text:
A minimal model of liver glycogen metabolism; feasibility for predicting flux rates
Irwin J. Kurland, David Z. D'Argenio
A minimal model of glycogen metabolism can allow the estimation of the flux rates in the glycogen pathway from the time course of the intermediates in the pathway, measured during substrate administration and hormonal stimulation. The comprehensive model of El-Refai & Bergman (Am. J. Physiol. 231, 1608, 1976) consisting of six compartments and 26 non-estimable parameters has successfully accounted for the responses of hepatic glycogenic intermediates in response to a glucose load in hepatocytes (Katz et al., J. biol. Chem. 253, 4530, 1978), in perfused liver (Nordlie et al., J. biol. Chem. 255, 1834, 1980) and during refeeding in vivo (Van DeWerve & Jeanrenaud, Am. J. Physiol. 247, E271, 1984). The comprehensive model is here reduced to a minimal model, consisting of five compartments representing extracellular and intracellular glucose, glucose-phosphate, uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG), glycogen, and five parameters estimated from the hepatic response to a given stimulus. Estimation of these parameters requires the measurement of the net hepatic glucose balance, the net gluconeogenic flux, and the time course of glycogenic intermediates responding to a hormone or substrate stimulus. The hepatic glycogenolytic response predicted by the comprehensive model in response to an increase in glucagon is closely fitted by the minimal model. When Gaussian distributed random error was added, 0-5% SD in the glucose and glycogen compartments and 0-10% SD in the glucose-phosphate and UDPG compartments, the hepatic response predicted by the minimal model was virtually free of the added error, and the model parameters were found to be within 30% of their true values. When the minimal model was used to interpret the experimental response to an increase in glucose concentration it predicted that: (1) glucokinase can phosphorylate glucose at rates similar to maximal rates of net glycogen synthesis; (2) futile cycling at the glycogen/glucose-1-phosphate level can limit glycogen synthesis; and (3) glucose-6-phosphatase inhibition by glucose has a significant role in net glycogen synthesis.
Journal of Theoretical Biology
Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)
Dive into the research topics of 'A minimal model of liver glycogen metabolism; feasibility for predicting flux rates'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Glycogen Engineering & Materials Science 100%
Liver Mathematics 75%
Glucose Mathematics 75%
Metabolism Mathematics 75%
Liver Glycogen Medicine & Life Sciences 71%
Minimal Model Mathematics 65%
glycogen Agriculture & Biology 51%
Fluxes Engineering & Materials Science 45%
Kurland, I. J., & D'Argenio, D. Z. (1988). A minimal model of liver glycogen metabolism; feasibility for predicting flux rates. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 135(3), 343-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(88)80249-2
A minimal model of liver glycogen metabolism; feasibility for predicting flux rates. / Kurland, Irwin J.; D'Argenio, David Z.
In: Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 135, No. 3, 07.12.1988, p. 343-358.
Kurland, IJ & D'Argenio, DZ 1988, 'A minimal model of liver glycogen metabolism; feasibility for predicting flux rates', Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 135, no. 3, pp. 343-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(88)80249-2
Kurland IJ, D'Argenio DZ. A minimal model of liver glycogen metabolism; feasibility for predicting flux rates. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 1988 Dec 7;135(3):343-358. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5193(88)80249-2
Kurland, Irwin J. ; D'Argenio, David Z. / A minimal model of liver glycogen metabolism; feasibility for predicting flux rates. In: Journal of Theoretical Biology. 1988 ; Vol. 135, No. 3. pp. 343-358.
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title = "A minimal model of liver glycogen metabolism; feasibility for predicting flux rates",
abstract = "A minimal model of glycogen metabolism can allow the estimation of the flux rates in the glycogen pathway from the time course of the intermediates in the pathway, measured during substrate administration and hormonal stimulation. The comprehensive model of El-Refai & Bergman (Am. J. Physiol. 231, 1608, 1976) consisting of six compartments and 26 non-estimable parameters has successfully accounted for the responses of hepatic glycogenic intermediates in response to a glucose load in hepatocytes (Katz et al., J. biol. Chem. 253, 4530, 1978), in perfused liver (Nordlie et al., J. biol. Chem. 255, 1834, 1980) and during refeeding in vivo (Van DeWerve & Jeanrenaud, Am. J. Physiol. 247, E271, 1984). The comprehensive model is here reduced to a minimal model, consisting of five compartments representing extracellular and intracellular glucose, glucose-phosphate, uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG), glycogen, and five parameters estimated from the hepatic response to a given stimulus. Estimation of these parameters requires the measurement of the net hepatic glucose balance, the net gluconeogenic flux, and the time course of glycogenic intermediates responding to a hormone or substrate stimulus. The hepatic glycogenolytic response predicted by the comprehensive model in response to an increase in glucagon is closely fitted by the minimal model. When Gaussian distributed random error was added, 0-5% SD in the glucose and glycogen compartments and 0-10% SD in the glucose-phosphate and UDPG compartments, the hepatic response predicted by the minimal model was virtually free of the added error, and the model parameters were found to be within 30% of their true values. When the minimal model was used to interpret the experimental response to an increase in glucose concentration it predicted that: (1) glucokinase can phosphorylate glucose at rates similar to maximal rates of net glycogen synthesis; (2) futile cycling at the glycogen/glucose-1-phosphate level can limit glycogen synthesis; and (3) glucose-6-phosphatase inhibition by glucose has a significant role in net glycogen synthesis.",
author = "Kurland, {Irwin J.} and D'Argenio, {David Z.}",
journal = "Journal of Theoretical Biology",
T1 - A minimal model of liver glycogen metabolism; feasibility for predicting flux rates
AU - Kurland, Irwin J.
AU - D'Argenio, David Z.
N2 - A minimal model of glycogen metabolism can allow the estimation of the flux rates in the glycogen pathway from the time course of the intermediates in the pathway, measured during substrate administration and hormonal stimulation. The comprehensive model of El-Refai & Bergman (Am. J. Physiol. 231, 1608, 1976) consisting of six compartments and 26 non-estimable parameters has successfully accounted for the responses of hepatic glycogenic intermediates in response to a glucose load in hepatocytes (Katz et al., J. biol. Chem. 253, 4530, 1978), in perfused liver (Nordlie et al., J. biol. Chem. 255, 1834, 1980) and during refeeding in vivo (Van DeWerve & Jeanrenaud, Am. J. Physiol. 247, E271, 1984). The comprehensive model is here reduced to a minimal model, consisting of five compartments representing extracellular and intracellular glucose, glucose-phosphate, uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG), glycogen, and five parameters estimated from the hepatic response to a given stimulus. Estimation of these parameters requires the measurement of the net hepatic glucose balance, the net gluconeogenic flux, and the time course of glycogenic intermediates responding to a hormone or substrate stimulus. The hepatic glycogenolytic response predicted by the comprehensive model in response to an increase in glucagon is closely fitted by the minimal model. When Gaussian distributed random error was added, 0-5% SD in the glucose and glycogen compartments and 0-10% SD in the glucose-phosphate and UDPG compartments, the hepatic response predicted by the minimal model was virtually free of the added error, and the model parameters were found to be within 30% of their true values. When the minimal model was used to interpret the experimental response to an increase in glucose concentration it predicted that: (1) glucokinase can phosphorylate glucose at rates similar to maximal rates of net glycogen synthesis; (2) futile cycling at the glycogen/glucose-1-phosphate level can limit glycogen synthesis; and (3) glucose-6-phosphatase inhibition by glucose has a significant role in net glycogen synthesis.
AB - A minimal model of glycogen metabolism can allow the estimation of the flux rates in the glycogen pathway from the time course of the intermediates in the pathway, measured during substrate administration and hormonal stimulation. The comprehensive model of El-Refai & Bergman (Am. J. Physiol. 231, 1608, 1976) consisting of six compartments and 26 non-estimable parameters has successfully accounted for the responses of hepatic glycogenic intermediates in response to a glucose load in hepatocytes (Katz et al., J. biol. Chem. 253, 4530, 1978), in perfused liver (Nordlie et al., J. biol. Chem. 255, 1834, 1980) and during refeeding in vivo (Van DeWerve & Jeanrenaud, Am. J. Physiol. 247, E271, 1984). The comprehensive model is here reduced to a minimal model, consisting of five compartments representing extracellular and intracellular glucose, glucose-phosphate, uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG), glycogen, and five parameters estimated from the hepatic response to a given stimulus. Estimation of these parameters requires the measurement of the net hepatic glucose balance, the net gluconeogenic flux, and the time course of glycogenic intermediates responding to a hormone or substrate stimulus. The hepatic glycogenolytic response predicted by the comprehensive model in response to an increase in glucagon is closely fitted by the minimal model. When Gaussian distributed random error was added, 0-5% SD in the glucose and glycogen compartments and 0-10% SD in the glucose-phosphate and UDPG compartments, the hepatic response predicted by the minimal model was virtually free of the added error, and the model parameters were found to be within 30% of their true values. When the minimal model was used to interpret the experimental response to an increase in glucose concentration it predicted that: (1) glucokinase can phosphorylate glucose at rates similar to maximal rates of net glycogen synthesis; (2) futile cycling at the glycogen/glucose-1-phosphate level can limit glycogen synthesis; and (3) glucose-6-phosphatase inhibition by glucose has a significant role in net glycogen synthesis.
JO - Journal of Theoretical Biology
JF - Journal of Theoretical Biology


