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The History Rat
January 13, 2013 August 13, 2020 Todd Johnson
Lighting the 1893 World's Fair: The Race to Light the World
Notice the top drawing is of a lit city
I am not a scientist. However, I do love science. To be exact, I love space science. If I had not become a history teacher, I would be teaching about outer space at some college. Instead, I chose history above all other pursuits….for a profession. I still read about space science when I can. Bu when history and science meet, as they do in this post, it is enough to break my writer's block of the past month.
In the late 1800s, America had only begun to grasp the magical powers of science. America had always relied on engineering to build itself. From bridges and canals to railroads and telegraphs, America expanded across the continent slowly. Engineering played a huge role in spreading people and goods from one coast to the other. New methods of transportation and communication allowed the country to thrive economically. By the late 1880s, the country was in the last days of expanding on the continent and began to spread across the Pacific. We were beginning to produce more than we could consume.
As America spread, more and more people came to this country. Most settled in the cities along east coast. Those cities became more and more populated. With more people, come more problems. Cities tried lighting to enhance safety. However, kerosene lamps were not ideal. Electricity, on the other hand, was an idea whose time had finally come. By 1882, Thomas Edison began using DC (direct current) to power a street in New York. Electric street cars also began to appear around the country. But, in 1883, Nikola Tesla built his first transformer that turns AC (alternating current) from low voltage to high voltage. To contrast, AC power could travel much further with the aid of transformers while Edison's DC current could only travel a mile before another power station had to be built.
(George Westinghouse, an Advertisement for AC, and Nikola Tesla)
Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, Edison, backed by financier J.P. Morgan, and Nikola Tesla, supported by George Westinghouse, battled across the country for who would light this land. One of the first battles came at the World's Fair of 1893 in Chicago. Meant to be a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Columbus' first voyage, the fair would be better known for a peek into the future of America. The Fair introduced the Ferris Wheel (the "Chicago Wheel"), Scott Joplin, the world's first public "moving walkway," phosphorescent lamps (they came before the fluorescent lamps), Cracker Jack, Juicy Fruit gum, Quaker Oats, Cream of Wheat, shredded Wheat, and the hamburger. In addition, Milton Hershey introduced his version of Chocolate, and spray painting was on display. One of the most visited exhibits was one on electricity.
At night the fair was lit by electricity. Who would light the fair would soon light the world. Edison and Westinghouse both put in bids to light the fair. General Electric Company (Edison's and Morgan's company) first bid to light the fair for $1.8 million. That bid did not go over well. The two did a second bid worth $554,000. Unbeknownst to General Electric, George Westinghouse, armed with Tesla's new induction motor, proposed to light the fair for $399,000. Westinghouse won the contract. The effect of winning the bid would change history. Tesla's AC polyphase system would be on display for not only the US to see, but the whole world. Originally, Tesla planned on using GE bulbs but Edison, still miffed, would not sell to Tesla and Westinghouse. Instead, Westinghouse came up with a more efficient double-stopper light bulb.
At night, the fair became a scene of wonderment as the lights displayed the wonder of the fair and its location.
"If evenings at the fair were seductive, the nights were ravishing. The lamps that laced every building and walkway produced the most elaborate demonstration of electric illumination ever attempted and the first large-scale test of alternating current. The fair alone consumed three times as much electricity as the entire city of Chicago. These were important engineering milestones, but what visitors adored was the sheer beauty of seeing so many lights ignited in one place, at one time. Every building, including the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, was outlined in white bulbs. Giant searchlights — the largest ever made and said to be visible sixty miles away — had been mounted on the Manufactures' roof and swept the grounds and surrounding neighborhoods. Large colored bulbs lit the hundred-foot plumes of water that burst from the MacMonnies Fountain." … it "was like getting a sudden vision of Heaven." — The Devil in the White City, by Erik Larson.
On May 1, 1893, President Grover Cleveland pushed a button and near 100,000 incandescent lamps illuminated the White City. Westinghouse's gambit paid off immediately and immensely. Over 27 million people came through the gates of the fair. Electricity, and AC current, was going to spread coast and coast and beyond. The "City of Light", as it came to be dubbed, was powered by 12 thousand-horsepower AC polyphase generators. The fair showed how safe AC current could be. Westinghouse's and Tesla's exhibits displayed how electricity could reshape the nation.
The Electricity Hall – Notice the GE sign pales to Westinghouse's
Two years after the fair, Westinghouse again bested Morgan and Edison in winning the rights to the Niagara Falls power station. AC was the future. But at the fair, Tesla, the White City, electricity and lights stole the show. The lighting of the fair marked a turning point in the AC-DC battle to power the county. The Chicago Tribune dedicated much attention to this new but old science at the time.
Chicago Tribune article from October 8, 1893
Tesla would regale fair goers with his life story and how AC worked much to the wonderment of the public and other scientists. Some referred to his machines as "Tesla's Animals." What surprised most about the difference between AC and DC was the amount of heat produced. At a constant pace, DC produced more heat in light bulbs than AC power did or could.
In the next few years, AC power would become the standard for 80% of the country and most of the world. The fair had seen to that. However for Edison, Westinghouse, and Tesla, they would be pushed aside by J.P.Morgan as Morgan consolidated patents and companies. While Morgan lost the battles to light the fair and harness Niagara Falls, Morgan took over electricity, but he had to use AC power to do it.
A younger J.P. Morgan
Here is a PBS special on Tesla called "Master of Lightning"
For further reading: Devil in the White City
http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_warcur.html
http://haygenealogy.com/hay/1893fair/1893fair.html
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma96/wce/title.html
Here is an interesting collection of photos from the fair
http://www.flickr.com/photos/brooklyn_museum/sets/72157606873382962/
Illinois History
Turning Points in History
George Westinghouse
Turning Point in History
Published by Todd Johnson
A full-time teacher, writing about and photographing Cub prospects has been a hobby of mine for quite a while. I first got hooked on baseball via baseball cards growing up in the 70s. That fascination continues to this day. I tend to go to a lot of South Bend Cubs in the western division as I live in northern Illinois with my wife and 4 dogs. View all posts by Todd Johnson
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Q: Why does "hello" + + '/' + "world" == "hello47world"? For this C#, a==true:
bool a = "hello" +   '/' + "world" == "hello/world";

And for this C#, b==true:
bool b = "hello" + + '/' + "world" == "hello47world";

I'm wondering how this can be, and more importantly, why did the C# language architects choose this behavior?

A: The second + is converting the char to an int, and adding it into the string. The ASCII value for / is 47, which is then converted to a string by the other + operator.
The + operator before the slash implicitly casts it to an int. See + Operator on MSDN and look at the "unary plus".

The result of a unary + operation on a numeric type is just the value of the operand.

I actually figured this out by looking at what the + operators were actually calling. (I think this is a ReSharper or VS 2015 feature)

A: That's because you are using the unary operator +. It's similar to the unary operator -, but it doesn't change the sign of the operand, so the only effect it has here is to implicitly convert the character '/' into an int.
The value of +'/' is the character code of /, which is 47.
The code does the same as:
bool b = "hello" + (int)'/' + "world" == "hello47world";

A: How this occurs is an implicit cast ("A char can be implicitly converted to ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, float, double, or decimal." (charMSDN).
The most simple form of the reproduction can be found as
int slash = +'/'; // 47

Char internally is a struct. "Purpose: This is the value class representing a Unicode character" (char.csms referencesource), and the reason the struct can be implicitly cast is because it implements the IConvertible interface.
public struct Char : IComparable, IConvertible

Specifically, with this piece of code
/// <internalonly/>
int IConvertible.ToInt32(IFormatProvider provider) {
    return Convert.ToInt32(m_value);
}

The IConvertible interface states in a comment in code

// The IConvertible interface represents an object that contains a value. This
  // interface is implemented by the following types in the System namespace:
  // Boolean, Char, SByte, Byte, Int16, UInt16, Int32, UInt32, Int64, UInt64,
  // Single, Double, Decimal, DateTime, TimeSpan, and String.

Looking back to the purpose of struct (to be a value representative of a unicode character), it is clear that the intention for this behavior in the language was to provide a way for the value to be converted to supported types. IConvertible goes on to state

// The implementations of IConvertible provided by the System.XXX value classes
  // simply forward to the appropriate Value.ToXXX(YYY) methods (a description of
  // the Value class follows below). In cases where a Value.ToXXX(YYY) method
  // does not exist (because the particular conversion is not supported), the
  // IConvertible implementation should simply throw an InvalidCastException.

Which is explicitly stating that conversions which are not supported throw exceptions. It is also explicitly stated that converting a character to an integer will give the integer value of that character.

