text:
Q: Xcode - how to make a level unlock system? Hey guys I was just wondering how i could do this in Xcode. Any help would be appreciated
I would like to begin my level (that is already made) and then use the viewdidload (in my level view) to change a button in my level selector (separate view and xib to the level selector) this button needs to be changed into a round rect button that features a certain text that in this case will need to be "Level1". This button will need to be changed from a custom button which currently has a image of a Padlock to inform the user that the level is currently locked. Once that has been done I need to save the changes as a game default so that once the app has been closed it does not loose what levels you have unlocked
any help will be appreciated
Thanks

A: well buttonType  is a readonly property which can be set at the time of initialize as
UIButton *btn = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom];

the way to achieve what you want is just make two buttons and on the requirement just show or hide the buttons as
[btn1 setHidden:YES];
[btn2 setHidden:NO];

EDIT: For this purpose of saving values without loosing there are lot of options .The easier one is the NSUserDefaluts Where you can store a value to a key string and retrieve back

*

*Docs

*Tutorial
For changing the value from 2nd VC to 1st you have to implement delegate method on the 2nd VC to trigger an action in the 1st VC
Tutorial on Delegation


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text:
Oklahoma and Oregon Deliver Two Measures Of Relief For People Facing Poverty
Hundreds of thousands will gain access to public health insurance in Oklahoma, and will avoid having their licenses suspended over debt in Oregon.
Daniel Nichanian, | July 1, 2020
Governor Kate Brown of Oregon (Facebook)
Hundreds of thousands of people will gain access to public health insurance in Oklahoma, and will avoid having their driver's licenses suspended over debt in Oregon.
As the COVID-19 pandemic leaves millions across the country out of work, Oklahoma and Oregon saw a pair of victories on Tuesday for the rights of low-income people.
Oklahoma voters expanded the Medicaid program, the latest triumph for organizers who are putting this issue on the ballot in a string of conservative states.
And Oregon ended the suspension of driver's licenses over unpaid fines and fe, a practice that can trigger mounting economic and legal trouble for people who cannot afford their court debt. Criminal justice reform advocates now want public authorities to more fundamentally cut off their regressive budgetary reliance on fines and fees.
Oklahoma expands Medicaid
Oklahomans approved a ballot initiative on Tuesday that will expand the Medicaid program, as provided by the Affordable Care Act.
As a result of this narrow vote, an estimated 200,000 people will newly qualify for public health insurance in one of the most conservative states in the country.
The initiative circumvents state Republicans who have long refused to expand the program. Their opposition has left hundreds of thousands of lower-income Oklahomans in a coverage gap, ineligible under current rules and yet too poor to qualify for government subsidies to purchase a private plan. GOP Governor Kevin Stitt opposed the initiative after wavering on weaker expansions over the past year.
Oklahoma is the fifth state to expand Medicaid through a ballot initiative, after Maine in 2017, and Idaho, Nebraska, and Utah in 2018. Oklahoma's version amends the state constitution, which will limit the state government's ability to delay or overturn it, and could hinder potential efforts to add restrictions such as work requirements.
Still, millions nationwide will remain cut off from the Medicaid program because of a failure to expand it in Florida, Missouri, Texas, and 10 other states where Republicans control at least part of the state government. Missouri is voting on an expansion measure of its own on August 4. The Fairness Project, a national group, helped organize Oklahoma and Missouri's initiatives, and has signaled plans for future pushes in other states.
Besides extending access to healthcare across Oklahoma, the Medicaid expansion could relieve the pains of rural hospitals, who have eyed it as a lifeline for years. Still, the measure was carried by significant wins in the state's urban cores.
The expansion could also assist efforts to reduce the criminalization of substance use. Without coverage, people are blocked off from treatment, and are often arrested by law enforcement. This connection already resonated in the 2018 campaigns in Idaho and Nebraska, and again in Oklahoma this year. Gerard Clancy, president of the University of Tulsa, made the case last year that expanding Medicaid provides access to medication to fight opioid addiction and ease withdrawal symptoms. In recent years, Oklahomans have repeatedly approved ballot initiatives to ease the state's punitive approach to drug policy, including a major measure in 2016 to reduce drug possession from a felony to a misdemeanor.
Oklahoma's elections on Tuesday also saw Mauree Turner, a community organizer who works at the ACLU of Oklahoma, unseat an incumbent state lawmaker in a Democratic primary in Oklahoma City on a platform focused on advancing both criminal justice reform and public health.
"We are currently operating in a system that relies on incarcerating our community members suffering from poverty and mental health issues, rather than dedicating time to provide resources they need," Turner, who still faces a general election in November, writes on her website. She describes Oklahoma's failure to expand Medicaid as "carving folks, that are already suffering, out of a chance to seek help if needed."
On Tuesday, a majority of Oklahomans agreed with her.
Oregon takes a step against the harm of court debt
Oregon will stop suspending driver's licenses over unpaid fines and court fees.
The Democratic-run legislature passed emergency legislation this week during a special session, and Governor Kate Brown signed the bill into law on Tuesday.
License suspensions affect hundreds of thousands of Oregonians—roughly one in 10 adults, according to state advocacy organizations, a share that is consistent with, if not lower than, in other states—and they compound cycles of poverty. "This is just one of many examples in which we are unnecessarily burdening members of our community to the point of instability and failure," Bobbin Singh, executive director of the Oregon Resource Justice Center, told me. He views the new law as an important step in "moving away from criminalizing poverty."
In taking away many people's main mode of transportation, these suspensions cut off access to work and make it harder for people to pay off debt in the first place.
"If someone is unemployed or underemployed, unsheltered, or has a family, regularly paying fines and fees, much less paying them off, is extremely difficult," Alexes Harris, a sociologist at the University of Washington who studies monetary sanctions, told me in April when Virginia adopted a similar law. "Adding the burden of suspending or revoking their driver's licenses creates more disadvantages that have a cascading effect."
Those who continue using their cars to get to their jobs can get prosecuted for driving on a suspended license, and these prosecutions—much like the original financial obligations—are very racially disparate.
Twenty-six percent of those prosecuted for driving on a suspended license are Black and Native, according to the Oregonian. These groups make up 4 percent of Oregon's population.
Oregon is the ninth state to prohibit driver's license suspensions over unpaid fines and fee. It joins California, Idaho, Kentucky, Montana, Mississippi, West Virginia, Virginia, and Wyoming, according to the Fines and Fees Justice Center's comprehensive national tracker.
Advocates are pushing similar bills in other states, including Illinois and New York.
More work remains in Oregon as well to end the criminalization of poverty, and to break the connection between the unequal criminal legal system and access to transportation. For one, Oregon's new law does not end the suspension of driver's licenses over a failure to appear in court.
Moreover, it does not waive the underlying financial obligations, which are disproportionately imposed and universally burdensome.
The COVID-19 pandemic and its economic havoc has added urgency to the fight against the widespread imposition of fines and fees. The Fines and Fees Justice Center, for instance, is calling on state and local governments to discharge all outstanding court debt, or at least suspend its collection.
"There are many insidious fines and fees that only create additional harms, exacerbating instability, and that do not serve the public interest," said Singh. "My hope that the legislature and advocates will continue to identify these burdens and be equally committed to removing them as they did in this instance."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Rukun
History of Rukun Negara
Official response to the May 13 incident
Publish at 31 August 1970 same time with the 13th anniversary of Malaysia's independence.
Drafting by MAPEN.
1st principle of Rukun Negara
Kepercayaan Kepada Tuhan ( Belief in God)
1. Belief in God
The People and Nation were established based on our strong faith in God.
Islam is the official religion of the Federation.
Other religions and faiths can be practised in peace and harmony and the act of discriminating a citizen in the name of a religion is forbidden.
Importance of community members holding robustness against their religious teachings
2nd Principle of Rukun Negara
The second principle of the rukun Negara: Kesetiaan Kepada Raja dan Negara ( Loyalty to King and Country)
Malaysia practices constitutional monarchy.
making His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong the Head of the Country
Their Royal Highnesses the Kings are the heads of their respective states.
Loyalty is demanded from the citizens through genuine devotion.
the Kings' people must also be devoted to their respective Kings without compromising their loyalty towards Yang di-Pertuan agong.
Importance and impact of Kesetiaan Kepada Raja dan Negara ( Loyalty to King and Country)
Unwavering loyalty towards the Rulers and the nation unites various races into an integrated and harmonious Nation.
It represents how Malaysia has been able to find the right balance in being a democratic country and one that also practices monarchy.
It has also been able to mold the Malaysian citizens to continue moving forward into a fully developed nation without forgetting tradition.
3rd Principle of Rukun Negara
SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION:
The Constitution came into force on 27 August 1957 but formal independence was only achieved on 31 August.[8] This constitution was amended in 1963 to admit Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore as additional member states of the Federation . The Constitution, in its current form consists of 15 parts containing 230 articles and 13 schedule including (57 amendments).
Fundamental liberties in Malaysia are set out in Articles 5 to 13 of the Constitution, under the following headings: prohibition of slavery and forced labor, protection against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials, equality, prohibition of banishment and freedom of movement, freedom of speech, assembly and association, freedom of religion, rights in respect of education and rights to property. Some of these liberties and rights are subject to limitations and exceptions and some are available to citizens only (for example, the freedom of speech, assembly and association).
It is the history which has enshrined a number of clauses in the Constitution such as those pertaining to the status of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Kings, Islam as the official religion, Bahasa Melayu as the national and official language, the privileges of the Malays and other native communities as well as the granting of citizenship.
the Constitution places certain responsibilities and obligations towards the Nation and Country. Every citizen is required to respect and appreciate the content, meaning and history of the Constitution.
It is a noble and solemn responsibility for a citizen to preserve and uphold the Constitution.
4th Principle of Rukun Negara
Definition of The Rule of Law
Everyone in the country must follow the same law.
What is the Rule of Law based on?
The rule of law is a definition according to the content of the law which has to conform to human rights.
Some human rights are protected by the Malaysian Constitution (Articles 5 to 13).
Every country needs law
(Kesopanan dan Kesusilaan) aka Good behaviour & Morality
AIM : One of the keys to the multi-racial society in the country to promote harmony and racial unity for the sake of Malaysia's success and stability.
Every person in society is required to act and behave politely and morally.
We must have high morals, respect for others and avoid asking sensitive questions.
Creates unity among Chinese, Malay & Indians in Malaysia.
Avoid any racial issues that can happen between the three main races in the country.
IMPORTANCE OF RUKUN NEGARA TO THE COUNTRY
Create unity among the different races
Preserving a democratic way of life
KEPERCAYAAN KEPADA TUHAN (BELIEF IN GOD)
To recognise the importance of people holding robustness on their teaching of religious
KESETIAAN KEPADA RAJA DAN NEGARA (LOYALTY TO KING AND COUNTRY)
To ensure that every citizen is devoted faithful, honest and sincere to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the country
KELUHURAN PERLEMBAGAAN (THE SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION)
Pressing need to accept, obey and defend the constitution of the country
Kedaulatan Undang-Undang ( Rule of Law)
To ensure that all citizen are being protected and follow the rules held by country.
Kesopanan dan Kesusilaan ( Good Behavior and Morality)
To create a peaceful multi-racial country and all racial can live together and help each other.
The effects to Malaysia without Rukun Negara
Racial issues increase
Crime case more and more emerge
Riot of races may happen again
Betrayal of the citizens
The citizens do not have freedom and the right of speech
The citizens personality and behaviour become terrible
Implemented after the incident of may 13
Become a ideology for the citizen to follow
Importance of Rukun Negara
Creating unity among races
Avoid any radical issue happen between races
National principles
Create a way of democracy life in Malaysia
Serve purpose of the wealth in the nation must be shared equally among the nations
Element that make Rukun Negara important
Each citizen respect others cultural, traditions, and religion practiced by other race
It make citizen in Malaysia to have love and loyalty towards the King
Enables citizen to live in a democratic way in their country where every citizen have its own freedom
FOR LISTENING
Kitseng | September 01, 2018


