text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.sonatype.oss</groupId>
        <artifactId>oss-parent</artifactId>
        <version>7</version>
    </parent>

    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>com.connect-group</groupId>
    <artifactId>generic-bean-tests</artifactId>
    <version>1.2.1</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <name>generic-bean-tests</name>
    <description>Any properties of an object are automatically added as attributes.</description>
    <url>http://connect-group.github.io/generic-bean-tests/</url>

    <licenses>
        <license>
            <name>The Apache Software License, Version 2.0</name>
            <url>http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt</url>
            <distribution>repo</distribution>
        </license>
    </licenses>

    <scm>
        <url>scm:git:git@github.com:connect-group/generic-bean-tests.git</url>
        <connection>scm:git:git@github.com:connect-group/generic-bean-tests.git</connection>
        <developerConnection>scm:git:git@github.com:connect-group/generic-bean-tests.git</developerConnection>
      <tag>HEAD</tag>
    </scm>

    <developers>
        <developer>
            <id>4dz</id>
            <name>Adam Perry</name>
            <email>aperry7 AT gmail DOT com</email>
            <roles>
                <role>Project Admin</role>
                <role>Lead Developer</role>
            </roles>
        </developer>
        <developer>
            <id>rhyscharlton</id>
            <name>Rhys Charlton</name>
            <email>rhys.charlton AT connect-group DOT com</email>
            <roles>
                <role>Lead Developer</role>
            </roles>
        </developer>
    </developers>

    <distributionManagement>
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            <id>sonatype-nexus-snapshots</id>
            <name>Sonatype Nexus Snapshots</name>
            <url>http://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots</url>
        </snapshotRepository>
        <repository>
            <id>sonatype-nexus-releases</id>
            <name>Sonatype Nexus Releases</name>
            <url>http://oss.sonatype.org/service/local/staging/deploy/maven2</url>
        </repository>
    </distributionManagement>

    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <nexus-staging-plugin.version>1.6.4</nexus-staging-plugin.version>
        <nexus-staging-plugin.nexusUrl>https://oss.sonatype.org/</nexus-staging-plugin.nexusUrl>
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    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId>
            <artifactId>hamcrest-library</artifactId>
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            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.13.1</version>
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            <version>4.3.9.RELEASE</version>
            <scope>provided</scope>
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: One JavaScript confirm delete function for all foreach loop collection items My PHP code contains a foreach loop that creates arrays (called a quotation) from a collection (called quotations). Each quotation contains a delete button with an id that is then fed (as a parameter) into a Confirm Delete JavaScript function.
The challenge is that the first quotation has the specified id so the JavaScript function works correctly. However, for the quotations that come after, there is no specified id so they are deleted immediately when their delete buttons are clicked with no Confirmation prompt.
I tried to vary it using getElementsByClassName but that didn't work.
Here is a snapshot of the foreach loop creating the variables:
@foreach($quotations as $quotation)

Service Request: - {{ $quotation->service_requests->service_name }}

Days to complete service: {{ $quotation->days_to_complete }}
Fees to be charged for service (KES): {{ $quotation->fees_for_service }}
Additional terms: {{ $quotation->additional_terms }}

service_request_id }}/quotations/{{ $quotation->id }}/edit' class="pure-button button-xsmall" id="smallLinkButton" style="background-color: #478dff; color: #ffffff;">Edit Quotation

{{ Form::model($quotation, ["route" => ["service_requests.quotations.destroy", $quotation->service_requests->id, $quotation->id], "method" => "delete"]) }}

{{ Form::button("Delete Quotation!",["type"=> "submit", "class" => "pure-button button-xsmall", "id" => "revDel", "style"=>"background-color: #ff4747; color: #ffffff"]) }}

{{ Form::close() }}

@endforeach

Here is a snapshot of the Confirm Deleted JavaScript function:

Here is a snapshot of how the variables look on my view
How can I change the JavaScript function or the foreach loop (or whatever needs to be changed) so that I get the confirm delete prompt for each listed quotation and not just the first one?

A: You have given all buttons the same id. id are supposed to be unique. the DOM will only recognise the first one. Either give them all names attributes and use the getElementsByName method to get a list of button object and itterate through the node list and set onclick or do this.
{{ Form::button("Delete Quotation!",["type"=> "submit", "class" => "pure-button button-xsmall", "onclick" => "my2ndFunction(event)", "style"=>"background-color: #ff4747; color: #ffffff"]) }}

make sure to remove this line
document.getElementById("revDel").onclick = function(f) {my2ndFunction(f)};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
An Unmarried Woman
By Roger Ebert in the March-April 1978 Issue
Balls, said the Queen—
If I had 'em I'd be King.
The line comes at the end of a long and unhappy passage: Jill Clayburgh, staring at herself in a mirror, haggard and drained after learning that her husband is leaving her, pitiless in her self-assessment. I was deeply affected by the scene, and at the same time I found myself wondering how Paul Mazursky was going to end it. A slow fade to black would be obvious, and unsatisfactory. But what could she possibly say? What was the right line, the right tone? Mazursky had to go way out into left field to find her speech, all right, but he found it, and it works: it gives us the release we need, and sets Clayburgh's personality for the movie's second act, the scenes of bitterness, loneliness, and then pluckiness and the beginnings of emotional recovery.
Mazursky finds the right tone again and again An Unmarried Woman. And it's not always very easy to find, because he wants to make his film both true and funny, not sacrificing the laughs for the truth. That was the way with the early satirical cabaret companies he worked in, the West Coast groups influenced by the first Second City generations (Nichols and May, Barbara Harris, Severn Darden, Andrew Duncan). The humor had to work twice, first for the laugh and then to cut more deeply. And his films, much more than the latter-day spinoffs like Saturday Night Live, preserve the insights and integrity of the late-Fifties American comedy breakthrough.
Mazursky has never before made a film as good as An Unmarried Woman, though—but then few American directors of recent years have. He's never quite gotten through an entire movie before without losing the tone at some point, maybe because it is so hard to make audiences laugh, care, and think at the same rime. He came closest in Blume in Love, with George Segal so hopelessly trying, really trying, to figure out why his wife should enjoy the same sexual freedom he took for granted for himself.
An Unmarried Woman resembles Blume in Love not only in its insight and precise observation of behavior, but also with the emotional satisfactions it provides—Mazursky isn't afraid to pull out all the romantic stops at the right moment. He wants to record the exact textures and ways of speech and emotional complexities of his middle-class Americans, and he wants to point out the empty places and the hiding places in their lives. But he's not a slice-of-life artist. He starts from real, but sooner or later he arrives at a release, and the movie depends on how well he controls the release.
Next Stop, Greenwich Village trailed off, I thought, because it finally didn't know exactly what it thought, now, about those people of all those years ago. Harry and Tonto finally lost the charm of Art Carney's crustiness in an ending too soft and sentimental. But Blume in Love, with its absolutely uninhibited romantic conclusion (George Segal and Susan Anspach running across the Piazza San Marco and into each other's arms to the Love Theme from Tristan and Isolde), provided the release it had earned.
And now, in An Unmarried Woman, Mazursky has prepared his ground so carefully that we not only care but even believe when Jill Clayburgh falls in love with a sexy, cuddly, rich, famous, eccentric British artist. Alan Bates was the perfect casting here, and the Clayburgh character has been so wonderfully realized that we'd even buy it if she met and fell in love with Alan Bates as himself.
There are scenes in An Unmarried Woman so well written and acted that our laughter is unsettling, the laughter of exact recognition. Women friends tell me that the first meeting of Clayburgh and her "club" of three old girlfriends is presented with precise accuracy; all the words and attitudes ring true (especially in the discussion of the older woman's new nineteen-year-old lover: "She doesn't know whether to fuck him or adopt him"). The scene with the four women in the bar sounds right, too, and when Mazursky has them all sprawled on a bed, leafing through the Sunday Times and the photographs of great movie stars, the interplay between their fantasies about actresses and their realizations about themselves is so revealing it hurts.
If the scenes involving the four women are the movie's best, the interplay between Clayburgh and her daughter (Lisa Lucas) is also wonderfully well understood. Remember the way, for example, that the daughter waits until her mother is bringing Alan Bates home to dinner before springing the news about the girl at school who had an abortion: There's not just an unspoken threat here, but an unspoken fear. And Mazursky's ear is perfect in such lines by the daughter as, "We saw the new Lina Wertmuller film. I thought it was good, but Phil thought it was flawed."
Great thought, care, and love must have gone into the writing of An Unmarried Woman, which Mazursky says evolved gradually in his imagination as he began to observe the divorced women in his and his wife's own circle of friends. But great courage went into the acting, too: Jill Clayburgh takes chances here, and never seems concerned about protecting herself, and reveals as much in a character as anyone has since some of Liv Ullmann's work for Ingmar Bergman. The luminosity I found in her performance was all the more joyful because, frankly, I hadn't taken her very seriously before. Gable and Lombard was a turgid mess, and Silver Streak and Semi-Tough weren't structured to demand revelation or subtlety. Friends said Clayburgh was good in Hustling, made for TV, but I missed it.
Now, suddenly, here she is, creating one of the great recent performances. It's a lesson for the critics on the dangers of assessing performance in a movie, a medium in which the actors may be more at the mercy of the other craftsmen than we can easily see. Mazursky tested Clayburgh before, he says, for Blume in Love and Next Stop, Greenwich Village. He always thought she had something. This time he decided to go with his intuition, and he was spectacularly right.
What does the movie say, really say, about women in our society? I don't think it's a message picture—I missed the message, anyway. I think it's supposed to make us feel what this woman in this situation (and therefore many women in many situations) might go through when a "happy" marriage ends and the husband leaves for another woman. The movie is wise to spend enough time at the top establishing the marriage as an apparently happy one; the sex between Clayburgh and Michael Murphy, as her husband, is as easy and familiar as it is occasionally erotic, and what a great touch it was to throw in her impromptu living-room performance in Swan Lake as a coda to orgasm. (A later coda, the ice-skating scene in Rockefeller Plaza, is one of the movie's few real missteps.)
But then the happiness ends, and Murphy, crying on the sidewalk, blurts out the truth about this affair he's been having. Mazursky again finds just the right line (about their daughter: "You tell Patti"), although he follows it with an anticlimactic one ("Tell me one thing: Was she a good lay?"). And then Clayburgh has her meditation on kings and queens and faces living without a husband.
The three close girlfriends are pretty obviously intended by Mazursky to represent a spectrum of possible reaction to the spectre of being suddenly "unmarried" in their thirties. He lines them up in the bar scene, left to right on a diagonal sloping downward toward the strong axis just right of center, and has them argue their cases. On the extreme left, there's the most negative friend ("Hire a good lawyer and sue the son of a bitch for everything he's worth"). Next, at neutral center-screen, is Clayburgh. On the strong axis is the friend who thinks things can be worked out. To the right of her, in a slightly weaker screen position, is the friend who thinks the husband was kinduva nice guy.
Her possible reactions: Which should she choose? The scenes with the woman psychiatrist again walk a thin line between the truth of transparent sincerity and Mazursky's ability to be very shyly satirical. Who, having had anything to do with shrinks, can fail to smile at "I think for right now you should come twice a week, but then after a while once a week, because it's what happens to you out there, not in here, that's important"—while the General Electric clock measures out 55 minutes in the psychiatrist's direct sight line?
Clayburgh's decision to enter the singles-bar jungle is also a walk through a minefield; there are so many ways the movie could go wrong here. But Cliff Gorman, pelted with body hair, possessor of a good line of basic singles-bar bullshit, turns out to be the movie's correct solution: "Relax, the foot doctor's here," he says after she gets a splinter in her toe from the floor of his loft. And then, again, Mazursky finds the right line, or tone, to end a difficult scene: How does she behave in bed? Why, she laughs—and then she finds the sexual excitement. The scene could have ended with her exit, but there's something gentle and even quietly troubling about the way Mazursky stays in the loft long enough to show Gorman, alone again, looking out the window and…lighting a pipe.
The third act, the scenes with Alan Bates, are perhaps the trickiest in the film. There's the temptation to accuse Mazursky of an improbably happy ending: As a lot of people observed about Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, it's just not very likely that a Coca-Cola driver's widow would stumble into Kris Kristofferson as a genial rancher. But I think Mazursky was right to go for a large romantic gesture, and to present it so baldly ("Let's discuss it over lunch" is Bates' laconic opening ploy). Where the picture shows its stubbornness is in refusing to let Clayburgh go off to Vermont with Bates for the summer: Having given herself to one man, unwisely as it turned out, she will now keep permanent possession of herself. She has to take two chances: the chance of falling in love, and the chance that Bates won't settle for less than all of her. She takes her chances, keeping her independence while shouldering as well the burden of his dependence on her (and the final shots are the visualization of her choice).
An Unmarried Woman is such a good picture not because it states vast truths about men and women but because it finds that there are none; its heroine and, maybe the rest of us, are in a muddle most of the time, and depend more than we'd want to admit on old friendships, white wine, and quiet desperation to get us through. Having established that point, Mazursky then goes on to provide hope—or Alan Bates, anyway. And he does it in a movie so firmly in control of its language, its body movement, its personal interplays, its most fleeting facial expressions (remember the daughter's dubious little sniff?) that we're touched by real human sensibilities here. Bergman is the greatest maker of films about Woman; in this one, Paul Mazursky and Jill Clayburgh discover beautiful and worthy things about women.
From the March-April 1978 Issue
George Cukor By Andrew Sarris
Bette Davis By James McCourt
Categories: Reviews

