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Olga Fierz (26 July 1900 – 17 June 1990) was a Swiss teacher and translator.   After 1926 she teamed up with Přemysl Pitter to undertake welfare work for disadvantaged children in Prague.   In 1933 they opened their "Milíč House", a flexibly oriented part-residential children's home with playrooms, clubrooms, together with library and gymnastics hall, a workshop and outdoor sports facilities.   There were also educators on hand to help children with school work issues.   After 1938 the focus changed.   The "Milíč House" attracted suspicion from the security services:  it became unacceptably dangerous to accommodate orphaned Jewish children in it.  Fierz was nevertheless able to  concentrate on arranging deliveries of food and other basic essentials to the hiding places in the city of Jewish children suffering persecution and, increasingly, to Jewish orphans.   After 1945 Pitter and Fierz were able to take over four abandoned chateaux in the countryside south of Prague and convert these into temporary orphanages.   In addition to Jewish children, the slaughter of war and the  Soviet mandated ethnic cleansing of the middle 1940s meant there were large numbers of abandoned and destitute children of German ethnicity to be cared for, and the two groups, hitherto racially segregated by the authorities (and frequently in the eyes of society more generally),  were treated as one.   However, a new form of externally imposed one-party dictatorship was taking hold in Czechoslovakia, and in December 1950 Fierz was refused re-admission to the country when returning from her sister's funeral, which she had attended in Switzerland.   The next year Přemysl Pitter was also expelled, and for ten years their welfare work was concentrated on a refugee camp near Nuremberg (Franconia) in the part of Germany that had been relaunched, in 1949, as the U.S.-sponsored German Federal Republic (West Germany).   Here the focus was again on children, caught up in the refugee tide created by the imposition of Soviet one-party rule over much of Eastern and central Europe.

Olga Fierz received various marks of official recognition during her life-time, and the accumulation of awards continued after she died.   In 1966, acting on behalf of the State of Israel, Yad Vashem, honoured her as a Righteous Among the Nations.   On 21 May 1985  a tree was planted in her honour along the Avenue of the Righteous Among the Nations at the Holocaust Memorial Centre in Jerusalem.   Some years after she died in 1990 a recently discovered "Main-belt Asteroid" (SPKID: 2048782) was named in her honour.

Life

Provenance and early years
Olga Fierz was born into a Protestant family in Baden (Aargau), a small town with a mixed economy in the hill country west of Zürich.   This is where, in conditions of reasonable prosperity, she spent her early childhood till 1910.  That year the manufacturing business her father had acquired was bankrupted.    Fierz later wrote that her father, while an excellent technician, was never able to adapt to the pragmatic requirements needed to run a business.   For the rest of her childhood, family finances were precarious and relations between her father and her mother were strained.   The Fierz family relocated in 1911 to Brussels where her father had accepted work with a Swiss-owned company, and where he remained for six years.   Olga stayed on in Brussels with her mother and sister for longer,  obtaining by 1918 a higher-level teaching qualification from the teachers' training seminary incorporated into the city's oldest secondary school for girls, the "Ecole normale Emile André".    She was able to return to Switzerland in 1918 following the conclusion of the war.     She returned with her sister and mother to live with her father who had returned in search of a job in 1916 and settled in Zug.   It turned out, however,  that Olga's wartime Belgian teaching qualification enjoyed no formal recognition in Switzerland.

Geneva
Fierz had become a huge admirer of the Swiss educationist Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, whose pioneering reforms had acquired widespread backing among progressive teaching circles in Europe, especially in the German speaking countries.   During or before 1920 she enrolled at the innovative "Académie De Genève or Institut Jean-Jacques Rousseau" / "Pädagogische Institut Jean-Jacques Rousseau" in Geneva on a "Gasthörerin" basis.    The education psychologist Jean Piaget had recently joined the staff as a director of studies in psychology, despite being only four tears older than Fierz.   At this stage he had not yet undertaken and published the pedagogical research with which he has subsequently become associated, however.

Great Missenden
Keen to avoid being a financial burden on her parents for any longer, during her time in Geneva Fierz tried to work her way through her studies by applying for and accepting a post she found advertised in a newspaper to work as a live-in nanny-tutor with a family in the city who had two school-age children.    After a year, however, she concluded that it was impossible to combine a career as a fulltime nanny-tutor with fulltime study at the institute.    It was based on recommendations from the Rousseau Pedagogical Institute that during 1921 she therefore relocated to England, where for the next five years she was employed as a teacher of French at the "Garden School", a boarding school for girls at Ballinger (Great Missenden), then about an hour by train from London.    She was given a class of forty girls to teach, ranging in age from 5 to 17.   It was a condition of her employment that she should speak only in French.   She employed various devices including games, dances, songs and dialogues, resorting to tales from the French classics when she found herself running short of ideas.   Her teaching methods were popular with her pupils, especially the older ones, while her obviously deep innate affection for children also ensured that she was a great success as a teacher in England.   While Olga was working as a teacher in England, her younger sister Claire dropped out of a course at the Music Conservatory in Zug and Olga was able to secure her a position at the English school as an "au pair", accepted by the head mistress so as to be able to help the children improve their conversational French.   During the middle 1920s things turned sour at the school for Olga.   She was deeply religious and had become increasingly politicised through her childhood experiences and through some of the friends she acquired beyond the school gates.   She became concerned that she was devoting her teaching skills exclusively to children from the middle and upper classes:  she developeda gnawing concern that she should, perhaps, find a way to help children from less privileged backgrounds as well.   During the build up to the General Strike in England she found herself unable to stay silent one lunch-time when the head teacher, whom she was sitting next to, launched herself into a bitter attack against the irresponsible position taken by striking print workers who were refusing to print political material with which they disagreed.   As the woman complained that the workers were failing to attend to their duties, Olga Fierz asserted that if she were to find herself called upon to teach the children something with which she disagreed, she too would go on strike.   The head teacher became very angry, and noisily condemned Fierz in front of fellow staff members and children.   The time had come to move on.   During 1926 she resigned her position.

Politicisation  and the Christian Peace Movement
Olga Fierz's five years in England turned out to be a time of self-discovery.   The English boarding school provided hands-on access to Montessorian precepts which would guide her approach to child development throughout her life.   She converted to vegetarianism, believing that this was good for problems with her hair and, more importantly, would help develop the refinement and sensitivity of her mental development, opening the way for ethical criteria to direct her decisions.   She became actively involved in a number of international societies and organisations that had emerged during the aftermath of the First World War in order to ensure that nothing like it should ever happen again.   These included the International Fellowship of Reconciliation (IFOR), the Fellowship of Reconciliation and "Již nikdy válku!".   It was while participating in a "workcamp" organised by this last grouping near Paris that she came across the ideas of Pierre Cérésole.   She also became associated with the circle of Christian pacifists around Leonhard Ragaz.   In 1924 or 1925 she took part in a "workcamp" in England at which, for the first time since the war, German delegates were to be invited.   Many of the participants were relatively young, and representative of a generation among which German teaching had not been available in British schools and English teaching had not been accessible in German schools.   As an experienced languages teacher from Switzerland, a country with an established polyglot tradition and a reputation, in recent centuries, for political neutrality, Fierz was much in demand at the workcamp as a translator between pacifist activists of different nations.  The rare extent of her mastery of several mainstream European languages quickly became widely known, and freelance translation would in future provide a useful supplementary income stream when the necessity arose.

Přemysl Pitter
In the early summer of 1926 Fierz was persuaded the interrupt the job searching in which she was engaged at the time in order to attend an IFOR  "Summer Peace School-Conference" at Oberammergau, where, following a by now familiar pattern, she found herself much in demand as a simultaneous translator.    The main conference lasted three days, but was followed by a three week training session for IFOR leaders in which it appears she also participated as a translator.   The "White Horse Inn" in which she was accommodated was set aside for vegetarian delegates of whom there were many.   Sitting down for the first evening meal she found herself sitting opposite a man whom she remembered from a pacifist conference she had attended a year earlier.   He was memorable because she recalled that he had talked at length about the way in which wider adoption of Esperanto would soon remove the international language difficulties with which the world struggled.   They quickly found that pacifism was not the only topic on which they agreed.   There was, most importantly, a meeting of minds on the important subject of God.   Přemysl Pitter already had his life plan mapped out before him, and according to his own later recollection he shared it with his dinner companion at the Oberammergau hotel:  "I have accepted that my life does not belong to me   ….   I would never marry and start a family, but must work in the place that God has appointed for me   ….    bringing up children according to the Gospel".    Commentators assert that Pitter's vision was not instantly compatible with 26 year old Olga Fierz's own life plans, but any doubts she may have entertained were swept away.   On a traditional reading, Fierz and Pitter fell in love almost at once.   During the three weeks that remained to them in Oberammergau Pitter introduced her to his pacifist friends, such as the Anglo-Irish Quaker Lilian Stevenson, the Russian writer Valentin Bulgakov and his erudite friend from Prague, the writer-translator Pavla Moudrá.   Notwithstanding the absence of a conventional marriage between them, during the next couple of years they teamed up, after which they presented to the world a formidably effective  partnership in respect of their shared vision of God's will until Pitter's death in 1976.