The ToInt32(Char) method returns a 32-bit signed integer that represents the UTF-16 encoded code unit of the value argument. Convert.ToInt32 Method (Char)MSDN

All in all, the reasoning for the behavior seems to be self evident. The integer value of the char has meaning as a "UTF-16 encoded code unit". The backslash's value is 47.
As a result of of the value cast present and because char is a built-in numeric type, the implicit cast to integer from the plus sign is done at compile time. This can be seen with the reuse of the above simple example in a small program (linqpad works to test this)
void Main()
{
    int slash = +'/';
    Console.WriteLine(slash);
}

Becomes
IL_0000:  ldc.i4.s    2F
IL_0002:  stloc.0     // slash2
IL_0003:  ldloc.0     // slash2
IL_0004:  call        System.Console.WriteLine
IL_0009:  ret

Where the '/' is simply converted to the hexidecimal value of 2F (47 in decimal) and then used from there.

A: Why, I hear you ask, is the char specifically treated to the operator int operator +(int x) rather than one of the many other fine unary + operators available?:

*

*The unary operator overload resolution rules say to look at user-defined unary operators first, but since char doesn't have any of those, the compiler looks at the predefined unary + operators.

*Obviously none of those take a char either, so the compiler uses the overload resolution rules to decide which operator (of int, uint, long, ulong, float, double decimal) is the best.

*Those resolution rules says to look at which is the best function... which pretty much says to look at which argument type offers the best conversion from char.

*int beats out long, float and double because you can implicitly convert int to those types and not back.

*int beats uint and ulong because... the best conversion rule says it does.

A: + '/'

Gives you the UTF-16 (decimal) 47 character code of the character "/" and @Guffa already explained you why.

A: As In c# a char is expressed in single quotes i.e. '/' in your case, the + operator in front of char is acting as a unary operator and asks the compiler to provide the UTF value of the char '/' which is 47.

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Tag Archives: ken davis
National Nonprofit Spotlight
Praise His Name home of Christian programming 24/7
March 17, 2012 Published by: grelanmuse
Keith Wilson and a group of believers in Wintersville, Ohio, decided six months ago to make a positive impact on the Internet. The end result of their collaboration – Praise His Name.
"The Internet is full of bad stuff, things we don't want our children and grandchildren to hear," said Wilson, who serves as chair of PHN. "This is a way to combat the bad stuff and place wholesome content that people can listen to anytime of the day."
Founded in October 2011, PHN (www.praisehisname.net) is a Christian based website featuring music, comedy, devotionals,
Keith Wilson
meditations, scripture lessons, and sermons. The site boasts visitors from 45 states in the union, nine countries.
"In the beginning, viewers were concentrated in Northern Ohio and Chicago, and then it started to go everywhere – including California and Texas," he said.
The PHN "Links" page includes church, organization, and indie Christian musicians and singers listings.
To hear sermons, viewers must clink on the churches' websites on the "Links" page.
Wilson said a benefit of listening to music on PHN is that since the site is stockpiled with MP3s, listeners can hear the song from beginning to end. The user is to click on the "Praise His Name Media Player" to gain access to music selections. Featured artists include Beth Champion Mason, MARK 209, and The Chrisagis Brothers.
In addition, Wilson said, PHN is a good avenue for indie artists to gain exposure. An added bonus of the site is the PHN Music Video of Week.
"All music selections are originally written and performed by the artists," he said.
Christian comedians and troupes such as Ken Davis, the Sheep Laughs Comedy Show, and Brother Billy Bob Bohannon also have a place on the PHN. The individuals place their unique take on the spiritual walk. Wilson said each submission for a Christian comedic appearance on PHN is carefully screened.
Furthermore, Christian movie happenings are provided via Christian Film News (www.christianfilmnews.com) and Christian news through Inside The Pew (www.insidethepew.net). These links are displayed in the news ticker on the front page.
"We are trying to get to the people who were not churchgoers without throwing it (Christianity) into their face. The intent is to preach to reached and unreached," Wilson said.
As of press time, Wilson estimates the site averages 500 visitors per month. In addition, he said he is working on obtaining PHN's 501 (c) 3 status.
"The site was created by tons of friends who were faithful like I am," Wilson said. "We wanted a broad range of people to give us input as to what we want to hear. We are pleased with the progress, but we have a long way to go. There are many things that we want to do. Start small and slow and build into bigger and better things."


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	return contents.dirs;
};

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People have trusted huge firms such as Google and Facebook with their data for a number of years now. People have offered so much to these websites their location data, moreover information regarding their preferences, their likes and dislikes, and so much more without any hesitation only to find out that this information is collected only to send you ads which are based on these so called preferences. Now as time has moved on and with people showing concern for having cyber security it seems that these platforms cannot be trusted any more and so Facebook along with Google are starting to lose the trust they had once created with many millions or even billions of people around the globe.
Now then the reasons for people losing their trust in these firms has mainly to do with the fact that, Facebook has publicly admitted on affecting over 50 million people with a massive data breach. Both Facebook and Google have been exposed by tRecently. The social media giant was very quick to report the incident, which in turn enabled hackers to exploit a certain weakness in the Facebook's code to access the 'View as' privacy tool. But it failed to provide any solid or clear-cut advice to users on how to tackle such a situation, following the very big breach and confusion which has been created by such social media giants. People have so been heavily affected as they have had their nature of data compromised.
Furthermore this is not the first time Facebook has seen a security breach of user data. In March 2018 it was also reported by Cambridge Analyticahad exploited Facebook to harvest millions of people's profiles. Moreover the social media network had not as yet alerted users when the security breach was discovered. Google+ has hence also been shut down after yhe discovery of the security bug that has left the profile data being exposed leaving its users in shock and have left them heavily disappointed. Building the trust back takes a lot of time and in terms of technology a lot of incentives.
Must Read: China working on 6G connectivity?
Finally, it should be noted that these security breaches can occur to anyone or any firm, the case that this security breach was targeted heavily on Facebook has to do with the fact that Facebook is a globally well known social media website with billions of users but trust is still broken as people expect these websites or platforms to have a highly secured network of cyber security which in turn protects the sensitive information people provide them with. As a wise man once said "with great power, comes great responsibility" and it can be seen that these platforms lost the plot when it came to responsibility. Now in order to regain the trust companies such as Google and Facebook will have to show how they secure the date of their many users so if an event of a security breach does occur people would know how well the company will do to ensure data protection. Now with the Regulatory Authorities imposing huge fines on firms that fail to ensure User Data Protection it seems that these firms will surely improve their cyber security network in the near future.
Who is working on 6G connectivity?


This is a bugfix release that mainly fixes a bug which prevented syncing up with the testnet ("Morden").This version marks the main release of the Homestead protocol update.... But I don't think cpp-ethereum is supported for Zesty yet in the ppa's (see here) since cpp-ethereum fails to install. Instead download the project from here and follow instructions to build from source.
Cpp-ethereum — Ethereum Homestead 0.1 documentation Ethdocs.org The GitHub repository for this project is ethereum/cpp-ethereum Automation runs on Appveyor and TravisCI . We have instructions for Installing binaries and Building from source .... This guide is for using cpp-ethereum, and not geth, so you need to download the downloadable package provided here. Alternatively just run: eth --frontier -i -b -v 1 , but you still need to have the eth client.
This is a bugfix release that mainly fixes a bug which prevented syncing up with the testnet ("Morden").This version marks the main release of the Homestead protocol update. how to download roblox player That will be followed by download links to different "versions" of the Ethereum Wallet app, for different systems. Click the link that says "Ethereum-Wallet-win64" followed by some version numbers to download it.
How to mine Ethereum in 5 min Surprisingly, all you need is an AWS EC2 instance to start mining Ethereum.