INDIANAPOLIS Ind.- Red Bull Global Rallycross will make its Indianapolis debut this weekend, and series points leader Tanner Foust says it's the perfect place to introduce Indy's strong motorsports heritage to a new form of racing.
"I think the greatest part about this sport honestly is one, the entertainment factor of the racing itself, and then the cars, the cars are so incredible," Foust said.
And instead of just taking Tanner's word for it, I got a firsthand preview of the action at Lucas Oil Raceway. Suiting up and strapping in for a ride alongside Team Subaru driver Chris Atkinson.
An adrenaline-pumping, white-knuckle ride over a wild course that's part Raceway oval, part dirt track and all thrills from my front seat view, especially when you hit the series' signature 70 foot jump.
Sunday's race also kicks off the second half of the series schedule.
"The Volkswagen/Andretti team has done a great job, a lot of other teams are in the hunt. The points structure is such that it can all go away very fast," Foust explained.
The Raceway's Rallycross format not only thrilling from my spot in the passenger's seat, but the drivers hope for a memorable experience for fans regardless of their viewpoints.
"You just have to pay attention for three-and-a-half minutes, basically, and you get a drag racing start, you get crashes and jumps and dirt and pavement and ovals and sliding all in that three-and-a-half minutes. So it's super entertaining. So I think people who are racing enthusiasts and who didn't think of themselves as racing enthusiasts will love rallycross this weekend.
Rallycross Super Car practice and qualifying are set for Saturday, with the Super Car final race at 7pm Sunday. For more information on the Red Bull Rallycross series, click here.


