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Top 39 places to vis ...
Top 39 Places (Never Heard Before Beaches) To Visit In Goa during Family Vacation
Goa is love at first sight. Rarely has a traveller returned from this magnificent holiday spot morose or disappointed. This pint-sized state has a lot more to offer other than just shacks, beaches and parties. Located in Southwest India, Goa is India's smallest state and yet its most culturally rich one. There is so much to do and see in Goa that you will be spoilt for choice and feel like a single vacation is not enough! Equally accessible by road, flight and train within India, Goa is and will always remain one of the most sought-after travel destinations. More popularly known for solo trips or trips with friends and significant others, Goa can also be a very family-friendly travel destination.
From a plethora of beaches to sanctuaries, churches and forts, Goa has something to offer to everyone. Are you just seeking to unwind? Or is adventure and exploration your calling? There are places to visit in Goa for everyone. Once you land, smell the sea and soak in the vibrant atmosphere; all you will want to do is to head out and discover a bit of yourself in each one of the places you see. Budget trip or not, Goa will charge you up and the ever-smiling locals will make every moment of your stay worthwhile.
Also Read: 5 Offbeat Things to Do in Goa
With no further ado, listed below are the top 30 places to visit in Goa:
Sr No
Butterfly Conservatory of Goa
Ashwem Beach
Hollant Beach
Arambol Beach or Harmal Beach
Agonda Beach
Velsao Beach
Mormugao Fort
Shri Mahalaxmi Temple, Bandora
St. Augustine Tower or the Church of St. Augustine
Shri Shantadurga Temple, Kavlem
Hivre Waterfall
River Cruise - Mandovi River
Cabo De Rama Fort
Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
Bhagwan Mahavir Sanctuary
Arvalem Waterfalls
Dona Paula Beach
Tiger's Beach
Tambadi Surla Waterfalls
Anjuna Beach
Reis Magos Fort
Cansaulim Beach
Butterfly Beach
Betalbatim Beach
Colva Beach
Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception
Sinquerim Beach
Three Kings Church or the Reis Magos Church
Majorda Beach Goa
Latin Quarter and Portuguese Mansions of Fontainhas
Fort Aguada
Calangute Beach
Basilica of Bom Jesus
Chapora Fort
Dudhsagar Falls
Pandava Caves
Mangesh Temple
Mollem National Park
Naval Aviation Museum
1. Butterfly Conservatory of Goa
One of the many hidden gems in Goa–Ponda, a butterfly conservatory–is a small sanctuary with over 100 species of free-flying butterflies. This is one of the best places to visit in Goa; there are no cages or walls in this conservatory to stop these butterflies from flying out, such is the love between the butterflies and the wild plants here. This privately owned park was built and is maintained by the owner of a spice garden next door. Given the kind of crowds that Goa attracts from across the world, this little paradise is comparatively unexplored, thus adding charm to the whole experience.
If you are looking for a relaxing getaway away from the hustle and bustle of the crowded streets of Goa, be sure to plan an evening at this conservatory. At any given time of the year, you are sure to enjoy the sighting of at least 20-25 species of butterflies at any time of year. During the peak season, you will get to see many more butterflies and beautiful flowers in bloom.
2. Ashwem Beach
If it is a calm and peaceful beach that you wish to visit in Goa, then Ashwem Beach is just the place to go to. Not one of the regular tourist spots of Goa, this beach offers you the peace of mind and tranquillity you are craving for. The sound of the waves hitting the shores will have a calming effect on your nerves and mind.
Ashwem Beach is one of the best places to visit in Goa. It is a clean beach located near Panjim, the capital city of Goa. With soft white sands, overlooking the Arabian Sea in the western part of the Country, Ashwem beach is also known for its soft waves and very little to no shells and weeds in the water, making it ideal for a short swim in the sea. One of the biggest beaches of Goa, this place is ideal for families and backpackers who wish to spend quiet time with the family or on their own. You will find a number of shacks mushrooming around the beaches during peak season, and there are plenty of great food and drink options at all given times. Reviews like 'super virgin beach', 'calm', 'peace', 'beautiful', and other such symbolise Ashwem Beach on many review platforms across the internet, such is the beauty of this quiet beach hidden from prying eyes of locals and tourists.
If it is a calm and peaceful beach of Goa that you wish to visit, then Ashwem Beach is just the place to go. Not one of the regular tourist spots of Goa, this beach offers you peace of mind and tranquillity you are craving for. The sound of the waves hitting the shores has a calming effect on one's nerves and mind.
3. Hollant Beach
There is no dearth of places to visit in Goa. About seven kilometres from Vasco City in the southern part of Goa lies Hollant Beach. It is one of the most favourite beach destinations for families visiting Goa. A shallow bay that slopes gently into the sea, this beach enjoys almost no currents, making it a haunt among tourists who love swimming or having fun in the open sea. With a very limited number of tourists visiting this beach, this place could well be an ideal spot for the next family picnic with sun, sea and sand for company. Although there aren't any large hotels around this beach, you can easily find accommodation with families living in the area who are always welcoming to guests hoping to rent out a room or an entire guest house. Well-connected by road, this beach is easily accessible whether you rent a bike or car.
4. Arambol Beach or Harmal Beach
The northernmost beach of Goa–Arambol–is located in an eponymous traditional fishing village about 90 KM from Bambolim Airport and about 43 KM from Goa's capital, Panjim. Home to both national and international musicians alike, Arambol is where you will find rich live music. Do not miss out on visiting the freshwater lake very close to the sea here; it is one of the biggest pulls for tourists. Given the strong winds around this sea during the tourist season, this beach is also home to some of the best sporting adventures including paragliding and kite surfing. The tourist season also sees a lot of sunset parties on Arambol beach with live music and dance. With the calm waters, the sea here is great for swimming and rowing in open sea. Be here to just soak up some sun in Arambol, easily one of the best places to visit in Goa.
Another beach to not miss is the Chapora Beach. It is located close to the remains of a historic Portuguese fort in Goa and continues to be a major tourist spot. It is definitely one of the best places to see in Goa. It is about 10 kilometres away from Mapusa, in case you need to figure out its location better. Owing to its black lava rocks, sandy white stretches and range of palms, it lures thousands of visitors all through the year. The ambience is tranquil though the influx of tourist sometimes affects its serenity. Encircled by green hilly terrains, the beach is also ideal for nature lovers. Those into water sports and beach activities will find this beach a great place to hang out.
A lot of tourists indulge in windsurfing, jet skiing, parasailing and other adventure sports at Chapora beach. The beach is also thronged by angling lovers who bring their fishing gear and set out to fish. The nearby Chapora Village is the perfect destination for shopaholic tourists who can find eclectic souvenirs made by local artisans.
5. Agonda Beach
Agonda Beach not only offers breathtaking views of the Arabian Sea but is also a perfect place for swimming and sunbathing. Leafy palm trees, sparkling water and comfortable sun beds environ the long stretch of the pristine coast making it one of the most relaxing places to see in Goa. Located down south, just 10 minutes from Palolem Beach, Agonda is also known for sheltering the Cabo de Rama Fort. Margao is the closest railway station at 43 kilometres in case you want to take trains to other parts of India. The local railway station is Canacona about 20 minutes' drive from Agonda. Alternatively, if you are taking a flight, you can take a prepaid taxi to Agonda Beach from Goa's Dabolim airport which is around one and a half hours away.
A popular destination for angling, you will find a large variety of salmon, soormai and mullet fishes. Get ready to unwind from the hustles of the city and soak up some sun, as your time here will come to a standstill! One of the best places to visit in Goa, this small paradise in Goa has mouth-watering food at the shacks lined up on the coast. Fatima's Corner, Simrose, and Roadhouse Bar and Grill are some of the recommendations for delicious seafood and well-stocked bar and drinks.
The tourist season kicking off in late October till March is a great time to enjoy Agonda Beach. However, it is best to avoid the monsoon season between June to August, when the markets and beach huts are deserted and there is not much activity on the beach.
6. Velsao Beach
One of the closest beaches to Goa's Dabolim Airport is the Velsao beach in Vasco De Gama. This is hands down of the best places to visit in Goa. Yet another beach of Goa that is away from the maddening tourist crowds thronging the state, Velsao beach is an ideal beach for families who would like some quality time together. The early mornings on this beach are nothing short of magical, while the evenings are mesmerising. The day in between offers great sun, sand and sea. Replete with choices of food and drinks, Velsao Beach is ideal for you to unwind and have some fun. With a number of trees around, there is plenty of shade for the kids to play under, and to build as many sand castles as they please. If privacy is your priority, Velsao offers that and how! A hot spot for fishermen, you can join these men in bringing in their catch. The beach and the sunset at Velsao is something you simply must not miss!
7. Mormugao Fort
Mormugao Fort, the ancient behemoth that still stands proud, is one of the oldest preserved coastal forts in the country. One of the best places to visit in Goa, this fort was built to guard the harbour and was considered one of the most critical port posts for the Portuguese. Located just a few kilometres north of Vasco, this fort is one of the most sought-after tourist destinations of Goa. This structure, however, also exudes some elements of Maratha architecture in addition to its Portuguese influences. Overlooking the Varca beach, this fort offers wonderful views for people who love photography. Mormugao is also a must-visit for history and architecture lovers. The sight from the fort, of the dozens of fishing boats lined at the harbour, is nothing short of unforgettable.
8. Shri Mahalaxmi Temple, Bandora
This is one of the many places to see in Goa. Home to numerous temples, the village of Bandode also houses this large and beautiful temple of Goddess Mahalakshmi–the Shri Mahalakshmi Temple. Information about the ancient rituals performed in this temple can be found on stone plaques. According to historians, this temple's existence dates back to 1413. Folk tales passed down from generations say that fearing the persecution of the goddess' idol, two devotees–Safto and Fato–smuggled the deity's idol at midnight from the temple. In doing so they, however, left behind the footprints of the goddess and hence, to this date, the locals worship these footprints. The deity's statue from Colva was shifted here years later along with the original idol. Today, the temple houses two idols of the same goddess and both are worshipped with great fervour and devotion. The goddesses are taken out on a procession every year on a chariot, a spectacle worth witnessing. Do make it a point to catch this procession if you are in Goa during this grand festival.
9. St. Augustine Tower or the Church of St. Augustine
The ruined church complex of Church of St. Augustine is a true example of how even the mightiest can fall. One of the richest churches of its times (if you go by local folklore), it stands today as a humble ruin, caused partly due to neglect and partly due to nature's fury. Declared as a World Heritage Site, this church was originally completed in 1602 on top of Monte Santo (translates to Holy Hill) by Augustine Friers. Once considered as one of the three great Augustine churches in the Iberian world, it took five years to build. It was around 1835 when the then Portuguese government in Goa, under its repressive policies, forced the abandonment of the church by 1837. The church collapsed by 1842. Built with laterite at an impressive height of 46 metres, the once grand four-storied church with four towers has just one tower standing tall, today. This is one of the best places to visit in Goa and must visit attraction in Goa on your next visit to the beautiful city!
This is simply scratching the surface when it comes to beautiful chapels and cathedrals in Goa. The historical and glorious ruins of the church, like the 46 metres high Bell Tower, the four-storied arched laterite tower, richly adorned chapels, four altars and a convent with numerous cells, are tourist attractions. Once deemed as the greatest of the three Augustinian churches, today, only the ruins remain. These are maintained by the Archeological Survey of India. One can also attend the church services here which are conducted by the Archdiocese of Goa. One of the most spectacular monuments in Goa, this tourist attraction has no entry fee and is open from 8 AM to 6 PM.
The Se Cathedral de Santa Catarina, commonly known as the Se Cathedral is a historic edifice in Goa and is also one of the places you can consider visiting on your trip. The church is a must visit even for those who are not religiously inclined. The cathedral is a major landmark now and stands tall with its impressive Portuguese Manueline style. Dedicated to the memory of Catherine of Alexandria, it is located on the Mandovi river banks and is one of the many places to see in Goa. The grandiose nature of the edifice has earned it a UNESCO world heritage site tag. The interior of the church is influenced by Corinthian architectural style. There is a golden bell in the church tower and the main attraction is an altar inside the edifice. This bell is said to be the biggest one in Goa. The ambience is soothing, and the church welcomes people of all religions to stop by and admire the beauty of the cathedral.
10. Shri Shantadurga Temple, Kavlem
A place of holy religious worship, the beautiful temple of Shree Shantadurga is the most respected deity of the Hindu Goud Saraswat Brahmin community in Ponda, North Goa. Dedicated to Goddess Shantadurga, the deity is depicted as holding two serpents one in each hand representing Vishnu and Shiva. Believed to be the avatar of Goddess Jagdamba Devi who had come for reconciliation between Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva, she was named as Shree Shantadurga Devi or the Goddess of Peace.
If you are looking for places to see in Goa, plan a visit to Kavlem. Located around 30 kilometres from Panjim in the foothills of Kavalem village in Ponda is this beautiful private Hindu temple complex called Shri Shantadurga Temple. Recently in the news for banning the entry of foreigners into this temple for objectionable dressing, this grand temple comprises a collection of a pyramidal roof with domes, with one main temple and three smaller temples for other deities, floors and pillars made from Kashmir stone, a water tank, a deepastambha and guesthouses. Originally built by Naroram Rege Mantri, a Minister in Chatrapati Sahu Maharaj's court, this temple's construction started around 1730 and was completed by 1738. Together with the pyramids, the stained-glass windowpanes in multi colours, the soft and serene colour of the temple itself, the chandelier and impressive gate posts, give this temple its character.
