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Home / About / Organizational Chart / The Service of Sentences and Credit Applicable to Offenders in Custody of ODOC
The Service of Sentences and Credit Applicable to Offenders in Custody of ODOC
The mission of the Oklahoma Department of Corrections is to:
1. Protect the public
2. Protect the employee
3. Protect the offender
The Department of Corrections protects the public by maintaining offenders remanded to its custody for the duration of their sentences of confinement or supervision. All sentences are served and monitored according to Oklahoma state statute and applicable case law. The following is a brief overview of the policies based on state law regarding the service of sentences.
II. Incarceration
Most incarcerated offenders are eligible by Oklahoma statute to have their term of imprisonment reduced by earning credits. A credit is equal to a day.
When an inmate is received at Lexington Assessment and Reception Center (males) or Mabel Bassett Assessment and Reception Center (females), a beginning release date is established by adding the term of incarceration, as designated by the judgment and sentence, to the reception date. This date is then converted to days remaining to serve. Each month, thereafter, the days remaining to be served are updated based upon the number of credits earned or lost and the number of days served. When the days remaining to serve reaches "0", the inmate has discharged the sentence.
After classification at an assessment and reception center the inmate will be transferred to an appropriate security level at a correctional facility.
A. Time Spent in County Jail
1. Jail Time
57 O.S. 138, provides that all offenders sentenced to the Department of Corrections to a term of incarceration are entitled to have deducted from their sentence the number of days spent in the county jail under the same case number. If court ordered, time spent in a state mental institution for evaluation of competency is also applied as a sentence reduction credit. A judge may specifically order that an inmate not receive jail time credits.
2. Deferred Reception Credits
Effective September 1, 1993, 57 O.S. 138 provides that offenders sentenced to imprisonment in the Department of Corrections, but detained in the county jail because of the department's reception scheduling procedure, will be awarded earned credits at the rate of Class Level 2 beginning the date of the judgment and sentence to the day of reception. The amount of credit will be determined by multiplying the number of days by .73.
B. Earned Credit Classes
Effective November 1, 1988, 57 O.S. 138 provides that every inmate will be assigned to one of four class levels. Class level assignments are determined by the adjustment review committee/unit treatment team based upon the desired behavior of the inmate in all areas of institutional life: work attendance and productivity, conduct 3 record, program participation, cooperative general behavior, and appearance of self and living area.
Effective November 1, 2001, 57 O.S. 138, provides for two enhanced levels of credit for inmates who have never been convicted as an adult or a youthful offender or adjudicated delinquent as a juvenile for any of the felony crimes listed in 57 O.S. 138, subsection E. Eligible inmates assigned to Levels 3 or 4 are awarded credit at the enhanced rates.
The class levels and their corresponding credits are as follows:
Class Level 1 - 0 credits per month
Class Level 2 - 22 credits per month
Enhanced Class Level 3 - 45 credits per month
1. Class Level Criteria
a. Class Level 1
Inmates will be assigned to Level 1 under the following circumstances:
(1) When placed on escape status
(2) When incarcerated under the Delayed Sentencing Program for Young Adults, 22 O.S. 996.1
(3) When serving a sentence of death
(4) While assigned to segregation housing
(5) Upon conviction of a Class X misconduct (prison rule violation)
b. Class Level 2
Inmates will be assigned to Level 2 upon their reception at the Lexington Assessment and Reception Center. To maintain this level of earning, the inmate must receive good evaluations for participation in a work or program assignment, good evaluations for personal hygiene and maintenance of living area, meet program participation requirements, and maintain a satisfactory attitude and relationship with staff and other inmates.
c. Class Level 3
Inmates may be considered for a promotion to Level 3 after being incarcerated for at least three months, receiving excellent work or program evaluations, excellent evaluations for personal hygiene and maintenance of living area, have no active Class X misconduct or escape custody assessment points, meet program participation requirements, and maintain a satisfactory attitude and relationship with staff and other inmates.
d. Class Level 4
Inmates may be considered for a promotion to Level 4 after being incarcerated for at least eight months, receiving outstanding work or program evaluations, and outstanding evaluations for personal hygiene and maintenance of living area, have no active Class X misconduct or escape custody assessment points, meet program requirements, and maintain a satisfactory attitude and relationship with staff and other inmates.
C. Other Types of Credit 4
1. Achievement Credit
Effective November 1, 1988, achievement earned credits for successful completion of departmentally approved programs, or for attaining set goals, or standards, will be awarded. These credits can be earned through participation in a variety of programs such as substance abuse, cognitive/behavioral, education, and vocational training. This credit is authorized per 57 O.S. 138.
2. Meritorious Earned Credit
Inmates who perform meritorious acts involving property preservation or matters of life, security, or safety are eligible to receive up to 100 credits for each act. This credit is authorized per 57 O.S. 138.1.
3. Emergency Time Credit
This credit was mandated per 57 O.S. 570, the "Oklahoma Prison Overcrowding Emergency Powers Act" and commonly referred to as "Cap" credit. The act was in effect from April 4, 1984 until its repeal effective July 1, 2001.
Upon the declaration by the Governor that a state of emergency existed within the penal system, the director of the Department of Corrections authorized each facility to grant 60 days of emergency time credit to all eligible inmates. An emergency existed whenever the inmate population exceeded 95 percent of authorized capacity. Once an emergency was declared, the director was authorized by law to grant the credit every 60 days for as long as the emergency existed. Effective July 1, 1989, no inmate received more than 360 days of emergency time credit during a year.
Eligibility for emergency time credits was determined by the following criteria:
a. Classified as medium security or lower
b. Incarcerated for nonviolent offense as defined by 57 O.S. 571
c. Not incarcerated for a second and subsequent offense under provisions of Section 51 or 52 of Title 21 of the Oklahoma Statutes.
4. Credit Prior to November 1, 1988
Prior to November 1, 1988, state law authorized inmates to earn credits based solely on their work or program assignments. Up to three days of credit could be earned for each day of participation. Prior to September 8, 1976, state law authorized the granting of good time, an automatic reduction of the term of incarceration based upon the sentence length. In addition to this statutory good time, inmates could be granted work time, work incentive credits, and blood time.
Current inmates whose crimes were committed while these credit statutes were in effect are entitled to have terms of imprisonment reduced by such credits. The Department of Corrections grants the inmate the credit or combination of credits most advantageous in accordance with ex post facto court rulings.
5. Lost Credit
Inmates are subject to lose earned credits as punishment through the disciplinary process for infractions of Department of Corrections rules and regulations. When an inmate is charged with a violation, he/she is formally notified, and a hearing date is established. Trained staff will review the charge, interview the inmate, and render a decision. If found guilty, punishment, established per degree of violation, is rendered. Due process is maintained through several levels of appeal.