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Shakopee Schools
The City of Shakopee is served primarily by the Shakopee School District 720; however, a small portion of the city's industrial park falls into the Burnsville-Eagan-Savage School District 191. The city also has two parochial elementary schools.
Shakopee Public Schools – ISD 720
1200 Shakopee Town Square, Shakopee MN 55379 | 952-496-5000 | www.shakopee.k12.mn.us
The Shakopee School District serves more than 8,000 students in Shakopee, Savage, Prior Lake and the Jackson, Louisville and Sand Creek townships. The school district includes an early childhood center, five K-5 elementary schools, two 6-8 middle schools, one 9-12 high school and a 10-12 alternative learning center. It is governed by a seven-member Board of Education.
Shakopee Public Schools are known for its diverse student population (more than 40 languages are spoken), Project Lead the Way engineering program, college-prep opportunities and dedicated teaching staff.
2700 17th Ave. E., Shakopee MN 55379 | 952- 445-3387 | www.sacsschools.org
Shakopee Area Catholic School (SACS) is a pre-kindergarten through eighth-grade school serving area families since 1970. It is a consolidation of the three Catholic Shakopee parishes, which have been providing Catholic education for 150 years. The 840-student school is known for its integrated Catholic faith foundation, challenge academics, service learning and strong sense of community and family connection.
Living Hope Lutheran School
8600 Horizon Drive, Shakopee MN 55379 | 952-445-1785 | www.bllhschool.org
Living Hope Lutheran School is a pre-kindergarten through fourth-grade school that provides Christian education. A campus of Bloomington Lutheran School, it serves approximately 135 students. It is known for its strong Christian education, high academic standards and growing mind, body and soul.
SouthWest Metro Educational Cooperative
792 Canterbury Road S, Suite 211, Shakopee, MN 55379 | 952-567-8128 | www.swmetro.k12.mn.us
SouthWest Metro Educational Cooperative is comprised of 10 member school districts located in Carver and Scott counties, providing customized programs and services to complement the district's existing programs. SouthWest Metro also offers Adult Basic Education programming for English Language Learning, GED preparation and testing, academic brush-up for college or career readiness and more.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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← Instead of Focusing on What Students Don't Know, What Do They Know?
National Curriculum and Use of Technology →
Are Critics of Current Urban Reformers Defenders of the Status Quo?
It won't be long before shocking reports of incidents erupt from the angry split among contemporary reformers. While this has not yet happened–at least to my knowledge–I can imagine it, given the high temperature of current reform rhetoric. The heated rhetoric on both sides of the reform debate is like one side saying to the other: "I didn't say it was your fault, I said I was blaming you."
At a fund-raising soiree for school reform, to make up an example, one attendee accused another of publicly criticizing new state policies that lifted the cap on the number of charter schools and required up to 50 percent of a teacher's evaluation to be based on student test scores as a "defender of the status quo." She pointed her finger at the blogging reformer and said: "You are killing a generation of children and youth with your continual jabs at our efforts to expect the very best from teachers and students, to accept 'no excuses' from staff, and to fundamentally turnaround a failing system. All you do is support incremental changes here and there while propping up a failing system of schooling."
The "defender of the status quo" replied angrily that those supposed fundamental reforms have little to no evidence supporting them and, worse, the policies she advocates lay the entire responsibility for success upon teachers and administrators to turn failure into success by ignoring the circumstances in which children come to school. "Incremental reforms," he said, "can make a difference when they are planned, involve teachers from the start, implemented fully, and are sustained over time. Anyway, who gave you a license to take your bright, unproven ideas and try them out on kids?"
The "no excuses" reformer threw a glass of Cabernet in the face of the critic and stamped off.
The gap between school reformers and their critics, "defenders of the status quo" grows. "No excuses" urban reformers–shorthand for contemporary policy elites that include CEOs, top federal and state political leaders, and grant-giving donors–and those who question the goals (e.g., schools produce job-ready graduates who contribute to economic growth and competitiveness, everyone goes to college) and strategies (e.g., charter schools, pay-4-performance of teachers, common core standards) have a history.
Not only do well-intentioned reformers–both "no excuses" and "defenders of the status quo"–ignore past efforts at fundamental and incremental reform and similar arguments (e.g., creating student-centered classrooms in the early 1900s, importing electronic technologies into classrooms since the 1950s) but also fail to see that the disagreements over fundamental and incremental reforms are about the scope, content, and pace of change, not whether schools should reform or even the endpoint of reform.
In an earlier post (April 7, 2010), I offered a way of looking at different kinds of reform conceptually that might have avoided not only the Cabernet-tossing incident (yes, I made it up) but the deep confusion that contemporary reformers have in distinguishing incremental from fundamental reforms.
Consider a simple 2 X 2 matrix that distinguishes between types of change (incremental and fundamental) and the pace of implementation (make changes in small steps or make the changes swiftly or in grand moves). Consider further where four practitioners (and the policymakers and foundation officials who support such reforms) would place themselves.
________________SMALL STEPS_____________________
n u
c A B n
e__________________________________________________a
n C D n
____________________GRAND MOVES_____________________
Take a kindergarten teacher—call her Janice– who is an incrementalist. She put herself in the A quadrant (and where in the quadrant she would place her name—in the middle or close to B, C, or D indicates where her blend of inclinations rested). She saw her five year-olds lacking experiences with new technology. She introduced iPads in her kindergarten by persuading her principal to buy four. Next year, she would have eight and make a computer center just like her centers for reading, art, and science.
Barbara, a high school principal, placed herself in the C quadrant. In January, she had decided to introduce a block schedule of 3 daily 90-minute periods in September because she believed it would make teaching and learning more effective than the current 7 periods of 48-minutes. She concentrated only on schedule changes maintaining existing departments and avoided questioning teachers about what they would do in the 90-minute block. Within six weeks she had mobilized a faculty group to support the change, solved the logistical problems teachers identified, found the appropriate software to make the changes and got the parent school-site committee to endorse it. She found money for half of the staff to spend 2 weeks during the summer planning activities in each subject for the 90-minute block.
If A and C are incrementalist quadrants, B and D belong to those who seek fundamental changes in their classroom, school, or district but at different paces. Barciela, a veteran elementary school principal in a largely Latino barrio, confidently wrote her name in the B quadrant. She saw a rapidly growing majority of Latino students segregated from the rest of society. She wanted to create a dual immersion school (Spanish and English) where language skills and culture of her families and students could educate non-Latino children while Latino children could learn from others unlike themselves. She was passionate about this innovation but knew that it would take at least three years to get approved by the school board and enroll students. She laid out all of the steps that she would have to follow each year and listed the problems that she could anticipate.
Science teacher Sondra dashed her name into quadrant D with a flourish. She had found her customary way of teaching biology and chemistry inadequate for the culturally diverse students she faced each year. She believed in students discovering scientific concepts, working in teams on projects, and online instruction via university professors and games yet she was still tied to lecture, using the textbook with occasional lab periods. She wanted to make dramatic changes in her teaching. She located 10 laptops, a handful of biology software programs nicely integrated with key units that she would teach, and found a young biology teacher in another school who agreed to help her learn the new software and manage online instruction. Over the summer, Sondra reorganized the traditional biology course. In September, with the help of a student whiz with machines and software, Sondra put half of the class to work on new software and online lessons while she concentrated on the half-dozen students who needed extra help from her. In the past, these students fell behind quickly and eventually failed.
All of these practitioners sought different kinds of reform at different paces. Seeking incremental changes toward a fundamental reform is not only possible but desirable in a politically charged institution such as public schools. "Defending the status quo" is a tired slogan that makes little sense in the complex politics of school reform and short-changes those reformers who see fundamental changes as a series of small steps toward a desired end.
Whether that desired endpoint is good for schools, the larger society, and a political democracy is, of course, another question that deserves serious scrutiny–not a tossed glass of Cabernet.
Filed under leadership, school reform policies
Tagged as school & district leaders, school reform
2 responses to "Are Critics of Current Urban Reformers Defenders of the Status Quo?"
Bob Calder
It looks to me like an education version of the conservative litmus test is interfering with party internal communications. "You're not as pure as I."
Of course, you are missing the hidden conversations dealing with themes generated by the likes of David Barton.
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Russell Brand takes centre stage in Hackney
11/09/2014 06/14/2016 Loving Dalston COUNCIL, Hackney, LATEST, NEWS 1 Comment
A NEW HAZARD has emerged in Hackney: celebrity surprise or, to be specific, Russell re-Branding.
The fast-talking, revolution-urging writer-comedian-actor has been turning up without warning at public events and inevitably becoming the centre of attraction.
The latest sleb surprise was at a ceremony to celebrate the decoration of a shelter on Hackney Downs.
Unbeknown to Hackney council, which had assigned Jonathan McShane, a cabinet member (yes, like 10 Downing Street, local authorities now have cabinets) to unveil the artwork, the Hollywood star had other ideas – and the council had to issue a statement after the ceremony that said the work was instead "unveiled by comedian Russell Brand".
In the council's photograph of the Hackney mosaic project, above, the pop polemicist appears in the centre. The sidelined McShane is the smart blue suit on Brand's right. You can see a video of the actor-campaigner's under-informed speech here.
For the Hackney mosaic project, artist Tessa Hunkin taught local people, and drug victims who are being helped by charity Lifeline, to make mosaics of animals and trees on the walls of the shelter.
The volunteers have been placing thousands of tiny mosaic tiles on the walls during regular learning sessions that started in January 2014.
Brand is a reformed addict and is determined to help other victims of drugs.
Jean Pender of Lifeline in Hackney told Loving Dalston: "Often drug users are seen as just a burden on the community.
"This demonstrates that they have creative ability and can give something back."
The day after the ceremony Brand turned up at a protest against rent rises on the New Era Estate in Shoreditch, part of the Benyon Estate owned by wealthy MP Richard Benyon and brother Edward and a US property company.
Where in Hackney will the activist pop up next?
MPs Diane Abbott and David Lammy would like to know. Otherwise they, too, could be upstaged by the charismatic lover of words and women.
Like them, he is said to be thinking of having a pop at replacing Boris "the bike "Johnson as Mayor of London.
* Backstory: Hackney Mayor lashes out at Peabody
Hackney carers offered help against prejudice
London Fields Brewery boss owes on drugs past
One thought on "Russell Brand takes centre stage in Hackney"
Bille8 says:
I believe Brand has a new book out. Call me a cynic, but has anyone seen him at other local community events throughout the years, ie, when he hasn't got a new book out? Or am I just being a cynic?
When I was still a fairly young journalist (alright, middle-aged), a fellow hack once said to me: "Davy, if you're not cynical by now, you've not been paying attention." – Ed.