There are no entry fees for visiting the temple and its timings are from 5:30 AM to 12:30 PM and 1:30 PM to 8:30 PM. Photography is prohibited inside the temple. This place is usually visited with Shri Mahalaxmi Temple, Bandoda, which is about two kilometres from here. Shri Nageshi Temple, Kapileshwari Temple, St. Roque Chapel, Bandoda are some places to see in Goa around this area. 11. Hivre Waterfall There are many great places to visit in Goa. Nestled in the heart of nature, the Hivre Waterfall is a sight not to be missed by any nature lover. Showcasing the uncomplicated life of Goan Villages, one will need to reach Valpoi Village by road and then trek a distance of 14 kilometres to reach this serene beauty. Go back to a life where vehicles will not be needed and where there is no pollution, no honking. It is just the sounds of nature all the way. With the locals more than happy to direct you towards the falls, start your trek through the midst of nature to reach Hivre Village. On your way enjoy the many bounties and beauties Mother Nature has to offer, cross a forest, enjoy the sights of beautiful creeks with birds chirping and giving you company all along. Stop by for a photograph or two as well. Once you reach the majestic waterfalls, simply unwind and surrender to nature.
Also Read: Planning a Goa Vacation? Find Out the Best Time to Visit
12. River Cruise - Mandovi River
The River Cruise–or the Sunset cruise as it is commonly known as–is truly the signature event that represents Goa at its very best. This is a group event that generally starts from the jetty in the evenings just before sunset. One of the best ways to relax after an eventful tour around Goa by road throughout the day is this cruise that allows you to just sit back, relax and enjoy the beauty of Panjim, the capital city of Goa. The boat will cruise along the Mandovi River from dusk to late night. All this while listening to Mandos and experiencing the Dekhni and the Fugdi, the folk dance of Goa. Relive how the ancient travellers would have felt seeing Aadil Shah's grand summer palace while sailing towards Goa. Sail on the Mandovi all the way to Miramar Beach, from where you can enjoy breathtaking views of the sun setting against the horizon. The cruises last for a few hours and on a lucky day, you may even be greeted by some dolphins while you are sailing in the waters. So, what are you waiting for? Sail away!
13. Cabo De Rama Fort
Looking for places to visit in Goa? An ancient fort that has changed hands from the Hindus to the Mughals and finally to the Portuguese, the Cabo De Rama is one of the many places you must visit on a trip to Goa. This fort has a long history and has seen itself being abandoned by the Portuguese. At one time the fort which was the pride of the Portuguese, housed over 21 guns and military barracks. The fort of today houses a church within and is still in very good condition. Located in the southern part of Goa, this ancient yet majestic fort offers great views of the entire stretch of Colva beach and Canacona beach. The white painted Santo Antonio Church within the deep dark walls of the fort makes it a sought-after destination among photography enthusiasts. With cliffs on the western side of the fort dropping steeply to the sea, one can't help but feel like being at the top of the world at this fort. At one time the fort also functioned as a government prison.
14. Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
Located on the western tip of Chorao on an island along the Mandovi river sits Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary. This place is named after the eminent ornithologist Dr. Salim Ali. Home to a number of varieties of birds and other animals, this sanctuary spans over a 440-acre area enveloped by thick and lush mangrove forests. It is definitely one of the places to see in Goa. The preferred habitat for many beautiful bird species such as the striated heron and western reef heron, the sanctuary is also known to have mangrove specific species like the mudskippers and the mighty fiddler crabs, besides a variety of other birds and snakes as well. Being a protected reserve, the only way to access this reserve is by the ferry service that starts from Ribander. Once on the island, you can walk across the sanctuary on the paved walk that runs across it. Be sure to carry your camera and your photogenic self! This is a trip you will never forget.
15. Bhagwan Mahavir Sanctuary
Along the eastern border of Goa is located yet another protected forest sanctuary nestled in the Western Ghats. Bhagwan Mahavir Sanctuary and Molem National Park span over 240 sq. km of land in Molem and is home to myriad species of flora and fauna. This nature-kissed paradise is just 57 kilometres from Panjim. Enveloped by tropical evergreen forest on all sides, this reserve also is home to the mighty Dudhsagar Waterfall. Located very deep in the forest, this is the largest reserve of Goa which is home to many species of mammals, birds, reptiles and butterflies you may have never seen in your life before. At this sanctuary, you will get to see birds such as the state bird of Goa–the ruby-throated yellow bulbul–besides the other species endemic to the southern part of India. The forest reserve is a paradise for bird photographers and animal and nature lovers alike. Besides being a haven for nature lovers, this park also has a number of attractions such as the Tambdi Surla Temple, Devil's canyon and Tambdi falls that you must visit after a tryst with the many birds in the sanctuary. Do not forget to stop by at the sunset point to enjoy mesmerising views of the sun setting into the skies! This is hands down one of the best places to see in Goa.
16. Arvalem Waterfalls
Looking for places to visit in Goa with your family? Another monsoon season attraction hidden in Goa along the Western Ghats is the Arvalem Waterfall. It is not as tall as the Dudhsagar. It is at its best around October when it cascades down into the woods with a thunderous sound. The waterfall is just a 10-minute drive from the Arvalem Caves, yet another attraction you must not miss.
Set amongst charming surroundings and a stone's throw away from the falls is the famous Rudreshwar Temple, a shrine where some Hindu communities believe that the souls of the dead get released on the 12th day after their passing. With nature in abundance around the falls, you are sure to feel completely cut away from the world when you are at this picturesque attraction. A beautiful park has been built here to facilitate tourists a place to view the falls from. As you stand back and watch, these falls cascade down from a height of over 50 feet, you are sure to be spellbound and awestruck. Reaching these falls requires you to reach Sanquelim via road. From here, you will need to trek a short while to take a motorbike to reach the caves or the falls.
17. Dona Paula Beach
Dona Paula beach is located in Dona Paula Village and is named after an affluent Portuguese lady Da. Paula Amaral Antonia de Souto-Maior. Da. Paula set foot into India with her family in 1744. She was known to be extremely charitable. Until her death in 1782, she left no stone unturned in helping the local farmers and villagers for their betterment. Upon her death, the village was renamed, Dona Paula. She was entombed in the current Governer's house in Goa. She is believed to still visit the place with the sea waves, wearing her famous pearl necklace. Home to many wonders of the sea, the Dona Paula beach also houses the National Institute of Oceanography, the Goa University and the International Centre Goa. A must visit for a calm evening, the locals recommend this beach among the many places to see in Goa.
18. Tiger's Beach
There are many beautiful places to visit in Goa. It is home to several beaches, but if you truly wish to see Goa at its very best, you must pay the Kakolem Beach a visit. Also called the Tiger Beach, this is an ideal getaway for those looking for a truly secluded beach minus the chaos and clutter you see at Colva and the likes. Kakolem beach is known for a rock formation from which a stream flows and heads to the sea. Owing to its remote location, it is hard to reach the beach and public transport is scarce. There is only one accommodation facility here, but there are several air BnB accommodations that you can consider. If you are looking for something adventurous to do, be sure to hop onto one of the many speed boats you can hire and ride the mighty waves. This beach is mostly visited by nature lovers, the newlyweds and those with a penchant for adventure!
19. Tambadi Surla Waterfalls
Those who think the natural splendour of Goa is limited just to its beaches will be pleasantly surprised when they pay a visit to the Tambdi Surla Waterfall. The beautiful site is surrounded on all sides by lush greenery and is soothing to the eyes. This is one of the best places to see in Goa and the location is just perfect for water sports and treks. Despite the popularity of Tambdi Surla Waterfall Trek, you have to remember it can be somewhat risky too, so do exercise caution.
The waterfall is located close to the border of Goa and Karnataka. The first two hours of the journey to Tambadi Surla can be covered by a bike after which you will have to commence a 45-minute trek through a stony path. The flora and fauna of the region are diverse and enchanting, to say the least. While engaging in exploration and trekking, you have to be careful about leeches. The stones on the river bed are slippery, so be careful while trekking along the route. Make sure you stop by at the Mahadev Temple to seek the blessings of the deity while you are here!
20. Anjuna Beach
Once a destination for hippies and trance music parties, Anjuna Beach still remains one of the most happening and popular attractions in all of Goa. Under the Portuguese rule until 1950, Anjuna Beach is housed in the Anjuna Village on the coast of North Goa. Local folklore has mixed stories on how the name originated; some claim the name originates from the Arabic word for change. Some historians, however, believe the name is derived from the Arabic word 'Hanjuman' (Translates to Merchant Guild). Home to some of the most famous trance parties, Anjuna today is one of the most sought-after tourist destinations among Indians and foreigners alike. While paying a visit here, do go to St. Michael's Church for some peace and serenity. In peak tourist season October to April, Anjuna opens up the midnight market also known as the flea market. You can find yourself many local souvenirs here for your family and friends back home!
Also Read: Guide to Plan Solo Trip to Goa for Female Travellers
21. Reis Magos Fort
Goa has a number of ancient edifices that stand as a testimony to its long Portuguese colonial heritage. The massive Reis Magos fort, which was built in the 16th century, continues to be a major tourist attraction in Goa. Located on the northern bank of the pretty Mandovi river, it is encircled by sturdy laterite walls. You can find traces of history at every nook and corner of the massive fort! Also pay a visit to the Reis Magos Church that is close by. It is where the famous feast of three wise men is celebrated every year with much pomp and enthusiasm.
The oldest fort and historic relic in Goa, Reis Magos was built by the Portuguese Viceroy in 1551 by Alfonso de Noronha and was rebuilt again in 1707. Initially used as the shelter for the viceroy's residence and dignitaries who visited from Lisbon, it later was converted to a fortress. Between 1798-1813, it was occupied by the British Army and was subsequently abandoned by the military to be used as a prison. With the restoration by the Archeological Survey of India, it has been a monument of national and historic heritage. It is best known for its sturdy and distinctive reddish laterite walls against a blue sky. It offers some breathtaking views of the surrounding countryside and River Mandovi.
The fort is open to everyone from 10:30 AM to 5:30 PM on all days except Monday. Entry fee for adults is INR 50 per person and children (below 8 years) are allowed free entry. Students have to shell out an entry fee of INR 25 each. However, on public holidays the entry fee is INR 10 per person for adults and students. Other tourist attractions nearby include Reis Magos Church at 0.3 kilometres, the Beach at 2.5 kilometres, Candolim Beach at 6.4 kilometres and Shree Shantadurga Temple at 2.3 kilometres.
22. Cansaulim Beach
When deciding on the places to visit in Goa, be sure to visit the beautiful Cansaulim Beach. This one is loved by visitors of all age groups thanks to its amazing scenic beauty and calm ambience. It is also a favourite spot among locals who enjoy picnic parties at the beach. The beach sits right between Colva and Bogmallo beaches. It is an ideal getaway for those who want to enjoy the seaside beauty of Goa while skipping the clutter of crowd and bustle of urban life. Cansaulim Beach is just a few miles away from Arossim Beach, where you can enjoy a number of water sports! From windsurfing to parasailing, from jet-skiing to fishing there is plenty to do at this beach. If you are looking for something more mellow to do, take an evening stroll on its lovely sands. Cansaulim Beach is also one of the most family-friendly beaches in all of Goa. If you are visiting Goa during January, be sure to partake in the Three King's Fest held here–a fun event for the entire family. You may also explore other attractions like the Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary. Be sure to enjoy the sunset along with some delicious seafood offered at the many shacks at this beach!
23. Butterfly Beach
This may not be among the most popular beaches in Goa, but the Butterfly Beach definitely has its own charm! A lesser-known paradise laden with exotic butterfly species and amazing marine wildlife, this is a must visit place in Goa. The semi-circle shaped landscape gives it an island-like appearance, but in reality, it is a beach. Located to the north of the popular Palolem beach, Butterfly is a beautiful beach in South Goa although only a few are aware of its existence. Apart from being home to many exotic butterfly species, the beach also has a great collection of crabs and goldfishes. Some tourists have also spotted dolphins in the waters near the beach at times. It is also ideal for enjoying sunsets in a tranquil seaside setting. Owing to its limited accessibility, private parties are held on the beach from time to time. Be sure to set out on a canoe ride to enjoy this hidden gem which is also heaven for shutterbugs!
24. Betalbatim Beach
Located to the north of the popular Colva Beach, Betalbatim beach is among the lesser-known but very enticing beaches in Goa. While most Goan beaches have rows of palm trees, this one is lined up with a lot of pine trees. Betalbatim is a sought-after destination due to its serene atmosphere and cleanliness. It is about five kilometres from Margao. The beach is nearly deserted barring a few shacks but has a sea that is ideal for swimming. You can also rent sunbeds and umbrellas if you want to soak in some sun. There are actually two beaches here–the Sunset Beach and the larger Betalbatim Beach. Lucky visitors can spot dolphins in the nearby sea and the local fisherman can arrange for tours too. You can also buy fresh fish from the fishermen and cook it in your hotel if you so please! There are a few pretty churches such as the Church of the Holy Spirit located in Margao, that you must visit after a fun dip in the waters of Betalbatim Beach.
25. Colva Beach
Miles of perfect white sand and coconut palms stretching from Bogmalo in the north to Cabo de Rama in the south make Colva Beach a great family spot. Surrounded by the Arabian Sea, it makes for a delightful respite from the urban madness. Located in South Goa and 33 kilometres from Panjim, the closest railway station is Margao. Colva Beach is one of the favourite places to visit in Goa among domestic Indian tourists and is particularly crowded on the weekends.
Reputed as one of the largest and oldest beaches, this beach was used as a retreat for Margao's aristocrats during the colonial era and is one of the best places to visit in Goa. Known for its architectural beauty, the village still paints a beautiful picture of the old-style villas and luxurious houses that was once owned by the patrician class. With constant vigilance by lifeguards, Colva Beach offers great scope for safe water sports like jet skiing and speed boat rides. Tourists also make it a point to stop by the 1630 church of Igreja de Nossa Senhora de Piedade (Our Lady of Mercy) in the village near Colva beach.
The beach has swarms of colourful shops, affordable hotels, an astounding number of shacks and restaurants and bars to keep the tourist busy. Although Colva boasts of a vibrant nightlife, on the downside, the rave parties' scenario is minimal as compared to the North Goa beaches. The best time to visit this lively beach is between November to March.
26. Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception
The Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception is an icon in Goa that is at 1.5 kilometres from Panjim Kadamba Bus Stand and 29 kilometres from Vasco Da Gama Railway Station. Sitting on the hillside site above the Idalco Palace that was built by the 16th century ruler - Adil Shah, this historic building was built in 1541 in a classic style. It is a national historic site and one of the oldest churches in Goa. It is home to the great bell, which is the second largest bell in Goa, brought from the ruins of the St. Augustine Church in Old Goa. It was shifted to the Mary Immaculate Church in 1871 after Panjim became the capital of Goa. Praca de Flores–meaning the 'Square of Flowers'–was added in 1843 taking the church's sheer beauty a notch higher. The main altar in the church has been dedicated to Mary Immaculate; the altar towards the left is features the crucifixion of Jesus and the altar on the right is devoted to Our Lady of the Rosary. Apart from the St. Xavier's Chapel, beautiful statues of St. Paul and St. Peter are major attractions of the church.
Every year on 8th December, the feast of the Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church is celebrated where the church is gorgeously decorated with lights. Venue of numerous film shootings, the timings for the church is open between 9 AM to 12:30 PM and 3:30 PM to 7:30 PM on all days. The entry fee is INR 10 per person.
27. Sinquerim Beach
If it is a calm and peaceful beach of Goa that you wish to visit, then Sinquerim Beach is just the place to go. Not one of the regular tourist spots of Goa, this beach offers you peace of mind and tranquillity you are craving for. The sound of the waves hitting the shores will have a calming effect on your nerves and mind. Located in the eponymous village, this beach also offers scenic views of the famous Fort Aguada. There are a number of shacks dotting the beach line, where you can just relax sipping on a cold bottle of beer or any beverage of your choice. The sand is soft and clean, making this beach ideal to just lounge around the shore or set out on a stroll. For adventure enthusiasts, there are a couple of water sports available here during the tourist season. With its swaying palms, white sands and mesmerising views, one cannot help but feel welcome in this paradise.
28. Three Kings Church or the Reis Magos Church
Usually visited from Reis Magos Fort which is 300 metres away, this beautiful church in North Goa is at a distance of seven kilometres from Panjim Kadamba Bus Stand, 15 kilometres from Mapusa and about 34 kilometres away from Vasco Da Gama Railway Station. One of the amazing places to visit in Goa, this church was constructed by the Franciscan friars in dedication to Saint Jerome. According to history, the two Viceroys of Goa were once buried within this church's premises. Also called the Three Kings of Magi Church, this dazzling white structure has a historical significance with Goa with its multi-coloured wood relief interiors depicting scenes of the Three Wise Men presenting their gifts to the baby Jesus. It has a gorgeous interior. With construction starting in 1555, it was renovated in 1771 and the pillars were created in 1764. With bright and splendid designs, and exquisite prayer hall, and the intricately painted canopy behind the altar, bask in the magnificence of the lavish interiors. The burial place of one of Portugal's greatest Viceroys – Dom Luis de Ataide – is marked with an impressive slab near the altar in the church.
The Reis Magos Church is known to host an annual feast held on the 6th of January dedicated to Caspar, Melchior and Balthazar, the Three Wise Men of the Christmas story. Also called the Fiesta de Los Tres Reyes Magos, it is a time for great festivity and fun in the village where the local youth play the role of the Three Kings of Magi. The villages partake in musical procession from the church around the village. With lots of dancing, procession, entertaining skits, this festival in Goa is one of a kind.
29. Majorda Beach Goa
Majorda Beach is at a distance of 17 kilometres from Goa International Airport (Dabolim) and 12 kilometres away from Margaon Railway Station. It is well-connected to other parts of the state. Laid back and charming, you can put up your umbrella on this spectacular beach lined with swaying palm trees or take a stroll along the famous South Goa coastline and watch the soothing waves of the Arabian Sea. Mae De Deus Church founded in 1588 A.D and rebuilt in 1739 is one of the highlights of this beach. Also the enchanting venue for Goa's Christmas Carnival, it is no surprise that Majorda Beach is one of the most popular places to see in Goa.
Among many coastal enticements for everyone, the lures of streetside shopping cannot be missed. With a huge number of churches, it is a treat to explore the beautiful Portuguese architecture at Majorda. Besides shopping and sunbathing, visitors can enjoy paintball and go-karting here. With pleasant weather all around the year, parasailing, waterskiing, jet skiing etc are also fun activities you can partake in. Visitors will get wide-eyed at the collection at Ashvek Vintage Car Museum that houses cars and related paraphernalia dating back to 1886. For those who prefer to just enjoy the azure seas, strolling along the coast or just lazing on the golden beach, the soothing atmosphere of this beach will calm their jumpy nerves in no time.
Shacks and restaurants like Mish-Mar, Sam's Shack and Camron's Beach Shack dot the beach with delectable Goan cuisines. Don't miss the trendy Martin's Corner, a favourite among Goan tourists. Also, visit Masterchef Victoria Bakery or Anjona Bakery to grab some of the best European bread such as croquettes and patties.
30. Latin Quarter and Portuguese Mansions of Fontainhas
Freshly painted colourful houses with artistic balconies and red slanted roofs at every winding narrow street and the bright red well just around the well will make you fall in love with this Portuguese neighbourhood. Among all the other places to visit in Goa is Fontainhas in Panjim. In 1984, this building was declared a UNESCO Heritage Zone that depicts a 450-year-old heritage of the Portuguese culture that still lives on. Located below Altinho, a hilltop area, this beautiful structure will take you back in time to a world of charming, old Portuguese homes that are now quaint bakeries, café and art galleries with the beautiful street art, all of which belong to Portuguese families that still exist in Goa. It gets its name meaning 'fountain' from Fonte Phoenix or the Fountain of Phoenix, a water reservoir constructed during the Portuguese rule at the foot of the hill. Undeniably charming, you can also opt for a Heritage walk in Fontainhas, visit the St. Sebastian Chapel which houses a number of artefacts and hike to the Altinho hill to visit the Maruti temple for picturesque views and soak in the tranquillity of the Latin Quarter. If you happen to visit during February, don't miss the art and musical Fontainhas festival when the Portuguese cottages are transformed into art galleries exhibiting creations symbolising the Goan legacy.
Also Read: 5 Must Visit Historical Places in Goa
31. Fort Aguada
Besides the world-famous beaches, Goa has numerous attractions that take you back in time. Fort Aguada is one of the best places to visit in Goa. It is a top tourist attraction because of its historical significance. The structure has an impenetrable fortification and a moat, though it is currently dry. A lighthouse within the fort gives a stunning view of the surrounding ocean and land. A specific area of the fort is converted into a jail while the rest is open to tourists. It remains open from 8:30 am to 5:30 pm every day.
32. Calangute Beach
Calangute is located in North Goa and is one of the largest beaches. It remains busy throughout the year and has a coastline that is filled with clubs, markets, and restaurants. It is one of the popular places to visit in Goa. There are many activities you can indulge in on the beach. It remains one of the top Goa sightseeing spots for tourists.
33. Basilica of Bom Jesus
There are numerous churches in Goa, but the best of them is arguably the Basilica of Bom Jesus. It has historical importance because it is the final resting place for St Francis Xavier's mortal remains. The church is very popular in the region and is also a world heritage site. It remains open from 9 am to 6:30 pm from Monday to Thursday. On Sunday it remains open from 10:30 am to 6:30 pm. It is one of the essential places to see in Goa. There are various other churches in Goa, which you can visit with your family.
34. Chapora Fort
Another of the popular places to visit in Goa is Chapora Fort, located at the mouth of the River Chapora. Although the fort is now in ruins, it is visited by many tourists who want to get a good view of the coastline from the top. It is the perfect spot for photography enthusiasts and one of the best places to visit in Goa. It remains open from 9 am to 5 pm from Monday to Sunday. There are various other forts in Goa which you can visit with your family.
35. Dudhsagar Falls
The literal meaning of Dudhsagar is 'sea of milk'. It is a waterfall in Goa and is a beautiful sight, especially in the rainy season. Dudhsagar has a four-level drop from a height of 320 metres. It is the largest in the country and the best time to visit it is during the late monsoon or winter. You can take a train that passes through a bridge facing the falls, giving you one of the best views.
36. Pandava Caves
The Pandavas are very important in Hindu culture. According to the Mahabharata, the Pandavas remained in exile for many years, and it is said that they lived in Goa in the sixth century. You can find caves that were supposed to have been built by them. These caves have five divisions with an idol of a Hindu God in the centre. They are a significant part of Goa sightseeing for tourists. There is a park located close to the caves, and the Arvalem waterfall is also nearby. The caves are open throughout the day.
37. Mangesh Temple
One of the most visited Hindu temples in the region is Mangesh Temple, located on the top of a hill. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is over 450 years old, which is why it is an important destination in the Goa sightseeing itinerary. It has an ancient water tank, a seven-storeyed lamp tower, and a large statue of the Nandi bull.
38. Mollem National Park
The eastern border of Karnataka has the famous Mollem National Park that covers an area of 240 sq. km and is known for wildcats, butterflies, and birds. It is renowned for the dhangar, a local nomadic buffalo. The park also has trekking trails and a waterfall. Adventure enthusiasts should include it in their list of places to visit in Goa. There is a temple within the park that dates to the 12th century.
39. Naval Aviation Museum
One of the best places to visit in Goa, this is a unique structure with indoor and outdoor sections. It has seven types of exhibits, including rockets, protective gear, old aircraft, bombs, parachutes, pilot outfits, and armaments. This museum is a must-visit if you are travelling to Goa with kids. It is open from Tuesday to Sunday from 9:30 am to 5 pm, and is closed on Mondays. Entry is free.
After a busy day of checking off your bucket list of places to see in Goa, you can come to unwind at our stunning resort and relax by the soothing view of the beaches from your room in Club Mahindra Varca Beach resort in Goa. With unparalleled comfort, the resort has to offer, you can also enjoy modern amenities in the exquisitely decorated rooms and in-house restaurants serving delectable Konkan cuisines. To make your dream holiday a reality, indulge in the spa or get yourself a relaxing drink at the resort bar. To know more about the memorable experiences of the guests, check out some membership details and the Club Mahindra reviews of the resorts. Also, have a look at this detailed tourism guide of Goa to make the most of your family vacation in Goa.
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Austrian Burqa Ban Passed into Law
PHILIPPE DESMAZES/AFP/Getty Images
Austria has passed into law a ban on wearing full-face Islamic veils, such as the burqa and the niqab, in public. Violators face fines when the legislation comes into effect in October.
The law is part of an integration package agreed upon by the coalition government, comprised of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) and the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ), after initial resistance by the socialists, Die Welt reports.
The integration package will also prohibit the public distribution of the Quran after a radical Islamist group called "The True Religion" used the handing out of books as a front to recruit new members. The group was ultimately banned in Germany after being raided by police and accused of spreading hatred.
When the law comes into effect in October, the penalty for anyone caught wearing the burqa or niqab will be a fine of roughly 150 euros. Much of the anti-Islamisation aspects of the package were proposed and championed by the new leader of the conservative ÖVP and Austrian Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz.
The legislation also includes provisions for integrating asylum seekers, which will see migrants attend mandatory one-year courses in both German language and Western values.
Migrants will also be made to volunteer their time for unpaid charitable work, which is thought to help them integrate better into Austrian society.
The new law was passed despite the recent turmoil in the Austrian grand coalition due to the surprise resignation of former vice chancellor and former ÖVP leader Reinhold Mitterlehner.
As a result of his resignation, the government has set a date for early elections in mid-October where the anti-mass migration Freedom Party (FPÖ) are expected to make huge gains.
FPÖ leader Heinz-Christian (HC) Strache has repeatedly campaigned against Islamisation in Austria. Earlier this year in Salzburg, Mr. Strache vowed to ban Islamism from Austria. He called Islamism: "Antagonistic to women, antiliberal and corresponds to a fascist worldview."
The FPÖ currently poll just behind the ÖVP who were boosted into first place after Mr. Kurz became the party's new leader.
A similar effect occurred in Germany when former European Union President Martin Schulz took over the German Social Democrats. But after a poor showing in the North Rhine-Westphalia regional elections, many believe the "Schulz boost" may have already ended.
ImmigrationLondon / EuropeAustriaAustrian Election 2017burqa banEurope Migrant Crisis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Expression of MAP4K4 is associated with worse prognosis in patients with stage II pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
PURPOSE: Mitogen-activated protein 4 kinase 4 (MAP4K4) is a serine/threonine kinase and belongs to the mammalian STE20/MAP4K family. Recent studies have shown that MAP4K4 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer and cancer cell lines. MAP4K4 plays an important role in transformation, invasiveness, adhesion, and cell migration. However, the expression of MAP4K4 and its significance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has not been studied. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We examined the expression of MAP4K4 by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays consisting of 66 stage II PDA and their paired benign pancreatic tissue. The staining results were categorized as MAP4K4-H or MAP4K4-L. The results were correlated with clinicopathologic features and patient survival. RESULTS: MAP4K4 was overexpressed (MAP4K4-H) in 30 of 66 (46%) PDAs and was higher than the paired benign pancreatic tissue samples (19%; P=0.002). The median overall and recurrence-free survival for patients with MAP4K4-H PDAs were 19.5 and 9.3 months, respectively, compared with 65.2 and 28.8 months for patients with MAP4K4-L tumor (P=0.02 and 0.0005, log-rank test). MAP4K4 expression was associated with poor overall and recurrence-free survival in univariate analysis (P=0.02 and 0.001). In multivariate analysis, MAP4K4 expression significantly correlated with overall and recurrence-free survival (P=0.025 and 0.004) independent of age, tumor size, differentiation, and stage. MAP4K4 expression was also associated with higher frequency of recurrence/metastasis, larger tumor size, and increased number of positive lymph nodes (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: MAP4K4 was overexpressed in about half of PDAs. Overexpression of MAP4K4 was associated with worse prognosis and is a prognostic marker for stage II PDAs.