During the first part of 1927 Pitter's urgings that Fierz should visit him in Prague intensified.   She arrived on 15 April which that year coincided with Good Friday, and was introduced to Pitter's friends in the city and their shared ambition to create a home for the city's destitute children in Prague- Žižkov.    Pitter had been openly dismissive when asked how the necessary funding should be obtained and it is not clear how far advanced the project had advanced in practical terms, but its name had already been chosen:  it was to be called the Milíč-House to celebrate a respect fourteenth century preacher seem by admirers as a prophet of the  protestant reformation on account of his uncompromising calls for moral renewal.   Fierz hesitated while Pitter continued to press her to join him in his dream.   During 1927 they were sometimes together and sometimes apart, but in 1928 or 1929 (sources differ) she returned to Prague, taking a permanent teaching position in the city and thereby confirming she was back for the long term.   The determination with which she set about mastering the unfamiliar intricacies of the Czechoslovak language, a newly derived concatenation of two closely related West Slavic languages, confirmed her commitment to making Prague her new home.    Increasingly, the focus of her life became the Milíč-House project.   Prague remained a multi-ethnic city at this stage, and through a combination of her well-honed language teaching skills and her mother-tongue level German, Fierz found it easy to obtain work as a languages teacher when funds ran short.   Friends who joined them in the project included a well-regarded young functionalist architect called Erwin Katona who by 1933 had drawn up the necessary plans.   Funding to the tune of approximately half a million Krone remained a challenge however.   Pitter was confident that the Lord would provide when He was read, and early in 1933 the Fierz gave him a nudge, drawing Pitter's attention to an article she had read about a property developer and builder called Karel Skorkovský who had recently built several residential homes for unemployed workers.   It turned out that Skorkovský was a committed member of the Evangelical Church.   Skorkovský agreed to construct the Milíč-House in two stages, starting with the ground floor and completing the upper storeys a little later.   As regards the funding short-fall, he would himself provide sufficient credit to cover the deficit, confident that he would be repaid as further funds became available.   As matters turned out, the money would be fully paid back by the end of 1941.   Meanwhile, on 24 December 1933 Milíč-House opened, at this stage in a single-storey building as a multi-faceted support facility for destitute children and their families.   A second floor was added in 1936.

Prague and  the Milíč-House
As soon as the Milíč-House opened, Fierz was able to out her prodigious teaching and organisational skills to good use.   She produced a series of practical manuals on children's education through drama.   There were other manuals on children's work and children's entertainment.   She saw to it that systems were in place and that everything of significance that happened was documented.   As her fluency improved she also contributed extensively to the house-magazine, addressing many of the same themes as those covered in the manuals.      Facilities were expanded year by year, but attention was also paid to basic needs.   Education was one priority, but the physical well-being of children was also prioritized.   They were bathed regularly and subjected to medical supervision.   They received snacks supplemented, during the appropriate seasons, with fresh vegetables from the garden.   (Naturally the available diet was exclusively vegetarian.)   As far as possible, the distribution of food and clothing was concentrated on children from the most needy families.   In 1938 a separate sanatorium building, apparently for the separation and treatment of children suffering from Tuberculosis was added, supplemented during summer months by a tented camp.

Prague under Hitlerite occupation
During March 1938 Germany launched a step by step annexation of Czechoslovakia which in terms of territorial possession had been completed by the end of 1939.   Olga Fierz had never had reason to renounce her Swiss passport:   she was now politely but firmly invited by the embassy in Prague to leave Czechoslavakia at once and return home to Switzerland.    Given the tense political situation in Czechoslovakia the Swiss diplomatic service was no longer able to provide any assurances s to her safety if she remained in Prague.   Fierz refused to leave her friends and her job, however.   She reasoned – possibly correctly – that under German occupation her passport might afford her a measure of freedom not available to fellow workers who were  Czechoslovak nationals, which could be of use in her work for the Milíč-House.   The facility remained open, but was now required by the authorities to identify any Jewish children and to exclude these.

Prague had been exceptionally ethnically diverse for generations, and it had been a favoured place of exile for German political exiles since 1933.    For these and other reasons, the population was closely monitored during the German occupation.   Openly flouting the authorities' insistence on their bizarre anti-human race dogmas would quickly have become, at best, counter-productive, but it has become apparent that, especially during the late evenings, there was much that Olga Fierz and drawing Přemysl Pitter to endure that Jewish children concealed in the city were supported and, most importantly, fed along with other children made destitute by the traumas of the times.

"Aktion Schlösser" / "Akce Zámky"
The liberation of Prague took place only in May 1945.   The child welfare crisis rapidly became very much more acute than ever.   There were, in particular, a huge number of orphans, principally identified as ethnically Jewish or ethnically German.   Many, especially of the Jewish children, were concentration camp survivors badly traumatised by experiences that included the deaths of parents and/or siblings.    Many of the German children, despite coming from families that had lived in Prague for generations, had experienced the post-war ethnically targeted rage of ethnic Czechoslovaks who had survived seven years of often brutal German military occupation.   The years 1945-47 were a period of industrial scale ethnic cleansing, responding both to the demands of those who had fought in wartime antiNazi resistance and the strategic objectives of Moscow.   In the more immediate terms, hundreds were detained at Theresienstadt and in other repurposed Hitler-era concentration camps which again became badly over-crowded and insanitary.   Children at Theresienstadt were in particular danger since the camp had been hit by an intense typhoid epidemic.    The sheer scale of the problem left the Milíč-House  looking hopelessly over-whelmed.    Fierz and Pitter could see that they were not entirely powerless to help, however.   They were part of a wider Christian community.   Between them, they had contacts.  And at Milíč-House  they already had a team of fellow workers committed to and experienced in providing practical support to children from "difficult" backgrounds.   During the summer of 1945 Pitter and Fierz persuaded the "revolutionary council" to give them the use of four castle-manor houses in the countryside to the south of the city which had been used as concentration camps till 1945.   These had been confiscated or had previously belonged to people who had disappeared – presumed killed – during the war.   To avoid any future difficulties over ownership, the revolutionary council declared them to be state property.   They were at Štiřín, Olešovice, Kamenice and Lojovice.     Later in 1945 a fifth premises, a large repurposed guest house at Ládví, was added tp the "property portfolio".   Due to the epidemics rife in the concentration camps by the time the war ended, they had something of the nature of sanitoria, especially during the early months.    The construction of medical facilities was a priority.   Pitter himself visited Dr. Emil Vogl, a physician who was at the time recovering from typhus in a sanatorium, and pleaded with the doctor to come and construct a medical facility for the home at Olešovice.   Vogl did so and, it is reported despite being the only survivor from a family which before 1938 had numbered 36, saw to it that Jewish and German children were treated without reference to ethnicity.   Vogl was also one of those who was generous with financial support.    Pitter took over management on behalf of the Ministry of health on condition that the facilities be used to accommodate and look after Czechoslovak children who had survived and emerged from the concentration camps.   Fierz was at his side, facing the massive organisational task arising.   There was no shortage of volunteers, both from among their existing network and from the wider community.   Many arrived with valuable teaching or medical expertise.    Among the better known of those who had not previously been part of the Milíč-House community was the writer-scholar Hans Günther Adler.   The co-ordination challenges were considerable.   Many of the fittings and furnishings were transferred from former barracks and Hitler Youth facilities in Prague that had been used during the German occupation.   Existing staff and neighbours at the facilities were carefully cultivated in order to try and minimise the risk of looting by Soviet soldiers which had become a major problem in post-war Czechoslovakia.   No attempt was ever made to restrict admission to "Czechoslovak children" as the authorities had mandated, nor indeed to classify the children systematically according to race.   Financing was undertaken on the same basis as that of the Milíč House, and it was from the Milíč House that the overall operation continued to be directed and administered.   There were several helpfully generous legacies and a plethora of other donations.   Over the next couple of years the "castles" became pedagogical rehabilitation orphanages.   The operation came to be known as "Aktion Schlösser" / "Akce Zámky".   Alongside restoring the children to physical health and attending to their educational needs, a lot of one-on-one counselling was necessary.   Many of the children had unimaginable experiences to offload.   The subject of death was frequently raised.   Another recurring theme among some of the older Jewish children who had survived German concentration camps was a horror that someone might be about to try and "convert" them to Christianity, a fear which Pitter and Fierz did everything possible to correct.   Over the course of two years more than 800 children passed through the "Aktion Schlösser" homes in the countryside south of Prague.   As they recovered, efforts were devoted to finding more permanent arrangements for them.  Sometimes it was possible to relocate them with family members.   Others were sent in to foster care.   In view of the ethnic cleansing of the time, there was seen to be no future for those identified as of German ethnicity in the new Czechoslovakia, while there was a general assumption that Jewish children, having suffered as they had in occupied Czechoslovakia, should not wish to remain in the country for the long terms.   By the end of 1947 most of the children had been settled in Palestine – still, at that stage, administered as a semi-detached part of the British empire – or in what remained of Germany.   According to at least one source, at the end of 1947 "Aktion Schlösser" / "Akce Zámky" was banned by the authorities, but sources are not entirely consistent as to timelines.   Elsewhere it is stated that work to try and locate relatives for remaining lost children was still underway at Milíč House as late as 1950.