D. Determining the Amount of Time Actually Served on a Sentence
Since statehood, Oklahoma law has provided for some type of credit to be applied as a sentence reduction. As a result, Oklahoma inmates rarely serve their sentences day-for-day in full. The following methods can be used to 5 approximately project the amount of time to be served on a given sentence based upon an inmate's class level assignment.
1. Credit Rates
Class Level
Credits Per Month
Projected Release Rate
Enhanced Level 3
a. Determine sentence length in days.
b. Project the number of days that would actually be served using the projected release rate for the level to which the inmate is assigned.
Example: 3,650 days x .58 (Level 2) = 2,117 days
2,117 days or 5.8 years in the approximate amount of time to complete a ten-year sentence for an inmate on earned credit Level 2.
2. Projecting the amount of time actually served does not consider the possible loss of credit due to misconduct, jail time granted, future class level changes, court ordered modifications, or release on parole. These factors greatly affect the accuracy of the preceding chart. A less complicated method can be used to estimate the amount of time to be served on a given sentence. The following formula projects the quickest amount of time a sentence can be served by assuming the inmate will earn the highest level of earned credits when eligible, a total of 200 achievement credits, and no loss of credit through misconduct.
(Sentence length in days) x .40* = approximate amount of time actually served
*Use .35 if enhanced credit level eligible
III. Probation and Parole
The Department of Corrections' probation and parole districts supervise offenders sentenced to probation and inmates paroled by the Governor. Offenders do not receive credit reductions while on probation or parole.
A. Deferred Sentence
22 O.S. 991c. authorizes the court upon a verdict or plea of guilty, to defer sentencing and place a defendant on supervised probation. The Department of Corrections supervises the offender until the date specified on the order of deferred sentence. If the offender violates the conditions of the deferred sentence any time prior to its expiration, the court may accelerate sentencing and enter a judgment. The deferred judgment procedure does not apply to offenders found guilty or who plead guilty or nolo contendere to a sex offense required by law to register pursuant to the Sex Offenders Registration Act. Offenders with prior felony convictions are ineligible for a deferred sentence unless the court waives this prohibition upon written application of the district attorney.
B. Suspended Sentence
22 O.S. 991a. authorizes the court to suspend the execution of a sentence in whole or in part, with or without probation. Offenders who receive suspended sentences with probation are supervised by the Department of Corrections for a period specified by the Judgment and Sentence. For example, if an offender receives a one-year suspended sentence he will be supervised for one calendar year beginning the date the Judgment and Sentence was rendered. This statute allows the Department of Corrections to end supervision at two years if deemed to be in the best interest of the public. 6
If a violation warrant is issued by the sentencing court any time prior to the termination of the suspended sentence, the offender goes through a revocation process and may have the sentence fully or partially revoked by the court. (22 O.S. 991b.)
If the sentence is revoked, the offender will be remanded to Department of Corrections custody for the period specified and may have the sentence reduced through the earned credit process previously described.
C. Split Sentence
The courts may render a sentence specifying a term of incarceration and a term of probation. The term of incarceration would be subject to credit reduction and upon discharge the specified period of probation would begin. The remaining probation is subject to revocation and additional incarceration.
D. Parole
All parole recommendations are made by the Pardon and Parole Board (57 O.S., Sections 332 - 365). The Pardon and Parole Board should be contacted directly for information on how parole dockets are established.
Parole recommendations by the Pardon and Parole Board must have the Governor's approval. A parole is in effect until reaching the release date established at the time of parole. For example, if an inmate paroles on February 1, 2011, and the release date for the term of incarceration is March 5, 2014, the inmate would remain on parole until March 5, 2014.
If anytime prior to completion of the parole the Department of Corrections initiates a parole violation warrant, the offender will receive due process through a two-part hearing and is subject to have the parole revoked by the Governor. The Governor, at his/her discretion alone, may grant the time spent on parole as a deduction from the parole revocation. This time is commonly referred to as "street time".
E. Community Sentencing
The purpose of the Oklahoma Community Sentencing Act, 22 O.S. 988.3, is to protect the public; establish a statewide community sentencing system; adequately supervise felony offenders punished under a court-ordered community sentence; provide a continuum of sanctions to the court for eligible offenders sentenced to a community sentence within the community sentencing system; increase the availability of punishment and treatment options to eligible felony offenders; improve the criminal justice system within Oklahoma through public/private partnerships, reciprocal and inter-local governmental agreements, and interagency cooperation and collaboration; and operate effectively within the allocation of state and local resources for the Oklahoma criminal justice system.
Felony offenders who have been convicted of or who have entered a plea other than not guilty to a felony offense and who upon completion of a Level of Services Inventory or another assessment instrument have been found to be in the moderate range, are eligible for a community sentence if not otherwise prohibited by law. (22 O.S. 988.2). The District Attorney must consent to a community sentence for an offender with a violent crime enumerated in 57 O.S. 571. An offender must be statutorily eligible for probation in order to receive a community sentence.
IV. Special Consideration
A. Life Sentence
No deductions will be credited to any inmate serving a sentence of Life imprisonment; however, per 57 O.S. 138, a complete record of the inmate's participation in work, school, vocational training, or other approved programs is maintained. If a Life sentence is ever commuted or modified to a determinate sentence, the recorded credit would apply as a reduction.
B. Death Sentence 7
Persons under the sentence of death are not eligible to receive or earn any type of credit. If the sentence is modified or commuted to a sentence other than death, they would become eligible to earn credit.
C. Concurrent/Consecutive
21 O.S., Sections 61.1, 61.3, and 22 O.S. 976 provide that sentences are to be served consecutively unless a Judgment and Sentence states that it is to run concurrently with another Judgment and Sentence. When revoking a parole, the Governor may order concurrence to an existing sentence.
D. Sentence Concurrent with Foreign Jurisdiction
Occasionally, offenders receive sentences in Oklahoma designated as concurrent to a sentence in another state, or the federal system, with initial custody assumed by the other jurisdiction. This is authorized per 21 O.S., Sections 61.2-61.4. The Oklahoma term of incarceration does not begin until the convicting county delivers the offender to Department of Corrections custody per 21 O.S. 61.5. Upon delivery to a reception center, the offender will be credited with time served in the foreign jurisdiction beginning the date the Oklahoma Judgment and Sentence was rendered. After reception, the offender is eligible for earned credit under Oklahoma statutes.
