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Author: Jason Oakley
Jason is a California registered professional engineer who graduated from UCSD in 1997 with a degree in structural engineering and earned his MBA from Cal. State Fullerton in 2013. He is a field engineer who teaches specifiers about concrete anchorage and fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) in the S. California and Pacific region. Before joining Simpson Strong-Tie in 2002, he was a design engineer for 5 years working on subterranean parking lots, movie sets, offshore drilling platforms, nuclear power plants, oil refineries, blast-resistant structures, fall protection, dry-dock ship supports and vibration.
Applying ACI 318-14 Development Length Provisions to Post-Installed Reinforcing Bars Secured to Concrete with Construction Adhesive
The evaluation report, ESR-4057, was recently updated to allow the design of SET-3G adhesive for post-installed reinforcing bars using the ACI 318 development length provision. This blog has been reposted replacing SET-XP with SET-3G using the original design examples. The SET-XP evaluation report, ESR-2508, currently limits f'c to 2,500 psi for seismic applications located in seismic design category C–F. SET-3G does not carry the same limitation allowing for a considerable reduction in development length at higher values of f'c. In general, a substantially lower installation cost can be expected using SET-3G for seismic applications. Additionally, SET-3G has slightly reduced edge and spacing requirements. Engineers can access a free online calculation tool to easily determine the rebar development or lap splice length for either adhesive product.
I first learned about the application of the ACI 318 development length provision to post-installed reinforcing bars back in 2003 when I read Post-Installed Adhesive-Bonded Splices in Bridge Decks, authored by Ronald A. Cook and Scott D. Beesheim. In their series of experiments, holes were drilled adjacent to cast-in-place bars using a carbide-tipped drill bit, and new bars were secured in these holes using an anchoring adhesive presumed to be of a type commonly used in concrete construction.
Author Jason OakleyPosted on May 19, 2020 May 26, 2020 Categories Testing/R&DTags ACI, ACI 318, adhesive anchoring, PIRB, post-installed rebar, RDLP, rebar development length, reinforcing bar, SET-XPLeave a comment on Applying ACI 318-14 Development Length Provisions to Post-Installed Reinforcing Bars Secured to Concrete with Construction Adhesive
Simpson Strong-Tie® SET-3G™ Adhesive Offers a Ductile Solution for Post-Installed Anchorage near a Concrete Edge
Designing post-installed anchorage near a concrete edge is challenging, especially since the ACI provisions for cracked-concrete anchorage went into effect. In the following post, one of our field engineers, Jason Oakley, P.E., explains how SET-3G™ and Anchor Designer™ software from Simpson Strong-Tie make it easier to design a ductile anchor solution.
Engineers often provide holdown anchoring solutions near a concrete edge to help prevent overturning of light-frame shear walls during a seismic (or high-wind) event. Sometimes a post-installed anchor must be used if the cast-in-place anchor was mislocated or misinstalled, or is located where a retrofit or addition is needed. Since the cracked-concrete anchorage design provisions went into effect more than a decade ago, it has been challenging for engineers to offer a near-edge post-installed anchoring solution. This is especially true for structures subject to earthquake loads in seismic design category (SDC) C through F. Simpson Strong-Tie's new SET-3G epoxy is the first anchoring adhesive in the industry to offer exceptionally high bond-strength values that permit ductile anchorage in concrete near an edge. This blog post will cover a specific example that focuses on Chapter 17 of ACI 318-14 to design a threaded rod, anchored with SET-3G adhesive, used to secure a holdown located 1 3/4″ away from a single concrete edge (Figure 1).
Author Jason OakleyPosted on February 2, 2018 May 14, 2018 Categories Building Codes, Technology, Testing/R&DTags ACI, adhesive, Anchor Designer software, concrete, connectors, epoxy, holdown, SET-3G, Simpson Strong-Tie1 Comment on Simpson Strong-Tie® SET-3G™ Adhesive Offers a Ductile Solution for Post-Installed Anchorage near a Concrete Edge
Understanding and Meeting the ACI 318 – 11 App. D Ductility Requirements – A Design Example
If you're one of the many engineers still confused by the ACI 318 – 11 Appendix D design provisions, this blog will help explain what's required to achieve a ductile performing anchorage. Most building codes currently reference ACI 318 – 11 Appendix D as the required provision for designing a wide variety of anchor types that include expansion, undercut, adhesive and cast-in-place anchors in concrete base materials. This blog post will focus on section D.3.3.4.3(a) for an anchor located in a high seismic region. We'll go over what these requirements are with a simple design example.
Ductility is a benefit in seismic design. A ductile anchor system is one that exhibits a meaningful degree of deformation before failure occurs. However, ductility is distinct from an equally important dimension called strength. Add strength, and a ductile steel element like the one shown in Figure 1 can now exhibit toughness. During a serious earthquake, a structural system with appreciable toughness (i.e., one that possesses both strength and ductility in sufficient degree) can be expected to absorb a tremendous amount of energy as the material plastically deforms and increases the likelihood that an outright failure won't occur. Any visible deformations could help determine if repair is necessary.
Figure 1 – ½" mild steel threaded rod tensilely loaded to failure (starting stretch length = 8d)
Let's start off with a simple example that will cover the essential requirements for achieving ductility and applies to any type of structural anchor used in concrete. We'll arbitrarily choose a post-installed adhesive anchor. This type of anchor is very common in concrete construction and is used for making structural and nonstructural connections that include anchorage of sill plates and holdowns for shear walls, equipment, racks, architectural/mechanical/electrical components and, very frequently, rebar dowels for making section enlargements. We'll assume the anchor is limited to resisting earthquake loading in tension only and is in seismic design category C – F. Section D.3.3.4.2 requires that if the strength-level earthquake force exceeds 20% of the total factored load, that the anchor be designed in accordance with section D.3.3.4.3 and D.3.3.4.4. We will focus on achieving the ductility option, (a), of D.3.3.4.3.
To understand anchor ductility we need to first identify the possible failure modes of an anchor. Figure 2 shows the three types of failure modes we can expect for an adhesive anchor located away from a free edge. These three failure modes generically apply to virtually any type of anchor (expansion, screw, cast-in-place or undercut). Breakout (Nb) and pullout (Na) are not considered ductile failure modes. Breakout failure (Nb) can occur very suddenly and behaves mostly linear elastic and consequently absorbs a relatively small amount of energy. After pullout failure (Na) has been initiated, the load/displacement behavior of the anchor can be unpredictable, and furthermore, no reliable mechanism exists for plastic deformation to take place. So we're left with steel (Nsa). To achieve ductility, not only does the steel need to be made of a ductile material but the steel must govern out of the three failure modes. Additionally, the anchor system must be designed so that steel failure governs by a comfortable margin. Breakout and pullout can never control while the steel yields and plastically deforms. This is what is meant by meeting the ductility requirements of Appendix D.
Figure 2 – Three possible failure modes for an adhesive anchor loaded in tension
Getting back to our design example, we have a single post-installed 5/8" diameter ASTM F1554 Gr. 36 threaded rod that's embedded 12" deep, in a dry hole, in a concrete element that has a compressive strength of 2,500 psi. The concrete is 18" thick and we assume that the edge distance is large enough to be irrelevant. For this size anchor, the published characteristic bond strength is 743 psi. Anchor software calculations will produce the following information:
The governing design strength is compared to a demand or load combination that's defined elsewhere in the code.
Here's the question: Before proceeding with the remainder of this blog, judging by the design strength values shown above, should we consider this anchorage ductile? Your intuition might tell you that it's not ductile. Why? Pullout clearly governs (i.e., steel does not). So it might come as a surprise to learn that this adhesive anchor actually is ductile!
To understand why, we need to look at the nominal strength (not the design strength) of the different anchor failure modes. But first let's examine the equations used to determine the design strength values above:
The above values incorporate the notation φ ("phi") and a mandatory 0.75 reduction factor for nonductile failure modes (Ncb ,Na) for applications located in high seismic areas (seismic design category C–F). The φ factor is defined in section D.4. However, manufacturers will list factors specific to their adhesive based on anchor testing. The mandatory 0.75 reduction comes from section D.3.3.4.4 and is meant to account for any reduction associated with concrete damage during earthquake loading. The important thing to remember is that the nominal strength provides a better representation of the relative capacity of the different failure modes. Remove these reduction factors and we get the following:
Now steel governs since it has the lowest strength. But we're not done yet. Section D.3.3.4.3.(a).1 of Appendix D requires that the expected steel strength be used in design when checking for ductility. This is done by increasing the specified steel strength by 20%. This is to account for the fact that F1554 Gr. 36 threaded rod, for example, will probably have an ultimate tensile strength greater than the specified 58,000 psi. (Interestingly, the ultimate strength of the ½" threaded rod tested in Figure 1 is roughly 74 ksi, which is about 27% greater than 58,000 psi.) With this in mind, the next step would be to additionally meet section D.3.3.4.3.(a).2 such that the following is met:
By increasing the steel strength by 20%, the nominal strength of the nonductile failure modes (Ncb ,Na) must be at least that much greater to help ensure that a ductile anchor system can be achieved. The values to compare finally become:
Now steel governs, but one more thing is required. As shown in Figure 3, Section D.3.3.4.3.(a).3 of Appendix D also requires that the rod be made of ductile steel and have a stretch length of at least eight times the insert diameter (8d). Appendix D defines a ductile steel element as exhibiting an elongation of at least 14% and a reduction in area of at least 30%. ASTM F1554 meets this requirement for all three grades of steel (Grade 36, 55 and 105) with the exception of Grade 55 for anchor nominal sizes greater than 2". Research has shown that a sufficient stretch length helps ensure that an anchor can experience significant yielding and plastic deformation during tensile loading. The threaded rod shown in Figure 1 was tested using a stretch length of 4" (8d). Lastly, section D.3.3.4.3.(a).4 requires that the anchor be engineered to protect against buckling.
Figure 3 – Stretch length
Appendix D doesn't require that an anchor system behave ductilely. Three additional options exist for Designers in section D3.3.4.3. Option (b) allows for the design of an alternate failure mechanism that behaves ductilely. Designing a base plate (or support) that plastically hinges to exhibit ductile performance is one example. Option (c) involves a case where there's a limit to how much load can be delivered to the anchor. Although option (c) under D.3.3.4.3 falls under the tensile loading section of Appendix D, the best example would apply to anchorage used to secure a wood sill plate or cold-formed steel track. We know from experiments that the wood crushes or the steel yields and locally buckles at a force less than the capacity of the concrete anchorage. Clearly energy is absorbed in the process. The most commonly used option is (d), which amplifies the earthquake load by Ωo. Ωo can be found in ASCE 7 – 10 for both structural and nonstructural components. The value of Ωo is typically taken to be equal to 2.5 (2.0 for storage racks) and is intended to make the anchor system behave linear elastically for the expected design-level earthquake demand.
These same options exist for shear loading cases. However, achieving system ductility through anchor steel is no longer an option for shear loading according to ACI 318 – 11, because the material probably won't deform appreciably enough to be considered ductile.
While factors such as edge-distance and embedment-depth restrictions make achieving ductility difficult for post-installed anchors, it should come as some consolation that in many cases the Designer can achieve ductile performance for cast-in-place anchors loaded in tension through creative detailing of reinforcing steel (section D.5.2.9) to eliminate breakout as a possible failure mode. This has been explored in some detail in two previous Simpson Strong-Tie blogs titled "Anchor Reinforcement for Concrete Podium Slabs" and "Steel Strong Wall Footings Just Got a Little Slimmer."
What are your thoughts? Visit the blog and leave a comment!
Author Jason OakleyPosted on September 10, 2015 September 11, 2015 Categories UncategorizedTags adhesive, anchor, anchorage, ductility, seismic, steel failure, strength, stretch length, toughness1 Comment on Understanding and Meeting the ACI 318 – 11 App. D Ductility Requirements – A Design Example
Part II: Tensile Performance of Simpson Strong-Tie® SET-XP® Adhesive in Reinforced Brick – Test Results
Guest blogger Jason Oakley, field engineer
This week's blog post is written by Jason Oakley. Jason is a California registered professional engineer who graduated from UCSD in 1997 with a degree in Structural Engineering and earned his MBA from Cal State Fullerton in 2013. He is a field engineer for Simpson Strong-Tie who has specialized in anchor systems for more than 12 years. He also covers concrete repair and Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) systems. His territory includes Southern California, Hawaii and Guam.
This post is the second of a two-part series on the results of research on anchorage in reinforced brick. The research was done to shed light on what tensile values can be expected for adhesive anchors. In last week's post, we covered the test set-up. This week, we're taking a look at our results and findings.
To briefly recap the test set up, it was conducted in September 2014, at an office building in Burbank, Calif. Slated for demolition, this building provided an opportunity for Simpson Strong-Tie to install and test 1/2-inch diameter anchors using Simpson Strong-Tie® SET-XP® anchoring adhesive in both the face and end of the 8-1/2 inch wide reinforced brick wall. A 12-ton rated pull rig at the face and end of the wall was used to pull test the anchors to failure.
Table 1 shows the results for both face and end of wall anchors. Each data set was limited to testing three anchors of the same diameter and embedment depth. The coefficient of variation (COV) showed that the spread of the data was fairly narrow (11% maximum) for the face of wall anchors, but much higher for the end of wall anchors (24%). There are a couple of things worth noting here.
Table 1 – Tensile Results of 1/2″ Diameter Threaded Rods in Reinforced Brick
Anchors 4, 5 and 6 showed that reinforced brick is capable of achieving significant capacity for anchors embedded past the grouted portion of the wall to a depth of six inches. The threaded rods were a mix of F1554 Gr. 36 (newer specification) and A307 Gr. C (older specification – likely the anchors that failed at 14,000 lbs.), which might explain the observed variation in capacity for anchors 4, 5 and 6. At what point breakout would have been achieved if higher tensile strength steel had been used is unknown but it can be estimated. What is clear is a significant reduction – probably around 60% (relative to an estimated breakout capacity of around 17,000 lbs. for an anchor embedded six inches deep far away from an edge) – can be expected for near-edge conditions, despite the presence of two #4 bars running along the edge of the wall at the window. A near-edge failure is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 – Anchor 13 near edge at window (anchor 14 and 15 similar)
At a reduced embedment depth of 4-1/2 inches, Table 1 showed that anchor location (anchors 7 through 12) had little effect on performance whether anchors were installed in the middle of the brick or in the head joint mortar. The failure modes were largely a combination of breakout and pullout as shown in Figure 7 and 8.
Figure 7 – Failures of anchors 7 through 12 (white arrows point to anchor center)
Figure 8 – Anchor 10 failure at face of wall (anchors 7, 8, 9, 11 and 12 similar)
The end of wall anchor results shown in Table 1 revealed a significant reduction in adhesive tensile capacity and greater variation (COV) relative to face of wall results. Two possible contributing factors for such a high COV could be:
1) The bond strength between the grout and surrounding brick wythes is variable, and
2) The size and quantity of the voids present in the grout is probably inconsistent along the height of the wall – some areas are better than others – leading to further variation of the test results.
Figure 9 shows evidence of a slip plane failure for anchors 1, 2 and 3. Looking at the brick top and bottom surface, referred to as the bed, a scored surface can be seen running perpendicular to the length of the brick (and hence the wall surface) as shown in Figure 10. Perhaps the intent of scores is to help improve the bond strength between the brick and mortar. But this assumed benefit is limited to the bed line. The face and side of the brick are smooth. Consequently, the bond strength between the grout and brick is low enough, combined with lack of grout confinement between the two wythes, to have an appreciable effect on the anchor ultimate tensile capacity.
Figure 9 – Anchor 1, 2, and 3 failures at end of wall (1/2 inch x 6" emb.)
Figure 10 – Reinforced brick bed profile
To summarize, this test program discovered that the tensile performance of 1/2-inch adhesive anchors in the face of the wall can be substantial for cases where anchors are located far enough away from a free edge. Performance is similar for anchors placed in the center of the brick or in the mortar joint, suggesting it doesn't matter where the anchors are placed on the wall (obviously this isn't true for anchors near a free edge). Special precautions should be taken especially for anchors located near an edge where small intermittent voids may exist in the grout. Anchor installation should ensure that sufficient quantity of adhesive has been injected into the hole. Figure 11 proves that this is possible. However, screen tubes should be considered if large voids are present, although large voids are expected to be rare in reinforced brick. End of wall anchorage applications should be designed carefully especially if significant tensile capacity is a design requirement.
Figure 11 – Anchor 2 end of wall voids filled with SET-XP® adhesive
Determining what the allowable load should be can be a little tricky. ICC-ES AC 58, the criteria used for adhesive anchors in masonry base material, lists several safety factors depending on whether creep and/or seismic tests have been performed. Conducting creep and seismic tests on an outdated building material like reinforced brick would be difficult because replicating 60- year-old construction accurately in the laboratory will probably be difficult. Reinforced brick has been largely replaced by grout-filled CMU as the preferred masonry building material — at least in Southern California. What safety factor should be used that would permit seismic loading of anchors in a relatively antiquated building material like reinforced brick is debatable. Perhaps AC 60, the criteria used for assessing adhesive anchor performance in unreinforced masonry elements (URM), would serve as the best guide. It requires a minimum safety factor of five against failure and limits adhesive anchors to resisting earthquake loads only. But AC 60 also requires that the average ultimate load used not exceed an axial displacement of 1/8″ and limits the allowable load to no more than 1,200 lbs.
Despite the obvious structural dissimilarity between URM and reinforced brick and additional AC 60 requirements, Table 2 shows what the allowable loads would look like for the results of this test program if a safety factor of five was chosen. These loads are based on a wall of unknown material properties (compressive strength, tensile strength and bond, etc.) for a specific building, and may not apply to other reinforced brick buildings.
Table 2 – Allowable loads of 1/2-inch diameter threaded rods in reinforced brick using AC58
Many factors were not investigated in this test program, such as shear, creep, the simulated seismic test, just to name a few. While the evidence so far suggests that an adhesive anchor in reinforced brick performs similarly to grout-filled CMU, more testing would be necessary to substantiate this claim fully. What is very clear is the tensile tests performed on the 60-year-old Burbank office building showed that reinforced brick is a material capable of resisting appreciable anchorage forces. Of course, while a major effort is made by manufacturers to provide engineers with lab tested "code values" for design use, it can't be ignored that the material properties of any structural element can be variable. Additional factors such as material deterioration, workmanship, etc., can all have an effect on anchorage capacity. This means that it's never a bad idea to assess anchor performance through site-specific pull tests if gauging strength accurately is important to the anchor system design.
What have your experiences been with reinforced brick? Have you called for pull tests in this material? What were the results? Please feel free to share your experiences in the comments below.
Author Jason OakleyPosted on March 12, 2015 July 6, 2015 Categories Academia, Building Codes, Testing/R&DTags adhesive, anchors, brick, Reinforced brick, seismic, Simpson Strong-TieLeave a comment on Part II: Tensile Performance of Simpson Strong-Tie® SET-XP® Adhesive in Reinforced Brick – Test Results
Part I: Tensile Performance of Simpson Strong-Tie® SET-XP Adhesive in Reinforced Brick: Test Set Up
This post is Part I of a two-part series. In this post, we'll cover the test set-up and next week in Part II, we'll take a look at our results and findings.
More than half a century ago, reinforced brick was a fairly common construction material used in buildings located in Southern California and probably elsewhere in the U.S. Reinforced brick can be found in schools, universities, and office buildings that still stand today. This material should not be confused with unreinforced brick masonry (URM) that is also composed of bricks but is structurally inferior to reinforced brick. Engineers are often called to look at existing reinforced brick structures to recommend retrofit schemes that, for example, might strengthen the out-of-plane wall anchorage between the roof (or floor) and wall to improve building performance during an earthquake. Yet, limited or no information exists on the performance of adhesive anchors in this base material. This series of posts shares the results of research on anchorage in reinforced brick in hopes of shedding light on what tensile values can be expected for adhesive anchors, including any important findings encountered during installation and testing.
Reinforced brick sample
In September 2014, one wall of an office building in Burbank, CA, was slated for demolition. This presented an opportunity for Simpson Strong-Tie to install and test 1/2-inch diameter anchors using Simpson Strong-Tie® SET-XP® anchoring adhesive in both the face and end of the 8-1/2 inch wide reinforced brick wall. The building is shown in Figure 1 and the wall cross section is shown in Figure 2. The bricks measured 3 inches wide by 3-1/2 inches tall by 11-1/2 inches long and the drawings required that the bricks conform to ASTM C62-50, a standard that still exists today. According to the drawings, the walls were reinforced with #4 vertical bars spaced 24 inches on center. Mortar was specified as "1 part plastic cement and 3 parts sand." The grout used to fill the 2-1/2 inch gap between the two brick wythes is identical to the mortar except "add sufficient water to pour." The engineer's drawings specified two #4 bars running parallel to the edge at all wall openings including windows. Although the actual material properties of the mortar, grout, brick, and bond between these components are unknown, the results and findings of this research should serve as a reasonable but rough indicator as to the material quality and workmanship of the wall. Anchor identification numbers and locations are shown in Figures 3 and 4.
Figure 1 – Reinforced brick building
Figure 2 – Reinforced brick section
Figure 3 – Anchor identification at inside face of wall (anchor diameter ½")
Figure 4 – Anchor identification at end of wall (anchor diameter ½")
While the brick base material was mostly solid, in some cases it was necessary to inject more adhesive in the hole due to the presence of small intermittent voids in the grout that were doubtlessly air pockets trapped during the grouting process. To resolve this problem, enough adhesive was injected such that excess adhesive could be observed coming out of the hole during insertion of the ½ inch diameter all-thread rod. This condition was limited to anchors located near the window edge (anchors 13, 14 and 15) and the end of wall (anchors 1, 2 and 3). The base material was solid at all other locations. No screen tubes were used for any holes.
Figure 5 shows a 12-ton rated pull rig at the face and end of the wall used to pull test the anchors to failure. The pull rig reaction bridge has a clearance of 12 inches between supports to allow breakout as a possible failure mode. Using a reaction bridge extension increases the clear span to 18 inches. ASTM 488 requires a free span clearance of four times the embedment depth. This standard was not followed because exceeding the flexural bending capacity of the wall was a concern. In most cases a minimum clear span of at least three times the anchor embedment depth was met.
Figure 5 – Pull rig without (left) and with (right) reaction bridge extension
With the testing parameters in place, next week I'll share the results of the tests.
Author Jason OakleyPosted on March 5, 2015 July 6, 2015 Categories Testing/R&DTags adhesive, brick, Reinforced brick, seismic1 Comment on Part I: Tensile Performance of Simpson Strong-Tie® SET-XP Adhesive in Reinforced Brick: Test Set Up
Changes Made to ACI 318 With Respect to Adhesives Anchors in Concrete: What Engineers Need to Know
For the first time, ACI 318 – 11 includes a design provision for adhesive anchors in concrete. Previously, adhesive anchors were designed according to provisions found in both ICC Evaluation Service (ICC-ES) AC308 and ACI 318 – 08. A relatively new standard, ACI 355.4, must be used to qualify adhesive anchors in concrete. This new standard, along with ACI 318 – 11, contains important changes that will affect anchor systems designed to the 2012 IBC. Not all changes are discussed here. I will only focus on what you – the engineer – should be aware of.
ACI 355.4 requires that adhesive anchors in concrete be evaluated using a bond strength (measured in terms of psi and used with the surface area of the embedded portion of the anchor) that corresponds to a long-term temperature (LTT) of 110 degrees F to account for potential elevated temperature exposure conditions. This wasn't necessarily the case previously where, for example, the engineer could elect to use a temperature category that listed bond strength values based on a LTT of 75 degrees F. The issue here is creep.
Creep, in the world of adhesive anchors, looks at how well the anchor can resist load without too much axial displacement over a period of not minutes, not hours, not even years but decades. As a general rule, it's no surprise that creep worsens as the temperature rises for almost any material. In our case, the bond strength is effectively reduced. Most adhesives, if not all, currently list bond strength values that correspond to a LTT of 110 degrees F. Make sure to select the temperature category that meets this minimum requirement. Some adhesives will experience a reduction in bond strength at an LTT of 110 degrees F, some won't.
What about applications involving short-term-only loading? Is creep still relevant? Generally, you'll find that adhesive anchors negatively impacted by the higher LTT requirement will gain back much of their load for seismic/wind-only load applications. So creep becomes irrelevant.
While adhesive anchors used solely for the purpose of resisting short-term loads will remain largely unaffected by this code change, significant changes have been made to the design and installation of adhesive anchors when used for sustained loading applications (e.g. dead load, live load, etc.).
First, the bond strength must be reduced by a factor of 0.55 as compared to 0.75 under the previous code (following ICC-ES AC308). New to the code, section D.9.2.2 of ACI 318 App. D requires that adhesive anchors used for resisting sustained loads be installed by someone who has taken the Adhesive Anchor Installation Certification (AAIC) program. The installer must show proof that he/she is certified by passing both a written and performance examination. Installing adhesive overhead requires some skill. So it's no surprise that the installer must satisfactorily demonstrate proficiency by blindly installing adhesive overhead into an inverted test tube that will later be cut in half and graded for the presence of voids. Figure 1 shows no voids, so the installer passed.
Figure 1 [from ACI-CRSI Installer Workbook Publication CP-80 (12)]
However, exceptions do exist. If you're working on a hospital or school in California, the 2013 CBC (Table 1705A.3 footnote c) requires that all horizontal and overhead adhesives anchors – irrespective of load condition – be installed by a Certified Adhesive Anchor Installer (CAAI). This deviates from ACI 318 D.9.2.2.
Arguably, with AAIC, there's an added cost to using adhesives for anchorage designed for sustained loading. However, for sustained loading applications best suited for adhesive anchors it should come as peace of mind to the engineer, owner, contractor and other parties involved with the construction project that a certified installer has been employed to ensure that the adhesive anchor has been installed in accordance with the manufacturer's printed installation instructions.
While the engineer should be aware of the above limitations placed on adhesive anchors, by no means should it hamper their design. There are several options available to the engineer. Table 1 compares the tensile design strength of three common types of anchors – two adhesives, two mechanical anchors (one screw and one expansion type) – determined using the new design provision ACI 318 -11. While the creep test results show a reduced capacity for adhesive A, it does show a significant increase in load for seismic-only applications because , as we discussed earlier, creep is no longer an issue. Some adhesives, like adhesive B, will do well under the creep test (at an elevated LTT of 110 degrees F), so any capacity increase for seismic-only applications will be small.
What three important points can we glean from Table 1? First, all things being equal, mechanical anchors will typically achieve higher "code values" for sustained loading applications relative to adhesives. Second, mechanical anchors are easier to install overhead. Third, AAIC is not required for mechanical anchors. While these reasons support using mechanical anchors for overhead anchorage, doing so is nothing new. The bulk of overhead attachments have almost always been made with mechanical anchors mainly because it's just easier to do it that way.
Perhaps up to 95% of adhesives are used to secure rebar to concrete – we'll call them rebar dowels. Like any anchor, rebar dowels can be used to resist seismic and/or sustained loads. While the exact breakdown is hard to determine, arguably, the bulk of rebar dowels in the west coast are found in seismic retrofits and renovations used to thicken walls, tie-in new concrete shear walls, connect new drag struts, strengthen existing concrete elements, etc., all for the purpose of strengthening the lateral capacity of the existing structure to withstand greater earthquake and/or wind loads. These typically won't require a CAAI, but it might if it's a school or hospital project that requires overhead or horizontal anchors. Some rebar dowels are used for enlarging footings to withstand greater dead and live loads, so these would require a CAAI. Remember: the bond strength can be lower than expected for sustained loading applications, so you may want to use an adhesive that does well at a LTT of 110 degrees F if that's what your design requires.
One new benefit of ACI 318 is that the engineer can now design adhesive anchors to go into lightweight concrete using the factors found in section D.3.6.
One significant change engineers should include in their specification is that the concrete must be aged at least 21 days before installing an adhesive. Previously, the industry standard was to wait seven days. For additional information regarding adhesives installed into younger normal-weight concrete, read the following Simpson Strong-Tie engineering letter: http://www.strongtie.com/ftp/letters/generic/L-A-ADHGRNCON14.pdf
What are you experiencing in the design of your anchors in your jurisdictions? Leave a comment down below because we would like to know.
Author Jason OakleyPosted on August 21, 2014 January 10, 2019 Categories Building CodesTags AAIC, adhesive, installer certification, seismic, sustained loading2 Comments on Changes Made to ACI 318 With Respect to Adhesives Anchors in Concrete: What Engineers Need to Know


