text:
Some Thoughts on the Discovery of Earth's Bigger, Older Cousin
by Salman Hameed
An artist conception of Kepler 452b (Credits: NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle)
Hold the celebrations: We will find an even better one soon!
While we wait, here are some thoughts on the newly discovered older, bigger, (badder?), cousin of Earth (you can also listen to my conversation with Monte Belmonte for our local radio station, WRSI, here):
The light from the star Kepler 452 dimmed just a fraction. Then, 385 days later, it did it again. Astronomers now know that a planet - only a little bigger than the Earth - is causing the dimming as it blocks some of the light heading our way. It is orbiting a sun-like star and is the closest analog to Earth discovered yet.
This way of detecting planets is called "Transit Method" and it has turned out to be one of the most successful ways of identifying other worlds. So far astronomers have detected 5583 planetary candidates around stars other than our Sun, with 1879 already confirmed (you can track the latest number of planets from Planet Quest.
Wait. Take a deep breath. Now imagine almost 1900 confirmed planets outside our solar system! To put this in perspective, though the entire history of humanity, save the last two decades, we knew of planets only in our own solar system (we even managed to demote one of them!). It was only in 1995, that astronomers confirmed the existence of the first extrasolar planet – 51 Peg and the number of planets is now steadily increasing.
Most of the planets discovered so far are much bigger than the Earth and often lie quite close to their parent star (much of this is a selection boas as detection techniques are better in detecting these kinds of planetary systems). But, of course, we want to find Earth-like planets – small, rocky worlds, orbiting sun-like stars at a distance where water can exist in liquid form. This last bit is potentially important for life. Neither too hot, nor too cold. This is called the Goldilocks zone or more formally, the Habitable Zone. In our own solar system, Venus is too close to the Sun and Mars just a little too far. But Earth is in the middle of the habitable zone and has ably supported life for the past four billions years!
If we can find earth-sized planets in their respective habitable zones, the thinking goes, then these may be the likely places where life may have also originated. And on at least some of these worlds, biological evolution would have led to the development of complex organisms as well.
But wait. One step at a time. First we have to detect earth-sized planets in habitable zones. In 2011, astronomers discovered an earth-sized planet, Kepler 20e. But its orbit was only 6-days long and therefore too close to the Sun. The same year came the discovery of Kepler 22b. This time the planet was in the habitable zone of a sun-like star, but it was double the size of the Earth and it is quite likely that it is made of predominantly gases (like Jupiter and other big planets of our own solar system). Then in April of last year, astronomers discovered Kepler 186f. It is an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone. It is a promising candidate but with just one potential catch. It orbits a star that is smaller and dimmer than our Sun. Its habitable zone, therefore, is closer to its star. I think this is a great candidate for a planet that might host life. The only thing is that it does not orbit a sun-like star.
That brings us to Kepler 452b. This planet is 60% bigger than the Earth. It orbits a sun-like star and it takes 385 days to go around its star. Astronomers think that it has an atmosphere thicker than the Earth and that it also has active volcanism on its surface. So far so good. However, it is located 1400 light years away. Even if we were to find a way to travel fast, this will still be a little too far away. In addition, the planet is 1.5 billion years older than the Earth. This can be both good and bad. This older age gives the planet plenty of time for life to develop. On Earth, life started early, but then it took several billion years to develop complex species like the Turtles, the elephants, and the species that are looking for life on other planets. Just because it happened this way on Earth is no guarantee that it will happen the same way on another planet. But having more time – 1.5 billion more years – nevertheless is probably good when it comes to possible diversity of life.
On the other hand, the central star of Kepler 452b is also 1.5 billion years older, and it means that it is also a bit brighter than our Sun. Stars like our Sun brighten up a little as they age and that can have potentially devastating impact on the habitability of planets. Our own Sun will get 10% brighter in the next billion years or so, and this extra heat will probably result in the evaporation of oceans on Earth making our planet inhospitable to life as it exists today. It is impossible to predict the future of humanity – or whatever our future descendants will be called – that far into the future. Nevertheless, relocation will be the only option for survival, if they still reside on our planet. But we don't know for sure if the slightly larger size and being slightly farther away from the sun will give Kepler 452b some extra time for habitability or not.
Kepler 452b is a great candidate for life. But hold the celebrations. Astronomers estimate that 10% of stars in our galaxy host Earth-sized planets that may exist in the habitable zone. In a galaxy of 200 billion stars, that leaves us with 20 billion potentially habitable planets! I am quite sure – no, I am certain that within the next few years, we will find even more promising candidates much closer to home. And I am quite sure that on at least one of these worlds, we will detect an atmosphere that has been transformed by the existence of life on that planet.
Now that will be something worth celebrating. Stay tuned.
Posted in Astronomy on Monday, July 27, 2015 by Salman Hameed | 3 comments Edit
A new episode of "Hamari Kainaat" on evolution of stars and HR Diagram
Here is our latest episode of Hamari Kainaat (Our Universe) on evolution of stars. In particular, we spend time discussing the Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram. It is a tool of understanding how stars function and evolve over their lifetime. We are still not done with HR diagram. I think we have at least two more episodes in the future dealing with it. In the mean time, here is an introduction on this in Urdu. For more episodes, please visit the website of Hamari Kainaat.
Hamari Kainaat (Urdu) - Episode 8 from Umair Asim on Vimeo.
"Hamarai Kainaat" (Our Universe) is an Urdu Podcast about Astronomy, published by Umair Asim and Dr Salman Hameed. One of our main purpose for this podcast in Urdu, is to share the knowledge about our Universe to anyone relating to any walk of life in Pakistan and beyond.
Posted in Astronomy, Pakistan on Sunday, July 26, 2015 by Salman Hameed | 1 comment Edit
A Saudi supercomputer joins the list of most powerful computers
I have posted about King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) mostly from a skeptical lens (for example see Coed Saudi University for Saudi Elites?). It is a rich university (the second biggest university endowment in the world!) and that lends to the perception that it is buying its prestige. Plus, the campus is shielded from some of the more abhorrent Saudi laws (for example, the prohibition of women from driving - still!!) and appears to be catering either to the elites or to researchers from abroad. Nevertheless, KAUST is now starting to make some headlines and we should give credit where credit is due. Here is a blurb about Saudi Arabia from Nature's analysis of publication of articles in top journals:
