Context is of crucial importance for research and applications in many disciplines, as evidenced by many workshops, symposia, seminars, and conferences on specific aspects of context. The International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Modeling and Using Context (CONTEXT), the oldest conference series focusing on context, provides a unique interdisciplinary emphasis, bringing together participants from a wide range of disciplines, including artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science, linguistics, organizational science, philosophy, psychology, ubiquitous computing, and application areas such as medicine and law, to discuss and report on context-related research and projects. Previous CONTEXT conferences were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1997), Trento, Italy (1999, LNCS 1688), Dundee, UK (2001, LNCS 2116), and Palo Alto, USA (2003, LNCS 2680). CONTEXT 2005 was held in Paris, France during July 5-8, 2005. There was a strong response to the CONTEXT 2005 Call for Papers, with 120 submissions received. A careful review process assessed all submissions, with each paper first reviewed by the international Program Committee, and then reviewer discussions were initiated as needed to assure that the final decisions carefully considered all aspects of each paper. Reviews of submissions by the Program Chairs were supervised independently and anonymously, to assure fair consideration of all work. Out of the 120 submissions, 23 were selected as full papers for oral presentation, and 20 were selected as full papers for poster presentation. These outstanding papers are presented in this proceedings.
Modelling the Context of Learning Interactions in Intelligent Learning Environments.- Contextual Modals.- Understanding Context Before Using It.- Epistemological Contextualism: A Semantic Perspective.- Task-Realization Models in Contextual Graphs.- Context-Dependent and Epistemic Uses of Attention for Perceptual-Demonstrative Identification.- Utilizing Visual Attention for Cross-Modal Coreference Interpretation.- Meaning in Context.- Descriptive Naming of Context Data Providers.- Quotations and the Intrusion of Non-linguistic Communication into Utterances.- Mobile Phone Talk in Context.- Unsupervised Clustering of Context Data and Learning User Requirements for a Mobile Device.- Identification of Textual Contexts.- Investigation of Context Effects in Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Game.- Context-Aware Configuration: A Study on Improving Cell Phone Awareness.- Context-Aware Adaptation in a Mobile Tour Guide.- Contextual Factors and Adaptative Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction: Multi-level Specification of Emotion and Expressivity in Embodied Conversational Agents.- Modeling Context for Referring in Multimodal Dialogue Systems.- Exploiting Rich Context: An Incremental Approach to Context-Based Web Search.- Context Adaptive Self-configuration System Based on Multi-agent.- Effect of the Task, Visual and Semantic Context on Word Target Detection.- Ontology Facilitated Community Navigation - Who Is Interesting for What I Am Interested in?.- Contextual Information Systems.- Context Building Through Socially-Supported Belief.- A Quantitative Categorization of Phonemic Dialect Features in Context.- Context-Oriented Image Retrieval.- An Approach to Data Fusion for Context Awareness.- Dynamic Computation and Context Effects in the Hybrid Architecture AKIRA.- Goal-Directed Automated Negotiation for Supporting Mobile User Coordination.- In Defense of Contextual Vocabulary Acquisition.- Functional Model of Criminality: Simulation Study.- Minimality and Non-determinism in Multi-context Systems.- 'I' as a Pure Indexical and Metonymy as Language Reduction.- Granularity as a Parameter of Context.- Identifying the Interaction Context in CSCLE.- Operational Decision Support: Context-Based Approach and Technological Framework.- Threat Assessment Technology Development.- Making Contextual Intensional Logic Nonmonotonic.- Modeling Context as Statistical Dependence.- Robust Utilization of Context in Word Sense Disambiguation.- Understanding Actions: Contextual Dimensions and Heuristics.- Applications of a Context-Management System.


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Space and astronomy news
Posted on March 20, 2013 April 8, 2018 by Bob King
Keeping up with Comet PANSTARRS through the end of March
Wow – what an image! Michael Jaeger's photo of Comet C/2011 L4 PANSTARRS on March 19 resembles those taken by the orbiting Stereo-B spacecraft. Check out this video (and the one below) to see what I mean. Most observers using binoculars and telescopes are seeing the comet's head, bright false nucleus and a single plume-like tail.
Michael Jaeger of Stixendorf, Austria has been shooting beautiful comet images since 1982. Credit: Michael Jaeger
Careful photography like Jaeger's reveals so much more – two bright, broad dust tails and three shorter spikes. One of the dust tails peels off to the left of the comet's head, the other extends upward feather-like before splitting into two separate streamers. There are also several narrow, spike-like tails due to various excited elements and gas emissions from the comet's icy nucleus.
Video of Comet PANSTARRS made from pictures taken by NASA's STEREO-B spacecraft on March 13, one of two spacecraft that orbit ahead and behind Earth monitoring solar activity on the sun's farside.
Michael Jaeger of Austria has been shooting pictures of comets since 1982. His images always reveal details that entice visual observers to go out and look for more than what first meets the eye. Last night I got my first look at the comet through a telescope and was delighted at the sight of its smooth, luminous tail and brilliant yellow false-nucleus. The false nucleus is the bright spot visible in the center of the PANSTARRS' head; in 10×50 binoculars it looks like a star. Through a telescope it's a fuzzy, yellow pea. Buried deep within the false nucleus is the icy comet nucleus itself, vaporizing in the sun's heat and shrouded by its own dust.
Comet PANSTARRS last night March 19, 2013 in the company of white pines. Details: 300mm lens, f/2.8, ISO 800 and 3-second exposure. Credit: Bob King
The comet has faded in the past week or two from 1st magnitude – equal to some of the brightest stars – to about magnitude 2.5 or somewhat fainter than the stars of the Big Dipper. In very clear skies, it was still dimly visible with the naked eye about 40 minutes after sunset low in the northwestern sky. I only knew where to look after first finding the comet in 10×50 binoculars. The tail points straight up and stretches nearly 2 degrees in length once the sky gets dark enough to increase contrast and before PANSTARRS sinks too low. I kept it in view for nearly an hour from a wind-whipped location north of Duluth, Minn.
The comet at 64x through a 15-inch (37cm) telescope on March 19, 2013. The pale yellow false nucleus highlights the smooth, curved tail. Illustration: Bob King
Through the telescope the nucleus blazed yellow from sunlit dust. Set inside the comet's sleek, smooth head it reminded me of a lighthouse beacon shining through the mist. Gorgeous! The tail trailed bent back to the northeast with a slight arc. I highly recommend setting up your telescope for a look at PANSTARRS, if for no other reason than to see the beauty of the false-nucleus within the finger-like tail.
Use this map to find Comet PANSTARRS now through March 31. It depicts the sky facing west-northwest 30-40 minutes after sunset. The comet's height remains fairly steady at about 10-14 degrees but it moves steadily northward (to the right). The yellow circles represent the sun's position every 3 days. It also moves northward but more slowly. One fist equals about 10 degrees of sky. Created with Chris Marriott's SkyMap software
You can use the chart to help you find the comet for the remainder of the month. It shows the comet's position every 3 days now through March 31 from mid-northern latitudes, specially 42 degrees north (Chicago, Ill.). If you live in the northern U.S., the comet will be in approximately the same positions but slightly higher in the sky; in the southern U.S. it will be a little lower. Notice the "15 degree" altitude line. If you set the bottom of your fist flat on the horizon, the 15 degree line is a fist and a half above that level.
Boulder Panstarrs from Patrick Cullis on Vimeo.
Time lapse video made by Patrick Cullis showing Comet PANSTARRS setting behind the Flatirons of Boulder, Col. on March 19. As you watch, notice how the comet appears against the sky background and the direction it moves toward the horizon – both clues to help you find it.
The map compensates for the sun rising later each night and shows the comet's height above the horizon when the sun is 7.5 degrees below the horizon. 7.5 degrees corresponds to about 30 minutes after sunset. Notice that the sun moves northward (to the right) just like the comet does over the next couple weeks but more slowly.
A compass has two sets of markings. One shows the basic directions N, S, etc. Those directions are subdivided into degrees of azimuth seen in the outer ring. Credit: Wikipedia
See those yellow numbers along the map's horizon? Those are compass bearings called azimuths. If you have a compass, dig it out and give it a look. Every compass is marked in degrees of azimuth. 270 degrees is due west, 285 degrees is a fist and a half to the right of due west, 315 degrees is exactly halfway between due west and due north. North can be either 360 degrees or 0 degrees. Azimuths are simple way to subdivide directions to make them more precise.
Comet PANSTARRS very low in the northwestern sky shortly before setting last night March 19. Details: 300mm lens, f2.8, ISO 3200 and about 4 seconds exposure. Credit: Bob King
The next time it's clear, bring your binoculars and a compass (if needed) and find a location with a great view of the western sky preferably down to the horizon. Use the map along with the compass bearings to guide your eyes in the right direction. You can also use the sun's position below the horizon to point you to the comet by angling up from the lingering glow at the sunset point. Remember to first focus your binoculars on the moon, cloud bank or star before attempting to find PANSTARRS. There's nothing more frustrating than sweeping for a fuzzy comet with an out-of-focus instrument.
CategoriesComets, Observing Tagscomet, false nucleus, Jaeger, nucleus, PANSTARRS
9 Replies to "Keeping up with Comet PANSTARRS through the end of March"
cschur says:
Gee, that shot puts to shame my 80mm teensy refractor shot! Thats it, Ive got to get a portable large aperture astrograph for my mount. We have two observatories in northern Arizona, and neither of them can clearly see the western horizon. The pressure of competition! 😉
Kevin Frushour says:
Haven't been able to catch it from Pittsburgh,
Yepi Friv says:
Very beautiful. Hope to see full video of it
Aqua4U says:
Still trying to see this comet.. stupid clouds. TODAY/TONIGHT looks good though? Lottsa Moon won't help…
YIPPEE! Last night I FINALLY got my first view of this comet! YES! I went out to the coast for a clear view with the clouds and fog finally behaving. 45 minutes or so after sunset BANG! the comet quite suddenly put in an appearance. The apparition only lasted some 10-15 minutes, not enough time for me to set up my telescope with camera attached… then disappeared just as suddenly in the marine layer . FINALLY! this was comet #46 for me, and I'm JAZZED! It was VERY windy (25-30 mph) and VERY cold… but worth it!
Firstmagnitude Seorg says:
The moon is really interfering with the view of the comet now. I didn't find it until 50 minutes after sunset. With it being 108 million miles away right now (and getting further each day), it is a tough view!
Gulf Coast Mystics says:
NICOLK
Andy Shriner says:
I have a question. Would it still be visible from Pennsylvania now?
kizi says:
Why I can't see them? I have waited for several night
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Everyone's dream is to have a dream house of their own. There are a lot of passionate people who decorate every available space in their house and make it look so colorful and wonderful. We have old age and new age interiors adorning the houses.
There are some amazing blogs in the Indian Blogosphere who showcase the Indian decor and the Indian Interior designs, which are not yet fully discovered. We at BlogAdda are here to serve you the best Indian Blogs and bloggers, and continuing this endeavour, we present to you the best Indian Blogs showcasing Indian Interior Designs.
Yes, Yes. We know this is a big thing and everyone is thinking what could happen next. Here are some of the blogs that have written about Slumdog Millionaire winning 8 oscars.
Shakthidharan – Oscar Euphoria : Are we ga-ga over nothing?
Sush Jaitly – Slumdog Millionaire: Don't get too carried away!
Vikas Gupta – So, why did SM win 8 Oscars?!
Darshit Joshi – A.R.Rahman wins Two Oscars !! And India wins Three !!
Lekhni – Why do Indians hate Slumdog Millionaire?
If you have blogged an entry about Slumdog Millionaire after it won oscars, do let us know and we can link from here.