Ashif Masih, husband of Christian woman Aasia Bibi who had been sentenced to death, and daughters Sidra Shahzadi and Isham Ashiq on Nov. 24.
Aasia Bibi, a mother of five, has been sentenced to death under the Blasphemy Law by a court in the Nankana Sahib district of Punjab. She has been languishing in jail for one year. Aasia, a labourer and a resident of the Ittanwalai village, is reportedly the first woman to be sentenced to death for allegedly uttering blasphemous words against the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) after a dispute with Muslim women labourers.
However, an investigation by the National Commission on the Status of Women has pointed to the fact that the case was filed under pressure from local influential people, and is based on settling personal scores. Aasia's family has said that they will file an appeal against the sentencing (Dawn, Express Tribune).
President Zardari has asked the Ministry for Minority Affairs to conduct a probe in the Aasia Bibi case and submit a report within three days (Dawn, Express Tribune).
Leading Deobandi and Barelvi clerics have urged President Zardari not to pardon Aasia Bibi, saying that such a decision will lead to "untoward repercussions". The clerics include Qari Hanif Jallundari from the Deobandi sect, and Sahibzada Karim, who hails from the Barelvi sect (Express Tribune).
Shahbaz Bhatti, the Federal Minister for Minorities, has said that the Government of Pakistan will not repeal the Blasphemy Law as it may fuel militancy. However, Mr. Bhatti has said that the government may amend the law to prevent its abuse (Dawn).
Aasia Bibi has submitted a mercy petition under Article 45 to President Zardari through Salmaan Taseer, the Governor of Punjab, who met her in Sheikhupura district jail. In her mercy petition, Aasia Bibi has said that the "judge had awarded her punishment by ignoring the law and the facts under "pressure of some religious extremists"." Salmaan Taseer has said that Aasia Bibi was wrongly accused of the crime and dragged in the streets and gang raped. (Dawn, Express Tribune).
The Federal Government has asked the Punjab Government to ensure Aasia Bibi's protection in jail and for her family members. Shahbaz Bhatti has "urged the provincial government to provide all possible chances to Aasia Bibi to plead her case on merit" (Dawn). Mr. Bhatti has also asked the Punjab government to reinvestigate the case and to provide Aasia with security in jail. Aasia Bibi's husband and lawyer say that they have yet to be contacted by the government (AFP).
The Jinnah Institute's Board of Advisors and its President Sherry Rehman are amongst many who have appealed for a review of the case and a repeal of the Blasphemy Law. The Pope Benedict has also appealed for the release of Aasia Bibi (JI Statement). In his weekly public address, Pope Benedict XVI said that Christians in Pakistan "are often victims of violence and discrimination" (Telegraph, BBC).
As international condemnation of Aasia Bibi's sentencing continues to pour in, with human rights organization Amnesty International being the latest to ask for her sentence to be commuted along with a review of the Blasphemy Laws (Amnesty), Aasia Bibi has told human rights representatives that she has not had access to a lawyer throughout her trial.
According to a statement from Womens Action Forum member Ayra, who met Aasia Bibi after her sentencing along with Misba Momin, a member of the National Commission on the Status of Women and Nighat Hafeez, a lawyer from Shirkat Gah, Aasia Bibi says "she was forced by her coworkers, all women, to embrace Islam while she was working on a farm on June 8, 2009 that led to a discussion on the religious beliefs of two communities. Following this, a number of hot exchanges took place between herself and the Muslim women. After 8 days the complainant, Qari Muhammad Salim, using three Muslim women as witnesses, lodged an FIR against her, based on which she was arrested.
What should concern human rights activists, among many other lapses of her rights, is the fact that Aasia Bibi has now disclosed that she had no access to any lawyer or counsel during her long ordeal in jail. It is even more shocking that even on the day she heard herself being sentenced to death, she was not accompanied by any lawyer. She further stated that she was asked to put her thumbprint on papers that she knew nothing about in court, while no one was deputed by the court to explain it to her.
According to Zia Awan, a noted human rights lawyer, cases that involve capital punishment cannot proceed without the appointment of a lawyer for the accused. Awan says, "If they (Aasia's family) could not arrange for a lawyer, the court has to appoint a proper lawyer for the accused. Additionally, the accused has to be satisfied with the appointed lawyer, this is very important." Awan adds that the accused also has the right to cross-examine the witnesses during court proceedings.
The complainant in Aasia Bibi's case, Qari Salim, told a CNN reporter that "her death sentence was one of the happiest moments of his life. "Tears of joy poured from my eyes," said Qari Salim (CNN).
The Blasphemy Law was amended in 1982 and 1986 under General Zia's regime and is made up primarily of Section 295 B and C of the Pakistan Penal Code. Under the law, the sentence for committing blasphemy is imprisonment and a death sentence. In 1982, the Pakistan Penal Code was amended to include the sentence for defiling the Quran with life sentence. Section 295C stipulates that those making derogatory remarks in respect of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) will be awarded the death penalty (Constitution of Pakistan).
Thousands of cases of blasphemy have been reported in Pakistan in the past 15 years, a jump from 9 cases from 1929-1982. Most of these cases are allegedly based on false claims.
However, in many cases, those accused for blasphemy have been killed before their case even reached the sentencing stage, or they were killed in jail. As recently as November 14th, 2010, an accused in a blasphemy case was shot dead in Lahore near his house, after being granted bail in the case (Express Tribune). The Blasphemy Law has been used against non-Muslims as an instrument of persecution, mostly to settle personal vendettas. In some incidents, the accused persons have languished in jail for years before their cases ever went to trial. On July 22nd 2010, the Lahore High Court released a 60-year-old mentally ill woman after 14 years of imprisonment after no evidence was found against her (Express Tribune). On July 30th and August 1st 2009, seven Christians were burnt alive in Gojra, Punjab and dozens injured after riots broke out on the allegation that a Christian girl committed blasphemy against the Holy Quran. A church, nearly a hundred houses were burned and another hundred homes were ransacked (Daily Times). In April 2008, Jagdesh Kumar a Hindu factory worker, was lynched to death by his colleagues, after he was accused of committing blasphemy in Karachi. The autopsy report says the cause of death was acute head injury resulting from hard and blunt objects (HRCP). These are amongst some of the many instances of injustices that have taken place under the charges of committing blasphemy.
The Jinnah Institute reiterates that the Blasphemy Laws must be repealed and urgently reviewed by an act of Parliament and has called on the Lahore High Court to take up the appeal under due process in order to give Aasia Bibi a fair trial.