Strong research output requires more than big investments. Saudi Arabia has poured billions into new universities, particularly with the 2009 opening of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), which is believed to have a US$15 billion endowment, and has attracted top talent for research. From 2012 KAUST has increased its article output in the Nature Index by 40%. Given its more moderate increase in WFC over the same time period, it seems that KAUST researchers are actively contributing more to collaborative papers than working in isolation.
Performance in the Nature Index is also greatly dependent on collaboration — and this is where the Arab states are doing well. Saudi Arabia reaches out extensively to other countries for scientific collaboration, with 79% of its output being the result of international collaborations. Israel and Turkey collaborated internationally on 46% and 59% of their papers, respectively, showing that scientists in Saudi Arabia collaborate much more than their colleagues in neighbouring countries. This high collaboration rate, however, may be due in part to the practice at some universities — although not KAUST, which opposes such an approach — of bringing in foreign researchers for a short amount of time to add a local affiliation to papers.
In case you are wondering, here is how the region looks like (I will have more on Iran and Turkey separately):
This is how Fractional Weighted Count (WFC) and Nature Index is described:
The Nature Index is a unique database that tracks affiliations in research publications in a select group of scientific journals. The Index can provide an indicator of high-quality research contributions from institutions, countries, regions and disciplines. In this Global Nature Index supplement, we present a snapshot of the Index for the calendar year 2014.
We have grouped countries into nine regions. The strongest performances come, not surprisingly, from North America, North & West Europe, and East & Southeast Asia. In fact, these three regions accounted for 91% of the Index's weighted fractional count (WFC), a metric that apportions credit for each article according to the affiliations of the contributing authors.
It is good to see that KAUST has substantially improved its article output. And now there is also news that a KAUST supercomputer has joined in the list of top 10 most powerful supercomputers (tip from Vika Gardener):
For the first time, a system in the Middle East earned a Top 10 spot on the Top500.org list of most powerful supercomputers. Shaheen II, located at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), in Saudi Arabia, placed 7th in the the semi-annual competition, the results of which were announced earlier today. Shaheen II is a Cray XC40 system that cranked out 5.536 petaflops per second on the Linpack benchmark.
Shaheen II replaced the Shaheen I in April 2015. The 16-rack IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer system and has 6,100 sets of 32 processor cores. At KAUST, 25 percent on the university's faculty, students and researchers rely on Shaheen II, the university said in a press release. The system is used for and small- and large-scale scientific research, including global climate projects and visualizations of the brain and DNA.
In case you are wondering, Chinese supercomputer is the most powerful in the world:
At the top of the list, China and U.S. battled it out for the number one position. But, Tianhe-2 did it again. The supercomputer developed by the National University of Defense Technology in Guangzhou, China, held its number one title for the fifth consecutive time. No other supercomputer was able to beat Tianhe-2's max calculation capacity of 33.86 petaflops per second. The top supercomputer in the United States, Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Titan, remained at its number two spot achieving 17.59 petaflops per second.
"Made in China" is now getting a new meaning! Read the full article here (you will need subscription for the full article).
Posted in education in muslim world on Saturday, July 18, 2015 by Salman Hameed | 1 comment Edit
Time for Pluto has come...
I have been behind on writing here (there are many many backlogged posts). But I had to say something about Pluto. So couple of things: First, here is an excellent video from Slate that shows the evolution of images of Pluto since 1930 (yes - not much until this month):
Then also see this video from NYT from last week:
And then finally, see this image of Pluto taken on July 12th:
Pluto appearing as a world. This picture was taken by the New Horizons spacecraft on July 12th, when the spacecraft was still 2.5 million kilometers away. On July 14th, it will see Pluto from mere 12,500 kms away. Image credit NASA/Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute
And here are some thoughts on this encounter with Pluto:
Pluto: Smile - we are ready to snap your picture!
If you are out and about in the morning of July 14th or you are sitting at home reading this article. At 7:49am Eastern Daylight Time, symbolically look up at the sky (please don't stare at the Sun). At this precise moment, a machine built by humans will be making its closest approach to Pluto – at the frontiers of our Solar system. This spacecraft, New Horizons, has been traveling at the incredible speed of 50,000 km/hour (if you are not impressed, check your speedometer when you are driving on a highway and compare with this Pluto probe)! And yet, it has taken nine long years to get to Pluto. Don't blame the spacecraft. Pluto is currently 5 billion kilometers away and even one of fastest spacecrafts ever built by humans has taken this long to get there.
An American astronomer, Clyde Tombaugh, discovered Pluto in 1930. For the past 85 years, Pluto was seen as a small fuzzy object. Even the best telescopes could not make out much detail. In fact, four of its five moons have been discovered in the last ten years. In the last few days, however, Pluto has become a real world. Look at the photograph above. This is our best image of Pluto yet. It was taken on July 12th, when the New Horizons spacecraft was 2.5 million kilometers from Pluto. We can already see a couple of craters on the surface, as well as some cliffs (see the annotated image below).
But hold your breath. The spacecraft will take pictures of Pluto from a distance of only 12,500 kilometers – its closest approach. What kind of secrets will Pluto reveal then? Will there be ice volcanoes? Or evidence of sub-surface ocean? Or perhaps the spacecraft will find things that we have not even imagined about this cousin of ours living in the outskirts of the Solar system? Whatever it will be, it will be different and stunning. This is the lesson we have learned from explorations of eight planets and their moons.
Until recently, Pluto was the ninth planet of our Solar system. However, in a contentious decision, its status was demoted to a dwarf planet in 2006. I have my own bias in keeping its status as a planet. I obtained by doctorate from the astronomy department at New Mexico State University in the US. Clyde Tombaugh founded this department, and I had a chance to meet him and to be present at his 90th birthday in 1996. He died the next year, but Pluto retained a special place for astronomers in our department. With the renewed interest in Pluto, I hope its status will be restored as a planet.
Once New Horizons flys past Pluto, it will take a picture of Pluto in the shadow of the Sun. An eclipse. This will happen at 8:51am Eastern Time. The goal of the image is get information about the atmosphere of Pluto. But this picture will also tell us that this machine built by humans, has successfully gone past one of nine major bodies in the Solar system.
So today, at 7:49am (EDT), take a deep breath. Then look up in the sky and appreciate what humans can do at their best.
You can follow the latest about the Pluto encounter at http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/index.php
Posted in Astronomy on Tuesday, July 14, 2015 by Salman Hameed | 2 comments Edit
Some Thoughts on the Discovery of Earth's Bigger, ...
A new episode of "Hamari Kainaat" on evolution of ...
A Saudi supercomputer joins the list of most power...