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HPE ProLiant DL Servers
HPE ProLiant DL Servers Reviews
30 reviews9 discussions
HPE ProLiant DL Servers OverviewUNIXBusinessApplication
HPE ProLiant DL Servers is #1 ranked solution in top Rack Servers. PeerSpot users give HPE ProLiant DL Servers an average rating of 8 out of 10. HPE ProLiant DL Servers is most commonly compared to Dell EMC PowerEdge Rack Servers: HPE ProLiant DL Servers vs Dell EMC PowerEdge Rack Servers. The top industry researching this solution are professionals from a comms service provider, accounting for 33% of all views.
What is HPE ProLiant DL Servers?
ProLiant Servers provide a complete infrastructure that support both your business objectives and your business growth.
HPE ProLiant DL Servers was previously known as HP ProLiant DL series, HP ProLiant DL.
HPE ProLiant DL Servers Buyer's Guide
Download the HPE ProLiant DL Servers Buyer's Guide including reviews and more. Updated: January 2022
HPE ProLiant DL Servers Customers
AmeriPride Services, iSource, Bolagsverket, BlueShore Financial, British Columbia Assessment Authority, National Stock Exchange, Cardlytics
HPE ProLiant DL Servers Video
HPE ProLiant DL Servers Pricing Advice
What users are saying about HPE ProLiant DL Servers pricing:
"We did not need to pay for a license for the use of HP DL servers, just for normal hardcore support."
"Proliant DL Servers have a reasonable cost. They are not as expensive as the Cisco servers. Everything is included when you purchase a server. You just have to install and configure it."
"We have purchased this solution and it is under warranty."
"We have ILO licenses. We use this feature."
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Felix Brizuela
IT systems consultant at GrupoTTA
Built-in software management and redundancy for solid stability
"HPE's iLO server management software is a handy tool to install and deploy."
"It would be great if HP could use a ProLiant Server to run HP-UX, the Unix build from HPE. Right now, HP-UX cannot run on the ProLiant architecture."
With HPE ProLiant, you can run a Windows operating system or a Linux OS based on Intel architecture. We also use several applications like iLO to manage the servers within the architecture of our serverless AMD processors.
Alternatively, you can use another monitoring solution like HP OneView to manage ProLiant Servers. It's a product for monitoring and managing the servers. In addition to monitoring software, ProLiant can be managed with a cloud-based solution. For example, HP's cloud-based InfoSight solution lets you monitor your server and storage, including ProLiant and Intel.
ProLiant can be mounted in different types of server racks, like a CD or tower. The tower solution of ProLiant is for a small site or office. With this type of tower server, you can add a kit as well. ProLiant has several servers: 150, 350, 380. And there is another ProLiant architecture that you can install in a Synergy and BladeSystem enclosure.
HPE's iLO server management software is a handy tool to install and deploy. OneView is also suitable for management, but you need a license for it. You can use OneView's monitoring features for free, but you need to pay for management capabilities. In the latest generation, Gen10, you have to add a license for iLO. In addition, generation 10 requires an ISO license to use iLO for management. And if you're working with Synergy, there is another new product like SimpliVity. SimpliVity has a helpful product that is based on ProLiant and another type of architecture similar to Apollo.
It would be great if HP could use a ProLiant Server to run HP-UX, the Unix build from HPE. Right now, HP-UX cannot run on the ProLiant architecture. So if HP made HP-UX compatible with ProLiant Servers, it would be pretty helpful. On the other hand, Linux is also replacing HP-UX, so maybe HP doesn't need to integrate this architecture into ProLiant.
If you look at ProLiant's trajectory, I think the next generation will be focused on adding memory. Currently, there is a gap in the memory technology, so I'm predicting that the internal disk for the next generation of ProLiant will be RAM only. I believe this high-speed disk will be available in the next generation. I think the disk will be integrated into the RAM architecture.
With the improved RAM architecture, the disk will be faster than the first-class disk because there are other protocols between memory and disk. If you have your disk, you look at the disk in terms of the motherboard. If you add to the processor, it would be faster. All disks in this architecture will be in the solution's memory.
I've been working with ProLiant for almost 10 years. And two or three months ago, I implemented several ProLiant Servers running Windows. It was a very short project — a small solution for a small customer. The majority of my experience has been with HPE servers like ProLiant and Integrity. I've been working with HPE products for about 18 years, including HPE infrastructure, storage, and servers products. So I've been working with HPE since my first job after I graduated.
ProLiant Servers are stable because they have redundant elements built in.
I would say ProLiant Servers are scalable, but it also depends on the architecture. You can scale up with Synergy. For example, you can add two servers into one node. So if it's part of the cluster, it also depends on the operating system that's running.
When our customers deploy a ProLiant server, we're usually the ones providing support. We have a three-year contract for hardware and software support. The procedure for escalating to HP is pretty straightforward. You contact an HP call center then they verify your system handle or serial. If the server has an active contract, the response from the engineer depends on the conditions of the contract. Some contracts are six hours. That means they're going to solve your problem in six hours.
Installing ProLiant is straightforward. There are different ways you can deploy. You can deploy it locally using the graphical user interface, or you also have the option to set it up using a shell. You only need some basic knowledge to install ProLiant. The procedure is pretty similar to setting up a PC or a laptop. ProLiant has an array of tools, so you can easily install the servers without any experience. The installer has a simple Windows-based GUI, so you just click through the wizard and provide some information to the servers.
You don't need a deep understanding of the architecture. If you have a fundamental knowledge of operating systems like Windows, you can handle this with no problem. Also, HP has a lot of information available online, including video tutorials on installing your ProLiant Servers. HP has several channels to provide information for customers and engineers.
The time needed to deploy depends on the scale and your environment. If you want to deploy just one ProLiant server, it takes maybe 30 minutes. If you're going to deploy a Synergy of BladeSystem with different modules inside, you might need to spend an entire workday on it. Maybe it takes a day to install all your servers or maybe less. But installing a single ProLiant rack-based server can be done in 30 minutes, including installing the operating system. Installing the operating system, updating your system, etc., will take maybe 30 or 40 minutes.
10 out of 10. The latest generation is the best, but Generation 6 was very stable. It was a good one. Now Generation 10 is the best. I don't know why they took so long to upgrade this generation. Still, Generation 10 has improved a lot in memory and processing, so you can operate in an environment that supports ProLiant. That's why I think HP-UX will disappear because Linux can run this environment on the ProLiant architecture very well.
For example, the range of velocity and processor speed is four or five times greater than before. You can run every Linux environment, which can replace the Unix environment. You can run this Linux environment inside the ProLiant and get the same service as a Unix environment. That's why Linux and ProLiant run very well.
Disclosure: I am a real user, and this review is based on my own experience and opinions.
Administrative Assistant at a government with 10,001+ employees
Smooth sailing, stable, and solid service with these servers
"We get good performance with HPE ProLiant DL Servers. They are really stable. We run all our applications smoothly. We have no problem at all."
"In terms of what could be improved, if I could have faster processors with less cores, that would be good."
We use VMware for the authorization and 3D rendering for AutoCAD for architecture projects. We run several databases on websites and so on - so normal activity.
We get good performance with HPE ProLiant DL Servers. They are really stable. We run all our applications smoothly. We have no problem at all.
In terms of what could be improved, if I could have faster processors with less cores, that would be good. I know that they have a new series with AMD processors, but I have currently no access to them. This would be nice, because we need faster processors for rendering. It is more interesting than having a lot of cores. Overall, I do not see any particular improvement needed, because I think that they are already at the edge and ahead of the competition.
In the next release, I would like to see to more power, because the next generation will always require more computing power, but I'm sure that they are already doing their best for this.
They have a management solution, HPE OneView, but I didn't implement it because at the beginning it can be a bit difficult and we only have a small set of servers. So it was too much work for not enough return. So it could be simplified with better results to have a better return with this.
We are using ProLiant DL380 Gen10 and Gen9 servers.
Because I belong to a small service and we are obliged to use big contracts directly from the European Commission, these were the servers that were in that contract. At the beginning it was not my choice to use HPE, because we were working with IBM, and I was really happy with those servers. But I see that HPE servers are really nice also, and we have had a really good experience with them, so I'm happy with them, too.