text:
Cultural exchanges continue to build South Korea's stature in Thailand
By Maxmilian Wechsler
WITHIN the spacious compound of the South Korean embassy in Bangkok is a massive building that resembles both a palace and a fortress. The Korean-style structure in Huay Kwang District, not far from the Thai Cultural Center, contains the embassy offices presided over by His Excellency Jeon Jaeman.
The compound also contains the ambassador's residence and the chancery building. Altogether it's a fitting image for a true "Asian tiger."
Ambassador Jeon later explained that the main building of the embassy was designed by late Kim Joongup, a famous architect born in North Korea who went on to design a number of famous monuments, landmarks and buildings in South Korea, officially known as the Republic of Korea (ROK).
Mr Jeon is understandably proud of the embassy and he's happy to be posted in Bangkok.
"Thailand and the ROK established diplomatic relations in 1958," he said. "We opened our first Thai embassy on Silom Road in 1960 and moved a few times to different places. Finally, in 1990, we began to work here. There are more than 20 Korean diplomats working at the embassy, along with more than 40 other staff, both Korean and Thai."
Prior to the interview, condolences were conveyed on the tragic sinking of the MV Sewol ferry on April 16, which claimed so many South Korean lives, to Ambassador Jeon and to Lee Junho, director of the Korean Cultural Center (KCC) in Bangkok.
Ambassador's background
Mr Jeon Jaeman was born in 1955, two years after the end of the Korean War, in Busan, the second largest city in South Korea on the southeast coast of the peninsula. He studied international relations and Chinese language at university and joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) in 1979 during the era of President Park Chung-hee.
Mr Jeon lived in total more than 12 years in so-called "Greater China," which includes Hong Kong and Taiwan, before leaving the MOFA to pursue other interests in 2009. He retired from government service in 2012 but was asked by the government to return to the diplomatic corps later in the same year and dispatched to Bangkok as ambassador.
"Just after my arrival here I was asked by some colleague ambassadors about my previous position. I would answer: 'Sorry, I was jobless before coming here,'" Mr Jeon said, smiling.
Positions Mr Jeon has held with the MOFA include consul at the Korean Consulate General in Hong Kong (1987); assistant secretary, Office of the President (1992); first secretary, Korean embassy in Japan (1995); head of the Asia-Pacific Trade Team, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT), 1998; counselor, Korean Embassy in the People's Republic of China (PRC) 2001; senior coordinator for planning and management, MOFAT (2003); consul-general, Korean Consulate General in Guangzhou, PRC (2006); ambassador adviser for International Relations to Gyeonggi-do Province, PRC (2009); and minister of the Korean Embassy in the PRC (2009).
"Before leaving the government in the spring of 2012, my position was first deputy director of the National Intelligence Service. My job was to collect intelligence from abroad, analyze it and, if necessary, forward it to the highest level," said Mr Jeon.
Prior to his present assignment he had never been posted to an ASEAN country but had travelled extensively in the region. "My first trip to Thailand was in 1992 when I was going to Cambodia, which at the time had no diplomatic relations with the Republic of Korea. Of course, there was no direct flight from Seoul to Phnom Penh, so I had to change flights in Bangkok and stayed overnight," said Mr Jeon.
"In October 2012 I came here as ambassador. The term is usually three years. Traditionally an embassy has four major functions. The first is to represent the home country and negotiate on its behalf with the host country. The second is promoting ties between the two countries in the fields of economic, social, and cultural fields.
"We are trying to widen and deepen the economic cooperation between Korea and Thailand, including helping more Korean companies to come here for business and advising Thai companies with an interest in doing business in Korea. We are also trying to expand exchanges between the two countries in the fields of education, science, culture, sports and so on.
"Thirdly, we observe and study the local situation and report our assessments to headquarters in Seoul. Last but not least, we endeavor to ensure the safety of Korean nationals in Thailand, both tourists and residents.
"My duties and responsibilities also include the managing of the embassy. This is an administrative job with responsibility over the budget and personnel.
"I travel outside Bangkok mainly on official business. I have visited many places in Thailand, including Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Ayutthaya, Chaiyapum, Khon Kaen, Maha Sarakham, Pattaya, Chonburi, Rayong, Hua Hin, Phuket and Nakhon Si Thammarat.
"I especially liked Hua Hin, where I enjoyed swimming in the pool of my hotel by the sea and visiting the night market.
"Cooperation between Korea and Thailand is already very good but it can be made even better and upgraded. The relationship between our two countries was labeled a 'strategic partnership' in 2012. This shows how close it is.
"As you may well know, Korean pop culture is very well received in Thailand. In order to meet the growing demand for cultural exchange, we opened the Korean Cultural Center on Sukhumvit Road, between Sois 15 and 17, last July. For the past three years we have held the Korean-Thai Friendship Festival jointly with Thailand's Ministry of Culture," said the ambassador.
Operated by the South Korean government and overseen by the embassy, KCC is described as a neighborhood community organization in Thailand involved in sharing cultural ideas to create a more intimate friendship between the peoples of Thailand and Korea. The center welcomes every nationality.
Its role includes organizing Korean language lessons, cooking, dance, taekwondo, traditional instrument and magic classes. There is also a K-Cinema film night, performance art exhibitions and music concerts, as well as seminars, forums workshops and other cultural activities. The library, multimedia lounge and heritage room also help deepen the knowledge of Korea in Thailand.
Director Lee Junho
Mr Jeon then said that the current strong interest in Korean culture has spurred a desire in many Thai people to learn the Korean language. At present around 60 Korean educators are teaching language classes in Thai high schools and Korean is taught at 40 universities in Thailand.
"What really makes me happy is that there are Korean language departments in eight Thai universities. Thai people like Korean music and dramas, such as our TV soap operas. And I am quite surprised that many high-ranking male Thai government officials know so much about Korean soap operas. This is because their wives often follow them."
Asked why he thinks so many Thai women like Korean TV dramas, he smiled and answered: "It must be that they are 'good stories.' That means that they are ethically correct – if the characters do something good, they will be rewarded and if they do something bad, they will be punished."
Mr Jeon said that the two countries should take advantage of the close political, social, and cultural ties and put more effort into enhancing economic relations. "What is very important is to induce more investment from Korea to Thailand, and this is not an easy job.
"Bilateral trade has increased steadily, and the annual volume has reached US$1.3 billion, but the foreign direct investment (FDI) from Korea in Thailand – about $2.5 billion – is not yet enough, I think, especially when compared with the amount in Vietnam, Indonesia or Malaysia.
"I hope the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), which is now being discussed between Korea and Thailand, and the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) next year will contribute to closer economic relations between our two countries.
"Korea is importing from Thailand electronic devices, agricultural products like rice and fish, and petrochemical products. Korea exports to Thailand cars, especially Hyundai and Kia, but not so many because Japanese car manufacturers have several plants here. Most of our passenger car exports go to the United States and Europe.
"Although the number of cars exported from Korea to Thailand is increasing, the market share is still only 0.4% or so. Korean minivans are becoming very popular in Thailand, especially the model sold in Thailand as Hyundai H1. Some members of the Thai parliament came to our residence in that car, which is called Starex in Korea.
"Korean smart phones, especially Samsung, also sell very well in Thailand. I hear that the market share is about 60%. Korean electronics appliances like TV sets and air conditioners are also very popular with Thai consumers," said the ambassador.
Suwon Hwaseong Fortress
Gwanghallu Pavilion
Night View of Busanhang Port
Reflection on Gwanghwamun Plaza.
Boseong Green Tea Farm
Seonunsa Temple
Gyeongbokgung Palace
Misiryeong
"People-to-people exchanges have been flourishing and in recent years we have seen frequent official visits between our two countries. In 2012, former President Lee Myung-bak made an official visit to Thailand, the first visit by a Korean leader in 31 years which was not made in a multilateral setting such as APCE, ASEM, or ASEAN +3. I told some friends this and they said, 'How can it be so, when we have maintained such a close relationship with Thailand?'
"A year ago, our prime minister attended the Asia Pacific Water Summit in Chiang Mai. Between the presidential visit and the visit by the prime minister, the president of the Korean National Assembly came here and was greeted very warmly in Bangkok as well as in Chiang Mai.
"From the Thai side, Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn visited South Korea in April 2013 and former Prime Minister Yingluck visited twice, in March 2012 and in February 2013. Former President of Parliament Somsak Kiatsuranont also visited South Korea twice," said Mr Jeon.
"As for tourism, last year the number of South Korean visitors to Thailand reached 1.3 million, while 370,000 Thai people visited South Korea. You may be surprised to know that there are 312 flights between Korea and Thailand per week. That means on average 45 flights a day. Around 3,500 Koreans are coming to Thailand every day.
"We estimate that around 20,000 Koreans live here. Koreans in Thailand behave well – I haven't heard any complaints about them from the Thai law enforcement authorities. There are around 55,000 Thais living in Korea. Thai restaurants in Korea are getting more popular nowadays," the ambassador said.
A message to North Korea
During the interview the subject of South Korea's neighbor to the north – possibly the world's most isolated country – was inevitably raised. When asked what he would like to see to improve relations on the Korean peninsula, Mr Jeon replied: "I wish that the North Korean government would abandon its nuclear program and come out into the international community. I want them to adopt the same policy that China did in 1979, followed by Vietnam about 30 years ago. I want them to adopt reform and open policy for the well-being of the people."
As for the relationship with his North Korean counterpart in Thailand, Mr Jeon disclosed that he would occasionally meet the North Korean ambassador (HE An Song Nam, who left his post in Thailand recently) at official events like receptions. "We usually mingled a bit, asking each other 'how are you' and so on. Nothing much really."
The long division of the Korean peninsula has led to many differences between the inhabitants. "For one, there is now a difference in how North and South Korean people speak. It was the same almost 70 years ago, but after the division of the peninsula the language has developed in slightly different ways. For the most part we can understand and communicate with one another, but I can easily identify someone from the North by their accent and some words they use."
Mr Jeon has been learning Thai for the past year but finds it very difficult, especially the alphabet. "I wish the Thai alphabet could be simplified so that only one character represents one sound," said Mr Jeon, voicing a sentiment felt by many foreigners. "I don't think that I have made much progress, but I am still learning four times a week, usually in the morning.
"Once I felt comfortable speaking German but I have forgotten most of what I knew. I stayed in Tokyo for about three years some 20 years ago and took Japanese lessons three times a week every week until I left. I still remember some.
"I can speak and write Chinese. I am more comfortable when I speak Chinese than when I speak English."
Asked why his name is spelled in different ways in the local press, the ambassador pointed out that in Korea the surname is placed first and the given name second, as in this article.
Mr Jeon, who is married and has two daughters, said that what he likes most about Thailand is "Thai smiles, in other words, the kindness and hospitality of the people. Bangkok is a good place where I can enjoy swimming outside all year round. I like to play the board game 'Baduk' when I have free time," he added.
He has two favourite Korean restaurants in Bangkok. One is called Seorabol, on Sukhumvit Soi 26, and the other is Myeong Ga, located what is known as 'Korean Town,' at Sukhumvit Plaza, Soi 12.
He remembers fondly an early experience when he found himself about ten minutes late for a courtesy call to a very high official. "I was at a loss on what to say and apologized profusely. However, he said, 'Don't mention it. Here we can wait at least 30 minutes because everybody knows that the roads in Bangkok are very congested.' This made me feel so comfortable.
"I also cannot forget the spectacular beauty of the flying lanterns in Chiang Mai and small candle lotus leaves on the Chao Phraya River in front of Asiatique during the Loy Krathong Festival.
"As for my biggest disappointment here, it was when the water management project was shelved due to the political turmoil. I was disappointed since it would be a big project through which the Korean company K-Water could contribute to the reconstruction of Thailand. I hope the project will be resumed after the new government is formed."
Patpong
Special Discs


text:
package db

import "time"

type APIToken struct {
	ID      string    `db:"id" json:"id"`
	Created time.Time `db:"created" json:"created"`
	Expired bool      `db:"expired" json:"expired"`
	UserID  int       `db:"user_id" json:"user_id"`
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Events and News » Rep. Mark to host public safety chair today at 1 p.m.
Rep. Mark to host public safety chair today at 1 p.m.
Greenfield Recorder 07/15/2013, Page C01
GREENFIELD — Proposed gun control laws will be the topic when state Rep. Paul Mark will host the House chairman of the Joint Committee on Public Safety and Homeland Security, Rep. Harold Naughton, at weekly office hours today.
Naughton will be in Greenfield from 1 to 3 p.m. as part of a statewide listening tour on gun bills that are currently before the Public Safety Committee in the state Legislature.
Area residents are welcome to attend this session and offer their thoughts on the various gun bills directly to Naughton, who has served in the Legislature since 1995. He previously served as a prosecutor in the Worcester County District Attorney's Office, and is also a major in the Army Reserve and a veteran of both the Iraq and Afghanistan wars.
Mark holds weekly office hours at the GCC Downtown Campus, 270 Main St.