text:
\section{Introduction}

Excitation and properties of solar oscillations have been investigated using three-dimensional (3D) numerical
simulations by many authors \cite{nordlund2001,stein2001,georgobiani2003,stein2004,jacoutot08a}.
The results have provided important insights into the excitation mechanism \cite{stein2001} and the meaning of the line asymmetry \cite{georgobiani2003}, and have been used for testing the
local correlation tracking technique \cite{georgobiani2007} and in time-distance helioseismology
\cite{zhao2007}. However, properties of oscillations in magnetic regions using realistic
simulations of solar magnetoconvection have been much less investigated. Analyzing the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations
with initially vertical magnetic field,  Jacoutot {\it et al.} (2008b, 2009) found a shift
of the oscillation power toward higher frequencies with the increasing magnetic field
strength. They also found enhanced excitation of high-frequency ''pseudo-modes", which reached
a maximum amplitude for a moderate field strength of $\approx600$~G. It was  suggested that
this may qualitatively explain the phenomenon of "acoustic halo" observed around sunspots
and active regions in the frequency range $5.5-7.5$~mHz (see, {\it e.g.}, \opencite{jain2002}).

There is no doubt that the inclination of the magnetic field also has a significant influence
on the oscillation properties of the resonant modes. This may be particularly important
in the sunspot penumbra, where the magnetic field is strong and highly inclined. The sunspot
penumbra represents a complicated mixture of almost horizontal magnetic fields, and also has
a circular structure with a radial dependence of the field properties. Therefore, the interpretation
of observations of penumbra oscillations in terms of the field properties is not straightforward.

 \begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{kiti_fig1.eps}}
 \caption{Structure of the magnetic field magnitude ($B_0=600$~G) for different mean
 inclinations: a) vertical field ($\alpha=0^\circ$) and b) highly inclined field
 ($\alpha=85^\circ$). Isosurfaces correspond to 1100~G (a) and 1200~G (b) magnetic
 field strength. Red curves are magnetic field lines.}
 \label{3D-snapshots600}
 \end{figure}

In our simulations, we model a small area of a penumbra, where the mean magnetic field
strength is almost uniform. This simplifies the simulations and allows us to obtain
dependencies on the strength of the inclined field. For this initial investigation,
we used our simulations data \cite{kiti09a} previously obtained by using a radiative
MHD code {\it SolarBox} (Jacoutot {\it et al.}, 2008a; 2009), for the top 5~Mm-deep layer
of the convective zone and $0.5$~Mm layer of the low atmosphere with spatial resolution
50~km$\times$50~km$\times$42~km. Radiative transfer was calculated with a local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) approximation
using four-bin opacity distribution function. The ray-tracing transport calculations
implemented the Feautrier method for a 14 ray (two vertical, four horizontal, eight slanted)
angular quadrature. The code was tested \cite{jacoutot08a} by comparing with the results of
similar code \cite{nordlund2001,stein2001}, and also with some cases of higher-resolution
simulations (12.5~km$\times$12.5~km$\times$10.5~km). In the simulations the mean
magnetic field strength and inclination are maintained by the boundary conditions
\cite{kiti09a}. The simulation results have been used for studying the basic features
of the Evershed flow and the filamentary structures, including the ''sea-serpent"
behavior of magnetic field lines in the penumbra \cite{kiti10a}.

 \begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{kiti_fig2a.eps}}
 \caption{Structure of the magnetic field magnitude ($B_0=1200$~G) for different mean
 inclinations: a) vertical field ($\alpha=0^\circ$) and b) highly inclined field
 ($\alpha=85^\circ$). Isosurfaces correspond to 1450~G (a) and 1700~G (b) magnetic
 field strength. Red curves are magnetic field lines.}
 \label{3D-snapshots}
 \end{figure}

\section{Magnetoconvection in Vertical and Highly Inclined Magnetic Field Regions

 \begin{figure}[t]
 \centerline{\includegraphics[scale=1]{kiti_fig3.eps}}
 \caption{Snapshots (from top to bottom) of temperature, {\it T}, vertical velocity, {\it Vz},
 and vertical magnetic field, {\it $B_z$}, for initial vertical field $B_{z0}=600$~G ($\alpha=0^\circ$,
 left column) and $B_{z0}=1200$~G (right column), at a constant depth corresponding to the photospheric level,
 approximately defined at the optical depth of unity.}\label{V-snapshots}
 \end{figure}

Magnetic fields have a strong influence on convective motions. For instance, in regions with
strong vertical magnetic field, such as the sunspot umbra, convection is largely suppressed.
The umbra convection is characterized by horizontally small and vertically long convective cells,
and slow flows \cite{schussler2006,bharti2010,kiti10b}. Such convective structures are observed
as umbral dots (see, {\it e.g.}, \opencite{ortiz2010}). The horizontal magnetic fields tend to stretch
convective granules along the field lines as shown in the simulations of the horizontal flux
emergence \cite{cheung08,stein2010}. The interaction of convective motions and magnetic field
highly depends on the field inclination (see Figures~\ref{3D-snapshots600} and~\ref{3D-snapshots}).
It is natural that the vertical magnetic field
structure represents vertical flux tubes for a strong field (Figure~\ref{3D-snapshots}a).
However, in the inclined field ($\alpha=85^\circ$) of the same strength, the magnetic field structure
is very different and forms arch-like structures below the surface and almost horizontal elongated
tubes at the surface (Figures~\ref{3D-snapshots600}b,~\ref{3D-snapshots}b).