Between 1945 and 1950, while Fierz and Pitter concentrated on trying to redress to impact of the German occupation on the children in their care, Czechoslovakia faced continuing struggle, both among the politicians and, increasingly, on the streets.   There had been a somewhat vaguely communicated acceptance among the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and France that after 1945 the country should be within the Soviet sphere of influence, but among the western leaders there had been little consensus expressed as to what that might involve.   In February 1948 a coup d'état staged by and on behalf of Czechoslovakia's Soviet-backed Communist Party presented some answers.   Soon afterwards the political trials began.    Schools and "social institutions" were all nationalised.  The future was to involve one-party post-democratic government imposed, where necessary, by force.   The ruling ideology was to be a Leninist version of socialism mistrustful of free expression or non-standard thought.   The Milíč House operated as a children's shelter under conditions of growing government-backed interference through 1948 until it was forcibly closed down by the government, probably in December 1949:  the facilities continued to be used for forms of youth work more closely aligned  with party priorities, while Dierz and Pitter found their roles progressively redefined and a portrait of Stalin was solemnly placed on the wall of the main hall.   In February 1950 Claire Fierz, Olga's younger sister, died.   Olga went to Switzerland to attend the funeral.   When she set about returning to Prague she was refused an entry visa by the Czechoslovak authorities.   She therefore remained in Switzerland, separated from Pitter for well over a year.   In Prague Pitter was now formally relived of all duties in connection with the The Milíč House and forbidden to set foot in the place.   He was subject to increasing harassment from the security services and threatened with arrest.   In September 1951 Fierz, working from Switzerland with friends in Czechoslovakia and in East Germany, was able to participate in the arrangements for him to be smuggled across the border into the German Democratic Republic and from there to West Berlin.   (The border between East and West Berlin, which a few years later became for most purposes impassable, was in 1951 still completely porous.)    He submitted an application for political asylum in West Germany and another for a travel visa to London where he had been given to understand that he was likely to be offered a job with the BBC.   He also underwent at least three in-depth interviews with representatives of U.S intelligence who listened intently and took careful notes  as he answered their questions on the state of culture and the arts in Czechoslovakia.   After several changes of career plan he was able to take a flight to Munich where on 23 October 1951 he was reunited with Olga.   They were still in Munich when news came through that the West German authorities had agreed his asylum application.   Olga did not accompany him to London, however, where he spent several months during the first part of 1952 and determined that his broadcasting career in London was very much less full-time than he had assumed.

Valka Camp
The 1948 Communist take-over in Czechoslovakia was not an isolated case.   A series of Soviet-backed government takeovers in several countries of central Europe, together with other enforced population shifts,triggered a sustained flood of refugees from the east till approximately 1950.   Millions ended up, at least in the first instance in refugee camps in occupied Austria or in the western occupation zones (rebranded in May 1949 as the German Federal Republic).   Both Olga Fierz and Přemysl Pitter were victims of expulsion from the eastern side of the "Iron curtain".   They were well aware of the welfare issues arising in the refugee camps.   The camps became the responsibility of the International Refugee Organization in 1948 but inmates still enjoyed no significant rights under international law and refugees issues remained badly under-resourced.   The camps were located in countries where governments were still struggling to clear the rubble from the city streets and to ensure that their own populations were fed.   During 1952 Pitter and Fierz together toured the principal refugee camps in Austria and West Germany in order to identify the welfare needs of inmates.   Due to the large number of beneficiaries of as "Aktion Schlösser" / "Akce Zámky" who were by now building new lives in the newly launched State of Israel they had already received several invitations to travel to that country and engage in welfare work, but they believed that their first duty lay closer to home in the refugee camps of (western) central Europe, where at this stage they had no significant public profile.   Having undertaken their work between 1938 and 1950 in Prague they were viewed as foreigners, and local authorities resisted "foreign interference" in the operation and management of the camps.   Foreigners, in West Germany, were not permitted to undertake work in case it reduced the employment opportunities for German people.   Eventually, however, Fierz and Pitter were able to obtain testimonials from the German Red Cross with which they had worked closely from Prague while trying to find surviving relatives or acceptable long-term foster arrangements for children of German ethnicity who had ended up in their care.

After the International Refugee Organization (IRO) took on responsibility for the refugee camps 1948 there was no immediate slowing down in the number of refugees arriving from the east.   Unable to manage all the camps with its own personnel on account of the scale of the task, the   IRO  began to delegate management of camps to locally based teams.   In West Germany the first of the camps to be handed over to be operated by West Germans was among the largest and most challenging was the Valka Camp for Displaced Persons, a former prisoner of war camp at Nuremberg-Langwasser which had been taken over by the so-called United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.   It was here that Přemysl Pitter and Olga Fierz worked for ten years between 1952 and 1962 on behalf, formally, of the World Council of Churches.    A wide range of nationalities were represented among the refugees, but the largest group, by nationality, were believed to have come from Czechoslovakia, so the city folk pf Nuremberg took to referring to it as the "Tschechenlager".   When Pitter and Fierz arrived there were approximately 4,000 people.   Interspersed with the conventional refugees fleeing from communism and war,  was the normal quota of "ex-criminals awaiting denazification".   The physical conditions recalled the camp's use till 1945 as an overcrowded prisoner of war camp.   The majority of the refugees were young men.   The women and children aged under 14, who were always the focus of the spiritual and practical welfare work undertaken by Pitter and Fierz, represented a (sometimes vulnerable) minority.   In terms of declared nationality there were 800 Czechs, 700 each from Poland and Ukraine, 550 Dlovaks, 320 Yugoslavs, 300 Hungarians, 200 Russians and 140 from the Baltic states.   Of the various camps they had seen, Pitter would later recall that Valka was the "most depressing" in terms of the situation they found there when they arrived:  "Although people can move freely in the camp, it feels like one big prison because so many of the inmates have absolutely nowhere else to go. ….. The situation of the young people is worst:  They quickly fall prey to alcoholism, prostitution, theft and fraud".   He later recalled the way in which the duration of the enforced stay to which inmates were subjected created a mood of bitterness and mistrust which was then contagious to new arrivals.   Despite the fact that people can move freely in the camp, we had the impression that Valka is one big prison, because so many of its inhabitants have absolutely no way to go anywhere else. For many it is worse than prison. The situation of young people is the worst. They quickly fall into alcoholism, prostitution, theft and fraud." Elsewhere, Pitter wrote: The long and forced stay in the camp caused bitterness and resentment in many. Their mistrust was contagious to the newcomers. According to the way they were treated in the camp and the way they were served food, the refugees could rightly believe that they had made a mistake in the direction of escape.   The winter coal ration was inadequate and the electricity supply frequently cut out.   Although he engaged in "social work" the focus of Pitter's work at the Valka Camp was on preaching.   Fierz was not blind to the spiritual needs of refugees, but much of her time was also devoted to helping people with little or no understanding of German to communicate with officialdom locally.   She became adept at writing asylum application letters not just in German but in a range of other western European languages.   She worked to sort out family and financial problems.   There are indications that no two days were alike, and more detailed records of her work during her ten years at Valka are not available.   By the time the camp could finally be closed, in 1962, she was suffering from a high fever symptomatic, according to Pitter in a memoire, of her complete physical and mental exhaustion.

