text:
Broadcast syndication
In broadcasting, syndication is the licensing of the right to broadcast television and radio programs by multiple television and radio stations, without going through a broadcast network. It is common in countries where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates, particularly in the United States. Syndication is less common in the rest of the world, as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates and syndication, although shows can also be syndicated internationally.
Types of syndication 1
First-run syndication in the U.S. 2
The 1970s and 1980s 2.1
First-run syndicated comedy 2.1.1
Dramatic first-run syndicated programs 2.1.2
Animated series 2.1.3
News programming and late-night talk shows 2.1.4
Reality and live-action children's shows 2.1.5
Game shows 2.1.6
Stripped talk shows 2.1.7
The 2000s 2.2
Influence on television schedules 3
Off-network syndication 4
Strip/daily syndication 4.1
Monetary rates 5
Types of deals 6
Radio syndication 7
History 7.1
International syndication 8
U.S.-style syndication internationally 8.1
Regional syndication 9
See also 10
Sources 12
Types of syndication
First-run syndication refers to programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication[1] (not any one particular network), or at least first so offered in a given country (programs originally created and broadcast outside the United States, first presented on a network in their country of origin, have often been syndicated in the U.S. and in some other countries);
Off-network syndication involves the licensing of a program that was originally run on network television or in some cases first-run syndication: a rerun; these are usually found on stations affiliated with smaller networks like Fox or The CW, especially since these networks broadcast one less hour of prime time network programming than the Big Three television networks. This usually occurs when a show has built up about four seasons worth or a minimum of 88-100 episodes. Successful shows in syndication can cover production costs and make a profit, even if the first run of the show was not profitable.[1]
Public broadcasting syndication has arisen in the U.S. as a parallel service to member stations of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and the handful of independent public broadcasting stations. This form of syndication more closely resembles the news agency model, where nominally competing networks share resources and rebroadcast each other's programs. For example, National Public Radio (NPR) stations commonly air the Public Radio Exchange's This American Life, which may contain stories produced by NPR journalists.
When syndicating a show, the production company, or a distribution company called a syndicator, attempts to license the show to one station in each media market or area, or to a commonly owned station group, within the country and internationally. If successful, this can be lucrative; but the syndicator may only be able to license the show in a small percentage of the markets.
Syndication differs from licensing the show to a television network; once a network picks up a show, it is usually guaranteed to run on most or all the network's affiliates on the same day of the week and at the same time (in a given time zone, in countries where this is a concern). Some production companies create their shows and license them to networks at a loss, at least at first, hoping that the series will succeed and that eventual off-network syndication will turn a profit for the show.
A syndicated program is licensed to stations for "cash" (the stations purchase the rights to insert some or all of the advertisements at their level); given to stations for access to airtime (wherein the syndicators get the advertising revenue); or the combination of both. The trade of program for airtime is called "barter".
In the United States (as a result of continued relaxation of station ownership regulations since the 1970s), syndicated programs are usually licensed to stations on a group level, with multiple stations owned and/or operated by the same broadcasting group carrying the program in different markets (except in areas where another station holds the market rights to the program) – making it increasingly more efficient for syndicators to gain widespread national clearances for their programs. Many syndicated programs are traditionally sold first to one of five "key" station groups (ABC Owned Television Stations, NBC Owned Television Stations, CBS Television Stations, Fox Television Stations and Tribune Broadcasting), allowing their programs to gain clearances in the largest U.S. television markets (such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago and Philadelphia, where all five aforementioned groups each own stations), before striking deals with other major and smaller station owners. Shows airing in first-run syndication that are carried primarily by an owned-and-operated station group of a network may sometimes be incorrectly referenced as a network program, regardless to its distribution to stations of varying network affiliations and despite the fact it is not part of an individual network's base schedule.
Since the early 2000s, some programs being proposed for national distribution in first-run syndication have been test marketed on a selected number of or on all stations owned by certain major station groups, allowing the distributor to determine whether a national rollout is feasible based on the ratings accrued in the selected markets where the program is being aired.[2]
While market penetration can vary widely and revenues can be unreliable, the producers often enjoy more content freedom in the absence of network standards and practices departments; frequently, some innovative ideas are explored by first-run syndicated programming which the networks are leery of giving airtime to. Meanwhile, top-rated syndicated shows in the United States usually have a domestic market reach as high as 98%.
Very often, series that are aired in syndication have reduced running times. For example, a standard American sitcom runs 22 minutes, but in syndication it may be cut back to 20 minutes to make room for more commercials.
Syndication can take the form of either weekly or daily syndication. Game shows, some "tabloid" and entertainment news shows, and stripped talk shows are broadcast daily on weekdays, while most other first-run syndicated shows are broadcast on a weekly basis and are usually aired on weekends only.
There was a big discussion sometime in the 1990s and 2000s about whether a show could be syndicated while it was still on the air. There had been much opposition to this idea and it was generally viewed as leading to a death of the show; however, licensing a program for syndication actually resulted in the increased popularity for shows that were still in production. A prime example is Law & Order.[3]
First-run syndication in the U.S.
As with radio in the U.S., television networks, particularly in their early years, did not offer a full day's worth of programming for their affiliates, even in the evening or "prime time" hours. Some stations were not affiliated with any network, operating as independent stations. Both groups sought to supplement their locally produced programming and whatever network feeds there were with content that could be flexibly scheduled. The development of videotape and, much later, enhanced satellite downlink access furthered these options. While most past first-run syndicated shows were shown only in syndication, some canceled network shows continued to be produced for first-run syndication or were revived for syndication several years after their original cancellation. Until about 1980, most syndicated series were distributed to stations either on 16mm film prints (off-network reruns, feature films, and cartoons) or videotape (topical series such as the talk shows of Mike Douglas and Merv Griffin, and variety and quiz shows.)
Ziv Television Programs, Inc., after establishing itself as a major radio syndicator, was the first major first-run television syndicator, creating several long-lived series in the 1950s and selling them directly to regional sponsors, who in turn sold the shows to local stations. Ziv's first major TV hit was The Cisco Kid. Ziv had the foresight to film the Cisco Kid series in color, even though color TV was yet to be a reality. Among the most famous and widely watched Ziv offerings were Sea Hunt, I Led Three Lives and Highway Patrol. Some first-run syndicated series were picked up by networks in the 1950s and early 1960s, notably The Adventures of Superman and Mr. Ed. The networks started syndicating their reruns in the late 1950s, and first-run syndication shrank sharply, for a decade. Some stalwart series continued, notably Death Valley Days; other ambitious projects were also to flourish, however briefly, such as The Play of the Week (1959–1961), produced by David Susskind (of the syndicated talk show Open End and also producer of such network fare as NYPD).
Other popular syndicated series of the 1950s included MCA's The Abbott and Costello Show (vaudeville-style comedy) and Guild Films' Liberace (musical variety) and Life With Elizabeth, a domestic situation comedy that introduced Betty White to a national audience. In addition to The Adventures of Superman, many other series were based on comic strips and aimed at the juvenile audience, including Flash Gordon, Dick Tracy, Sheena, Queen of the Jungle, and Joe Palooka. Original juvenile adventure series included Captain Gallant of the Foreign Legion, Cowboy G-Men, and Ramar of the Jungle. Series based on literary properties included Sherlock Holmes, Long John Silver (based on Treasure Island), The Invisible Man, and The Three Musketeers. Several of these were co-productions between US and European (usually British) companies. Crusader Rabbit pioneered in the area of first-run animated series; followed by Bucky and Pepito, Spunky and Tadpole, Q.T. Hush, and others. (All of these were five-minute shorts designed to be placed within locally hosted kiddie shows.) Syndicated sports programming included Championship Bowling and All-Star Golf, both produced by Chicago-based Walter Schwimmer, Inc.
In addition to regular series, syndicators also offered packages of feature films, cartoons, and short subjects originally made for movie theatres. Until late in the 1950s, however, much of the theatrical product available consisted of low-budget secondary features (mainly Westerns) with relatively few notable stars.
One syndication company, National Telefilm Associates, attempted to create a "film network" of stations showing its lineup of first-run series, which included syndicated programs such as Police Call (1955),[4] How to Marry a Millionaire (1957-1959), The Passerby, Man Without a Gun (1957-1959), and This is Alice (1958). The venture lasted several years, but was ultimately unsuccessful.
However, FCC rulings in the late 1960s curtailed the U.S. networks' ability to schedule programming in what has become known as the "early fringe", notably the 7–8 p.m. (Eastern and Pacific Time) hour of "prime time", with the stated hope that this might encourage more local programming of social and cultural relevance to communities (off-network syndicated repeats were also banned); some projects of this sort came to fruition, though usually relatively commercial and slick ones such as Group W's Evening Magazine/PM Magazine franchise, and such pre-existing national projects as the brief commercial-television run of William F. Buckley, Jr.'s interview/debate series Firing Line. The more obvious result was an increase in Canadian-produced syndicated dramatic series, such as Dusty's Trail and the Colgate-sponsored Dr. Simon Locke. Game shows, often evening editions of network afternoon series, flourished, and a few odd items such as Wild Kingdom, canceled by NBC in 1971, had a continuing life as syndicated programming tailor-made for the early fringe.
In 1971, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission passed the Prime Time Access Rule and Financial Interest and Syndication Rules, which prevented networks from programming one particular hour of prime time programming on its television stations each night and required the networks to spin off their syndication arms as independent companies. Although the intent of the rule was to encourage local stations to produce their own programs for this time slot, budgetary limits instead prompted stations to buy syndicated programs to fill the slot. This, coupled with an increase in UHF independent stations, caused a boom in the syndication market.