LOS ANGELES – Jan. 10, 2014 – Who was more influential – World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC) or Strikeforce? WEC alum Urijah Faber and Strikeforce alum Frank Shamrock debate the influence of the two defunct organizations on AXS TV'S INSIDE MMA with series hosts Kenny Rice and Bas Rutten.
Also during his appearance on INSIDE MMA, Faber talked about his mindset and strategy going into his upcoming UFC Bantamweight Championship fight Feb. 1, a rematch with Renan Barao.
In anticipation of his bout next week at UFC Fight Night 35, Luke Rockhold joined INSIDE MMA and previewed the highly anticipated headlining fight.


text:
Olive Branch Conquistadors Retire D.J. Jeffries' jersey
"He changed the way we thought about basketball around here."
D.J. Jeffries No. 0 was retired at Olive Branch High School (Photo: Terry Davis)
D.J. Jeffries could have gone to any school in the area. Many coaches kindly asked him to come play for their high school basketball team. But Jeffries was not having any of that. He wanted to go to Olive Branch High School and put that program on the map for basketball.
And now they've put his jersey in the rafters.
Olive Branch recently retired the Conquistadors "No. 0″ in honor of Jeffries' high school career. Now at the University of Memphis, Jeffries scored more than 2,000 points and more than 1,000 rebounds.
"This is a huge accomplishment for me and my family," Jeffries said. "I am happy to be one of the first men to get their jersey retired. It is a surreal moment.
"I was the first one to have his jersey retired and no one is ever going to be able to wear it again," he said.
Olive Branch has a great history of very good football teams making a deep run for the Mississippi state championship. Olive Branch has had some good teams in the past, but Jeffries elevated the stature of the team – often by simply doing whatever was required for the team to win.
Jeffries was joined by his University of Memphis teammates as his number was retired. (Photo: Terry Davis)
"He meant a lot for our school, but he meant a lot for our city. He has given so much to this city and the kids," said Jeffries' high school coach Eric Rombaugh. "When he came in as a freshmen, our program changed. We were able to compete on a national level. We have played 9 or 10 teams when he was that were nationally ranked.
"He changed the way we thought about basketball around here."
During his four years at Olive Branch the team made it to the state tournament all four years. One year the team had an early exit and lost in the first round to Tupelo High School (68-65). In his sophomore year, the team advanced the quarterfinals and lost to Brandon (71-64).
In his junior year, Jeffries and his Olive Branch team broke through, winning a championship with a win over Forest Hill (66-44). However, in his senior year, the Conquistadors lost a heartbreaker to crosstown rival Center Hill in the championship game (75-73).
In Jeffries four year high school run he pulled off the rare feat of losing in the first and second round, being state runner-ups and winning a state championship in his career. Jeffries attracted interest in "blue blood" and Power 5 schools for him to attend.
Jeffries verbally committed to the University of Kentucky, but was not feeling the Wildcats. But like so many Memphis area kids, Jeffries grew up wanting to play for the Tigers.
He has been following the team since he was a child. Jeffries played basketball for the Bluff City Legends formerly known as Team Penny. This where his value as a player sent his stock rising playing against some of the best talent on the AAU circuit — some of whom are now his teammates at Memphis. So it meant a lot for his Tiger teammates to join in the celebration of his career.
"It means everything to me for them to be here," he said. "To come and to support me it means a lot. I appreciate all of that."
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Welcome to Hoosier Hilltoppers MX!!
We are getting closer and closer to the first race weekend of the year!! Round 1 of the 2019 Hoosier Hilltoppers Mx Triple Crown is right around the corner on the weekend of May 18th and 19th. Be sure to check out all of the details including a class list on our "Events" page.
It is 2019 and the Hoosier Hilltoppers Mx Triple Crown Series is back and better than ever. We are still here and still racing. Last year was a tough one and the weather did not cooperate at all, but we are not going anywhere. The Kentuckiana Mx series has decided to try some different ideas this year that we did not feel was the right direction to go, so we are doing our own thing. We will not be a part of that series this year. We will still have our three normal race weekends with open practice on Saturday and racing on Sunday. With your support, we feel like this year could be the best ever. Mark your calendars for the weekends of May 18th and 19th, July 20th and 21st, and September 7th and 8th.
Our next club meeting will be Wednesday May 1st. at 7:30 pm in the clubhouse at the track.