Between the Hawks, Hornets, Heat, Magic, and Wizards, who got better this offseason?
Last week, we began recapping the whirlwind NBA offseason by division. So far, we've covered the Atlantic, the Northwest, the Central, and the Pacific. Today, we shift our gaze to the Southeast Division.
The goal is for this series to serve as a helpful guide for catching up on the numerous changes that went on in the Association this summer, while comparing how each team's moves stack up against those made by their most direct competition.
For said comparison, we'll be using our proprietary metric, nERD.
If you're not familiar with nERD, it combines several offensive, defensive, and usage factors to produce one number that is meant to project a player's overall value to his team. That final number is an estimate of how many games above or below .500 a league-average team would win over an 82-game season with the player in question as one of its starters. It's comparable to win shares, but is meant to be predictive (projecting an 82-game season) as opposed to descriptive (how many wins the player has contributed to his team in the past).
For our purposes, we'll use last season's nERD scores for every player on the move, focusing on total nERD in and nERD out for each of the NBA's 30 teams (leaving out rookies, overseas imports, and G League players with two-way contracts, since we have no idea how much they'll contribute).
Now, let's see how things shook out in the Southeast Division this summer.
The Atlanta Hawks signaled their intentions to start a complete rebuild this summer and signaled them hard, Apart from trading Dwight Howard to the Charlotte Hornets for scraps, they also let All-Star Paul Millsap and decent rotation pieces like Thabo Sefolosha (-0.1 nERD) and Tim Hardaway Jr. (1.1 nERD) walk in free agency for nothing. What they're left with is basically Dennis Schroder, Kent Bazemore, and a roster filled with guys that would be eighth or ninth men on a playoff team.
Say what you will about Dwight Howard's decline and offcourt tomfoolery, but the guy still ranked 24th in our NBA Player Power Rankings last year with a nERD of 7.8 (seventh among centers). The loss of Paul Millsap was the headline, but losing both their bigs leaves the Hawks completely devoid of any past or present star talent. Dewayne Dedmon is a nERD darling (5.1 nERD) and he's a solid addition, but he isn't much more than an efficient role player and is not someone around whom you can build.
Don't let the somewhat conservative net nERD of -8.7 fool you -- the Hawks got a lot worse this offseason.
The Hawks' loss is the Charlotte Hornets' gain. With a nERD of 7,8, Dwight Howard is the biggest difference maker acquired by any team in the Southeast Division this offseason. He's certainly past his prime, but Howard's still an efficient player who can contribute wins when he's healthy.
Meanwhile, five of the six players that the Hornets waived, traded, or let walk this summer registered a negative nERD last season. Even with the addition of an inefficient player like Michael Carter-Williams, the Hornets come out of the summer with a net nERD of 9.5, and could be poised to make a return to the playoffs after missing out a year ago.
The Miami Heat were an inspiring story in 2016-17, going 30-11 in the second half of the season after a dismal first act in which they went 11-30. They made that turnaround with second-tier stars like Goran Dragic and Hassan Whiteside, and a ragtag band of misfits and castoffs like Dion Waiters and James Johnson (both of which the Heat re-signed this summer).
Considering the unlikelihood of their turnaround and meteoric rise, it makes sense that the Heat would run it back again this year without messing around too much with the formula, just in case they managed to capture lightning in a bottle. They did make some minor moves -- like signing Kelly Olynyk -- but their net nERD of -0.3 suggests that this year's Heat will closely resemble last year's Heat in terms of their ability to win basketball games. Whether that means we'll be seeing the first half bottom-feeders or the second half playoff contenders (or somewhere in between) remains to be seen.
The post-Dwight Howard Orlando Magic have been stuck in a five-year cycle of mediocrity. They've oscillated between stockpiling young talent and bringing in playoff-ready veterans, but none of the prospects has truly hit and they've never really gotten the best version of either of their vets. Whether the direction of the team during this recent span has been to fully rebuild or to make a push for the playoffs has never been truly clear, but they've failed to accomplish either up to this point.
This offseason certainly won't put them any closer to realizing either possibility. They added yet another player near the top of the draft in Jonathan Isaac, but most of their other transactions ranged from underwhelming to unnecessary.
They did manage to shed efficiency problems like Jeff Green (-5.4 nERD) and C.J. Watson (-2.7 nERD), but they brought in equally inefficient substitutes in Arron Afflalo (-3.9) and Shelvin Mack (-2.4) to replace them. The signing of former Spur Jonathon Simmons is somewhat intriguing, but that's literally the only thing worthwhile that happened for a team that desperately needs to make a splash.
The bottom half of the Eastern Conference playoff bracket is more wide-open than it's been in years, yet the Magic still might be on the outside looking in.
The Eastern Conference had a clear and obvious top four last season in the Cleveland Cavaliers, the Boston Celtics the, Toronto Raptors, and the Washington Wizards. While the Cavs, Celts, and Raps shuffled the deck this offseason (for better or worse), the Wizards barely changed in the slightest.
Washington boasted one of the best starting lineups in all of basketball last year with a net rating (points scored minus points allowed per 100 possessions) of 8.1, but were sorely lacking in the depth department. Considering the fact that they lost arguably their best bench player in Bojan Bogdanovic, this summer and only managed to replace him and Brandon Jennings with three other below average role players, this season should be more of the same for Washington -- good enough to hang near the top of the conference with Cleveland and a re-loaded Boston squad, but not great enough to beat them.
As far as the Southeast Division is concerned, the Charlotte Hornets look to be the most improved team this offseason, since the Hawks got a lot worse and everyone else went with the status quo.
The Wizards are likely still the better overall squad, and the Heat are right there in their wheelhouse, but the Hornets are the only ones who got appreciably better this summer in adding Dwight Howard and discarding the most inefficient parts of their roster. Buzz on.