text:
HomeSports NewsCricket NewsSelectors need to select a person who will be the captain in...
Sports NewsCricket News
Selectors need to select a person who will be the captain in the future: Dilip Vengsarkar.
Selectors need to select a person who will be the captain in the future: According to an ex-chief selector, two power centers with two power centers in Sharma and Kohli is not an issue.
The BCCI has made the right choice by making Rohit Sharma the India white-ball captain in T20Is and ODIs. Rohit has been doing very well since he got the call for his turn as captain. So I think it's an excellent movie.
Today, Virat Kohli can focus on Test cricket while Rohit can concentrate on white-ball cricket, which he has played superbly as a captain in the past. He has won numerous titles for the Mumbai Indians in the IPL and also has performed admirably in the games he's been selected to captain India's Indian team.
Virat has enjoyed a successful time as his captain for his Indian white-ball team, and now the burden off his back will be eased 100. Virat is among the top batsmen in the world today.
He has been successful and has had many outstanding performances under his direction. This will enable him to focus on more Test cricket which I believe is the best style of cricket.
I think there's no problem with having two power centers inside India's Indian locker room. They are professional players, after all, and will be able to do their best to complete the task that is in front of them. Similar will be valid for youngsters. They will try at their opportunities and take advantage of them.
As we can see in the case in England, Joe Root and Eoin are both doing very well as white-ball and Test captains. This means that split captaincy is a possibility to benefit both Virat and Rohit too.
They won't be burdened with too much. This will reduce pressure on them. Pressure on them because they won't have to be in the spotlight constantly. They will also be able to focus on their game more effectively in other formats.
The main thing that needs to be addressed right now is that the National Selection Committee needs to select a person who will assume the captaincy shortly.
This applies not just to the captaincy but also to players too. The importance of having backup players keeps everyone on the team engaged and on their toes.
The selectors' job is to train players and provide enough possibilities and bench strength so that when great players retire, there'll be no gap within the team.
The situation can get out of control once there's a hole. Look at the West Indies. They were the world's top cricket team for 15 years before they changed from No. 1 to the team with the lowest ranking at one point (they currently rank No. 8].
As the selection committee chairman, we appointed Anil Kumble captain, and simultaneously we coached MS Dhoni and others. I also coached Ishant Sharma and brought Ishant Sharma to England because he wouldn't be able to play in England.
However, I was confident that he would be helpful in Australia in the future.
It is essential to groom players for this selection committee as well. It's not enough to drop players into the ocean and expect them to swim. This does not convince me of things.
Selectors need to select a person who will be the captain in the future
Virat Kohli Tight-Lipped on Cheteshwar Pujara,Ajinkya Rahane's Future.
Kohli Rages Into Stump Mic after Elgar DRS Controversy
Stokes and Bairstow could appear as batters in Hobart.
Virat Kohli set THIS Rahul Dravid record in the third Test.
Tom Curran was ruled out due to a back-stress fracture.
Trent Boult becomes 4th NZ bowler to take 300 test wickets.


The meeting is conducted by the bankruptcy trustee or someone from the trustee's staff. The bankruptcy judge is not at the meeting. This is not because the judge is too busy to attend, but because the law says that judges cannot attend.
The purpose of the meeting is for the trustee to examine the debtor. Examine means the debtor has to answer a few questions from the trustee about what he/she owns and owes and show identification and proof of his/her social security number. Until I went to order a replacement card a couple of months ago, I hadn't seen my social security card since the 1970s. I am constantly amazed at how many of my clients still have their original social security cards! And the cards are in pretty good shape too.
A trustee's responsibility in a chapter 7 bankruptcy is to review the debtor's documents that have been filed with the court and determine whether there are any assets that can be liquidated or sold for the benefit of the unsecured creditors such as taxes and credit cards. A chapter 13 trustee also reviews the debtor's documents and is responsible for paying the debtor's creditors as proposed in the debtor's plan of reorganization.
Different trustees conduct their meetings differently, and the debtor's bankruptcy attorney will know what the debtor needs to do in order to be prepared for the meeting. The meeting typically lasts about 5 minutes. After the meeting is over, most of my clients tell me that wasn't bad at all. 3,4 and 1 aren't scary numbers at all. So, grab your identification card (driver's license will do) and your social security card, take a deep breath, relax, and attend your meeting with confidence.
The Page Law Firm is dedicated to helping our clients make a fresh financial start. We provide legal assistance throughout the process of bankruptcy. Call 214-618-2101 today to schedule a personalized consultation with our Frisco bankruptcy lawyer.


What does Étoile translate to?
Étoile is a classical ballet term meaning "star." The term is used as a rank in the Paris Opéra ballet to signify a leading dancer. Étoile is considered the same rank as a principal dancer in other companies.


text:
Q: sendmsg to Netlink fails with ECONNREFUSED if application is running in lxc container The userspace application running on HOST works without any issue but the same application fails to run in LXC container with error ECONNREFUSED;
The userspace application fails with ECONNREFUSED during sendmsg to netlink
Linux kernel 3.4 with namespace support and LXC with 1.0.2 version is used.
Registering myApp.ko kernel module as below
    netlink_kernel_create(&init_net, ..... );

and userspace app fails during sendmsg to the netlink socket;
    sock = socket(PF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, ....);

Userspace application is running insider C1 container and it make use of getpid(); for nlMsg->nlmsg->pid
    nlMsg->nlmsg_pid = getpid();

Netlink register handler on receiving the msg is not even called in Kernel but userspace application running inside container fails with "Connection Refused" during sendmsg();
Is there something I need to address to run the same userspace app in container? I tried even giving constant number to pid variable rather than using getpid(); but then also hitting the same issue;
  socket(PF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, 31)        = 4

  bind(4, {sa_family=AF_NETLINK, pid=812, groups=00000000}, 12) = 0

  sendmsg(4, {msg_name(12)={sa_family=AF_NETLINK, pid=0, groups=00000000}, msg_iov(1)=[{"\20\0\0\0\2\0\0\0\0\0\0\0,\3\0\0", 16}], msg_controllen=0, msg_flags=0}, 0) = -1 **ECONNREFUSED** (Connection refused)

A: Finally, I find the solution; We need to add now extra code to support Netlink to be namespace aware.
Example (Just template)
 struct my_nlns_sock {
    struct list_head list;
    struct sock *sk;
 }
 static LIST_HEAD(my_nlns_sock_list);
 static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(my_nlns_sock_lock);

 static int __net_init my_nlns_start(struct net *net)
 {
    struct my_nlns_sock *nlsk;

    nlsk = kzalloc(sizeof(*nlsk), GFP_KERNEL);
    if (!nlsk)
        return -ENOMEM;

    nlsk->sk = netlink_kernel_create(net, ...);
    spin_lock_bh(&my_nlns_sock_lock);
    list_add_tail(&nlsk->list, &my_nlns_sock_list);
    spin_unlock_bh(&my_nlns_sock_lock);
 }

 static void my_nlns_exit(struct net *net)
 {
     struct my_nlns_sock *nlsk;

     spin_lock_bh(&my_nlns_sock_lock);
     list_for_each_entry(nlsk, &my_nlns_sock_list, list) {
          if (sock_net(nlsk->sk) == net)
               goto found;
     }
     spin_unlock_bh(&rfal_nl_sock_lock);
     return;
 found:
      list_del(&nlsk->list);
      spin_unlock_bh(&my_nlns_sock_lock);
      netlink_kernel_release(nlsk->sk);
      kfree(nlsk);
 }
 int my_nlns_recv_data(struct sk_buff skbFrom)
 {
     struct my_nlns_sock *nlsk;

     spin_lock_bh(&my_nlns_sock_lock);
     list_for_each_entry(nlsk, &my_nlns_sock_list, list) {
     if (sock_net(nlsk->sk) == net)
           goto found;
     }
     spin_unlock_bh(&my_nlns_sock_lock);
     return;
  found:
        /* Do with data */
  }


text:
La Maratona di Roma è una gara podistica di lunghezza standard con partenza ed arrivo in via dei Fori Imperiali.

Storia

Fin dall'inizio del XX secolo si corre una maratona a Roma.
Il 2 aprile 1906 l'emiliano Dorando Pietri vinse tagliando il traguardo a piazza di Siena.
Durante le Olimpiadi di Roma del 1960 la maratona venne vinta da Abebe Bikila () che aprì la stagione dei maratoneti africani, correndo a piedi nudi. Il percorso comprendeva l'Appia Antica e l'arrivo era posto all'Arco di Costantino.
Il 6 settembre 1987 vinse il keniota-giapponese Douglas Wakiihuri (), grande icona del podismo mondiale.
Nel 1995 si ebbe una profonda riorganizzazione e la maratona assunse l'aspetto attuale (fino al 2018) con l'organizzazione a cura di Italia Marathon Club che nel giro di pochissimi anni la fece diventare la prima maratona italiana per partecipazione (fino a quasi 15000 finishers) e importanza (con la più alta statistica di sempre di best time tra gli elite athlets uomini e donne), con la conquista della IAAF Gold Label per l'edizione 2011. Sempre nello stesso arco di tempo la "Fun Run La Stracittadina", collaterale alla Maratona di Roma, è divenuta la più partecipata non competitiva italiana con punte fino a 80000 presenze. Con la nuova edizione del 2019 e l'organizzazione affidata alla federazione FIDAL, si prevedono nuovi cambiamenti del percorso.