The influence of the vertical field on convection strongly depends on the field strength.
The weak field (about 1, 10~G) almost does not affect the plasma dynamics. The field is concentrated
in the intergranular lanes. When a moderate, 100~G, vertical magnetic field is imposed in an initially
nonmagnetic convection layer, it may lead to spontaneous formation of a stable, pore-like, magnetic
structure \cite{kiti10c}. However, in strong magnetic field regions the behavior of convection is different.
Figure~\ref{V-snapshots} shows such changes (from left to right) of the temperature,
vertical velocity, and vertical magnetic field for $B_0=600$~G (left column) and $B_0=1200$~G
(right column). The simulations show the decreasing size of the convective granules, slower evolution,
suppression of convective flows, and magnetic field concentrations in the intergranular lines.
This is in agreement with previous results \cite{schussler2006,jacoutot08b}.

 \begin{figure}[t]
 \centerline{\includegraphics[scale=1]{kiti_fig4.eps}}
 \caption{Snapshots of temperature, {\it T}, vertical velocity, {\it Vz}, and horizontal component
 of magnetic field, {\it $B_x$}, for highly inclined ($\alpha=85^\circ$) initial field cases for
 $B_0=600$~G (left column) and $B_0=1200$~G (right column).}\label{In-snapshots}
 \end{figure}

The magnetic field inclination breaks the horizontal homogeneity of convection and leads to the
formation of a mean shear flow (Evershed flow) \cite{kiti09a}. The effect becomes stronger with
increasing field inclination and strength. Figure~\ref{In-snapshots} shows an example of
such changes for the 600~G (left column) and 1200~G (right column) initial magnetic field strengths,
and $85^\circ$ inclination.
 In this case, the convective cells are stretched in the direction of the magnetic field inclination.
 The degree of the shape deformation depends on both the field strength and the inclination angle.
 A weak inclination ($\approx30^\circ$) of a strong magnetic field (such as 1200~G) results in only
 a small stretching of granules along the magnetic field lines \cite{kiti10b}. When the magnetic field
 inclination increases, the magnetic effects on the granulation dynamics are much stronger.
 In particular, the high inclination leads to strong, horizontal mean flows resembling the Evershed
 effect \cite{kiti09a} and to formation of a filamentary structure in the form of strongly stretched
 convective cells, which become more narrow for the stronger field (see two bottom rows in
 Figure~\ref{In-snapshots}).

 Such changes of the solar magnetoconvection, depending on the inclination and strength of the magnetic
 field, can also be reflected in the oscillatory behavior.

 \begin{figure}[t]
 \centerline{\includegraphics[scale=0.38]{kiti_fig5.eps}}
 \caption{Oscillation power spectra of the vertical velocity for different magnetic field strengths
 and inclinations: a) $B_0=0$~G; b) $B_0=600$~G, $\alpha=0^\circ$; c) $B_0=1200$~G, $\alpha=0^\circ$;
 d) $B_0=600$~G, $\alpha=85^\circ$; and e) $B_0=1200$~G, $\alpha=85^\circ$.}\label{pow-sp}
 \end{figure}

 \section{Frequency Shift of the Radial Oscillations

We investigate effects of the magnetic field on the oscillations by calculating the power spectral
density for the vertical velocity fluctuations, averaged over the whole horizontal domain.
This corresponds to considering the radial oscillations or oscillations of a low angular degree
with the horizontal wavelength much larger than the size of the computational domain (6~Mm).
Because of the small domain of the simulations, we do not attempt to extract high-degree modes.
For calculating the power spectra, we used 20~hours of the simulated data sets of the vertical
velocity with a cadence of 30~seconds, after the magnetoconvection reached a stationary state.

Figures~\ref{pow-sp}~b-c illustrate the power spectrum changes with increasing vertical
magnetic field strength. Figures~\ref{pow-sp}~d, e show the power spectra for the highly inclined fields
of the same strengths. The two identical top panels (Figure~\ref{pow-sp}a) show the spectrum without
magnetic field, for comparison. In the frequency range of $0-6$ mHz, the power spectra have four
mode peaks, the frequencies of which are determined by the resonant conditions between the bottom
boundary conditions of our domain and the near-surface reflective layer. In this paper, we have not
considered the high-frequency spectrum because the top boundary condition was reflecting.

 Comparison of the oscillation spectra in Figure~\ref{pow-sp} shows three main dependencies:
 {\it i}) suppression of the power by the magnetic field, {\it ii}) shift of the mode peaks
 to a higher frequency, which is greater for the stronger field, and {\it iii}) increase of the width
 of the resonant peaks with the magnetic field. In the vertical field, $B_{z0}=600$~G,
 the shift of the mode frequencies shows a trend to higher frequencies. The frequency shift increases
 in the stronger field, $B_{z0}=1200$~G. It is interesting that the power suppression is stronger
 for the vertical magnetic field than for the inclined field, but the frequency shift
 is significantly stronger for the inclined field than for the vertical field.  Also, the frequency
 dependence of the shift is stronger for the inclined magnetic field. The frequency shifts
 estimated from the positions of the peak maxima are shown in Figure~\ref{shift}. The dependence
 on the magnetic field strength seems to be nonlinear, in particular, for the two higher modes,
 but, obviously, this requires further investigation.

 \begin{figure}[t]
 \centerline{\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{kiti_fig6.eps}}
 \caption{Frequency shifts of the oscillation modes (indicated by different colors) relative
 to the case of nonmagnetic convection for the vertical ($\alpha=0^\circ$, panel a) and almost
 horizontal ($\alpha=85^\circ$, panel b) magnetic fields.}\label{shift}
 \end{figure}

  \section{Conclusions

We have used radiative MHD simulations of magnetoconvection in the upper convective boundary layer
and the low atmosphere of the Sun to investigate changes in the oscillation power spectrum
in the cases of vertical and highly inclined magnetic fields. The oscillations in these simulations
are naturally excited by the turbulent convection. We have investigated only the behavior of the radial
(or large-scale) oscillations.

The results show two basic effects of the magnetic fields: power suppression and shifts of the mode
peaks to higher frequencies. The power suppression is stronger for the vertical magnetic
field, but the frequency shift is stronger for the inclined magnetic field.
The stronger frequency shift in the inclined magnetic field can be understood in terms of physical properties
of fast MHD waves. The speed of these waves is higher when they travel across the magnetic field lines,
and this leads to higher modal frequencies. These results may
have important implications for local helioseismology analysis and for comparison with linear modeling of
oscillations in magnetic fields ({\it e.g.}, \opencite{parchevsky2009}). In particular, our results indicate
that the frequency shift measured in sunspot regions using the ring-diagram technique of local helioseismology
without discriminating the sunspot umbra and penumbra regions may come mostly from the penumbra because
the contributions of various parts of the analyzed area are weighted by the local oscillation power
of these parts.