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DAAC Home > Get Data > NASA Projects > Net Primary Productivity (NPP) > User guide
NPP Grassland: Tumugi, China, 1981-1990, R1
Revision date: November 10, 2014
This data set contains four ASCII files (.txt format). Three files contain monthly above- and below-ground biomass data, one data file for each cold meadow steppe studied from 1981 to 1990 at Tumugi, Xingan League, in eastern Inner Mongolia, China (approximately 46.10 N, 123.00 E, Elevation 191 m). The fourth file contains climate data recorded at a weather station located in the study area for the length of the study.
The Tumugi study sites consist of three different natural steppes dominated by Filifolium sibiricum, Stipa baicalensis, and Leymus chinense, respectively. Measurements of above- and below-ground live biomass were made monthly throughout the growing season (March to November) by clipping 1.0 m2 quadrats and sampling 1.0 m2 soil pits to a depth of 1.0 m, respectively. The study areas had been protected from grazing since 1976.
Above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) was estimated at 155 g/m2/year (average for the three steppes, based on peak above-ground living biomass). Peak live below-ground biomass was used to estimate below-ground net primary productivity (BNPP): 968 g/m2/year for the F. sibiricum steppe; 983 g/m2/year the Stipa baicalensis steppe; and 1,022 g/m2/year for the L. chinense steppe.
Revision Notes: Only the documentation for this data set has been modified. The data files have been checked for accuracy and are identical to those originally published in 1999.
Additional Documentation:
The Net Primary Productivity (NPP) data collection contains field measurements of biomass, estimated NPP, and climate data for terrestrial grassland, tropical forest, temperate forest, boreal forest, and tundra sites worldwide. Data were compiled from the published literature for intensively studied and well-documented individual field sites and from a number of previously compiled multi-site, multi-biome data sets of georeferenced NPP estimates. The principal compilation effort (Olson et al., 2001) was sponsored by the NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program. For more information, please visit the NPP web site at http://daac.ornl.gov/NPP/npp_home.html.
Data Citation:
Xiao, X., and D. Ojima. 2014. NPP Grassland: Tumugi, China, 1981-1990, R1. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/470
This data set was originally published as:
Xiao, X., and D. Ojima. 1999. NPP Grassland: Tumugi, China, 1981-1990. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
1 Data Set Overview
2 Data Description
3 Applications and Derivation
4 Quality Assessment
5 Acquisition Materials and Methods
Project: Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Seasonal and interannual biomass dynamics of three meadow steppe grasslands were studied from 1981 to 1990 at Tumugi, Xingan League, in eastern Inner Mongolia, China. Measurements of above- and below-ground live biomass were made monthly throughout the growing season (March to November) by clipping 1.0-m2 quadrats and sampling 1.0-m2 soil pits to a depth of 1.0 m, respectively.
The Tumugi study site contains three different natural steppes (dominated by Filifolium sibiricum, Stipa baicalensis, and Leymus chinense, respectively). The study sites had been fenced to exclude grazing since 1976 and were used for long-term monitoring of productivity. The study areas (approximately 46.10 N, 123.00 E) are located about 60-km east of the city of Ulan Hot (approximately 300-km west of Harbin, China). They are representative of the meadow steppes which cover about 50,000 km2 in Inner Mongolia and are widely distributed in the Euro-Asian steppe zone. This type of grassland is typically grazed by sheep and cattle at moderate grazing intensity.
The continental sub-humid climate of this area is dominated by monsoon rains from April to September. Net primary productivity is known to vary considerably both spatially and from year to year as a function of precipitation and temperature.
The NPP measurement presented here includes both above- and below-ground productivity, based on peak living biomass. Above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) was estimated at 155 g/m2/year (average of the three meadow steppe sites) (Scurlock and Olson, 2012; Xiao et al., 1996). Peak live below-ground biomass was used to estimate below-ground net primary productivity (BNPP), which varied between 969 g/m2/year for the F. sibiricum steppe, 983 g/m2/year for the Stipa baicalensis steppe, and 1,022 g/m2/year for the L. chinense steppe (Table 1).
Table 1. Mean peak live above-ground biomass (ANPP) and mean peak live below-ground biomass (BNPP) estimates for three Chinese steppes based on field measurements, 1981-1990 (g/m2/year dry matter weight)
Filifolim sibiricum steppe
Stipa baicalensis steppe
Leymus chinense steppe
ANPP 152 152 162
BNPP 969 983 1,022
Source: Xiao et al. (1996).
Note: Productivity values in gC/m2/year are reported in Olson et al. (2013a; b) using a conversion factor of 0.45. ANPP values generally agree with the values given above; the differences are due to rounding. BNPP values do not agree with the values given above because different calculation methods were used.
Site: Tumugi, China
Site Boundaries: (All latitude and longitude given in decimal degrees)
Site (Region)
Westernmost Longitude
Easternmost Longitude
Northernmost Latitude
Southernmost Latitude
Elevation (m)
Tumugi, China 123.00 123.00 46.10 46.10 191
Each study area contained 250-m x 40-m species plots. Each plot was divided into five 50-m x 40-m subplots for field sampling. Above-ground biomass was clipped from 1.0-m2 quadrats. Below-ground biomass was extracted from 1.0-m2 soil pits to a depth of 1.0 m.
Biomass measurements were made on the Leymus chinense steppe from 1981/03/15 through 1990/11/15 and on the Filifolium sibiricum and Stipa baicalensis steppes from 1981/04/15 through 1990/11/15. Climate data are available from 1981/01/01 through 1990/12/31.
Biomass measurements were made monthly. All biomass estimates are based on plant dry matter accumulation, expressed as g/m2. Climate data are expressed as monthly and annual precipitation amounts (mm) and monthly and annual average maximum/minimum temperature (C). Monthly and annual climatic means are provided for the 1981-1990 period.
Data File Information
Table 2. Data files and descriptions
tmg1_npp.txt 1981/04/15 - 1990/11/15 Above- and below ground biomass data for the ungrazed Filifolium sibiricum steppe at Tumugi, China
tmg2_npp.txt 1981/04/15 - 1990/11/15 Above- and below ground biomass data for the ungrazed Stipa baicalensis steppe at Tumugi, China
tmg3_npp.txt 1981/03/15 - 1990/11/15 Above- and below ground biomass data for the ungrazed Leymus chinense steppe at Tumugi, China
tmg_cli.txt 1981/01/01 - 1990/12/31 Monthly and annual climate data from the weather station at Tumugi, China
NPP Data. Biomass estimates for the Tumugi site are provided in three files, one for each steppe monitored (Table 2). The data sets are ASCII files (.txt format). The first 18 lines are metadata; data records begin on line 19. The variable values are delimited by semicolons. There are no missing values. All biomass units are in g/m2 (dry matter weight).
Site Site where data were gathered (code refers to site identification) Text
Treatmt Long term management of site (code refers to treatment described in metadata in data file)
Year Year in which data were collected Numeric
Mn Month in which data were collected
Day Day on which data were collected
Jdate Date in Julian year
Tyear Date in decimal year (year plus the Julian date divided by 365)
AGbiomass Monthly above-ground living biomass g/m2
BGbiomass Monthly peak below-ground living biomass
Note: All data values are from Xiao et al. (1996).
Sample NPP Data Record:
Sample NPP Data Record <tmg1_npp.txt>
tmg ;ungrazed1; 1981; 4; 15; 105; 1981.288; 2.40; 1009.66
tmg ;ungrazed1; 1981; 5; 15; 135; 1981.370; 20.56; 1033.07
tmg ;ungrazed1; 1981; 7; 15; 196; 1981.537; 50.07; 998.97
tmg ;ungrazed2; 1981; 4; 15; 105; 1981.288; 2.46; 990.43
tmg ;ungrazed3; 1981; 3; 15; 74; 1981.203; 3.16; 947.61
Climate Data. The climate data set is an ASCII file (.txt format). The first 18 lines are metadata; data records begin on line 19. The variable values are delimited by semicolons. There are no missing values.
Site Unique 3-character code for each site based on the first three consonants in the site name (e.g., tmg for Tumugi)
(Temporal) Indicates whether the values in that row are either long-term (i.e, mulit-year) or annual data for the specified parameter.
For multi-year, the values are:
mean=mean values (monthly and annual) calculated for the years of data as noted in the documentation
numb=number of years of data included in a reported mean value
stdv=standard deviation of a mean value
Annual data: 19XX=monthly and annual parameter values for the specified year (e.g., 1972)
Parm Parameter, indicates the meteorological data reported in that row.
prec-total precipitation for the month or year
tmax=maximum temperature for the month or year reported in degrees C
tmin=minimum temperature for the month or year reported in degrees C
Description of specific Temp and Parm data values:
Long-term data:
site;mean;prec;
Multi-year mean of total precipitation for each month [Jan, Feb, Mar, …, Dec] and mean of total annual precipitation across all years [Year] (mm)
site;mean;tmax;
Multi-year mean of maximum temperature for each month [Jan, Feb, Mar, …, Dec] and mean of annual maximum temperature across all years [Year] (C)
site;mean;tmin;
Multi-year mean of minimum temperature for each month [Jan, Feb, Mar, …, Dec] and mean of annual minimum temperature across all years [Year] (C)
… site; numb and stdv; repeat for prec, tmax, and tmin;
Annual data:
site;19XX;prec;
Total precipitation for each month [Jan, Feb, Mar,.....Dec] and total precipitation for the year 19XX [Year] (mm)
site;19XX;tmax;
Maximum temperature for each month [Jan, Feb, Mar,.....Dec] and maximum for the year 19XX [Year] (C)
site;19XX;tmin;
Minimum temperature for each month [Jan, Feb, Mar,.....Dec] and minimum for the year 19XX [Year] (C)
… site;19XX;(prec, tmax, and tmin); repeat for reported years.
Annual data missing value note: If a monthly parm value is missing, the parm value for [Year] is also set to missing (-999.9).
Sample Climate Data Record
tmg ;mean;prec; 1.3; 2.1; 4.8; 16.7; 25.5; 62.7; 152.5; 90.0; 39.8; 11.9; 1.3; 2.4; 410.9;
tmg ;mean;tmax; -10.17; -5.61; 3.87; 15.37; 22.61; 27.07; 28.41; 27.81; 21.08; 12.89; 0.86; -6.28; 28.82;
tmg ;mean;tmin; -24.58; -19.77; -11.09; -1.19; 5.94; 12.54; 16.90; 14.16; 7.09; -2.00; -12.76; -19.94; -24.58;
tmg ;numb;prec; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10;
tmg ;numb;tmax; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10;
tmg ;numb;tmin; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10;
tmg ;stdv;prec; 2.1; 1.9; 3.1; 20.3; 17.2; 43.2; 59.3; 46.4; 21.1; 15.4; 2.3; 2.4; 101.0;
tmg ;stdv;tmax; 2.79; 2.4; 2.99; 2.18; 1.96; 0.93; 1.14; 1.96; 0.9; 1.87; 2.16; 2.67; 1.34;
tmg ;stdv;tmin; 2.98; 2.32; 2.34; 1.44; 1.09; 2.00; 1.78; 2.54; 0.87; 1.44; 1.72; 1.57; 2.98;
tmg ;1981;prec; 0.0; 5.0; 6.3; 8.4; 23.6; 42.0; 194.5; 94.7; 31.9; 5.7; 0.0; 0.10; 412.2;
tmg ;1981;tmax; -8.50; -6.50; 3.00; 18.20; 21.40; 27.40; 30.10; 25.50; 21.30; 10.70; -2.80; -0.40; 30.10;
tmg ;1981;tmin; -22.90; -22.20; -11.20; 0.80; 6.80; 11.50; 19.30; 14.10; 6.40; -0.30; -15.70; -19.40; -22.90;
Temp (temporal) - specific year or long-term statistic:
mean = mean based on all years
numb = number of years
stdv = standard deviation based on all years
Parm (parameter):
prec = precipitation for month or year (mm)
tmax = mean maximum temperature for month or year (C)
tmin = mean minimum temperature for month or year (C)
3. Data Application and Derivation:
The accumulation of biomass, or NPP, is the net gain of carbon by photosynthesis that remains after plant respiration. While there are many fates for this carbon, this data set accounts for above- and below-ground peak living biomass. These biomass values were used to estimate ANPP and BNPP, respectively.
Few field ecological studies have focused on the long-term dynamics of net primary production of grasslands in the Inner Mongolia region of China. Information on interannual variation in net primary production of these grasslands is essential to determine the stocking rate of livestock for rangeland ecosystem management and to project the response of grassland ecosystems to CO2-induced global climate change. This study is part of a larger project studying climate and soil texture controls of spatial-temporal variations in grassland ecosystems in Inner Mongolia from patch to regional scales.
Monthly grassland biomass dynamics data for the Tumugi sites are provided for comparison with models and estimation of NPP. In Xiao et al. (1996), the CENTURY v3 model output variables such as above-ground live biomass, below-ground live biomass, and soil organic carbon level at the top 20 cm of soil were selected to compare with the observed data. Three techniques were used for testing the CENTURY model: (1) linear regression of the observed data versus simulation results, (2) comparison of CENTURY model predictions with empirical regression model based on climate variables, and (3) graph comparison of CENTURY model predictions with observed Tumugi data. Simulated data agreed reasonably well with the observed data.
Climate data are provided for use in driving ecosystem/NPP models. In this study, the actual weather data for 1981-1990 was used as input to the CENTURY v3 model under no grazing conditions (after equilibrium was reached using long-term average climate data). The climatic variables were also used in linear regression analysis to establish the quantitative relationship between climatic variables and peak live above-ground biomass.
4. Quality Assessment:
Information not available.
Sources of Error
5. Data Acquisition Materials and Methods:
The field study sites are three different types of natural meadow grasslands (steppe) located at Tumugi, Xingan League, in eastern Inner Mongolia, China. They include a Filifolium sibiricum steppe, a Stipa baicalensis steppe, and a Leymus chinense steppe. The grasslands are classified as modified Bailey ecoregion cold desert steppe (#333). The species rich steppes are dominated by C3 plants and are representative of the meadow steppe ecosystems which are widely distributed in the Euro-asian steppe zone. The three study sites were fenced in 1976 to exclude livestock grazing and serve as long-term monitoring of NPP in ungrazed grassland.
Soil type is chernozem / dark chestnut mollisol (sand/silt/clay 0.43/0.22/0.35). A calcium layer exists usually under 60 cm deep. There are slight differences in soil depth and texture at the top 20 cm among the three study sites. These differences are described in Xiao et al. (1996). Elevation of the study sites averages 191 m.
The climate at Tumugi is continental sub-humid and is dominated by monsoon rains. Winter is usually cold and dry, whereas summer is warm and wet. Precipitation is concentrated in April-September. Nonfrost period lasts about 132 days. Plants initiate growth in early April and become senescent in mid-October.
In the fenced sites of F. sibiricum steppe, S. baicalensis steppe, and L. chinense steppe, field sampling was conducted at the 15th day of each month from March 1981 to November 1990. Each of three sites was divided into five 50-m x 40-m subplots for field observations. One 1.0-m2 quadrat was randomly placed within each of the five subplots at each sampling date. Plant species, density, cover, height, and phenological phase were recorded. Above-ground biomass was measured by harvest technique. Plant material was clipped to the ground surface and litter was collected by hand. Clipped material was separated into live biomass and standing dead.
Below-ground standing biomass was sampled from 1.0 m3 of soil cores. In the laboratory, root materials were sorted by hand from soil and washed using a 0.5-mm sieve. Live and dead roots were visually separated out, using the criteria of attachment to individual plants, color (green), and flexibility. Most of roots were distributed within surface to 40 or 50-cm depth.
Clipped above- and below ground plant materials were oven-dried at 65 degrees C in the laboratory and weighed as dry matter weight (g/m2).
Peak live above-ground biomass (PLAB) was used as a crude estimate of ANPP. Linear regression analysis was applied to establish the quantitative relationship between climatic variables and PLAB of each steppe. Peak live below-ground biomass (PLBB) was used to estimate BNPP.
The process-based ecosystem model CENTURY (version 3) (Parton et al., 1993) was used to simulate dynamics of plant biomass and soil organic matter in the three meadow steppe ecosystems. The CENTURY model has been tested using observed data from 11 temperate and tropical grassland sites in the world (Parton et al., 1993) and from a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia (unpublished data). Field data from this study was used to validate CENTURY model output for the three meadow steppe ecosystems.
The climate data accompanying this NPP data set was compiled from a weather station at Tumugi for the period 1981-1990 and include daily observations of Tmax, Tmin, and precip amount.
For a given month, the maximum value of the daily Tmax for that month and the minimum value of the Tmin for that month is provided. For the year, the maximum value of the monthly Tmax is the annual Tmax and for the year the minimum value of the monthly Tmin values is the annual Tmin. Daily precipitation amount is summed to yield a monthly precipitation amount and the monthly precipitation is summed to provide an annual precipitation amount.
The multi-year mean monthly Tmax is the average of the Tmax values for that month for each year of the record. For example the mean monthly Tmax for April is the mean of each April's Tmax for the observation period of record. Mean monthly Tmin and Mean monthly precip amount are calculated similarly.
This data set is available through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).
Data Archive:
Web Site: http://daac.ornl.gov
Contact for Data Center Access Information:
E-mail: uso@daac.ornl.gov
Olson, R.J., K.R. Johnson, D.L. Zheng, and J.M.O. Scurlock. 2001. Global and Regional Ecosystem Modeling: Databases of Model Drivers and Validation Measurements. ORNL Technical Memorandum TM-2001/196. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
Parton, W.J., J.M.O. Scurlock, D.S. Ojima, T.G. Gilmanov, R.J. Scholes, D.S. Schimel, T. Kirchner, J.C. Menaut, T. Seastedt, and E. Garcia Moya. 1993. Observations and modeling of biomass and soil organic matter dynamics for the grassland biome worldwide. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7(4): 785-809.
Xiao, X.M., D. Chen, Y.M. Peng, X.Y. Cui, and D.S. Ojima. 1996. Observation and modeling of plant biomass of meadow steppe in Tumugi, Xingan League, Inner Mongolia, China. Vegetatio 127(2): 191-201.
Additional Sources of Information:
Olson, R.J., J.M.O. Scurlock, S.D. Prince, D.L. Zheng, and K.R. Johnson (eds.). 2013a. NPP Multi-Biome: Global Primary Production Data Initiative Products, R2. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/617
Olson, R.J., J.M.O. Scurlock, S.D. Prince, D.L. Zheng, and K.R. Johnson (eds.). 2013b. NPP Multi-Biome: NPP and Driver Data for Ecosystem Model-Data Intercomparison, R2. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/615
Scurlock, J.M.O., and R.J. Olson. 2002. Terrestrial net primary productivity - A brief history and a new worldwide database. Environ. Rev. 10(2): 91-109. doi:10.1139/a02-002
Scurlock, J.M.O., and R.J. Olson. 2012. NPP Multi-Biome: Grassland, Boreal Forest, and Tropical Forest Sites, 1939-1996, R1. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/653
Scurlock, J.M.O., K. Johnson, and R.J. Olson. 2002. Estimating net primary productivity from grassland biomass dynamics measurements. Global Change Biology 8(8): 736-753. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00512.x