As you're reading Tatler.com, chances are you're acquainted with dancing, champagne, fast cars, horses and fancy dress. Which means you could justify spending all summer on the 11,500-acre Goodwood Estate. There's more fun here than anywhere else in the country. To make the most of it, here's our guide to this year's Glorious Goodwood festival – or, if you're being official, the Qatar Goodwood Festival... which is also glorious.
IN A NUTSHELL The last big race meeting of the season, taking place over five days. Now officially called Qatar Goodwood Festival, after Qatar announced a 10-year partnership in 2015 - the single biggest sponsorship deal ever in British racing.
BEST VANTAGE POINT The Duke of Richmond's box - an invitation here is the kipper's knickers. Look out for the Duke's dashing blond grandson, Lord Settrington.
WHAT TO WEAR Strictly summer suits or blazers and panama hats for the men, and pretty dresses topped off with a hat for the ladies.
WHO YOU MIGHT SEE Zara Tindall, Edie Campbell, Ben and Marina Fogle, all of the Ferrys.
CONCENTRATION REQUIRED Just enough to place your bets and go home with a heavier purse.
GLOSSARY Jolly = a favourite in a race. Out of the money = a horse that finishes worse than third.
WHERE TO STAY The Goodwood Hotel - but you've not got a hope in hell of bagging a room this late. Jump on a train back to London instead - it takes less than two hours.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