{\bf Acknowledgement.} We thank the International Space Science Institute (Bern) for the opportunity to discuss these results at the international team meeting on solar magnetism.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


ALBANY – Mary Coppolino, 95, of Albany, died Friday, July 2, 2010 in the Hospice Inn at St. Peter's Hospital surrounded by her family. Mrs. Coppolino was born in Chatham, NY, the daughter of the late Joseph and Margaret Chiartano Scarano. She lived most of her life in Albany, and was employed for a time as a glove inspector at the Ashe Manufacturing Co. in Rensselaer. She also was a communicant of the former St. Margaret Mary's Church, and was very active in parish activities including the Rosary Society and the Seniors. She was a member of the Italian American Community Center in Albany, and the American Italian Heritage Association in Albany.
Mrs. Coppolino was predeceased by her husband Joseph Coppolino. She is survived by her sister Camille Malm (Carl Malm, Sr.) of Vienna, VA; her nieces and nephews Carl Malm, Jr. of Vienna, VA, Kenneth Malm (Nancy) of Bethesda, MD, Pamela Malm Emmet (Francis Xavier) of Germantown, MD, John Scarano, Jr. of Colonie, Steven L. Scarano of Colonie, Margaret Scarano Morin (James) of Ocala, FL, Santa Coppolino Pasquini of Albany, and Ann Coppolino Sweeney (William) of Delanson; and by many great nieces and nephews, and great-great nieces and nephews. She was predeceased by her brothers Louis J. Scarano, John J. Scarano, and Lawrence R. Scarano; and by her sister Lucy Scarano Schilipote.
Funeral services will be held in the Hans Funeral Home, 1088 Western Ave., Albany, Thursday morning at 8:45, and from there to All Saints Catholic Church (formerly St. Margaret Mary's Church), Homestead St., Albany. Relatives and friends are invited, and may call at the funeral home Wednesday from 4-7 p.m. Interment will be in St. Agnes Cemetery, Menands. The family would like to express their gratitude to the staff of the Guilderland Center Nursing Home, Our Lady of Mercy Life Center and Hospice Inn for the wonderful care they provided Mrs. Coppolino. To leave a message of condolence for the family or obtain directions to the funeral home, please visit www.HansFuneralHome.com.


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Lakeshore often receives calls and emails asking about the best ways to give in support of Lakeshore PBS and Lakeshore Public Radio. The end of the year is when Lakeshore receives the most donations, so I wanted to share with you a few of the most popular ways our donors make their gifts. In some cases, there are tax or financial benefits to the donor.
Besides making a straight financial donation, many of our donors give from their IRA RMD or required minimum distribution. Because IRS rules mandate that individuals age 70-1/2 and older take an RMD from their IRA each year, an individual can make a charitable contribution from the IRA to satisfy the RMD amount without reporting additional income.
Lakeshore Public Media also receives gifts of appreciated stock. When you choose a stock or fund that has appreciated, the full value goes to Lakeshore. That full value is a charitable tax. deduction for you. The original cost of the appreciated stock is a fraction of the current value, so your original investment cost is substantially less than today's appreciated value. This is just one way you can make a smaller gift go much further!
Younger donors and those who do not own stock can always make a one-time year-end gift to Lakeshore in the amount of their choice. Many companies in the region offer a matching gift program for their employees. To find out if your employer does, just ask your supervisor or stop by your human resources office and ask if there is a matching gift program. To make your gift, you'll typically need to complete a paper or online form for your employer. Once you determine the amount of your contribution, your employer will match it. That's it. They take care of the rest.
Your gift of financial support, in ANY amount, is ALWAYS greatly appreciated. We know that you give because you care and value the great programming we provide to you and our community. Thank you for being there for Lakeshore PBS and Lakeshore Public Radio this year. We look forward to more great experiences in 2019.


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Rent a Fiat in Miami
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Renting A Known Quantity
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Whether you work with a major rental outlet, a local business, or a peer-to-peer rental site, you're not going to be paying a lot for a Fiat 500. American rentals are always priced by overall car size, and that puts the Fiat 500 in a range that virtually any visitor can afford. The Fiat 500's excellent fuel economy also helps you in Miami, where you're likely to put a surprising number of miles on your rental car in just a few days.
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Lauren Alaina's latest hit song is hitting the big screen in a big way
Trisha Yearwood revs up this national anthem performance like never before
Tammy Ragusa, October 9, 2016 12:24 pm
Elvis' Look-Alike Granddaughters Step Out For a Rare Appearance
Samantha Stephens, October 20, 2018 11:25 am
Watch this country cutie's "Fast Money" round that made Steve Harvey speechless
Tricia Despres, October 17, 2018 4:55 pm
Priscilla Presley made a confession about Elvis that will make any woman cringe
USASSB4ever/YouTube screenshot
It's one of the most exciting events in the world of sports — NASCAR! The roar of the engines, the smell of fuel, rubber and exhaust, and the constant blur of cars whizzing past at unheard of speeds contribute to the adrenaline after the green flag drops to start the race.
Among all the races that make up the lengthy NASCAR season, the Daytona 500 is the premier event. The first race in the Sprint Cup (formerly Nextel) series of races, there is a hefty purse for the first to cross the finish line on the storied track. U.S. television viewership of the Daytona 500 is the highest of any other racing event, including the Indy 500.
RELATED: Trisha Yearwood surprises Garth Brooks in concert with the best possible news
It is a great honor to be invited to sing the national anthem at the prestigious event, and at the 50th anniversary of the Daytona 500 in 2008, that recognition went to one of country music's greatest songbirds, three-time Grammy winner Trisha Yearwood. Prior to the deafening roar of dozens of super-charged engines, Trisha's voice rang out as clear as a bell for the drivers and crews standing in pit row and for the fans packed into the stands of the Daytona International Speedway.
RELATED: Faith Hill's soul shines in this magnificent performance of an American anthem
And when the checkered flag dropped, it was young Ryan Newman who took the victory, but we'd bet Trisha won a few more fans, too.
About the author: Tammy Ragusa, Rare Country Contributor
Based in Nashville, Tammy is a 20-year veteran of the country music community. She has worked in marketing, PR and artist development. Follow her @TammyGooGoo and join the conversation @RareCountry
American patriotism