Later years
The political situation there meant that a return to Czechoslovakia was still not possible. Instead the couple moved to the country of Olga's birth and early childhood where they made their home together in a small rented apartment at Affoltern am Albis, a small town in the hills south of Zürich. Pitter was penniless, but from somewhere Fierz had enough income to support them both at the outset. The move was facilitated by a former attaché at the Swiss embassy in Prague called F.Glasser who knew them already at took time to write articles about them in the local newspapers, ensuring that the welcome they received from the townsfolk of Affoltern was friendly. They were also helped by Lotar Neumann (1918-1992), a Czech-born factory owner who had become a successful businessman in Venezuela. Neumann's father had been a friend and generous donor towards the Milíč-House project in the 1930s and early 1940s, but had perished during the war in a concentration camp. Lothar Neumann was still appreciative of support he and his father had received during the bad times in Prague, and had recently returned to Europe, settling in Geneva. Neumann now provided Pitter with a monthly annuity worth 800 francs till Pitter's death. Once again, the Lord had provided. During their semi-retirement Olga Fierz established the "Swiss Jan Hus Congregation for Czechs and Slovaks" (''"Johannes-Hus--Gemeinde der Tschechen und Slowaken"'') and launched at least one small-scale specialist teaching project. She participated in the work of the "Czechoslovak Society for Arts and Culture in Switzerland" and other organisations supportive of exiled Czechoslovaks. She also participated in the production of "Hovory s pisateli", a Czech-language bi8-monthly publication for the exiles which, while he lived, was written by Pitter. After he died in 1976 Fierz continued to produce it, but it no longer appeared either so regularly or so frequently, and it comprised almost exclusively extracted from the literary estate of Přemysla Pitter. She also arranged for the publication of many of his sermons.

Notes

References

1900 births
1990 deaths
People from Baden, Switzerland
20th-century women educators
20th-century Swiss educators
Swiss translators
Swiss Christian pacifists
Child welfare in Czechoslovakia
Women humanitarians
Swiss Protestants
Swiss Righteous Among the Nations
Swiss emigrants to Czechoslovakia
Swiss emigrants to Germany

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Franz Singer (* 3. Januar 1724 in Götzens; † 6. April 1789 ebenda) war ein österreichischer Baumeister und Stuckateur.

Leben
Sein Vater war der Stuckateur Hans Singer (1688–ca. 1740) und Franz Singer wurde wie dessen älterer Bruder Jakob Singer (1685–1760) und dessen Sohn Kassian Singer (1712–1759) zu einem Stuckateur und Baumeister ausgebildet.

Franz Singer war dreimal verheiratet: in erster Ehe mit Maria Span, mit der er zwei Töchter hatte, in zweiter Ehe, seit dem 21. September 1748 in Götzens, mit Anna Kirchmayr (* ca. 1728, † 1791 in Götzens; auch Kirchmayrin), mit der er acht Kinder hatte, und in dritter Ehe mit Barbara Braunegger, mit der er neun Kinder hatte. Seine Schwester, Maria Singer, heiratete 1749 den Baumeister Joseph Abenthung.

Entgegen der bisherigen Auffassung ordnet Klaus Aman in seiner Dissertation aus dem Jahr 2002 die unter Denkmalschutz stehende, 1775–1779 errichtete Pfarrkirche zum Hl. Nikolaus in Grins und die Pfarrkirche Hl. Magnus in Ranggen Franz Singer nicht zu.

Arbeiten und Entwürfe

 1761–1766: , der Entwurf wird dem Innsbrucker Johann Michael Umhauser zugeschrieben
 1764–1766: Seminarkirche Brixen, Stuckatur gemeinsam mit dem Freskomaler Franz Anton Zeiller
 1765–1767: Institutskirche der Englischen Fräulein Brixen, Stuckatur
 1766–1760: Pfarrkirche Hl. Johannes dem Täufer in Toblach, Stuckatur
 1770–1771: Pfarrkirche in Taisten, Stuckatur und Rokokokanzel
 1772–1775: Pfarrkirche Götzens, eine der bedeutendsten Rokokokirchen Tirols
 1776–1778: Pfarrkirche Sankt Jakob und Leonhard in Abtei
 1779–1781: Pfarrkirche St. Margareta, Pfarrwidum Flaurling, tätig als Baumeister
 1781–1783: Pfarrkirche St. Vigil in Enneberg, Überarbeitung des Entwurfs des Wengener Baumeisters Josef de Costa und Stuckatur
 1783–1788: Pfarrkirche St. Johann in Ahrn

Literatur
 Karl Bayer: Franz Singer – sein Leben und seine Kirchenbauten im Tirol und Südtirol. Tyrolia Verlag, Innsbruck u. a. 2005, ISBN 3-7022-2617-6.
 Walter Pippke, Ida Leinberger: Südtirol. Landschaft und Kunst einer Gebirgsregion unter dem Einfluss nord- und südeuropäischer Traditionen. DuMont-Reiseverlag, Köln 2003, ISBN 3-7701-6087-8, S. 38, 129, 131, 146–148.

Weblinks
 Franz Singer von Götzens

Einzelnachweise

Baumeister
Stuckateur
Person (Tirol)
Person (Habsburgermonarchie vor 1804)
Geboren 1724
Gestorben 1789
Mann


Afridi announces int'l retirement :: Manipur News | Manipur Daily | Poknapham - Manipuri News!
SHARJAH,20th FEB: One of the most flamboyant and controversial cricketers of his generation, former Pakistan captain Shahid Afridi has finally called time on his international career. The decision, announced after the Pakistan Super League (PSL) final here on Sunday night, put an end to an illustrious and colour 21-year career. The 36-year-old however, will continue to play in the PSL for the next two years.
"I have said goodbye to international cricket," Afridi was quoted as saying by Cricinfo. "I am playing for my fans and will continue to play this league for another two years but it's goodbye from international cricket," he added. "Now my foundation is important for me. I have played with seriousness and in a professional way for my country."
Known for his slam bang style of batting, Afridi produced a typically whirlwind stint of 54 runs off just 28 balls that almost earned a victory for Peshawar Zalmi against Karachi Kings. Afridi burst onto the international scene in October 1996 with a 37-ball century against Sri Lanka in only his second One-Day International (ODI) match. The veteran all-rounder had retired from Test cricket and ODIs earlier. He had announced and revoked his retirement from Test cricket in 2006 before walking away from the longest format of the game for good in 2010. He retired from ODIs after the 2015 World Cup.


Jordan DePaul returned to Office Sessions to cut live takes of his latest single, "A To Z". This session was part of a preorder campaign that is now closed.
Each of these 5 takes were cut directly to their own individual 7" vinyl record, and only one copy of each take exists in the world.


text:
//  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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//  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
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//  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Visit (2015) – What's New on Netflix Canada Today!
Two children spend a week at their grandparents' house while their single mom goes on a relaxing vacation with her boyfriend. Becca decides to film a documentary about her grandparents to help her mom reconnect with her parents, and to find out some things about her parents as well. While filming, Becca and her little brother Tyler discover a dark secret about their grandparents.