it sure looks that way. But what about the times the pitcher wins and the batter chooses wrongly? Rise Of Surya, SeaBeast Production ). Who responds with, It is too late for me, my son.
Yet there is a great deal of backing that repeated choices become easier and almost natural. If youve awakened to the possibility that such choices are harmful to you and others, then I praise God because that is the first step in changing. Eternal Conflict pln kompaktn, nerozttnou a nemlnc se energi. A po nkolika mscch nastupuje. In this instance, the brain tries to protect you as a connector. That is why he ultimately makes the choice to help his son, daughter, and the rebellion against the empire. The only reason it ever demolishes them is when we let it because we do not trust the intent of the other person. Na nich uslyte robustn modern thrash/groove sound s nepostradatelnmi sly, obasnmi chorly a svinou prbojnou energi, kterou tvrd nalhav metalck vokl Nikolaye. Po pr zkoukch Beasti oslovuj Mcu (basa Rise of Surya Into Dust - jeden z projekt okolo kapely) a po prvn zkouce je jasn, e tahle sestava bude fungovat. Those things were not always in alignment, and I did not always do what I ought.
Men of the wealthy upper class could vote and hold public office. Wealthy boys were sent to colleges or universities. Men married at a similar age. The Powhatan Wars..
Besides, Eco Spectacle, Armageddon has some subplots and that some could be classified as Tribal Spectacle (see below). Star Wars, Star Trek and Contact standardize mans quest to leave the..
Ethnicity, Prejudice, and Justice: The Treatment of the Irish at the Old Bailey, Journal of British Studies, Volume 52, Issue 2, April 2013,. The report concluded that residents from..
It is true, a child just dropped from its dam may be supported by her milk for a solar year, with little other nourishment; at most not above the value.