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H-Ware
S-ware
DMWTV
EVO Network Server Shares a Video Message for Life Church
Life Church's workflow maintains a high level of continuous, weekly
video production with five video editing workstations connected to an
80 TB EVO storage system via a 10-Gigabit network.
Since launching in 1996, theLife Churchin Memphis, Tennessee, has grown to more than 8,000 members on four campuses, with a further location in Santiago, Chile. The founders John and Leslie Siebeling intended to create a vibrant ministry that would help and be relevant to current generations, and has chosen to make video a primary channel for its message. Life Church employs a full-time production staff that collaborates through the EVO shared storage platform.
Sunday services are the primary focus of the church's work, which also extends to a variety of recorded and live event programming using video for a very visual storytelling style. "Every weekend, for events and all kinds of other activities, we produce a massive amount of video," saidBrian Pitre, Creative Director for The Life Church.
During any given week, Brian's team produces video for Sunday services ranging from personal stories to more polished teaching and inspirational content. At the same time, Life Church produces aweekly 30 minute television programthat airs on the local Fox, CBS and NBC affiliates on Saturday and Sunday. Their show became, in fact, the first local HD program to air in Memphis. Video also plays a prominent role in the church's care and support programs and outreach ministries, and as content for its active website, which features web-only video.
All content, from the weekly services to promotions, is produced in-house on the EVO servers by Life Church's creative team. This team began ten years ago as a one-man volunteer operation on weekends, and has grown to a full-time staff that includes five dedicated video editors, two graphic designers and a web developer, among others, which means Life Church can produce any content it needs in house.
"We've tried to outsource, but because our production schedule is so fast paced, unless all team members are here, communicating with us directly, it's very difficult for them to keep up," said Brian. "Sometimes it can mean working around the clock. For example, the amount of work and preparation that went into our recent women's conference was pretty massive."
Life Church's high level of continuous video production calls for an intense, focused workflow that runs through the week. Each week's service usually comprises a story about a church member, plus three to four videos illustrating that week's teachings. On a normal weekend, the team also produces an average of two 30 or 60-secondpromotionsthat need a large proportion of graphics, as well as the weekly TV program.
"All of the video editors work on the TV program, similar to an assembly line," Brian said. "One handles the prep edit, then a couple of people do the main edit, and then a couple of others do audio production and titles."
The Life Church team edits and produces video on Mac workstations, mainly usingAdobe Photoshop CCandIllustrator CC, with some extra work onFinal Cut Pro 7for video captured from weekend services. All five of its video editing workstations are connected into an80 TB EVO systemvia a10-Gigabit network. Configured as one partition, the EVO server supports a workflow organized with folders devoted to church services, TV and footage captured from events and conferences.
EVO is a networked storage server forvideo, graphics, audioandbroadcastproduction. It combines a high-performance storage array with numerous connectivity options, including 8 Gb/s Fibre Channel and 10 Gb/s Ethernet. Functioning as a SAN, a NAS or both simultaneously, EVO is built for online, real-time use with mainstream software such as Final Cut Pro/FCP X, Avid, Blackmagic, Smoke, Scratch, Adobe Premiere Pro and Pro Tools. By integrating a NAS and a SAN into one system, it combines aspects of both file sharing and volume sharing.
Visibility and Access
EVO also runs a desktop client calledShareBrowser(above) that opens a file, project and asset management interface similar to Finder on Mac or Explorer on Windows, but is set up specifically to help media teams work together more efficiently.
The ShareBrowser improves visibility and access to a team's storage, and also enables automaticproject lockingfor FCP, Premiere Pro and Pro Tools, plus Avid project and bin sharing. Users can search across all EVO storage as well as local, offline and other network disks. Assets and custom metadata can be instantly added to the shared database, so that users can find, preview and share assets and projects more easily.
More recently,cloud servicescan appear as workspaces in the same way as other network storage, and ShareBrowser allows you to securely ingest and migrate data using built-in verification tools. Brian said, "The system serves as a huge library that we can pull from whenever we need to. Because we use the core system itself every day, it is never turned off and never stops running." Their previous video editing storage had forced them to carefully monitor active footage and storage limits against the risk of the system going down and taking several hours to reboot.
Their workload leaves little margin for error. "EVO gives us greater peace of mind. It is solid and has never been down once," he said. "I know I'm not going to come in and find I'm missing a drive somewhere on a workstation." He also stated that EVO allows for creative flexibility regarding workstation connection, because the connections aren't proprietary and fibre is not required. www.studionetworksolutions.com
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About DMW


I am writing this to you for you to read one day when you are older. When you have the ability to process what a six year struggles to comprehend, when his dad can't spend the entire day of Christmas with him.
It maybe when you are 12, 16 or 30. I am not sure. I write it to you now, on Christmas day 2015, while the feelings are still fresh with me.
We did get to spend so much time together today, and last night, even though it was your mum's week to have you. It has been so good to unwrap presents with you, build lego, and see what Santa left you at mumma's house.
You asked me as we were packing up to leave Christmas lunch if I could come back to mumma's house and build some more lego. I know you can't understand why I can't come over, and I really don't have a good way of explaining it to you. It made you so sad when I said no. You cried and I could see I was breaking your heart.
What I do want you to know though is that I miss you so much. That I am crying as I type this. That I will be spending Christmas night alone and lonely, wishing I could be building lego with you. My heart is breaking too.
It may not seem like it when we part. I try to put on a brave face. But it tears me apart when we leave each other. It feels like something is being torn away from my guts.
I love you. So much. Our family in two parts is not your fault, and yet it impacts you daily. You are tender hearted. And funny. And beautiful. Although I am away from you sometimes, you are always close to my thoughts and in my heart.
Through all this I am doing my best to be your dad; present with you through all the moments; helping you learn and be curious about this strange thing called existence. Sometimes it can hurt more than you can imagine. And sometimes there is uncontainable joy.


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Immersion and violence
Thursday the 19th February, I went to listen to an interview at the Goethe Institute between the filmmaker Harun Farocki and artist Kodwo Eshun. Harun screened a rough-cut of a work-in-progress entitled Immersion. Immersion is based on a first-person shooter games engine developed by the US military to train troops for service in Iraq.
Clunky graphics pan, track and zoom to reveal pixilated deserts, palm trees, 'arab' avatars, explosions, smoke and ruined buildings. The games-engine, with head mounted display and (plastic) XM8 interface has been released to a consortium of software engineers and psychotherapists. Cut to a therapist. The therapist is using the software to lead a traumatized soldier back, back to a scene of explosion, mutilation and death, back to site of their trauma.
Its harrowing. But then, through hammy acting and a burst of applause the soldier is revealed as another therapist, role-playing a traumatized trooper at a sales convention. The therapists are selling the software (and method) back to the military as a theraputic tool. Layers of play and simulation reverberate around the scene of death and trauma.
During the Q & A session, a member of the audience adds another layer, similar software is being used to recruit potential soldiers at military roadshows touring the depressed midwestern USA.
Early films of Harun Farocki were screening at the Cubitt Gallery Including the stunning Inextinguishable Fire (1969, 16mm, 25 min.) about the material economy of Napalm production.
Kodwo Eshun is part of the Otolith Group whose A long Time Between Suns is currently installed at Gasworks
Submitted by neil on 26 February, 2009 - 10:28