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Archaeoacoustic analysis in the imperial palace Felix Romuliana in Eastern Serbia
TAG: pyramid, Rtanj, electromagnetic waves, ultrasound, infrasound, voice pyramid, Felix Romuliana, Gamzigrad, Zaječar, SBRG, SB Research Group
In November 2013, our research group and the Museum of Zaječar (Serbia) began a collaboration. Members of SBRG travelled close to the village of Gamzigrad to study the archaeoacoustic phenomena at the Roman imperial palace Felix Romuliana.
Felix Romuliana was built at the end of the third century AD by Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximus , emperor of the Tetrarchy, who ruled the empire from 305 to 311 AD. It was once part of the ancient Dacia and is situated in the southeast of Serbia, nestled amongst the hills a few kilometers from the town of Zaječar.
"Romuliana" comes from the name of the mother of the emperor, Romula, who lived there until the end of her life. According to the contemporary Roman historian Lattantius, Romuliana was a priestess of the cult of Cybele (the Great Mother) practising their rites at Felix Romuliana.
Fig. 1 – The East Gate of the imperial palace Felix Romuliana
Fig. 2 – Some striking images of the interior of the imperial palace Felix Romuliana
Archeoacoustic analysis was carried out in the temple of Cybele inside the palace where it is belived Romula performed many sacrifices. Romula lived in the palace continuously, while her son the emperor Gaius Galerius was rarely present. Every corner of this country palace seems to have been built for a magical or ritual function as its construction has not been built for military defense.
A lot of bulls were sacrificed in front of the temple on a big stone in public view, however in a hidden part of the temple it is believed sacrificial ritual were made privately, something not in line with the Roman tradition.
Romula was devoted to the 'Gods of the Mountain' who were not the traditional Roman Gods, (Lattantius) and the blood flowed freely during her rituals. There is a sort of channel in the most hidden part of the temple where the blood of the victims could flow. During our studies we placed our microphones in this place where there are also powerful vibrations caused by the movement of groundwater. These vibrations had a direct effect on the psyche of people present at these bloody rituals, like standing in the belly of Mother Earth.
But who were these ancient gods? But Lattantius, historian of the time, only speaks about mysterious and harmful rituals by Romula and her acolytes. The place is really impressive and thanks to our collaboration with the local museum and archaeologists we are conducting research from a broader perspective.
Fig. 3 – The physics researcher S. Mizdrak (in the centre) during an interview by the local television inside the palace Felix Romuliana
Georadar images taken by a German research team, show the palace was built on a more ancient settlement extending beyond the palace walls. Images reveal a settlement to the north of the palace which has been buried, this includes a stone circle.
One mile to the East lies Magura hill on top of which are two tumuli, dedicated to Romuliana and Gaius Galerius. Although this site possess significant natural phenomena that could well explain the sanctity of the place for thousands of years (the tumuli were built over a necropolis dating back to 3,500 BC. It is full of vibrational energy tuned to around 18 - 20Hz, the beta brainwave state (reference: Frederick et al., 1999).
Fig. 4 – The top of Magura hill, where it is possible to see the huge tumuli of Romula and her son, the emperor Gaius Galerius
Fig. 5 – The model of the tumula of Romula and Gaius Galerius with their two mausoleums places to the east (from Museum of Zaječar)
Fig. 6 – Most of our recordings on Magura hill were taken inside the ruins of the Mausoleum of Galerius to avoid collecting spurious sounds or being disturbed by the wind
Fig. 7 – The search for ultrasounds inside the building with the Pettersson ultrasound detector did not find any ultrasounds
Romuliana, devotee of a religion that traces its rituals to prehistoric times, influenced the decision of where to build the palace. Not because it was the place where the emperor was born, as some people assert without any evidence, but because this location was considered "magic" since ancient times. And the extraordinary influence of Romuliana on Gaius Galerius is well known and attested by contemporary historians.
The site therefore undoubtedly lends itself to a study of archaeoacoustics. For now we have fully confirmed the observations made previously in August of 2013, albeit with less accuracy of this time.
Some features of the Palace of Galerius have some peculiarities that seem to fall outside of ordinary civil or military Roman architecture and Roman religious culture, instead having an esoteric function in esoteric/magical key. For example, the temple dedicated to Cybele, placed in the north-east side of the palace and enclosed to form an independent and reserved space for esoteric rites by Romula, distorts the normal square shape plan of the building.
Fig. 8 – Above: view from the sky of the imperial palace (from UNESCO). The Temple of Cybele is circled in red. Below: the map of the building that shows the significant distortion of the square shape of the palace with modifications to this angle near the temple (from Museum of Zaječar)
In this area we found sounds that might explain why Cybele temple is the only place within the palace not oriented along the east-west axis of the building as in the Roman tradition. The palace is developed along the so-called "decumanus" the only way of communication clearly expressed. It appears to be influenced by the contours of the ground, however this does not explain the different orientation of the temple of Cybele which does not have the size that would require a different position in the general layout of the building. In contrast, the larger temple dedicated to Jupiter, is oriented along the east-west axis, as in the Roman tradition.
Fig. 9 - The "decumanus" with a perfect orientation along the East–West axis
We tried to emulate the methods the soothsayers of that time (the àuguri) who perceived the geomagnetic anomalies from underground using a " lituum", (a rod used by Roman dowsers as described by the historians of the period). The checks made with the help of a dowser seemed to be similar to the data obtained using our ultra-sensitive microphones. This confirms the possibility that the àuguri who were responsible for the orientation of the temple, were able to clearly perceive the low-frequency vibrations emanating from underground through their vibration receptors, (called Meissner 's receptors, which are found in the human skin, they are more efficient in people who are sensitive). These vibrations can also be felt by placing our ear to the ground close to where they eminate from to detect the same vibrations (through bone transmission).
Fig. 10 – The receptors (corpuscles) of Meissner in the skin, which are able to perceive low frequencies that the ear is not able to grasp (image from Wikipedia)
There is a variation of sounds coming from under the earth which follow the orientation of the temple (which is not perfectly oriented to the east, but is offset approximately 10 degree to the south).
We placed the microphones in the sacrificial pit of the temple, here is one of the sound files captures (to hear this, you need high-fidelity headphones with a large component of low frequencies otherwise you can not hear anything).
This structure includes a pit surrounded by bricks reliably identified as a "fossa sanguinis" (bloody pit): the space within which the worshipers of Cybele carried out the rite of "Taurobolium". During this cermony, the faithful stood below while above there was a priest standing on a sturdy grille where a bull was sacrificed. The worshiper would then be bathed in the blood of the bull. It was believed that this was a rite of extraordinary power conducted in connection with the imperial cult. But here in Cybele's Temple there is a distortion, because the "fossa sanguinis" is too small to accommodate a bull above us, this would have been sacrificed outside. Probably in these rites something else was sacrificed else and it was not certainly a chicken.
The sound coming from the basement has a continous frequency of 18-20 Hz, which has the possibility to entrain the psyche of those people present. Creating an atmosphere of excitement, while immersed in the darkness of the womb of the Great Mother, or rather inside the "fossa sanguinis".
No similar sounds were found in the perimeter of the building, only some vibrations in the area of the former public baths, likely to result from the thermal water source which evidently once flowed into this structure.
Fig. 11 – We searched for sound frequencies in several locations within the perimeter of the building and even in a pond outside the perimeter without finding anything similar to those frequencies found in the temple of Cybele
In the picture below the remains of the pit at the bottom of the sacrificial part of the temple.
Fig. 12 – The "fossa sanguinis" (pit of blood) in the temple of Cybele
Fig. 13 – Here is the drain of blood probably which was very abundant seen the diameter
What kind of gods were those to whom Romula was inspired? What rituals were imposed? We can not know with any certainty, but you can see in the graph below the sounds we found in the sacrificial pit. These low frequencies and infrasounds contributed to a general atmosphere of excitement in a temple whose acoustical properties would have been at the very least at the same level as that of other buildings that remain standing in the palace today.
For an overview of the difference of vibrations which can be perceived in the temple of Cybele, or outside of this, it is useful to take a look at the graphic chart of the recordings made there.
Fig. 14 – Graphs of the recordings made in and around the Temple of Cybele. Above: there is a strong peak of low frequencies and infrasounds inside the "fossa sanguinis ". Below: here is the graphic that can be detected outside the temple on the stone where the bulls were sacrificed. As you can see there are no particular sounds
As you can see, there are no peaks outside of the temple of Cybele and the graph looks flat, also near the sacrifice stone positioned right in front of the temple at a distance of almost fifteen meters . The peak visible at the end of the curve is only an artifact imposed by the microphones which become unreliable over 60.000Hz .
Because this line of low frequencies follows perfectly the direction of the bottom of the temple and the orientation of the pit of sacrifice (fossa sanguinis) it is possible to say this is the reason for which the temple was built there and with the anomalous orientation. Romula probably wanted the maximum effect in the temple of the vibration from the subsoil.
Fig. 15 – In the images you can see what remains of the temple of Cybele today: only the base of the building
Fig. 16 – And this is the outside stone on which the bulls were sacrificed in front of the public
The study is already at an advanced stage and in the coming months, we will publish the preliminary results of the collaboration between our research group and the Museum of Zaječar.
Fig. 17 – The director of the Museum of Zaječar (from behind), Bora Dimitrijević, observing our measurements
A sincere thanks to the Director of the Museum of Zaječar, Bora Dimitrijević, to whom we extend our appreciation and to Maja Živić and Adrijana Maksimović who helped us obtain our measurements.
Paolo Debertolis, Nina Earl – December 4, 2013
SBRG's research for an archaeoacoustic standard
TAG: archaeoacustics, archaeo-acoustics, archeology, electromagnetic waves, ultrasound, infrasound, voice pyramid, SBRG, SB Research Group
In mid-September 2013, the SBRG research team members interested in archaeoacoustics (not everyone in the team works on this topic) gathered in Zagreb (Croatia) at the Demiurg D.O.O laboratories to draw up an archaeoacoustic protocol and to develop a standard applicable to any archaeological site. Indeed it is important to define a standard at international level in order for other researchers to apply the same methodology that allows repeating any previous detection.
Most of the constructive criticism that was received in the last year questioned some of the final results by suggesting that there was a possibility that radio waves could have contaminated and tainted our records by infiltrating into the ultra-sensitive microphones used for the research. This is a possibility because condenser microphones are sensitive to radio waves, but only if these radio waves are very powerful and very close.
Besides mobile phones, which are always strictly switched off (also the battery has to be removed, because even when turned off mobiles phones regularly give the user's location through occasional pulses) the real concern was for radio waves coming from unusual terrestrial electromagnetic fields originating either from the abnormal diffusion of the magnetic field or from the tectonic movements of the Earth's crust.
In order to avoid any of the above, the physics researcher, Slobodan Mizdrak, devised specific electromagnetic sensors that can be used at the same time as microphones on the digital recorders that are normally used in archaeoacoustics (which have six to eight channels, or it would be better to say that they have three or four stereo tracks).
Fig. 1 - The eight-track digital interface (MOTU 896mk3 fw 800 digital interface) that was used to connect the various microphones to the computer
The test used microphones for the air diffusion of sound (Sennheiser),underwater microphones (Hydrophones) and ultrasound microphones connected to a detector (Pettersson D 1000X) that directly transforms ultrasounds into audible sounds as well as two sensors (Demiurg sensors) with different sensitivity to electromagnetic waves.
Up to this stage only one spectrum analyzer had been used (model Spectran NF -3010 of the German factory Aaronia AG) to signal any nearby radio sources potentially disturbing recordings. For a greater reliability of results if there are any magnetic fields nearby, now these can be recorded simultaneously with sound vibrations.
The graph on the computer will immediately report any radio waves in the surrounding areas that may interfere with the microphones.
Fig. 2 - The image shows on the computer screen the six tracks (three-track stereo) obtained with the digital recorder. The two graphs in the middle, which were obtained from electromagnetic sensors with different sensitivity, point out some of the noises picked up by one of the sensors, while the other tracks show the recorded sounds from the microphones (these monitoring operations were carried out in the laboratory in Zagreb)
The equipment was also tested in the areas of Piljenice, Sisačko-Moslavačka (Croatia), located about 100 kilometers from Zagreb, in order to derive the basic guidelines for archaeoacoustics . This area is totally surrounded by the Croatian plain and it is completely free from anomalous electromagnetic phenomena, thus it was used to create a baseline in absence of acoustic or electromagnetic anomalies.
Fig. 3 – A small lake in the Pilijenice area was used for baseline calculations in water with Aquarian Hydrophones (photographs by I.Tomek)
Fig. 4 – Some images taken during the standard-checking recordings. Close to the digital recorder it is possible to see the Pettersson D 1000X detector
Fig. 5 – The new sensors with different sensitivity (300Ω) built in the Demiurg laboratories (Zagreb) which transform electromagnetic impulses from the environment, into electrical impulses used by the digital recorder
Once the basic standard of archaeoacoustics has been determined it is possible to check whether in a particular archaeological site there is any acoustic or electromagnetic phenomenon, either induced or natural, that will certainly affect the psyche of a person staying in that area. It is now equally possible to immediately identify a spurious phenomenon resulting from current human activity in the area, which could affect the recordings made in a specific archaeological site.
For this purpose as well as to have a comparison, recordings were also collected from an industrial environment of Zagreb where there are very high-levels of electromagnetic pollution.
Microphones were also subject to numerous tests in the Zagreb laboratory to investigate their sensitivity to electromagnetic phenomena by means of a radio waves generator, which provided further evidence of the very low sensitivity to radio waves of the shielded cables and of all the equipment used for the tests. The latter finally put the word "end" to all criticism raised some time ago over the inaccuracy of the method. Indeed the results strongly confirm all the data previously published by the research group.
The newly-devised procedure will be used in all future archaeoacoustic missions by SBRG and it constitutes a repeatable standard of reference for anyone doing research within the field of archaeoacoustics.
Paolo Debertolis – September 30, 2013
Base line equipment for archaeoacoustics
2 PC computers and one mac pro
MOTU 896mk3 digital interface fw 800
ProTools 9.0.6 editing software
BatSound 4.0 audio analyzing software
Audacity audio editing software
Praat phonetics analyze software
2 Sennheiser mkh 3020 condenser microphones (10-70.000Hz)
2 Aquarian N2a hydrophones (10-100.000Hz)
4 Electromagnetic "Demiurg" (300Ω) sensors
1 Tascam (Teac group) DR-6806-track digital portable recorderat 192 kHz sampling rate, 24-bit
1 Pettersson D1000x ultrasound detector
2 Genelec active studio speakers
Audio and electromagnetic recording range 10Hz-96kHz. With Pettersson device 500Hz-305kHz audio recording range
Simultaneous recording analyze 8-tracks of 192kHz audio.
Feed 1: microphone
Feed 2: hydrophone
Feed 3: electromagnetic sensor 1
Feed 5: Pettersson frequency division algorithm
Feed 6: Pettersson heterodyne algorithm
New sponsor from Finland joins SBRG group for archaeoacoustics research
TAG: archaeoacoustics, electromagnetic waves, ultrasounds, infrasounds, voice pyramid, SBRG, SB Research Group, Genelec
Some good news for our archaeoacoustic researches, we now have the support of Finnish manufacturer of professional audio speakers, Genelec Oy from Iisalmi (Finland), a new sponsor for our group.
Fig. 1 - The active speakers Genelec 8030A in our laboratories
Their active speakers (Genelec mod. 8030A), just delivered, will be used for listening, monitoring and as a source of generating interferences to acoustic resonances in our research on ancient structures.
Fig. 2 - Our sound engineer Heikki Savolainen at work in Demiurg laboratories in Zagreb (Croatia)
We have already begun a new intensive study in our laboratory (Demiurg) in Zagreb. We are grateful to our new sponsor for their support for archaeoacoustic research.
SBRG - September 22, 2013
Starting the analysis of Alatri archaeological site from archeoacoustic point of view
Tag: archaeoacoustics, Alatri, polygonal walls, low frequency, infrasounds
By the invitation of the independent researcher from Alatri, Ornello Tofani, SBRG research team through prof. agg. Paolo Debertolis began a study about archaeoacoustics on Alatri acropolis.
For now we only have used the sensitive microphone equipment to seize any sound vibrations both in the field of ultrasounds and infrasounds or low frequencies.
The tests were carried out over two days in mid-August 2013 in different points of the acropolis in the early hours of the morning to minimize the noise disturbance created by human activities.
This megalithic structure situated in the province of Frosinone (Italy), it has walls with pentagonal block perfectly joined without the use of mortar or other binding agent. Similar structures can be seen in the extraordinary Peruvian city of Cuzco, but Alatri has also been shown to possess unusual archaeoacoustic capacity.
Fig. 1 - The stunning walls of polygonal blocks Alatri (Frosinone)
Fig. 2 - The Stone of the Twelve Corners in Calle Hatun Rumiyuq in Cuzco (from Wikipedia)
Fig. 3 - One of the huge stones of the temple located in the center of the acropolis and which now forms part of the basement of the cathedral dedicated to St. Paul and then to St. Sixtus I °. It does not seem to be much less than its equivalent in Cuzco because it has ten corners
Fig. 4 - The "Porta Maggiore" of Alatri in the outside view (above) and inside (below). It is estimated that the lintel above the door has a weight of 27 tons
There is in fact a low frequency sound at a reduced volume at various points in the acropolis. This type of mechanical vibration, comes from the subsoil. It is possible that it has originated from tectonic movements of the underlying deep planes and may have a substantial direct effect of relaxation on the human organism according to the frequencies found capable of interfering with the brain activity in the positive sense.
This last statement should be taken with caution and should be considered only as a preliminary result of this study. Therefore we will require further investigation, which will be held in December 2013 and also in subsequent steps, to assess whether the seasonal rhythm and the magnetic activity of the sun to be able to change the course of these sound characteristics present in the acropolis.
Fig. 5 - The graphic analysis of one of the recorded files from Alatri. It is present a conspicuous component of low frequencies with a broad peak around 34Hz. Further analysis is needed to verify the behavior over time of this issue
Fig. 6 - An image of procedures for listening and recording made in the acropolis
I mention that we have already found these frequencies by SBRG also on the hill of Visoćica (or Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which has a significant effect on who goes to the top of it. But at this point we can have the doubt that, as the most famous Machu Picchu in the Urubamba Valley in Peru, the original construction of the acropolis would have had a ritual reason and only later it was adapted for defense purposes.
Paolo Debertolis - August 26, 2013
This is the "Voice of Alatri." The recording was made at 6 am in order to minimize the noise of human activities. To listen you must use a high fidelity stereo headset with a large component of bass frequencies. Otherwise you can not feel anything. The sound is similar to a burner that will continue to operate under the city, there are also natural spurious noises due to the environment. The file is in mp3 format, click to listen here
Concluding the experiment on Mount Rtanj in Serbia
TAG: pyramids, Rtanj, pyramid Rtanj, electromagnetic waves, ultrasounds, infrasounds, voice pyramid, SBRG, SB Research Group, Spirit Rtanj, Centro Studi cosmological Nikola Tesla, Demiurg, Zepter International Creative Group
After more than a week of work, the international team of scientists concluded the study of the energy beam coming out the top of the mountain and on the frequencies found in nearby sites.
The slopes of the peak of Siljak (1565m), the highest point of the mountain group, was really hard to climb with the large amount of equipment needed to carry out the experiment. For this purpose we had some horses which carried the generator to power tools along with the fuel to make it work.
Fig. 1 - The difficult ascent to the summit of Mount Rtanj, Siljak
Fig. 2 - The help of four horses, absolutely necessary for the transport of heavier equipment (photo Zepter International Group and Creative Media Agent)
The main experiment conducted by Slobodan Mizdrak, a physics researcher from Croatia (who had a careful preparation in this field in his military education), was to designed to send to the heart of Rtanj similar frequencies to those emitted naturally from the mountains (VLF radio waves).
Fig. 2 - Slobodan Mizdrak (photo Zepter International Group and Creative Media Agent)
The answer from the mountain was not long in returning; the pyramid produced an increased response of static energy on the top, this acted like a signal amplifier and put the instruments which had been left on top of the peak for several days in a serious crisis!
Fig. 3 - The ruins of the chapel located on the top of the mountain
Fig. 4 - Slobodan Mizdrak working to set up the equipment placed close to the ruins of the chapel (photo Tatjana Sučec)
The experiment was followed in real time by researchers at a base camp, this was linked via radio with the instruments placed on the summit of the mountain.
Fig. 5 - The best results for the collection of infrasound on top of Siljak were not collected on the summit where there was too much wind, but in the tunnel located just below the chapel
Fig. 6 - The stunning aerial images of researchers at work collected by the team Zepter International Group Creative and Media Agent (Olivera Miladinović and Sandra Vojvodić) on behalf of National Geographic
Fig. 7 - On the right, the main organizer of the experiment and the scientific meeting, Saša Nađfeji (photo Zepter International Group and Creative Media Agent)
The amount of data collected is huge and it will take several months for analysis at three research institutions that have agreed to collaborate with this experiment to analyze (Statistics Institute of Zagreb, Statistics Institute of Beograd, Institute for Advanced Mathematics of Vienna).
Fig. 8 - The base camp full of computers which constantly kept tabs on what was happening on top of Mount Rtanj, remotely monitoring the equipment
The results obtained in other locations are equally interesting, such as the neighboring sacred temple dedicated to Cybele in the palace of the Roman emperor Gaius Galerius, the ancient church of Vidovanska and in the site of Svetilište, probably dating from the Neolithic period.
Fig. 9 - The church located next to the ruins of the oldest chapel in the site of Vidovdanska, a place considered sacred from very long time and full of legends
Fig. 10 - In the palace of Gaius Galerius (Felix Romuliana) is the temple dedicated to Cybele where we conducted the best acoustic surveys
It will take several months for the analysis of all sound files collected to be analyzed.
Fig. 11 - Three of the four members of the SBRG who participated in the experiment in Serbia. From left: Slobodan Mizdrak, Paolo Debertolis, Heikki Savolainen (the fourth member, Nina Earl, took the photographs for SBRG)
Paolo Debertolis – August 14, 2013