Last week, vets and zoological staff at Tacoma, Washington's Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium decided to hand-rear it's then 6-day-old Sumatran Tiger cub. The cub appeared to be losing weight and was not getting enough milk from his mother.
"It's in his best interest so he can receive round-the-clock feedings with special formula," head veterinarian Dr. Karen Wolf said. Wolf made the decision to move him from the den box in which his mother, Jaya, gave birth and put him in the zoo's Animal Health Care clinic after she consulted with zoological staff in the Asian Forest Sanctuary.
About 200 Sumatran tigers live in zoos around the world. They are native only to the island of Sumatra. There are an estimated 300 in the wild.
Several staff members have extensive experience with tiger and clouded leopard cub births and the subsequent hand-rearing of many of the animals.
"Jaya was not as attentive to this cub as she was to those in a litter she had two years ago," staff said. "She was frequently leaving the den box, and the new cub was not getting adequate nursing opportunities."
"The cub, born Aug. 22, was not gaining weight, was a bit dehydrated, and his temperature was low," Wolf said.
"Separating him from his mother so he can be bottle fed every four hours should help him thrive and boost his weight," she added. But she also cautioned that the first several days "will be critical" to his well-being.
"It's not unusual for zoo staff to hand-rear a cub when they believe it's the best way to ensure that the cub flourishes," Wolf said.
Sumatran tigers are a critically endangered species. The newborn cub at Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium makes 74 in North American zoos. He is the sixth cub born in the Species Survival Plan this year.


Unternehmen Deutsch: Lehrbuch – Aufbaukurs: Jorg Braunert, Wolfram Schlenker: Books – – Buy Unternehmen Deutsch: Aufbaukurs Lehrbuch book online at best prices in india on Read Unternehmen Deutsch: Aufbaukurs. : Unternehmen Deutsch Aufbaukurs Lehrbuch () by Jorg Braunert; Wolfram Schlenker and a great selection of similar New, Used.
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text:
Philippines missing from US list of planned trade talks
USTR tells congress it intends to start negotiations with Japan, EU and U.K.
October 17, 2018 07:13 JST
A view of the skyline from the Makati City Hall in Manila, Philippines. The U.S. had indicated it would start trade talks with the Southeast Asian nation. © Reuters
WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- The U.S. Trade Representative's office told Congress on Tuesday it intends to open trade talks with the European Union, the United Kingdom and Japan.
Under fast-track rules, the United States cannot start talks with the EU, Japan and the United Kingdom until 90 days after notifying Congress.
"We will continue to expand U.S. trade and investment by negotiating trade agreements with Japan, the EU and the United Kingdom," said U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer in a statement. "We are committed to concluding these negotiations with timely and substantive results for American workers, farmers, ranchers, and businesses."
The letters from Lighthizer to Congress come weeks after the United States won agreement on reworking the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Mexico and Canada, and as the administration faces continuing trade friction with China.
The administration aims to "address both tariff and non-tariff barriers and to achieve fairer, more balanced trade" with the EU and Japan, the letters said.
Japan "is an important but still too often underperforming market for U.S. exporters of goods," the letter said. It noted the United States has a $69 billion trade deficit in goods with Japan and much of that is in the auto sector.
The letter on the EU noted the European Union and the United States have $1.1 trillion in annual two-way trade "the largest and most complex" economic relationship in the world and added that the United States has a $151.4 billion trade deficit in goods.
The letter to Congress on the UK said it plans to start talks "as soon as it is ready" after the UK exits the EU on March 29. The United States wants to develop "cutting edge obligations for emerging sectors where U.S. and UK innovators and entrepreneurs are most competitive."
Representative Kevin Brady, who is chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, said "these three economies are some of our largest and most important trading partners, but they are also markets in which U.S. farmers, manufacturers, and service providers face significant barriers."
Senator Ron Wyden, the top Democrat on the Finance Committee that oversees trade issues, said "the administration must take the time to tackle trade barriers comprehensively, including using this opportunity to set a high bar in areas like labor rights, environmental protection and digital trade, in ways that actually benefit American workers and businesses" and should avoid "a quick, partial deal that only addresses some problems."
Last week, senators said Lighthizer informed them that the administration planned to soon launch trade talks with the Philippines but the USTR on Tuesday did not notify Congress of formal plans to open talks.
Lighthizer told a Senate panel in July that the United States was "close to beginning negotiations" with the Philippines. A spokeswoman for Lighthizer did not immediately comment on why the administration was not now moving ahead.
Wyden said last week he had "very serious concerns about undertaking trade negotiations with a Philippine president who brags about a bloody drug war that has reportedly claimed 12,000 lives."
'America first' vs. 'We are the world': US and China at Davos
Defiant Huawei founder says US sanctions 'didn't hurt us much'
Is China following Japan into the haven of Southeast Asian nations?
US and China sign trade truce, with tougher phase of talks to come
USTR wants to open trade talks with Japan, Philippines, EU and UK
Philippines and US aim to announce free trade talks in November

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Scottish Clans: There is a world gathering of MacLeods who meet to discuss clan affairs
EVERY weekend, Carl MacDougall, will tell the story of one of Scotland's famous Clans. This weekend, we take a look at the MacLeods.
Clan Chief: Hugh MacLeod of MacLeod
Motto: Hold Fast.
Plant Badge: Juniper.
Seat: Dunvegan Castle, Isle of Skye.
Historic Seat: Dunvegan Castle, Isle of Skye.
THE first MacLeod Parliament was instigated by Dame Flora MacLeod of MacLeod, the 28th clan chief and a pioneer of world clanship.
It was held in 1956 and the Queen attended.
The parliaments are held very four years at Dunvegan. In the intervening years, there is a North American Gathering every two years, alternating between Canada and America.
They are a world gathering of MacLeods who meet to discuss clan affairs.
Dame Flora was succeeded by her grandson, John Macleod of Macleod, who became 29th chief in 1976. Fourteen years later, he found himself beset by controversy over plans to sell the Black Cuillin mountains.
Money was needed to restore Dunvegan Castle. MacLeod's price was at least £10million, which, after capital gains tax, would leave him with the £6million necessary to replace the leaking copper roof that had been fitted 40 years earlier, but was now so bad he said buckets and basins lined the stone corridors and guests sometimes had to put up umbrellas in their bedrooms. He also planned an 80-bedroom hotel.
The MacLeod clan seat is Dunvegan Castle on Skye
A royal charter of 1611 grants the lands on Skye to the MacLeod chiefs, but does not actually name the Cuillins. Opponents argued the charter referred to the MacLeod's Tables, which stand across the loch from Dunvegan.
The hills came off the market when it was suggested public bodies and conservation agencies would put up the repair money and though that plan came to nothing a consortium later put forward a £30 million project which was partly funded by the National Lottery are would restore the castle, create a visitor centre and run the Cuillins as an American style wilderness park.
The lottery bid was turned down just before John MacLeod's death. Public sympathies drained further when he left more than £15 million in his will.
Asset rich, but cash poor, his son Hugh became clan chief and put together a plan to restore the castle and save the jobs of its 50 employees. He divides his time between Dunvegan and London.
A former Moderator of the General Assembly, the Rev. George MacLeod was fond of pointing out that Presbyterian was an anagram for Best In Prayer. Though he won the Military Cross and Croix de Guerre, the First World War turned him into a pacifist and a Christian.
From his parish in Govan he founded the Iona Community in 1938 and organised redundant craftsmen and trainee clergy to rebuild Iona Abbey, which serves as a pilgrimage centre and inter-denominational Christian retreat.
Scottish Clans
Clan Murray Clan Kennedy Clan Gregor Clan MacLean Clan Stewart Clan Cameron Clan Fraser Clan Gordon Clan Armstrong Clan Hamilton Clan MacKenzie Clan Robertson Clan Mackintosh Clan Grant Clan MacNeil Clan Scott Clan Currie Clan Campbell Clan Macpherson Clan Macleod
Video: Everything you need to know about Scottish Clans, including the Campbells, the Macdonalds and the Stewarts
OUR Clan expert, Carl MacDougall, gives you the definitive rundown and background to some of Scotland's most famous Clans.
Scottish clans: Sir Compton MacKenzie was a founder member of the National Party of Scotland