By motion dated November 25, 2003, respondent Robert V. H. Weinberg ("Respondent Weinberg") moved to dismiss the complaint against him in this matter. In that complaint, referred to hereinafter as the "2003 Amended Complaint," staff of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation ("Department Staff") sought to impose liability upon Respondent Weinberg for alleged violations of Articles 3, 17, and 23 of the Environmental Conservation Law ("ECL"), as well as violations of a State Pollutant Discharge Elimination ("SPDES") permit issued to E.I.L. Petroleum, Inc. ("EIL").
EIL is a corporation engaged in the international and domestic bulk purchase and sale of liquefied petroleum gases ("LPG"). Bath Petroleum Storage, Inc. ("BPSI"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of EIL, operates an LPG gas storage facility (the "Facility") in Bath, New York. According to the 2003 Amended Complaint, Respondent Weinberg is the president, director and sole stockholder of EIL, and the president of BPSI. The 2003 Amended Complaint alleges further that BPSI and EIL are solely owned by Respondent Weinberg. This action was commenced in March 1997 by service of a Notice of Hearing and Complaint upon BPSI and EIL (hereinafter the "Corporate Respondents").
In a ruling dated March 27, 2000, Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") Helene G. Goldberger granted Department Staff's motion to amend the complaint to add Respondent Weinberg as a respondent. Matter of E.I.L. Petroleum, Inc., 2000 WL 33340964, * 6 (Ruling, Mar. 27, 2000). Following motion practice,(1) Department Staff was directed to serve the 2003 Amended Complaint upon Respondent Weinberg. Matter of Bath Petroleum Storage, Inc., et al., 2003 WL 22456078, *3 (Ruling, October 23, 2003).
Respondent Weinberg's present motion asserts that, due to a defect in the service of the 2003 Amended Complaint, Department Staff failed to acquire personal jurisdiction over him. The motion contends further that the 2003 Amended Complaint's claims are untimely, inasmuch as Mr. Weinberg was not afforded a hearing within a reasonable time. According to Respondent Weinberg, Department Staff purposely delayed serving the 2003 Amended Complaint, to Respondent Weinberg's detriment. Respondent Weinberg also maintains that all of the claims in the 2003 Amended Complaint are barred by the applicable statute of limitations. In addition, Respondent Weinberg argues that the allegations in the 2003 Amended Complaint that seek to impose joint and several liability must be stricken. Department Staff opposes the motion.
For the reasons that follow, the motion is denied. Pursuant to the scheduling order incorporated as part of this ruling, Mr. Weinberg is directed to serve an answer to the 2003 Amended Complaint. Following Mr. Weinberg's answer to the 2003 Amended Complaint, discovery, which has been ongoing with respect to the Corporate Defendants, will take place with respect to all of Department Staff's allegations and any affirmative defenses asserted by Mr. Weinberg.
Respondent Weinberg's motion argues that service of the 2003 Amended Complaint was untimely, because it was not served within 120 days of ALJ Goldberger's March 27, 2000 ruling granting Department Staff's motion to add Mr. Weinberg as a respondent. According to Respondent Weinberg, service within 120 days is mandated by Section 306-b of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules ("CPLR"). Respondent Weinberg contends that service was also defective because Department Staff failed to comply with the ALJ Maria Villa's direction in a ruling dated October 23, 2003, which provided for service of the 2003 Amended Complaint "by ordinary mail" on or before November 17, 2003.
In its opposition, Department Staff points out that the wording of the ruling required service "by ordinary mail," arguing that service upon Mr. Weinberg complied with this directive. In addition, Department Staff notes that service was also effected by certified mail upon Respondent Weinberg. As part of its opposition, Department Staff submitted the Affidavit of Lisa Perla Schwartz, Esq., sworn to December 5, 2003 (the "Schwartz Affidavit"). The Schwartz Affidavit indicates that Mr. Weinberg signed for the certified mail service on November 19, 2003.
According to Department Staff, CPLR 306-b requires service within 120 days of the filing of the complaint with the court. Department Staff points out that it filed the 2003 Amended Complaint with the Office of Hearings and Mediation Services ("OHMS") on November 17, 2003, and served Respondent Weinberg within two days of filing.
The motion goes on to argue that Department Staff's claims are time barred, pointing out that Department Staff did not commence this action as against Respondent Weinberg until November 2003, and arguing further that Department Staff cannot avail itself of the "relation back" doctrine in order to toll the applicable statute of limitations. According to the motion, Department Staff purposely refrained from serving Respondent Weinberg earlier in this action, thus denying him a hearing "within a reasonable time," as mandated by Section 301 of the State Administrative Procedure Act ("SAPA"). The motion states that Department Staff was aware of the alleged SPDES violations at some point prior to March 1997, when this action first began, and Department Staff was aware of the alleged violations of ECL Article 23 "since at least November 1995," when Department Staff directed that Respondents file an application for an ECL Article 23 permit because of alleged expansion of the underground storage caverns at the Facility.
Respondent Weinberg argues that the relation-back doctrine is inapplicable here, citing to Brock v. Bua, 83 A.D.2d 61, 70-71 (2nd Dept. 1981). According to the motion, Department Staff cannot satisfy the three-part test articulated in Brock to determine whether an amendment to include a new party is time-barred, or should be permitted to "relate back" to the original commencement of an action. That test provides that a claim asserted against a new party will relate back to the date upon which the claim was brought against the original defendants, provided that (1) both claims arose out of the same conduct, transaction or occurrence; (2) the new party is "united in interest" with the original defendant, and thus was on notice of the action such that the new party is not prejudiced in defending on the merits; and (3) the new party knew or should have known that, but for plaintiff's excusable mistake as to the identity of the proper parties, the action would have been brought against the new party as well. Subsequently, the modified the test, determining that the mistake need not be "excusable" for plaintiff to satisfy the third element. Buran v. Coupal, 87 N.Y.2d 173, 180 (1995).
Respondent Weinberg contends that Department Staff has not established that there is any "unity of interest" between him and the Corporate Respondents. According to the motion, the 2003 Amended Complaint contains no allegation of specific wrongdoing by Respondent Weinberg personally, but instead relies upon his position as a corporate officer of both BPSI and EIL to establish vicarious liability. Respondent Weinberg maintains that the 2003 Amended Complaint contains no allegations sufficient to establish the requisite unity of interest, such that he "can be charged with notice of the action so that he will not be prejudiced in his ability to defend himself on the merits." Motion, at p. 13. The motion goes on to argue that the defenses available to the Corporate Respondents differ from those that Respondent Weinberg would likely assert, which he contends lends further support to the argument that the Respondents are not united in interest.
According to the motion, Department Staff's failure to add Respondent Weinberg earlier in this action is not the result of any mistake, but rather, was a strategic decision by Department Staff, despite the fact that "Mr. Weinberg has been the main point of contact between BPSI, the sole owner of the facility since 1983, and the Department for nearly two decades." Motion, at p. 14. Accordingly, Respondent Weinberg takes the position that Department Staff cannot satisfy either the second or third part of the test, and thus cannot invoke the "relation back" doctrine.
As a consequence, according to Respondent Weinberg, the appropriate inquiry is whether he has been afforded a hearing "within a reasonable time," pursuant to SAPA Section 301. The motion argues that he has not, to his detriment, because his defense has been substantially prejudiced by Department Staff's delay. In support of this contention, Respondent Weinberg points out that Charles Austin, a manager at the Facility whose testimony "would have been crucial" to Respondent Weinberg's defense in this action, died in or about August 1999. Motion, at p. 17. The motion states further that documents have been lost or destroyed over time, and that three senior employees have also retired, and that Respondents no longer have control over these potential witnesses.
Department Staff asserts that the delay in serving the 2003 Amended Complaint upon Respondent Weinberg does not violate SAPA, which is the applicable standard. According to Department Staff, much of the delay in these proceedings is attributable to the corporate Respondents, and because the corporate Respondents are controlled by Respondent Weinberg, there has been no substantial prejudice to him as a result of the time that has elapsed in serving the amending the complaint. In support of its argument, Department Staff points out that Respondent Weinberg has been on notice since service of the original complaint of the allegations, and on notice since 2000 of Department Staff's intention to add him as a respondent. Department Staff also argues that the significant public interest in enforcing the state's environmental law and regulations must be considered in assessing whether the administrative delay in these proceedings is reasonable.
Respondent Weinberg's motion goes on to argue that Department Staff is limited to a five year "look back" on penalties, citing to 28 U.S.C. Section 2462 of the federal Clean Water Act, and to State v. PVS Chemicals, Inc., 50 F. Supp.2d 171, 183 (W.D.N.Y. 1998). According to Respondent Weinberg, PVS Chemicals stands for the proposition that the five-year statute of limitations in the federal statute applies to prosecutions of SPDES permit violations under State law. In its opposition, Department Staff counters that the federal statute of limitations does not apply to this action, and points out that penalties are sought in this action pursuant to the ECL, not the Clean Water Act.
Finally, Respondent Weinberg moves to strike the allegations in the 2003 Amended Complaint referring to joint and several liability, arguing that the imposition of such liability "necessarily depends upon a showing that the person somehow participated in, authorized or ratified the tortious act - it cannot merely be presumed based upon a corporate relationship." Motion, at p. 19. The motion also points out that the various enforcement provisions referenced in the 2003 Amended Complaint do not, by their terms, impose joint and several liability. In its opposition, Department Staff cites to a number of enforcement proceedings in which joint and several liability was imposed.
By letter dated December 12, 2003, Respondent Weinberg sought permission to reply. That reply, which is considered in this ruling, asserts that Department Staff's opposition confused the amendment of a complaint with service of amended process on a newly-added party. Respondent Weinberg argues further that the "reasonable time" pursuant to SAPA is to be measured from the day of the incident that prompted the agency action, citing to Walia v. Axelrod, 120 Misc.2d 104 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1983), reversed on other grounds, Matter of Axelrod, 103 A.D.2d 1007 (4th Dept. 1984). Respondent Weinberg points out that Department Staff failed to serve the 2003 Amended Complaint for almost four years, and asserts that Mr. Austin's unavailability and the resulting prejudice to Respondent Weinberg's defense is a consequence of Department Staff's failure to timely prosecute this action.
By letter dated March 8, 2004, Respondent Weinberg provided a citation to supplemental authority (State v. Tang, 2004 WL 192983 (Ill. App. Ct. Feb. 2, 2004), in which the Illinois Appellate Court found insufficient an amended complaint filed by the State Attorney General. That complaint sought to impose personal liability for violations of State environmental statutes upon the chief executive officer of a corporation. According to the court, a plaintiff must allege more than corporate wrongdoing in order to state a claim for personal liability. Rather, facts must be alleged "establishing that the corporate officer had personal involvement or active participation in the acts resulting in liability, not just that he had personal involvement or active participation in the management of the corporation." Tang, 2004 Ill. App. at *26.
By letter dated March 5, 2004, Department Staff responded to Respondent Weinberg's submission. That response is considered here. Department Staff argues that an Illinois decision is not controlling precedent in this case, and distinguishes the 2003 Amended Complaint from the complaint at issue in Tang, noting that the 2003 Amended Complaint alleges that Respondent Weinberg exercises direct control over the Corporate Respondents' operations. This, Department Staff asserts, is sufficient to meet the standard articulated in People ex rel. Burris v. C.J.R. Processing, Inc., 269 Ill. App.3d 1013, 1015 (1995), which Department Staff points out was relied upon by the court in Tang.
Service of the 2003 Amended Complaint upon Respondent Weinberg was properly effected. The October 23, 2003 ruling required service "by ordinary mail." This direction contemplated that service would be effected by mailing on or before November 17, 2003. Any arguable deficiency in this service was cured by Department Staff's additional service by certified mail upon Respondent Weinberg, as evidenced by the Schwartz Affidavit.
Moreover, Respondent Weinberg's arguments with respect to the CPLR's 120-day service requirement are inapposite. Section 306-b of the CPLR requires service of a summons and complaint within 120 days after filing. The 2003 Amended Complaint was filed with OHMS on November 17, 2003, the date that it was served by mail and certified mail upon Respondent. The receipt for certified mail is dated November 19, 2003. Thus, service was completed within the 120-day period. As a result, it is not necessary to consider whether the "relation back" doctrine is applicable here.
In addition, CPLR 306-b provides two alternative grounds to extend the time for service, if necessary. First, the rule provides for an extension where the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure to effect service, and also authorizes a second basis for extension within the discretion of the court "in the interest of justice." This second basis to extend the time for service "requires a careful judicial analysis of the factual setting of the case and a balancing of the competing interests presented by the parties." Leader v. Maroney, Ponzini & Spencer, 97 N.Y.2d 95, 105 (2001).