text:
Q: Can't update product / Unique constraint violation Since migration, to Magento 2.3 i can't save any products.
Exception.log reports (when i try to update in default scope) :
[2019-03-21 17:29:07] main.CRITICAL: Unique constraint violation found {"exception":"[object] (Magento\\Framework\\Exception\\AlreadyExistsException(code: 0): Unique constraint violation found at /home/mage4dalvin/public_html/vendor/magento/framework/EntityManager/Operation/Update.php:121, Magento\\Framework\\DB\\Adapter\\DuplicateException(code: 1062): SQLSTATE[23000]: Integrity constraint violation: 1062 Duplicate entry '6-0-2-960.0000-0' for key 'UNQ_E8AB433B9ACB00343ABB312AD2FAB087', query was: INSERT INTO `catalog_product_entity_tier_price` (`entity_id`, `all_groups`, `customer_group_id`, `qty`, `value`, `website_id`, `percentage_value`) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) at /home/mage4dalvin/public_html/vendor/magento/framework/DB/Adapter/Pdo/Mysql.php:588, Zend_Db_Statement_Exception(code: 23000): SQLSTATE[23000]: Integrity constraint violation: 1062 Duplicate entry '6-0-2-960.0000-0' for key 'UNQ_E8AB433B9ACB00343ABB312AD2FAB087', query was: INSERT INTO `catalog_product_entity_tier_price` (`entity_id`, `all_groups`, `customer_group_id`, `qty`, `value`, `website_id`, `percentage_value`) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) at /home/mage4dalvin/public_html/vendor/magento/zendframework1/library/Zend/Db/Statement/Pdo.php:235, PDOException(code: 23000): SQLSTATE[23000]: Integrity constraint violation: 1062 Duplicate entry '6-0-2-960.0000-0' for key 'UNQ_E8AB433B9ACB00343ABB312AD2FAB087' at /home/mage4dalvin/public_html/vendor/magento/zendframework1/library/Zend/Db/Statement/Pdo.php:228)"} []