text:
Google Drive Folder Downloader
About file types supported by Google Drive. After syncing, all folders will be saved to My Drive and you can check if your folders are synced successfully. ES File Explorer is a third-party file management app you can download from the Play Store. Manage your Google Drive & OneDrive files straight from your Desktop. The pull command downloads data from Google Drive that does not exist locally, and deletes local data that is not present on Google Drive. We spend countless hours researching various file formats and software that can open, convert, create or otherwise work with those files. With background uploading, NetDrive 3 uploads your files to remote storage without overheads and you will not want to live without this feature. It's a minor inconvenience, but something I do many times a day. Although Google Drive lets you download any Google Doc or Google Viewer files with your shared users, it is not very obvious like the Dropbox's download button. Solved: Best Way to Upload Files to Google Drive via FTP\SFTP. Just enter the file's web address (or URL), pick a cloud service and, within seconds, the file will become available in your online account. Go to drive. When specifying location to the Output folder, enter path to a folder within Google Drive, e. In the left side bar of the Google Docs viewer, you can view the details of the ZIP file e. no MIMEtypes folder exists in my profile folder. Next to the file's name, tap More Download. Just like I have a Dropbox folder in my computer; it synchronizes among all of my devices (downloads the drive files) and I can choose to upload a file from that source any time I want. If you want to create a direct link for Google Documents (Documents, Spreadsheets, Presentations, etc. Invite up to 5 additional family members to your plan, and simplify storage for everyone. Google Drive offers 15 GB of free cloud storage. Many folders having names starting from 'a' to 'i' have been downloaded but none after 'i' downloaded. To download all of your files from your Google Drive account to your Mac or PC, start by opening your Google Drive page. While the Google Drive folder is where you'll spend a great deal of your time, it's the Menu bar item that will let you exercise control over your Google Drive. This wikiHow teaches you how to install and use ES File Explorer to download a folder and all of its contents from your Google Drive to your Android's local storage. The productivity software was previously known as Google Docs and offers a text editor, spreadsheet and a presentation tool. Can't open excel file, stored in Google Drive I opened an excel do on my iphone 6s via google drive. Sync Folders to Google Drive. You will need to obtain the sharable link from Google Drive:. The maximum download file size is 2 GB. In the Cloud Connect Community, discuss the latest features with Googlers and other G Suite admins like you. I would think that making a webbrowser control and having it navigate to the link and then send the keys ctrl+S to it. How to download folder from Google Drive ? Google Drive is an online cloud-storage service that lets users save and store various kinds of files (photos, music, documents, and more) securely. drive import GoogleDrive. Google Drive Upload Software Informer. It's a minor inconvenience, but something I do many times a day. Once you are in the google drive website, enter your BU Email address. Once your file is saved offline, you'll see a green checkmark next to it. Allow or disallow file attachments of specific extensions. Please note: TeamViewer MSI is only available with a Corporate license. This is the reason when ussualy find issues like There are simple steps to perform this method. Documents is the best file manager on iPhone and iPad. Click Open Google Drive folder. Backup and Sync requires a Google account of course, which is free if you don't have one already. Use the official Google Drive app The gdrive app is basically a wrapper for the API, and is limited by the number of calls. -> Go to your drive("My Drive"). Safeguard your Google Drive files and avoid losing access to them by backing up your data to your hard drive. Goto the file > Right Click > Click get shareable link > Select "Anyone with the link can edit" option from dropdown/list. So, to start downloading the APK file of Google Drive on your Android smartphone, we provide direct download link below for Google Drive 2. Get access to files anywhere through secure cloud storage and file backup for your photos, videos, files and more with Google Drive. Right-clicking should also show the latest files that have been synchronized. Download Google Drive - Backup and Sync latest version 2019. In this method, simply you have to download the file from Dropbox which you want to upload onto a Google Drive. How to back up your Google Drive files locally. Bonus Tip – Share large files on whatsapp using Google drive, Two methods explained one uses Google drive indirectly and second one uses Google drive to share link of large files, check out this video. Google Drawings are downloaded as JPEG images. The advantage of storing files on iCloud Drive is that you can access them across multiple devices from anywhere and also share them with others. Google Drive allows users to store files in the cloud, share files, and edit documents, spreadsheets, and presentations with collaborators. I have only taken the python code in this stackoverflow answer and put it in a IPython Notebook. 12 available for download! The #1 Ultimate Google Drive plugin. On your Android phone or tablet, open the Google Drive app. ) that created inside Google Drive. This allows users to access data when not connected to the internet. Now users will be able to skip the whole process involved with downloading email attachments, and instead view and save their files directly to Google Drive – without leaving their inbox. To move files from Dropbox to Google Drive, the easiest way it using the Transfer utility. We wish to warn you that since Google Drive files are downloaded from an external source, FDM Lib bears no responsibility for the safety of such downloads. Any changes that you make to Synced Folder (Add, Delete or Modify Files) will get automatically synced with the back of the Folder on Google Drive. 2 at Aptoide now! Virus and Malware free No extra costs FolderTag for Google Drive 1. Using it, however, is a little different than what you may be used to, so in this guide we'll show you exactly how Google Drive works, especially its suite of apps, like Google Docs and Sheets. will allow to view and download via, ctrl+s, or File > Download. Converting allows you to edit a file and collaborate with others easily. Click Open Google Drive folder. It lets you open music files directly from Google Drive or from its own interface. Don't keep a public folder. The feature isn't available to individual users, though, and needs an administrator to activate. Minimal class to download shared files from Google Drive. Google collaboration — with Office files. Online file sharing and storage - 15 GB free web space. Accessibility. But you can also download files to your Google Drive directly from the internet. Here you will get an option to select specific files and folders which you want to share with another Google Drive account. tried troubleshooting tips for download problems per Mozilla help page and community forum. Google Drive is a safe place for all your files and puts them within reach from any smartphone, tablet, or computer. com and share it with your friends. Depending on the type of download you'd like to perform — a file, a Google Document, or a content link — you'll use one of the following URLs: Download a file — files. * After extracting the ZIP file, you can share the extracted files with others. I am trying to download a file from google drive using the google-drive-api v3 in background without it being interrupted if I navigate to some other page. Google Chrome Portable is a portable version of the popular Google Chrome Web Browser also known as Chromium. Microsoft Office has been ingrained in the minds of millions as the default document editing suite for years. I would think that making a webbrowser control and having it navigate to the link and then send the keys ctrl+S to it. 15GB free space is provided by Google Drive to store anything you want to. To view your downloaded photos, open the Google Drive folder on your computer, then double-click the Google Photos folder. While Google aims for Drive to be a competent Dropbox competitor, there's one small but key feature that isn't easy: sharing direct download links. Rename multiple files or files in folders with many flexible criteria. Bottom Line If a lot of people have the download link to the file that you were trying to access, chances are that they also may have encountered the Download Quota Exceeded. Subscribe for on-demand access to 40 million songs and offline listening. Create the Direct Download Link from Google Drive's Files or Folders Here is an easy way to create the direct download link of Google Drive's files or folders shared. How to Create Shareable Download Links for Google Drive Files. Querying Google Drive data using permanent external tables Required permissions and scopes When you query external data in Google Drive using a permanent table, you need permissions to run a query job at the project level or higher, you need permissions that allow you to create a table that points to the external data, and you need permissions. Google Although the Google Drive desktop folder attempts to streamline access to your cloud storage space, it's easy to forget to save files there when it's not your default Documents folder. Export files from your old Google Apps account. If Microsoft isn't afraid of Google, it should be. created inside Google Drive. Google Drive Duplicate File Finder : An Online, Cloud-Based Service to Remove All Duplicates: Files, Photos, Music, Documents and Videos; Synchronize Data Using the Google Backup & Sync App Cloud Duplicate Finder (CDF) is an immaculate application to find and remove duplicate files on the cloud-based data storage services. Step 4: On the popup window that papers, click on "Connect to Google Drive" , after which you will. Based on the users' reviews, you can find such a plus of this tool as Google Drive is safe. Drive files from Edge puts files in Roaming instead of the default downloads folder, and does not ask for a location. Where do the images come from? How are they they put together? And how often are they updated? In this video, learn about the pixels, planes, and people that create Google Earth's 3D imagery. Frees up disk space and network bandwidth. Client interface for the well-known, cloud-based doc, spreadsheet and file-storage suite. This is a simple yet effective method to download LARGE files from google drive using Python I have only tried it with Python 3. Click Google Drive in the left bar in the other window. Using