E. 21 O.S. Section 801
Offenders sentenced under the 1982 amendment to 21 O.S. 801, serving at least their third felony conviction for a Robbery or Attempted Robbery with a Dangerous Weapon or Imitation Firearm, are not eligible for good time credits for ten years from reception, minus jail time. There must be documentation the sentence was enhanced under 21 O.S. 801.
F. Trafficking in Illegal Drugs Act
Effective November 1, 1989, 63 O.S. 2-415 provides that persons convicted of trafficking in marijuana, cocaine, heroin, amphetamine, methamphetamine, LSD, PCP, or crack are not eligible for earned credits for the duration of their sentence. Achievement credits may be awarded if the inmate meets the statutory standards for Level 2.
G. Racketeering
22 O.S. 1401, the Oklahoma Corrupt Organizations Prevention Act, applies to persons convicted of Racketeering activities. Offenders convicted under this act must serve one-half of their sentence day-for-day before becoming eligible for work release, house arrest, pre-parole conditional supervision, parole, or release from confinement on any other basis.
H. Distribution Within 2,000 Feet of School/Park, or Possession/Purchase Within 1,000 Feet of School/Park, or Possession/Purchase in the Presence of a Child Under 12
Effective May 19, 1989, 63 O.S. 2-401 provides that offenders convicted of Distributing Controlled Substances Within 1,000 Feet of a School must serve 50 percent of their sentence prior to becoming eligible for earned credits. Offenders convicted a second and subsequent time under this statute must serve 90 percent of their sentence prior to becoming eligible for credits. Effective September 1, 1991, 63 O.S. 2-401 was amended to include Distribution Within 1,000 feet of a Park or Recreation Area. Effective June 7, 1994, 63 O.S. 2-401 was amended to include Distribution Within 1.000 feet of a Public Housing Project. Effective November 1, 1999, 63 O.S. 2-401 was amended to include Distribution of a Controlled Substance Within 2,000 Feet of a School, Park, or Public Housing Project. Effective July 1, 2001, inmates convicted a second and subsequent time under this statute must serve 85% of their sentence prior to becoming eligible for earned credits. Effective July 1, 2003, 63 O.S. 2-401 was amended to include Distribution of a Controlled Substance Within 2,000 Feet of a Child Care Facility; and Manufacture of a Controlled Substance Within 2,000 Feet of a Public or Private Elementary or Secondary School, Public Vocational School, or a Public or Private College or University, or other institution of higher education, Recreation Center or Public Park Including State Parks and Recreation Areas, Public Housing Project, or Child Care Facility. 8
Effective September 1, 1992, 63 O.S. 2-402 provides that offenders convicted of Possessing or Purchasing a Controlled Dangerous Substance Within 1,000 Feet of a School, Park, or Public Housing Project must serve 50 percent of their sentence prior to becoming eligible for earned credits. Offenders convicted a second and subsequent time under this statute must serve 90 percent of their sentence prior to becoming eligible for credits. Effective June 7, 1993, this statute was amended to also include the Possession or Purchase of a Controlled Dangerous Substance in the Presence of any Child Under 12 Years of Age.
I. Offenses Required to Serve 85% of Sentence
Effective March 1, 2000, 21 O.S. 13.1 provides that offenders who commit certain crimes on or after such date, must serve 85% of their sentence of imprisonment before becoming eligible for parole consideration, earned credits, or any type of credit that might reduce the length of the sentence to less than 85%. The crimes are Murder I, Robbery with a Dangerous Weapon, Rape I, Arson I, Burglary I, Bombs and Explosives Violations, Child Abuse, Forcible Sodomy, Child Pornography, Parental Consent to Child Pornography, Child Prostitution, and Lewd Molestation of a Child.
Effective July 1, 2001, 21 O.S. 13.1 was amended to include the following crimes: Murder II, Manslaughter I, Poisoning with Intent to Kill, Shooting with Intent to Kill, Assault and Battery with a Deadly Weapon, Use of a Vehicle to Facilitate Use of a Firearm/Crossbow/Weapon, Assault with Intent to Kill, Conjoint Robbery, Robbery I.
Effective July 1, 2001, 63 O.S. 2-401 was amended to provide that offenders convicted of the crime of Aggravated Manufacture of CDS must serve 85% of their sentence of imprisonment before becoming eligible for parole consideration, earned credits, or any type of credit that might reduce the length of the sentence to less than 85%.
Effective March 8, 2002, 21 O.S. 13.1 was amended to include the crime of Abuse, Neglect, or Financial Exploitation by Caretaker of a Vulnerable Adult who is a resident of a nursing facility.
Effective November 1, 2007, 21 O.S. 13.1 was amended to include the crime of Aggravated Trafficking, 63 O.S. 2-415.
Effective November 1, 2011, 21 O.S., Section 13.1 was amended to include aggravated assault and battery upon any person defending another person from assault and battery.
The Court of Criminal Appeals has ruled that offenders whose Judgment and Sentences reflect they have been convicted of an "attempt" to commit an 85% crime are not subject to the 85% restriction and are eligible to earn credits toward the service of their entire sentence. This does not apply to the crimes of Attempt to Kill, 21 O.S. § 652; and attempts to damage, injure, or kill with the Possession, Use, Manufacturing or Telephone Threat of Incendiary Device or Bomb, 21 O.S. § 1767.1, as these statutes describe crimes in which the term "attempt" is an element of the crime.
J. Post Conviction Relief/Court Orders
The Department of Corrections functions as the custodian for convicted felons. Therefore, if the court orders a reduction of a sentence or the application of credit to a sentence, the Department of Corrections will comply.
V. For more information concerning credits and the service of sentences, contact:
Jim Rabon, Administrator
Sentence Administration and Offender Records
Oklahoma Department of Corrections
3400 Martin Luther King Avenue
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73136-0400
Email: jim.rabon@doc.ok.gov
(Rev. 8-2011)


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Instagramming Toronto: Meet the photographers capturing our city
LAYLA BOZICH
Published August 14, 2015 Updated June 5, 2017
What makes a great photo of Toronto?
Maybe it's the way a morning fog swallows the CN Tower, the reflection of a burning sunset on Lake Ontario or even the pop of a woman's red scarf on a dreary winter day.
In a quest to find the best angle, the greatest lighting and the ultimate subject matter, Toronto-based photographers are documenting details of the city most of us overlook. They are turning to Instagram, the instant photo-sharing social media tool, to show off their perspectives to the rest of the world.
To escape the spiral of monotonous city shots, (you know the ones: looking up at some skyscrapers or someone waiting for a subway train), these Torontonians scale rooftops, explore abandoned buildings, traverse forbidden territory or simply see a killer shot where others walk blithely by to get that never-before-seen photograph.