text:
Created: 21 June 2016 04:27
No fog or sea-mist seen overnight - unexpectedly - and a bright moon shone through the occasional thin cloud layer. Air and sea temperatures have dropped dramatically the last day or so.
By 10 am, we were anchored not far from the catamaran Ku'ola in Bahia de Tortugas, after a lively sail in strong winds that had suddenly come overnight from the S - a good F4, with plenty of white caps. We seemed to have been overtaken by a small localised depression and a nasty short swell was coming directly into the Bay. I tried to set a snubber to stop the chain snatching at the windlass gipsy in the rough conditions but lost it and had to improvise an alternative in a hurry...
I'd hoped to catch up on some sleep after refuelling soon after my arrival but Enrique seemed to have run out of fuel ... "Manana" he said... I wasn't too happy with that, since the unusual S winds forecast for the next few days are perfect for getting N, rather than being headed by the usual NW winds. But the delivery skipper of Ku'ola was in a hurry to get to San Diego so he negotiated with Enrique to collect fuel from the village Pemex station and bring it out in his panga - well set up with a big tank and a good fuel pump run off a generator. Eventually, that happened but a payment problem for Ku'ola had to be sorted out with a visit to the village and my fuel delivery was well-delayed into the afternoon, as a result...
I spent a time sorting out some running rigging, clearing up and making a meal - the rough conditions had returned after a short, sunny, calm spell and I was in no hurry to leave, but once conditions lessened again, I felt I should move on to make use of the S wind. So mainsail and anchor were both raised and by 5 pm, we were away...
There was a good S wind and I happily cut the engine, once on course beyond the Bay , to make 5.7 kt under sail - lovely! But not for long... Fog descended and the wind dropped, and with it our boat-speed. Within half an hour of leaving, we were only sailing at 3 knots. On with the engine again....we're motor-sailing... Radar has been playing up occasionally but just now it's working fine - just when it's needed... I'm feeling well under-dressed on deck in bare feet and shorts - cabin temperature is 24C and sea temperature, 17C. I'm wearing a jacket and warm vest for the first time in a long while and will soon be in long trousers if the sun doesn't get out soon. (In fact, it turned out that the fog was patchy - we're now under fluffy cumulus clouds with another big lurking fog bank ahead.)
Our course is around Punta Falsa and Isla Cedros and on NNW towards Ensenada, which will put the present wind directly astern. Forecasts suggest light winds, so it looks like more motoring - better in light S wind than almost any from NW...
Written by : Guest


text:
Super-precision bearings
Angular contact thrust ball bearings for screw drives
Designs and variants
Single direction angular contact thrust ball bearings
Double direction angular contact thrust ball bearings
Cartridge units with a flanged housing
Single direction angular contact thrust ball bearings can be supplied with an integral non-contact seal fitted on each side (designation suffix -2RZ, fig. 1). The seals form an extremely narrow gap with the inner ring shoulder and therefore speed capability is not compromised.
Double direction angular contact thrust ball bearings are sealed as standard. They can be supplied with a contact seal (designation suffix -2RSH, fig. 2) or a non-contact seal (designation suffix -2RSL, fig. 3) fitted on both sides. Non-contact seals form an extremely narrow gap with the inner ring shoulder and therefore speed capability is not compromised.
The various seals are made of an oil- and wear-resistant NBR and are reinforced with sheet steel. The permissible operating temperature for seals made of NBR is –40 to +100 °C (–40 to +210 °F). Temperatures up to 120 °C (250 °F) can be tolerated for brief periods. For additional information about the materials, refer to Seal materials.
Cartridge units are protected on both sides with laminar rings (fig. 4) to prevent both the ingress of contaminants and the egress of grease. These seals do not limit the attainable speed for the single direction angular contact thrust ball bearings within the unit.
Sealed bearings are filled as standard with a high-quality, low-viscosity grease that has a lithium soap thickener and either a mixed ester/PAO base oil (for single direction bearings and cartridge units) or an ester base oil (for double direction bearings). The quantity of grease fills ~ 25 to 35% of the free space in the bearing. The temperature range for the greases are:
–40 to +120 °C (–40 to +250 °F) for single direction bearings
–55 to +110 °C (–65 to +230 °F) for double direction bearings
Under normal operating conditions, the service life of the initial fill will outlast the bearing. If double direction bearings have to accommodate heavy loads and run for long periods at high speeds, relubrication may be necessary. When relubricating, the grease should be applied slowly while the bearing is rotating at normal operating temperature. Excessive pressure should be avoided as this could damage the seals.
Sealed bearings should not be washed or heated to temperatures above 80 °C (175 °F). If a sealed bearing is to be heated for mounting, an induction heater must be used and the bearing should be fitted immediately.
SimPro Spindle
Bearing life and load ratings
Requisite minimum load
Chamfer dimension limits
Mounting and dismounting
Bearing storage
Precision lock nuts


If you are a member, you can view the most recent additions by logging in.
If you hear "pigeon" and think of a dull gray bird picking garbage off the sidewalk, think again. The Victoria crowned pigeon is so regal, with its blue-grey and maroon feathers and its lacy "crown," that it was named for Queen Victoria.
At about 5 pounds and more than 2 feet tall, the Victoria crowned pigeon is the largest pigeon in the world since the extinction of the dodo. This bird also faces threats from habitat destruction and hunting, and it's listed as "near threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It spends most of its time on the ground and enjoys eating seeds, fruit and insects. Enga especially seems to like mealworms, Kwiatkowski says.
The Zoo expects to get a male Victoria crowned pigeon in the future and hopes the birds will breed. The pigeons make loud booming noises when courting each other. But for now you can keep Enga company on the west end of the Herb & Nada Mahler Family Aviary.
On New Year's Day, the Milwaukee County Zoo welcomed a new furry resident: a male African potto named Jabari. He joins female African potto Kiazi in the Small Mammals Building. Jabari, born in 2001, comes from Metro Park Zoo in Cleveland. According to Rhonda Crenshaw, area supervisor of small mammals, Jabari and Kiazi are already a perfect match and are expected to breed. "We didn't have any issues introducing them," Crenshaw says. "They love each other." Jabari – whose name means "the brave one" in Swahili – has already gone as far as to scent-mark Kiazi. This is a common form of communication between pottos, using scent glands and trails of urine to mark their territory and to communicate their reproductive state.
Jabari moves around like Spider-Man. Instead of shooting out webs, he uses his joints to climb up the side of the wall with ease onto a nearby branch, where he crawls upside down to reach the other side. "Pottos can crawl under branches just as well as they can climb on top of branches," Crenshaw says. You can tell the difference between Jabari and Kiazi because Jabari's tail is longer and has a black tip at the end.


The technology era has placed a major emphasis on the need to know things the minute they happen. People who want to know the latest news and updates from around the Internet can rely upon RSS syndication apps to help.
An RSS syndication app offers Internet users the chance to receive instant updates on blogs and websites from around the world wide web. These updates come in the form of RSS feeds that show a link, a small blurb about what the update is, and when it was updated. Internet users can determine if they want to see that update for themselves or skip visiting the website all together.
People who want to receive the latest updates on news and information surrounding a particular topic can rely upon the help of RSS sites. RSS sites offer people the chance to browse a number of Rss feeds that are grouped by topic or industry. People can find a number of websites that offer RSS syndication and will provide them with the most up to date news and information regarding a particular topic.
There is no need to constantly keep pushing the refresh button. RSS syndication offers updates the minute they hit the Internet.


text:
Vernon signs TCR deal with GRM
The first driver for the new TCR Australia Series has been announced with New South Wales based Jimmy Vernon signing on with Garry Rogers Motorsport (GRM).
The announcement comes fresh off the news of GRM's purchase of two 2019-specification Alfa Romeos, with Vernon set to drive one of the Giulietta Veloces.
It's a big move for the CAMS PAYCE Australian Formula 4 graduate, who will become one of the first drivers in the world to race the latest-generation of Alfa TCR vehicles when the series kicks off in May.
Despite having a mixed year in the 2018 Porsche GT3 Cup Challenge, which ended with 21-year-old securing a round victory in Sydney, GRM saw enough in Vernon to offer him a spot in the team.
With GRM having the longstanding tradition of helping talented young drivers break their way into the top-level motor sport careers, the 2017 Toyota 86 Racing Series champion was thrilled to be joining the list of decorated GRM drivers such as Jamie Whincup and Scott McLaughlin.
"To have been offered the opportunity to link with Garry Roger's Motorsport is a great honour," Vernon said.
"Seeing the way GRM has nurtured some of the best Australian drivers over many years, it was an easy decision to make that this was the direction I needed to go.
"I have a very strong group of supporters helping my career take flight, although we still have some work to do to find more backing to ensure we have everything in place to have a serious crack at this inaugural championship.
"I can't wait to cast my eyes over the brand new 2019 specification Alfa Romeo TCR car. I believe we will be bringing a really strong package to the category.
"I want to thank Garry and Barry for believing in me and giving me a chance to join their highly credentialed team."
While Vernon's decorated resume was one of the major factors behind GRM's offer, including a string of solid results in both the Bathurst 6 and 12 hour, the Victorian team were more impressed with Vernon's passion for the sport.
GRM owner Barry Rogers revealed Vernon's attitude and presence during the TCR Australia test day last year helped with the decision.
"Garry and I have always been keen on giving young guys a go, and with the promise that Jimmy has shown over the past few years, we feel he is the perfect choice for our new Alfa Romeo TCR team," Rogers said.
"We chanced on our first meeting with Jimmy at the TCR launch day at Sydney Motorsport Park, and he struck us as a really enthusiastic kid with lots of potential.
"Looking at his CV, he clearly knows how to drive, and we are confident that he will be competitive.
"Anyone who wins the Toyota 86 Racing Series obviously knows what they are doing. It's a one-make class that means the driver is the difference.
"Like the other young talent that we've had come through the doors at GRM, we can't wait to get Jimmy immersed in our racing business."
The first round of the 2019 TCR Australia season takes place at Sydney Motorsport Park as part of the Shannons Nationals on 17-19 May.
Tags: TCR Austrailia