In Leader, the Court of Appeals considered a legal malpractice action, where the defendants argued that under either standard, a plaintiff must show reasonable diligence in attempting to effect service as a prerequisite to the court's exercise of discretion in extending the time for service. Id. at 103-04. The court disagreed, holding that a showing of reasonable diligence is only one of many relevant factors, "including expiration of the Statute of Limitations, the meritorious nature of the cause of action, the length of delay in service, the promptness of a plaintiff's request for the extension of time, and prejudice to the defendant." Id. at 105-06. The Court concluded that "[t]he interest of justice standard requires a careful judicial analysis of the factual setting of the case and a balancing of the competing interests presented by the parties." Id. at 105.
Analyzing the facts and balancing the competing interests of this case compels the conclusion that this motion should not be granted. Respondent Weinberg has been on notice of his potential involvement in this action for a number of years. See Matter of E.I.L. Petroleum, Inc., 2000 WL 33340964, *7 (Ruling, March 27, 2000) (ALJ ruled that there was no prejudice to Respondent in amending the complaint "as Mr. Weinberg has had notice of the proceedings thus far"). While Department Staff bears some responsibility for allowing this enforcement proceeding to languish, the corporate Respondents and Mr. Weinberg have also contributed to the delay. Moreover, Department Staff's motion survived the corporate Respondents' motion for summary judgment, which lends support to the conclusion that Department Staff's case is not frivolous. Finally, as noted in a prior ruling in this case, Respondent Weinberg's arguments as to prejudice are more appropriately considered in the context of an affirmative defense. Matter of Bath Petroleum, Inc., 2003 WL 22456078, *3 (Ruling, Oct. 23, 2003). Whether the delays associated with this action since its inception resulted in prejudice to any of these Respondents is a question of fact that should be developed in a hearing.
Pursuant to Section 301(1) of SAPA, the Department has a statutory duty to afford a respondent an opportunity for a hearing within a reasonable time. In Matter of Cortlandt Nursing Home v. Axelrod, the court articulated the test to be used in determining whether such an opportunity has been provided. 66 N.Y.2d 169, 178 (1985). The Cortlandt test requires "[a]n administrative body in the first instance, and the judiciary sitting in review," to weigh (1) the nature of the private interest allegedly compromised by delay; (2) the actual prejudice to the private party; (3) the causal connection between the conduct of the parties and the delay; and (4) the underlying public policy advanced by governmental regulation. Id. "The determination of what constitutes a 'reasonable time' within the meaning of SAPA § 301(1) must be made on a case-by-case basis by weighing the foregoing factors." Matter of Lawrence, 1988 WL 158347, *4 (Ruling, Oct. 3, 1988). In Louis Harris and Assocs., Inc. v. DeLeon, 84 N.Y.2d 698 (1994), the Court of Appeals cited to Matter of Cortlandt, among other cases, in noting that "[w]e, however, have previously rejected the claim that lapse of time in rendering an administrative determination can, standing alone, constitute prejudice as a matter of law." Id. at 702.
In Matter of Lawrence, the ALJ considered the method to be employed in calculating the time that elapsed before the respondent was afforded an opportunity for a hearing, and concluded that "[i]n an enforcement proceeding before the Department of Environmental Conservation, the relevant period would normally begin at the time of the commission of the alleged violation." Id., at *3. The Commissioner's Decision and Order in Lawrence concluded that, "taking the totality of the circumstances of this case into account, the filing of the charges roughly three and one-half years from the time of the alleged violation is not inconsistent" with SAPA's requirement that a hearing be held within a reasonable time, despite a recommendation by the ALJ that the charges be dismissed due to the delay. Id. at *1. This was based upon the Commissioner's determination that respondent had not been prejudiced, and that the delay was not unreasonable "in the context of the conduct of the business of an administrative agency." Id.
Accordingly, the fact that almost four years elapsed since Department Staff was granted leave to amend and service was effected on Respondent Weinberg is not, standing alone, sufficient to establish that Respondent Weinberg has actually been prejudiced in his defense of this action. Both parties in this case share some responsibility for the length of time that this enforcement action has been pending, but if there is substantial, actual prejudice resulting from that delay, the appropriate course is to take that into consideration as part of a hearing. In Matter of Ward, 1997 WL 33135547 (Ruling, Dec. 17, 1997), respondents opposed Department Staff's motion to amend the complaint, and cross-moved for an immediate hearing on their first affirmative defense, which asserted that respondents had been substantially prejudiced by Department Staff's failure to timely prosecute an enforcement action. The ALJ concluded that the defense should not be dismissed, because "the issue of prejudice cannot be decided on the parties' written submissions. It requires a fact-finding hearing with an opportunity for cross-examination of witnesses who could prove what prejudice occurred here." Id., at *5. The same reasoning applies to this motion, where the prejudice, if any, to Respondent Weinberg may be raised as an affirmative defense.
Moreover, even if substantial prejudice results from delay in scheduling a hearing, the Commissioner is not divested of jurisdiction. Geary v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, 59 N.Y.2d 950, 951 (1983) (pointing out that "[i]n such circumstance, there would have been 'at most an "erroneous exercise of authority"' since the delay would not deprive the commissioner of jurisdiction); Wildman v. Axelrod, 106 A.D.2d 875, 875 (4th Dept. 1984) (noting that in these circumstances the petitioner must first seek administrative relief before judicial review is available) (citations omitted).
Respondent Weinberg's motion cites to the portion of the Cortlandt opinion where the court observed that "where delay obtains by reason of an agency's departure from its governing procedural regulations, the administrative process may be stripped of the presumption of regularity." Id. at 181 (citations omitted). Respondent Weinberg contends that Department Staff intentionally withheld service of the amended process for almost four years, and as a result, this action is devoid of any presumption of regularity, citing to Utica Cheese, Inc. v. Barber, 73 A.D.2d 726 (3rd Dept. 1979), aff'd, 49 N.Y.2d 1028 (1980). Utica Cheese, which concerns an application for a milk dealer's license, not an enforcement proceeding, is factually distinguishable, and is inapposite.
In arguing that his ability to mount a defense has been prejudiced, Respondent Weinberg points out that Charles Austin, a former employee of the Facility who is now deceased, will be unavailable to testify. Department Staff disputes these assertions, pointing out that Respondent Weinberg was in a position to preserve Mr. Austin's testimony if necessary. Again, the parties' contentions concerning their respective obligations, if any, to preserve Mr. Austin's testimony and any prejudice resulting from the failure to do so should be considered during the hearing on this matter. In that regard, at least one court has concluded that the obligation to ensure that testimony is preserved does not rest solely with the plaintiff. See Murcia v. County of Orange, 185 F. Supp.2d 290, 292 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (in civil rights claim, plaintiff had no obligation to preserve testimony of witness who had died, noting that if defendant County wished to preserve the witness's testimony for any purpose, "the County should have deposed him, especially once this Court invited plaintiff to move for leave to amend").
Finally, Respondent Weinberg's arguments concerning the applicability of the five-year statute of limitations pursuant to the citizen suit provision of the Clean Water Act are not persuasive. Respondent Weinberg's motion cites to State v. PVS Chemicals, Inc., 50 F. Supp.2d 171, 183 (W.D.N.Y. 1998) for the proposition that the federal statute precludes consideration of any of the SPDES violations alleged in the 2003 Amended Complaint against Respondent Weinberg that took place more than five years before he was served. That action was brought by the State of New York pursuant to the citizen suit provisions of the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. Section 1645, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA"), 42 U.S.C. Section 6972, which authorize citizens, or a State parens patriae on behalf of its residents, to bring suit for violations of the Acts in the absence of State or federal enforcement action.
Respondent Weinberg's reliance on this case and others cited in the motion papers is misplaced. Those cases considered actions brought pursuant to federal law. The 2003 Amended Complaint alleges violations of the ECL, not the Clean Water Act. In PVS Chemicals, the court noted that the five-year statute of limitations pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 2462 applied to Clean Water Act claims "for statutory civil penalties." Id. at 176. Similarly, the court in Friends of the Earth v. Facet Enter., Inc., 618 F. Supp. 532, 536 (W.D.N.Y. 1984) held that "because this is an action for federal statutory civil penalties," the five-year statute of limitations applied to a citizen suit brought by two environmental groups against a manufacturer for violations of the Clean Water Act. As the 2003 Amended Complaint does not seek relief statutory civil penalties under that provision of federal law, the imposition of the federal five-year statute of limitations is not appropriate in this action.
Department Staff's allegations as to the joint and several liability of the Respondents will not be stricken. Instead, Respondent Weinberg's arguments to the contrary may be asserted in his Answer, and heard as affirmative defenses to the 2003 Amended Complaint. Department Staff will have the burden of proof with respect to these allegations.
The cases Department Staff cites in opposition to the motion are consistent with this approach. As Respondent Weinberg correctly notes, joint and several liability was imposed in each instance following a hearing.(2) Nevertheless, it does not follow that the allegations of joint and several liability in Department Staff's complaint must be stricken at this stage. Instead, these allegations will be considered during the hearing. Moreover, Respondent Weinberg's reliance on ALJ Goldberger's March 27, 2000 ruling in this matter is misplaced. That ruling stated simply that a finding of liability, if any, of the corporate Respondents and Respondent Weinberg would require a demonstration by Department Staff that each Respondent was directly involved, either as an owner or operator, in the alleged violations. Matter of E.I.L. Petroleum, Inc., 2000 WL 33340964, *6 (Ruling, Mar. 27, 2000). The March 27, 2000 ruling does not, as Respondent Weinberg argues, preclude a finding of joint and several liability following a hearing.
Finally, the Illinois case cited by Respondent Weinberg is distinguishable on the basis asserted by Department Staff. The 2003 Amended Complaint does, in fact, contain allegations that Respondent Weinberg exercises direct control over the Corporate Respondents' operations, and that the Respondents, collectively, are responsible for the claimed violations. Accordingly, Tang does not compel the conclusion that the 2003 Amended Complaint fails to allege facts sufficient to survive Respondent Weinberg's motion for summary relief. As noted above, the Tang court relied upon People ex rel. Burris v. C.J.R. Processing, Inc., in which the court analyzed whether the plaintiff's complaint alleged facts sufficient to hold the president of the defendant corporation personally liable for the corporation's violations of the Illinois Environmental Protection Act. The court concluded that corporate officers could be held liable for their personal involvement or active participation in such violations. 269 Ill. App.3d at 1018. The court further determined that because the complaint alleged that the president was personally involved in the decisions and corporate activities which caused the violations to occur, the allegations of the complaint adequately stated a cause of action against the president. Id. Because the 2003 Amended Complaint alleges direct control by Respondent Weinberg, summary relief cannot be granted.
On a motion to dismiss, a complaint must be liberally construed, and the trier of fact must accept as true the facts alleged in the complaint and any submissions in opposition to the motion. 511 West 232nd Owners Corp. v. Jennifer Realty Co., 98 N.Y.2d 144, 153 (2002) (noting that the court will "accord plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference.") (citations omitted). The allegations in the 2003 Amended Complaint must be taken as true, and viewed in the light most favorable to Department Staff. Considered in that light, the allegations are sufficient to survive Respondent Weinberg's motion to dismiss. Accordingly, the motion is denied.
Respondent Weinberg shall serve his answer to the 2003 Amended Complaint on or before April 16, 2004.
Respondent Weinberg shall respond to Department Staff's document demands on or before May 21, 2004.
The deadline to complete discovery is extended to June 11, 2004. On that same date, the parties will serve a list of the witnesses each party intends to call at the hearing on this matter, as well as a statement of the witnesses' qualifications.
Department Staff will file a statement of readiness, pursuant to Section 622.9, upon the completion of discovery and any further settlement discussions.
1 The permit and enforcement matters were joined in a July 26, 2002 ruling on Department Staff's motion to consolidate. Matter of Bath Petroleum Storage, Inc., 2002 WL 1824983, *11 (Ruling, July 26, 2002). In an Interim Decision dated June 17, 2003, Commissioner Erin M. Crotty dismissed BPSI's appeal of the Ruling, as well as a cross appeal by Department Staff. Matter of Bath Petroleum Storage, Inc., 2003 WL 21707875, *1-2 (Interim Decision, June 17, 2003).
2 Matter of Palumbo Block Co., Inc., 2000 WL 1622944, *7 (Order, Oct. 5, 2000) (finding corporate and individual defendants liable after hearing); Matter of Mudd's Vineyard, Ltd., 1999 WL 167551, *1 (Order, Jan. 19, 1999) (penalty assessed after hearing against individual and corporate respondent); Matter of Oil Co., Inc., 1998 WL 799668, * 1 (Order, July 9, 1998) (corporate and individual respondents were jointly and severally liable based upon ALJ's findings after hearing); Matter of Harter, 1995 WL 14154, *1 (Order, Jan. 4, 1995) (individual held jointly and severally liable with corporate respondent); Matter of Mt. Hope Asphalt Corp., 1995 WL 582478, *2 (Order, Sept. 7, 1995); Matter of Pelbamar Corp., 1995 WL 775068 (Order, Nov. 30, 1995); Matter of Morgan Oil Terminals Corp., 1994 WL 736212, *2 (Order, Oct. 17, 1994) (joint and several liability imposed where findings demonstrated that corporate officer "was president and otherwise had such authority and responsibility to prevent the violations committed by the corporate Respondents." ); Matter of PGS Carting Co., Inc., 1994 WL 734543, *1 (Order, Nov. 21, 1994); Matter of Ten Mile River Holding, Ltd., 1992 WL 290006, *1-2 (Order, Sept. 28, 1992).