Il percorso
Il percorso è pianeggiante per il 70% e attraversa il centro storico di Roma, si snoda sul lungotevere e raggiunge la Moschea di Roma a nord e la basilica di San Paolo fuori le mura a sud. Dato l'elevato numero di sportivi che vi prende parte, è considerato il più partecipato evento sportivo d'Italia. La prima edizione della gara, nella sua veste attuale, si è svolta nel 1995.

La lunghezza di una maratona è stata fissata in 42 km 195 m nel 1921 dalla IAAF: a caratterizzare una gara sono l'altimetria, il fondo, le condizioni atmosferiche, l'ampiezza del tracciato e le curve. Il tracciato di Roma è veloce e piuttosto pianeggiante, in genere con bel tempo. La quota si mantiene tra i 5 e i 12 m s.l.m. (vedi altimetria).

La partenza è in via dei Fori Imperiali, un viale molto spazioso che permette ai numerosi partecipanti di assestarsi senza congestioni. Gli atleti passano per piazza Venezia sotto la mole del Vittoriano, e scendono per via del Teatro di Marcello fino alla Bocca della Verità. Affrontano una leggera salita, costeggiano il maestoso Circo Massimo lungo la via dei Cerchi e salgono lungo viale Aventino fino alla Piramide Cestia. Girano a destra e costeggiando il quartiere del Testaccio lungo via Marmorata.

Il percorso segue il lungotevere verso nord fino al Porto di Ripetta, affrontando la leggera salita necessaria allo scorrere del Tevere. Attraversato il Ponte Cavour si inoltrano per Borgo Mazzini, un quartiere risorgimentale caratterizzato da ampie strade ordinate. Attraversano la spaziosa piazza Cavour e piegano di nuovo a sud per costeggiare le mura di Castel Sant'Angelo ed imboccare via della Conciliazione, che sbocca su davanti alla Basilica di San Pietro.

Di qui comincia un tratto meno ricco di storia. Il percorso torna a dirigersi a nord lungo via Bastioni di Michelangelo, via della Giuliana fino a piazza Mazzini e raggiunge nuovamente il Tevere all'altezza del lungotevere Oberdan. Si scende dai bastioni piemontesi fino alla pista ciclabile sulle rive del Tevere, per poi  affrontare la dura risalita al 13º km e continuare sul lungotevere.

Al 15º km si incontra il ristoro del Foro Italico. I maratoneti risalgono a nord e piegano a est, abbandonano il Tevere, affrontano la piccola salita di uno svincolo e percorrono un tratto della tangenziale est di Roma, viale Tor di Quinto e viale del Foro Italico. Al 18º km si imbocca il viale della Moschea, una discesa di 450 m che costeggia la storica Moschea di Roma e porta al punto di ristoro del 20º km, lungo via dei Campi Sportivi.

Al km 21,097 gli atleti attraversano il punto di metà gara, attraversano piazzale Acqua Acetosa e ritornano sul lungotevere, per seguire il fiume verso valle per un lungo tratto. Al km 25 affrontano il sottopasso di Ripetta e imboccano la Passeggiata di Ripetta. Al km 27 il percorso si inoltra nel Centro Storico e diventa più sconnesso e angustio. Del resto si attraversano i punti più suggestivi della capitale. Si percorre piazza Navona verso sud, si piega a destra e si oltrepassa il Pantheon, si torna su piazza Venezia e si imbocca via del Corso, che procede rettilinea verso nord fino a piazza del Popolo e il punto di ristoro del km 30. Subito dopo si torna a sud lungo via del Babuino, che porta a piazza di Spagna, dominata dalla celebre scalinata di Trinità dei Monti.

Vie minori portano a costeggiare la Fontana di Trevi, in una isola pedonale lastricata con sanpietrini che costituisce il tratto più accidentato della maratona. Si torna nuovamente su piazza Venezia e si ripercorre per 3 km il percorso iniziale, costeggiano il Teatro di Marcello e il Circo Massimo e raggiungendo la Piramide Cestia.

Dopo il ristoro del 35º km si prosegue in linea retta verso sud lungo la leggera discesa di viale Ostiense, si gira intorno alla Basilica di San Paolo fuori le mura (km 37) e si ripercorre via Ostiense verso nord. Quella che segue è la parte più tecnica: gli atleti devono affrontare una salita che li porta sull'Aventino, al ristoro del 40º km, quindi una dolce discesa di 360 m lungo viale Aventino. Dopo il viale di San Gregorio, dominato dal Colle Palatino e dall'Arco di Costantino, si incontra la salita più dura del tracciato lungo l'ampia curva che abbraccia il Colosseo, che porta nuovamente su viale dei Fori Imperiali e al traguardo.

Ogni 5 km sono presenti dei punti di ristoro con dei giudici di gara. I tempi sono cronometrati grazie a dei chip posti dietro i pettorali.

Albo d'oro
I vincitori di tutte le edizioni a partire dalla riorganizzazione del 1995, che ha dato l'assetto attuale alla Maratona di Roma. In grassetto sono riportate le migliori prestazioni ottenute nella maratona.

Edizioni

2005: XI edizione
L'XI edizione della Maratona di Roma si è svolta il 13 marzo 2005, con partenza alle ore 9:00.
Alberico Di Cecco ( CS Carabineiri) ha vinto con un tempo di 2h 08'02" rompendo il record di 2h 08' 27" stabilito nel 2000 da Josephat Kiprono ().

La partecipazione è stata di 10.000 atleti per la gara agonistica e 26.000 per la stracittadina di 5 km.

Tra le donne si è imposta Silviya Skvortosova () con un tempo di 2h 28' 01", solo 12" sopra il record stabilito nel 2004 dall'italiana Ornella Ferrara.

2006: XII edizione
 La XII edizione della maratona della città di Roma è partita alle 9:15 di domenica 26 marzo 2006. Il tempo era soleggiato, la temperatura dell'aria dai 10 ai 20 °C, l'umidità media 35%.

I partecipanti sono stati 12.308, di cui oltre 5000 gli stranieri, provenienti da 70 paesi diversi.

Il tempo limite è stato fissato a 8h in modo che anche gli amatori potessero chiudere la gara.
L'ultimo arrivo registrato è stato quello del canadese John Guthrie alle 16:44 (7h 25' 16").

Nei tre giorni precedenti la gara è stato aperto il Marathon Village, allestito nel Palazzo dei Congressi dell'Eur: una fiera dello sport ad ingresso gratuito (8000 m²).
Alla maratona competitiva ha partecipato anche un gruppo di 10 ragazzi autistici, che percorreranno i 42 km a staffetta, grazie al Progetto Filippide.

Uomini
  David Kipkorir 2h 08' 38" (28 anni)
  Daniele Caimmi 2h 09'30" (33 anni)
  Laban Kipngetich 2h 10' 00" (29 anni)
  Thomas Chemitei 2h 10' 05"
  Oleksandr Kuzin 2h 10' 09"
  Solomon Rotich 2h 11' 42"
  Andrew Limo 2h 11' 48"
  Abdelhak El Gorch 2h 11' 49"
  Abebe Hailemariam 2h 14' 28"
  Wesley Ngetich 2h 14' 36"
  Daniel Yego 2h 15' 49"

Il favorito Daniel Yego (Kenya, 3° nel 2005) è arrivato 11º in 2:15.49.

Il trentatreenne italiano Daniele Camini, atleta delle Fiamme Gialle, ha conquistato un prestigioso secondo posto.

Donne

  Tetyana Hladyr 2h 25' 44" (30 anni)
  Larissa Zousko 2h 26' 26" (37 anni)
  Zekiros Adanech 2h 27' 38" (24 anni)
  Jennifer Rhines 2h 29' 32"
  Svetlana Nekhorosh 2h 29' 32"

Tra le donne ha trionfato Tetyana Hladyr () con 2h 25'44", tempo che infrange il precedente record per la maratona di Roma, fissato da Ornella Ferrara (2h 27' 49" nel 2004). La Hladyr è fidanzata con Oleksandr Kuzin che ha ottenuto il 5º posto tra gli uomini (2h 10' 09").

Al secondo posto Larissa Zousko  2h 26' 26".

Rosalba Console (), unica italiana tra i favoriti, si è ritirata al 32º km, messa in difficoltà dal ritmo molto sostenuto.

Per la prima volta un atleta cinese ha corso la Maratona di Roma: la maratoneta Dan Yanyan () che ha ottenuto un tempo di 2:36.52 (6º posto).