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What kind of learner are you? Audio, Visual, Read-Write, or Kinesthetic? I created SOS materials in hard copy, audio and video because we all learn in different ways. Some people don't want to crack open a book and simply prefer to listen. Others love to watch. Even if you are reading the book, I highly recommend listening to the audiobook or at least the exercises. People have had great results reading and listening in conjunction. If you prefer to watch, then the Self Study classes which are all on video are for you. And please move your body to whatever method you choose!
High Quality Mp3 Audio File to Support the book. This version has all Audio Exercises. File size is large and may take many hours to download. If necessary it can also be enjoyed independently of reading material. Downloaded in a zipped format and playable on any Mp3 supported devices (the vast majority of them will). Download link will expire after 4 days for security reasons. If you encounter any problems please contact us.


The Oakland Police Department provides crime data to the public through the City of Oakland's Crime Watch web site. This site presents the data in a geographic format, which allows users of the information to produce maps and/or reports.
The file that you are about to electronically download, copy, or otherwise retrieve by other means is a tabular representation of the same data without maps or reporting capabilities. Be advised that the exact address of each crime has been substituted with the block address to protect the privacy of the victim.
SOURCE = Indicates if the request was received via SeeClickFix or the OAK 311 mobile app, via the legacy Report A Problem website, or via (Phone or Email).


Description: Forney "VS-7" visitor spectacles – clear. High impact polycarbonate lenses. Anti-fog coating. Scratch-resistant lenses. Wrap-around design that hugs the face. Non-slip temples. 99.9% UV protection.Meets ANSI Z87.1 2003.


text:
A dean of MBA admissions at a top-ranked school shares his best advice to write a great application essay
Think of your essay as an executive summary.
Isser Gallogly
Grades aren't enough.
To get into top business school programs, you must not only prove yourself academically capable, but also demonstrate you have certain personality traits that signal to schools you will be an exemplary business professional.
Many of those softer skills come through clearest in the admissions essay, which means people often try and get creative so that their essay stands out among the rest.
"We often get the question how creative should you be when you're writing your essays to business school," Isser Gallogly, associate dean of MBA Admissions New York University's Stern School of Business, told Business Insider.
"Should your first sentence be, 'Call me Ishmael,' or, 'It was a dark and stormy night,' or, 'It was the best of times, it was the worst of times?' You don't necessarily have to have a headline or a grabber."
Instead, Gallogly, who has 15 years experience in MBA admissions at Stern, said that it's most important ensure you stay on message for the prompt.
"I always say 'AQA:' Answer the question asked," Isser said. "Respond to the prompts, do it completely. "That said, make sure you get across who you are in this essay."
And of course, convey yourself and your goals clearly. "I would treat this a little bit more like if you are presenting a business case on yourself and you are providing almost an executive summary as to who you are, what you're about, and why you're going to business school," he said.
More: Business School MBA Admissions


text:
Britney Spears Is Having Her First Ever Art Show Featuring Her Own Paintings
Britney Spears has accomplished many things throughout her career as a performer. She reached fame as a pop star, has appeared in movies and television, and helped change the industry with her Las Vegas residency shows.
Nine Years After Sending A Message In A Bottle, Teen Gets A Letter Back
A 19 year old student from Suffolk University is having a pretty surreal moment.
Rare Painting Found In Woman's Kitchen Sold At Auction For $26.8 Million
A French senior citizen became a millionaire over the weekend after a painting discovered in her kitchen was sold at auction for $26.8 million. The painting, which is attributed to Italian painter, Cimabue, is said to have been created in the 13th century.
Lost Painting From The 13th Century Discovered In Woman's Kitchen
This story is like something you might see on an episode of "Antiques Road Show".
Maurice The Rooster Wins Frech Court Battle Against Neighbors
Maurice the rooster won the two year justice battle against his neighbors. Now he can happily keep singing and crowing without a worry.
World Famous French Bakery, La Tarte Tropézienne Bakery, Is Coming To Dallas
DFW is about to get a lot sweeter, as a world-famous bakery is set to make their Texas debut. France's La Tarte Tropézienne, famous for their tarte tropezienne, will open their first location in Texas beneath the Hotel Joule.
Robot Pole Dancers To Debut At French Nightclub
A nightclub in France has decided to take the next step into advanced adult entertainment.
Waiter Shot Dead After Customer Felt He Was Taking Too Long Bringing Him His Sandwich
A waiter in France was shot in his restaurant after witnesses say the customer felt he was taking too long bringing him his sandwich.
Jamaican Women's National Soccer Team Headed To World Cup Thanks To Bob Marley's Daughter
The Jamaican Women's National Soccer Team is headed to the Women's World Cup in France this weekend for the first time.
French Mayor Handing Out Free Viagra To Encourage Town To Increase Population
Jean Debouzy is the mayor of Montereau, a small village south of Paris that has a population of only 650 people.