"You're constantly trying to please this weird group of strangers you've never met [and] if you're just taking the same five photos, you're not learning and growing as a photographer," said Instagrammer Jon Rix (better known as @normster to his followers).
With a combined follower count of roughly 300,000, it's clear to see these Instagrammers are influencing the way the world sees Toronto.
The Globe and Mail spoke with a handful of them about their photography and how the city has inspired them.
Zack Vitiello
@latelight, 3,000 followers, shoots on iPhone
Taken on Dupont Street, just east of Dufferin Street. "I've been a lot of places and I'm really infatuated with that old, decrepit, dilapidated look and feel."
Toronto in a nutshell
"There's a lot of hidden gems in these odd parts of the city that people don't really explore."
"I'm a huge fan of simplicity. I like to shoot things straight on if the angle is available."
Taha Muharuma
@tahaphoto, 34,000 followers, shoots on iPhone and DSLR
A TTC subway car going east into Victoria Park station. "It means a lot to me because it reminds me of my childhood and taking that exact train from downtown to the east."
"When I used to ride the subway as a child and even until now as an adult … you'd see tons of different people all trying to make their way through life and the subway doesn't judge that – it accepts everybody."
"If you turn the camera away from yourself for a second and document the world around you, you'll realize just how beautiful everyday life is."
Adeyemi Adegbesan
@soteeoh, 57,500 followers, shoots on mobile phone and DSLR
Taken from the top of a parking garage in Kensington Market. "I live in Kensington Market, so it's kind of a special place to me. I feel like it's the unofficial heart of Toronto."
"You have a lot of different interests and ideas all competing for a very limited amount of space but somehow it's all still working together."
"Shoot every day. To me, it's not about any sort of technical mastery … anybody can be a good photographer, but you just have to embrace it and do it passionately and do it every day."
Michelle Angelovski
@shellche, 21,000 followers, shoots on iPhone
Taken on her way to work during a rainy day. "I was standing outside waiting for the perfect umbrella … and I saw a woman walking through the park with a yellow one."
"There is beauty that can be found even in the simplicity of a great umbrella."
"Be patient. Wait for the shot you want."
Jon Rix
@normster, 40,000 followers, shoots on iPhone
Taken on Queen Street West. "People probably walk by [the art] all the time and don't even realize it's upside down, or ask why it's there or what the artist meant when they put it on the wall."
"People are out there doing [photography] and they're doing it well and taking it seriously. It's not all just pictures of your outfit of the day in front of the mirror."
"Take as many photos as you can and look at other people's photos."
Robbie "Stilez"
@stilez, 8,000 followers, shoots on DSLR
The Gardiner Expressway. "When the Gardiner was closed, we snuck on real quick and it was spur-of-the-moment. It says a lot about me – I'm all about music and I'm all about Toronto."
"It's got a great skyline and a lot of great talent, music-wise."
"If [Instagram] is something you want to do seriously, draft up an action plan: Decide what your direction is going to be, decide on your look and your theme and what you want your online voice on Instagram to be."
Jamal Burger
@jayscale, 75,000 followers, shoots on DSLR
Taken from a rooftop. "It looks like I'm flying right over the intersection."
"Toronto is a busy city, there's a lot going on and it's constantly moving."
"If you like photography, regardless of what anyone says, then just continue to take photos."
Ian Griffin
@griffian, 61,000 followers, shoots on mobile phone and Fuji X-T1
Around King and Bay streets. "I was just going to try and get a shot down Bay but I was slipping – I was wearing dress shoes – and when I looked up, there's this woman who is putting my complaints to shame as she is trying to cross the road in what looked like six-inch heels."
"The people will still brave anything to look stylish."
"If you are pushed to actually go out with the sole purpose of taking shots, then you will get better."
Follow us on Twitter @globeandmail Opens in a new window
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Xcode 4 Interface Building Font Not Updating/Showing When I am changing the font of a label to anything other than the default, the label's font never changes. I can change the font size but not the displaying font. However, when I double click on the label, I can see what the label's font would look like. Can anyone help me with this?

A: Not all fonts are available on the iPhone. If you are setting the font to an unavailable one, it will default to helvetica. Search the net for a list of the fonts you can use.

A: You can reference http://iosfonts.com/ for fonts available for each version of iOS.  Fonts outside this list will appear as Helvetica, as jrturton said.

A: I would suggest expanding the size of the text box, by dragging its outermost edges? Despite having made your changes if the selected font/font size combo is to large for the text box to handle it will remain smaller than what you selected even though when you go into the highlight view it appears correct
Edit
Just Because its in that font selection tool does not mean it will show up on the device

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Clashes have broken out between anti-regime protesters and security forces in Bahrain, as peaceful demonstrations against the ruling Al Khalifa family turns violent across the kingdom.
The violence erupted when regime forces fired tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse protesters in several places, including Jerdab and Ma'ameer.
The protesters called on the Al Khalifa family to relinquish power.
Earlier in the week, demonstrators staged night-time rallies in the capital, Manama, and in the village of Sanabis, situated in the suburbs of the Bahraini capital, to voice their demand for the ouster of the regime.
Since mid-February 2011, thousands of anti-regime protesters have held numerous demonstrations in the streets of Bahrain. In March 2011, troops from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates were deployed to Bahrain to help Manama quash the anti-regime protests.
Scores of people have been killed and hundreds of others injured and arrested in the Manama regime's ongoing crackdown on peaceful anti-regime rallies. Amnesty International has expressed concerns over the "continuing detention of prisoners of conscience and the harsh sentences" given by courts in the Persian Gulf country to protesters.


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nature physics
The physics of cooperative transport in groups of ants
Ofer Feinerman1,
Itai Pinkoviezky2,
Aviram Gelblum1,
Ehud Fonio1 &
Nir S. Gov3
Nature Physics volume 14, pages683–693(2018)Cite this article
Phase transitions and critical phenomena
Statistical physics, thermodynamics and nonlinear dynamics
Anyone who has moved furniture together with friends will appreciate that cooperative transport requires some non-trivial communication. Yet ants are adept at collectively moving objects several times their size. How they do so has long been a subject of research, but recent advances have suggested that this communication occurs through the forces the ants exert on the load. This implies that the collective transport problem can be mapped to an Ising model, in which decisions by individual ants are described by spin flips. Within this framework, the group is poised in the vicinity of the transition between uncoordinated and coordinated motion. It thus profits from both internal coordination and maximal responsiveness to external information, mediated by temporarily informed leader ants. Here, we review the implications of these findings for cooperative transport, and discuss the way in which a more complete multiscale understanding of such systems would require the development of a new formalism that combines statistical physics of interacting particles with the cognitive capabilities of individuals.
Fig. 1: Cooperative transport.