HPE ProLiant DL Servers is terribly stable. We have no down-time.
Thanks to VMware, we can always add more virtual machines and then a new server if we need to have more. Because we have big processors and a lot of memory, we have a SAN also, so it's really scalable in that way, but it's not related to HPE. Any server could be scalable in that kind of structural combination with VMware and so on. So it's not related to HPE by itself.
We have not had any issues with HPE technical support. I had a problem with a tape backup, and they reacted immediately, and the next day it all was up and running normally. So I'm really happy with the after-sale service.
We previously used IBM. But I have not touched IBM in years, so I don't know how they compete, and they sold their servers to Lenovo, so I don't know how it evolved. But I'm really happy with HPE now.
At the beginning, the initial setup was a bit difficult because there was a learning curve, but now it's easy and with HPE it is really easy to update the servers. We don't have a lot of servers. We are a small service and we have only five to six servers, but a lot of virtual machines, and it is really easy to upgrade the servers. In combination with VMware you can move your machine, so you have no interruption in the service. It's really easy to do. It can all be done remotely thanks to iLO, so you have a good management. iLO processor is a bit slow. though, it could be faster.
The street price is probably really expensive, but at the Commission, we benefit from a good rebate, so we have a good price. I don't know the price of the competition because it is in a contract. I didn't compare. When I look for some parts, I see that it could be really expensive to have the same servers that we have.
On a scale of one to ten, I would give HPE ProLiant DL Servers an eight.
Disclosure: My company has a business relationship with this vendor other than being a customer: partner
Free Report: HPE ProLiant DL Servers Reviews and More
Learn what your peers think about HPE ProLiant DL Servers. Get advice and tips from experienced pros sharing their opinions. Updated: January 2022.
Software Engineer at a comms service provider with 51-200 employees
Top 5Leaderboard
Good for our regular server needs but has no scalability
"We have had no issues with the stability of the product."
"HPE ProLiant DL Servers are not scalable."
We primarily use the product for normal server purposes, for the running of Windows 2016 or 2019. We also use it for custom network monitoring applications, so we may monitor some of our infrastructure. I would not consider the product to be very specific, as the application is dependent on the HP server. We can post it on any server.
While there is nothing specific that I like about HP server products, they are stable, as much so as Dell EMC.
HPE ProLiant DL Servers lack scalability.
We have been using HPE and Dell EMC service products for two years.
We have had no issues with the stability of the product.
HPE ProLiant DL Servers are not scalable. There will be no dependency between the other servers, should we need to scale. Unlike VxRail, it will be completely isolated, the solutions being capable of being scaled up to 64 nodes. It is a pay-as-you-grow solution, which is the one that we are moving on from now.
We have not had occasion to make direct use of HPE technical support, although we we are in regular contact with the contractor who's providing the software running on the HPE. I do not recall any issue involving the hardware.
While the product was delivered by a single contractor, the installation time was that of any other typical server. This only consisted of configuring the ILO, followed by putting on the operating system. That is all. Up to a certain operating level, the configuration of the product would not be a matter of days.
As the business services we provide are of a confidential nature, both for government and military purposes, we deploy strictly on-premises.
The HPE and Dell EMC service products we are using were delivered by the vendor as part of one specific project and it is not up to us to advise which hardware will be provided. Yet, we always take advantage of any internal projects that we have.
We did not need to pay for a license for the use of HPE DL Servers, just for normal hardcore support.
In addition to HPE server products, we also evaluated Dell EMC and found the two to be equally stable, although the former does not have a strong presence in Qatar. This said, we evaluated Dell EMC VxRail and Cisco HyperFlex for their virtualization player or hyper-converged player capabilities, but did not consider HP for these features.
Due to Dell EMC's strong presence in Qatar, I would recommend use of this product over that of HPE. This does not owe itself to any technical issues, only that Dell EMC has a stronger presence. Of course, the level of support is an important feature for the end-user.
The kind of servers or HPE products we are using with those of ProLiant DL are DL390, 380, gen 10 and HPDL. We are utilizing gen 10 as our latest version of DL servers.
We utilize a total of six HPE Servers, strictly as a monitoring tool. The NOC membership comprises only 10 people.
As I mentioned, HPE ProLiant DL Servers came as part of a project. We will continue to use it for as long as we continue to renew the contract for the solution that is provided by the contractor.
Joel Masocha
IT Manager at a construction company with 10,001+ employees
Strong, easy to manage and monitor, and have very few failures
"This is all I've ever used. These servers are strong, and they have very few failures on them. They are also easy to manage and monitor."
"They are pretty solid servers, but, just like all servers, they become obsolete after some time. They can maybe provide a console to monitor the health of the servers. There should be some kind of console to which you can log in to remotely check on the health of a server, even when the server is off. The servers that we have are only scalable to some extent. They have got a limited amount of hard drive that you can insert. Their scalability should be improved."
We have installed VMware on DL Server, and the operating system sits on this DL Server host.
This is all I've ever used. These servers are strong, and they have very few failures on them. They are also easy to manage and monitor.
They are pretty solid servers, but, just like all servers, they become obsolete after some time.
They can maybe provide a console to monitor the health of the servers. There should be some kind of console to which you can log in to remotely check on the health of a server, even when the server is off.
The servers that we have are only scalable to some extent. They have got a limited amount of hard drive that you can insert. Their scalability should be improved.
I have been using this solution for more than ten years.
They are pretty stable servers. The hardware failures are very minor. We do have one or two hardware failures but very far spaced. The major failures are mostly operating system failures, but on the hardware, they have been working pretty well.
They are scalable to some extent. For instance, you can only put a specific amount of hard drive on the base. You can insert the hard drives of a limited size, which makes them not very scalable. This could be dependent on the servers that you have. There are probably models that are more scalable than what we have.
We have about 200 people on the site, and they use it on a daily basis.
We have not contacted them. We didn't have any major issues to escalate. The few issues that we had were easily resolvable. You can also use online support to check. There are quite a number of people using these servers. You can share problems and get some advice from someone who has faced the same problem before.
We will be switching to a combination of Cisco and Dell EMC. For computation, it will be Cisco, and for storage, it will be Dell EMC. The main reason for this switch is group policy. The group has decided that we move from HP and use Cisco with EMC Storage.
The initial setup is a simple process. The old ones used to have a CD that would guide you through the process. Newer ones should also have a system where you go step-by-step and install your operating system and configure it.
I deployed it myself. I got servers from a company and then installed and configured them. All servers were not deployed at once. I deployed just one server at a time. Typically, deploying a server, including the operating system and everything else, takes less than two hours. I also do the maintenance.
Proliant DL Servers have a reasonable cost. They are not as expensive as the Cisco servers. Everything is included when you purchase a server. You just have to install and configure it.
I would recommend these servers. I would rate HPE ProLiant DL Servers a nine out of ten.
RamaswamyK
M. I. S. Manager at Ruby Mills Ltd
Easy to upgrade but not very stable and the installation is complex
"It's easy to upgrade, and it is very easy to take care of the firmware upgrades."
"The implementation should be simplified, it is not straightforward."
We use it for the 12 VMs we have on it. We are using VMware.
It's very useful.
It's easy to upgrade, and it is very easy to take care of the firmware upgrades.
With a complete bootable CD, we can do the upgrades quite remotely and pretty easily.
A black mark that we felt with HPE is that it failed within four to six months of use, even after it was addressed with HPE.
The implementation should be simplified, it is not straightforward.
The product should be better tested before they send it to the end-user.
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The robustness of the design of the server is the most valuable. HP servers are easy to use and user-friendly. The server is not complicated, and it is easy to use ILO systems.
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IBM systems have better scalability.
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text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}