Into the 1970s, first-run syndication continued to be an odd mix: cheaply produced, but not always poor quality, "filler" programming. These included the dance-music show Soul Train, and 20th Century Fox's That's Hollywood, a television variation on the popular That's Entertainment! theatrically released collections of film clips from the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer library.
There were also many imported programs distributed this way. These include the documentary series Wild, Wild World of Animals (repackaged by Time-Life with narration by William Conrad) and Thames Television's sober and necessarily grim The World at War. The Starlost (1973) was a Canadian series, apparently modified from the vision of science fiction writers Harlan Ellison and Ben Bova. Britain's ITC Entertainment, headed by Lew Grade, made UFO (1970) and Space: 1999 (1975). These two series were created by Gerry Anderson (and his associates), who was previously best known for supermarionation (a combination of puppetry and animation) series such as Thunderbirds. The most successful syndicated show in the United States in the 1970s was probably The Muppet Show, also from Lew Grade's company. Animated series from the 1980s Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds and Around the World with Willy Fog came from Spanish animation production company BRB Internacional and their Japanese co-producers Nippon Animation.
Game shows thrived in syndication during the decade. Nightly versions of What's My Line?, Truth or Consequences, Beat the Clock and To Tell the Truth premiered in the late 1960s and found loyal audiences for many years. Several daytime network games began producing once-a-week nighttime versions for broadcast in the early evening hours, usually with bigger prizes and often featuring different hosts (emcees were limited to appearing on one network and one syndicated game simultaneously) and modified titles (Match Game PM, The $100,000 Name That Tune or The $25,000 Pyramid, for example). A few independent game shows, such as Sports Challenge and Celebrity Bowling, also entered the syndication market around this time. Of these shows, Let's Make a Deal and Hollywood Squares were the first to jump to twice-a-week syndicated versions around 1973. Another popular daytime show to have a weekly syndicated version was The Price Is Right, which began concurrently in weekly syndication and on CBS; the syndicated "nighttime" version was hosted by Dennis James for its first five years, after which daytime host Bob Barker took over for another three years of weekly episodes (even though, by this point, the daytime and nighttime shows had diverged noticeably). The nighttime version of Family Feud (1977) quickly jumped from once-weekly to twice, and finally to five-day-a-week airings, and its massive popularity, along with that of new five-day-a-week entries like Jack Barry's The Joker's Wild (1977) and Tic-Tac-Dough (1978) and Chuck Barris's increasingly raunchy remakes of his 1960s hits The Newlywed Game and The Dating Game, brought an end (with rare exceptions) to the era of once-a-week games. Also popular in first-run syndication and daytime was The Gong Show, hosted by Barris throughout most of its run (Gary Owens hosted the first syndicated season).
A number of half-hour musical-variety shows were also offered in the early 1970s, generally built around personable middle-of-the-road singers like Bobby Vinton, Bobby Goldsboro, Dolly Parton, and Andy Williams, or groups like Sha Na Na, The Johnny Mann Singers, and The Golddiggers.
Wait Till Your Father Gets Home (1972) was a Hanna-Barbera cartoon series attempting to ape the All in the Family-style sitcoms; Skippy the Bush Kangaroo (1969) was an Australian children's series in the manner of Flipper or Gentle Ben (a decade later, the decidedly not-for-children Australian Prisoner: Cell Block H would have a brief U.S. syndicated run); and a Canadian sketch-comedy series began appearing on U.S. television stations in 1977 – Second City Television, which would eventually find a home, for two seasons, on NBC, as SCTV Network 90 (and on premium cable channel Cinemax by 1983).
The Universal/Paramount-produced package of original programming, Operation Prime Time, began appearing on ad hoc quasi-networks of (almost by necessity) non-network stations in the U.S. in 1978, with a mini-series adaptation of John Jakes's The Bastard.
From the latter 1960s into the late 1970s, Westinghouse also found considerable success with The Mike Douglas Show, a variety/talk show hosted by a singer with an easygoing interview style, which aired in the afternoons in most markets; similar programs soon followed featuring Merv Griffin, who had been the host of CBS's most sustained late-night answer to The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson previously, and another network veteran, Dinah Shore. Also notable was the growing success of audience-participation talk shows, particularly that of the innovator of the format, Phil Donahue.
First-run syndication in the 1970s also made it possible for some shows that were no longer wanted by television networks to remain on the air. In 1971, ABC canceled The Lawrence Welk Show, which went on to produce new episodes in syndication for another 11 years, and currently continues to much success in weekend reruns (with new segments featuring Welk cast members inserted within the episodes) distributed to PBS stations by the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority. Also in 1971, CBS dropped Lassie and Hee Haw, the latter show's run ending as part of the network's cancellation of all of its rural-oriented shows (known then as "rural purge", which also resulted in the cancellations of The Beverly Hillbillies and Green Acres). Lassie entered first-run syndication for two years, while Hee Haw continued to produce new episodes until 1992.
First-run syndicated comedy
Throughout the mid-to-late 1980s into the early 1990s, sitcoms continued to enter first-run syndication after being canceled by the networks, the most successful of which were Mama's Family and Charles In Charge. Other sitcoms during this time to enter first-run syndication after network cancellation included Silver Spoons, Punky Brewster, Webster, It's a Living, Too Close for Comfort, 9 to 5, What's Happening!!, and WKRP in Cincinnati. Many of these sitcoms produced new shows in syndication mainly to have enough episodes for a profitable run in reruns. Other sitcoms, such as Small Wonder, Out of This World, The Munsters Today, and Harry and the Hendersons (as well as more action-adventure oriented series like Superboy and My Secret Identity) enjoyed success in syndication throughout their entire run.
Dramatic first-run syndicated programs
The broadcast networks aired many action-adventure programs from the 1950s to the 1980s. By the late 1980s, however, increasing production costs made them less attractive to the networks. Studios found that reruns of one-hour dramas did not sell as well as sitcoms, so they were unable to fully recoup the shows' costs using the traditional deficit financing model.[5] Such shows instead moved to syndication, starting with Star Trek: The Next Generation, which debuted in 1987 and became one of the most watched syndicated shows throughout its seven-year run. Its great success caused many others to debut; by 1994, there were more than 20 one-hour syndicated shows.[6]
When NBC canceled the television series adaptation of Fame after only two seasons, the producers made special arrangements with LBS Communications, which resulted in MGM reviving the series for first-run syndication in the fall of 1983, where it continued for four more seasons, with the last first-run episode airing in the U.S. on May 18, 1987. Friday the 13th: The Series (a horror series which shared its title with the successful movie franchise) also debuted in 1987. The next syndicated shows that debuted in 1988 were War of the Worlds and Freddy's Nightmares.
Baywatch, which debuted in 1989 on NBC and was canceled after one season also became one of the most watched syndicated shows throughout its ten-year-run, garnering a worldwide audience. Another series to be one of the few shows to nearly match Baywatch would be the television series Renegade. Star Trek: Deep Space Nine was also syndicated. Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and its spin-off series Xena: Warrior Princess helped build the audiences for such shows; Babylon 5 and Forever Knight drew devoted "cult" audiences; Psi Factor and Poltergeist: The Legacy attempted to draw on the audience for the Fox series The X-Files (as did, even less probably, the short-lived spinoff Baywatch Nights).
Among the other series were Relic Hunter, VIP, High Tide, She Spies and Once a Thief. In 1997, Earth: Final Conflict, based on ideas from Gene Roddenberry, premiered in syndication. Three years later, a second Gene Roddenberry series, Andromeda also premiered in syndication. After that series' ended in 2004, there would not be a first-run syndicated drama (or a first-run scripted series in syndication) until 2008, when Disney-ABC Domestic Television and ABC Studios teamed up with Sam Raimi to launch a new first-run syndicated series Legend of the Seeker, based on Terry Goodkind's Sword of Truth novel series. Another gap in first-run scripted series in syndication followed four years after Legend of the Seeker was canceled in 2009, until Trifecta Entertainment & Media (a company that mainly distributes programs for off-network syndication) began producing SAF3 in 2013.
Animated series
During the late 1970s and 1980s, independent stations signed on in mid-sized and many small markets. The market for made-for-television cartoons grew as a result to include a branch for such stations. It usually had a greater artistic freedom, and looser standards (not mandated by a network).
The older Bugs Bunny and Popeye cartoons made way for first-run syndicated cartoons such as He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, Rambo: The Force of Freedom, ThunderCats, Dennis the Menace, My Little Pony, The Transformers, G.I. Joe, Voltron, M.A.S.K., The Centurions (TV series), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and reruns of Scooby Doo, Garfield and Friends, and The Pink Panther, among many others.
In 1987, The Walt Disney Company tried its luck at syndication; DuckTales premiered that September and would eventually last for 100 episodes. The success of DuckTales paved the way for a second series two years later, Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers. The following year, the two shows aired together under the umbrella block The Disney Afternoon. In fall of 1990, Disney added another hour to The Disney Afternoon; the block continued in syndication, running additional first-run animated series until 1999.
These cartoons initially competed with the ones that were nationally televised on the broadcast networks. In the 1980s, national broadcast networks only aired cartoons on Saturday mornings, not competing with the weekday and Sunday syndication blocks aired by local independent stations; however, by the 1990s, Fox and then The WB launched their own weekday afternoon children's program blocks. By the end of the 1990s, both syndication distributors and broadcast networks ended up losing most of its children's market to the rise of cable television channels aimed at that audience such as Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network, which provided appealing children's entertainment throughout the week at nearly all hours.
Syndication remains a method of choice for distributing children's programming, although this has gradually shifted to only produce programs to satisfy the federally mandated "educational-informational" (E/I) rule imposed in the late 1990s as part of an amendment to the Children's Television Act of 1990 that requires stations to air three hours of educational children's programs every week, regardless of the station's format. Syndication is generally a less expensive option for a local station than to attempt to produce its own locally originated E/I programming; not all networks provide their own E/I programs, so stations that are affiliated with networks that do not carry children's program blocks acquire E/I programs off the syndication market to fulfill the requirements.
News programming and late-night talk shows