In this video, Professor John Ahr from the Online Jewelry Academy demonstrates how to make realistic icicles from acrylic rods.
To make these beautiful icicles you'll need a heat a pair of leather gloves, a heat resistant surface and a heat gun. The finished icicles can be drilled to accommodate a hanging wire.


text:
Q: Hide private posts on woocommerce category page I am trying to modify the product loop from my functions.php file to exclude private posts from product category pages when admin users are logged in. I have found a number of approaches through a bit of searching but am struggling to modify the below code to achieve what I am after. -
add_filter('posts_where', 'no_privates');
function no_privates($where) {
    if( is_admin() ) return $where;

    global $wpdb;
    return " $where AND {$wpdb->posts}.post_status != 'private' ";
}

This works great but I am struggling to modify it to allow Admins to preview the posts or view the individual products pages for editing and publishing. I was hoping someone could help me modify the code to get it working. Sorry if this is a simple solution, still at the early stages of learning php :-)
Cheers
Rich

A: Ok found a solution I think works, obviously the standard loop for non-logged in users ignores private posts so just changed my code above to query if it is a product category and seems to work.
add_filter('posts_where', 'no_privates');
function no_privates($where) {
    if ( ! is_product_category()) return $where;

    global $wpdb;
    return " $where AND {$wpdb->posts}.post_status != 'private' ";
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The sound quality of your Spotify streams and digital music depends on more than just your headphones or speakers. Your digital cables (USB, Ethernet, coaxial, optical), modem and router, the hard drive on your computer, and even the type of Internet Service Provider (ISP) you have (coax vs fiber) – all contribute heavily to what you hear.
Anyone who tells you digital devices and cables can't make a difference – is bullshitting you. They either haven't heard it for themselves or choose to be ignorant. Assuming healthy ears, those are the only two possibilities.
Aren't they just zeros and ones?
I'm probably one of the very few audiophile reviewers who have a Bachelor's in Electrical Engineering and a Masters in Computer Science. As far as tech is concerned – you name it, and I've probably done it. From writing audio/video codecs and programming microcontrollers – to setting up highly secure HIPAA compliant networks.
This domain requires many configurations to be absolute – and measurable. I prefer numbers and I've cultivated quite a binary mindset. I'm all about log files, charts, and graphs.
Regardless, an astute engineer (and human being) always uses the right tools, for the right job. They should know when the scientific method applies – and when it doesn't.
At this point, I could do one of two things: Be egotistic and demand proof – or just hear it for myself. Which path one takes largely depends on personality. Although it was easier to dismiss these notions, I decided to just hear it for myself. I've now been listening to audio gear full-time for about 5 years now.
I'll be reviewing SOtM's new "audiophile-grade" Ethernet switch. The "job" here is to figure out whether this audiophile product makes an audible difference. And more importantly, whether this difference enhances one's personal enjoyment of music. This means that the problem is inherently subjective – objectivity has very little relevance.
We could all agree, if a product sounds good to us, it doesn't matter how a piece of equipment measures. In fact, some of my favorite headphones measure very poorly. I'm good with that. And that's enough reason for me to ignore measurements completely.
Aside from finding problem areas and repeatability purposes, there's little gain from looking at measurements. Especially for making purchasing decisions. Besides, it's a fact that even if a cable were to measure the same, it doesn't necessarily mean it will sound the same.
Consequently, the best tools are your own ears and an open mind – not an oscilloscope or LCR meter. My suggestion would be to listen to as many designs as possible and figure out what you gravitate towards. Also, realize that your tastes may change over time.
Once you've done that, you could figure out if there are any correlations between what you like – and what is measurable. However, I'm not sure how fruitful that would be.
Your listening experiences and preferences are the only things that matter in this hobby.
I believe our preconceptions can be (and should be) challenged. It's what breeds progression and makes us human. We're not omniscient and there's still a lot to learn. Digital audio has gone a long, long way just in the past decade.
There's a difference between someone who says "I don't hear a difference. Thus it makes no difference." and "There can't be a difference (gives a scientific reason). Either your mind is playing tricks on you or there's something wrong with your system." Be wary about those who say the latter. They're usually #measurement_morons.
It's interesting how some of these other engineers (and their minions) denounce what audiophiles are hearing as placebo and hallucinations. They also demand double-blind and null tests for everything. Do they really think intelligent people who are able to afford this gear – would drop lots of cash for something they don't really hear? Time to get off that high horse, homie.
100% of these Measurement Morons aren't even real audiophiles. Yeah, I said it. If you were an experienced audiophile, you would already know that higher quality digital cables could help improve the sound of a system.
As discussed, they just have a different personality. They're usually (not always) the close-minded, introverted, dismissive, cynical types, who treat their textbooks as gospel. Ironically, they want to spread "the truth" but are actually misleading the masses. I have no clue what their purpose is in this space – but I'm positive they have too much time on their hands.
Take two different Ethernet switches you have at home and try to stream Tidal, Qobuz, or Spotify through it. They'll sound different. I guarantee it.
In fact, I recently switched from cable (coax) to fiber for my Internet Service Provider (ISP) – and immediately noticed the differences in how my music streams sounded – even on a Google Home. I had both connected so I was able to A/B very easily. For what it's worth, the fiber sounded quieter, quicker, and more transparent at the expense of warmth and body.
I've written quite a bit about why it isn't just 0's and 1's here, here, and here. It boils down to noise (RFI/EMI) modulating how the DAC interpolates the bits – and how it affects the analog output section.
Many don't realize that a digital signal is still an analog signal – and it's not perfect. Better clocks and isolation equates to lower phase noise and jitter. The human ear is discerning enough to hear these minute mistimings in music – especially in the form of transients. If you want to nerd out on the technicals, feel free to read this white paper.


text:
Johnsburg Town Board (Vote for 2)
From the Primary elections: Meet the candidates series
Eugene "Gene" Arsenault (incumbent)
Ballot party line in primary election: Republican
Address: P.O. Box 142, North Creek
Occupation: Retired banker
Education: B.S. finance, Siena College
Current public offices held: Town Board, Johnsburg
Past public offices held: JCS Board of Education, board member of Hudson Headwaters Health Network
Credentials for office: Johnsburg has been my community all of my life. For over 30 years, the community has honored me with the privilege of being a member of the Town Board. I care deeply about the future of our community and all of its citizens.
Top issues in this campaign: Present primary projects: 1. Main Street streetscape, rehabilitation. 2. Continued development of Ski Bowl Park, partnership with Olympic Regional Development Authority (Gore Mountain). 3. Securing grants for housing rehabilitation, construction of affordable housing. 4. North Creek solid waste management project. 5. Continued progress implementing improvements while maintaining stable tax levy.
What I'd do if elected: Provide resources and improvements to benefit all of our community, including every hamlet. Sponsor annual "town hall" meeting to: share information regarding current projects under consideration, and to address questions and concerns. Provide opportunity for the Town Board to listen to the citizens' vision for the future of our community.
Justin Gonyo
Candidate did not return questionnaire
Roger Mosher
Address: 3355 State Route 8, Johnsburg
Occupation: Retired
Current public offices held: None
Past public offices held: Johnsburg School Board, five years
Credentials for office: Five years, school board. I know the duties of a board member, I have studied the issues concerning the town and I can help solve problems we are facing in the coming years.
Top issues in this campaign:
1. Bad deals with Gore Mountain.
2. Leave transfer station where it is, do not move it to someone's backyard.
3. Taking property off the tax roll. The town owns too much property.
4. Connect train from Tahawus Mine to market tailings for use in concrete, the material when used in concrete absorbs emissions forever.
What I'd do if elected:
1. Make sure the transfer station stays where it currently is.
2. Stop bad deals with Gore Mountain.
3. Work to get a community swimming pool.
4. Get the governor involved to repair tracks from North Creek to Tahawus.
5. Hauling tailings will create a number of full-time, good-paying jobs.
Arsenault
Johnsburg Town Board
Primary Election
More in Primary elections: Meet the candidates (4 of 13)
Lake Luzerne Town Board (Vote for 2)
Police: Glens Falls man raped 14-year-old while free in arson case
A Glens Falls man has been charged with rape for allegedly having sex with an underage girl, after he was released from jail on an arson charge that is no longer eligible for bail in New York.
Nicholas 'Nick' Mitchell Chiovoloni
March 19, 2000 — Jan. 13, 2020
Three men face charges for home invasion attack
Three men face charges for allegedly beating a man in his own Queensbury home.
Greenwich man gets jail, probation for sexual abuse of child
A local man will serve 16 weekends in jail and 10 years on probation for fondling a child.
Orphaned pet center to open in Wilton Mall
Homes for Orphaned Pets Exist, or HOPE, will open its Adoption and Education Center in Wilton Mall on Jan. 26.
Woman charged with DWI after being in court drunk with child
A Hudson Falls woman faces a felony after she was found to be drunk at a court appearance to which she drove her child.
Man accused of threatening to bomb Glens Falls factory
A Glens Falls man faces a felony for alleged threats to a business that wouldn't hire him.
Snow coming tonight, before cold and bigger weekend storm
The mild stretch of winter that has lingered for weeks will end over the next day or so, with snow expected late Wednesday before a bigger storm moves in for the weekend.
Queensbury drug suspect released without bail despite having no U.S. citizenship
A man who police believe sold heroin in Queensbury was released from jail on his own recognizance, despite the fact he is not a U.S. citizen.
Queensbury woman sentenced to prison for role in stabbing death
The Queensbury woman who helped her then-boyfriend remove evidence from the scene of a fatal stabbing and lied to police last spring was sentenced Wednesday to up to 3 years in state prison.


text:
Shoby is a hamlet and former civil parish  north east of Leicester, now in the parish of Grimston, in the Melton district, in the county of Leicestershire, England. In 2000 it had an estimated population of 39. In 1931 the parish had a population of 49. Gregory Brokesby who was a resident of Shoby became the Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1632.