AND (When i try to update in Store View Scope)
[2019-03-21 17:29:31] main.CRITICAL: Notice: A non well formed numeric value encountered in /home/mage4dalvin/public_html/vendor/magento/module-catalog/Model/ResourceModel/Product/Option.php on line 175 {"exception":"[object] (Exception(code: 0): Notice: A non well formed numeric value encountered in /home/mage4dalvin/public_html/vendor/magento/module-catalog/Model/ResourceModel/Product/Option.php on line 175 at /home/mage4dalvin/public_html/vendor/magento/framework/App/ErrorHandler.php:61)"} []

All ideas are welcome.
Thanks for your help.

A: Go to your database, search catalog_product_entity_tier_price table, find entity_id = 6 , delete this and try update product again

A: If it is configurable product, make sure all of it's simple products have the same attribute set as parent.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Exteroceptive reflexes in dystonia: A study of the recovery cycle of the R2 component of the blink reflex and of the exteroceptive suppression of the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle in blepharospasm and torticollis
F. Carella, C. Ciano, M. Musicco, V. Scaioli
The recovery cycle of the R2 component of the blink reflex and the exteroceptive suppression of EMG activity in the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle produced by electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve were studied in normal subjects and in patients with either blepharospasm or torticollis. The latencies of the reflexes were normal, suggesting that the neural structures that mediated them were intact. However, the recovery of the R2 component of the blink reflex was enhanced in patients with either blepharospasm or torticollis. Also, the size of the exteroceptive suppression of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was reduced in both groups of patients. Our results are indicative of abnormalities of interneurons mediating exteroceptive reflexes in patients with craniocervical dystonia that are not restricted to the systems controlling the muscle involved in the dystonia.
Exteroceptive reflexes
Carella, F., Ciano, C., Musicco, M., & Scaioli, V. (1994). Exteroceptive reflexes in dystonia: A study of the recovery cycle of the R2 component of the blink reflex and of the exteroceptive suppression of the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle in blepharospasm and torticollis. Movement Disorders, 9(2), 183-187.
Exteroceptive reflexes in dystonia : A study of the recovery cycle of the R2 component of the blink reflex and of the exteroceptive suppression of the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle in blepharospasm and torticollis. / Carella, F.; Ciano, C.; Musicco, M.; Scaioli, V.
In: Movement Disorders, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1994, p. 183-187.
Carella, F, Ciano, C, Musicco, M & Scaioli, V 1994, 'Exteroceptive reflexes in dystonia: A study of the recovery cycle of the R2 component of the blink reflex and of the exteroceptive suppression of the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle in blepharospasm and torticollis', Movement Disorders, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 183-187.
Carella F, Ciano C, Musicco M, Scaioli V. Exteroceptive reflexes in dystonia: A study of the recovery cycle of the R2 component of the blink reflex and of the exteroceptive suppression of the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle in blepharospasm and torticollis. Movement Disorders. 1994;9(2):183-187.
Carella, F. ; Ciano, C. ; Musicco, M. ; Scaioli, V. / Exteroceptive reflexes in dystonia : A study of the recovery cycle of the R2 component of the blink reflex and of the exteroceptive suppression of the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle in blepharospasm and torticollis. In: Movement Disorders. 1994 ; Vol. 9, No. 2. pp. 183-187.
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abstract = "The recovery cycle of the R2 component of the blink reflex and the exteroceptive suppression of EMG activity in the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle produced by electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve were studied in normal subjects and in patients with either blepharospasm or torticollis. The latencies of the reflexes were normal, suggesting that the neural structures that mediated them were intact. However, the recovery of the R2 component of the blink reflex was enhanced in patients with either blepharospasm or torticollis. Also, the size of the exteroceptive suppression of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was reduced in both groups of patients. Our results are indicative of abnormalities of interneurons mediating exteroceptive reflexes in patients with craniocervical dystonia that are not restricted to the systems controlling the muscle involved in the dystonia.",
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text:
A Number Of Wanted Arrested According To Article 4, Terrorism In West Of Anbar
Baghdad, The security forces arrested a number of wanted persons, according to Article 4, Terrorism, in the west of the country.
A statement of the Ministry of Defense said: A force of Anbar operations in Al-Rutba district and after intelligence information arrested three wanted persons according to Article 4 terrorism.
The statement added: All those arrested confessed that they belonged to the ISIS and they were handed over to the competent authorities.
It explained that: After receiving intelligence information, a security force in the checkpoint of Kilo 70 managed to arrest a fourth wanted, according to Article 4 terrorism.
It pointed out that the Operations Command has a duty to protect the commercial convoy on the international road from Trebil border crossing to the hawk checkpoint within the sector of responsibility, which has reached (103) local vehicles and (12) Jordanian vehicles.
Source: National Iraqi News Agency