Also in the 1980s, news programming of various sorts began to be offered widely to stations. Independent Network News, which was produced by WPIX in New York City, was a half-hour nightly program that ran from 1980 to 1990 on independent stations (in some markets, INN was paired with a locally produced primetime newscast); CNN would offer a simulcast of programming from its sister network Headline News (now HLN) to broadcast stations later, though it was used mainly to fill overnight time periods and was effectively discontinued in syndication with the 2006 launch of that network's "Headline Prime" talk show block. Entertainment Tonight began its long and continuing run as a "soft" news daily strip, with a number of imitations following (among which have included such entertainment news shows as TMZ on TV, Extra and ET 's own spin-off The Insider); and "tabloid" television, in the wake of ABC's 20/20 and, more immediately, 20th Television's A Current Affair, would become a syndication staple with such series as Hard Copy and Real TV.
Another area where network dominance was challenged by syndicated programming in the 1980s was with late-night talk shows; The Arsenio Hall Show was the only very successful one (it would be canceled after five years in 1994 due to ratings declines spurred by many CBS affiliates pushing the show to later timeslots following the debut of the Late Show with David Letterman, and was later revived in 2013), but similar programs were attempted such as Alan Thicke's earlier short-lived Thicke of the Night, Lauren Hutton's innovatively shot Lauren Hutton and..., and talk shows hosted by Dennis Miller, Whoopi Goldberg, David Brenner and Keenen Ivory Wayans; Magic Johnson's The Magic Hour was seen as a massive flop, similar to Thicke of the Night. The popularity of syndicated talk shows fell dramatically in the mid-1990s as network and cable offerings expanded in the wake of Johnny Carson's retirement.
Reality and live-action children's shows
Long before their popularity on network television from the 2000s onward, reality competition shows in one form or another, such as Star Search and American Gladiators, enjoyed popularity in syndication as early as the mid-1980s.
Since the now-defunct networks UPN and The WB began offering their affiliates additional nights of prime time programming in the late 1990s, there have been fewer first-run scripted series in syndication, at least, in the U.S.; much as with the closing of windows that provided opportunity for Ziv in the 1950s and various producers in the early 1970s. The more expensive dramatic projects are less attractive to syndicators (particularly when they might be sold, with somewhat less risk, to cable channels); "reality" series such as Cheaters and Maximum Exposure and several dating series began to be more common in the early 2000s. Some of the more low-key programs in this category were designed to appeal to children, such as Beakman's World, Animal Rescue and Jack Hanna's Animal Adventures. They were able to get significant clearance because of stricter Federal Communications Commission (FCC) enforcement of rules on children's television programming.
Several game shows are currently syndicated; the most popular by far are Wheel of Fortune and the current version of Jeopardy!, both created by television personality Merv Griffin, respectively premiering in 1983 and 1984. The shows have been #1 and #2 or #1 to #3 in the syndication ratings consistently since at least the late 1980s. In fact, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, Wheel is the most popular syndicated television program both within and outside the United States. Family Feud ended its first syndication run in 1985. Three years later, a revival of the program became a moderate hit and continued for seven seasons. A third revival hit the airwaves in 1999 and has gone through four hosts as of 2014. The first three hosts (Louie Anderson, Richard Karn and John O'Hurley) struggled in their respective runs and only lasted three to four years each, but ratings for Family Feud began to skyrocket after Steve Harvey took over as host in 2010.
A Hollywood Squares revival also thrived beginning in 1998, running six seasons until its 2004 cancellation. By far the most successful entry into the market in the 2000s has been the daily version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, which premiered in 2002.
Because game shows are very inexpensive to produce, with many episodes completed each day of production, successful ones are very profitable; for example, in 1988 Jeopardy! cost an estimated $5 million to produce but earned almost $50 million in revenue.[7] New game show concepts (that is, not based on an existing or pre-existing format) are rarely tried and usually unsuccessful in syndication; somewhat of an exception to this was Street Smarts, which lasted from 2001 to 2006 (despite the series airing in late night slots in many markets). Between 2003 and 2007, no new game shows debuted in syndication, marking four consecutive seasons where no new shows with that genre debuted, a syndication first. That streak ended with the fall 2007 debuts of Temptation and Merv Griffin's Crosswords, bringing the daytime tally to six game shows; both ended production after one year, though Crosswords aired in reruns in some cities during the 2008–09 season before those reruns moved exclusively to cable.
More new shows were added for the 2008–09 fall season, including a daytime run of Deal or No Deal (which featured certain elements that differed from the show's franchised format, most notably with prospective players instead of models holding briefcases that held the monetary amounts) and an adaptation of the popular board game Trivial Pursuit. While Deal caught on and was renewed for the 2009–2010 season, Trivial Pursuit: America Plays suffered low ratings throughout its run and was canceled.
For the 2009–2010 season, the Fox game show Discovery Channel show Cash Cab began airing in syndication in January 2011. Reruns of the GSN dating game show Baggage first aired in syndication as a test run in early 2011 on stations owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group, which preceded its full launch into other markets in fall 2012; although it was removed from syndication after one season.
Stripped talk shows
The dominant form of first-run syndication in the U.S. for the last three decades has been the stripped talk show, such as Donahue, Oprah Winfrey, The Tyra Banks Show, and The Jerry Springer Show. As with game shows, talk shows are inexpensive to produce and very profitable if successful.[7] In many markets, a stripped show will be seen twice daily, usually with different episodes (one being a more recent episode and the other being an episode from a previous season). Sometimes, station groups with more than one station in a market, or a "duopoly", will run one episode of a strip on one of their stations in the morning, and the other available episode on another of their stations that night.
Meanwhile, the popularity of some of the audience-participation talk shows continues to encourage new participants, some of whom, such as Morton Downey, Jr. and Rosie O'Donnell, have brief periods of impressive ratings and influence; others, such as Oprah Winfrey and Maury Povich, have a sustained run. A notable scheduling decision was made by KRON-TV in San Francisco: a 2000 dispute with NBC led to that station's disaffiliation from that network after 52 years, and since all the other larger networks were already represented in San Francisco, KRON decided to become one of the largest commercial independent stations by market size on the VHF band in the U.S., and soon tried running Dr. Phil, a popular new stripped series hosted by Winfrey-associate Phil McGraw, in primetime, with impressive ratings results.
Influence on television schedules
In earlier times, independent stations thrived on syndicated programming, including some venerable and quite profitable stations such as KMSP-TV in the Minneapolis-St. Paul market. With the loosening of FCC regulations and the creation of new additional broadcast networks (such as Fox, The CW, MyNetworkTV and Ion Television), most of these independents have joined one or another of these or smaller (religious or low-budget) networks.
In another case, like those of KCAL-TV in Los Angeles, KMCI-TV in Lawrence-Kansas City and WMLW-TV in Racine-Milwaukee, those independent stations are used to complement their network-affiliated sister station (respectively in the mentioned cases, KCBS-TV, KSHB-TV and WDJT-TV) by allowing a duopoly control of more syndicated programming than would be possible on one station (and to spread it throughout the schedule of the two stations, often several times a day), or to air news programming in times unavailable on the larger network station, along with fulfilling network and syndicated programming commitments, which allows popular or network programming to be moved to the independent stations due to breaking news or sports commitments without the traditional inconvenience of a late night or weekend airing of the pre-empted show. A duopoly of a network-affiliated and independent station also allows a network station to move a low-rated syndicated program to their sister independent station to stem revenue losses.
Off-network syndication
Off-network syndication occurs when a network television show is syndicated in packages containing some or all episodes, and sold to as many television stations and markets as possible to be used in local programming timeslots. In this manner, sitcoms are preferred and more successful because they are less serialized, and can be run non-sequentially, which is more beneficial and less costly for the station. In the United States, local stations now rarely broadcast reruns of primetime dramas (or simply air them primarily on weekends); instead, they usually air on basic cable channels, which may air each episode 30 to 60 times.[8]
Syndication rights typically last for six consecutive showings of a series within three to five years;[9] if a program continues to perform well enough in broadcast or cable syndication during the initial cycle, television stations or cable networks can opt to renew an off-network program for an additional cycle.
Syndication has been known to spur the popularity of a series that only experienced moderate success during its original network run. The most notable example of this is Star Trek, which ran for three seasons on NBC from 1966 to 1969, garnering only modest ratings, but became a worldwide cult phenomenon after it entered off-network syndication. Its success in syndication led to the Star Trek film series, Star Trek: The Next Generation, and several other series.[10]:91–92
It is common for long-running series to have early seasons syndicated while the series itself is still in first-run network production. In order to differentiate between new and rebroadcast content, up until the 1980s it was not uncommon for series to be syndicated under a different title than that used in their original broadcast run. Examples include Bonanza (which was syndicated as Ponderosa), Gunsmoke (as Marshall Dillon), Emergency! (as Emergency One), Ironside (as The Raymond Burr Show), Hawaii Five-O (as McGarrett), M*A*S*H (as M*A*S*H 4077th), Marcus Welby, M.D. (as Robert Young, Family Doctor), CHiPs (as CHiPs Patrol), and Happy Days (as Happy Days Again).
Syndication of older episodes can also increase exposure for a television show that is still airing first-run network episodes. In the case of the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, its syndication, particularly on TBS, is one of the reasons attributed for a rise in first-run ratings for its sixth season. The sixth season episode "The Bakersfield Expedition", for example, was the first episode of that series to attract 20 million viewers.[11][12]
Strip/daily syndication
Off-network syndication can take several forms. The most common form is known as strip syndication or daily syndication, when episodes of a television series are shown daily five times a week in the same time slot. In the 1960s and 1970s, independent stations with no news departments began viewing strip syndication as a necessary means of obtaining effective counterprogramming to the local news programs airing on network affiliates. Typically, this means that enough episodes must exist (88 episodes, or four seasons, is the usual minimum,[8] though many syndicators prefer a fully rounded 100 episodes) to allow for continual strip syndication to take place over the course of several months, without episodes being repeated. However, there are exceptions, such as the 65-episode block (common in children's programming), which allows for a 13-week cycle of daily showings, so there will only be four repeats in a year.