Executive Director Art Neill & Advisory Board Member Kyle Welch, a technology transfer attorney for San Diego State University (and a former NMR legal intern!) will discuss the basics of Intellectual Property at Fablab Wednesday June 29 at FabLab San Diego. Come join us!
A great creative project or business starts with a solid legal foundation. Come join us this Thursday May 12 at 5:30pm for a free legal workshop and Q&A at San Diego City College hosted by SD City RTVF - Open to all and will be held in room C211. Brought to you in partnership with the City of San Diego's Office of Economic Development.
On May 2, 2016, Executive Director Art Neill moderated a panel at the 2016 American Association of Law Schools clinical conference entitled "Community and Pedagogical Benefits of Developing Public Education Resources and Engaging in Technology Enhanced Representation."
In serving both our communities and students, as clinicians we oftentimes need to be creative about our methods of community engagement and litigation focus/case acceptance practices. Traditionally clinics revolve around a live-client model of individual client centered representation. But what happens when we as clinics need to make an impact for more than one individual at a time? Are there non-case related ways that we can create useful legal pathways for our current and future clients, and our community?
Part 1 of this session will discuss the pedagogical benefits and successful approaches when working with students on creating public education resources. Focusing on non-traditional resources including apps and video, we'll discuss how this work advances pedagogical goals of doctrinal learning and client counseling. Specifically, panelists will explain how student work developing public education resources supports not only doctrinal learning by reinforcing concepts learned in the classroom, but also fundamental client counseling skills, such as being able to explain legal concepts to non-lawyers. Through open moderation and audience participation, panelists will discuss a variety of public education projects they have undertaken in their clinics, including the Fair Use Best Practices for Documentary Filmmakers and Online Video Creators, as well as the Fair Use App, and a variety of educational video series and written resources.
Part II of the session will introduce attendees to A2J, a software system with an authoring tool that creates graphical Guided Interviews, which walk self-represented litigants through a legal process. Presenters will discuss the pedagogical model as implemented within clinics; present specific clinic project guided interviews; direct attendees to various teaching materials created by clinics using this software; and expose attendees to new pedagogical perspectives and tools generated by the professors who have taught in the Project. Syllabi and sample interviews will be made available.