Only a few days left until Christmas! Cards to write, presents bought and sent…. Christmas is always so busy that we hardly get time to consider what it's all about. Presence for Presents – that's odd!
We are so used to accessing things instantly. E-mail cards, Amazon for books, gifts at the touch of a button, gift cards and vouchers, even balloons, chocolates and flowers for those special people! We hardly need to spare a thought for the person receiving the gift. It was so different at the first Christmas – for God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son – when the right time had come. A lot of thought went into the first Christmas – the present was a person, Jesus the Saviour, God with us.
It's important to keep on giving at this time of year (and at other times as well!) but think about Presence for Presents. Maybe the person doesn't want another thing – they would prefer YOU to see them, visit them, spend time with them. Christmas can be lonely for people as it brings back memories of missed loved ones – they need a person alongside. Could you become the Immanuel, 'God with us' person for them? It takes time and effort but compare it to the planning for the first Christmas.
At the Congregational Board meeting in October I reported that income for the quarter ended 30 September was £76,500 with expenditure at £72,000, a surplus of £4,500. However this hides the true story. In each of the three individual quarters this year we have produced a deficit in relation to ordinary income and expenditure. The surplus arises from the reclaim of income tax paid on Free Will Offerings last year. By the year end I expect the surplus to have been used up and we will be lucky to break even.
My message to the Board was that we had two choices, either improve our income or reduce our expenditure. In the previous "Messenger" I pointed out that being in vacancy was likely to increase our expenditure, rather than reduce it and so improving our income is what we must do.
I have two suggestions therefore which I hope every single member will pay heed to and take immediate action.
Consider the amount of your offering, compare it to your other spending, how does it compare, can you improve it, can you give more regularly, how about a standing order?
Included with the magazine there is a Christmas Gift Envelope, please consider what you will be spending on Christmas presents to family and friends, how much is your church worth as part of your family? Please give generously.
I know the current economic climate is not good and that we all have different priorities. Where does St Mark's sit on your list of priorities? Read Mark Ch 12 V 41 – 44.
Isn't there more to see with Christ?
Isn't the Good News of Jesus worth more than this?
Isn't the spiritual food of Christ worth more?
Isn't your journey with the Lord worth as much?
There are many more examples you can consider for yourself. Please think about them. Please think where your priorities in life are. Where does your faith come on the list?
How much is your Church really worth to you?
The Circle of Care communion and Afternoon Tea on Sunday 11th October was well attended and enjoyed by all. As always we are very grateful to all who give of their time and work so hard to bring such an enormous amount of pleasure to our elderly.
CrossReach realises that people with learning difficulties need a certain level of support but that it is also important for them to take as much responsibility for themselves as is possible. There is help for them to do so wherever they live. Some have their own tenancies while others are in residential units. Some of these also provide short breaks to allow those with learning difficulties to enjoy a change as well as giving the families or carers much needed respite.
At the time of writing this, we have only had one meeting when our guest, Marion Dey, gave a very interesting talk.
We were delighted to welcome four new members and also two ladies who, due to illness, had been unable to attend for the last couple of years.
There is always a warm welcome to anyone who wishes to come along on a Monday afternoon.
Dancing finishes on Wednesday 9th December with a Party Night and resumes on Wednesday 6th January.
The Strollers really had to be hardy or were they foolhardy when they walked along the Deeside Railway Line on Saturday 3rd October? When wind was at times almost gale force. They thought they would be more sheltered there but they were wrong! Nevertheless they did enjoy the outing. The next will be on the following dates.
The update below was received from Mary Ngwira in Malawi in September.
For the kitchen project we are at roofing stage as John promised to send us money for the roofing. We have received the funds, about £2000 (St Mark's £1500 plus £500 from John Watson). It has taken about three weeks if not a month to get cleared by the bank. It was only yesterday when we were called by the bank that our money has finally been cleared. Converting in Malawi Kwacha its about MKw458,161.51. We are sure if we buy iron sheets and other materials ourselves we will manage to finish off the roofing stage, thereafter what will remain is finishing off, this will need extra funds i.e. plastering both in and out, floor cabinets etc, so that we can declare the kitchen is finished according to the plan. After finishing roofing we will sent you pictures and actual expenditures on roofing for both (material/labour charges).
Apart from the kitchen project we are also building offices behind the Church. I hope we showed you the plan that time you came. It is also on roofing stage. We had fund-raising (Big paper Sundays) on March quarter and June Quarter respectively. From the funds we accumulated from 1st quarter we started with foundation, from 2nd quarter building walls inclusive of office rooms, now we are about to finish up to roofing level. We are planning for another big paper Sunday this quarter to have funds for roofing process.
The Woman's Guild, with the machine you gave us, are busy sewing their uniforms for the big launch they are having on 4th October. With the money you gave to the Woman's Guild choir, they have managed to produce an Audio CD with which, I am sure, they will realise a lot of money after selling them from this launch. We need your prayers and support so that these functions should be successful.
As for Sunday School, they are going for their final plays. They participating with other Churches within the Blantyre Synod. Some of our children got good grades on poems, drama, bible verses, gestures etc and were chosen to participate in the final draws this weekend at Presbytery Office.
These are the latest updates so far.
Greeting to you all and we love you all.
Nine of our St Mark's members go on the third Sunday of each month to Foresterhill to take patients from their ward to the hospital Chapel and back to the ward again. This is a service they all enjoy doing.
On Sunday 18th October Mark Rodgers presented four of them with a certificate recognising their service over 10 or 20 years.
St Nicholas Kirk was featured in the November magazine, just one of many interesting features in a new look Life and Work.
The history of the 'mither kirk' is told from its beginning in the 11th and 12th centuries. After the Reformation in the 16th century St Nicholas was subdivided, one congregation meeting in the East Church and the other in the West Church, the latter fell into disrepair after 1690 when Presbyterian church government was reintroduced in the Church of Scotland.
In the 1750's the West Church was replaced by a new building. The medieval East Church was restored in 1835-37 but was gutted by fire in 1874 and rebuilt in 1875-77 with a granite spire.
The present congregation is known as St Nicholas Uniting. In 2002, because of dwindling membership, the St Nicholas congregation was joined with that of the nearby St Nicholas Congregational Church.
Currently the East Church is being developed as a modern worship place which is taking longer than originally anticipated because of the excavation works revealing a Romanesque church.
This is a brief outline of the article with kind permission of Life and Work.
Ask Rosalyn Rennie about placing an order for this magazine and keep up-to-date with news from Church of Scotland, stories about faith at home and abroad and much more…..


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text:
Q: How to use nested attributes with belongs_to association on new action? On the update action the following nested_form works, but on create I get this error:
Couldn't find Student with ID=12 for Cv with ID=

Controller:
def new
  @cv = Cv.new
  @cv.student = current_student
end

def create
  @cv = Cv.new(params[:cv])

  if @cv.save
    redirect_to student_dashboard_path,
      notice: t('activerecord.successful.messages.created', model: @cv.class.model_name.human)
  else
    render 'new'
  end
end

Model:
class Cv < ActiveRecord::Base
  attr_accessible :student_attributes

  belongs_to :student
  accepts_nested_attributes_for :student
end

View:
= f.simple_fields_for :student do |s|
  = s.input :english_level, collection: [['Low', 1], ['High', 2]]

A: You should make changes to your route.rb too.
resources :parent do
  resources :child
end

Take a look at this useful implementation by Jose Valim - inherited-resources .


text:
You are here: Home / Activism and Campaigning / Call for national research as fears grow over loss of DPOs
Call for national research as fears grow over loss of DPOs
By John Pring on 14th June 2018 Category: Activism and Campaigning
There is an "urgent" need for research into the hidden issue of disabled people's organisations across the country that are being forced to close because of funding problems, say campaigners.
Shaping Our Lives (SOL), the national network of service users and disabled people, spoke out this week after further "worrying" figures showing the falling number of user-led organisations.
SOL is seeking funding, and partners, for a major piece of research to uncover the scale of the problem.
Its own figures suggest that more than 60 user-led groups that were members of its network have been forced to close since 2014.
Those figures come just weeks after the National Survivor User Network (NSUN) was facing possible closure because of funding problems, although it later secured £60,000 short-term funding from two grant-making bodies to allow it to stay open for the rest of the year.
NSUN warned in March 2017 that 221 of its 822 members – most of them user-led groups and all of them smaller, voluntary sector mental health groups in England – had closed since January 2015.
Shaping Our Lives told Disability News Service that there was "increasing evidence" that the problems facing NSUN were "just the tip of the iceberg".
Professor Peter Beresford (pictured), SOL's co-chair, said that user-led organisations (ULOs) – often the third sector organisations that are most valued by disabled people – "undoubtedly seem to be facing a worsening environment" because of government cuts.
He said this was happening at a "critically difficult" time for disabled people, with "worsening welfare reform and social care service reductions".
He added: "There are no official efforts even to monitor the scale of the problem and the effects it is evidently having."
He said that Shaping Our Lives was "committed to undertaking a large-scale survey to get a clearer picture of the scale of the problem", which he said was "of urgent importance and should be a priority for funding organisations".
He said: "We would be happy to partner an academic institution to build such a reliable and up-to-date body of evidence.
"Meanwhile it would be a terrible mistake to suggest that lack of evidence means lack of problems for countless valued local ULOs and the disabled people who have depended on them.
"We cannot continue to ignore this major problem."
Eamon Andrews, SOL's network officer, said the figures were "worrying".
He said: "Disabled groups are constantly concerned about future funding and their energies are spent looking for and applying for funds.
"With reduced services and the lost expertise this makes it difficult to sustain any presence in an ever-increasing hostile environment.
"This impedes what service-user groups do and what is necessary, which is to support and empower the service-user voice, which in turn makes it increasingly difficult to challenge the daily onslaught of the erosion of the rights of disabled people."
He pointed out that organisations that took part in a review of the voluntary, community and social enterprise sector in 2016 "described a constant battle between their missions set by their communities, and their need to chase funding priorities set elsewhere".
Inclusion London, which supports Deaf and disabled people's organisations across London, said it had been concerned "for a number of years" about the threat to Deaf and disabled people's organisations (DDPOs) "in the current climate".
Tracey Lazard, Inclusion London's chief executive, said: "There are now a number of London boroughs without any DDPO.
"There is also the issue of increased strain on those that remain as they battle increased demand with funding cuts and growing fear of reprisals for speaking out against their local councils.
"We know that DDPOs provide significant added value alongside the benefits of peer-led approaches but too often we now see commissioners focused on short-term budget savings to the exclusion of all else.
"There needs to be a better understanding of the benefits of investing in our sector and we would like to see use of procurement regulations that allow commissioners to ring-fence tenders to user-led organisations."
The Department for Work and Pensions had failed to say by noon today (Thursday) whether the Office for Disability Issues was aware of and concerned about the closure of DPOs, and whether it was taking any action.
Tags: DWP Inclusion London National Survivor User Network Office for Disability Issues Shaping Our Lives