In some cases, more than one episode is shown daily. Half-hour sitcoms are sometimes syndicated in groups of two or four episodes, taking up one or two hours of broadcast time.
If a series is not strip syndicated, it may be aired once a week, instead of five times a week. This allows shows with fewer episodes to last long in syndication, but it also may mean viewers will tire of waiting a week for the next episode of a show they have already seen and stop watching. More often, hour-long dramas in their first several runs in syndication are offered weekly; sitcoms are more likely to get stripped. In recent years, there has been something of a trend toward showing two consecutive episodes of a program on Saturday and Sunday nights after prime time (generally following the local news). This pattern has been particularly prominent for shows which are still in production but have run long enough to have many previous episodes available.
As with commercial stations, not all the airtime nor all the perceived audience are met by the productions offered U.S. public-broadcasting stations by Westlink Satellite Operations (based at Albuquerque's KNME), BBC Worldwide Americas (which often works with other distributors and individual stations, since it has no satellite access of its own in the U.S.), Deutsche Welle, Executive Program Services, the Program Resource Group and PBS's Long Island, New York member station WLIW, which is (with the arguable exception of KNME) the most prolific contributor of any individual station of syndicated programming, most obviously the BBC World News, Doctor Who and Monty Python's Flying Circus in the U.S.
Monetary rates
In 1993, Universal Studios became one of the first studios to cash in on the cable trend, first selling repeats of Major Dad to USA Network in 1993 for $600,000 per episode, the first time a network program was exclusively sold to a cable network for its first run rights.[13] Later it sold reruns of Law & Order to A&E for about $155,000 an episode; in 1996, the studio got $275,000 from USA Network for repeats of New York Undercover, a far less successful show. Law & Order drew A&E's highest daytime ratings – one million viewers per episode.
Universal sold reruns of The Nashville Network bought The Dukes of Hazzard from Warner Bros. in 1997 for well over $10 million.[14]
USA Network paid $750,000 for the rights to Walker, Texas Ranger; while USA's reruns of the show drew an average of 2.3 million viewers – outstanding by cable standards – Perth says the show will need an enormous number of airings to have any sort of profitability."
Dramatic reruns
Rerun Prices at a Glance
Sources: Industry sources and Paul Kagan Associates, Inc. Per episode [15]
Year sold
Cable network
1986 Falcon Crest Lorimar-Telepictures Turner Broadcasting $10,000
Knots Landing Lorimar-Telepictures Turner Broadcasting $12,000
1988 Murder, She Wrote Universal Television USA Network $525,000
1991 Unsolved Mysteries Buena Vista Television Lifetime $180,000
1993 The Commish ABC Productions Lifetime $195,000
1994 Law & Order Universal Television A&E $155,000
1995 Melrose Place Spelling Television E! $200,000
Picket Fences 20th Television FX $190,000
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman Warner Bros. TNT $275,000
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman MTM Enterprises The Family Channel $250,000
NYPD Blue 20th Television FX $400,000
1996 Xena: Warrior Princess Universal Television USA $300,000
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys Universal Television USA $300,000
Chicago Hope 20th Television Lifetime $475,000
Homicide: Life on the Street NBC Productions Lifetime $425,000
The X-Files 20th Television FX $600,000
Walker, Texas Ranger Columbia TriStar USA $750,000
ER Warner Bros. TNT $1.2 million
Not all programs in syndication are sold for a fee. Less popular programming may be distributed by barter, in which the syndicator, instead of selling the show to a station, offers the show for free, with the caveat that the station give up its advertising time on other shows to the syndicator's advertisers. Barter syndication, in addition to the cost advantage, is popular because of its flexibility; a station can typically pick up a barter syndicated program for only a few weeks or months, without the long-term financial commitment of a traditional syndicated series, allowing the station to plug the show into its lineup to fill a hole in the schedule.
Types of deals
Cash deals are when a distributor offers a syndicated program to the highest bidder. A cash plus deal is when the distributor retains advertising space to offset some of the cost for the program. The station gets the program for a little less in exchange for some ad space for the producer.
Barter deals are usually for new untested shows or older shows. In this type of deal, distributors get a fraction of the advertisement revenue in exchange for their program. For example, in a 7/5 deal the producer gets seven minutes of advertising time, leaving five minutes for the station to insert local as well as national advertisements.[1]
Radio syndication
Radio syndication generally works the same way as television syndication, except that affiliate-only networks. Radio networks generally are only distributors of radio shows, and individual stations (though often owned by large conglomerates) decide which shows to carry from a wide variety of networks and independent radio providers. As a result, radio networks such as WestwoodOne or Premiere Networks, despite their influence in broadcasting, are not as recognized among the general public as television networks like CBS or ABC (many of these distributors alliance themselves with television networks; WestwoodOne, for instance, is allied with NBC, while Premiere is allied with Fox). Some examples of widely syndicated commercial broadcasting music programs include weekly countdowns like Rick Dees' Weekly Top 40, the American Top 40, American Country Countdown with Kix Brooks, Canada's Top 20 Countdown, the Canadian Hit 30 Countdown and the nightly program, Delilah, heard on many U.S. stations.
Syndication is particularly popular in talk radio. While syndicated music shows (with the exception of some evening and overnight shows such as Delilah mentioned above) tend to air once a week and are mostly recorded, most popular talk radio programs are syndicated daily and are broadcast live. Also, with relatively few 24-hour live talk radio networks (though this, in recent times, has been changing), most radio stations are free to assemble their own lineup of talk show hosts as they so choose. Examples of syndicated talk programs are Premiere Networks' The Bob & Tom Show, Dial Global's The Jim Bohannon Show, and the self-syndicated The Dave Ramsey Show (more recently, talk networks such as Talk Radio Network have been marketing and packaging all-day lineups, marking a departure from the syndication model; as such, popular shows such as Cumulus Media Networks' The Savage Nation and Premiere's The Rush Limbaugh Show now air as part of a broader network lineup in many markets, particularly on Premiere owned-and-operated stations, though they continue to be syndicated to non-network stations as well). Talk syndication tends to be more prevalent because voice tracking, a practice used by many music stations to have disc jockeys host multiple supposedly local shows at once, is not feasible with live talk radio.
public radio networks in other countries (such as Canada's CBC and the United Kingdom's BBC) that own and operate all of their stations as arms of the national government and run them as a strict network (from 1948 to 2013, the United States had a strict anti-propaganda law, the Smith–Mundt Act, that prohibited broadcasting government-owned networks such as Voice of America to American audiences. The law was mostly repealed in 2013, but distribution of VOA or other federally produced radio programming is still rare). Two independently produced, non-commercial syndicated programs, heard on hundreds of community radio and indie radio stations, are Alternative Radio and Pacifica's Democracy Now!.
Some (in fact, most) radio programs are also offered on a barter system usually at no charge to the radio station. The system is used for live programming or preproduced programs and include a mixture of ad time sold by the program producer as well as time set aside for the radio station to sell.
Before radio networks matured in the United States, some early radio shows were reproduced on Tennessee Ernie Ford (260 15-minute episodes of The Tennessee Ernie Show were distributed), and more than 1,200 U.S. and Canadian stations aired the programs.[16]
Many syndicated radio programs were distributed through the U.S. mail or another delivery service, although the medium changed as technology developed, going from transcription disks to phonograph records, tape recordings, cassette tapes and eventually CDs. Many smaller weekend programs still use this method to this day, though with the rise of the Internet, many stations have since opted to distribute programs via CD-quality MP3s through FTP downloads.
It was not until the advent of satellite communications in the 1980s that live syndication became popular (though it could be transmitted through network lines, it was not particularly common because of cost, network congestion and quality issues). Since then, most syndicated radio programs are distributed using satellite subcarrier audio technology. Shortly after satellite networks such as RKO, Transtar and SMN began, the Fairness Doctrine was repealed, which is credited with helping Rush Limbaugh become the first national talk radio superstar. At the same time, the FCC began issuing more FM radio licenses to suburban and rural areas in the late 1980s, which allowed more room for music stations on the FM dial; radio formats such as country music that were traditionally AM fixtures even after most pop and rock music moved to FM were now moving to FM as well, leaving much more room for talk formats on the AM dial. As the 1990s went on, Dr. Laura and Howard Stern began their national shows, rising to become national icons. The Telecommunications Act of 1996, which led to significant concentration of media ownership, facilitated the rapid deployment of both existing and new syndicated programs in the late 1990s, putting syndication on par with, and eventually surpassing, the network radio format.
After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, syndicated talk radio saw a notably rapid rise in popularity, as networks rushed new national shows into syndication to meet the demand for discussion of national issues. Many of these, such as Laura Ingraham, Bill O'Reilly, Sean Hannity and Glenn Beck, were mostly supportive of the actions of the Republican-led government; a few others, such as Alex Jones, were openly critical of the government's actions and motives. After the Democrats took control in the late 2000s, the gap between the two styles narrowed due to the mutual opposition of both camps to the government's actions, which allowed Jones greater clearance on stations.
In contrast to conservative talk radio, which has predominantly been driven by syndication, progressive talk radio has almost always been a network-driven model. The incompatibility of conservative and progressive ideologies and the lack of syndicated progressive hosts required solutions that could produce all-day programming to individual stations. It was not until Air America Radio launched in 2004 that progressive talk would become viable; though it failed several years later, Dial Global now carries a network slate that is carried on most progressive talk stations. Sports radio is likewise mostly a network phenomenon, partially because the irregular nature of sports preemptions makes having a full-time network to be able to cut into and join in progress at any time highly convenient.
Syndicated radio is not as popular in other parts of the world. Canada has a few independently syndicated shows, but the bulk of syndicated content there comes from the United States, and the sum total of syndicated programming is far less than most American stations, as Canadian stations rely more heavily on local content. Most other countries still follow the network radio model.
International syndication
Syndication also applies to international markets. Same language countries often syndicate programs to each other – such as programs from the United Kingdom being syndicated to Australia and vice versa. Another example would be programs from the United Kingdom, Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina being syndicated to local television stations in the United States, and programs from the United States being syndicated elsewhere in the world.