text:
Consumer products and cosmetics
Reports and Publications – Consumer Product Safety
Pesticides and pest management reports and publications
Corporate Plans and Reports
Pesticide Compliance and Enforcement Report for 2015-2016
PDF Version - 646 K
The mission of Health Canada's National Pesticide Compliance Program is to help protect the health and environment of Canadians by promoting, monitoring and enforcing compliance with the Pest Control Products Act and its Regulations.
The vision is to strive for Excellence in Pesticide Compliance.
This report outlines activities and results for Health Canada's National Pesticide Compliance Program (NPCP) in Fiscal Year (FY) 2015-2016.
The NPCP is responsible for promoting, monitoring and enforcing compliance with the Pest Control Products Act (PCPA) and its Regulations. The program is administered jointly by Health Canada's Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) and the Regulatory Operations and Regions Branch (RORB). PMRA sets the strategic direction, program priorities and policies, and determines how those priorities are implemented nationally. RORB is responsible for the delivery of compliance and enforcement activities and for maintaining valuable relationships with regional partners and stakeholders.
2015-2016 Statistics - Highlights
This report outlines compliance and enforcement activities conducted by PMRA in partnership with RORB in FY 2015-2016. In planning the activities for the NPCP, a risk-based approach is utilised. In some instances, when non-compliance is known or suspected, a targeted approach may be used, while in other situations, a randomly selected inspection is preferred. The results presented in this report include summary findings of all compliance observations.
The NPCP activities fall into the following main areas: Active Prevention, Targeted Oversight, Rapid Response, and Border and International Activities. Highlights from each of those areas are noted below, with details provided in later chapters.
Active Prevention
The objective is to provide regulatory guidance to industry and the public while identifying safety concerns at an early stage to encourage compliance with the PCPA and its associated Regulations.
The key priority was to continue to educate stakeholders in priority areas of their obligations under the PCPA, for example, promotion of pollinator protection, safe use of pesticides by following label directions and use of proper personal protective equipment (PPE) by commercial and agricultural users and municipal pool chemical sanitation product users.
A total of 199 outreach activities were completed, including presentations to associations, meetings or exhibit booths at trade shows. Communication materials were distributed on risk mitigation measures to be taken during the use of pesticides, for example fact sheets on PPE and Incident Reporting.
Outreach elements such as the provision of verbal or written regulatory requirements were included during the delivery of many targeted oversight activities.
Targeted Oversight
The objective is to identify health, safety and environmental concerns at the appropriate stage of the pest control product life cycle.
In 2015-2016, levels of compliance with the PCPA for inspected entities varied depending on the sector of activity. Most of the detected instances of non-compliance involved the sale of an unregistered product, as well as the import and use of unregistered products, or use contrary to the label approved by PMRA. Most violations were among retailers, importers, and distributors.
Surveillance inspections verified whether compliance had been restored in sectors of concern. Regulated parties who were previously non-compliant with the regulations, and for whom the risks to re-offend were significant, were inspected - 78% were found to have returned to compliance.
The key priority was to monitor compliance with the PCPA among pest control products users, registrants, manufacturers and vendors.
A total of 1286 monitoring and surveillance inspections and 117 interviews focusing on 14 priority areas were conducted. In addition, 488 compliance verifications stemming from complaints, incidents and inquiries were also conducted.
A total of 486 soil, plants, tissues or other samples were analysed by PMRA's laboratory to verify compliance, with an additional 900 samples collected and analysed for bee-related incidents and bee health issues.
The objective is to conduct timely interventions when unacceptable risks of non-compliance are identified.
The key priority was risk-based action in response to non-compliant situations noted during inspections, as well as responses to publicly-reported complaints and incidents.
In 2015-2016, inspections resulted in a total of 1775 enforcement responses. Enforcement responses included education and enforcement letters (614), verbal education (65), issuance of Compliance Orders (3), issuance of notices of violations (NOVs) under the Agriculture and Agri-Food Administrative Monetary Penalties (AMPs) Act with warnings or penalties (27), requests to stop the sale or dispose of a pest control product (718), requests to return or recall a pest control product (80), requests for relabeling (29), orders to cease sale or dispose products (20), collection of investigative samples (15), denials of entry at the border (165), and other actions (39).
Border and International Activities
The objective is to implement border monitoring processes with Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) to reduce risks posed by imported pesticides, and to bolster the international cooperation that facilitates the management of global pesticide compliance and enforcement issues.
Following the analysis of CBSA importation data, 203 targeted inspections were conducted, and 48% of these inspections found non-compliance. The enforcement responses to non-compliant importations were verbal education (14), written education (63), enforcement letters (20), and one compliance order. Referrals from various border points resulted in 165 denials of pesticide entry into Canada.
The Pesticide program strengthened working relationships with international regulatory partners through the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) Network of Illegal Trade of Pesticides (ONIP) and continued using the OECD Rapid Alert System database for targeting unsafe shipments of pesticides.
Summary of Key Observation
In 2015-2016, levels of compliance with the PCPA for inspected entities varied depending on the sector of activity. Most of the instances of non-compliance involved the sale of an unregistered product, as well as the import and use of unregistered products, or use contrary to the PMRA approved label. Most violations were among retailers, importers, distributors, and users.
Surveillance inspections verified whether compliance had been restored in sectors of concern. Inspections of regulated parties who were previously non-compliant found that 78% had returned to compliance. The NPCP took active steps, including application of escalated enforcement measures, to induce the non-compliant regulated parties to fully comply with the PCPA and its associated Regulations.
Chapter 1- Overview of the NPCP
Active Prevention - Encouraging and Promoting Compliance
Targeted Oversight - Inspecting for Compliance
Rapid Response - Managing the Risk Resulting from Situations of Non-Compliance
Chapter 2- Active Prevention
National Program: Responding to Bee Mortality Incidents and Hive Monitoring
National Program: Agricultural and Commercial Users
Regional Program: Municipal Pool Outreach
Other Compliance Promotion Activities
Chapter 3- Targeted Oversight
User Inspection Programs
Distribution Inspection Programs
Re-evaluation Related Programs
Surveillance Inspection Programs
Chapter 4- Rapid Response
Response to Incidents and Complaints
Chapter 5- Border Activities
Target Pilot and CBSA Admissibility Referrals
Chapter 6 - National and International Partnerships to Further Reduce Risk for Canadian
National Collaboration
Chapter 7 - Compliance Overview
Chapter 8 - Forward Planning
Chapter 1 - Overview of the National Pesticide Compliance Program
The NPCP is coordinated from Ottawa and is delivered by regional inspectors located in Burnaby, Kelowna, Edmonton, Calgary, Lethbridge, Regina, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, London, Guelph, Toronto, Montreal, Quebec City, Ottawa, Moncton, Charlottetown, and Kentville. In Newfoundland and Labrador, the NPCP is implemented by the Provincial inspectors located in St. John's, Corner Brook, and Gander. The NPCP is supported by a laboratory located in Ottawa.
Figure 1. Map of regional offices and headquarters (Ottawa)
Image showing a map of Canada with locations of the National Pesticide Compliance Program regional offices and headquarters. Regional offices in Burnaby, Kelowna, Calgary, Edmonton, Lethbridge, Saskatoon, Regina, Winnipeg, Guelph, London, Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal, Quebec City, Moncton, Kentville, Charlottetown, Corner Brook, Gander, St. John's. Headquarters in Ottawa.
Return to Figure 1
NPCP Planning
Annual compliance promotion and inspection priorities are determined after consultation with PMRA science directorates, RORB staff and their provincial and territorial partners. Results from previous inspection programs, stakeholder concerns and changes in product registration status or use patterns are also considered. NPCP activities cover specific sectors periodically in order to remain aware of challenges faced by stakeholders, changes in compliance levels, and to maintain a presence in the regulated community.
Every fall, all relevant information is assessed on a risk basis, from which priority sectors and activities are selected for inspection during the upcoming fiscal year. These risk-based work plans include activities in each of the three pillars of Health Canada's compliance and enforcement framework. Figure 2 represents the activities which fall under each pillar of compliance and enforcement.
Figure 2. PMRA compliance and enforcement continuum
Flowchart showing the activities categorized under each pillar.
Active Prevention:
Booths at trade shows
Targeted Oversight:
Rapid Response:
Enforcement responses
The following is a description of current national pesticide program measures used in the delivery of compliance promotion, inspection, and enforcement activities under the PCPA and its Regulations.
Identifying Compliance
Compliance issues may be identified to PMRA and RORB through the following avenues:
ongoing NPCP activities;
voluntary reporting of suspected infractions; and/or
information reported from other government agencies.
When a situation of non-compliance has been recognized, a compliance risk analysis is performed to determine an appropriate response.
There are a number of activities conducted by regional and headquarters officers that encourage and promote compliance. These activities support the collection, distribution and exchange of information and include the following:
compliance education and outreach;
working agreements, partnerships and consultations with other regulators of pesticides; and
sector consultations with the regulated community.
Inspections are conducted to assess or verify compliance by registrants, distributors or pesticide users. The types of inspections include the following:
monitoring inspections;
surveillance inspections; and
compliance verification inspections.
During an inspection, the inspector assesses activities conducted by the regulated party and records all deviations from regulatory requirements in accordance with the PCPA and Regulations. When required, samples are taken and submitted to PMRA's ISO 17025 accredited laboratory in Ottawa for chemical analysis.
A compliance risk management approach is taken when there is a known or suspected non-compliance that would result in an unacceptable risk. All violations are assessed to determine if there is knowledge, intent, and/or lack of the ability to comply with regulatory requirements. The following factors are also considered:
the history of compliance, including corrective action already taken;
the degree of actual or potential risk (human health and the environment) as a result of non-compliance; and
the level of response necessary to achieve and maintain continuing compliance by the violator and others in the regulated community.
Since the majority of the regulated community will generally comply if they understand the requirements, many violations are addressed through education. Education is typically used when the resulting infraction has limited health or environmental impact, the offender clearly does not understand or know of their obligations, or in some circumstances, it is not clear that they were responsible. Other enforcement options could include: enforcement letters, NOVs with warning or penalty, prosecution, suspension or cancelation of registration, recall, seizure and detention or forfeiture, and denial of product entry into Canada.
Chapter 2 - Active Prevention
In 2015-2016, Health Canada delivered three national compliance promotion programs to promote awareness about requirements under the PCPA and its Regulations, including several activities focused on agricultural communities. A total of 199 compliance promotion activities were conducted (Table 1).
Table 1. Type of compliance promotion activity by program
Active Prevention / Description
Pollinator protection 0 4 0
Agricultural and commercial users 21 25 3
Municipal pool outreach 0 0 20
Inspection programs 1 18 5
Other compliance promotion activities 7 31 64
This program responded to ongoing concerns about the potential impact of pesticides on bees in Canada. Activities delivered included collecting information on reported bee mortality incidents to aid Health Canada in making decisions about the potential contributing role of neonicotinoid pesticides. Details were also gathered around pre-determined bee yards with and without a history of incidents, to help Health Canada understand whether there are differences in neonicotinoid exposure between these areas. Over 900 samples of bees, pollen, nectar, soil, vegetation and water were collected for laboratory analysis, and over 100 interviews were conducted with beekeepers and growers. Four presentations included information on the pollinator protection best management practices. More information can be found on Health Canada's pollinator protection web page.
This outreach program provided pesticide handlers and post-application workers with information on the importance of complying with the label directions, wearing required personal protective equipment (PPE), following Restricted Entry Intervals (REIs) and proper sanitation procedures. The information on proper pesticide use was displayed and presented to diverse audiences including: the general public, farm employees, migrant workers, farm service providers, federal and provincial regulators, gardeners, arborists, landscape companies, aerial applicators, pesticide retailers, vegetation management technicians, veterinarians, and town administrators. Forty-nine presentations were delivered to students in agricultural schools and to grower groups and associations.
Multi-language fact sheets on topics such as PPE, Incident Reporting, Protecting Pollinators, Label Search Database, Pesticides and Food, and Healthy Lawn Tips were distributed. Pest Notes on common pests were also distributed and covered the following topics:
moles and voles
tent caterpillars
The distribution of items such as nitrile gloves and magnets was found to be an effective way to encourage participants to learn more about PPE. PPE posters were also provided to a variety of stakeholders including agricultural retailers, farmers, rural municipalities and businesses to remind their staff to wear the necessary PPE. In total, several thousand handouts were distributed.
Quebec Region piloted an outreach program targeting 20 municipalities (with populations greater than 15,000). In this program, the Region met with municipal representatives responsible for the maintenance of municipal pools to ensure that only registered products were purchased and used according to label instructions. Two instances of non-compliance were identified and enforcement letters were issued.
Health Canada participated in 102 compliance promotion activities across Canada that were not part of the planned compliance promotion programs. These activities consisted primarily of presentations at trade shows, annual general meetings of associations, and conferences. Additionally, every inspection included outreach elements through the provision of relevant fact sheets and other resources.
A total of 199 compliance promotion activities involving over 25 unique communication materials were distributed in 2015-2016. Through these activities, the NPCP increased awareness among targeted regulated groups of their regulatory obligations under the PCPA. Health Canada will continue to prioritize communicating regulatory requirements with all affected stakeholders to achieve voluntary compliance.
Chapter 3 - Targeted Oversight
In 2015-2016, inspections targeting pesticide distributors and users were conducted across Canada. These included 1286 planned inspections and 488 compliance verification inspections in response to complaints and incidents of suspected non-compliance. Surveillance inspections were also conducted to assess the return to compliance.
Eight monitoring inspection programs to determine compliance of users with the PCPA were delivered and 690 inspections were conducted:
phosphine fumigation (27)
pest control operators (83)
rodenticide commercial (217)
fruit and nut bearing trees, bush and vines (172)
soil fumigants (35)
antifouling and marine paint (30)
diazinon (64)
Phosphine Fumigation Inspection Program
Over the course of the re-evaluation of phosphine, a number of new risk mitigation measures were required. Due to the high acute toxicity of phosphine and reported incidents, a compliance program targeting phosphine applicators was initiated. The program began in 2013 with promotion of risk mitigation requirements associated with the use of the product, and continued with inspections in 2014-2015, and again in 2015-2016 based on the high level of non-compliance.
The program delivered 27 inspections and 7 presentations were made to applicators as part of provincial licensing training. As well, 7 interviews were conducted to educate retailers on the regulatory requirements.
Twenty-three of twenty-seven (85%) user inspections were found to have elements of non-compliance with respect to label requirements. The violations observed were essentially related to worker protection and not to public safety. The most common non-compliant situations involved incomplete personal protective equipment (PPE) when phosphine levels were above 0.1 ppm, followed by incomplete fumigation management plan and incomplete signage. All non-compliant applicators were educated verbally on-site and received letters detailing the non-compliance noted and corrective measures required. A frequently observed issue among individual growers and small Pest Control Operators is a lack of knowledge of the current regulatory requirements. Some users have used the product for years and were unaware of the new risk mitigation measures that had been added to the label and some on-farm applicators used the product infrequently and relied on out-of-date training manuals. Additional work to reinforce the understanding of risk mitigation measures will continue in 2016-2017.
Pest Control Operators Inspection Program
Pest Control Operators (PCOs) are specialized commercial users who provide structural and landscaping extermination services for a wide range of clients in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial settings. PCOs apply pest control products to control a vast array of indoor and outdoor pests. The NPCP has been conducting outreach and inspection activities targeting this user group since 2013-2014. These activities focused on PMRA's regulatory role, new risk mitigation measures following the re-evaluation of specific pest control products used by PCOs, and safe use of the PPE.
In 2015-2016, 83 PCOs were inspected across the country to verify compliance with the various labels of pest control products used by the PCOs. Key elements verified during the inspections included:
safe use of products, e.g., use of proper PPE, proper handling of products and precautionary notifications;
product use according to label specifications, e.g., pest controlled, use site and rate; and
the use of Canadian registered products.
Overall, 54% of PCOs inspected were compliant. The most frequent violations included the use of pest control products contrary to label directions (use not included on the label, incorrect use sites and incorrect rates), use or possession of unregistered pest control products, and inadequate use of the PPE. Enforcement responses included verbal education, provision of outreach materials to all inspected PCOs, education letters (9), enforcement letters (16), and NOVs with penalty (11).
During the delivery of this program, additional outreach activities were undertaken targeting PCOs and their staff. This included 11 presentations and participation in one trade show. This inspection program remains a high priority for the 2016-2017 NPCP activities.
Rodenticide Commercial Inspection Program
In 2010, as part of an overall risk-reduction strategy for rodenticides in Canada, PMRA required additional risk mitigation measures to prevent accidental exposure of children and wild animals. As of January 1, 2013, use restrictions for several commercial and domestic class rodenticides came into effect on product labels (re-evaluation decision on rodenticide). Bait must either be placed in tamper-resistant bait stations or in locations not accessible to children, pets, livestock or non-target wildlife. In 2014-2015, commercial rodenticide vendors and users were inspected with a high rate of non-compliance among users. Given these inspection results, it was decided to continue this activity in 2015-2016.
In 2015-2016, 55 vendors were inspected with 41 (75%) being compliant and 162 users were inspected with 152 (93%) being compliant. The main violations included the possession of expired products, the use of pest control products contrary to label directions, as well as the possession of unregistered products. Vendors found to be non-compliant received an education letter. A marketplace inspection program targeting vendors of domestic class rodenticides is a priority for 2016-2017 NPCP activities.
Aquaculture Inspection Program
Over the last several years, this industry has used pest control products to control sea lice, a marine pest which attaches itself to salmon. These products are potentially harmful to the marine environment if not used according to the label directions.
The 2015-2016 aquaculture inspection program delivered 62 inspections on fish and shellfish farms. There were 52 salmon farms inspected in New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador; 6 fish farms inspected in British Columbia, and 4 lake fish farm inspections in Ontario. Additionally, 5 interviews were conducted. On the Pacific coast, there was no indication of pesticide use in the aquaculture industry. Of the 52 inspections in the Atlantic Region, 54 salmon samples were submitted to PMRA's laboratory for analysis of cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin. Two samples had cypermethrin and 2 NOVs were issued. A compliance rate of 96% was observed in the Atlantic Region. Overall, there was a high level of compliance in the aquaculture industry.
Fruit and Nut Bearing Trees, Bush and Vine Growers Inspection Program
In 2015-2016, 172 growers of trees, vines, and bushes that produce edible fruits and nuts were inspected and 278 samples were collected across Canada.
Ninety-one growers (53%) were found fully compliant. The majority of the violations involved worker protection violations related to not following the label directions, such as not wearing the proper PPE (73 growers), not respecting the re-entry interval (REI) (32 growers) and the pre-harvest interval (PHI) (21 growers). Additionally, 95% of pest control products found in storage were in compliance. Twenty-three enforcement letters, 60 educational letters, and 4 verbal education responses were issued for non-compliant situations.
Soil Fumigant Inspection Program
The PMRA re-evaluation of soil fumigants required manufacturers to make improvements to their product labels to further limit human exposure during applications, as well as to further protect bystanders and the environment. A Fumigation Management Plan (FMP) was also required for all applications. This program was implemented to verify compliance with the new risk mitigation measures introduced from the re-evaluation.
Thirty-five inspections were conducted nationally and 23% of fumigants applicators were fully compliant. The level of non-compliance varied greatly among fumigant applicators from no awareness of the requirements, to strong compliance with only very minor infractions (i.e., missing small section of the FMP). In Eastern Canada, the majority of applicators inspected were aware that the label requirements had changed for soil fumigants and had implemented (or partially implemented) many of the required practices. However, in British Columbia many of the applicators inspected were in possession of the old product label and were unaware of the new requirements. As such, in 2016-2017, this activity is a high priority for the NPCP in British Columbia. All inspections of applicators included an educational component promoting the understanding of label directions and the completion of a FMP.
Distributors and Users of Antifouling, Marine Paint Products Inspection Program
Antifouling marine paints are used to provide a protective coating on boat hulls against algae, barnacles and other marine fouling organisms. Like many pesticides, antifouling marine paints can be dangerous to human health and the environment. Interviews were conducted with 2 major antifouling paint distributors and inspections were conducted at 30 marine product distributors and vendors in Ontario and Atlantic regions. An additional follow-up inspection with the Canadian agent of a US registrant was conducted as a result of finding products with expired registration in the marketplace. Verification was conducted to determine whether the antifouling paint products were being used according to label directions with a focus on PPE. Many retail vendors inspected did not apply these products themselves and they often contracted out this work to a third party. The few vendors inspected that did apply these products were either unaware of the label PPE requirements or used only some of the PPE listed on the product label. Fifteen out of 30 (50%) users inspected were not compliant, which resulted in 2 verbal education, 9 written education and 4 enforcement letters.