the Google Drive desktop client. Decreases sync time. Applets let you send the most important information into your Google Drive, automatically. from pydrive. Step 1: Open your Drive and then choose Morefrom the menu on the left and then Offlinefrom the resulting dropdown menu. This wikiHow teaches you how to copy a folder in Google Drive by creating copies of files in a new folder on the Google Drive website or by copying the folder in the Backup and Sync app on your PC or Mac computer. Two-way automatic synchronization should be an essential function of the official app. 36 GB after extraction. I've had some folks saying that they don't see how to download a Zip file from Google Drive. The maximum download file size is 2 GB. Here is a video of me explaining how to share google drive files step by step. How to Use Google Drive Offline on a Desktop or Mobile Device Chris Stobing @chrisstobing Updated March 15, 2016, 3:33am EDT If there's any drawback to using cloud-based services for all your productivity and organization needs, it's that if you can't get an Internet connection, you're basically out of luck. FileZilla® Pro offers support for Google Drive, one of the most ubiquitous Cloud platforms. Add Google Drive Account Download directly to Google Drive from URL. export; Link a user to a file — webContentLink from the file resource. It creates a Google Drive directory on your computer and automatically shares all files and folders you save there. Another way to work with Office files in your Google Drive account is to upload them to your Google Drive account using the Google app for Windows, which can be downloaded from here. If you had created a public folder. Download a file. Download the File Explorer for Google Drive 1. Temukan file di perangkat atau komputer apa pun yang menggunakan Google Drive, dan lihat foto di Google Foto. Click the Drive File Stream Menu. A notification at the top of the File and Edit menus will let the user know a given. Google limits this 'Prevent viewers from downloading' option to non-Google files, so you can make sure shared PDFs, Office files and images can't be downloaded. It's a minor inconvenience, but something I do many times a day. com provides free software downloads for old versions of programs, drivers and games. Google Chrome is Google's web browser. Our convenient browser and speedy download manager will make the process of searching for and downloading files as easy as ABC. I am sending this to people that don't have Google accounts, so they can't just press the blue Google Drive button I assume. Check out the daily app ranking, rank history, ratings, features and reviews of top apps like Music Downloader & Mp3 Downloader for Google Drive,Dropbox and OneDrive on iOS Store. If you can't download a file. We're pleased to announce Drive File Stream, a new application for your Mac or PC. FileUtils class, this can be easily achieved. Google Drive Allow Share the way Likely Function that Share With Google Drive folders or Files with anyone, Also choose whether. This allows users to access data when not connected to the internet. Fix Google Drive Download Limit For Shared Files. By default the export formats are docx,xlsx,pptx,svg which are a sensible default for an editable document. Click the Drive File Stream Menu. Microsoft Office has been ingrained in the minds of millions as the default document editing suite for years. The heart of working with Google Drive is the Google Drive folder, where you can store items you wish to save to the Google cloud, as well as share with others you designate. Visit http://t. Muhemmedeli Niyaz 23,296 views. Add Google Drive Account Download directly to Google Drive from URL. The maximum download file size is 2 GB. Synchronize documents and files with Google Drive. Find your files on any device or computer using Google Drive, and see your photos in Google Photos. Launched to early adopters in March, Drive File Stream is a new desktop application that allows you to quickly access all of your Google Drive files on demand, directly from your computer, meaning you use almost none of your hard drive space and spend less time waiting for files to sync. Before we start Google Drive as a Windows Service, we must prevent a second copy from starting when you log on. The Browser was made portable by Carsten Knobloch. However, When I type something in Cortana search box, the search function works in home directories, except the google drive folder on C:\. In the future, if you need any kind of help about social media , Blogging, and Affiliate marketing feels free to visit in HMANCH for finding the best solutions for your problems. Learn how to create direct links to your files and documents on Google Drive that will download the file instead of opening them in the browser. Google Drive makes it really easy to store and access files stored on its Cloud servers across multiple devices and from any place in the world where you can get hold of an internet connection. Files stored in Drive cannot (though you can use the Office Editing for Docs, Sheets & Slides Chrome extension to make basic edits in Chrome to Office files). I've had some folks saying that they don't see how to download a Zip file from Google Drive. On Google Drive, we can easily move files using Sharing Functionality. This software is a product of Google. Export files from your old Google Apps account. In this video we learn how to use the Google Drive API in Python using the Google API Python Client. Google Maps for Android, free and safe download. Offline access to Google Docs can also be enabled in Google Apps for businesses. * You can choose which files in the ZIP file to extract. Moving moved files back to their original location. Once there, you can easily invite others to view, edit, or leave comments on any of your files or folders. If you host important files on Google Drive and Docs, you might want to know who is downloading your files. I've had some folks saying that they don't see how to download a Zip file from Google Drive. Just login your Google account, you will see all your Drive files right away, all well sorted. Google Drive comes with 15 GB of free storage that is shared between Drive, Photos, and Gmail with more storage available as an upgrade. ) Right-click and click Download. Learn how to upload files to Google Drive. Drive organizes files based on the user's relationship with the content as well as its storage location. On the Google Drive configuration page, make sure that Google is selected as the OAuth 2 service then save changes. Google Drive: This performs the same function as the original Google Drive app. Our antivirus scan. Downloading Folders from Google Drive. Google Drive offers users some free storage space for their files and folders. Google Drive is a safe place for all your files and puts them within reach from any smartphone, tablet, or computer. Bottom Line If a lot of people have the download link to the file that you were trying to access, chances are that they also may have encountered the Download Quota Exceeded. Is there a method for downloading folders via Google Drive API, that is also maintaining whole folder structure?. Google Drive, Egnyte, Dropbox or OneDrive Email It In gives you a personal email address which you can send attachments to. I am sending this to people that don't have Google accounts, so they can't just press the blue Google Drive button I assume. New files in Google Drive are automatically downloaded onto your device. This will cause Google Drive to download it to your phone. Google Drive - Backup and Sync, free and safe download. Google Drive to SkyDrive utility is considered to be one of the best software to transfer Google Drive files & folders to OneDrive account. Google Drive: Free Cloud Storage for Personal Use Safely store and share your photos, videos, files and more in the cloud. I am trying to create direct links for Google Drive and while it works for documents and files, the links show a warning page when I link to an MP3 file. For whatever reason, it is not the case. The current installer available for download occupies 153. exe file contained a virus (highly unlikely as the programme works fine) and therefore didn't download. Google Drive Platform: Downloads In the tables below, the first column shows each library's stage of development (note that some are in early stages), and links to documentation for the library. Download a Googe Drive File in Java. 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Note: To upload a folder, use Microsoft Edge or Google Chrome. All the files, which are stored in your Google Drive, you can access those files anywhere from any device through the Google Drive Desktop App. I have several files stored in folders on my google drive. You can also search for "books" or "PDF" or "DOC". Google Drive (Backup and Sync for Windows) is a place where you can create, share files, collaborate, and keep all of your stuff. Google Vault lets you retain, archive, search, and export your organization's email, Google Drive file content and on-the-record chats for your eDiscovery and compliance needs. Google Drive provides a 15 Gb storage which can be used for free. You will need to obtain the sharable link from Google Drive:. Once your file is saved offline, you'll see a green checkmark next to it. Note: To upload a folder, use Microsoft Edge or Google Chrome. 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Minimizes the amount of company data stored on users' hard drives. DAEMON Tools Lite latest version: An excellent virtual CD/DVD drive emulator. Music Player for Google Drive offers: - Playback of MP3 files, MP4, AAC (iTune's. com" to be able to download a file that was shared with me? As far as I am concerned, Google is a waste of time when the job can be done straight forward in 1/10 of what it took to go through all the Google hassle. Music Player for Google Drive is a simple and lightweight online music player for your audio files stored in Google Drive. where does google drive download files to,document about where does google drive download files to,download an entire where does google drive download files to document onto your computer. The download location is in the Save Files To setting. Now, when you want to download files from a Google Drive page on the web, you can just click the Add to Drive button. Tips on Sharing Files and Folders with Google Drive. 