One of the best-known internationally syndicated television series has been The Muppet Show, which was produced by Grade's English ITV franchise company ATV at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, and was shown around the world, including the United States, where it aired in syndication (including the owned-and-operated stations of CBS), and Canada, where CBC Television aired the show. The 1970s was a time when many British comedies, including The Benny Hill Show and Monty Python's Flying Circus were syndicated to the United States and worldwide. Many soaps and long-running series are also successfully syndicated around the globe.
The hit television show CSI earned $1.6 million per episode in its first cycle in cable syndication. There were many different versions of the show making it an international success. It was already popular in the U.S., so becoming a success internationally as well as within the U.S. made syndication sensible. Whether a series is produced in the U.S. or not is based on the economic value and potential viability of its sales internationally with the possibility of syndication.[17]
Economic factors that influence production outside the U.S. play a major role in deciding if a television show will be syndicated, internally and internationally. International syndication has sustained a growing of prosperity and monetary value amongst the distributors who sell to them. Due to a rise in competition, syndicators have upheld high standards for different countries to buy the rights to distribute shows. During the 1990s poor ratings were popular amongst syndicated shows, but distributors still made it possible for international competition to happen and buy U.S. shows.[18]
Colombian, Brazilian, Mexican and Venezuelan telenovelas are programmed throughout the Portuguese and Spanish-speaking world, and in many parts of India, China and Europe, while Turkish television drama is broadcast in the Balkans, some other European countries, Western and Central Asia and North Africa.
U.S.-style syndication internationally
Because of the structural differences discussed above, there are presently very few areas where a true U.S.-style syndication model operates, whereby programs are sold on a per-area basis (within a single country) to local or regional stations with differing (or no) network affiliations.
Canada was historically one of the few exceptions. Until the mid-1990s, television stations in Canada, like those in the U.S., were typically run as separate local operations, with a small number of moderately sized ownership groups such as Baton, CanWest, WIC, and CHUM. Those stations that were affiliated with a national network, i.e. CBC or CTV, did not always receive a full schedule of programming from that network.
At this time, it was not uncommon for U.S. syndicators to treat Canada as an extension of their domestic syndication operations, for both their first-run and off-network offerings. This is still the case for American radio programs; Canadian radio networks are not assembled as rigidly into networks (except for the CBC's radio division). However, an alternate form of first-run syndication was performed by some domestic broadcasters: as the Canadian rights to U.S. primetime series were often acquired by individual station groups (as opposed to full-fledged national networks), they would in turn resell local rights for those programs to stations in areas where they did not operate.
Since the late 1990s, as most stations have been consolidated into national networks consisting almost entirely of owned-and-operated stations and with full-day network schedules, both types of syndication have largely disappeared from the Canadian broadcast landscape. Programs that are sold in syndication in the U.S. are now generally sold to national Canadian networks to air across all their stations, with per-market sales now being very rare (the minor exception being the few remaining independent stations that exist in Canada, such as CHCH-DT in Hamilton, Ontario). The Oprah Winfrey Show appears to have been the last significant holdout to this model (prior to its 2011 conclusion), having aired primarily on CTV stations, but in some markets airing instead on a Global station, and even some CBC affiliates.
Regional syndication
There are three key reasons why a radio station will decide to pick up a syndicated show – the program is unique and difficult to replicate content, has a decent ratings track record, and whether or not it has a celebrity host.
New developing radio programs are generally able to claim one of these attributes, but not all three. Regional syndication attempts to replace these benchmark attributes with other benefits that are generally recognized by the industry as also being important. Given the financial downturn within the industry, the need for quality cost effective locally relevant programming is greater than ever before. Programs that offer regionally specific content while providing the economic benefits of syndication can be especially appealing to potential affiliates. Regional syndication can also be more attractive to area advertisers who share a common regional trading area versus assembling a radio network of stations that hopscotch across the United States.
Syndication exclusivity
Flagship (broadcasting)
Print syndication
^ a b c Campbell, Richard, Christopher R. Martin, and Bettina Fabos. "Sounds and Images." Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 113.
^ Video on YouTube
^ a b Gerbrandt, Larry. "Hour dramas face risky economics" The Hollywood Reporter, 19 March 2010.
^ Schneider, Michael (January 28, 2013). "Bigger Bang Than Ever". TV Guide. pp. 6 and 7.
^ Flint, Joe. (1997-10-17) Divine (TV) Profits. EW.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-18.
^ Divine (TV) Profits. EW.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-18.
^ International News Service "Rural Music Rocks, Too" (April 29, 1956), Springfield News & Leader, p. A16
The Museum of Broadcast Communications at the Wayback Machine (archived April 15, 2011)
Television Obscurities – The Syndicated Season: 1987–1988
C21 Media – daily news about the TV business
Radio-Info.com Discussion Boards > NATIONAL TELEVISION TOPICS > Syndication TV
Broadcast television networks in the United States
English-language broadcast television networks in the United States
AMGTV
MyNetworkTV
Tuff TV
Youtoo America
American Public Television (provider-only)
MHz Worldview/Networks
News/lifestyle
DrTV
Ion Life
TouchVision
WeatherNation
American Sports Network
Frost Great Outdoors
Rev'n
TheCoolTV
ZUUS Country
Minority/International
Asia Vision
ImaginAsian
KBS World
KEMS
MBC America
NATV
SBS International
Soul of the South
Classic TV-centric
retro TV
Film-centric
GetTV
EVINE Live
Jewelry TV
OnTV4U
Ch.America
Mizlou
NTA Film
ON/UN
UATV
Bohemia Visual Musici
DoD News
NBC Wx+/NBC+
Retro Jams
Sportsmanc
Tr3sc
UniSportsc
America's Store
Shop at Home
c - Now cable-only, i - Now internet-only
Spanish-language broadcast television networks in the United States
Major networks
Estrella TV
MundoMax
Specialty networks
América Tevé
HITN
Inmigrante TV
LATV (bilingual English/Spanish)
MiCasa Network
Multimedios
NBC Universo
TeleXitos
TeLe-Romántica
Teveo
Tr3́s
V-me
WAPA America
Defunct networks
América CV
CNN Latino
GEMS Television
HTVN
LAT TV
La Familia Cosmovision
NuvoTV
NetSpan
Soi TV
TuVisión
VasalloVision
Religious broadcast television networks in the United States
English networks
Al Karma TV
Amazing Facts TV
The Church Channel
Cornerstone Television
God's Learning Channel
God TV
Hope Church Channel
IQRA TV
RFD-TV
TBN Salsa
Smart Lifestyle TV
UBN
JUCE TV
The Worship Network
Children's and Teen
3ABN Kids
The Family Channel
Smile of a Child TV
FamilyNet
Spanish networks
Aliento Vision
Almavisión
Aviva TV
CTNi
Familia TV
Fe-TV
HCCN
Iglesia JEMIR
Red AdVenir
Tele Vida Abundante
Tvida Vision
Additional resources on North American television
List of Canadian television networks
List of Canadian television channels
List of Canadian specialty channels
Local Canadian TV stations
List of United States stations available in Canada
2001 Vancouver TV realignment
2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment
Local Mexican TV stations
List of American cable and satellite networks
List of American over-the-air networks
Local American TV stations (W)
Local American TV stations (K)
1994 United States broadcast TV realignment
List of Canadian television stations available in the United States
Digital television in North America
Digital broadcasting
ATSC tuners
Digital subchannels
Virtual channels
Distributed transmission system
Datacasting
Guide Plus
National Datacast
UpdateLogic
Metropolitan Television Alliance
Digital switchover
All-Channel Receiver Act
SAFER Act
Digital channel election
Digital television adapter
U.S. Converter Box Coupon Program
Analog passthrough
Digital standards
ATSC Standards
ATSC
ATSC-M/H
8VSB
A-VSB
E-VSB
PSIP
PMCP
Standard-definition TV
Enhanced-definition TV
High-definition TV
Serial digital interface
CEA-909
National deployment
List by country
wireless spectrum auction
Digital-cable-ready TV
QAM tuners
Interactive-digital-cable-ready TV
OpenCable Application Platform
Advanced Common Application Platform
Must-carry
Subscription TV
CableCARD
Downloadable Conditional Access System
Tru2way
GlobeCast World TV
Free-to-air receiver
Dish México
DigiCipher 2
Shaw Direct
Telus Satellite TV
Digital Satellite Service/DVB-S2
Bell Fibe TV
FibreOP
Telus Optik TV
Active Format Description
Broadcast flag
Channel protection ratios
HDTV blur
Hierarchical modulation
Pirate decryption
Broadcast radio networks in the United States
English conglomerates
ABC (new)
United Stations
Spanish conglomerates
Regional/State
Alaska Public Radio Network
Alabama Public Radio
CMU Public Radio
Colorado Public Radio
Connecticut Public Radio
ETV Radio
Georgia Public Broadcasting
Hawaii Public Radio
High Plains Public Radio
iHeartMedia syndication
Indiana Public Radio
Interlochen Public Radio
Iowa Public Radio
Jefferson Public Radio
Louisiana Radio Network
Maine PBN
Michigan Farm Radio Network
Michigan Talk
Mississippi Public Broadcasting
Montana Public Radio
NET Radio
Nevada Public Radio
New England Public Radio
New Hampshire Public Radio
New Jersey Public Radio
North Carolina Public Radio
Northeast Public Radio
Northwest Public Radio
Oregon Public Broadcasting
Prairie Public
South Dakota Public Radio
Supertalk Mississippi
Utah Public Radio
Vermont Public Radio
West Virginia Public Radio
Wisconsin Public Radio
Wyoming Public Radio
Yellowstone Public Radio
American Urban
Business Talk Radio Network
CRN Digital
Travelers' information station
Music of Your Life
Pride Radio
Radio America
Radio Disney
Talk Radio Network
Timeless Cool
WestStar
WFMT Radio Network
World Classical Network
Religious networks
Calvary Radio Network
CSN International
Effect Radio
EWTN Catholic Radio Network
Family Life Network
Go Mix! Radio
Good News Voice
Here's Help Network
The Life FM
LifeTalk Radio
Mars Hill Network
Moody Radio
Pilgrim Radio
The Promise FM
Prayz Network
Radio Nueva Vida
Rejoice Radio
Rejoice! Musical Soul Food
RenewFM
RevFM
Smile FM
Sound of Life
Sounds of the Spirit
Spirit FM
Strong Tower Radio
WAY-FM
Worship FM
Word FM
Your Network of Praise
Sports networks
Fox Sports Radio
Futbol de Primera
Sports Byline USA
Sports USA
Yahoo! Sports Radio
News networks
Salem Radio News
USA Radio Network
Public Radio Exchange
Public Radio International
Defunct or moribund
ABC (original)
Radio AAHS
America's Radio News Network
Biz Radio
Dial Global
God's Country Radio Network
I.E. America
Liberty Broadcasting System
Michigan Regional Network
Mutual Black Network
Mutual Broadcasting System
Mutual Lifestyle Radio
NBC Red
NBC Blue
NBC Talknet
NBG
National Negro Network
NRN
Progressive Broadcasting System
RKO
Satellite Music Network
Sports Fan
Transtar
Washington News Desk
Westwood One (original)
WSJ Radio
Articles needing additional references from April 2008
Articles that may contain original research from February 2011
WorldHeritage articles in need of updating from August 2013
All WorldHeritage articles in need of updating
Television syndication
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Legal/Courtroom Program
Broadcast syndication, The People's Court, Judge Judy, Cristina's Court, FOX
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show
Jeopardy!, Broadcast syndication, CBS, Family Feud, Discovery Channel
List of televised academic student quiz programs
United States, United Kingdom, India, Canada, Broadcast syndication