text:
class AITreeExecutorBehavior : public UpdateableComponent
{
public:
    AITreeExecutorBehavior(
        AINode * tree,
        BehaviorTreeEvaluator * evaluator,
        BehaviorTreeValidator * validator);
    ~AITreeExecutorBehavior();

    virtual void initialize(bool force = false) override;
    virtual void terminate() override;
    virtual void update(float deltaTime) override;

    virtual NodeInformation* CreateInfo() = 0;
private:
    BehaviorTreeEvaluator * _evaluator;
    BehaviorTreeValidator * _validator;
    AINode * _tree;
    bool _treeIsValid;
    NodeInformation* _info;
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Oracle RawToHex function - what happens if return value exceeds varchar2 limit? The RawToHex function in Oracle 11g returns a hexadecimal representation of any raw value.
This function returns the Hex Value as a varchar2.
What happens if I pass a BLOB into the RawToHex() function that will result in a hex representation that exceeds the varchar2 limit of 4000?
Is there any way to convert very big BLOBs into a Hex representation?
UPDATE:
I did some investigation and found an answer for the first part of my question.
I can pass a BLOB into the RawToHex function and this one will execute successfully as long as you won't hit the boundaries of the Raw DataType. Oracle seems to convert from BLOB to Raw implicitly.
DECLARE