Disabili

Parallelamente alla gara principale dalla X edizione si svolge la gara dei disabili, stesso percorso di 42 km su handbike e carrozzine, grazie al supporto del Comitato Italiano Paralimpico.

Gli atleti hanno usato le più moderne Handbike, in cui il movimento è azionato ruotando le braccia davanti a sé, piuttosto che le più antiquate carrozzine in cui si deve comunicare il moto direttamente alle ruote.

Hanno partecipato 80 atleti disabili provenienti da 8 nazioni. Particolarmente problematico il percorso a causa dei lunghi tratti su sanpietrini, le tipiche pietre da pavimentazione delle strade romane, piccole e leggermente sconnesse, specie nell'area pedonale vicino Fontana di Trevi.

Tra gli uomini ha vinto Patrick Gastaud () in 1h 29'23" e tra le donne Daniela Rota () in 2h 08' 52".

Nella categoria tetraplegici uomini Alvise De Vidi, campione paraolimpico ad Atene 2004, ha ottenuto un tempo di 3h 24' 31".

Stracittadina
La stracittadina Fun Run è una versione ridotta della maratona, aperta a tutti e non agonistica. Nel 2006 è stata ridotta a 4 km 700 m per permettere una più ampia partecipazione.

Il percorso va da via dei Fori Imperiali a via delle Terme di Traiano.

Dei 40.000 iscritti, 10.034 sono arrivati, rompendo il muro dei 10.000 per la prima volta in Italia. I vincitori sono stati per gli uomini Pietro Leone, 22 anni di Catania. (11' 30") e per le donne Catia Libertone, 20 anni di Campobasso (13' 24'').

Note

Voci correlate
 Maratona (atletica leggera)
 Roma

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Atletica leggera a Roma
Competizioni sportive a Roma
Roma

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Singapore, 9 November 2018 - The 26th annual run of The New Paper's signature event, The New Paper New Face 2018 Finals, will be held at Bugis+ Atrium on 15 November 2018.
Over the years, The New Paper New Face has successfully discovered fresh faces and talents among the contestants, including actresses Constance Lau, Joeypink Lai, Julie Tan and Atikah Suhaimie, entrepreneurs Nura J and Velda Tan, and models Jean Yong and Diya Prabhakar.
Besides winning a generous cash prize of $10,000, the winner of The New Paper New Face 2018 will also have her name added to the impressive list of past winners as well as receive $2,000 worth of hair services from Kelture Salon and an exclusive feature in Cleo magazine. The first and second runners-up will win $5,000 and $3,000 cash respectively, coupled with $500 worth of hair services from Kelture Salon each.
The New Paper Miss Popularity Award will be given to the finalist who receives the most votes from The New Paper readers.
Mr Eugene Wee, Editor, The New Paper, said: "After more than two decades, The New Paper New Face contest continues to help spot undiscovered talents who may start their journey on our runways, but go on to walk in London, Paris, Milan and other fashion capitals around the world."
Ms Diana Wong, Deputy General Manager, Regional Marketing, Motor Image Enterprises, said: "We are elated to be part of this year's competition once again. Every year, it's always been a difficult decision selecting the winner because every contestant has her unique style, personality, distinctive characteristic and talent. The winner that we are anticipating will be someone who has a bold attitude and confidence. These are attributes that are aligned with the Subaru brand."
The New Paper New Face 2018 is organised by The New Paper and presented by Subaru, with Cosmoprof Academy as the Official Make-up Partner, Kelture Salon as the Official Hair Partner, Bugis+ / Bugis Junction as the Venue Partner, Cleo as the Official Magazine Partner and ONE FM 91.3 as the Official Radio Station.
Readers can follow the finalists on social media and get the latest profiles, news and videos on tnp.sg/tnpnewface.
Members of the public can also take part in the public voting online, which started from 5 November and will last till 13 November, 12pm, to vote for their favourite contestant for the New Face Miss Popularity title on www.tnp.sg/misspopularity. Alternatively, they can also vote on-site at Bugis+ on 15 November, from 12pm to 5pm.


Does any one know of a Windows version of Carbon Copy Cloner?
sorry ralph, CCC is a mac only program.
windows is not able to read the mac partition/formatting without extra tools.
But that only applies because of drivers, correct? If you deactivate (or just leave it alone) the old drivers, and load the new ones shouldn't it work? I've pulled HDDs from computers and put them into others and it was a tad bit slower but I just needed to install drivers and it was good to go!
Shadow Copy Cloner, available from www.goldentroutsoftware.com, will clone your Windows system partition to a partition on a second disk on a PC. In the event of a disaster, you can install the clone in your computer and boot it. It appears to be modeled after Carbon Copy Cloner, so it might be what you are looking for.
Norton ghost and internet security suite have this ability too. If you have comcast you should get norton iss for free. Goto comcast.net login, goto security.
I have used Casper to clone a disk drive and successfully replaced the original HDD with the cloned drive. Did this successfully to replace a HDD with a SSD.