Most complete algorithms for CSPs are based on exhaustive backtracking search interleaved with constraint propagation. Search is typically guided by variable and value ordering heuristics and makes use of either a ``$d$-way'' or a ``2-way'' branching scheme. In the former case, after a variable $x$ with domain $\{a_1,\ldots, a_d\}$ is chosen, $d$ branches are built, each one corresponding to one of the $d$ possible value assignments of $x$. In the latter case, after a variable $x$ is chosen, its values are assigned through a sequence of binary choices. The first choice point creates two branches, corresponding to the assignment of $a_1$ to $x$ (left branch) and the removal of $a_1$ from the domain of $x$ (right branch). 2-way branching was described by Freuder and Sabin within the MAC algorithm \cite{sabin97} and in theory it can achieve exponential savings in search effort compared to $d$-way branching \cite{mitchell05}. Indeed, 2-way is the standard branching scheme of most constraint solvers.

Despite the theoretical result of \cite{mitchell05}, the few experimental studies comparing 2-way and $d$-way branching have not displayed significant differences between them. Park showed that 2-way and $d$-way
display very similar performance when the smallest domain variable ordering heuristic (VOH) is used \cite{park04}, while Smith and Sturdy showed that 2-way outperforms $d$-way when searching for all solutions, albeit not considerably (an average speed-up of 30$\%$ was reported) \cite{smith05}. The reason for this ``discrepancy'' between theory and experiments is that the experimental studies have considered a ``restricted'' form of 2-way branching where the variable branched on after the successful propagation of a value removal is always the current variable. This is also the default branching scheme of most constraint solvers. Importantly, ``full'' 2-way branching as described in \cite{sabin97}, allows for a different variable to be chosen.

In this paper we first make a detailed
experimental comparison between 2-way branching, in both its restricted and full versions, and $d$-way branching, under a variety of different VOHs. Results show that the $d$-way and restricted 2-way branching schemes are closely matched across the different VOHs, with $d$-way being slightly more cost effective. However, confirming the theoretical results, exponential differences in favor of full 2-way branching are observed as soon as we move from a simple heuristic like smallest domain ({\em dom}) to more sophisticated ones like domain over dynamic degree ({\em dom/ddeg}). Perhaps surprisingly, when state-of-the-art conflict-driven heuristics, like {\em dom/wdeg}, are used, significant differences in favor of $d$-way (and restricted 2-way) are also observed. This is because in some cases the VOH mistakenly chooses to branch on a variable other than the current one after the successful propagation of a value removal. This can divert search away from a hard part of the search space, resulting in increased search effort.

Motivated by this observation, we develop two generic heuristics that can be applied at successful right branches once the VOH chooses to branch on a variable other than the current one. At this point the heuristics are used to decide whether the advice of the VOH will be followed or not. The application of these heuristics results in an adaptive branching scheme that dynamically switches between 2-way branching and its restricted version (which is close to $d$-way branching). Both of our heuristics can be used in tandem with any backtracking search algorithm and VOH. The first heuristic is based on measuring the difference between the scores that the VOH assigns to its selected variable and the current variable. The VOH is followed only if the difference is sufficiently large. As a downside, this heuristic requires some tuning to optimize its performance. The second heuristic is based on the use of a secondary advisor to decide if the VOH will be followed, and it does not require any tuning.

Experiments with instantiations of the two generic heuristics confirm that search with adaptive branching outperforms search with a fixed branching scheme on a wide range of problems. Interestingly, in many cases the gains offered by full 2-way branching are also obtained by the adaptive branching methods with only very few decisions following the VOH when it suggests to move away from the current variable at successful right branches.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section~\ref{section-background} gives necessary background. In Section~\ref{section-comparison} we compare the three branching schemes detailed above on a variety of CSP instances. Section~\ref{section-heuristics} presents the proposed heuristics for adaptive branching. In Section~\ref{section-experiments} we demonstrate the efficacy of the heuristics through an experimental study. Finally, in Section~\ref{section-conclusions} we conclude.

\section{BACKGROUND}

\label{section-background}

A \emph{Constraint Satisfaction Problem} (CSP) is a tuple
(\emph{X, D, C}), where \emph{X} is a set containing \emph{n}
variables \{\emph{$x_1, x_2,..., x_n$}\}; \emph{D} is a set of
domains \{\emph{$D(x_1)$, $D(x_2)$,..., $D(x_n)$}\} for those
variables, with each $D(x_i)$ consisting of the possible values
which $x_i$ may take; and \emph{C} is a set of constraints
between variables in subsets of
\emph{X}. Each constraint $c_i \in C$ expresses a relation defining which
variable assignment combinations are allowed for the variables in
the scope of the constraint
The {\em degree} of a variable $x$ is the number of constraints involving $x$, and the {\em dynamic degree} of (an unassigned variable) $x$ is the number of constraints involving $x$ and at least one other unassigned variable.

Complete search algorithms for CSPs are typically based on backtracking depth-first search where branching decisions (e.g. variable assignments) are interleaved with constraint propagation. Search is guided by variable ordering heuristics (VOHs) and value ordering heuristics. The classic VOH {\em smallest domain} ({\em dom}) selects the variable with minimum domain size \cite{haral80}. Other, more sophisticated, heuristics include {\em dom/deg} and {\em dom/ddeg} \cite{bessiere96}, which select the variable with minimum ratio of domain size over degree (resp. dynamic degree).

One of the most efficient general purpose VOHs that have been proposed is {\em dom/wdeg} \cite{bhls04}. This heuristic assigns a weight to each constraint, initially set to one. Each time a constraint causes a conflict, i.e. a domain wipeout (DWO), its weight is incremented by one. Each variable is associated with a {\em weighted degree}, which is the sum of the weights over all constraints involving the variable and at least another unassigned variable. The {\em dom/wdeg} heuristic chooses the variable with minimum ratio of current domain size to weighted degree. This heuristic is among the most efficient, if not {\em the} most efficient, general-purpose heuristics for CSPs. Grimes and Wallace proposed alternative conflict-driven heuristics that consider value deletions as the basic conflicts associated with constraint weights \cite{grim07}. The {\em alldel} heuristic increments the weight of a constraint each time it causes one or more value deletions from a domain. The efficacy of all the proposed conflict-directed heuristics is due to their ability to learn though conflicts (either DWOs or value deletions) encountered during search. As a result they can guide search towards hard parts of the problem earlier.

A CSP search algorithm is usually implemented using either a \emph{d-way} or a \emph{2-way} branching scheme\footnote{Domain splitting is also used, but it is not considered here.}. The former works as follows. After a variable $x$ with domain $D(x)=\{a_1, a_2,..., a_d\}$ is selected, $d$ branches are created, each one corresponding to a value assignment of $x$. In the first branch, value $a_1$ is assigned to $x$ and constraint propagation is triggered. If this branch fails, $a_1$ is removed from $D(x)$. Then the assignment of $a_2$ to $x$ is made (second branch), and so on. If all $d$ branches fail then the algorithm backtracks. An example of a search tree explored with $d$-way branching is shown in Figure~\ref{fig-branching}a. In \emph{2-way} branching, after a variable $x$ and a value $a_i \in D(x)$ are selected, two branches are created. In the left branch $a_i$ is assigned to $x$, or in other words the constraint $x$=$a_i$ is added to the problem and is propagated. In the right branch the constraint $x\neq a_i$ is added to the problem and is propagated. If both branches fail then the algorithm backtracks. Figure~\ref{fig-branching}b shows a search tree explored with 2-way branching.