text:
Q: Connection must be valid and open to commit transaction for sqllite database while retrying to execute the failed query public static void SetStatus( Status statusObject,int retryCount)
{
    if (statusObject != null)
    {
        using (SqliteConnection dbConn = new SqliteConnection(dbURL))
        {
            IDbTransaction dbTransaction = null;
            try
            {
                dbConn.Open();
                dbTransaction = dbConn.BeginTransaction();
                new SqliteCommand(some_query, dbConn).ExecuteNonQuery();
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                dbTransaction.Rollback();
                dbConn.Close();
                if (retryCount > 0)
                {
                    SetStatus(statusObject, --retryCount);
                    return;
                }
                else
                    throw e;
            }
            finally
            {
                try { dbTransaction.Commit(); }
                catch (Exception e)
                {

                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Whenever ExecuteNonQuery fails due due to some exception I have a retry mechanism which will run the same query again.In that case during the second time(while retrying) the following exception comes-
"Connection must be valid and open to commit transaction"

A: The problem is basically, that you commit the transaction in the finally block—which runs always per design—even though you may already have rolled back the transaction and closed the connection in the catch block.
The easier way would be to commit the transaction while still in the try block, because after all, you only want to commit the transaction if all the code in the try succeeded.
That being said, you are having some odd nesting with the try and using constructs there. You should try to keep things like usings as concise as possible. That way you will also not have to deal with closing connections yourself. Something like this:
public static void SetStatus(Status statusObject, int retryCount)
{
    if (statusObject == null)
        return;