Diazinon Inspection Program
The 2009 PMRA re-evaluation decision on diazinon required the phase-out of most uses due to health and environmental risk concerns. Some product uses were identified for short-term phase-out (March 2012). Critical uses, with no registered alternative pest control products, were identified for longer-term phase-out and managed under a risk management plan (RMP). These uses were targeted for inspection in 2015-2016.
The inspection program verified compliance with the PMRA's diazinon RMP and phase-out requirements among distributors/retailers and growers. Thirty-three growers and thirty-one retailers were inspected. Five interviews were also conducted. Results indicated that 19 of 31 inspected retailers sold diazinon products in 2015. Inspections of 33 growers found that 17 (52%) were compliant. In all non-compliant cases, education letters were issued and the non-compliant parties were advised to respect the RMP and phase-out requirements. Inspections of 31 retailers found that 25 (81%) were compliant. Verbal education or education letters were issued to non-compliant retailers.
Summary Compliance Rates for User Programs
Across all monitoring inspection programs directed toward users of pest control products, varying levels of compliance were observed. Violations observed were primarily related to the worker protection and not to the consumer or the public safety. In 2015-2016, levels of non-compliance were highest among phosphine fumigation users, soil fumigants users and pest control operators. These three areas are of high priority for the 2016-2017 NPCP activities. In all instances of non-compliance, immediate enforcement actions were taken.
Three monitoring inspection programs were conducted to determine compliance of stakeholders along the distribution chain. Two hundred and fifty-three inspections were completed through these programs:
registrants (51)
research authorizations (59)
marketplace pet products (143)
Registrant Inspection Program
In 2015-2016, the program objectives were to verify compliance of international registrants with the requirements of the PCPA and its Regulations, and to provide information on these requirements to international registrants.
There are 300 registrants outside of Canada with approximately 1800 products registered with the PMRA. A total of 51 inspections were conducted. Information was collected and verified from the international registrants and/or their Canadian agents. Twenty-seven registrants were compliant and 24 were non-compliant. Common issues of non-compliance included label violation, unapproved formulating sites and Technical Grade Active Ingredient (TGAI), as well as non-compliant websites. Verbal education was given to 2 registrants and written educations or enforcement letters were issued to 22 registrants.
Research Authorization Inspection Program
The Pest Control Products Regulations allow the use of unregistered pest control products for research purposes if specified conditions are met. This program monitored compliance with the requirements associated with using pest control products for research. Fifty-nine research sites were inspected across the country, and 51 (86%) were found fully compliant. There were three instances of improper signage and improper product disposal, two instances of not wearing PPE as required, as well as one instance of research being done in the unapproved location using an unapproved tank mix. The majority of violations detected were related to use of products that was inconsistent with the directions on the experimental label. All researchers and co-operators were informed of regulatory requirements.
Marketplace Pet Products Inspection Program
Every year, the NPCP monitors pesticide retailers for sale of unregistered pest control products. In 2015-2016, the program focussed on inspections of retailers selling pet products to consumers. Of 143 inspections, 94 had one or more unregistered products for sale, and their distributors were identified. Two thousand two hundred ninety (91%) of the 2517 inspected products were compliant, and non-compliant products were removed from store shelves. Education and enforcement letters were issued to the non-compliant vendors. Non-compliance typically resulted from a lack of knowledge of the regulatory requirements. Fifty-seven percent of vendors were unaware that a pesticide can only be sold if it has a registration number. Follow-up inspections in 2016-2017 will determine if non-compliant retailers have returned to compliance.
Summary Compliance Rates for Distribution Programs
Across all targeted oversight programs directed toward distributors of pest control products, varying levels of compliance were observed. The most frequent violation was the distribution of unregistered products. The highest level of compliance was observed during the research authorizations inspections.
Thimet 15-G Inspection Program
Following a re-evaluation decision in 2012, the registration for the pest control product Thimet 15-G (active ingredient, phorate) became subject to cancellation and the phase-out period was extended as per the following schedule:
Last date of sale by registrant - June 1, 2015
Last date of sale by retailers and distributors - June 1, 2015
Last date of use by growers and users - August 1, 2015
Stakeholders were informed of the upcoming cancellation of Thimet 15-G in 2012. In addition, PMRA requested that the registrant of this product be responsible for the disposal of any product remaining in the marketplace after the registration expired.
In August 2015, a scan of the marketplace was conducted to determine whether Thimet 15-G continued to be available for sale. Forty-two inspections of retail (40) and distribution centres (2) were conducted. Four interviews were also conducted. None of these retailers were selling the product. However, 4 retailers still had Thimet 15-G in storage. These retailers were advised to return the product to the distributor for disposal by the registrant.
In 2015-2016, the surveillance program verified whether there was a return to compliance in sectors of concern. Regulated parties and individuals were targeted in 68 surveillance inspections based on previous non-compliance with the regulations, and likelihood to re-offend. Seventy-eight percent of these inspections found a return to compliance (15 non-compliant findings). In addition, 30 inspections were selected from previous violators from the 2010-2012 Unregistered International Marketplace program in Ontario. The international surveillance program verified whether compliance had been restored in sectors of concern. Sixty-seven percent of these inspections found a return to compliance (10 non-compliant inspections).
NPCP is taking active steps, including application of escalated enforcement measures, to induce the remaining regulated parties and individuals to fully comply with the PCPA and its associated Regulations.
Targeted Oversight activities in 2015-2016 included inspections, presentations, meetings and interviews with growers, pest control operators, retailers, registrants and distributors. Non-compliance was detected across several sectors. The most frequent violations were possession of an unregistered product; sale, import, and use of unregistered products; and use contrary to the label approved by PMRA. Lack of awareness of regulatory obligations and decisions were the primary reasons for non-compliance.
Chapter 4 - Rapid Response
In 2015-2016, 1775 enforcement actions were taken as a result of non-compliance, 942 from planned inspections and 833 as a result of complaints.
There were 1066 violations with respect to non-compliant pest control products not meeting regulatory requirements. Enforcement actions taken included denial of entry (165), stop sale and disposal (718), return to vendor (74), recall (6), order of disposal (20), relabel of products (29), and others (39).
As well, another 709 enforcement actions were taken such as written education (458), verbal education (65), enforcement letters (156), compliance orders (3) and administrative monetary penalties (27).
In support of the program, 486 samples of soil, plants, animal tissues, liquid and surface wipes were submitted to PMRA's laboratory to verify compliance with the PCPA. Among these samples, 196 were collected during compliance verification inspections to ascertain compliance with the PCPA.
In 2015-2016, the pesticide program responded to 488 reported incidents of suspected non-compliance and complaints received from the public and regulated parties. When instances of non-compliance with the PCPA were detected, measures were taken appropriate to the circumstances and risks involved.
One example of a higher risk incident is summarized below:
Agricultural products sold to homeowners: Health Canada became aware of a company selling repackaged agricultural class products for domestic class use. Chemical analysis confirmed that the products were agricultural insecticides and herbicides not registered for domestic class use. The repackaged products did not indicate the nature and concentration of the active ingredients nor the protective measures to be followed during handling. Non-compliant products were seized and disposed of. Compliance Orders were issued to stop the non-compliant repackaging and sales activities, and 6 NOVs were issued.
Compliance verification of 488 complaints and suspected incidents of non-compliance resulted in 833 enforcement responses. Enforcement actions for products were mainly requests to stop the sale. Written education, enforcement letters and AMPs were the main enforcement tools used against the PCPA offenders.
Chapter 5 - Border Activities
Internet commerce has led to a dramatic increase in the number of pest control products being shipped into Canada via international mail and private courier services. Many of these products are domestic class pest control products purchased online by Canadian residents from out of country distributors, a practice that can be illegal depending on the type, quantity and monetary value of the pest control product. Pest control products purchased online and shipped by mail or private courier may not have been subjected to the safety and quality checks that Health Canada places on legally imported products, and may pose health risks to consumers. Working with other federal agencies, including Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), Health Canada deploys risk-based strategies, including blitzes at border points nationwide to identify, examine, and intercept these shipments.
CBSA's Pathfinder import data have been used by Health Canada's pesticide compliance program since 2012 to identify trends in pesticide imports and to gather evidence to respond to non-compliant importations. An inspection program targeted at importers was delivered in 2015-2016 to address non-compliance and to educate importers on the PCPA. More than 80% of the pest control products used in Canada are imported. Unregistered products offered for sale constitute the most common violation of the PCPA found in the marketplace.
Of the 203 targeted import inspections, there was a 48% rate of non-compliance, primarily with retailers importing unregistered pest control products, followed by importation of unregistered pest control products for personal use. Commercial (growers and industrial facilities) and distribution violations were the next most frequent area of non-compliance. In response, 63 written education, 20 enforcement letters, 14 verbal education and one compliance order were issued.
Admissibility referrals from CBSA at various border points resulted in 165 denials of entry into Canada. In addition, 11 presentations as well as one meeting were provided to border officers to inform them of the regulatory requirements related to the importation of pesticides.
In September 2015, the Ontario region targeted a courier point of entry. As a result, Health Canada received 108 referrals from CBSA. Health Canada made 105 admissibility decisions with an 82% refusal rate. Based on this initiative, approximately 454 kg of unregistered pest control products were refused entry into Canada. The majority of these referrals (91%) were personal imports. All of the refusals were followed up with education letters outlining the requirements of the PCPA and the reason for the refusal.
Since 2012, the importation data from the CBSA enables the NPCP to develop and implement a compliance program focussed on the verification of suspect imports and removal of unregistered pest control products from the Canadian market.
Chapter 6 - National and International Partnerships to Further Reduce Risk for Canadians
There are a number of collaborative initiatives with Health Canada regional offices and provincial, territorial and municipal partners. A few examples:
Sprayer calibration workshop
Education Credit program for pesticide applicators
Pest Management Regulatory Agency policy and regulatory updates
In March 2016, a sprayer calibration workshop was delivered in conjunction with an equipment manufacturer in British Columbia. Workshop attendees included Non-Government Organizations, provincial personnel and pesticide program staff. The workshop was designed to increase knowledge of sprayer maintenance, provide an understanding of issues applicators face and provide participants with potential solutions to allow them to mitigate risk associated with the wrong equipment calibration.
Agricultural producers in Prince Edward Island require a Class A Pesticide Applicator License in order to apply pesticides on agricultural crop, agricultural land, seed grain, or potato seed pieces. First time applicants must write an exam and certification is valid for five years. As an alternative to writing the exam for licence renewals, a method of re-certification was developed to promote continuing education for pesticide applicators. Two different sessions are held and applicators must take both sessions over the five-year period before their license expires.
The Pesticide Compliance Program participated in delivering the 2015-2016 Continuing Education Credit program. Topics covered included pesticide registration, re-evaluation and the importance of complying with label directions, re-entry intervals (REIs), pre-harvest intervals (PHIs), buffer zones (aquatic and terrestrial), and ways to reduce spray drift. The program was attended by 200 pesticide applicators.
In support of continuing efforts to inform provincial partners, Quebec Region staff produced a list of changes to the registration of pesticides and transmitted the list to their provincial colleagues each month. The list detailed any additions on use or removals from use on the labels, new products, and phase-outs of products. The information is relayed to growers and their advisors, and is used to update the provincial database, SAgE-Pesticides. The NPCP is considering the expansion of this activity across Canada.
With world commerce growing larger, more complex, and even more interconnected, surveillance is increasingly essential to protect the health of Canadians. The NPCP engages with a wide variety of organizations, including other government agencies and international organizations, to leverage information. Through effective engagement with selected partners, the NPCP expands its reach to protect health and the environment with finite resources.
During 2015-2016, the NPCP strengthened working relationships with its international regulatory partners through the OECD Network of Illegal Trade of Pesticides (ONIP).
The access to the OECD Rapid Alert System facilitated quick sharing of information when illegal or unsafe shipment of pest control products was identified by one of its member countries. The NPCP participated in ONIP meetings that discussed the elements to be included in the Best Practice Guidance Document. The goal of the document is to provide an overview of best practices in detecting and stopping illegal trade of pesticides, primarily to assist regulators in OECD countries that are developing this capacity.
By collaborating with our international partners and working with other federal and provincial/territorial ministries, Health Canada has rapid access to compliance information for promoting and verifying compliance with the PCPA and to educate individuals, local officials and grower groups on regulatory requirements.
Compliance Trends
Activities carried out by the NPCP in 2015-2016 indicated that compliance exists to varying degrees depending on the sectors of activity. Violations related to sale, unregistered use and importation of unauthorised products were the major types of non-compliance encountered during the inspections (Figure 3).
Selected regulated parties who were previously non-compliant with the regulations in 2014-2015 and were likely to re-offend showed a 78% return to compliance. In 2015-2016, 1775 enforcement responses were delivered to induce non-compliant regulated parties to fully comply with the PCPA and its associated Regulations.
Figure 3. Types of violations in 2015-2016
Pie chart showing the percentage of violations types observed in 2015-2016.
Sale = 35%
Unregistered use = 19%
Importation = 24%
Possession = 15%
Contrary to the label = 7%
Several priorities were identified by the NPCP for the 2016-2017 fiscal year:
Delivering the 2016-2017 NPCP commitments in the areas of manufacture and re-evaluation, import, marketplace, agriculture use, commercial and industrial use, as well continuing the delivery of surveillance inspections targeting regulated parties who were previously non-compliant;
Delivering on-going compliance promotion activities to encourage and promote compliance, for example by providing education and outreach materials;
Delivering the Regulatory Transparency and Openness commitments, including web posting the 2015-2016 Compliance and Enforcement report, and the registrant inspection information; and consulting with industry and OECD member countries in the further development and refinement of an initiative that would look at sharing of global risk information;
Improving information sharing with regulatory partners, and strengthening compliance and enforcement relationships with governments and organizations such as information sharing Memorandum of Understanding with the United States Environmental Protection Agency, information sharing with the OECD ONIP and working closer with CBSA and other government departments.
Active Prevention: Promotion of appropriate import, manufacture, distribution, sale, and use of pest control products. See also the definition of compliance promotion.
Administrative Monetary Penalties (AMPs): The Agriculture and Agri-Food Administrative Monetary Penalties Act provides a system of penalties and warnings for violations of several federal Acts including the Pest Control Products Act. The Agriculture and Agri-Food Administrative Monetary Penalties Act allows Canadian pesticide regulatory officials to impose penalties without having to pursue formal prosecution.
Candidate: The person or business reported or suspected of being in contravention of the Pest Control Products Act or its associated Regulations.
Compliance: The full implementation of legal requirements. It is the state of conformity of a regulated party (including a corporation, institution, individual or other legal entity) or a pest control product with the Pest Control Products Act and its associated Regulations.
Compliance Monitoring: Collecting and analysing information on compliance status of a pest control product or a facility (place or operation where pest control products are manufactured, held, stored, marketed, sold, distributed, transported, used or disposed or where records relating to such activities are maintained) or of an industry or use sector. Compliance monitoring involves interviews, inspections and sampling.
Compliance Orders: A tool to inform the regulated party of a violation of the Pest Control Products Act and its associated Regulations which requires timely action to prevent risk to health and safety.
Compliance Promotion: Action taken to assist regulated enterprises, individuals and other legal entities to comply with the Pest Control Products Act and its associated Regulations. These actions include educational activities and the provision of information on legislation and policies.
Compliance Verification: Inspections that are not part of a planned program that are in response to specific violations, suspected violations, or complaints. They can be surveillance inspections which are planned to target specific individuals or groups for follow-up on previous findings or concerns.
Contravention: The act of coming into conflict with a provision of legislation. Under the Pest Control Products Act and its associated Regulations, a contravention can lead to either a violation or an offence.
Co-operator: Any individual, corporation or institution not engaged in pesticide research who has agreed to use or allows the use of a pesticide for research purposes on a site owned or operated by that individual, corporation or institution.
Detention: The act of holding a pest control product in the custody of the Pest Management Regulatory Agency, which nullifies the rights of the owner over this product, until the provisions of the Pest Control Products Act and its associated Regulations are complied with.
Education Letters: Primarily provides an individual or company with information about their regulatory obligations.
Emergency Registration: Registration of a pest control product, for a period not exceeding one year, for the emergency control of seriously detrimental pest infestations.
Enforcement Letters: In addition to informing stakeholders of their regulatory obligations, enforcement letters require that action be taken to restore compliance.
Enforcement Responses: Actions that may be taken by Health Canada's pesticide program to induce, encourage or compel compliance by the regulated party with the Pest Control Products Act and its Regulations or to cause a contravention to cease, to prevent future contravention or to impose sanctions for non-compliance. Enforcement responses include education letters, enforcement letters, compliance orders, Administrative Monetary Penalties, and Prosecution.
Forfeiture: The loss or surrendering of an item to the Crown as part of the enforcement response to a contravention, where an item has been seized and detained and subsequently forfeited using either section 55 of the Pest Control Products Act or section 22 of the Agriculture and Agri-Food Administrative Monetary Penalties Act.
Guarantee Limits: The active ingredient(s) levels in the pest control product must be in compliance with its declared guarantee statement and product specifications.
Inspection: The review and examination of the compliance status of a pest control product or any place or operation where pest control products are manufactured, held, stored, marketed, sold, distributed, transported, used or disposed, or where records relating to such activities are maintained.
Interview: A compliance monitoring activity that is part of the National Pesticide Compliance Program and involves a questionnaire. Health Canada's pesticide program officer gathers information to determine risk of non-compliance. The consideration of this risk determines the nature, type and frequency of oversight in a given situation.
Investigation: Actions taken to gather evidence to support a case referral for potential judicial determination regarding specific violations of the Pest Control Products Act and its associated Regulations. This includes taking statements and activities carried out under the Criminal Code, i.e., executing search warrants.
Monitoring inspection: A planned inspection
Phase-Out: The gradual elimination of registered product uses, product formulations, or product registrations, through the Pest Management Regulatory Agency's Re-evaluation Program.
Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI): The time between the last application of the pesticide and harvest.
Rapid Response: Enforcement responses to non-compliance, which can vary depending on a number of factors, such as the harm or potential harm caused by the infraction, compliance history, whether the regulated party acted with indifference or premeditation, the likelihood that the problem will reoccur, and the probable and likely outcome of each enforcement action.
Registrant: A person in whose name a pest control product is registered.
Restricted Entry Interval (REI): A restricted-entry time after the application of a pest control product.
Seizure: The act of taking possession of a product under the authority of the Pest Control Products Act without the person's consent for the purposes of placing the product under detention. Seizure deprives the owner of the item from freely doing anything with the item, but unlike forfeiture, he/she retains ownership of the item.
Surveillance: Follow-up inspections conducted to verify the effectiveness of previous programs.
Targeted Oversight: Early detection of health, safety and environmental concerns at the appropriate stage of a pest control product's life cycle. This is achieved by undertaking a variety of activities including inspections, sampling and surveillance to identify risks.
Violation: A contravention of the Act or the Regulations that may be proceeded with in accordance with the Agriculture and Agri-Food Administrative Monetary Penalties Act see subsection 2(2) of the Pest Control Products Act.
This document does not constitute part of the
Pest Control Products Act
(Act) or its associated Regulations and in the event of any inconsistency or conflict between that Act or Regulations and this document, the Act or the Regulations take precedence. This document is not intended to provide legal advice regarding the interpretation of the Act or Regulations. If a regulated party has questions about their legal obligations or responsibilities under the Act or Regulations, they should seek the advice of legal counsel.