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Transmitting
Hall seating charts
The carte CF
With Paris Opera
Past season
Sociétaires honoraires
The Troupe throughout the centuries
House of Molière
Three stages
The general administrator
Administration and committees
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"The Comédie-Française carries within it this utopia that consists of reading the present in the light of the past, its missions being too vast and the curiosity of its artisans too insatiable to be reduced to one meaning rather than another. The common catalyst remains its Troupe and all its departments, working tirelessly to lead you on these fanciful paths."
ÉRIC RUF
© Vincent Pontet
The general administrator: bringing the project to life
Artistic vision, the art of choosing
The General Administrator of the Comédie-Française is appointed for five years by the French President upon the proposal of the Minister of Culture.
He or she is appointed on the basis of an artistic and strategic project for the Comédie-Française.
Numerous artistic responsibilities are involved:
– the artistic programming of the three stages and in external venues;
– selecting plays, and, in cooperation with the Reading Committee, enriching the Repertoire;
– choosing directors and casts for plays;
– hiring actors, who join the Troupe with the status of pensionnaires.
Serving a great "House" like no other
As a public institution devoted to the dramatic arts, the Comédie-Française is at the same time a place of:
– artistic creation and adventures
– history to be kept alive and prolonged
– heritage to be protected and shared
The roles of a CEO
The General Administrator runs the institution (which has the status of an EPIC, Établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial). In this capacity, he chairs the Board of Directors, the General Assembly of Sociétaires, the Reading Committee, the boards of directors of the two subsidiaries of the Comédie-Française (Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier and Studio-Théâtre), and the representative social bodies.
In addition to artisticstrategy, the General Administrator, along with the Managing Director (appointed by the Minister of Culture upon the General Administrator's proposal), is responsible for:
– the general running of the theatre,
– social, administrative and financial management,
– the policy of cultural, educational action and outreach to the broadest possible public,
– external relations, partnerships and the development of patronage...
Éric Ruf: general biography
Educated at the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Appliqués et des Métiers d'arts Olivier de Serres and at the Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique, Éric Ruf has been the General Administrator of the Comédie-Française since August 2014. An actor, director and set designer, he joined the Maison de Molière as a pensionnaire on 1 September 1993, became its 498th sociétaire on 1 January 1998 and a sociétaire honoraire on December 24th, 2014. He has pursued an artistic strategy in which productions directed by established masters (Ivo van Hove, Deborah Warner, Alain Françon, Christiane Jatahy, Stéphane Braunschweig, Robert Carsen and Lars Norén) have been programmed along side emerging talents (Julie Deliquet, Chloé Dabert, Marie Rémond, Maëlle Poésy and Louise Vignaud). "The mission of the Administrator", he says, "is to dream up the most fertile combinations between the chosen repertoire and the visions of the artists invited to stage the plays. We joyfully practice the art of mixing –ancient, classical, modern, contemporary all thrown together– the main thing being that this theatre always says more than reality and that it brings us back to reality in some roundabout way. The performance is our common purpose, the contribution made by the buzzing hive that is our House."
As a director and scenographer for theatre as well as for opera and ballet, he co-wrote and directed Du désavantage du vent (Les Solitaires Intempestifs) and Les Belles endormies du bord de scène at the Centre dramatique de Bretagne and the Théâtre National de Chaillot, Jean-Christophe Marti's Histoire de l'an un, Maurienne Ohana's Récit de l'an zéro, Christiane Montalbetti's Le Cas Jekyll at the Théâtre National de Chaillot, Le Pré aux clercs at the Opéra Comique, and Pelléas et Mélisande at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées, for which he also designed the scenography. For the Comédie-Française, he has staged and designed sets for Racine's Bajazet (Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier – 2017), Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (Salle Richelieu – 2015) and Ibsen's Peer Gynt (Grand Palais – 2012).
As a set designer, among other institutions, he has worked with the Opéra Comique (Messager's Fortunio, Hérold's Le Pré aux clercs, and the upcoming production of Rossini's Le Comte Ory), the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées (Donizetti's Dom Pasquale, Mozart's La Clemenza di Tito, Cavalli's La Didone, Mozart's Mithridate), the Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord (Molière's Le Bourgeois gentilhomme), the Opéra national de Paris (La Source, a ballet by Jean-Guillaume Bart), which he is returning to in June 2017 for Rossini's La Cenerentola directed by Guillaume Gallienne, and, of course, the Comédie-Française, where he has designed sets for many productions: Edmond Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac, Da Silva's Vie du grand dom Quichotte et du gros Sancho Pança, Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida, Victor Hugo's Lucrèce Borgia, Molière's George Dandin, La Critique de l'école des femmes and Le Misanthrope, Marcel Aymé's Le Loup, Jules Verne's 20,000 lieues sous les mers and Marivaux's Le Petit-Maître corrigé.
As an actor, he has worked in the theatre under directors such as Jacques Lassalle, Patrice Chéreau, Alain Françon, Denis Podalydès, Christian Schiaretti, Anatoli Vassiliev, Yves Beaunesne, Jean-Yves Ruf, Éric Vignier, Jean-Pierre Vincent, Jean-Luc Boutté and Jean Dautremay. In cinema and television, he has appeared in works by Yves Angelo, Nicole Garcia, Arnaud Desplechin, Nina Companeez, Josée Dayan and Valéria Bruni-Tedeschi.
He was awarded the Prix Gérard-Philipe of the City of Paris in 1999, he won Molière awards for set design and supporting male actor for Cyrano de Bergerac in 2007, the Prix Beaumarchais from the Figaro newspaper and the Grand Prix du Syndicat de la Critique for the best theatre production of the year for Peer Gynt in 2012, and in 2016 the Molière award for visual creation for the adaptation of Jules Verne's 20,000 lieues sous les mers.
Éric Ruf has been made a Chevalier in the French Order of Arts et Letters.
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Suite au renforcement du plan Vigipirate, toute personne se présentant avec une valise ou un sac (hors sac à main) se verra interdire l'accès à l'enceinte des trois théâtres de la Comédie-Française.
Pour faciliter les contrôles, merci d'arriver au minimum 30 minutes avant le début des représentations.