text:
Lorenz Rifle
Rifled musket
American Civil War, Second Italian War of Independence, Austro-Prussian War
Joseph Lorenz
Austrian government with many private contracts
37.5" (952.5 mm)
Percussion lock
Feed system
Muzzle-loading
The Lorenz rifle was an Austrian rifle used in the mid 19th century. It was used in several European wars, and also featured prominently in the U.S. Civil War.
2 Design Features
3 Use
The Lorenz rifle was designed by Austrian lieutenant Joseph Lorenz. It was first approved for manufacture in 1854, and was Austria's first all-new infantry firearm in decades. The demand for the rifles was much greater than what the Austrian government could produce, so much of the production was done by private manufacturers. Many of these manufacturers did not have the skill and precision required to make what was then a very modern and sophisticated rifle design, and as a result, the quality of Lorenz rifles varied quite a bit. The bore diameters also varied quite a bit due to insufficient control of allowable tolerances. This often left too much of a gap between the bullet and the barrel, resulting in poor performance.[1]
Replacing the earlier Augustin rifled musket, the Lorenz was first distributed to Austrian soldiers in 1855. Despite its superiority to the Augustin, the Lorenz suffered from slow delivery and was sometimes used ineffectively due to prevailing conservatism in tactics and training. By 1859, the year of the Austro-Sardinian War, not all Austrian units had received the new rifle.[2]
The Lorenz rifle was a percussion type muzzle loader, and as such was similar in design to the British Pattern 1853 Enfield and the American Springfield rifle-muskets. It had a 37.5 inch barrel which was held into place by three barrel bands. The barrel was .54 caliber, which was slightly smaller than the .577 used by the Enfield and the .58 standardized in later Springfields.
The stock was made of beech or occasionally walnut. The Lorenz could have either block or leaf-sights.[3]
The Lorenz rifle fired a solid bullet that did not grip the barrel as well as a hollow skirted Minie type bullet.[citation needed] This solid bullet design, combined with inconsistent bore diameters, contributed significantly to the mediocre and inconsistent performance of Lorenz rifles.
The rifle was fitted with a quadrangle socket bayonet.
The Lorenz rifle first saw action in the Second Italian War of Independence. It was later used in the Balkans.
The Lorenz rifle was the third most widely used rifle during the American Civil War. The Union recorded purchases of 226,924 and the Confederacy bought as many as 100,000. The quality of Lorenz rifles during the Civil War was not consistent. Some were considered to be of the finest quality, and were sometimes praised as being superior to the Enfield. Others, especially those in later purchases, were described as horrible in both design and condition. Many of these poorer quality weapons were swapped out on the battlefield for Enfield rifle-muskets whenever one became available.[4]
Muzzle-loading Lorenz rifles were the main Austrian weapon during the Austro-Prussian War and were generally outclassed by the Prussian needle gun.
In the late 19th century surplus Lorenz rifles were sold in Africa as trade guns.[3]
The Lorenz rifle was produced in three different variants, designed for short, medium, and long range combat. The short range version, which was the most common, had less of a twist in the rifling, and lacked long range sights. The medium range version had more of a twist in the rifling to increase long range accuracy, and had movable long range sights. The long range version had an even greater twist in the rifling as well as a finer adjustable sight. This long range version was intended only for use by elite fighting units.
The rifle was also produced in two different patterns, the 1854 and the 1862. The Pattern 1862 had a different type of lock plate that more closely resembled that used on the Enfield. Pattern 1862 rifles were also more consistent in their manufacturing.
A large number of Lorenz rifles purchased for use in the U.S. Civil War had their barrels bored to .58 caliber, so that they could fire the same ammunition as the Enfield and Springfield rifle-muskets. The boring on these rifles suffered from the same lack of consistency that was found in the original manufacture of the rifles.
The finish on the rifles varied. Some were blued, some browned, and others were polished bright.
Weapons of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
^ "Civil War Firearms: Their Historical Background and Tactical Use" By Joseph G. Bilby
^ Rothenberg. G.E. The Army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1976. p 43.
^ a b Bilby, J, the Lorenz (Mar 26, 2009)
Early rifles
American Civil War rifles
Rifles of Austria
Model 1817 Common Rifle
M1885 Remington-Lee
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Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland — Infobox Military Unit unit name=Panzergrenadier Division Großdeutschland (Greater Germany) caption=Divisional insignia of Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland country= flagicon|Germany|Nazi Germany type=Motorized Infantry branch=Infantry… … Wikipedia


Last month my recipe for Maraschino Cherry Cupcakes caught the attention of CherryMan, a company with over 100 varieties of maraschino cherries! I had never heard of CherryMan before so I said "definitely!" when they asked if they could send me some to try out. I often use maraschino cherries in my baking and liked how CherryMan's maraschino cherries were natural with no artificial colours, flavours or preservatives.
CherryMan sent me some of their Farm to Market Natural Maraschino Cherries to try out. There's a QR code on the side of each jar that let's you find out more about the origins and story of the growers of each jar! The cherries have just the right amount of sweetness and are delicious even just eating on their own.
Cherries are not just for sundaes! CherryMan has a bunch of sweet and even a few savory recipes you can make using their cherries. The first recipe I wanted to try was the Cherry Chocolate Brownies. They are moist and chewy and full of sweet maraschino cherry goodness. You can also add nuts, but I left them out of my recipe. Top with some vanilla ice cream or eat them plain, these Cherry Chocolate Brownies make a scrumptious (and seriously simple) dessert.
Visit CherryMan to learn more about their maraschino cherries and other products. Connect with CherryMan on Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest & YouTube.
Rich and sinfully sweet brownies packed with luscious cherries!
Stir together melted butter and sugar. Whisk in almond extract and eggs.
Stir in flour, salt, and cocoa. Add cherries and mix again.
Spread in a greased 9×13″ pan and bake at 350° for about 30 minutes, or till toothpick comes out clean.
Cherries and chocolate are two of my favorites. Wiping the drool off of the keyboard.
Stacie your brownies are making my mouth water, they look delicious. I love maraschino cherries!!
Yum, I love chocolate and cherry as a combination!
OMG! Two of my favorite things combined! These look scrumptious! Can't wait to make them!
Yummy, yummy! I love cherry and chocolate. Can't wait to try these!
Looks so good! Thanks for sharing at the #InspirationSpotlight party @DearCreatives Pinned & sharing.
I am a huge brownie lover and the addition of the cherries can only make them better.
Yummy! Chocolate and cherries are always a great combo. Thanks for sharing on Merry Monday.


text:
Q: Spark DataFrame contains specific integer value in column I have a simple Spark DataFrame with column ID with integer values 1, 2, etc.:
+---+-------+
| ID| Tags  |
+---+-------+
|  1| apple |
|  2| kiwi  |
|  3| pear  |
+---+-------+

I want to check if value like 2 is in the column ID in any row, filter method  is only useful for string columns. Any ideas?
UPDATE:
I was trying with:
df.filter(df.ID).contains(2)
At the end I need boolean True or False output.

A: No. Filter can filter other data types also.
dataDictionary = [
    (1,"APPLE"),
    (2,"KIWI"),
    (3,"PEAR")
    ]

df = spark.createDataFrame(data=dataDictionary, schema = ["ID","Tags"])
df.printSchema()
df.show(truncate=False)
df.filter("ID==2").rdd.isEmpty()  #Will return Boolean.


This Upper Kaiwiki Road homestead offers the perfect opportunity to live a sustainable, green island lifestyle. It is sited to take full advantage of the sunlight, rainfall and tropical breezes found in East Hawaii, minimizing dependency on "the grid." What are you waiting for? Leave behind the stress and bills of urban life to enjoy modernity and sustainability in paradise.
Hot water solar panels were included in construction of the main home, allowing guilt-free long, hot showers on sunny days. On the few days that the water temperature drops, simply turn on the electric hot water heater which is also powered by photo-voltaic panels. The photo-voltaic (solar) system generates enough electricity annually to meet 95+% of all electricity needs in the main house, cottage and workshop.
Many Big Island residents rely on catchment water tanks. Ultraviolet purification and filtration systems, like the ones in place at this home, make sure the water is safe for drinking. Harvesting rainwater from the cottage roof keeps the 14,000 gallon catchment tank full.
When it comes to managing humidity and minimizing mold growth on clothing and furniture, breeze-power is your new best friend. Each structure on this property has been carefully positioned to use the tropical trade winds to stay well ventilated. The main house has expansive 4′ x 6′ screened windows and several glass paneled double French doors that slide open to welcome the cross ventilation. The cottage features two 8 ' sliding glass doors that give panoramic views of the giant bamboo and abundant open space.
RS-64826, CRS, GRI, ABR, GREEN Contact Marsha directly at 808-895-2254 or by clicking her name (above) to visit her website.


The University of Ghana implemented the corporate branch of EMIS within its new program in Sustainability Science starting September 2015.
EMIS elective courses include: process modeling, information systems and corporate environmental management, material flow analysis and management, and sustainability and industrial ecology.
The Sustainability Science program is a research and innovation based program taking into consideration current rapid trends in socio-economic development within the deteriorating environmental context that aptly express the necessity for building capacity in sustainability science in Ghana. The aim of the program is to provide students with core concepts of sustainability science for development through environmental, social and economic disciplines, analyze multi-disciplinary information and data to provide informed decision-making through resource management; understand how practical applications are used to achieve the core concepts in different fields of study; and integrate various sources of knowledge to support the process of achieving these concepts. The program philosophy is very much in line with University of Ghana's vision to develop world-class human resources and capabilities to meet national development needs and global challenges through quality teaching, learning, research and knowledge dissemination.
The trans-disciplinary approach of the program prepares students professionally for a broad range of sustainability-focused careers in industry, government, or the non-profit sector and is therefore open to students from various disciplines.
Applicants should have at least a second class honors degree in an appropriate field of study.