCATING TO GERMANY
By 2004, Ann's self-esteem and health was at its lowest point. She was in such a bad state that when her German friend, Cathy Wanjiku, visited Kenya, she was touched by her pathetic state and invited her to Germany with the hope that she could turn her life around. On arrival in Germany, Ann spent the first few days establishing alcohol outlets near where she lived. To make a living, she started working as a stand-up comedian telling Germans funny stories about Kenya, which they loved. All the money she earned went into alcohol.
Alcohol diminishes one's ability to reason out things. When a 75-year-old German man who was a regular at her comedy shows expressed his desire to marry her, Ann jumped at the proposal seeing it as a lifetime opportunity. They travelled to Kenya and had a civil marriage at the attorney general's chambers. Shortly after the wedding, her husband returned to Germany but suddenly died while there from complications of an existing intestinal cancer. Since they had not been married long enough for him to have changed his will; Ann did not inherit anything from him.
"My life came tumbling down after the death of my husband. I moved out of the four-bedroom apartment he had rented for me to a single-roomed house in Makongeni in Thika. The chang'aa dens in Makongeni became my home. I craved alcohol all the time. I lived for it. Any little money I got went into buying alcohol. I couldn't keep up with rent payments and was kicked out into the cold. My mother got wind of my plight and came and paid my rent," Ann recounts the depth her life sank to.
Ann's wake-up call came when someone she was drinking with in one of the dens recognised her as a former beauty queen. Ann got very angry for being reminded where she had come from and hurled obscenities at him. However, when she went home that night, she thought about her life and how alcohol had ruined it. When she woke up the following day, she sought help from a church in Westlands but was not allowed in because she was drunk. She went back home determined to end her life. She took a drug overdose and was lucky to be found by her brother at the nick of time and taken to hospital.
It didn't help when family members visited her in hospital and all they did was to reprimand her for ruining her life. Feeling rejected and unable to get out of alcohol, she tried to kill herself again when she left hospital. Her mother was depressed about her daughter's condition and shared her fears with a friend who referred her to Nick Muguro, an addiction counsellor.
Nick promised to walk with Ann on the road to recovery. It was not an easy journey as she continued visiting the chang'aa dens and at one time almost died when she drank jet fuel thinking it was chang'aa. She was so sick that she had to be admitted in hospital for detoxification. Nick recommended Ann to go to Asumbi Rehabilitation Centre in Homa Bay and this is where her road to recovery started in September 2005. She went through an
Alcoholics Anonymous 12-step programme for three months. Alcoholics Anonymous is a fellowship of persons who share their experiences, strengths and hopes for the purposes of overcoming their common problem of alcohol.
Ann was discharged in November 2005 ready to face the world without alcohol. She made peace with God, her mother and children and continued attending Karen Asumbi Centre for support from other recovering alcoholics and experts. In March 2006, she went for a three-month intensive training on addiction counselling and qualified as an addiction counsellor. She got a job with the National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse (NACADA) where she worked until March 2010. Ann is a single mother of three children and currently works as a consultant at NACADA. She has been free of alcohol since 2005 and has authored a book, Sober Again, in which she talks about her struggles with and triumph over alcohol. The book is available in leading bookshops countrywide.
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