text:
Desiderio González Medina (Hualqui, 15 de septiembre de 1877-Concepción, 18 de enero de 1949) fue un abogado y político chileno, miembro del Partido Radical (PR). Se desempeñó como Intendente de la provincia de Concepción en dos oportunidades: 1932-1933 y 1939-1942, bajo los gobiernos de los presidentes Arturo Alessandri y Pedro Aguirre Cerda, respectivamente. Fue uno de los fundadores de la Universidad de Concepción, así como de la Lotería homónima.

Familia y estudios

Nació en la comuna chilena de Hualqui el 15 de septiembre de 1877, hijo de Desiderio Gonzalez y Ana Rita Medina Rey. Su hermano Elías, de profesión abogado, se dedicó a la política, siendo militante del Partido Conservador y sirviendo como diputado (1921-1924), alcalde (1932) y regidor (1935) de Valparaíso. Realizó sus estudios primarios en Seminario Conciliar de Concepción y los secundarios en el Liceo de Hombres de la misma comuna. Continuó los superiores en el Curso Fiscal de Leyes del mismo establecimiento (actual Universidad de Concepción), titulándose como abogado.

Se casó con Magdalena Ginouvés Cuevas, con quien tuvo tres hijos: Ignacio (quien fuera rector de la Universidad de Concepción), Daniel Eduardo y Ana Rita.

Masonería y creación de la Universidad de Concepción

Por medio de su militancia radical, se incorporó a la masonería penquista, llegando a ser elegido por sus pares como venerable maestro en 1919 de la "Respetable Logia Paz y Concordia n° 13".

En dicho año, además, participó —con miembros de la masonería— en las gestiones de creación de la Universidad de Concepción, sirviendo en la comisión de Finanzas como miembro del comité originado para aquello. Por otro lado, junto con el jurista Luis David Cruz Ocampo generaron una serie de proyectos conducentes a la obtención de recursos para la universidad, como lo fue la Lotería de Concepción, institución que desde entonces aporta al desarrollo de ese establecimiento de educación superior y también a instituciones de beneficencia. Asumió la gerencia de la universidad desde su creación hasta 1949.

Por otra parte, fue partícipe de diversas sociedades e instituciones de Concepción, como socio y fundador, entre las cuales se encuentran: la Junta de Beneficencia de Concepción, la Sociedad de Estudiantes Pobres, la Sociedad de Instrucción Primaria, la Sociedad Vitivinícola del Sur (siendo su director), la Sociedad de Agricultura y la Junta de Caminos.

Carrera política

Militante del Partido Radical (PR), en las elecciones municipales de 1915, postuló como candidato a regidor de la Municipalidad de Concepción, resultando electo para el período 1915-1918 y luego reelecto para el período 1918-1921. Más adelante, el 31 de octubre de 1932, fue nombrado por el vicepresidente Abraham Oyanedel Urrutia como intendente de la provincia de Concepción (y ratificado en diciembre de ese año por el presidente liberal Arturo Alessandri), renunciando al puesto el 7 de febrero de 1933. De la misma manera, en las elecciones municipales de 1935 volvió a ser electo como regidor por Concepción, para el período 1935-1938.