There are two differences between these branching schemes:
\begin{itemize}
\item In 2-way branching, if the branch assigning a value $a_i$ to a variable $x$ fails then the removal of $a_i$ from $D(x)$ is immediately propagated. Instead, $d$-way branching tries the next available value $a_j$ of $D(x)$. Note that the propagation of $a_j$ subsumes the propagation of $a_i$'s removal.

\item In 2-way branching, after a failed branch corresponding to an assignment $x$=$a_i$, and assuming the removal of $a_i$ from $D(x)$ is then propagated successfully, the algorithm can choose to branch on any variable (not necessarily $x$), according to the VOH (e.g. Figure~\ref{fig-branching}b). In $d$-way branching the algorithm has to choose the next available value for variable $x$ after $x$=$a_i$ fails.
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics{branching1.eps}
\end{tabular}
\vspace{-5mm}
\caption{Examples of search trees for the three branching schemes.}
\label{fig-branching}
\end{figure}

In between these two schemes is the version of 2-way branching used in \cite{smith05} where the algorithm is forced to assign $x$ with its next value after the successful propagation of $a_i$'s removal from $D(x)$.
In the following we call this {\em restricted 2-way branching}. Figure~\ref{fig-branching}c shows a search tree explored with restricted 2-way branching.

\section{COMPARISON OF BRANCHING SCHEMES}

\label{section-comparison}

The search algorithm used in all the experiments presented hereafter is the commonly used maintaining (generalized) arc consistency (MAC) algorithm \cite{sabin94,bessiere96}. We have experimented with four VOHs: {\em dom}, {\em dom/ddeg}, {\em dom/wdeg}, and {\em dom/alldel}. Benchmarks
are taken from the web page of C. Lecoutre, where details about them can be
found. The following classes of binary and non-binary problems have been used: radio links frequency assignment (RLFAP), driver, ehi, geom, graph coloring, quasigroup completion, chessboard coloration, all-interval series, golomb ruler and random instances from the RB model (forced to be satisfiable).

Results from the use of {\em dom} with the three branching schemes showed that under this heuristic 2-way branching essentially emulates $d$-way branching and the three branching schemes are closely matched in terms of run times (with $d$-way being slightly better). This is in accordance with previous results \cite{park04}.

\begin{table}
\caption{CPU times (t) in secs. and nodes (n) for the three branching schemes using the VOH {\em dom/ddeg}.}
\centering
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Instance \T&  & $2-way$ & $restricted$ & $d-way$ \\
 &  &  & $2-way$ &  \\
\hline
scen-11 \T& t & \textbf{7.1} & 508 & 372\\
$(sat)$ & n & 1379 & 68597 & 45862 \\ \hline
scen-11-f11 \T& t & \textbf{8.1} & $>1h$ & $>1h$ \\
$(unsat)$ & n & 2716 & - & - \\ \hline
driverlogw-09 \T& t & \textbf{205} & 1197 & 1207 \\
$(sat)$ & n & 75033 & 0.42M & 0.16M \\ \hline
ehi-85-297-0 \T& t & \textbf{62.3} & 2509 & 2481 \\
$(unsat)$ & n & 37246 & 2.5M & 0.9M \\ \hline
ehi-85-297-2 \T& t & \textbf{41.8} & $>1h$ & $>1h$ \\
$(unsat)$ & n & 20733 & - & - \\ \hline
ash958GPIA-4 \T& t & \textbf{5.1} & $>1h$ & $>1h$ \\
$(sat)$ & n & 2712 & - & - \\ \hline
cc-12-12-2 \T& t & \textbf{58.3} & 978 & 959 \\
$(unsat)$ & n & 36994 & 0.56M & 0.27M \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{scriptsize}
\label{table:ddeg}
\end{table}

In Table~\ref{table:ddeg} we give indicative results from the use of the {\em dom/ddeg} heuristic. We display CPU times as well as nodes. A node in 2-way branching can be a value assignment or a value removal, while in $d$-way branching it can only be a value assignment. Hence, they cannot be compared directly. However, nodes give an accurate measure of the difference in search effort between 2-way and restricted 2-way. Our experiments confirm the theoretical results of \cite{mitchell05} as we can observe huge differences in favor of 2-way branching. Restricted 2-way and $d$-way display similar performance.

Table~\ref{table:wdeg} compares the three branching schemes when using the conflict-driven VOH \emph{dom/wdeg}. As this heuristic can learn from failures (DWOs)
encountered during search, and thus make more informed choices, it significantly outperforms {\em dom/ddeg} \cite{bhls04}. Comparing these results with the results of Table~\ref{table:ddeg}, we can notice two differences: First, there are instances where 2-way branching is less efficient, sometimes considerably, compared to restricted 2-way and $d$-way.
Second, in instances where 2-way branching dominates, the differences are not as striking as in Table~\ref{table:ddeg}, albeit they can still be considerable. Quantitatively similar results were observed when using the conflict-driven VOH {\em dom/alldel}.

\begin{table}
\caption{CPU times (t) in secs. and nodes (n) for the three branching schemes using the VOH {\em dom/wdeg}.}
\centering
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Instance \T&  & $2-way$ & $restricted$ & $d-way$ \\
 &  &  & $2-way$ &  \\
\hline
series-12 \T& t & \textbf{27.3} & 145.7 & 158.5\\
$(sat)$ & n & 33876 & 245787 & 246379 \\ \hline
series-13 \T& t & \textbf{148.4} & 1132 & 1057 \\
$(sat)$ & n & 150145 & 1.6M & 1.3M \\ \hline
scen11 \T& t & \textbf{12.6} & 45.1 & 34.2 \\
$(sat)$ & n & 2414 & 6002 & 4398 \\ \hline
scen2-f25 \T& t & \textbf{42.3} & 183.8 & 137.9 \\
$(unsat)$ & n & 9539 & 38185 & 50609 \\ \hline
graph9-f9 \T& t & \textbf{178.6} & 640.5 & 923 \\
$(unsat)$ & n & 66367 & 255204 & 406361 \\ \hline
ruler-25-8-a3 \T& t & \textbf{50.3} & 180.8 & 167.6 \\
$(unsat)$ & n & 1829 & 6407 & 7026 \\ \hline
frb35-17-1 \T& t & \textbf{34.2} & 135 & 114 \\
$(sat)$ & n & 11129 & 54026 & 40165 \\ \hline\hline
geo50-20-d4-75-1 \T& t & 2298 & 1242 & \textbf{1128} \\
$(sat)$ & n & 558754 & 279998 & 257225 \\ \hline
geo50-20-d4-75-2 \T& t & 122 & 28,5 & \textbf{28.3} \\
$(sat)$ & n & 48943 & 9153 & 9509 \\ \hline
haystacks-05 \T& t & 41.7 & 3.9 & \textbf{3.7} \\
$(unsat)$ & n & 1.78M & 0.18M & 0.16M \\ \hline
qcp-15-120-5 \T& t & 529 & 408 & \textbf{402} \\
$(sat)$ & n & 0.76M & 0.63M & 0.25M \\ \hline
abb313GPIA-7 \T& t & 498 & 313 & \textbf{309} \\
$(unsat)$ & n & 28388 & 17238 & 11161 \\ \hline
ruler-25-7-a3 \T& t & 12.4 & 4.1 & \textbf{2.1} \\
$(sat)$ & n & 1444 & 255 & 129 \\ \hline
frb35-17-2 \T& t & 337 & 227 & \textbf{194} \\
$(sat)$ & n & 0.13M & 0.1M & 78938 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{scriptsize}
\label{table:wdeg}
\end{table}

In the first part of Table~\ref{table:wdeg}
we group representative instances where 2-way branching is the best choice, while in the second part
we show results where restricted 2-way and d-way are better. Neither 2-way nor $d$-way (and restricted 2-way) is the best choice, even for instances within the same problem class (see for example the \emph{ruler25} and \emph{frb35-17} problems in Table~\ref{table:wdeg}). As in the case of {\em dom/ddeg}, restricted 2-way branching displays a behavior very close to that of $d$-way branching.