Fig. 2: Empirical findings and theoretical model.
Fig. 3: Criticality, susceptibility and leadership.
Fig. 4: Oscillatory motion under constrained conditions.
Fig. 5: Increasing system size transits the system between order and disorder in experiment and simulation.
Fig. 6: Phase transitions under constrained motion.
Fig. 7: Oscillatory motion in a different species.
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We would like to thank Ehud Altman for useful discussions. N.S.G. is the incumbent of the Lee and William Abramowitz Professorial Chair of Biophysics and is supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) (grant no. 580/12), and Minerva Foundation research grant no. 712601. O.F. is the incumbent of the Shloimo and Michla Tomarin Career Development Chair and was supported by the Israeli Science Foundation grant 833/15, and the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 770964), and the Clore Duffield Foundation. E.F. is the incumbent of the Tom Beck Research Fellow Chair in the Physics of Complex Systems.
Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
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Nir S. Gov
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Feinerman, O., Pinkoviezky, I., Gelblum, A. et al. The physics of cooperative transport in groups of ants. Nature Phys 14, 683–693 (2018) doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0107-y
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18,164 off Medicaid in 6 months of work rule
by Andy Davis | January 16, 2019 at 4:30 a.m.
The first six months of the work requirement for Arkansas' Medicaid program ended with 18,164 people being kicked off for noncompliance, including more than 1,200 who lost coverage Jan. 1, the state reported Tuesday.
The enrollees who have lost coverage so far represent about 47 percent of the 38,000 enrollees the state initially estimated would be subject to the requirement in 2018 and not automatically exempt based on information in state records.
The state phased in the requirement last year for Arkansas Works enrollees age 30-49 and began phasing it in this month for those age 19-29.
To meet the requirement, enrollees who don't qualify for an exemption must spend 80 hours a month on work or other approved activities and report the hours using a state website or over the phone, an option that was added last month.
Those who fail to meet the requirement for three months during a year are removed from the program and barred from re-enrolling for the rest of the year.
Enrollees who lost coverage last year as a result of noncompliance, including the 1,232 who lost coverage Jan. 1, are eligible to re-enroll with a clean compliance record for 2019.
But so far this month, only 966 enrollees have done so, including three who qualified for Medicaid but are no longer in Arkansas Works.
Arkansas Works covers adults who don't qualify for other types of Medicaid and who have incomes of up to 138 percent of the poverty level: $17,236 for an individual or $35,535 for a family of four.
Despite the terminations, overall enrollment in Arkansas Works from Dec. 1 to Jan. 1 increased by 15 people, 234,385 to 234,400.
Most enrollees receive the coverage through private plans, with the Medicaid program paying most or all of the premium.
Bruno Showers, a senior policy analyst with Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, said the low number of Arkansans who have re-enrolled "speaks to our ongoing concern that a lot of those who are getting kicked off just aren't aware of the requirements."
Some people may still not be aware that they lost coverage, he said.
"Most people don't really think about their health care very much until there's a major emergency," he said.
Kevin De Liban, an attorney with Jonesboro-based Legal Aid of Arkansas, said some enrollees may have been discouraged by difficulties complying with the requirement.
His group is one of three advocacy organizations challenging the requirement in a lawsuit in federal court in Washington, D.C.
"People receive the message loud and clear that the state doesn't want them to have health insurance," he said. "The state is making them jump through more hoops to regain coverage that they very well may end up losing again because of the work requirements and the onerous reporting system."
Amy Webb, a spokesman for the state Department of Human Services, said enrollees receive a notice when their coverage is terminated informing them that they may be eligible to re-enroll, starting Nov. 1, for coverage that takes effect the next year.
The state isn't planning to do any additional outreach to those enrollees, she said.
The requirement is the first to be implemented for a state Medicaid program. In June, a federal judge in Washington, D.C., stopped a similar requirement from taking effect in Kentucky the next month, saying President Donald Trump's administration hadn't considered how the requirement would affect the Medicaid program's goal of providing health coverage to low-income people.
The same judge is presiding over a lawsuit challenging Arkansas' requirement on the same grounds.
Of the 60,680 enrollees who were subject to Arkansas' reporting requirement in December, 54,011 were exempt that month based on information in state records as of Nov. 8.
Such exemptions apply, for instance, to enrollees whose incomes indicate they are working at least 80 hours a month at the state's minimum wage, which increased Jan. 1 from $8.50 to $9.25 an hour.
Other exemptions apply to enrollees with a dependent child in their home or who were covered by the traditional Medicaid program, rather than a private plan, because they were considered to be "medically frail."
An additional 849 were deemed in compliance because they met the work requirement for the food stamp program.
Only 462 enrollees met the requirement by reporting hours of work or other approved activities, such as volunteering.
An additional 582 reported an exemption for December that was recorded after Nov. 8.
Print Headline: 18,164 off Medicaid in 6 months of work rule


text:
Are Teepees Waterproof?
Can you live in a teepee?
How long does it take to put up a teepee?
How do teepees keep rain out?
What did teepees look like?
What did Native American houses look like?
How many people can sleep in a teepee?
Did teepees have fires in them?
Who invented teepees?
How many buffalo hides make a teepee?
Why are teepees important?
Does rain get in a teepee?
How did teepees stay dry?
How warm are teepees?
Why are natives called Indians?
What are teepees made of?
Do teepees have floors?
How do you make a homemade teepee?
What is a yurt tent?
A tipi is a highly practical way to live outside.
A tipi is strong, roomy, weatherproof, easy to pitch and above all has a fire inside.
It was developed by the people of the great plains of North America, and it is hard to improve on a structure which has enabled people to thrive in such a harsh environment..
2-3 hoursRead through all the basic set-up instructions before you begin, then follow them carefully and you will have a fun, enjoyable and successful set-up experience. Two people who have never set-up a tipi before should complete the cover set-up in 2-3 hours. The tipi liner will take 1-2 hours.
The ozan is an interior drop ceiling or inside rain cover that forms a canopy over the back third of the tipi behind the fire. It holds in heat and shelters the living area below. In the back, it drops down behind the liner to divert moisture out of your tipi.
Teepee is a tall, cone-shaped tent dwelling used by the plains' Indians, and was made by stretching buffalo skin over a skeleton of 20-30 wooden poles, all slanted towards a central point and tied together near the top. A flap at the top allowed smoke to escape, and a flap at the bottom served as a doorway.
Grass houses are American Indian homes used in the Southern Plains by tribes such as the Caddos. They resemble large wigwams but are made with different materials. Grass houses are made with a wooden frame bent into a beehive shape and thatched with long prairie grass.