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Albert Hickey and Cat Lamin are running another Wimbledon Raspberry Jam on Sunday, 23rd April. Featuring talks, workshops and show-and-tell, this has turned into one of the best Jams in the South-East and is well worth attending. It runs from 1-4pm at the Merton Arts Space in Wimbledon Library. Get your free tickets here.


I hope Eduardo isn't angry.
Kerri was careful not to be noticed.
I haven't seen Duke in three years.
Rees finally found his way home.
Izchak is married to my sister.
Tait was here less than an hour ago.
Marion tried to stand up, but couldn't.
Oliver told me that he was sick.
Matthew sat on the sled behind Hsuan.
Daryl knew he'd just made a huge mistake.
Ted is three inches taller than his wife is.
Rebecca decided not to answer the question.
Edmond shoved Tad out of his way.
This isn't what Mara expected.
Delbert proceeded to the next question.
Shawn knew where he had last seen his car.
Nicholas didn't ask whether Earle was planning to go or not.
Lewis doesn't even have a driver's license.
Never in my life do I want to see Ravindranath again.
Miki is fishing for trout about a hundred meters downstream from here.
Werner's racist comments cost him his job.
Kyung and Robert walked from early morning until it started to get dark.
Are you sure you want to wait for Glenn?
Carlo looked nervously at the doctor.
I think it's highly unlikely that Konstantinos was not aware that he wouldn't be allowed to enter the museum without his parents.
Tad and George had a shotgun wedding.
Is there anything else I can help Sedovic with?
Belinda doesn't seem to be concerned about anything.