    try
    {
        using (var dbConn = new SqliteConnection(dbURL))
        {
            IDbTransaction dbTransaction = null;
            try
            {
                dbConn.Open();
                dbTransaction = dbConn.BeginTransaction();
                new SqliteCommand(some_query, dbConn).ExecuteNonQuery();
                dbTransaction.Commit();
            }
            catch
            {
                // transaction might be null if the connection couldn't be opened
                dbTransaction?.Rollback();
                throw;
            }
        }
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        if (retryCount > 0)
            SetStatus(statusObject, --retryCount);
        else
            throw ex;
    }
}

One final note, one could argue that using a transaction is absolutely not necessary here: You are only executing a single query on this database connection, so either that works, or it will fail in which case there is not something to rollback anyway. So unless you are having multiple queries there, you don't need an explicit transaction (but I'll just assume that you just reduced your example to show just a single query).

A: My bad,screwed up using "finally" improperly myself.So if the query fails at first attempt it would go to catch block which will fire the call to re run the query.Second time query execution would be successful and transaction would be committed.Then the control goes to finally of first query which will again try to commit the already rolled back transaction. So,it would throw that exception.
So,if the moving the commit to main try block  fixed the issue.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Big Rock Farm Resort, a resort in a hidden paradise! where you can find it in Pasong Callos Road, Coral na Bato San Rafael, Bulacan. Big Rock Farm Resort which has a local style architecture which blends in naturally with the area and environment. you'll notice that the resort every pool has its own bar to ensure that you don't miss out on anything at any time. Big Rock Farm Resort is very famous with its exciting amenities: such as Large pool with Orca Slide, Man made waterfalls with Fresh Running water, Hanging Bridge, the Cave Pool with Stage and Jacuzzi and a lot more for you to explore.
For inquiries about reservations you may call them thru this numbers or you can visit the Big Rock Farm Resort for your questions and more resort photos.
**images and details from this site credit to Big Rock Farm Resort Facebook Fan Page and Big Rock Farm Resort website. The main objective of this site is to feature Big Rock Farm Resortt for the one of the Summer Getaway Resort Philippines with their rates, reviews, latest updates, cottages, reservations, exciting pools, contacts details and location map.


To stay up to date with the latest information in the apiculture industry to may check out our apiculture latest news. On the other hand in case you're beginning apiculture and desire to begin professional beekeeping now get a copy of our beekeeping for beginners ebook.
Beekeeping can be a full time profession or an easy hobby. Nonetheless, more often than not, what began as a hobby would become a profession. But you cannot just tell and determine yourself that you will start to do beekeeping. You need to have satisfactory knowledge and comprehension on the field that you are going to enter before starting on any avocation or profession. Then it's about time to indulge yourself in your line of interest, if you've been putting off your interest in beekeeping for a long time. Bee farming may seem simple; learning the basic beekeeping lessons can enable you to get away to a great start.
On beekeeping to begin at the right foot you should have complete interest. You should also have agreed to share your house space with the bees. There are possible dangers in beekeeping that can damage not only you but your family as well. Your focus is not only to earn money by selling honey; a good beekeeper should have a keen interest and passion in raising bees.
An apiarist ought to know the right place for the beehives. The place must have sufficient sources of nectar for the bees to get. You need to make sure that beekeeping is enabled in your town, if you decide to put your beehives at your backyard. There are several places limited to beekeeping; you have to get permission concerning this.
Beekeepers must know whether beekeeping supplies are offered in the place where the beehives are situated. When you need to visit an area beekeeping shop you may never understand; it's best that a nearby beekeeping store is accessible.
Equipment and protective tools may also be essential for beekeepers to know. Beekeepers are prone to bee stings; the ensemble that is proper must be worn during beekeeping sessions. This will minimize the odds of being stung by your bees. Understand the appropriate suit to select to keep you from any possible danger in beekeeping.
All the beekeeping efforts would be useless in case you are not able to harvest honey. The approaches should be known by a beekeeper in collecting the honey from your comb; beeswax is also part of the returns in beekeeping.


This document is the index to the djnn libraries recipes. This cookbook is made for programmers who wish to learn from examples. It contains fragments of code that each show how to a achieve a given task: drawing a rectangle, opening multiple windows, connecting components, etc. Most examples are executable as is, some are not. Some address basic needs, while others are more complex recipes.
This cookbook is structured by topics. You can access the examples by following the links. In theory, your browser should think that the examples are pure text and display them. Otherwise, you will need to save them to disk and open them with a text editor.
Some examples are executable. If you want to test them, you will need to save them to disk, compile and execute them, supposing that djnn is properly installed on your computer.
How to open windows on the screen.
How to create shapes, gradients, etc.
How to load graphical components from SVG files.
A Button component: Creating and using a C++ component class that you can instantiate at will.
How to use the Ivy message bus.
How to dynamically load modules.
How to add external code to your djnn application or create new modules.


Under the framework contract held by Poseidon (in association with Oceanic and Megapesca) to evaluate all fisheries partnership agreements, the Commission can draw upon technical assistance for ad hoc work to support policy advice and implementation contributing to responsible fisheries.
On the request of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, support was provided to the Ministry Fisheries Policy Unit and the Seychelles Fishing Authority, for the specification of a policy implementation plan. This plan articulated policy goals, strategies and activities in a logical hierarchy, and provided detailed monitoring and evaluation indicators, time bound responsibilities, and annual and multi-annual budgets over a five year period.


Best for all Studentssubmitted by Eric E. - Feb 25, 2017 |Recommended: YesThe management is so helpful and nice. They really help you feel at home and secure. It's nice when your landlord has everyone's best interests in mind and not just their own. It's great living at Capri.
response from property - Feb 26, 2017 Thank You Eric, We strive our hardest to make your stay with us the best Isla Vista has to offer. We are here for you when you need us!
Well maintained, staff friendly and reliable.submitted by Nicole C. - Feb 01, 2017 |Recommended: YesThe staff here are lovely, very reliable and approachable. They are able to lend you things left over from residents past if you're in need - which we have found absolutely amazing. The maintenance is quick, and things are fixed properly. The wifi has just been adapted for the better, and runs much more smoothly now then it did before. There's a few warnings. The walls are pretty thin, and you can here your neighbours pretty well - especially if they're playing music. If the music is at night, the bass can be felt through the floors. earplugs are advised for those moments, especially during midterms and finals it can be quite annoying Also the front and back gates are usually propped open, and not locked, makes it easier to enter but unsafe for your belongings. I would recommend insurance just to be on the safe side. Other than that, the common area is well maintained, looked after, and mostly tidy. Trash is taken away at regular intervals. The laundry room has 2 washers, and 2 dryers, both of which are usually working. It isn't too costly at 3 for wash and dry. The location is perfect. It is 5 minute walk from UCSB campus, 15 from UCSB RecCen gym . Overall, it has everything I need in the unit - including a flatscreen TV, two bathroom sinks, a washing machine, and microwave. It's a lovely place to live.
response from property - Feb 02, 2017 Hi Nicole! We are lucky to have you here at the Capri!
I really like living at this property.submitted by Vivek P. - Aug 07, 2016 |Recommended: YesThe management is a lot better than most places in IV and any work orders are done really quickly.
response from property - Aug 08, 2016 Hi Vivek! We love having you at the Capri!
response from property - Jun 15, 2016 We are so thankful for you and who you are! We are glad we could be of assistance to you in your time here at UCSB. Thanks for being our friend in the office!
response from property - Jun 16, 2015 Thank You Kisung, We love this place and look forward to helping you as much as we possibly can!


text:
North Carolina's 74th House district is one of 120 districts in the North Carolina House of Representatives. It has been represented by Republican Jeff Zenger since 2021.

Geography
Since 2005, the district has included part of Forsyth County. The district overlaps with the 32nd Senate district.