Seguidamente, durante la administración del radical Pedro Aguirre Cerda, el 3 de febrero de 1939, fue nuevamente nombrado como intendente de la provincia de Concepción, asumiendo en calidad de subrogante y desde el 20 de marzo en calidad de titular. En el ejercicio de sus funciones, le correspondió enfrentar las consecuencias dejadas por el terremoto de Chillán de 1939 y la reconstrucción de la zona. Fue ratificado en el cargo gubernamental el 31 de enero de 1942, presentando su renuncia el 4 de abril de ese año, la cual fue rechazada. El 22 de julio, presentó otra vez su renuncia al puesto, siendo aceptada en esa ocasión.

Más tarde, actuó durante tres periodos seguidos como regidor de la Municipalidad de Hualqui. Falleció en Concepción el 18 de enero de 1949, a los 71 años. A modo de homenaje, la Universidad de Concepción creó el «Premio Desiderio González Medina», el cual es otorgado anualmente a la mejor tesis o trabajo presentado por los alumnos de los últimos cursos de cualquiera de las facultades universitarias sobre el tema "Ética Profesional". Asimismo, una calle en Concepción lleva su nombre.

Notas

Referencias

Nacidos en Hualqui
Abogados
Políticos de Chile
Fallecidos en Concepción (Chile)
Radicales de Chile
Intendentes de la provincia de Concepción (Chile)
Alumnado de la Universidad de Concepción
Masones de Chile
Concejales de Concepción (Chile)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


pretty cool, but someone is obviously bored…first!
i love seeing people exploring their creative side. that's neat.
how negative are you. oh its photoshopped.
and " you have to be really bored" or be someone who can entertain themselves through art. ignorant people crack me up.


We talk a lot about how you can make money or protect your health abroad, and of course, about some of the best, most affordable places in Latin America to purchase property abroad! But does any of that matter if you can't have your entire immediate family there with you? And we don't mean your parents or grown children either… today we're talking about how you can move your life abroad with your 'fur family' in tow.
If you're a pet owner, you already know that your cat(s) and/or dog(s) are essentially members of your family, and including them when you move your life to a foreign country can become complicated… should they go with you, should you leave them behind with friends or family or should you give them up for adoption?
Choosing to take your pet with you abroad can be a complex, expensive and time-consuming process… and one that should be thoroughly researched before deciding 100%. One factor to consider is the length of time you plan to be gone. If you aim to live in another country full-time, it's definitely worth considering bringing your pet(s). But if you will only be gone for months at a time, leaving your 'fur babies' with friends or family may be the better bet. It really comes down to your pet's wellbeing; will they have to travel in the cargo bay of the plane? Will they respond well to being sedated? How will they deal with being quarantined, if necessary?
The number one concern to countries when you introduce an animal is the transmission of disease, with rabies and Avian Flu being at the top of the list, because of their ease of transfer to humans. You will require certified rabies vaccinations and sometimes even a blood titre test, ensuring your pet is free and clear of the disease.
You'll also want to confirm whether or not your new country of residence requires a quarantine period, and how long it can be expected to be. It's not uncommon for a pet to be held for up to six months; an extremely expensive and stressful period for not only your pet, but you as well.
It's a good idea to schedule an appointment with your vet a year before you make your move. Some vaccines, if you haven't been diligent in keeping them up, require boosters and can take some time to work through your pet's system. You will also want to start compiling vaccine certificates or any other paperwork your vet recommends, as your new country of residence will require proof that your pet is up-to-date on vaccines, in good health and clear of parasites. It's not a bad idea to visit the embassy or consulate of your new country as well, in case there are additional papers that need to be filled out by you and/or your vet.
- Most airlines will allow small pets (although not usually birds) to travel in the cabin with you, so long as their kennel will fit under your seat.
- If your pet is too large for the cabin, remember that the weather will have a huge impact on the temperature in the cargo bay. Not so much the in-flight weather, but the outside weather while sitting on the tarmac (both during departure and arrival). Consider the cargo bay of the plane to be like the inside of your car… and you wouldn't leave your pet sitting in hot, humid car, right? Most airlines will refrain from flying your pet when the temperature reaches a certain level. Consider flying your pet during your destination's 'winter' or rainy season, when temperatures are a bit cooler.
- Although an expensive option, there are pet relocation businesses that will take care of everything, beginning with pick-up at your home or a kennel to drop-off at your destination hotel or new home, and everything in between.
- Most airlines have specific requirements for what you transport your pet in during a flight. Before you head out to buy the nicest, most comfortable kennel you can find, check with the airline… heavy-duty kennels aren't cheap, and it's worth having exactly what is recommended to avoid airport hold-ups or having your kennel rejected altogether.
- If your pet has trouble travelling, even in a car, talk to your vet about sedation options. Although this should be a last resort (especially for older animals), there are natural and herbal options available as alternatives.
Moving abroad with a pet or multiple pets can help with homesickness and ease the integration into your new neighborhood. That being said, it can also cause additional stress and anxiety. If your pet is a senior or has an on-going health issue, you may want to rethink moving them with you… as difficult a decision that may be, you need to think of their welfare in this instance.
In addition, consider your new surroundings… will your typically outdoor cat be ok to stay in your home now that you're living in an exotic location? How will your dog react to living in a condo with no backyard? Just like you need to get used to your new surroundings, so will your pets.
There are plenty of expats living in Latin America with their furry, feathered and scaled companions, so don't let them be your excuse of not fulfilling your dreams of living in paradise! Visit our developers on a Discovery Weekend (some that have pets of their own!), and ask questions… this is the perfect time to not only scope out affordable property for yourself, but also assess the living situation, should you choose to make the move with your pet.
Go HERE to read more about Discovery Weekends!


text:
Business Asian Shares Rise, Echoing Wall St. Optimism on Virus Battle
Asian Shares Rise, Echoing Wall St. Optimism on Virus Battle
Tuesday, April 7, 2020 at 5:02 am | י"ג ניסן תש"פ
TOKYO (AP) -
People walk past an electronic stock board showing Japan's Nikkei 225 index at a securities firm in Tokyo. (AP Photo/Eugene Hoshiko)
Asian shares rose Tuesday, echoing the rally on Wall Street, amid a few glimmers of hope that the coronavirus pandemic could be slowing.
Japan's benchmark Nikkei 225 gained 2.0% to finish at 18,950.18, while South Korea's Kospi gained 1.9% to 1,825.42. Hong Kong's Hang Seng added 1.5% to 24,092.69, while the Shanghai Composite jumped nearly 2.0% to 2,818.35.
Australia's S&P/ASX 200 lost 0.7% to 5,252.30. India's Sensex surged 6.5% to 29,370.82.
China on Tuesday reported no new deaths from the coronarivus over the past 24 hours and had 32 new cases, all from people who returned from overseas. The country that gave rise to the global pandemic has recorded 3,331 deaths and 81,740 total cases. Numbers of daily new deaths have been hovering in the single digits for weeks, hitting just one on several occasions.
The number of new coronavirus cases is dropping in the European hotspots of Italy and Spain. The center of the U.S. outbreak, New York, also reported its number of daily deaths has been effectively flat for two days. Even though the U.S. is still bracing for a surge of deaths due to COVID-19 and New York's governor said restrictions should stay in place to slow its spread, the encouraging signs were enough to launch the S&P 500 to its best day in nearly two weeks.
"We're running on raw optimism, maybe that's the best way to put it," said Randy Frederick, vice president of trading and derivatives at Schwab Center for Financial Research.
Investors have been waiting anxiously for signs that the rate of new infections may be hitting its peak, which would give some clarity about how long the upcoming recession will last and how deep it will be. Without that, markets have been guessing about how long businesses will remain shut down, companies will lay off workers and flights remain canceled due to measures meant to slow the speed of the outbreak.
"The virus is not everything, it's the only thing, and nothing else really matters" to the markets, Frederick said, particularly in a week that is relatively light on economic reports.
The S&P 500 climbed 175.03, or 7%, to 2,663.68, and nearly all the stocks in the index were higher. It more than recovered all its losses from the prior week, when the government reported a record number of layoffs sweeping the economy.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average shot up 1,627.46 points, or 7.7%, to 22,679.99, and the Nasdaq rose 540.15, or 7.3%, to 7,913.24.
The latest gains are not likely to have much staying power, given how much uncertainty remains about when the pandemic will subside significantly and how much harm will have been inflicted to the economy, said Nela Richardson, investment strategist at Edward Jones.
"It's not unusual, if you look back historically, within bear markets to have rallies," Richardson said. "I wouldn't take the uptick over the last two weeks as a sign of a bottoming or a sign of upside recovery from here on out. There's still a lot of uncertainty to get through even as we're hopefully nearing the peak in terms of new coronavirus cases."
The S&P 500 is still down more than 21% since its record set in February, but the losses have been slowing since Washington promised massive amounts of aid to prop up the economy.
"Since this is a public health crisis, the response has been extreme," Morgan Stanley strategists wrote in a report. "There are literally no governors on the amount of monetary or fiscal stimulus that will be used in this fight."
Japan is set to announce a 108 trillion yen ($1 trillion) package to support the world's third-largest economy, including cash handouts to needy families and help for small businesses.
Hedge Fund Titan Phil Falcone to Settle With SEC
Chevrolet Sweeps Top Awards at Detroit Auto Show
Electrolux's North American Profits Rise, Despite Sluggish Sales Elsewhere
Extreme Weather Fluctuations Trigger Wild Price Swings for Popular Vegetables
France's LVMH Seeks to Buy Jeweler Tiffany for $14.5B