History
The name "Shoby" means 'Sigvald's farm/settlement'. Shoby was recorded in the Domesday Book as Seoldesberie. Shoby is a deserted medieval village, it was deserted between 1350 and 1400 because of the Black Death or retreat from marginal lands. Shoby had a priory, a building is now on the site, which was formerly Priory Farmhouse and now called "Shoby Priory" and is a Grade II listed building. Shoby was an extra-parochial area, in 1858 it became a civil parish, on 1 April 1936 the parish was abolished and merged with Grimston.

References

External links

Hamlets in Leicestershire
Former civil parishes in Leicestershire
Borough of Melton

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Western Europe x
Fantastic Beasts 3
The third instalment in the Fantastic Beasts franchise.
The lives of two sisters living in France are torn apart at the onset of World War II.
🇳🇱 Netherlands The 1990s The 2000s The 2010s The 2020s
White Bird: A Wonder Story
Set in Nazi-occupied France during the Second World War, a fairy-tale life before the war for a young Jewish girl is turned upside down by the occupying Nazis and a boy she and her classmates once shunned becomes her savior and best friend.
A Radiant Girl
Paris, summer 1942. Irene is a young, bubbly, 19-year-old Jewish girl. Her family watches her discover the world, friends, new love and a passion for the theatre. The aspiring actress is living her youthful life without a care in the world, but she does not know that time may be running out.
🇩🇪 Germany The 1980s The 1990s The 2020s
The Book of Vision
🇩🇪 Germany The 18th Century The 2020s
Eva, a mysterious doctor, searches for an answer to her urgent dilemma as she unravels Dr. Anmuth's Book of Vision. Henry gets involved in her life and is forced to confront his own nature, as Eva faces the biggest decision of her life.
The Girl and the Spider
Lisa is moving. Upheaval all around: Her mother flirts with a handyman. An eccentric woman seems to be preparing for a glamorous event. A family next door returns from vacation. And a girl documents the adventurous day. As boxes are transported, walls painted white, and furniture is assembled, underlying problems in need of fixing are revealed, a to-do list expands, and desires and needs flair up... A tragicomic catastrophe film. A poetic ballad about change and transience. After The Strange Little Cat, this is the second part of a planned trilogy about human togetherness.
The staff of a European publication decides to publish a memorial edition highlighting the three best stories from the last decade: an artist sentenced to life imprisonment, student riots, and a kidnapping resolved by a chef.
Isn't the trajectory of a shared life determined in advance? Get married, have kids, be like everyone else… According to Dietrich Brüggemann, who competed in Vary six years ago, 30-somethings conceivably have it all, yet they fail in their attempts to achieve their set ideals. Nö delivers a critique of contemporary values, while also highlighting the struggle to find and nurture love.
The Banishing
Some houses were never meant to be a home — In the 1930s, a young reverend and his family are forced to confront their worst fears when they discover their new home holds a horrifying secret.
Under the Stars of Paris
Christine's life has not been easy lately. Her lonely routine is divided between free food banks distributions and wandering the streets. On a cold winter night she founds Suli, an 8-year-old Eritrean boy, sobbing in front of her shelter. Christine understands that he is lost and has been separated from his mother. Bounded by their marginal condition, they embark together on an emotional journey to find Suli's mother in the underground world of Paris...
Bruno Reidal, Confession of a Murderer
Cantal, France, 1905. In the forest surrounding his native village, the young seminarian Bruno Reidal murders a boy before surrendering immediately to the authorities. In prison, under interrogation for weeks, he faces a panel of three doctors attempting to understand his lethal impulses. They order Bruno to retrace his past by writing his life story, as they try to identify the events or the anomaly that could have led to such an atrocity.
🇫🇷 France 🇨🇭 Switzerland
Set in Paris the story follows Lisa, who, while on vacation with her husband, rekindles a passionate affair with her ex-boyfriend. But that may lead to a murder.
French Exit
"My plan was to die before the money ran out," says 60-year-old penniless Manhattan socialite Frances Price, but things didn't go as planned. Her husband Franklin has been dead for 12 years and with his vast inheritance gone, she cashes in the last of her possessions and resolves to live out her twilight days anonymously in a borrowed apartment in Paris, accompanied by her directionless son Malcolm and a cat named Small Frank—who may or may not embody the spirit of Frances's dead husband.
Marianne Winckler, a well-known author, goes to live in northern France to research for her new book on the subject of job insecurity. Without revealing her true identity, she gets hired as a cleaner, working with a group of other women. In this new role, she experiences financial instability and social invisibility first-hand. But she also discovers mutual assistance and solidarity, strong bonds shared by these behind-the-scenes working women.
American Traitor: The Trial of Axis Sally
In the darkest war her voice was the most powerful weapon. — The life of American woman Mildred Gillars and her lawyer, who struggles to redeem her reputation. Dubbed "Axis Sally" for broadcasting Nazi propaganda to American troops during World War II, Mildred's story exposes the dark underbelly of the Third Reich's hate-filled propaganda machine, her eventual capture in Berlin, and subsequent trial for treason against the United States after the war.
Do You Do You Saint-Tropez
Everyone Has A Motive But He Does Not Have A Clue — Every summer, the Billionaire Tranchant and his wife Eliane host the glamorous world of celebrities in their luxurious mansion in the south of France. When a criminal car sabotage related to threatening letters wreak havoc in the villa, Tranchant goes in search of the best agent for the investigation. In the middle of this hot summer, only the arrogant and incompetent agent Boullin is available... To catch the suspect and solve the mystery, he will have no choice but to impersonate a newly hired butler and will turn everyone's vacation into a hilarious game of 'Cluedo'!
Secrets run deep. — Bill Baker, an American oil-rig roughneck from Oklahoma, travels to Marseille to visit his estranged daughter, Allison, who is in prison for a murder she claims she did not commit. Confronted with language barriers, cultural differences, and a complicated legal system, Bill builds a new life for himself in France as he makes it his personal mission to exonerate his daughter.
🇫🇷 France The 14th Century
King Charles VI declares that Knight Jean de Carrouges settle his dispute with his squire by challenging him to a duel.
Fabian: Going to the Dogs
In 1930s Berlin, Dr. Jakob Fabian, who works by day in advertising for a cigarette company and by night wanders the streets of the city, falls in love with an actress. As her career begins to blossom, prospects for his future begin to wane.
A woman with a metal plate in her head from a childhood car accident embarks on a bizarre journey, bringing her into contact with a firefighter who's reunited with his missing son after 10 years.
The Stronghold
You will never look at it the same way again — The government is asking Eiffel to design something spectacular for the 1889 Paris World Fair, but Eiffel simply wants to design the subway. Suddenly, everything changes when Eiffel crosses paths with a mysterious woman from his past.
Asli and Saeed fall in love in the mid-1990s. Although Asli's mother is against their relationship, they secretly get married. Then he disappears. A sensitive love story that recounts how Saeed changes Asli's life – before the entire world is shaken.
Paris, the late 1960s. Madame Claude is at the head of a flourishing business dedicated to prostitution that gives her power over both the french political and criminal worlds. But the end of her empire is closer than she thinks.
Honey Cigar
Paris, 1993. Selma, 17, lives in a bourgeois and secular Berber family. When she meets and is strongly attracted to Julien, a dashing young man, she realizes for the first time the heavy rules of her patriarchal family and how they affect her intimacy. As Islamism takes over her country of origin and her family crumbles, Selma discovers the power of her own desire. She must resist and fight. Through the strength of her people, she starts walking down the path of what it means to become a free woman.
With his uncouth manner, Professor Pohl doesn't enjoy the best reputation at the university where he works. To make matters worse, he makes a racist remark when student Naima arrives late for his lecture. Unfortunately for him, a video of his verbal outburst spreads like wildfire on the Internet, and the university's president, Lambrecht, is called to deal with the incident. But Pohl is not dismissed. Instead, he is put to the task of helping Naima prepare for an important debating competition. The lecturer and the student could not be more different, yet they are thrown together to work as a team.
Betrayal is a dance. — Two dancers at an elite ballet academy in Paris must compete for a contract to join the highly coveted Opéra National de Paris as they confront their competitive nature, sexual awakenings and how far they would go to win.
Paris 1942. François Mercier is an ordinary man who only aspires to start a family with the woman he loves, Blanche. He is also the employee of a talented jeweler, Mr. Haffmann. But faced with the German occupation, the two men will have no other choice but to conclude an agreement whose consequences, over the months, will upset the fate of our three characters.
Der Boandlkramer und die ewige Liebe
Death (in Bavarian: Boandlkramer) is supposed to get little Maxl, but he falls in love with Maxl's mother. Confused by the previously unknown feelings, he confides in the devil. The incarnate persuades him to start a business where the Boandlkramer gets the chance to compete for Gefi as a mortal. Encouraged by the advice of the recently deceased womanizer Max Gumberger, the Boandl stumbles through earthly life in search of eternal love.
V2. Escape from Hell
Mikhail Devyatayev, a captured Soviet pilot who leads an escape from a German concentration camp by hijacking an aircraft.
WINDSTORM: The great Hurricane
The Mad Women's Ball
Eugenie has a unique gift: she hears and sees the dead. When her family discovers her secret, at the end of the 19th century, she is taken by her father and brother to the neurological clinic at La Pitié Salpêtrière with no possibility of escaping her fate. Her destiny becomes entwined with that of Geneviève, a nurse at the hospital.
Next Door
Berlin, the Prenzlauer Berg district. Daniel is a movie star accustomed to success. His loft apartment is stylish and so is his wife, and the nanny has the children under control. Everything is tip-top, bilingual and ready for him to jet off to an audition in London where a role in an American superhero film awaits the celebrated German-Spanish actor. Popping into the local bar on the corner, he finds Bruno sitting there. As transpires by the minute, Bruno has been waiting for this moment for a long time. And so this eternally overlooked man – one of reunification's losers and a victim of the gentrification of what was once East Berlin – takes his revenge. With Daniel as his target...
Je suis Karl
After most of her family is murdered in a terrorist bombing, a young woman is unknowingly lured into joining the very group that killed them.
The Peppercorns and the Secret of the Deep Sea
As soon as Jaswinder, the mother of Alice's friend Tarun, discovered a way to avoid plastic, it is attacked and the documents about it, which are also top secret, stolen. Shortly thereafter, it also disappears without a trace. Alice, as the remaining peppercorn, searches for clues and comes across toxic waste companies who want to prevent the documents from being published at all costs. Will you take Alice to Jaswinder ...?
Kaiserschmarrndrama
Trouble is brewing in idyllic small-town Bavaria. Not so much because the village's well-known webcam girl was murdered, a case Franz Eberhofer investigates in his usual laid-back manner, but more because now, of all times, his pushy yet always helpful partner Rudi is stuck in a wheelchair after an accident for which, of course, he blames Franz. The tension rises when Rudi settles in on the farm, expecting round-the-clock care from Franz.
France, Pyrénées. Twentysomething Teddy lives in a foster home and works as a temp in a massage parlor. Rebecca, his girlfriend, will soon graduate. A scorching hot summer begins. But Teddy is scratched by a beast in the woods: the wolf that local angry farmers have been hunting for months. As weeks go by, animal pulsions soon start to overcome the young man…
Yuri, 16, has lived all his life in Gagarin Towers, a vast red-brick housing project on the outskirts of Paris. He dreams of becoming an astronaut. When plans to demolish Gagarin Towers leak out, Yuri joins the resistance. With his friends Diana and Houssam, he embarks on a mission to save their home, which has become his "starship."
The Kiosk
Alexandra has come to help out her mother, who sells newspapers in an upmarket Paris neighbourhood. From discovering the trade to the complicity that grows with a rogue's gallery of characters, Pianelli chronicles the world as it is. Like in a child's dream, playing shopkeepers … but the printed press and local shops are in a state of crisis, and things prove to be more complicated than planned!
The Third War
After completing his military training, young Léo, a taciturn soldier with family problems and secret addictions, is assigned to one of the units that patrol the streets of Paris in search of possible terrorist threats as part of Opération Sentinelle.
The Last Mercenary
The daddy of all secret agents. — A mysterious former secret service agent must urgently return to France when his estranged son is falsely accused of arms and drug trafficking by the government, following a blunder by an overzealous bureaucrat and a mafia operation.
Based on a provocative autobiography, this story — set in a largely Muslim neighborhood in Berlin — follows a teenage gang member who is caught between hiding his Jewish identity and saving his life.
After stealing a gaming console from migrants, Sébastien tries to sell it to Patrick, a good guy. So far, nothing too serious. But when a rapper straight out of jail, a TV host willing to do anything to go viral and click traffickers get involved... Sébastien and Patrick become France's most wanted bad guys.