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Search more than 600,000 icons for Web & Desktop here. In the customization menu, you will have the option to download your MSI package. Google drive allows you to manually download photos to a different location on your computer. Follow steps 2-6 above. How to Sync Specific Folder on Computer With Google Drive. While you are taken to a preview page, it simply states "no preview available", and that you can download the file or use one of the apps that you have installed to open it. 2 Download APK for Android - Aptoide Home Page. Instead of uploading RAW files to Google Drive, it seems better to convert them to. Minimal class to download shared files from Google Drive. We wish to warn you that since Google Drive files are downloaded from an external source, FDM Lib bears no responsibility for the safety of such downloads. Then, you have to upload the file to your Google Drive. In Google Drive, How can I download an entire folder, instead of one file at a time? I have uploaded and entire folder of images for someone to download. Google Drive is a safe place for all your files. Right-click on it and then click "Preferences" to find your way to the settings area. You can either start with the root (main) folder or specify a folder name – this is helpful when you have tons of files in your Google Drive and retrieving the entire list can cause the script to time out. Querying Google Drive data using permanent external tables Required permissions and scopes When you query external data in Google Drive using a permanent table, you need permissions to run a query job at the project level or higher, you need permissions that allow you to create a table that points to the external data, and you need permissions. I am sending this to people that don't have Google accounts, so they can't just press the blue Google Drive button I assume. Client interface for the well-known, cloud-based doc, spreadsheet and file-storage suite. 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Next, in the pop up window, enter the link address and file name of the online file. After a short installation process, a "Google Drive" folder will be added to your desktop. Before we begin, sign in with your Google Account in Google Drive and then let it ready. The Google Drive desktop app is available to download for free from Google Drive's downloads page, where you'll also find links to download Google Drive for a number of operating systems, including iOS and Android. Google Drive is the official application from the service of the same name, which will allow you to access your virtual Google hard drive from any Android device with a stable Internet connection. This article is especially for them, who wants to bypass Google Drive download limit for shared files. There are following steps by which users can migrate data from Google Drive to OneDrive via Google Takeout. Google drive Icons - Download 1463 Free Google drive icons @ IconArchive. Manage your Google Drive & OneDrive files straight from your Desktop. where does google drive download files to,document about where does google drive download files to,download an entire where does google drive download files to document onto your computer. All of your discussions in one place. Download a file. Google Drive is Google's cloud-based storage service, but you can do a lot more than just store files with it. If you host important files on Google Drive and Docs, you might want to know who is downloading your files. Download Gmail Attachments & Emails to Google Drive The YouTube video will help you get started in 2 minutes. When I send the link it shows the folder, and inside of the folder it shows each image. With centralized administration, data loss prevention, and Vault for Drive, you can easily manage users and file sharing to help meet data compliance needs. The app is available for Windows, Mac, Android, and iOS, and currently offers 5 GB of free storage for all types of files. I have tried it but I failed. However, if you'd rather download files directly to your Google Drive account, there's an extension for Google Chrome that allows you to do just that. On first use, the extension will ask you to authorize ZIP Extractor to access to Google Drive. I was asked to burn copies of the folder to a cd to handout. To make things a lot easier, I have created a tool by which you can generate direct download links for your files in Google drive, Dropbox and Onedrive. It is working fantastic even though I have 40,000 active user. Note: To upload a folder, use Microsoft Edge or Google Chrome. You can either start with the root (main) folder or specify a folder name – this is helpful when you have tons of files in your Google Drive and retrieving the entire list can cause the script to time out. Offline access to Google Docs can also be enabled in Google Apps for businesses. Auto-download email messages and file attachments from Gmail to your Google Drive. Google Drive 1. Attackers can access Dropbox, Google Drive, OneDrive files without a user's password. file import Storage from apiclient. DAEMON Tools Lite, free and safe download. Is it possible to download a Google Drive folder as a. With background uploading, NetDrive 3 uploads your files to remote storage without overheads and you will not want to live without this feature. 17905 can be downloaded from our website for free. On the down side, Google drive doesn't support synchronizing portions of a file. Download files and folders using My Drive. Synchronize documents and files with Google Drive. As always, the users need to be using Chrome. Now that Google has also joined the cloud. The more files you have, the more confused Google Drive seems to get.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Thirteen Moons: A Novel
By Charles Frazier
Quarterly Report: Book Industry Trends
C. Max Magee
I was reading about the recent second-quarter earnings report for Barnes & Noble as part of my day job and I realized how much insight the company's quarterly conference call provides in terms of current trends in the book industry, as well as which books will be are most likely to be the headline-grabbing titles over the next few months. I may do this each quarter from now on, as I think it's an interesting proxy for what's going on in the book industry at a given point in time.The big trend so far this year is a lack of blockbuster titles as compared to years past. From Steve Riggio, Barnes & Noble CEO, on the Q2 conference call (courtesy Seeking Alpha):We look back at the first half of this year as one of the softest periods in recent memory for the book industry in terms of hardcover new releases. There were simply very few new hardcover books that generated media buzz or sustained sales by word-of-mouth recommendations.The lack of blockbusters is thrown into particularly stark light when compared to a year ago, when Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince came out. Overall, sales were actually down from last year.Riggio called The Memory Keeper's Daughter by Kim Edwards "one of the fastest-selling trade paperbacks in our history."Barnes & Noble also looked ahead to the books that they anticipate will be big in the third quarter of this year. In fiction, Frederick Forsyth, Anna Quinlan, Robert Harris, David Baldacci, Janet Evanovich, and Robert Parker have new books on the way. The company also singled out Mitch Albom's For One More Day (Riggio said that Albom's previous book, The Five People You Meet in Heaven, "was the second-largest selling fiction book in our history") and Charles Frazier's 13 Moons, while The Thirteenth Tale by Diane Setterfield and The Interpretation of Murder by Jed Rubenfeld "are getting a lot of buzz."In non-fiction, Barnes & Noble is anticipating big sales from Faith and Politics by Senator John Danforth, The Greatest Story Ever Sold: The Decline and Fall of Truth from 9/11 to Katrina by Frank Rich, Never Again: Securing America and Restoring Justice by John Ashcroft, The Confession by James McGreevey and Inside Bush's White House, the Second Term by Bob Woodward "continuing his take on the Bush administration and the war." Riggio also called John Grisham's first non-fiction book, The Innocent Man: Murder and Injustice in a Small Town, "one of the most eagerly-awaited books we have seen in a very long time."The company also highlighted several upcoming biographies and memoirs: Bob Newhart, Sandy Weil, Carly Fiorina, Ellen Burstyn and David Crosby. There's also a "major new biography" on Andrew Carnegie and "the definitive book" on U2.Riggio said it "looks like a very strong season for cookbooks," with the 75th edition of the Joy of Cooking, a new edition of The Bon Apetit Cookbook and new titles from Paula Dean, Rachel Ray, Emeril Lagasse and the Barefoot Contessa.
Lists, Notable Articles
The Most Anticipated Books of 2006 – Part 2
Back in January, I took a look at some of the "most anticipated" books of the year. Well, those books are old news now, but there are some great-looking books on the way. September and October in particular are looking pretty stacked. Please share any relevant links or books I may have missed.July:Gallatin Canyon by Thomas McGuane (New Yorker interview)Talk Talk by T.C. Boyle (Boyle's blog)The Driftless Area by Tom Drury (Drury's story "Path Lights")The Black Book by Orhan Pamuk (a new translation, thanks Bud)America's Report Card by John McNally (Thanks Dan)The Judas Field by Howard Bahr (Thanks J.D.)August:Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman by Haruki Murakami (list of stories)Winter's Bone by Daniel Woodrell (Thanks Dan)Brief Encounters with Che Guevara by Ben Fountain (thanks Stephan)September:Moral Disorder by Margaret AtwoodThe Dissident by Nell Freudenberger (Her first novel; following up her collection, Lucky Girls)All Aunt Hagar's Children by Edward P. Jones (very excited about this one – the title story appeared in the New Yorker.)A Spot of Bother by Mark Haddon (a first look at the book)The Road by Cormac Mccarthy (a first look)After This by Alice McDermott (PW Review [scroll down])Half of a Yellow Sun by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (thanks Dan)Smonk by Tom Franklin (thanks Dan)Dead in Desemboque by Eddy Arellano (Thanks Laurie)October:One Good Turn by Kate Atkinson (sequel to Case Histories)What is the What by Dave Eggers (based on a true story, excerpted in The Believer – Part 1, 2, 3)Lay of the Land by Richard Ford (The third Frank Bascombe novel – I wrote about it last year.)Thirteen Moons by Charles Frazier (A big enough deal that the announcement of a publication date came as an Entertainment Weekly exclusive.)Restless by William Boyd (A World War II novel)The Uses of Enchantment by Heidi JulavitsGolem Song by Marc Estrin (thanks Dan)The Ladies of Grace Adieu and Other Stories by Susanna Clarke (Thanks Laurie)November:The View from Castle Rock by Alice Munro (The title story was in the New Yorker)Soon the Rest Will Fall by Peter Plate (Thanks Laurie)The Jennifer Morgue by Charles Stross (Thanks Laurie)December:Untitled Thomas Pynchon novel (as confirmed by Ed.)January 2007:Zoli by Colum McCannFlora Segunda by Ysabeau Wilce (Thanks Laurie)February 2007:Knots by Nuruddin Farah (based on "Farah's own recent efforts to reclaim his family's property in Mogadishu, and his experiences trying to negotiate peace among the city's warlords.")May 2007:The Yiddish Policemen's Union by Michael Chabon (Posts about the book: 1, 2, 3, 4)Addenda: Books suggested in the comments are being added above.