District officeholders

Election results

2022

2020

2018

2016

2014

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

References

North Carolina House districts
Forsyth County, North Carolina

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
You are now leaving OysterPointRx.com. Would you like to continue?
Stay On Site
Oyster Point Pharma Announces US FDA Approval. Click to Read the Release.
This site is intended for US audiences only
IR Resources
Investor Requests
Science & Pipeline
Our Therapies
Investors & News
Oyster Point Pharma, Inc ("Oyster Point," "we," "our," and/or "us") values the privacy of individuals who access our website ("Website" or "Services"). This privacy policy (the "Privacy Policy") explains how we collect, use, and share information from users of our Services ("Users"). By using our Services, you agree to the collection, use, disclosure, and procedures this Privacy Policy describes. Beyond the Privacy Policy, your use of our Services is also subject to our Terms of Service.
We may collect a variety of information from or about you or your devices from various sources, as described below.
A. Information You Provide to Us.
Communications. If you contact us directly, by email or through our online form, we will receive your name, email address, the contents of a message or attachments that you may send to us, and other information you choose to provide.
B. Information We Collect When You Use Our Services.
Device Information. We receive information about the device and software you use to access our Services, including IP address, web browser type, operating system version, phone manufacturer, and device identifiers,
Usage Information. To help us understand how you use our Services and to help us improve them, we automatically receive information about your interactions with our Services, like the pages or other content you view, the searches you conduct, and the dates and times of your visits.
Information from Cookies and Similar Technologies. We and third party partners collect information using cookies, pixel tags, or similar technologies. Our third party partners, such as analytics partners, may use these technologies to collect information about your online activities over time and across different services. Cookies are small text files containing a string of alphanumeric characters. We may use both session cookies and persistent cookies. A session cookie disappears after you close your browser. A persistent cookie remains after you close your browser and may be used by your browser on subsequent visits to our Services.
Please review your web browser's "Help" file to learn the proper way to modify your cookie settings. Please note that if you delete or choose not to accept cookies from our Website, you may not be able to utilize the features of the Website to their fullest potential.
How We Use the Information We Collect
We use the information we collect:
To communicate with you, provide you with updates and other information relating to our Services, provide information that you request, respond to comments and questions, and otherwise provide support;
To provide, maintain, improve, and enhance our Services;
To understand and analyze how you use our Services and develop new features, and functionality;
For compliance purposes, including enforcing our Terms of Service or other legal rights, or as may be required by applicable laws and regulations or requested by any judicial process or governmental agency; and
For other purposes for which we provide specific notice at the time the information is collected.
How We Share the Information We Collect
Vendors and Service Providers. We may share any information we receive with vendors and service providers retained in connection with the provision of our Services.
Analytics Partners. We use analytics services such as Google Analytics to collect and process certain analytics data. These services may also collect information about your use of other websites, apps, and online resources. To help us understand how you use our Services and to help us improve them, we automatically receive information about your interactions with our Services, like the pages or other content you view, and the dates and times of your visits.
As Required By Law and Similar Disclosures. We may access, preserve, and disclose your information if we believe doing so is required or appropriate to: (a) comply with law enforcement requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; (b) respond to your requests; or (c) protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety. For the avoidance of doubt, the disclosure of your information may occur if you post any objectionable content on or through the Services.
Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers. We may transfer your information to service providers, advisors, potential transactional partners, or other third parties in connection with the consideration, negotiation, or completion of a corporate transaction in which we are acquired by or merged with another company or we sell, liquidate, or transfer all or a portion of our assets. The use of your information following any of these events will be governed by the provisions of this Privacy Policy in effect at the time the applicable information was collected.
Consent. We may also disclose your information with your permission.
Our Services may contain links to other websites, products, or services that we do not own or operate. We are not responsible for the privacy practices of these third parties. Please be aware that this Privacy Policy does not apply to your activities on these third party services or any information you disclose to these third parties. We encourage you to read their privacy policies before providing any information to them.
We make reasonable efforts to protect your information by using physical and electronic safeguards designed to improve the security of the information we maintain. However, as no electronic transmission or storage of information can be entirely secure, we can make no guarantees as to the security or privacy of your information.
We do not knowingly collect, maintain, or use personal information from children under 13 years of age, and no part of our Service are directed to children. If you learn that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of this Privacy Policy, then you may alert us at privacy@oysterpointrx.com.
Our Services are hosted in the United States and intended for visitors located within the United States. If you choose to use the Services from the European Union or other regions of the world with laws governing data collection and use that may differ from U.S. law, then please note that you are transferring your personal information outside of those regions to the United States for storage and processing. Also, we may transfer your data from the U.S. to other countries or regions in connection with storage and processing of data, fulfilling your requests, and operating the Services. By providing any information, including personal information, on or to the Services, you consent to such transfer, storage, and processing.
We will post any adjustments to the Privacy Policy on this page, and the revised version will be effective when it is posted. If we materially change the ways in which we use or share personal information previously collected from you through the Services, we will notify you through the Services, by email, or other communication.
If you have any questions, comments or concerns about your privacy on the Services or this privacy policy, please email us at privacy@oysterpointrx.com or write to us at:
Oyster Point Pharma, Inc.
202 Carnegie Center, Suite 109
© 2021 Oyster Point Pharma, Inc., TYRVAYA™, and the Oyster Point logo are trademarks of Oyster Point Pharma, Inc.
We use cookies to deliver our online services. Details of the cookies can be found by clicking the 'Cookie settings' link. To agree to our use of cookies click 'Accept.'. Cookie settingsACCEPT
This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are as essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: consuming asmx webservice in xamarin forms I am working on a login page in Xamarin forms and I need to consume an asmx webservice in order to connect to the sql server. I used this example: https://github.com/fabiosilvalima/FSL.ConsummingAsmxServicesInXamarinForms, and tried to apply the same steps for my app. but I got an error.
here's my code:
ILogin.cs:
namespace App33.Models
{
    public interface ILogin
    {
         string Error { get; set; }
         bool ValidUser { get; set; }
    }
}

ILoginSoapService.cs
  public interface ILoginSoapService
    {
        Task<List<ILogin>> Login(string namee, string passs);
    }

in App.xaml.cs
 private static ILoginSoapService _loginSoapService;

        public static ILoginSoapService LoginSoapService

        {

            get

            {

                if (_loginSoapService == null)

                {

                    _loginSoapService = DependencyService.Get<ILoginSoapService>();

                }

                return _loginSoapService;

            }

Main.xaml.cs
 public MainPage()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
        }
        async void OnButtonClicked(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            var entr_usrname = this.FindByName<Entry>("username");
            string usrname = entr_usrname.Text;
            var entr_pass = this.FindByName<Entry>("Password");
            string pass = entr_pass.Text;
            var state = await App.LoginSoapService.Login(usrname,pass);
            if (state[0].ValidUser == true)
            {
                await DisplayAlert("Alert", "You have been alerted", "OK");
            }

        }

this is for the portable app. my webservice is added to the web reference as LoginWs. it has the following codes:
Result.cs:
public class Result
    {
        public string Error { get; set; }
        public bool ValidUser { get; set; }
    }

WebService1.asmx.cs:
[WebService(Namespace = "http://tempuri.org/")]
    [WebServiceBinding(ConformsTo = WsiProfiles.BasicProfile1_1)]
    [System.ComponentModel.ToolboxItem(false)]
    // To allow this Web Service to be called from script, using ASP.NET AJAX, uncomment the following line.
    // [System.Web.Script.Services.ScriptService]
    public class WebService1 : System.Web.Services.WebService
    {

        [WebMethod]
        public Result Login(string userName, string userPass)
        {
            SqlConnection conn=new SqlConnection (new DBConnection().ConnectionString);
            Result result = new Result();
            try
            {
                SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("SELECT userName, password FROM users where CONVERT(VARCHAR, username)=@username and CONVERT(VARCHAR, password)=@password");
                cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("username", userName);
                cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("password", userPass);
                cmd.Connection = conn;
                if (conn.State==System.Data.ConnectionState.Closed)
                {
                    conn.Open();
                }
                SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
                if (dr.HasRows)
                {
                    result.ValidUser = true;
                    return result;
                }
                else
                {
                    result.ValidUser = false;

                }

            }
            catch(Exception ex)
            {
                result.Error = ex.ToString();

            }

            finally
            {
                conn.Close();
            }
            return result;
        }

    }
}

now in App.Android:
Result.cs
namespace App33.Droid.LoginWs
{
    public partial class Result : ILogin

    {

    }
}

LoginSoapService.cs
[assembly: Dependency(typeof(App33.Droid.LoginSoapService))]
namespace App33.Droid
{
    public sealed class LoginSoapService :ILoginSoapService
    {

        LoginWs.WebService1 service;

        public LoginSoapService()

        {

            service = new LoginWs.WebService1()

            {

               // Url = "http://codefinal.com/FSL.ConsummingAsmxServicesInXamarinForms/Customers.asmx" //remote server

                 Url = "http://192.168.0.106/site2/WebService1.asmx" //localserver - mobile does not understand "localhost", just that ip address

            };

        }

        public async Task<List<ILogin>> Login( string namee,string pass)

        {

            return await Task.Run(() =>

            {

                var result = service.Login(namee,pass);

                return new List<ILogin>(result);

            });

        }

    }
}

the error i'm getting is in this line:return new List(result);. it says: Error  CS1503  Argument 1: cannot convert from 'App33.Droid.LoginWs.Result' to 'int'. I can't figure out what the peoblem is. sorry for the long question. any help is appreciated.