text:
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Fire-Making, Storytelling, and Ceremony
Secrets of the Forest
Buy $24.95£18.95
In the second volume of the Secrets of the Forest series, Mark Warren addresses a wide range of what an outdoorsperson needs to know about fire such as:
how to create it from scratch using three different methods (hand drill, bow drill, and fire-saw).
which species of trees and dried winter weeds make good candidates for a fire kit.
where to find tinder that can combust.
how to construct a fail-proof pyre by mixing fast-burning fuel with dense hardwood.
how to sustain a fire for the long term, including how to safely store a smoldering fire that can survive for several days.
The second half of the book is dedicated to storytelling and ceremony. Its main purpose is how to design stories that augment whatever lessons a teacher has in mind. Such stories can familiarize students with the fine points of archery, canoeing, tracking, stalking, and other crafts or skills. Borrowing from Native American traditions, Warren introduces dozens of ways for young outdoorspeople to build self-esteem and a deep connection with the forest. This volume contains more than 100 original activities.
About Warren, Mark
Mark Warren owns and runs nationally renowned Medicine Bow Wilderness School in the mountains of North Georgia where he teaches nature classes and primitive skills of the Cherokee. Mark has taught survival courses to thousands of schools and groups all over the country. In 1980, the National Wildlife Federation honored Mark as Georgia's Conservation Educator of the Year. In 1998 Mark became the U.S. National Champion in whitewater canoeing, and in 1999, he won the World Championship Longbow title. He is the author of the memoir Two Winters in a Tipi published in 2012 by Lyon's Press.
Also Recommended
Archery, Projectiles, and Canoeing Warren, Mark
Traditional Skills of the Mountain Men Montgomery, David
Eternity of Eagles Bodio, Stephen J.
Basic Wilderness Survival Skills, Revised and Updated Angier, Bradford
The Wilderness Cooking Handbook Fears, J. Wayne
Essential Survival Gear Ayres, James Morgan
WHAT WE PUBLISH!
© 2017 Lyons Press. An imprint of Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved.
Distribution Clients & Services
Distribution – UK, Europe, Africa, Asia


text:
Q: Unramified section associated to a rational point This is a question for those familiar with the section conjecture, so I'll do away with the definition of a ramification map in this case. Here is the definition of a ramification map from an etale cohomological point of view:
For a number field $k$ and a smooth geometrically connected curve $X$ over $k$, let $X^0$ denote the set of closed points of $X$ and $k(X)$ denote the function field of $X$, we have an exact sequence
$$0 \rightarrow \mathrm{Br}(X) \rightarrow \mathrm{Br}(k(X)) \rightarrow \bigoplus _{v \in X^0} H^1(G_v, \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \rightarrow H^3(X,\mathbb{G}_m),$$
where $G_v = \mathrm{Gal}(k(v)_s/k(v))$, with $k(v)$ a perfect field for all $v$. We say that a point $v \in X^0$ is unramified if the corresponding ramification (or residue) map
$$\mathrm{Br}(k(X)) \rightarrow H^1(G_v, \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$$ is trivial. This is essentially taken from Milne's EC.
Now let $\mathrm{Gal}_k$ denote the absolute Galois group of $k$ and $H(k,X)$ be the set of sections $s: \mathrm{Gal}_k \rightarrow \pi_1(X)$ modulo $\pi_1(\bar{X})$-conjugacy. It is known that a section $s_v \in H(k,X)$ arising from a rational point $v \in X(k)$ is unramified, this is Lemma 84 of Stix's lecture notes Rational points and the arithmetic of fundamental groups.
For an unramified section $s_v$, does it follow that the ramification map
$\mathrm{Br}(k(X)) \rightarrow H^1(G_v,\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$
of the associated rational point $v$ is trivial?
Please let me know if these concepts are completely unrelated, or if they are, some ways of thinking about a connection would be appreciated.