A likely explanation for the failure of 2-way branching on some instances, compared to its restricted version, is the following. At some right branches during search, the VOH mistakenly chooses to branch on a variable other than the current one. In the case of conflict-driven VOHs, this may result in the search process moving away from a hard subproblem to another area of the search space resulting in increased search effort. To test this conjecture we have developed heuristics, presented below, that can be applied at successful right branches to decide whether the advice of the VOH will be followed or not. The use of such heuristics results in an adaptive branching scheme that dynamically switches between 2-way branching and its restricted version.

Finally, a conclusion that can be drawn from this experimental study is that the performance of different branching schemes strongly depends on the VOH used.

\section{HEURISTICS FOR ADAPTIVE BRANCHING}

\label{section-heuristics}

We now present two generic heuristics that can be used to dynamically adapt the search algorithm's branching scheme. We only consider the case where dynamic adaptation involves switching between 2-way branching and restricted 2-way branching. As detailed above, the performance of $d$-way branching is very close to that of restricted 2-way branching. The intuition behind the heuristics is twofold. First, to avoid branching on a different variable if the VOH is not ``confident enough'' about the correctness of this decision. And second, to identify ways to assist this decision by the use of secondary advisors. That is, VOHs that can complementarily be consulted to help in the decision making.

These heuristics can be applied at successful right branches. That is, when the VOH suggests to branch on another variable rather that trying the next  value of the current one. Following the above intuitions we propose two generic heuristics:

$\bf{H_{sdif{}f}(e):}$\textbf{- VOH score difference} If the current variable is $x$ and the VOH suggests to branch on a different variable $y$, we will follow this suggestion only when $|score(y) - score(x)| > e$, where $score(x)$ and $score(y)$ are the values assigned by the VOH to variables $x$ and $y$, while $e$ is a threshold value difference.

$\bf{H_{cadv}(VOH_2):}$ \textbf{- complementary advisor} If the current variable is $x$ and the VOH used by the algorithm ($VOH_1$) suggests to branch on a different variable $y$, we will follow this suggestion only when a secondary VOH ($VOH_2$) also prefers $y$ to $x$. That is, when $score_{VOH_2}(y) > score_{VOH_2}(x)$, where $score_{VOH_2}(x)$ and $score_{VOH_2}(y)$ are the heuristic values assigned by $VOH_2$ to variables $x$ and $y$\footnote{We assume that a greater score is better according to $VOH_2$.}.

Both proposed heuristics are generic, in the sense that they can be
used in tandem with any VOH and any backtracking search algorithm. However, $H_{sdiff}(e)$ requires some tuning to set the value of $e$ appropriately. In contrast, $H_{cadv}(VOH_2)$ does not require any such tuning, and can use any VOH as a secondary heuristic. The two heuristics can also be combined either conjunctively or disjunctively. In the former (resp. latter) case, the suggestion to branch on a variable different than $x$ is followed when both (resp. at least one) of the criterions for $H_{sdiff}$ and $H_{cadv}$ are satisfied. Importantly, the two proposed heuristics are lightweight,
assuming that $VOH_2$ is not too expensive to compute.

\section{EXPERIMENTS}

\label{section-experiments}

In this section we evaluate the performance of the two heuristics on a variety of CSP instances. Before presenting the results, we discuss the tuning of heuristic $H_{sdiff}(e)$.

\subsection{Tuning Heuristic $H_{sdiff}(e)$}

Although heuristic $H_{sdiff}(e)$ is generic and can be used together with any VOH, the optimum threshold value $e$ obviously varies among different VOHs as they may consider different metrics, such as domain sizes, constraint degrees, constraint weights, etc.
Even with a fixed VOH and within a specific problem class, the optimum threshold value $e$ may differ from instance to instance, and therefore locating it is not particularly interesting from a practical point of view. However, our experiments have demonstrated that a ``good enough'' value for $e$ that carries across different problem classes can be located for a given VOH with only a few experiments.

To find a good value for $e$ we proceeded as follows. Taking a single instance from some problem class we repeatedly solved it using the $H_{sdiff}(e)$ heuristic for branching, starting with $e$ set to 0 and gradually increasing $e$ in every repetition. Setting $e=0$ forces $H_{sdiff}(e)$ to emulate 2-way branching, while as $e$ increases, $H_{sdiff}(e)$ moves closer to restricted 2-way branching. For each run we measured the number of times when, after a failed assignment $x=a_i$ and the successful propagation of $x\neq a_i$, the VOH chose to branch on a variable $y$ other than $x$. In the following we will call this measure {\em variable changes} $(vc)$. By definition, such a situation does not occur with restricted 2-way branching, hence with this branching scheme $vc$ is always 0.

Specifically for $dom/wdeg$, the value of $e$ was increased in steps of 0.01. Figures~\ref{fig:plot}b, c and d show the number of nodes ($y$-axis) as a relation of $e$ ($x$-axis) for instances scen11, series12 and haystacks-05 respectively.
The first data point in these plots (where $e=0$) essentially gives the number of nodes for 2-way branching. The experiment was stopped when for some value of $e$ the observed value of $vc$ was 0. The last data point in each plot, corresponding to this situation, essentially gives the number of nodes for restricted 2-way branching.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{tabular}{cc}
    \includegraphics[height=1.6in]{scen11_vc.eps} &
    \includegraphics[height=1.6in]{wdeg_scen11.eps}\\
    (a)&(b)\\
    \includegraphics[height=1.6in]{wdeg_series12.eps} &
    \includegraphics[height=1.6in]{haystacs.eps}\\
    (c)&(d)
  \end{tabular}
\caption{(a) variable changes and (b) nodes over increasing values of $e$ for the scen11 RLFAP. (c), (d) nodes for the series12 (c) and haystacks-05 (d) instances.}
\label{fig:plot}
\end{figure}

In Figures~\ref{fig:plot}b and c (scen11 and series12), where 2-way branching is better than its restricted version, we can notice that as $e$ increases there is point where a sharp decline in the performance of $H_{sdiff}(e)$ occurs. Respectively, in Figure~\ref{fig:plot}d (haystacks-05) where restricted 2-way is better, we can notice that as $e$ increases there is point where a sharp improvement in the performance occurs. After running similar experiments with benchmark instances from other problem classes, we observed that setting $e$ to values around 0.1, when using $dom/wdeg$ for variable ordering, gives good results across many different instances and problem classes. For heuristic $dom/alldel$ this value was 0.001.

Finally, Figure~\ref{fig:plot}a gives the recorded value of $vc$ ($y$-axis) as a relation of $e$ ($x$-axis) for the RLFAP instance scen11. Not surprisingly, as the value of $e$ increases, the value of $vc$ decreases. Interestingly, there is a sharp (exponential) decline in the value of $vc$ roughly around the point where $e=0.1$. A similar phenomenon was observed in all the tested instances.

\subsection{Experimental Evaluation}

\begin{table*}[htb]
\caption{CPU times (t) in secs. and nodes (n) and variable changes (vc) for 2-way and the adaptive branching schemes using the {\em dom/wdeg} VOH.}
\centering
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Instance \T&  & $2-way$ & $restricted$ & $H_{sdiff}$ & $H_{cadv}$ & $H^{\wedge}$ & $H^{\vee}$\\
 &  &  & $2-way$ & (0.1) & $(wdeg)$ & & \\
\hline
series-12 \T& t & 27.3 & 145.7 & 21 & \textbf{10.4} & 22.1 & 15.6\\
$(sat)$ & n & 33876 & 0.24M & 25730 & 13584 & 27721 & 17434\\
 & vc & 531 & 0 & 4 & 78 & 2 & 127\\ \hline
series-13 \T& t & 148.4 & 1132 & 98.3 & 150.6 & 70.6 & \textbf{59.1}\\
$(sat)$ & n & 0.15M & 1.6M & 96248 & 0.15M & 71570 & 64670\\
 & vc & 2492 & 0 & 9 & 1163 & 6 & 358\\ \hline
scen11 \T& t & \textbf{12.6} & 45.1 & 14 & 13 & 14 & 13\\
$(sat)$ & n & 2414 & 6002 & 2197 & 2456 & 2197 & 2023\\
 & vc & 31 & 0 & 8 & 31 & 8 & 31\\ \hline
scen2-f25 \T& t & 42.3 & 183.8 & 45 & \textbf{41.2} & 45 & \textbf{41.2}\\
$(unsat)$ & n & 9539 & 38185 & 9952 & 9561 & 9952 & 9561\\
 & vc & 719 & 0 & 69 & 484 & 69 & 484\\ \hline
graph9-f9 \T& t & \textbf{178.6} & 640.5 & 190 & 186.2 & 194.4 & 182\\
$(unsat)$ & n & 66367 & 0.25M & 69699 & 67585 & 70748 & 66802\\
 & vc & 873 & 0 & 74 & 698 & 68 & 700\\ \hline
ruler-25-8-a3 \T& t & \textbf{50.3} & 180.8 & 139.5 & 54.6 & 139.5 & 54.6\\
$(unsat)$ & n & 1829 & 6407 & 5022 & 1905 & 5022 & 1905\\
 & vc & 281 & 0 & 1 & 159 & 1 & 159\\ \hline
 frb35-17-1 \T& t & \textbf{34.2} & 135 & 69.4 & 41.8 & 66.4 & 41.8\\
$(sat)$ & n & 11129 & 54026 & 25003 & 15163 & 25003 & 15163\\
 & vc & 63 & 0 & 5 & 43 & 5 & 43\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{scriptsize}
\label{table:adaptiveWdeg}
\end{table*}