a varchar2(32767);
b blob;

BEGIN

select blob_column into b from a_table where a_table_id = 1;
dbms_output.put_line(dbms_lob.getlength(b)); --> output: 216
dbms_output.put_line(rawtohex(empty_blob())); --> converted blob

select blob_column into b from a_table where a_table_id = 2;
dbms_output.put_line(dbms_lob.getlength(b)); --> output: 140000
dbms_output.put_line(rawtohex(empty_blob())); --> ORA-06502: PL/SQL: numeric or value error

END;

Description of this error according to ora-code.com

ORA-06502:    PL/SQL: numeric or value error string
Cause: An arithmetic, numeric, string, conversion, or constraint error occurred. For example, this error occurs if an attempt is made to assign the value NULL to a variable declared NOT NULL, or if an attempt is made to assign an integer larger than 99 to a variable declared NUMBER(2).
Action:    Change the data, how it is manipulated, or how it is declared so that values do not violate constraints.

UPDATE 2:
I've got a solution for this issue. Splitting the blob into smaller blocks and converting them step by step. It delivers the correct result. Is this a correct approach or could this solution fall over at some point?
function BlobToHex(data in blob) return clob
is
    v_clob    clob;
    v_start  pls_integer := 1;
    v_buffer pls_integer := 4000;
begin
    if data is null
    then
        return '""';
    end if;

    dbms_lob.createtemporary(v_clob, true);
    dbms_lob.append(v_clob, '0x');

    for i in 1..ceil(dbms_lob.getlength(data) / v_buffer)
    loop
        dbms_lob.append(v_clob, rawtohex(DBMS_LOB.SUBSTR(data, v_buffer, v_start)));
        v_start := v_start + v_buffer;
    end loop;

    return v_clob;
end;

A: You'll get ORA-00932
SQL> select rawtohex(empty_blob()) from dual;
select rawtohex(empty_blob()) from dual
                *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected - got BLOB
SQL>

because

As a SQL built-in function, RAWTOHEX accepts an argument of any scalar data type other than LONG, LONG RAW, CLOB, BLOB, or BFILE.

As stated by the documentation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When Priscilla Halburton-Smythe brings her London playwright fiancé home to Lochdubh, everybody in town is delighted . . . except for love-smitten Constable Hamish Macbeth. Yet his affairs of the heart will have to wait. Vile, boorish Captain Bartlett, one of the guests at Priscilla's engagement party, has just been found murdered-shot while on a grouse hunt. Now with many titled party guests as the prime suspects, each with a reason for snuffing out the despicable captain, Hamish must smooth ruffled feathers as he investigates the case. When the hidden culprit strikes again, Hamish will find himself trying to save Priscilla from a miserable marriage-and catch a killer before he flies the coop.
M. C. Beaton. (2012). Death of a Cad: Hamish Macbeth Mystery Series, Book 2. Grand Central Publishing.
M. C. Beaton. 2012. Death of a Cad: Hamish Macbeth Mystery Series, Book 2. Grand Central Publishing.
M. C. Beaton, Death of a Cad: Hamish Macbeth Mystery Series, Book 2. Grand Central Publishing, 2012.
M. C. Beaton. Death of a Cad: Hamish Macbeth Mystery Series, Book 2. Grand Central Publishing, 2012. Web.


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text:
Rhamdella aymarae is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de antennemeervallen (Heptapteridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1999 door Miquelarena & Menni.

Heptapteridae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Инвестиционный фонд недвижимости () — это компания, которая владеет недвижимостью, приносящей доход, и в большинстве случаев управляет ею. Подобные фонды владеют многими видами коммерческой недвижимости, от офисов и апартаментов до складов, больниц, торговых центров и гостиниц. Законодательство некоторых стран позволяет фондам недвижимости платить меньше налогов на прибыль и прирост капитала. Фонды критикуют за то, что они способствуют спекуляциям на рынке жилья и снижают его доступность.

Фонды могут публично торговаться на бирже, могут иметь открытую регистрацию, но не торговаться на бирже, либо быть частными. Двумя основными типами являются фонды капитала и ипотечные фонды. В ноябре 2014 года фонды капитала были признаны отдельным классом активов в Глобальном стандарте отраслевой классификации. Ключевыми статистическими данными для изучения финансового положения и работы фонда являются стоимость чистых активов (NAV), денежные средства от операций (FFO) и скорректированные средства от операций (AFFO).

История

Создание
REIT появились в Соединённых Штатах после того, как президент Эйзенхауэр подписал закон 86-779. Закон дал всем инвесторам возможность инвестировать в крупные, диверсифицированные портфели доходной недвижимости так же, как они обычно вкладываются средства в другие классы активов — через покупку и продажу ликвидных ценных бумаг. Первым инвестиционным фондом недвижимости стал American Realty Trust, основанный в 1961 году Томасом Бройхиллом, двоюродным братом американского конгрессмена от Вирджинии , который лоббировал принятие закона при Эйзенхауэре.

С тех пор более 30 стран урегулировали работу REIT. Распространение фондов недвижимости также повысило осведомлённость и желание инвестировать в ценные бумаги в сфере недвижимости.

Комплексным индексом REIT и глобального публичного рынка недвижимости является FTSE EPRA / Nareit Global Real Estate Index Series, который был создан в октябре 2001 года совместными усилиями FTSE Group, Nareit и Европейской ассоциацией общественной недвижимости (EPRA).

В индекс входят более 450 компаний с капитализацией свыше 3 триллионов долларов.

Развитие
В 1960-х годах первые REIT были в основном представлены ипотечными компаниями. В конце 1960-х — начале 1970-х годов отрасль значительно расширилась. Рост, в первую очередь, обусловлен большим участие ипотечных фондов недвижимости в девелопменте. Закон о налоговой реформе 1976 г. разрешил создание REIT в форме корпораций, кроме ранее разрешённых коммерческих трастов.

Закон о налоговой реформе 1986 года также повлиял на фонды недвижимости. Законодательство ввело новые правила, направленные на предотвращение возможности использованиями фондов налогоплательщиками для укрытия своих доходов из других источников.

Инвестиционные фонды недвижимости, как правило, выплачивают 90 % доходов и более в виде дивидендов. Это тормозит собственный рост фондов. Кроме того, когда инвесторы уклоняются от вложений в фонды, руководству становится сложно мобилизовать дополнительные средства для приобретения новой недвижимости.

Примечания

Недвижимость
Инвестиционные фонды