Below is an approximate 100 year comparison of average annual mean minimum and maximum temperatures at 32 different locations across Western Australia, including weather in the capital city of Perth.
The temperature averages have been extracted from the database publicly available at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology website for Western Australia, and from the first ever climate study conducted in the colony of Western Australia before 1900.
The 32 locations are selected as these are the only ones on the public database with consistent historic weather records from around 1900 to 2000 and/or 2010. Some location records precede 1900 and some begin just after 1900.
Some locations have seen their temperature recording stations moved since 1900, often from the town post office to a nearby airport. These locational changes may affect temperature readings.
Aerial photographs are linked below so you can see the changes in location.
The annual mean minimum and maximum data are also linked below where available at locations surveyed by the Bureau of Meteorology in its analysis of "corrected" temperature trends from 1910 to 2008.
Average mean minimum and maximum temperatures are calculated from April 2018 to March 2019, the most recent 12 month timeframe. Albeit accurate, this recent 12 month data for each location should be considered statistically unreliable due to its brevity compared with "climate normals" that have typical year-to-year weather variations smoothed over standard periods (commonly 30 years).
This page is designed to provide a simple, convenient tool for people to observe temperature trends since weather records began in Western Australia, particularly in the context of perceived climate change.
Was 7 January 2013 really Australia's hottest day ever?
Has a new temperature probe caused Perth's record heat?
BoM database bug in late 2009. See also kenskingdom: The Western Australia Temperature Record.
The state of Western Australia covers 2,532,400 square kilometres and was proclaimed a British colony in 1829. The eastern border is 1,862 kilometres long and there is 12,889 kilometres of coastline. The highest elevation is Mt Meharry at 1,249 metres (4,098 feet). Western Australia had a population of 2.2 million in 2009, an increase of 17% since 2000.
Western Australia's capital of Perth is said to be on the coalface of global climate change, with 2007 Australian of the Year and Climate Change Commission chairman Tim Flannery predicting in 2004 that it may become the first city in the world to become a ghost metropolis due to lack of water (BBC, Sydney Morning Herald).
Note: Halls Creek Airport 2012 was renamed Halls Creek Meteorological Office and a new Halls Creek Airport 2079 became the primary site from 12 January 2017. To preserve location continuity, data for this page was sourced from site 2012 until December 2018 when the site ceased observations.
Note: The Bureau of Meteorology failed to record maximum temperatures at York 10311 in October, November and December 2017 and these missing values have a slight influence on the total averages calculated on this page.
Note: The Bureau of Meteorology failed to record temperatures at Balladonia 11017 in December 2017 and January 2018, and these missing values have a slight influence on the total averages calculated on this page.
It should be noted that city and large town temperature readings may be influened by urban heat islands.
Also, it is difficult to compare all locations in Western Australia without accounting for temperatures in coastal cities and towns that are strongly influenced by ocean proximity. Overnight minima in coastal locations are several degrees warmer than inland locations because of the thermal blanket created by the ocean, and strong sea breezes reduce daytime temperatures along much of Western Australia's coastline during early-mid summer.
These natural variables have little impact on inland temperatures and this may influence comparative locational analysis.
About 83% of Western Australia's total population live in the 15 coastal cities and towns with temperatures recorded by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology since the year 1900.
The five coastal locations in Western Australia with populations above 20,000 (Albany, Bunbury, Busselton, Geraldton, Perth) have been major and expanding urban centres since colonial settlement in the early 19th century. Not surprisingly, the capital city of Perth (population 1.6 million in 2009) had the highest averaged increase in mean maximum temperature among all 32 locations, including pre-1910 data, over the hundred years (1.7 degrees C). However, it should be noted that changes in temperature recording location from Mt Eliza near the central city to the northern suburb of Mt Lawley mean Perth only has a reliable history beginning in 1994.
A temperature history comparison between the five large coastal centres and all other surveyed coastal locations suggests that the heat sink created by population and social infrastructure adds between .5 and 1 degree C to daytime maximum temperatures.
Note: Minima are affected by relocation of temperature ground stations in all five large coastal locations during the 20th century, with consequent falls in recorded overnight minima due to greater distance from the ocean and removal of the urban heat influence. Check all five locations below (except Busselton) to confirm significant falls in minima coinciding with ground station relocations (Albany, Bunbury, Busselton, Geraldton, Perth).
Alternatively, the five major towns and cities can be compared with all 27 coastal and inland locations over 100 years.
As well as coastal vs inland natural variables, this comparison should create an upward bias on averages because all five towns and cities excluded from the 27 locations are in the coastal southern half of Western Australia, which is much cooler than the northern half and/or inland throughout the year.
Average mean minimum in 27 locations combined has risen 0.51 degrees C from early to late 20th century - compared to a rise of .56 degrees C for all 32 locations including Albany, Bunbury, Busselton, Geraldton, Perth (these five locations alone increased .68 degrees C).
Average mean minimum in 27 locations combined has risen 0.57 degrees C from early 1900s to 2019 - compared to a rise of 0.51 degrees C for all 32 locations including Albany, Bunbury, Busselton, Geraldton, Perth (these five locations alone increased 0.17 degrees C).
Average mean maximum in 27 locations combined has risen 0.36 degrees C from early to late 20th century - compared to a rise of .52 degrees C for all 32 locations including Albany, Bunbury, Busselton, Geraldton, Perth (these five locations alone increased 0.56 degrees C).
Average mean maximum in 27 locations combined has risen 1.29 degrees C from early 1900s to 2019 - compared to a rise of 1.31 degrees C for all 32 locations including Albany, Bunbury, Busselton, Geraldton, Perth (these five locations alone increased 1.37 degrees C).
The West Australian colony's earliest known meteorological analysis is The Climate of Western Australia 1876-1899 (PDF 25.4mb) compiled in 1901 by then Government Astronomer William Ernest Cooke. This document contains raw, unregulated data that is considered unreliable.
As the Government Astronomer explains in this historic document: "... it may be safely assumed that the results in this document give a close approximation to the truth; sufficiently so for all practical purposes, but scarcely to be considered quite accurate enough for the scientist."
Nevertheless, this compilation contains the only known official climate records for the Western Australia colony before 1900 and although recording discrepancies may have been common, these mistakes might either inflate or deflate the real temperatures (e.g. thermometers near warm buildings or in cool locations, although a common error was heat radiation from the ground).
The pre-1900 records are thus worth comparing with the most recent 30 years of regulated quality data from the Bureau of Meteorology, if only out of curiosity. See a detailed breakdown comparison of temperatures from the Cooke document.
Towns surveyed for mean minimum night temperatures by the Government Astronomer that are included in the Bureau of Meteorology's quality control sites include Albany (11.4 C), Broome (20.1 C), Cape Leeuwin (14 C), Carnarvon (16 C), Derby (21 C), Esperance (11.3 C), Geraldton (13.9 C), Kalgoorlie (12.2 C), Katanning (8.4 C), Perth (12.3 C), Rottnest (13.3 C), Southern Cross (10.2 C) and York (11 C).
Combined, these 13 pre-1900 minima average 13.5 degrees C. Combining the same locations among the Bureau's quality controlled sites from 1979 to 2008, the average minimum is .37 degrees C warmer than 1876-1899 at 13.87 degrees C.
Combining the same 13 locations from April 2018 to March 2019, the average minimum is 0.53 degrees C warmer than 1876-1899 at 14.03 degrees C.
Towns surveyed for mean maximum day temperatures by the Government Astronomer that are included in the Bureau of Meteorology's quality control sites include Albany (18.5 C), Broome (31.7 C), Cape Leeuwin (19.6 C), Carnarvon (28.7 C), Derby (33.7 C), Esperance (21.4 C), Geraldton (24.5 C), Kalgoorlie (25.5 C), Katanning (22.5 C), Perth (24.2 C), Rottnest, (22.2 C), Southern Cross (26 C) and York (24 C).
Combined, these 13 pre-1900 maxima average 24.80 degrees C. Combining the same locations among the Bureau's quality controlled sites from 1979 to 2008, the average maximum is 1.20 degrees C warmer than 1876-1899 at 26.0 degrees C.
Combining the same 13 locations from April 2018 to March 2019, the average maximum is 0.74 degrees C warmer than 1876-1899 at 25.54 degrees C.
Another historic document analysing Western Australia's past climate is Results of Meteorological Observations in Western Australia during 1908 (PDF 28mb) published in 1912 by then Commonwealth Meteorologist Henry Ambrose Hunt. Also of interest is The Climate and Weather of Australia (PDF 29mb), the first textbook on Australian Meteorology, published in 1913 by Henry Hunt and associates. See Hunt vs BoM temperature comparison for Australian capital cities.
For locations below that were monitored by Government Astronomer William Ernest Cooke, his recordings are listed as Pre-1900 vs recent 30 years mean temperature.