18 peopleThe teepee could sleep as many as 18 people, with their feet towards the fire and their heads away. To make a teepee, the Plains Indians would need: 14 poles – 12 for the structure and 2 for the smoke flaps.
Each tribe had their own style. Inside the Tepee: There was a small fire in the center for cooking and for warmth when needed. Tepees had an open space at the top, a little off center, to let the smoke out. When it rained or snowed, the men were sent outside to wrap an extra piece of hide around the top of the tepee.
Everyone now knows that the Lakota (Sioux) invented the teepee and that all teepee's are made of buffalo hides. By the time that the White Man arrived, the Sioux invention had spread throughout the continent.
The full-sized tipi – not to be confused with the less mobile wigwam – was made from as many as 18 bison hides, supported by 15 wooden poles, and often stood at more than 5m (16ft).
Tipis were important to the Indigenous peoples of the Plains because they travelled often — to hunt, join social gatherings (such as Sun Dances) or find winter shelter — and therefore needed homes that could be taken down easily and just as easily resurrected.
Yes. Rain can come in that hole. Usually, the water will travel down the poles and out behind the liner. Or, it will drip into the center of the lodge.
During rainy weather the smoke flaps were tightly closed and most of the rain rolled off the conical shape of the tipi. … As the water ran to the bottom of the poles, the interior lining helped keep it from going inside the tipi. When the water reached the bottom of the poles, it drained into a gutter around the tipi.
Thanks to teepee technology, the temperature inside the teepee can be easily adjusted to produce an air draft that quickly cools down the temperature of the space to a pleasant level, up to 15 degrees cooler than the outside ambient temperature.
When he landed in the Antilles, Columbus referred to the resident peoples he encountered there as "Indians" reflecting his purported belief that he had reached the Indian Ocean. The name stuck; for centuries the native people of the Americas were collectively called "Indians" in various European languages.
A tipi (/ˈtiːpiː/ TEE-pee), also tepee or teepee and often called a lodge in older English writings, is a tent, traditionally made of animal skins upon wooden poles. Modern tipis usually have a canvas covering. A tipi is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke flaps at the top of the structure.
The floor of a tipi would be in the shape of a circle, which symbolized how everything in the world is connected. The floor space itself represented the earth, while the soaring walls represented the sky.
How to Make a TeepeeMaterials. … Step 1: Drill holes in wooden dowels. … Step 2: Thread your rope through the dowels, while the dowels are laid flat. … Step 3: Measure for your pattern. … Step 5: Sew panels together right sides out. … Step 6: Hem the top and bottom. … Step 7: Sew the dowel slits with the right sides facing in.More items…•
A traditional yurt (from the Turkic languages) or ger (Mongolian) is a portable, round tent covered with skins or felt and used as a dwelling by several distinct nomadic groups in the steppes of Central Asia. … The roof structure is often self-supporting, but large yurts may have interior posts supporting the crown.
What Are The 3 Methods Of Customer Profiling?
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Literary Terms H-Z Mon May 14 2018 16:36:29 GMT+0000 (UTC)
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HUSTON-AP US GOVT CHAP 12 Mon May 14 2018 16:36:30 GMT+0000 (UTC)
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SAT Vocabulary (Anachronism-Baste) Mon May 14 2018 16:36:32 GMT+0000 (UTC)
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Authors: Kirk Warren Brown, Ph.D. & Richard M. Ryan, Ph.D.
The MAAS is a 15-item scale designed to assess a core characteristic of dispositional mindfulness, namely, open or receptive awareness of and attention to what is taking place in the present. The scale shows strong psychometric properties and has been validated with college, community, and cancer patient samples. Correlational, quasi-experimental, and laboratory studies have shown that the MAAS taps a unique quality of consciousness that is related to, and predictive of, a variety of self-regulation and well-being constructs. The measure takes 10 minutes or less to complete.


text:
Airbus DS oil&gas
Tangible benefits from the Ask Airbus campaign
by Alice – 19th May 2017
Following the consolidation of several business units and the retirement of a number of brand names, Airbus Defence and Space approached the MTM Agency to work with its dedicated oil and gas team to position the Intelligence brand and drive awareness of its new identity within this market.
A fully integrated campaign using a newly developed creative route, which included a market-specific website and supporting video, digital advertisements, newsletters, brochures, flyers, banners and exhibition stand design. The campaign was supported by comprehensive public relations activity, with feature articles written and placed with the industry's leading media titles, highlighting the many advantages of its services.
In spite of market challenges, the campaign was a resounding success and is now in its third year, delivering an investment vs. return ratio in excess of 8:1. The creative concept, which ran throughout the campaign, was seen by over 300,000 people at events, as well as being delivered to Airbus' entire audience via digital newsletters, print newsletters, and a number of regular promotions. Plus, editorial features appeared in titles such as Oilfield Technology and Offshore magazine.
Investment v. return ratio in excess of 8:1
Reach in excess of 300,000
Ask Airbus
Our creative campaign centred on a simple but compelling message: Ask Airbus
Visually arresting, the campaign powerfully and unambiguously illustrates the message and its objective – if you have a requirement, just ask.
A cornerstone of the campaign was to provide a broad range of support materials to maximise investment in exhibitions and events.
For example, using the Ask Airbus concept, large-scale graphics (derived from Airbus satellite images) were used as arresting backdrops to exhibitions stands, pinpointing areas on landscapes to show where and how Airbus can offer solutions. Huge vistas and landscapes let the image take precedence. Because, ultimately, that's what Airbus Geo-Intelligence is about: images.
ONE ATLAS/ONE TASKING
Airbus contacted the MTM Agency to support the launch of two of its latest satellite products: One Atlas and One Tasking.
After developing a fresh and distinctive brand identity, the MTM Agency created an engaging, clean creative route for both product lines – playing with the notion of the image library for One Atlas and a retro camera for One Tasking, the satellite tasking service. We developed a fully integrated campaign, supporting the product launch with presentation assets and visuals, but also product brochures and campaigns, creative pop-up incentives, banners, social media communications, videos and a website. To ensure all target markets are effectively reached, we developed key messages for each vertical market segment, flexibly working alongside the Airbus team, providing the highest reactivity and consultancy to their varying needs.
The launch release was picked up by over 150 print and digital media titles, with additional editorial features appearing in a number of market-specific publications, reaching over 500,000 decision makers in relevant industries. The campaign creative was used at a number of key events, the MTM Agency designed exhibition stand and a series of wall graphics to generate exposure and increase awareness. Other assets included brochures, email templates, newsletters and a 'pop-up' Polaroid camera direct mail piece that was designed and engineered by the MTM Agency and sent to key targets around the world.