We have experimented with 400 instances from the problem classes detailed in Section~\ref{section-comparison}. We compared the performance of the fixed branching schemes 2-way and restricted 2-way to the performance of the following adaptive branching schemes: $H_{sdiff}(0.1)$, $H_{cadv}(wdeg)$, and their conjunctive and disjunctive combinations $H^{\wedge}$  and $H^{\vee}$. The value of the threshold $e$ for $H_{sdiff}$ was set to 0.1 after a few preliminary experiments as explained above, while the secondary heuristic used by $H_{cadv}$ was $wdeg$. The VOH used was {\em dom/wdeg}.

In 51\% of the tried instances all methods were very close. In 24\% 2-way was faster than restricted 2-way, while in 25\% it was slower. The last two cases included most of the hardest instances. Tables~\ref{table:adaptiveWdeg} and~\ref{table:adaptiveWdeg1} give some results from the last two cases indicating the gaps in performance between 2-way and restricted 2-way and the fact that the adaptive heuristics typically follow the winner between the two branching schemes. For each instance and branching scheme we report CPU time, nodes, and the observed value of $vc$.

Table~\ref{table:adaptiveWdeg} includes instances where 2-way is better than restricted 2-way, while Table~\ref{table:adaptiveWdeg1} includes instances where restricted 2-way is better than 2-way. The adaptive branching schemes are, in most cases, close to or even slightly superior to 2-way branching in Table~\ref{table:adaptiveWdeg}, while a similar observation can be made with respect to restricted 2-way branching for Table~\ref{table:adaptiveWdeg1}. Respectively, the adaptive branching schemes are clearly superior to restricted 2-way in the Table~\ref{table:adaptiveWdeg}, and to 2-way in Table~\ref{table:adaptiveWdeg1}.
Generally, we can notice that although the adaptive branching schemes do not always achieve the best performance, they obtain a good trade-off between the performance of 2-way and restricted 2-way branching. Additionally, in many instances the adaptive branching schemes are superior to both 2-way and restricted 2-way (e.g. series-12 and frb35-17-2). Note that the tables include instances where one or both of the adaptive methods performed substantially worse than the winner among the standard branching schemes (e.g. ruler-25-8-a3 and haystacks-05).

Comparing the heuristics, $H_{sdiff}$ and $H^{\wedge}$ are more efficient and robust than $H_{cadv}$ and $H^{\vee}$. However, we have not experimented extensively with secondary advisors for $H_{cadv}$ so far. The one used in the experiments ({\em wdeg}) is obviously closely related to the primary VOH ({\em dom/wdeg}). Trying a more diverse secondary advisor, i.e. a heuristic that utilizes different type of information, may yield better results. Note that using {\em dom} as the secondary advisor is clearly inferior compared to {\em wdeg} (results are omitted due to lack of space). This is not surprising if we consider that {\em wdeg} is a much more effective VOH compared to {\em dom}.

Taking a closer look at the results presented in
Table~\ref{table:adaptiveWdeg} it is interesting to notice the behavior of the branching schemes on the first instance series12. Here, restricted 2-way is clearly inefficient compared to 2-way. The latter branches on a variable different than the current one after a right branch 531 times throughout search (i.e. $vc=531$). On the other hand, $H_{sdiff}$ and $H^{\wedge}$ manage to outperform 2-way branching by only branching on 4 (resp. 2) different variables after right branches. Restricted 2-way branching is outperformed by a factor of 7, by only making 4 (resp. 2) decisions against the VOH. Similar behavior can be observed in most instances of Table~\ref{table:adaptiveWdeg}. Even more so in Table~\ref{table:adaptiveWdeg1} where restricted 2-way is better that 2-way, $H_{sdiff}$ and $H^{\wedge}$ follow the VOH very few times when it chooses to branch on a variable other than the current one.

\begin{table*}[hbt]
\caption{CPU times (t) in secs. and nodes (n) and variable changes (vc) for 2-way and the adaptive branching schemes using the {\em dom/wdeg} VOH.}
\centering
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Instance \T&  & $2-way$ & $restricted$ & $H_{sdiff}$ & $H_{cadv}$ & $H^{\wedge}$ & $H^{\vee}$\\
 &  &  & $2-way$ & (0.1) & $(wdeg)$ & & \\
\hline
geo-d4-75-1 \T& t & 2298 & 1242 & \textbf{1233} & 2311 & \textbf{1233} & 2313\\
$(sat)$ & n & 0.55M & 0.28M & 0.27M & 0.45M & 0.27M & 0.45M\\
 & vc & 1428 & 0 & 2 & 689 & 2 & 690\\ \hline
geo-d4-75-2 \T& t & 122 & \textbf{28.5} & 37 & 57 & 37 & 57\\
$(sat)$ & n & 48943 & 9153 & 12356 & 18995 & 12356 & 18995\\
 & vc & 642 & 0 & 2 & 58 & 2 & 58\\ \hline
haystacks-05 \T& t & 41.7 & \textbf{3.9} & 28.1 & 41.7 & 28.1 & 41.7\\
$(unsat)$ & n & 1.78M & 0.18M & 1.2M & 1.78M & 1.2M & 1.78M\\
 & vc & 20 & 0 & 7 & 20 & 7 & 20\\ \hline
qcp-15-120-5 \T& t & 529 & \textbf{408} & 409 & 418 & 409 & 418\\
$(sat)$ & n & 0.76M & 0.6M & 0.6M & 0.61M & 0.6M & 0.61M\\
 & vc & 3177 & 0 & 1 & 1347 & 1 & 1347 \\ \hline
abb313-7 \T& t & 498 & \textbf{313} & \textbf{313} & 429 & 313 & 429\\
$(unsat)$ & n & 28388 & 17238 & 17238 & 21699 & 17238 & 21699\\
 & vc & 6 & 0 & 0 & 4 & 0 & 4\\ \hline
ruler-25-7-a3 \T& t & 12.4 & 4.1 & 5.8 & \textbf{3} & 5.8 & \textbf{3}\\
$(sat)$ & n & 1444 & 255 & 291 & 190 & 291 & 190\\
 & vc & 28 & 0 & 3 & 7 & 3 & 7\\ \hline
frb35-17-2 \T& t & 337 & 227 & 124 & \textbf{99.1} & 113 & \textbf{99.1}\\
$(sat)$ & n & 0.13M & 0.1M & 56508 & 42712 & 46935 & 42712\\
 & vc & 782 & 0 & 6 & 120 & 5 & 120\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{scriptsize}
\label{table:adaptiveWdeg1}
\end{table*}

These results suggest that heuristic $H_{sdiff}$ in particular is able to ``block'' variable changes that have a degrading effect on the search effort. Heuristic $H_{cadv}$ also achieves this, but to a lesser extent, as is evident by the $vc$ numbers. The behavior of the $H^{\wedge}$ (resp. $H^{\vee}$) heuristic is closely related to that of $H_{sdiff}$ (resp. $H_{cadv}$).

To verify these, we rerun all the experiments and each time a different variable $y$ than the current one $x$ was selected at a right branch, we ordered all the
variables according to their {\em dom/wdeg} value. Then we measured the distance ($dis$) between $x$ and $y$ in this ordering (obviously $y$ was always first).
Results show that the average value of $dis$ for $H_{sdiff}$ was significantly larger than the average $dis$ for 2-way branching. For example in the series12 instance, average $dis$ for $H_{sdiff}$ was 9 while for 2-way branching it was 1.9. For the geo50-20-d4-75-1 instance average $dis$ for $H_{sdiff}$ and 2-way was 14 and 1.6 respectively. These results demonstrate that  $H_{sdiff}$ allows variable changes only when the selected variable is considerably superior to the current variable according to the VOH.