text:
No plans for new school despite hundreds of homes being built in Yatton
PUBLISHED: 08:30 14 October 2017
Construction work at Arnolds Way began back in late-2015.
Detailed drawings showing how more than 100 homes, a primary school and care apartments could look on the outskirts of Yatton have been revealed.
Bloor Homes has over the past two years developed North End at Arnolds Way by building a bigger roundabout and 150 homes in the first phase of its housing scheme.
It already has outline planning permission for a second phase of 'up to 200 homes', but needs a more definite plan ratified by North Somerset Council before construction can commence.
That reserved matters application was submitted this week and shows Bloor wants to build an additional 107 homes, while leaving room for a care village and school.
Bloor says the decision to reduce housing numbers is not unusual.
Its spokesman added: "The outline application for up to 200 homes covered the whole site, whereas the reserved matters application we submitted in September only covers the land for open market homes.
"A second application for extra care housing will be submitted by a specialist provider at a later date. This will include around 60 apartments which should result in around 167 homes in total.
"It's not unusual for there to be a difference between the number of homes applied for at the outline and reserved matters stages. The number of homes in an outline application is an approximate 'up to' figure, and reserved matters applications often vary in number due to market demand at the time based on density and the mix of homes."
Bloor is allocating room for a school, but it will be the council's responsibility to build it. While the authority has no immediate plans to do so, it concedes it may be necessary in future if Yatton children are not to face a commute to Clevedon or beyond.
MORE: Bloor to provide £1million in S106 funding to North Somerset Council.
It was only at last month's Yatton Parish Council meeting that villagers raised concerns over a lack of places at the village's schools.
A council spokesman said: "In supporting the principle of local schools for local children there is an expectation pupils living in this development would want to be educated in Yatton.
"The council has agreed to accept a land allocation as a proportionate contribution from this developer, in lieu of a financial contribution toward the need for infrastructure within the village."


Goldfish Swim School – Garden City will be closed from Friday, March 30 through Monday, April 02 in observance of Easter. Thank you, and we hope that you and your family enjoy the holiday weekend!
See you back in the water on Tuesday, April 3!


Again, thanks to CMU 15662 Computer Graphics course, I have got a nice visualization tool that can clearly show the bounding boxes in the Bounding Volume Hierarchy (BVH). Then under Zoe's help, I have successfully implemented a simple BVH and visualized it.
My BVH will firstly build the root bounding box, and find the longest axis, then recursively equally divide space along the longest axis, recalculate the child bounding boxes and put them into the tree. Here is the relevant code for it.
A Bounding Volume Hierarchy (BVH) is a tree structure implements the Binary Space Partitioning Trees that I talked in my last post. It often applies to a set of geometric objects, and all of them are wrapped in bounding volumes that form the leaf nodes of the tree. These nodes are then grouped as small sets and enclosed with larger bounding volumes recursively, eventually resulting in a tree structure with a single bounding volume at the top of the tree. This structure is efficient when work on collision detection or ray tracing.
bool leaf;  // am I a leaf node?
Primitive* prim;  // which primitive did the ray hit?
Talking about data structures in game industry, we cannot ignore trees. For example, the Binary Space Partitioning (BSP) Tree is a very common data structure for processing three-dimensional virtual scenes, especially for rendering and collision detection. I have just learnt it from Data Structures and Algorithms for Game Developers by Allen Sherrod, and now it is a good time to write some notes as a review.
In a BSP tree, the child nodes are often called the front and back nodes instead of left and right, and I think this will help you understand ray tracing more easily. The main idea of BSP is choosing a plane, then recursively partition the scene (all polygons) into halves, until some condition is met, which could be a minimum number of polygons in a node, or a certain depth of levels.
Set the polygon list to the node (root if this is the first node).
Calculate a plane that will be used as the splitter plane.
Loop through all polygons to choose side. If there is a polygon spans the splitter plane, split it into two new planes.
Repeat steps 1 to 3 for the font and back notes recursively until the stop condition is met.
Loop through all polygons and create a plane for each one.
For every plane add up the number of polygons on each side.
Whichever plane has the lowest absolute difference (Math.abs(frontTotal – backTotal) is the best splitting plane, also know as the score.
This is how to implement a BSP tree, I will take a further look on using it in some real conditions later.
we can see there are two steps in call(): change this in the function, then execute the function.
So in my custom implementation, we can set the function as a method of the callee object, it will change this in the function. Then we invoke this method, and delete it when we are done.
It works. However it has not been done yet, because the real call() can accept arguments.
So in function call(this, args1, args2, ...argsN), argument is the new this, and arguments to arguments[arguments.length-1] are the real args1 to argsN. Then we can use eval() to assemble the function with arguments.
That is not that difficult, we just need assign the assembled function to a variable and return it.
One more corner case, in the real call() function, when the first argument is null, this will pointer to window object.
Then we want one more Employee type inherit from the Person, and has its own office property.
First, call parent's constructor to inherit the properties.
We use the call function to call parent's constructor inside child's constructor, and the first parameter specifies the value of this when running the function, which now is the Employee constructor.
We have already inherited all parent's properties in the constructor, then we need to inherit parent's methods on its prototype, like the sayName function. The Object.create()function is exactly designed for this.
Now the child type Employee has inherited all the properties and methods from parent type Person, even include one thing we do not need to inherit: constructor. So we should set it back.
It works! But too late.
Recently I have read some articles talking about memory optimization theoretically, and I am looking for someways to prove that. Then I was told Visual Studio has builtin memory profiler tools, so let's take a look.
Visual Studio 2017 has "Diagnostic Tools" which will automatically show up when you start debugging.
Using "Heap Profiling" function, we can set breakpoints and take snapshots to monitor the heap memory usage. I have written the code below to test it, with breakpoints on lines 6, 11, 12, 14.
When we start debugging, the program will pause on each breakpoint, then we can take snapshots accordingly.
The first snapshot was took at the first breakpoint, before the program entered line 6. It shows the initial heap memory usage before we do any real tests.
Then the program declared some local variables, paused at line 11. We can see from the snapshot 2 that the heap memory usage didn't change. It is because all local variables are on the stack memory, and their space will be automatically released. There is another "Locals" window can keep track local variables.
The line 11 used the "new" operator to allocate some heap memory for the array. So we can see on the snapshot 3, there is one more allocation, and the heap size increased. We can click it to see more details.
Yes we have allocated a int array, and the size should be exactly 4 * 100 = 400 Bytes.
Finally the line 12 deleted the array, so the memory is freed. The heap memory change is exactly opposite to previous one.
This is another gem from Game Programming Gems 8, describes a method of allocation that shave valuable cycles off, to optimize our code for speed and space.
The typical way of doing a rapid allocation is to use a linked list. Here we will use a simpler stack allocator. This system uses a pre-allocated list of items, with arbitrary-size indices for the pointers, INTs, WORDs, BYTEs or even BITs. But unlike a normal list, we use a simple stack concept and position the stack pointer at the end. Then we can pop the next free item off the stack, and return it with less code, while we push items onto the list to free them.
The ability to easily use varying sizes of indices, bits, pointers, or even POD types directly without having to really change the implementation is very powerful. Here is a example with basic pointer allocation.
First, we need to create and initialize the array.
// Pop a particle from the free pool.
// -1 is returned if there are no free particles left.
Allocating a particle is simply a matter of calling Pop(), while releasing only requires to call Push(). To clarify when dealing with a stack method, we will stick with Push() and Pop().
Now let's try to allocate an index as handle to an object rather than a pointer to the object. In this example, we have 256 sprites that we wish to allocate from, and rather than allocating an object and returning a whole pointer, we will simply allocate and return the BYTE index, thereby saving memory.
// Pre-Fill stack with ready to use particles.
Here we changed the allocation type by simply replacing the Particle* with a sprite index. Because the total index number is 256, so we can use an 8 bit unsigned char to store them. The calling class can then store the index and use it as a handle directly, or at least take the address of &SpritePool[index] just before using it.
Taking an extreme case of 16 million objects (a full 24-bit number), normally we would choose a full INT index or a linked list. However, using the stack method, we can easily store 3 bytes per entry by storing two tables of a byte and a short. Thereby saving 1 byte, that is 16 MB for total. Taking this further, for example, a 18 bits of information, we can deal with multiple tables of one holding a short and another holding the leftover bits.
There are some tricky bit manipulations in Push command for dividing 18 bits into a short and 2 bits, then push them onto two stacks.
// Clear the bits we're about to OR into.
// Return the next free index (an 18-bit number), or -1 for an error.
The real strength is the ease and speed at which we can adapt the stack allocation system to our needs. Not only pointers, BYTEs, SHORTs, and INTs, even groups of BITs.
We can also use POD(Plain Old Data) type, which store a whole structure but can also fit inside a standard native type. For example, we need a POD to hold 64×64 tile coordinate inside multiple 4096×4096 texture pages.
Since this data fits inside 4 bytes, we can actually allocate and return it directly without the need of pointers. We can also make an array of these that is the same amount of memory as an array of INTs. In fact this is copied around at the same speed as a standard integer number, as now modern compilers will recognize this and allow us to pass around this data inside a register.
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