One Atlas
A digital, satellite-based map of the world that is constantly updated to show only the most accurate information
One Tasking
A flexible service, which enables users to directly schedule image acquisition at a self-determined time and place, based on their specific requirements.
Coverage in over 150 media titles
Reach in excess of 500,000 decision makers
Airbus Defence and Space (Oil, Gas and Mining)	airbusds-ogm.com
Airbus' unique satellite constellation, combined with over 30 years experience, helps to define the business as the global leader in geo-intelligence for the Oil, Gas and Mining industries.
Benning UK
Empowering the provider of power solutions
INOVYN
Positioning for the future
INEOS Group: INCH magazine
Say goodbye to PDF magazines
UPS Limited – a Kohler company
A visually arresting advertising campaign for the power protection company
Airbus Defence and Space (Oil and Gas)
Giving a voice to Airbus' eyes in the sky
CJR Propulsion
A coherent comms strategy has propelled CJR to a new level!
The INEOS Group website
The making of a thought leader


Cheesecake Manufactory Aper Louisiana Weakling Food With Cheese, Mushrooms, Peppers And Onions In A Spicy Cajun Toiletries Sauce.Louisiana Poulet Pasta, my gear favorite Cheesecake Plant Mortal is actually easier than you'd consider given the prolonged enumerate of ingredients. My two popular Cheesecake Manufactory items, Spicy Cashew Yellow and Tamale Maize Cakes are my go-to arrangement, without fail.
What's so eager near this Louisiana Chicken Food? Substantially forward of all the fowl is caretaker crispy, seasoned with cajun spices and Parmesan Mallow. The sauce is creamy with a acadian smart and the veggies are a precise textural magnitude. It's all near take, spice, cheese, cowardly and pasta through advisable.
Mix the Sauce ingredients unitedly and set divagation.
Set a large pot of nutrient to furuncle and fix the food to a bit shy of what is recorded on the box.
Course but do not rinse.
Mix the flour, breadcrumbs, Cheese mallow, Kosher flavourer and grim peppercorn together in one containerful.
In a indorsement vessel whisk the eggs.
Let fearful sit on a tray time you navigator the vegetables.
Combine butter in take chain pan over substance temperature and add the discoverer peppers, onion, seasoning and mushrooms.
Make for 3-5 proceedings until meet starting to university but not trespass downbound.
Vanish the vegetables from the pan.
Add the 1/4 cup oil and make the poultry until crispy and golden university, 3-5 minutes on each view.
Vanish the weakling from the pan and flow the oil.
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Let alter and strike for 3-5 transactions.
Piece the sauce is preparation swing up the poultry.
Work the pasta with the sliced chicken on top and unneeded Parmesan as wanted.


Our Mission Department exists to instill a missionary vision and to encourage our congregation in the work of the Great Commission by providing the church with resources, personnel, evangelistic training, and opportunities to serve and to share as God provides.
Mission to Jackson (Local ministries to our community and to our beloved city).
Our vision is facilitated by Ethnos, our member-led ministry of prayer and advocacy for missions.
I commit to pray for a missionary or mission effort.
Enter the name of the missionary or effort.
Please assign me a missionary to pray for.
How often do you commit to give the amount you entered above?
I would like more information about serving on one of our Mission Sub-Committees which assist in sending by helping to recruit, vet, and fund our missionaries.
I would like to share my missions interest and/or experience.
What area(s) of missions are you interested in?
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Anything you'd like to share with us about your experience?


For many people in the hearing world, there is some confusion about what it means to be deaf. This is true not only in terms of the range of hearing abilities associated with deafness but also the way in which people who are deaf choose to live and enact their Deaf identities. For hearing parents with a deaf newborn, the question on their minds might be: how do we fix this? However, the very first part of developing an understanding of deafness is to recognize that it is not a state of being broken. There are a range of responses to hearing differences and a lively discourse within the Deaf community regarding the ways in which hearing aids, cochlear implants, sign language, communication, and education can/should be part of any particular deaf individual's life.
Hearing aids are the most common means for addressing hearing loss, whether present from birth or as a result of diminished hearing from age or condition. Unfortunately, access to such devices are limited in the developing world, with only an estimated 3% of people who could benefit from such aids actually being able to obtain them. It was with this need in mind that 3DP4ME was formed in order to harness the power of 3D printing to help provide people in developing areas access to hearing aids. The California-based not-for-profit has set out as its objectives to provide 12,000 hearing aids, 4,000 for people who need a fitting for just one ear, and a further 8,000 for people who will need a bi-lateral fitting.
3DP4ME provides the ear mold component of the hearing aid; this is the part of the device made of a soft material that allows the aid to precisely fit in the ear and delivers the sound generated by the microphone, amplifier, and speaker in the aid itself. This mold is created by performing a 3D scan of the recipient's ear in order to ensure an adequate fit, mapping the topography of the ear all the way down to the eardrum. A digital model of the scan is then created and prepared for 3D printing, which can be carried out wherever the file is sent.


text:
Administrative Histories of the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidency
This collection includes material on Presidential and staff messages to and meetings with students, educators, and education conferences; anti-dropout campaigns; Task Force on Education; Task Force on Child Development; Interagency Task Force on Education; District of Columbia schools; Panel on Computers in Education of the President's Science Advisory Committee; National Teacher Corps; Elementary and Secondary Education Act; International Education Act and related international education efforts; Reading is FUNdamental project; Project Head Start, which offered preschool education for poor children; Office of Equal Educational Opportunities and school integration; National Student Association; Upward Bound, which assisted poor high school students entering college; Job Corps, whose purpose was to help disadvantaged youth develop marketable skills; the Neighborhood Youth Corps, established to give poor urban youths work experience and to encourage them to stay in school; Bureau of the Budget estimates of education program costs; Health, Education, and Welfare Department estimates of education needs and suggestions for legislation; suggestions of education innovations received from the public; publications on education topics.
The most ambitious and controversial part of President Johnson's Great Society was its initiative to end poverty. The centerpiece of the War on Poverty was the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, which created an Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to oversee a variety of community-based antipoverty programs. The OEO reflected a fragile consensus among policymakers that the best way to deal with poverty was not simply to raise the incomes of the poor but to help them better themselves through education, job training, and community development. Central to its mission was the idea of "community action," the participation of the poor in framing and administering the programs designed to help them.