Finally, in order to evaluate the statistical significance of our experimental results, a statistical analysis through a set of \emph{paired t-tests} was performed. We analyzed the CPU performance of the adaptive branching schemes compared to 2-way and restricted 2-way, over the 400 instances. We measured the mean difference in secs., standard deviation, t-value and the 95\% confidence interval. The risk level (called alpha level) was set to 0.05. Results are collected in Table~\ref{table:ttest}. The mean CPU reduction is always greater than zero. However, the negative values at the confidence interval indicates that this reduction was not observed in all the tried instances. According to standard tables of significance (available as an appendix in the back of most statistics texts) we can confirm that t-values for $H_{sdiff}$ were large enough to be significant. This is not clear for $H_{cadv}$, which means that the observed improvement is not large enough to be clearly significant.

We have also run experiments with the conflict driven VOH $dom/alldel$ (not reported here due to lack of space) in which adaptive branching schemes with heuristics $H_{sdiff}(0.001)$ and $H_{cadv}(wdeg)$ were again on average more efficient than the fixed branching schemes.

\begin{table
\caption{Paired t-test measurements for evaluation of the significance of the experimental results.}
\centering
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
 & Mean & SD & t-value  & 95\% C.I.\\ \hline
2-way vs $H_{sdiff}$ & 61.02 & 232.7 & 2.966 & (18.96, 103.09) \\ \hline
restr. 2-way vs $H_{sdiff}$  & 332.2 & 2956 & 1.231 & (-202, 866)\\ \hline
2-way vs $H_{cadv}$  & 8.03 & 135.3 & 0.65 & (-16.3, 32.5)\\ \hline
restr. 2-way vs $H_{cadv}$ & 279.2 & 2982 & 1.025 & (-259, 818) \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{scriptsize}
\label{table:ttest}
\end{table}

\section{CONCLUSIONS}

We compared the two most widely used branching schemes for CSPs, 2-way and $d$-way branching. Results showed that the theoretical benefits of 2-way branching are confirmed in practice once we move from a simple VOH like {\em dom} to a more sophisticated one like {\em dom/ddeg}. However, perhaps unexpectedly, when a state-of-the-art heuristic like {\em dom/wdeg} is used then there exist many cases where 2-way branching is significantly inferior to $d$-way and a restricted version of 2-way that is commonly used.

We then introduced generic heuristics that can be used to dynamically decide whether the VOH will be followed or not at certain points during search. The application of such heuristics results in an adaptive branching scheme that switches between 2-way branching and its restricted version, which is close to $d$-way branching. Experiments with instantiations of the generic heuristics confirm that search with adaptive branching outperforms search with a fixed branching scheme on a wide range of problems.

The work presented here is, to the best of our knowledge, the first attempt towards designing heuristics for adaptive branching and contributes to the design and implementation of adaptive constraint solvers.

\label{section-conclusions}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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an actress
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Students must be admitted to the Baylor Graduate School and the program they are pursuing (EdD in K-12 Educational Leadership).
Students will be notified via email of the offer of acceptance or conditional acceptance into the program and must respond by accepting the offer within 10 days of the date the email was sent.
If a student is declined acceptance, he or she will have the right to appeal the decision within 15 days of notification. To appeal a decision, the student must send a letter of appeal to the program coordinator via email, following guidelines as presented by the program.
Questions regarding the application process should be addressed to Sandra_Parnell@baylor.edu, 254-710-6153, MMSCI 116.


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ASX:AVC
Gophr restructure to boost profits at Auctus
Published 21-MAR-2019 12:41 P.M.
Auctus Alternative Investments Ltd (ASX:AVC) through its wholly owned subsidiary Yonder and Beyond Pty Ltd, has signed a binding Term Sheet to enable the restructure of Gophr Ltd, an initiative that should also better align Gophr management's interests to the success of the business.
This is a crucial step in the realisation of value for Auctus shareholders as the group currently owns 75% of Gophr and has agreed via the Terms Sheet to sell 42.5% of Gophr to Sebastian Roberts and Krzysztof Worsa (management) for a combined £1.17 million.
The sale is to be completed via a vendor financed loan, repayable under certain "exit" and "leaver" events.
As a backdrop, Gophr provides swift delivery of parcels through its London courier service with an extensive fleet of bicycles, motorcycles and vans.
The group has high profile customers such as Amazon, UK Mail and Marks & Spencer.
Gophr raising up to £500,000
In conjunction with the sell down, Gophr is currently in the process of raising up to £500,000 of new investor capital to assist its continued growth.
Gophr maintained its positive trajectory over the 2018 calendar year growing year-on-year revenue by nearly 140%.
It is expected that a further Series A round will be completed over the coming 6 to 12 months.
As a condition of the transaction, Auctus will adjust the current balance sheet debt it has in Gophr into a Convertible Note.
Potential profit of $4 million
The overall impact of the deconsolidation of Gophr is expected to be, subject to audit review and foreign exchange differences, a profit of approximately $4 million, while also resulting in a net asset improvement of more than $5.5 million.
The indicative illustrative financial results noted above are based on Auctus' investment in Gophr being accounted for through an equity accounted investment post the transaction, rather than through consolidation of the results.
At completion of the proposed transaction it is anticipated that Auctus will retain an interest of approximately 29% in Gophr.
ASX SMALL CAPS REVENUE


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Home » Fund Raising » Svasti Microfinance raises INR 34 crore
Svasti Microfinance raises INR 34 crore
Latika Bhargava
Svasti Microfinance Private Limited (Svasti) has raised a total of Rs. 34 Crores capital from Nordic Microfinance Initiative (NMI), Serum Institute of India CEO Adar Poonawalla, and other investors.
Svasti Microfinance Private Limited (Svasti) has raised a total of Rs. 34 Crores capital from Nordic Microfinance Initiative (NMI), Serum Institute of India CEO Adar Poonawalla, and other investors. Early investors in Svasti include The Michael & Susan Dell Foundation, Bamboo Capital Partners (previously Bamboo Finance), venture capitalist Sajid Fazalbhoy, investment banker and angel investor Rajiv Dadlani, and a few other individual investors.
In 2015, Svasti raised funds from leading businessman and philanthropist Adar Poonawalla, who has subsequently invested in a follow-on round in 2017 and in the current round as well.
Apart from expanding its branch network, Svasti will use the capital raised to expand and increase its MSME loan portfolio and provide other financial services, such as consumer finance and insurance, in partnership with other leading institutions. A portion of the funds raised in the current round would be used for providing exits to some of Svasti's early investors, subject to regulatory approvals.
Svasti was co-founded by Arunkumar Padmanabhan and Narayanan Subramaniam in late 2010 with the objective of bringing their extensive experience in banking, finance and technology development into the consumer finance sector to expand access to finance to all sections of society and bring about positive change in society.
Svasti today services around 141,000 customers across 38 branches spread over 4 states, aggregating a loan portfolio of around Rs. 255 Crores. Over the years, Svasti's portfolio quality has been among the best in the industry.
Svasti expects to close the current financial year with total portfolio of Rs. 350 Crores and is gearing up to double this to Rs. 700 Crores by March 2020. To finance these growth plans, Svasti also plans to raise additional capital of Rs. 100 Crores in the next 12 months.
Commenting on the transaction, Svasti's Co-Founder Narayanan says: "Over the years, we have built best-in-class processes backed by proprietary technology, built entirely in-house. This gives us significant operational efficiencies, controls, and data analytics capabilities as we scale up."
Svasti's Co-Founder Arunkumar added: "The fact that we have attracted gold standard investors like NMI and Adar Poonawalla, is a testament to our vision and mission to fulfill the right to finance and help transform the lives of 10 million women by 2030. Over the next couple of years, Svasti will be a diversified financial services provider to the millions of uncounted low and middle income households across India, and be known for our deep relationships with our customers."
Arthur Sletteberg, Managing Director of NMI, commenting on the transaction says: "We are very impressed with the platform that Svasti has laid so far, by building a high-quality portfolio over the years that has shown great resilience even through black swan events like demonetization as a result of its strong processes, backed up by smart technology and a strong team. We are confident that Svasti will be able to build further on this strong foundation to successfully expand and scale its business. We also like that Svasti is very serious about being a responsible lender and puts the customers' interests and customer protection at the front and center of its strategy, which aligns very well with NMI's social mission."
About Svasti
Svasti is an RBI licensed NBFC-MFI with headquarters in Mumbai. Svasti's vision is to fulfill the right to finance of women with a host of financial services and knowledge, that will help transform their lives.
Source: BWI
Arthur Sletteberg
Arunkumar Padmanabhan
Narayanan Subramaniam
Svasti Microfinance Private Limited
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