How is Post-Nasal Drip Treated?
Glands in your nose and throat continually produce mucus (one to two quarts a day). Mucus moistens and cleans the nasal membranes, humidifies air, traps and clears inhaled foreign matter, and fights infection. Although it is normally swallowed unconsciously, the feeling of it accumulating in the throat or dripping from the back of your nose is called post-nasal drip. This sensation can be caused by excessively thick secretions or by throat muscle and swallowing disorders.
Increased thin clear secretions can be due to colds and flu, allergies, cold temperatures, bright lights, certain foods/spices, pregnancy, and other hormonal changes. Various drugs (including birth control pills and high blood pressure medications) and structural abnormalities can also produce increased secretions. These abnormalities might include a deviated or irregular nasal septum (the cartilage and bony dividing wall that separates the two nostrils).
Increased thick secretions in the winter often result from dryness in heated buildings and homes. They can also result from sinus or nose infections and allergies, especially to foods such as dairy products.
If thin secretions become thick, and turn green or yellow, it is likely that a bacterial sinus infection is developing. In children, thick secretions from one side of the nose can mean that something is stuck in the nose such as a bean, wadded paper, or piece of toy. If these symptoms are observed, seek a physician for examination.
Swallowing problems may result in an accumulation of solids or liquids in the throat that may complicate or feel like post-nasal drip. When the nerves and muscles in the mouth, throat, and food passage (esophagus) aren't interacting properly, overflow secretions can spill into the voice box (larynx) and breathing passages (trachea and bronchi), causing hoarseness, throat clearing, or coughing.
With age, swallowing muscles often lose strength and coordination, making it difficult for even normal secretions to pass smoothly into the stomach.
During sleep, swallowing occurs much less frequently, and secretions may gather. Coughing and vigorous throat clearing are often needed upon waking.
When nervous or under stress, throat muscles can trigger spasms that make it feel as if there is a lump in the throat. Frequent throat clearing, which usually produces little or no mucus, can make the problem worse by increasing irritation.
Growths or swelling in the food passage can slow or prevent the movement of liquids and/or solids.
Swallowing problems may also be caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This is a backup of stomach contents and acid into the esophagus or throat. Heartburn, indigestion, and sore throat are common symptoms. GERD may be aggravated by lying down, especially following eating. Hiatal hernia, a pouch-like tissue mass where the esophagus meets the stomach, often contributes to the reflux.
How is the Throat Affected by Post-Nasal Drip?
Post-nasal drip often leads to a sore, irritated throat. Although there is usually no infection, the tonsils and other tissues in the throat may swell. This can cause discomfort or a feeling that there is a lump in the throat. Successful treatment of the post-nasal drip will usually clear up these throat symptoms.
Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. These drugs may only provide temporary relief. In cases of chronic sinusitis, surgery to open the blocked sinuses may be required.
Allergies are managed by avoiding the causes. Antihistamines and decongestants, cromolyn and steroid (cortisone type) nasal sprays, and other forms of steroids may offer relief. Immunotherapy, either by shots or sublingual (under the tongue drops) may also be helpful. However, some older, sedating antihistamines may dry and thicken post-nasal secretions even more; newer nonsedating antihistamines, available by prescription only, do not have this effect. Decongestants can aggravate high blood pressure, heart, and thyroid disease. Steroid sprays may be used safely under medical supervision. Oral and injectable steroids rarely produce serious complications in short-term use. Because significant side-effects can occur, steroids must be monitored carefully when used for more than one week.
Gastroesophageal reflux is treated by elevating the head of the bed six to eight inches, avoiding foods and beverages for two to three hours before bedtime, and eliminating alcohol and caffeine from the daily diet. Antacids such as Maalox®, Mylanta®, Gaviscon®, and drugs that block stomach acid production such as Zantac®, Tagamet®, or Pepcid®) may be prescribed. If these are not successful, stronger medications can be prescribed. Trial treatments are usually suggested before x-rays and other diagnostic studies are performed.
General measures that allow mucus secretions to pass more easily may be recommended when it is not possible to determine the cause of post-nasal drip. Many people, especially older persons, need more fluids to thin out secretions.
Drinking more water, eliminating caffeine, and avoiding diuretics (medications that increase urination) will help. Mucous-thinning agents such as guaifenesin (Humibid®, Robitussin®) may also thin secretions. Nasal irrigations may alleviate thickened secretions. These can be performed two to four times a day either with a nasal douche device or a Water Pik® with a nasal irrigation nozzle.
Warm water with baking soda or salt (½ to 1 tsp. to the pint) or Alkalol®, a nonprescription irrigating solution (full strength or diluted by half warm water), may be helpful. Finally, use of simple saline (salt) nonprescription nasal sprays(e.g., Ocean®, Ayr®, or Nasal®) to moisten the nose is often very beneficial.
Sinuses are air-filled cavities in the skull. They drain into the nose through small openings. Blockages in the openings from swelling due to colds, flu, or allergies may lead to acute sinus infection. A viral cold that persists for 10 days or more may have become a bacterial sinus infection. This infection may increase post-nasal drip. If you suspect that you have a sinus infection, you should contact your physician to see if it needs antibiotic treatment.
Chronic sinusitis occurs when sinus blockages persist, causing the lining of the sinuses to swell further. Polyps (growths in the nose) may develop with chronic sinusitis. Patients with polyps tend to have irritating, persistent post-nasal drip. Evaluation by an otolaryngologist may include an exam of the interior of the nose with a fiberoptic scope and CAT scan x-rays. If medication does not relieve the problem, surgery may be recommended. Vasomotor Rhinitis describes a nonallergic "hyperirritable nose" that feels congested, blocked, or wet.
Coastal Ear, Nose & Throat proudly serves patients from New Jersey and surrounding areas. If you have questions regarding your runny nose or post-nasal drip, fill out our Contact Form or call one of our locations today!


Published on 1 April 2006.
I am deligted to announce that, as of today (1st April), this blog has become part of the Google Family.
Following on from our awards and recognition earlier in the year as one of the most comprehensive, amusing, and authoratative blogs on the web, a multi-million pound deal has been agreed with Google. The deal will see me continuing to work on the site, though now full time from a new base in New York.
I will be taking a short break from posting – Olaf Priol, the former Guardian columnist who leaves the newspaper on a high after today's front page exclusive, will be filling in for the next fortnight, before joining the site permanently after the summer.
Thank you for all your support over the years – it's great to see that the site's true worth has finally been recognised. I hope that the support will continue into this new, incredible era for the site.
For more information on the deal, please see this new section of the site.
This 851st post was filed under: Site Updates.