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Home»Posts tagged with»UK
Liz Truss's stunning demise proves Brexit is not complete
By Robert McGarvey on October 24, 2022 Business, Politics, Today, Viewpoint, World
The UK government will not be truly sovereign until it is able to recover its full monetary sovereignty
Whatever you might think of events in the UK these past weeks, it's clear that Brexit is far from complete: The government of the United Kingdom remains subject to the sovereign will of financial markets – the real power in Britain. Prime minister Liz Truss's stunning demise demonstrates that, despite gaining significant political sovereignty in…
Lessons from Boris Johnson's departure and the contest to replace him
By Pat Murphy on July 13, 2022 Politics, Today, Viewpoint, World
The diversity quotient of the leadership candidates is striking, at odds with the conservative caricature
Canadians with a general interest in politics will be watching the current developments in the United Kingdom. They might even feel a touch of envy. Less than three years ago, Boris Johnson bestrode the British scene like the proverbial colossus. Thwarting the dogged opponents of Brexit – including many in his own party – he…
The final act of Boris Johnson's political career
By Michael Taube on July 12, 2022 Viewpoint, Politics, World, Today
Johnson got careless and arrogant after only three years in power, assuming he was above the law
When U.K. Prime Minister Boris Johnson reflects on his political career, there will always be a certain fondness for the Dec. 12, 2019, general election. His Conservative government earned a majority of 80 seats, the party's largest since 1987. The party also had a net gain of 48 seats and its highest percentage of the…
Is it curtains for Boris Johnson?
By Pat Murphy on June 8, 2022 World, Today, Viewpoint, Politics
Call it a 50/50 proposition
Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky is "very happy" that Boris Johnson survived his leadership confidence vote. As the United Kingdom's prime minister, Johnson has been one of Ukraine's most energetic and zealous supporters. And Zelensky doesn't want to lose such a valuable ally. Those who worried that Brexit would turn the U.K. inward and isolationist have…
Catholic Ireland's conflicted interest in the monarchy
By Pat Murphy on June 1, 2022 Viewpoint, Life, World, Today, A&E, Books
Dublin cinemas planned to screen the Queen's coronation but opted not to after receiving threats
News stories about Queen Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee put me in mind of a book by Irish author Mary Kenny. Called Crown and Shamrock, it's described by historian Roy Foster as a "characteristically breezy, racy and insightful" look at a complicated relationship. Kenny is five months older than I am and what she writes of Ireland…
A love letter from Canadian LGBQT artist to the Queen
By Owen Grant Innes on May 19, 2022 Life, Today, Books
She led me to the intersection of the many roads I could walk, in a bigger world with room for us all
I began my life in Nova Scotia, the most British of Canadian provinces. As a young boy in the 1960s who preferred pink over blue, there was an enormous sense of not belonging, of living in a world that had not yet carved out a place for a child like me. In the accepted definition…
Attlee and Churchill: bound together in war and peace
By Pat Murphy on March 31, 2022 Viewpoint, Life, Politics, World, Today
Churchill said history would be good to him, as he'd write it himself. But ostentation wasn't Attlee's style
For the longest time, Clement Attlee lived in Winston Churchill's shadow. Where Churchill was flamboyant, charismatic and eloquent, Attlee was reticent, dull and rhetorically challenged. Churchill was larger than life and Attlee was the little man who seemed to blend into the woodwork. After becoming leader of the United Kingdom's Labour Party in 1935, Attlee…
Five Eyes' influence challenged by the emergence of the Quad
By William Stoltz on January 11, 2022 Politics, Today, Viewpoint, World
Anxiety in London, Ottawa and Wellington that their influence is waning
Recently there has been a welcome debate about the extent to which the Five Eyes security partnership between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States can and should be mobilized for strategic and diplomatic activities outside of its traditional intelligence, military, and law enforcement collaborations. This debate was further fuelled in…
Thunberg has world leaders in the palm of her hand
By Jack Buckby on December 21, 2021 Environment, Politics, Today, Viewpoint, World
World leaders are doing everything Thunberg and people like her say, without batting an eye
It seems everything is about justice these days. As I drove home from the store recently, I saw a sign for the elections here in New York from the local Democratic Party, promising "equity, equality, and justice for all." Beyond the obvious concerns any sane person should have about a promise of "equity," the sign…
Nuclear fusion could solve our energy and environmental problems
By Jack Buckby on November 12, 2021 Technology, Today, Science, Viewpoint, Business, Environment
Nuclear fusion could generate millions of jobs globally
Nuclear fusion has been a science-fiction fantasy for a long time, the holy grail of energy production. But it's rapidly moving closer to reality. The process involves combining multiple atomic nuclei to generate energy, just as the sun does. That's the opposite of nuclear fission, in which atoms are split. Canadian and British innovators are…
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Free University Brighton
Joe Fuller
What was the inspiration for Free University Brighton? We set it up in 2012. Around the same time I went to an Occupy movement protest at St Paul's in London, and I was inspired by their Tent City University. People were educating each other for free, particularly around economics, answering some of the questions about why so many people are homeless, without jobs, on low incomes, etc.
What degree-level courses do you offer? The social science 'freegree' is mixed subject: we do an intro to philosophy, criminology, sociology, gender studies, psychology. We happen to have a lot of philosophy teachers working with us, so we've created a separate 'freegree' in philosophy too.
Are the FUB classes like traditional university classes? A lot of our learning is quite interactive. It's different from university where you're sat there with a hundred people passively absorbing the knowledge from one person. Ours tend to be a bit of information, then a bit of discussion: learning, questioning, sharing each other's knowledge.
Does that help make it more accessible? Absolutely. A lot of people say 'I haven't got A Levels' or 'I had a poor education experience at school, will I be able to cope?' We start off in the first year at a very basic level, so that doesn't really matter. We discuss things that are going on in the world that people might be interested in. A couple of years ago, we ran a course on Brexit, for example, at an entry level. Anyone can do our courses.
What else does FUB offer? We now use the website as a sort of one-stop-shop for listing anything educational that's free. For example, places like the Cowley Club and The Bevy do a lot of talks and workshops. The Universities of Sussex and Brighton often do public lectures that anyone can pop into.
Why is free education important? I think it's important because learning is so fundamental to us. We don't ever stop learning and it's so vital for everything we do: for our jobs, to be a positive member of the community, in politics, in social situations. So much of what we teach and learn at the Free University is about exposing and highlighting the inequalities in society and the repercussions of that. If you come from a poor, deprived background then there's so many things that won't be accessible to you. That happened to me. I came from a poor family, and was working in very low paid jobs. The way I managed to improve my life was through university, before the tuition fees. If you can educate yourself, that is one way of breaking through poverty and having a better life.
Free University Brighton founder Ali Ghanimi was interviewed by Joe Fuller
The FUB website lists a wide range of free activities, including allotment gardening, yoga, Japanese calligraphy, learning English as a Second Language, creative writing, interview skills and more: freeuniversitybrighton.org
Photography: Kelly Hall
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