text:
About Genii
Ben Langhinrichs
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Wed 6 Jan 2021
REST plus RPC: the right data in the right format, and no more
Tue 5 Jan 2021
REST plus RPC: Do the demo backward
Exciton Boost 4.6.0 and development assistance
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Genii Weblog
Rich Text 101 - Sections
Tue 16 Dec 2003, 01:13 AM
by Ben Langhinrichs
Long before tabbed tables and embedded views, Lotus introduced an exciting new feature, the collapsible section. This was in Lotus Notes R4, back before Domino and the web, and the change it made was revolutionary. Suddenly, large amounts of information could be available on a page without having it all visible at once. Sadly, time moves quickly, and many seem to underestimate the power and flexibility of collapsible sections. While I prefer tabbed tables in many situations, collapsible sections have some advantages that tabbed tables do not. There are also techniques available with collapsible sections which make them ideal for certain specialized uses. In addition, the rendering of tabbed tables leaves something to be desired on the web, whereas sections render in a way that is comprehensible and clear on the web.
What's so cool about sections?
One cool thing about sections is that they don't take up much more space than a line of text or a link. You may yawn, but this is a significant factor. A collapsible section is like a link with the content in-line. While that can be accomplished on the web with DHTML and DIVs and JavaScript, collapsible sections do it simply with no scripting, coding or worries about browser implementation. A section takes up less space than even the shortest tabbed table, and yet may contain within it data which isn't constrained by the horizontal or vertical limits of the section. The contents of a section may stretch to the left or right of the ends of the section, and may continue for pages.
Aren't sections sort of... boring looking?
One of the reasons why sections have a bad reputation is that so few developers use anything other than the default settings. There are a number of display options available which allow you to customize the color of the twistie and box, alter the shape of the container, and also turn off the title when the section is expanded. For the purpose of this article, I am going to show pictures rather than working sections, because some features of sections don't translate as well to the web.
Lose the twistie
If you just don't like the twistie, there is a simple trick to make it disappear.
Simply set the Style to no border (the second option in the list) and the color to white, and the twistie will disappear, leaving what looks more like a hypertext link. Finally, change the text properties to Blue, and you get a look like that below, such as that below:
Make the section a box
When it is collapsed, the title can be nicely set off from the text
and when the section is expanded...
Note: In Notes 6, an additional box notation has been added which eliminates the need to set the color as white, since it does not use the twistie at all, but instead has an indicator inside the box which collapses or expands the section. In that case, the color sets the background of the box rather than the color of the border.
Re-position the section title
There are a few choices here. You can center the section title, or right justify it, or take advantage of the fact that the margin settings of the section title are separate from those of the section contents and shift the left margin exactly where you want.
Hiding contents with collapsible sections
This separation between the paragraph attributes of the section title and the paragraphs inside the section leads to another very handy trick. If you have anything which is difficult to hide, such as attachments, or if you want to be sure that on a form, a rich text field does not have any hide-when formula, but you want the rich text field to not appear conditionally, you can use a collapsible section. The hide-when formula on the section title can be set without effecting the contents, but when the section is collapsed (and that is important), the contents will not appear, even if they include attachments. This is far better than putting a hide-when formula on a rich text field, because if you want to use the same rich text field on another form without the same hide-whens, you want to void the embedded paragraph definitions. (For a bit more explanation on the topic of paragraph definitions in rich text, see the Rich Text 101 - Paragraphs article)
Expansion rules
Besides these visual enhancements and tricks, it is worth noting that you can set the expansion rules for a section. These determine whether a section should be expanded or collapsed when the document is opened. Because section expansion rules are not widely used, many people simply create a section and leave the default. The default says that the section should appear just as it did when last saved, but this means the developer (for a form) or writer (for a document) needs to ensure that he/she does not leave the section in an incorrect state. A better approach is to set these expansion rules directly.
These settings show the various choices available. You can Auto-expand section, Auto-collapse section, or set the section to "Don't auto expand or collapse", and you can have different settings for previewing the document, opening the document to read, opening the document to edit, and printing the document. The last two check boxes are important as well. The "Hide title when expanded" means that the section box or title disappears when the section is expanded. The "Show as text when not previewing" actually makes it appear as if there were no section when not previewing. Note that graphics and hotspots and such will work, so it is not really just shown as "text" when not previewing.
Five scenarios for using expansion rules
Scenario 1 - Disclaimer when printing) Create a disclaimer to be added to the document when printed that does not appear when read or edited or previewed. Set the "Hide title when expanded", and the Auto-expand section when opened for printing, and the Auto-collapse section when previewed, opened for reading or opened for editing. Put the disclaimer inside the section. This works better than hide-when properties because it does not need to be turned on for reading when it is turned on for printing.
Scenario 2 - Shorter info on preview) Create a section which contains extended information not necessary when previewing. Set the "Hide title when expanded", and the Auto-expand section when opened for reading or editing, and the Auto-collapse section when previewed.
Scenario 3 - Summarize info on preview) Create a summary section which contains extended information only necessary when previewing. Set the "Hide title when expanded" and "Show as text when not previewing", and the Auto-collapse section when opened for reading or editing, and the Auto-expand section when previewed. You won't even be able to tell there is a section when dealing with the document in edit or read mode.
Scenario 4 - Hide links/tips/etc. from editors) Create a section around links and hints and that sort of thing, which is not necessary for those editing the document. Set the "Hide title when expanded", and set the Auto-collapse section when opened for editing, and the Auto-expand section when previewed or opened for reading.
Scenario 5 - Hide editing guidelines from readers) Create a section around editing guidelines and other editing utilities, including action hotspots which might be used by an editor, which are not necessary for those simply reading the document. Set the "Hide title when expanded", and set the Auto-expand section when opened for editing, and the Auto-collapse section when previewed or opened for reading.
Computed titles - Powerful, but overlooked (and a bit dangerous)
One of the least utilized features of collapsible sections is the ability to compute the title based on the values in the document or user dependent variables. Simply by switching
In this formula, the person opening the document sees a personalized message and a SalesTotal which presumably relates to them (possible computed field with @DbLookup or something similar). Additional information is available in the collapsed section, but because the summary information is in the title, there may be no need to open the section. This is a key point about collapsible sections. Most of the time, you may not need to expand them, and even less often if summary data is in the title and detail information is inside.
Just the way developing in Notes and refusing to learn formula language is a mistake, developing in Notes/Domino and refusing to learn how to really use collapsible sections is a big mistake. Take some time and play with a few of these ideas, and you may find that collapsible sections are one of the hidden strengths of Notes rich text.
Copyright © 2003 Genii Software Ltd.
What has been said:
83.1. Alan Bell (12/16/2003 01:15 PM)
and really cool is attaching signatures to fields in controlled access sections.
83.2. kai (04/16/2004 09:20 AM)
some comment
83.3. Ben Wolkenfeld (10/13/2004 09:05 AM)
Just wanted to say thanks for the tip. I was tearing my hair out trying to display attachments only for a select group of users, and could not get this done without collapsable sections.
One point--it seems that the sections do not work correctly if they are nested within a tabbed table. Bummer. It would have eliminated some scrolling for my users.
Ben Wolkenfeld
83.4. krishna (01/27/2005 11:59 AM)
I am not using standard table but creating a table using appendtable method. Can we change the border color of the table to white by setting some properties..please help me out as i am in urgent need of this ..
Reagrds,
83.5. Tony Austin (30/10/2006 02:53 PM)
I would like to reinforce Alan Bell's commant about controlled-access sections. You can do some quite nifty things (such as Human Resources database I once developed for a client where workflow was involved, and it was essential that only certain people could edit the various scetions in the form).
Also totally agree with you that sections could/should be used a lot more (and more thoughtfully) for a nice look-and-feel and control of screen real estate.
83.6. Yaz (14/05/2007 19:25)
I have created an email within lotus notes and added the sections to it. when i send the email though it loses the actual headings to the sections i.e. the text to allow expand and collapse but it keeps the data with that section on the recepients email. tearing my hair out canot figure out why it wont send the actual link headings to allow the expand and collapse which is the whole point of creating the sections. PLEASE can you help? you can email me back on ypatel2@csc.com. Any help MUCH appreciated
83.7. adrian (10/26/2007 04:37 PM)
When creating a section, the default border is a green triangle on the left of the title. Is there a way to change the default color for a section?
83.8. Ben Langhinrichs (10/29/2007 06:21 AM)
As far as I know, there is no way to change the default border. At best, you can set up blank sections with the settings you like in a resource document and copy them in either manually or programmatically. I have done that before with various rich text objects for which I didn't like the defaults.
83.9. Shiva Sanjay (08/01/2012 08:04 AM)
why my web applicatin using standard secion is not working.
When i try to collapse the section it is inactive.
<!- id rowgrp ->
<!- id blogstuff ->
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As is true of many physical symptoms, the conditions that cause eye redness range from the pathetically benign (staying up past bedtime) to the decidedly dangerous (acute glaucoma).
As noted in Sun Gets in Your Eyes, eyes and eyelids are sensitive structures: Abuse them and you'll see (and feel) the effects quickly. Stop the abuse, however, and your eyes will usually return to normal fairly quickly. The problem, however, is that some causes of eye redness don't just go away: You may need to seek medical treatment to address an underlying condition.
1. Protecting Eye Health: Sure, your pinkish peepers may simply be the result of one too many late nights, but there are other causes of eye redness (see below) that can't be cured by a good night's sleep and, if left untreated, can cause vision loss.
2. Looking Pretty: Forget about crow's feet, nothing ages a person more dramatically than eye redness (and frankly, chronically bloodshot eyes can cause people to wonder about your personal habits). Since even mild redness can dull the whites of your eyes, getting treatment is important.
1. Conjunctivitis: Remember "pink eye" from your school days? This particularly disgusting affliction that not only made your eyes horribly bloodshot, but often caused them to ooze a nasty green pus, gluing your eyelids shut during the night.
Because bacterial/viral conjunctivitis is so catching, it's important to follow your doctor's instructions about returning to work or school while you recover.
2. Contaminated Makeup: While it's tempting to scrape the last of your high-end mascara out of its tube or to resurrect that old eyeshadow pan that's been hiding in your backpack, don't. Contaminated eye makeup can lead to eye irritation and infection. Be safe and toss eye makeup after four to six months of use. If you do develop an eye infection, get rid of all your eye makeup to prevent re-contamination.
3. Environmental Factors: Allergies to ragweed or pets, as well as exposure to environmental pollutants, can cause irritated, red eyes. Your doctor can run tests to diagnose allergies and may be able to prescribe soothing eye drops or an antihistamine to help manage your condition.
4. Occular Rosacea: Many people are familiar with rosacea, facial flushing that can result in a ruddy complexion and, in some cases, acne-like bumps on the skin. Sometimes this condition affects the eyes as well, causing red, dry eyes.
Like skin rosacea, occular rosacea often worsens over time and, if left untreated, sometimes contributes to vision loss. Doctors can prescribe antibiotics and eye drops to manage symptoms, though you will likely have to do your part and avoid rosacea triggers such as alcohol, spicy food, and hot beverages.
5. Acute Glaucoma: While glaucoma is often a slowly progressing disease, with symptoms worsening over time, it's possible for the condition to come on suddenly. If you suddenly develop eye redness, develop visual disturbances such as seeking rainbow "halos" around objects or experience severe pain in an eye, seek medical care immediately.
Keep in mind that eye redness, while common, isn't actually normal: When your eyes turn red, they are trying to tell you that something is amiss. Take action by taking stock of your lifestyle and, if necessary, getting help from a medical professional.


On Monday, April 15 five students from Cheryl Mack's sixth grade class presented to the Alpena City Council on their Lake Huron Adopt-a-Beach project. The students discussed the project and suggested ways the city could improve and protect its beaches. At the end of the presentation Alpena Mayor Matt Waligora presented the students with a certificate of appreciation for their class's work in conserving these valuable natural resources. The student presentation begins at the 14:00 minute mark.


Taken from the cult 50's masterpiece "Forbidden Planet" the name bellerophone hints at what to expect from this young artist. He creates a series of strongly conceptual songs and compositions that make use of a variety of influences, repetitive drum patterns, retro and krautrock motifs, while preserving an intense pop element. His debut album now out by Dreamwaves marks the beginning of a careful but swiftly accomplished involvement and exploration of new territories from early 20th century Avant Garde to modern abstract electronic and rock music.