text:
Comic Creator Dave Berg
Dave Berg
(12 June 1920 - 16 May 2002, USA)
Besides his early Quality Comics work, David Berg worked for many comic book producers during 1941 and 1942. He did most of his comic book work for the Timely/Marvel/Atlas group, edited by Stan Lee. Between 1941 and 1958, Dave Berg produced a wide range of stories.
Dave Berg's most notable work came as a writer/artist /editor on Marvel's war feature, 'Combat Kelly'. But it was not until he moved to Mad magazine in 1956 that his work got wide recognition. Berg's 'The Lighter Side' feature became one of the most popular series in Mad. In May 1984 Berg and another Mad colleague Al Jaffee became regular contributors to the two-monthly Jewish magazine The Moshiach Times, which is distributed in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn. Berg's feature 'The Right Side' (1984-2002) featured Punky as the boy giving the bad behavioral example and Pinny giving the good example. According to rabbi Pape, who was one of the editors, Berg kept making a recurring mistake, namely drawing the mezuza on the left instead of the right side of the door. According to the cartoonist himself this was deliberate to "keep the rabbi on his toes".
After working for Mad for some forty years, and following several months of illness, Dave Berg died on 16 May 2002, leaving behind a legacy of influential comics.
Artwork © 2002 David Berg
Series and books by Dave Berg you can order today:


text:
Tennessee in D.C.: Tennessee Democrats ready to move on to general election fight
The Commercial Appeal
WASHINGTON — Elizabeth Rowland thought Hillary Clinton's and Bernie Sanders' fight for the Democratic presidential nomination would be over by now.
Instead, it's the Republicans who have settled on a nominee, while Democrats continue slugging it out for votes and delegates in a campaign brawl that's gone on far longer than almost anyone expected.
The prolonged primary may not be what Rowland, a Clinton supporter from Knoxville, had anticipated. But she doesn't necessarily think it's bad for the party.
'Personally, I'm not concerned about it,' she said. 'Hillary is well on her way toward having enough delegates to win. Bernie has made valuable contributions to the debate. And I look forward to the convention, when Hillary is going to win.'
The protracted fight between Clinton and Sanders is cause for concern among some Democrats.
In an essay published last week in Politico, a senior strategist for John Kerry's 2004 presidential campaign argued the Vermont senator's attacks against Clinton may hurt Clinton's chances against presumptive GOP nominee Donald Trump in the November general election.
Other Democrats lament that Clinton, who is almost certain to secure the Democratic nomination, must spend campaign funds to fend off Sanders — money they believe would be better spent going after Trump.
In Tennessee, where Clinton easily won the Democratic primary in March, Clinton supporters aren't exactly screaming for Sanders to get out of the race. But they're ready to move on to the general election.
'I think it would be best if we concentrated on Donald Trump,' said U.S. Rep. Steve Cohen, a Memphis Democrat and Clinton backer. 'I understand where Sen. Sanders is wanting to drive his agenda further and further. He has shown there is a tremendous amount of dissatisfaction with the system. But he has made his points.'
Regardless, Cohen said, 'He wants to campaign to the end, and it's going to cost Democrats more money — and it's going to be more money spent on primaries that should be spent on (defeating) Donald Trump.'
Memphis political consultant Matt Kuhn, who headed Sanders' campaign in Tennessee, said he's heard other Volunteer State Democrats say Sanders should drop out and let Clinton concentrate on Trump.
But Clinton already has begun turning her attention to Trump, Kuhn said, citing a recent Clinton campaign ad released that uses footage of Trump's fellow Republicans trash-talking the GOP nominee. He said it's one of the best anti-Trump ads he's seen.
Kuhn doesn't buy the notion that Sanders' barrage of attacks against Clinton — at one point, Sanders said she wasn't qualified to be president — will damage her in the general election. Sure, Trump's campaign probably will use some of Sanders' sound bites in its own campaign ads in the fall, he said.
'(But) there's no way the messaging the Bernie campaign is using will come back and haunt Hillary,' Kuhn said. 'It can only help her, I think, because it excites a part of the Democratic Party that wants to get out there and support the liberal message.'
Besides, he said, the squabbling among the two Democrats 'pales in comparison to what's already out there on the Republican side.'
U.S. Rep. Jim Cooper, a Nashville Democrat and Clinton supporter, puts it another way.
'We may have a rivalry in the Democratic Party,' he said. 'But they have a civil war in the Republican Party.'
What matters in the end, Cooper said, is that Democrats unite behind their nominee. And he's convinced they will.
'Right now, you could argue that Sanders' voters are energized and enthusiastic and reaching out to the base in a very important way,' he said. 'The key is whether we come together in the fall. Sen. Sanders has given every indication that his greatest fear is a Trump presidency. So I think you are going to see unity in November.'
Kuhn is ready to do his part to restore party harmony. He said he'll 'wholeheartedly' support Clinton in November.
'She has the experience,' he said. 'And there's probably no candidate ever more prepared to be president than Hillary.'


6/09/2011�� Hi Tori, I enjoyed the article about the different ways to get the seeds out and juice the fruit! All good ideas but I gave up my blender years ago and I �... Pear Pomegranate Salsa. This week we bring you a recipe for a quick, easy and super healthy, Pear Pomegranate Salsa. What else is good about this, is it has only five ingredients so it�s fast to make.
Pomegranate juice is one of the easiest methods to make with a small step-by-step guide to be followed for that perfect taste to freshen up your day along with reaping the incredible pomegranate juice � how to say good news in spanish In a blender combine everything except pomegranate juice and blend together to form a smooth consistency and strain through the strainer and set aside. To Pineapple lemon ginger mixtures mix in Pomegranate juice.
Once you have obtained the desired amount of pomegranate juice, it would be good to pass it through a sieve because the small traces of the fruit have an uncomfortable bitter taste. So, strain the pomegranate juice and you will see how delicious and enjoyable it feels on the palate. cancer cells.
2/12/2018�� i have been drinking pomegranate juice for the past 3 days and honestly i haven't felt this good in ages my boyfriend and i just liked the taste then we noticed we had more energy,we were more happy and felt really good in general, its now a ritual to drink a 473ml bottle a day!


text:
Candelù è una frazione del comune italiano di Maserada sul Piave, in provincia di Treviso.

Geografia fisica
Si trova nella parte sudorientale del territorio comunale, non distante dalla riva destra del Piave.

Storia
Secondo Carlo Agnoletti, il toponimo deriva da callis de luto "strada del pantano", alludendo alle paludi che caratterizzavano un tempo il paesaggio. Studi più recenti di Dante Olivieri lo credono un fitonimo derivato da canna che, in effetti, in dialetto trevigiano suona càndola.

La storia del paese è indissolubilmente legata al Piave e alle sue disastrose piene, alle quali solo nel Settecento la Serenissima riuscì a porre rimedio mediante delle poderose opere di arginatura.

Sin dal medioevo ebbe una certa importanza per la presenza di un traghetto che collegava le due sponde, soggetto alla podestà del vescovo di Treviso. Nel periodo veneziano fu sede di un porto fluviale legato alla fluitazione del legname che dai boschi dell'entroterra scendeva a Venezia; ne resta un ricordo nel toponimo Prà delle Barche, riferito a una località a ridosso del Piave.

Data la posizione lungo il fronte del Piave, durante la Grande guerra il paese fu evacuato e quindi raso al suolo dai combattimenti.

Monumenti e luoghi d'interesse

Chiesa parrocchiale
Di antiche origini, fu inizialmente cappella della pieve di Cavriè (1152), passando poi alla pieve di Negrisia (1330). Le comunicazioni tra la matrice e le sue filiali furono sempre difficoltose a causa dell'instabilità del fiume, che portava le dipendenze delle chiese ora alla sinistra e ora alla destra del suo corso. Sul finire del Quattrocento, dopo un periodo di unione con San Bartolomeo e Saletto di Piave, la chiesa di Candelù fu dichiarata parrocchia autonoma e affiliata alla più comoda pieve di Varago.

Il Piave provocò anche danni materiali, tanto che l'edificio fu più volte distrutto da piene e ricostruito in luoghi più sicuri (l'ultima, nel Cinquecento, su un terreno donato dai Priuli). Fu nuovamente raso al suolo durante la guerra.

L'attuale costruzione è un'opera neoromanica progettata da Brenno Del Giudice. Degna di nota la tela con i Santi Filippo e Giacomo e papa Benedetto XV di Umberto Martina (1927).

Note

Frazioni di Maserada sul Piave


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