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Earn your credentials. Prepare for your business in financial planning.
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Use of accounting information for making managerial decisions. Study of cost behavior, overhead costs allocation, basic cost accumulation systems, elementary capital budgeting, master and flexible budgets, and cost control.
Social importance of risk and its place in personal, business, and national life, including principles and methods of handling risk. Special interest in technique of insurance.
This course covers the principles used by investors to identify and evaluate various investment alternatives.
Introduction to financial planning for individuals. This course will survey the topics of money management, insurance planning, investment planning, retirement planning, and estate planning.
Provides students with knowledge of public and private retirement plans. Specifics of the various plans are analyzed and issues that individuals face in retirement are discussed.
Focuses on the efficient conservation and transfer of wealth, consistent with the client's goals. Legal, financial and nonfinancial aspects of the process, including topics such as wills, trusts, probate, wealth transfers, and related taxes.
Critical thinking and decision-making about personal financial management topics in the context of the financial planning process.
For more information about the Financial Planning Certificate, contact Andy Fodor at fodora@ohio.edu.


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Alt-Rock Group Swimming With Bears Help Fans 'Take It Easy' With Wavy New Tune: Premiere
"Take It Easy" combines dreamy synths with gritty guitar, as well as Perry's raw voice and chanting back-up vocals that all make for a wavy, yet anthemic tune.
By Taylor Weatherby
Taylor Weatherby
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Swimming With Bears Jody Domingue
After starting their 2018 by swooning over "French Girls," rising rock group Swimming WIth Bears are ready to "Take It Easy" as they head into summer with a brand new single.
The Austin-based foursome — singer Joe Perry, guitarists Alec Conte and Jon Kerr, and drummer Ryan Hannasch — released their latest tune today (May 10), with the funky track's lyric video premiering on Billboard. "Take It Easy" combines dreamy synths with gritty guitar, as well as Perry's raw voice and chanting back-up vocals that all make for a wavy, yet anthemic tune.
Panic! at the Disco's Brendon Urie Casually Does a Backflip While Performing on 'Ellen': Watch
The vibey track is certainly one that allows for listeners to do just as the title says, which is part of the reason the Swimming With Bears guys were eager to release it. "Since we've been freaking out about our latest release, we thought it only appropriate to relax a little and bring you our newest single 'Take it Easy,'" they shared.
Following the release of their self-titled EP in 2016, Swimming With Bears joined fellow rockers Weezer and Panic! At the Disco on tour. Now on tour with The Cukoos, the group is ready to release more music throughout the year as they've been working hard in the studio — but for now, "Take It Easy and listen to their latest offering.
Swimming With Bears Tour Dates
*May 10 – New York, NY – Berlin
*May 11 – Baltimore, MD – Windup Space
*May 12 – Providence, RI – Alchemy
*May 13 – Philadelphia, PA – King Fu Necktie
*May 14 –Boston, MA – Middle East Upstairs
*May 16 – Pittsburgh, PA – Smiling Moose
*May 17 – Chicago, IL – Beat Kitchen
*May 18 – Cleveland, OH – The Foundry
May 20 – Newport, KY – The Southgate Revival Room
May 22 – Birmingham, AL – The Nick
June 8 – Austin, TX – Stubb's BBQ
September 22/23 – Louisville, KY – Bourbon & Beyond Festival
*w/ The Cuckoos
Swimming With Bears, "Take It Easy" Courtesy Photo


text:
My French Quest
Adventures in French Culture and Language Acquisition
French Literature, History of France, World War II
The Defeat of France in World War II: Marc Bloch
Date: December 26, 2019Author: Robyn Lowrie 4 Comments
I recently revisited an excellent lecture series on ITunes U, France since 1871, by John Merriman, an acclaimed Yale historian. One of the primary readings for this survey course is Strange Defeat: A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940, by Marc Bloch.
Bloch's name was familiar to me. In a history course for the Cours de Civilisation Francaise at the Sorbonne, my Professor, M. Pantet, referenced his work. In addition, many of the works of French history I have read reference Bloch as he brought something new to historical research: his experience as a native Frenchman and a Resistance fighter in World War II (at the age of 50). Therefore, I bought Strange Defeat to accompany this lecture series.
Bloch was a writer and teacher of French history. He fought in both World Wars and later taught at the Sorbonne in Paris. Bloch wrote Strange Defeat to explain why in 1940, France fell so rapidly. Merriman claims that Bloch "taught us [historians] how to think about the past" (France Since 1871, Yale Courses).
"Those who teach history should be continually concerned with the task of seeking the solid and the concrete behind the empty and the abstract…it is on MEN rather than FUNCTIONS that they should concentrate their attention" (Bloch, 27)."
Bloch was asked to give a lecture in Oslo in 1929 which would lead to two of his finest books, Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rural francaise and Annales d'histoire économique et sociale.
Bloch says:
"I was born in France. I have drunk of the waters of her culture. I have made her past my own. I breathe freely only in her clime, and I have done my best, with others, to defend her interests…(xiii, Statement)."
His patriotism came innately. He was a third-generation soldier; his great-grandfather served in 1793; his father was one of the defenders of Strasbourg in 1870 (thus, of my ancestors); and his entire family left their native Alsatian roots during the annexation of the Second Reich.
Unfortunately, Bloch's life and career would be cut short. He was captured by the Nazis in Lyon for his work in the Resistance, beaten, tortured and shot in Trévoux on the 16th of June, 1944.
In Georges Altman's Foreword to Strange Defeat, he writes of Bloch, "he loved danger…he had 'the soul of the fighter that rules the body of its possessor' (xv)." Bloch used to tell his fellow Resistors, "If I get out of this alive, I shall go back to teaching." Bloch could no longer teach in a French classroom, but he continues to teach the world through his writings.
Bloch begins Strange Defeat with a Presentation of the Witness. HE is the witness: to the horrors of two world wars; to the inadequacies of leadership; to the heartbreak of loss in warfare; to daily fear and trepidation of an unknown enemy.
In Chapter one Bloch recounts his personal experiences in combat. He takes us day by day through battles, destruction, discouragement, fear; every adjective associated with combat could be inserted here. At one point Bloch has to make a split decision at a crossroads: 1) to go west to Brest and escape to England; 2) to go east to "continue to serve his country and family by escaping a trap that was to be sprung" or 3) to go south and be captured by the Germans at the Loire (he later discovered the Germans were not there). He chose east, to Rennes.
The purpose of Bloch's documentation is in hopes that, "…a day will come…when this old and sacred soil of France, so many harvests have been lifted—harvests of free thought and of judgement unrestrained—will once more burgeon into ripeness (1)."
Bloch's book is an amalgamation of his thirty-four years of writing and teaching history in his professional career, the great many documents of past history he has read, with the tragic events of which he played a part. He writes with the same habits of criticism, observation and integrity of which the exigencies of his work as an historian are judged.
Dunkirk: In 1940, Bloch's unit went through Dunkirk following a heavy bombardment by the Germans. Bloch has a vivid memory of "the ruined town with its shells of buildings half-visible through drifting smoke, and its clutter, not only of bodies but of human debris in the streets…" (Strange, 20).
It is not this image that makes the biggest impact on Bloch, however. He states that what is most clear in his memory is the "slow movement away from this debris" watching the mirrored-glass sea, under a pure-gold sky in which the black smoke made a "lovely pattern about the shoreline that one was cheated into forgetting its tragic origin" (20). I'm sure this happened often. These beleaguered soldiers needed respite from the horrors all around them. Their minds needed to escape the surrealism if only briefly.
Rennes: When they arrived at Rennes, the "narrative of miseries" forced him to describe why the success achieved was so small, but important. The First Army no longer existed. Let that sink in for a moment. What is the function of The First Army? They were to provide organizational structure for large military organizations that might be mobilized in time of national need. Now, this group is gone.
Section Two is treated more as reflection than reaction. I felt at times that I was reading a book on Leadership or Complex Organizations. For example, in speaking of the strong leadership of the Commander of the Fourth Corps, he surmises, "in every human group there is something over and above the individuals who compose it" (33). What is needed is, what the French call, the esprit de corps; to go against the tradition handed down from seniors to juniors, by leaders to subordinates. An organization must have a more homogeneous whole, having clearly marked characteristics.
Bloch surmises that what drove the French armies to disaster was the cumulative effect of a great number of mistakes:
Our leaders [French] were incapable of thinking in terms of the new war: the German triumph was a triumph of intellect. The ruling idea of the Germans was s While the French were sending messages by donkey-wagons and bicycles, the Germans were using autos.
The movement of the defensive line was strictly related to that of headquarters. (39). On the contrary, German reinforcements were continually dribbled into every breech which occurred.(39).
The whole plan of the campaign was wrong: the reply of the Anglo-French forces to the German invasion of Belgium:
a.The bridges between Liége and Maastricht should have been destroyed.
b.The German tanks were a great deal more numerous [40].
c.The collapse of the Armies of the Meuse and at Sedan which, by uncovering the rear of the troops engaged in Belgium, led to the complete failure of the entire scheme.
d.The German advances of the Saône, the Jura and the Rhine were given ample time to surround the French Armies of the East and most of the Army of the Alps.
Bloch asks, "Did we ever really, in the whole course of the campaign know the precise location of the enemy at any given time?" Bloch states that this was not to be as explained by "the faulty organization of our Intelligence Service" especially in Flanders where "never had the nation [France] in arms been better 'found'"(45). In addition, the rate of progress was too slow compared to the Germans.
The French were short of tanks, aeroplanes, guns, motor vehicles, and tractors as they had poured all of their money and labour into concrete for the Maginot Line (51).
Bloch also addresses the accusations of "cowardice among the troops and officers" (105). These include positions being abandoned and "every man for himself" mentality. Bloch did not witness any of these. However, "when a people has been defeated", he explains, there has to be scapegoats and traitors to sniff out. He reminds us that "the High Command was largely to blame" (106).
One of the main issues that continues to be repeated in French warfare, according to Bloch, is to follow procedures from past battles. For example, from lectures delivered by Foch in 1910, the battles of Napoleon Bonaparte were to be used as a model "irrespective of any changes that might have taken place in the world since Napoleon's day" (119). How can this strategy be valuable during the current World War II? There were fewer roads in Napoleon's time and the fire-strength of the weapons was tiny considering neither barbed-wire nor machine guns had been invented.
The final section of Strange Defeat is titled "A FRENCHMAN EXAMINES HIS CONSCIENCE". As the first two sections examine the culpability of the government and military for the defeat in France during World War II, Bloch inquires of the self-examination of the Frenchman in the last. He states that he does not take on this task "joyfully or lightly" . As an historian, Bloch states that he knows better than most men how difficult it is to conduct analysis which "must be concerned with a complex of causes, remote, involved, and in the present state of sociological science [of 1944], extremely difficult to uncover (126).
Bloch recalls that his children and unknown friends [myself included, today] must not be allowed to reproach or condemn the author for revealing errors "for which every citizen was, in part, responsible" (127).
In his "balance-sheet of history", Bloch states that men in the front are rarely satisfied with the actions of their companions in the rear. This is especially true when the battles end in disaster. The soldier is well aware of the sacrifice he is called to make. This is the reason many feel that they were "stabbed in the back" by the numerous military coup d'etat .
There were many bitter feelings from the war of 1914-1918 [it is interesting that Bloch never refers to this as World War I. In 1939, Time Magazine was the first to coin this term. Perhaps Bloch was not aware of this term]. Everyone knew that the "artistic heritage and the national prosperity " had been cruelly mutilated and compromised. Any city of more that 20,000 inhabitants was "open" and therefore vulnerable to destruction.
This war of 1939 [again Bloch uses this term instead of World War II] did not bring about feelings of "die for Danzig" or "die for Belgrade". Who wants to fight a war to protect a distant land? In the same way, in Alsace-Lorraine, where the actual fighting of France began in 1914, there were no soldiers willing to give into an adventure with the most appalling disasters just to protect the "beautiful Alsatian eyes". "The men of factories and the fields would no more, in 1939, have deliberately shed his blood for the overthrow of the dictators than would their elders of the war of 1914 for the liberation of Alsace-Lorraine" (137). However, once the battles began, these men felt that by fighting, they were helping forward one of the great tasks of humanity.
Of course, no one believed Hitler to be as evil as he was being painted. After reading Mein Kampf, Bloch came to the conclusion that Hitler kept the real truth from his servile masses. The worst enemy became the "mental laziness" which led to a gloomy mood of self-satisfaction.
Bloch concludes Strange Defeat with a bold statement that would become an omen of grave portent: "We find ourselves to-day in this appalling situation—that the fate of France no longer depends upon the French" (174). From the moment that weapons fell from the grasp of their hands, the civilization of France became "humiliated spectators".
"What will become of us if Great Britain is in turn defeated?" Bloch cries. "I look forward to an eventual British victory!" An historian likes to arrange patterns with pictures of a possible future. Blog states that his only hope is that there is "enough blood left to shed" as the future of the nation will not rest on his generation. Therefore, the map of the future will be drawn as a result of lessons learned.
"'A State founded on the People needs a mainspring; and that mainspring is virtue. (Montesquieu, 176) '"
Bloch requests in his last will and testament that "A family tradition, already of long date, has bound me firmly to my country…I can, in all sincerity, declare that I die now, as I have lived, a good Frenchman" (178).
Many documents have been discovered since World War II and many witnesses have testified of these battles on French soil; by French citizens, British citizens, German citizens and American citizens. Was this a Strange Defeat to them as well?
Bloch died too soon to know how modern historians explain the defeat of France. Do these historians concur with Bloch 100 years after the first World War? 76 years since the Second? Has Bloch's personal account and reflections colored their perspectives?
"Those who teach history should be continually concerned with the task of seeking the solid and the concrete behind the empty and the abstract…it is on MEN rather than FUNCTIONS that they should concentrate their attention"
I will pass this treasure on to my daughter Lorin, an European Historian to glean from her wisdom!
Marc Bloch. Strange Defeat: A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940. Oxford University Press, 1968.
Copyright 2019 by Robyn Lowrie. May be quoted in part or full only with attribution to Robyn Lowrie (www.frenchquest.com)
HitlerStrasbourgWorld HistoryWorld War I
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4 thoughts on "The Defeat of France in World War II: Marc Bloch"
Thanks for sharing this, I had never heard of Bloch…
Best wishes for the festive season!
Robyn Lowrie says:
The same to you and yours, Lisa!
michelinewalker says:
"Le mieux est l'ennemi du bien" helps perfectionists finish their work.
Yes, so true!
Leave a Reply to Robyn Lowrie Cancel reply
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Robyn Lowrie
College Professor with nineteen years teaching in English, French and ESL classrooms of diverse International environments. Focused on developing instructional methods to help students achieve linguistic and cultural proficiency in a second language classroom. Ardent scholar of French history, literature and art. In addition, Content editor and Proofreader of Anthology texts and manuscripts for publishing. Translator of German and French texts.
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A Homemade Remedy To Lose Weight Using Apple Cider Vinegar
By Wild Chronicle
We are less than a month after the festivities and so much celebration about saying goodbye to the previous year and receiving the current one,...
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Fungal poisoning is always an acute medical emergency. Depending on the type of fungal poison that has been ingested, it is life-threatening – and should,...
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Slow-moving people are more at risk of getting sick in old age. Scientists say that the speed of people's walking can be ascertained whether someone...
"Manchester City" Zinchenko defeated "West Ham" Yarmolenko on the road: video
By Milleny N Y on August 10, 2019
In the match between West Ham and Manchester City on Saturday, August 10, defeat was recorded. Spectators in the stands saw as many as five goals (another was canceled). But they all flew into the gates of the home team.
West Ham – Manchester City 0: 5
Goals: Jesus, 25, Sterling, 51, 75, 90 + 2 Aguero, 84 (pen)
Alexander Zinchenko came out in the starting lineup in this match. He traditionally took a position on the left flank of the defense. But Andrei Yarmolenko did not even get into the application for the game.
"West Ham" has actively started the game. "ManCity" responded with his attacks. Actively connected to them Zinchenko. And it was he who launched the attack, which ended in a goal scored. The Ukrainian shifted to the center, gave to Mareza, who launched Walker into a breakthrough. He shot already in the penalty area, a small rebound, and Jesus scored the first goal in this match.
The rout was framed in the second half. At the same time, Sterling designed the hat-trick. First, he successfully closed the pass from De Bruyne. Subsequently, he acted as an assistant when Jesus scored. But the goal was not counted due to offside.
Jesus gave way to Aguero, and the Argentine scored. True, this was the fourth goal of the match. And besides, from the penalty spot. At the same time, the striker had to interrupt him. Although the goalkeeper repulsed his first attempt.
And before that, Sterling scored the third, successfully transferring Fabianski. He also scored the fifth goal, setting the final score of the match.
Milleny N Y
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