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Ben Affleck In Talks To Direct ARGO With George Clooney Producing
Ben Affleck is currently in talks to direct Argo based on an article from Wired magazine about the Tehran hostage crisis.
The political thriller is said to also contain elements of wry humor will produced by George Clooney and Grant Heslov are producing. Chris Terrio penned the screenplay and David Klawans is also helping produce the film.
Joshuah Bearman's article, "How the CIA Used a Fake Sci-Fi Flick to Rescue Americans from Tehran" was published in April 2007. The story follows the CIA's and the Canadian government efforts to rescue six U.S. diplomats. during the occupation of the American embassy by Iranians in 1979.
The CIA used a disguise expert and concocted a scenario that involved the six being a Hollywood crew scouting a movie titled Argo. Under those disguises, they were able to flee the country. Legendary comics creator Jack Kirby was involved in the extraction plot. The CIA used Kirby's movie designs and drawings to sell the existence of the movie.
As you might expect, Affleck has been offered a slew of directing gigs since the success of The Town. Argo is the project that looks the most likely for him to take on. I just rewatched The Town this week and think Affleck is an amazing actor and director and look forward to seeing him behind the camera. It would be even better if he is offered a role in the film as well.
What are your thoughts of this news?
Source: THR
Alice Eve, Diane Kruger & Rosamund Pike Up For Role In SUPERMAN
Stephen King shares his thoughts on THE STAND


Someone could help me?? I am still blocked at this point since a week.
So to be clear, the error shows up while you are running your simulation? And this error starts after ~150 iterations? And do you setup fluent to generate any backup files after certain number of iterations?
Thanks for your answer Rahul. Yes, I start the simulation and after 150 iterations this error appears. Few files that i save in these simulations are pressure surface integrals, velocity surface integrals, vof volume integrals and datas (every 150 iterations, cause it is a transient simulation and I would to do an animation with contour plots).
Can you check if your write directory has any special characters like "%"? Check the file-name, folder-name and directory-name. If there are any special characters, modify it and try running your simulation.
Maybe, i have found the problem using your suggestion. Data file every 150 iterations were saved as "export-1". I'm trying to see if it was the problem.
You're welcome Luca. Let us know if you were able to solve your problem. Good luck!
Updates: Same error at the same iteration. (I tried to change the pressure at the bc of the inlet, and also the time step, i changed also the name of the file data that i saved every 150 iterations). This nightmare is still appearing.
Luca, the error is definitely related to the saving of the backup data file. Can you attach a screenshot of the "Automatic Export" window?
Can you try the simulation by exporting just the important variables in the "Quantities" column to see if that is causing the error? If that doesnt work, can you also try saving the file in a different folder? Good luck!
For sure is a problem regarding data files. I changed time steps in which i save datas to 100. Now this error appears at 100 iterations.
For the happiness of everyone is reading and mine, it's working. I don't know what was the real problem but was regarding "Automatic export". Following last Rahul suggestion, the simulation is stil going after 250 iterations!
I'm glad you were able to sort the issue Luca. Can you share a screenshot of the "Automatic Export" window so it might be useful for others facing the same or similar issues?
There is the screeshot of my "Automatic Export". Basically during my tests i changed rispectively: name of export, directory of saving and number of variables that will be saved. (and the number of time step when the data were saved, but this doesn't influence the problem).
Now the simulation is still running, thanks to Rahul!


text:
Q: Consider the function $f (z) = z +2z^2 +3z^3 +··· = \sum_{n≥0} nz^n$ defined on the open disk $\{z \vert|z| < 1\}$. Choose the correct option Consider the function $f (z) = z +2z^2 +3z^3 +··· = \sum_{n≥0} nz^n$ defined on the open disk $\{z \vert|z| < 1\}$. Choose the
correct option:
(a) f is not injective but attains every complex value at least once.
(b) f is injective but does not attain every complex value.
(c) f is injective and attains every complex value.
(d) None of the above.
Attempt: $f(z)=z +2z^2 +3z^3 +··· =z(1+2z+3z^2+...)=\frac{z}{(1-z)^2}.$
Now, for injectivity:
$f(z_1)=f(z_2)\implies z_1(1-z_2)^2=z_2(1-z_1)^2\implies (z_1-z_2)(1-z_1z_2)=0$. Since in the open unit disk $z_1z_2\neq1$, so we have $z_1=z_2$ and hence the function is injective.
I looked the function $\frac{z}{(1-z)^2}$ known as the Koebe function and wikipedia says $f(z)$ can never achieve $\frac{-1}{4}$ as $f(z)=\frac{-1}{4} \iff z=-1$ but, $z=-1$ is not in the unit disk, I wish to see a different approach on the surjectivity part. Can someone please help me with the onto (surjective) part?

A: Let's just do it in the straightforward way. We solve $$\frac z{(1-z)^2} = c.$$ This simplifies to $cz^2 - (2c + 1)z + c = 0$. If $c = 0$ then $z = 0$, which is in the open disk. Otherwise, $z^2 - \frac{2c+1}c z + 1 = 0.$ So the two solutions $z_1$ and $z_2$ will always have product $1$, from Vieta's theorem. Therefore, to find a $c$ such that no $z$ in the open unit disk satisfies the equation, you have to let $|z_i| = 1 \quad (i = 1, 2)$. So we substitute $z_1 = e^{i\theta}$ and $z_2 = e^{-i\theta}$, which gets you $$\frac{2c+1}{c} = 2\cos \theta,$$ by Vieta's theorem again. Note that $\theta$ is real while $c$ may be complex.
After solving this, $c = \frac{1}{2\cos\theta - 2} \in \left(-\infty, -\frac14\right]$. And any $c$ in this interval is not obtainable.

A: Note that this function maps real numbers to them selves. Now compute the minimum of the real valued function $f(x)=\dfrac{x}{(x-1)^2}$ on $\mathbb{R}\setminus\{1\}.$

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Roberts left out the word "faithfully." (He also said "President to the United State.") Obama saw the mistake and stopped himself to gave Roberts a chance to fix it. Roberts redid the line, remembering to throw in "faithfully," but putting it in the wrong place after President of the United States and, this time, Obama went along with the wording. Close enough, I guess he figured. I wonder what Barack Obama was thinking. Maybe: Some textualist you turned out to be!
My take here. It reminded me a little of Diana's bungling of her husband's name at that iconic wedding back in 1981. Sometimes, the nerves win.


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Moore Home Schooling
Give Your Child . . . Moore!
Academic/Vocational Curriculum
Greek vs Hebrew Teaching
Moore Formula
Moore Foundation
Brief Secrets for a Successful Marriage
Creativity Flourishes With the Moore Formula
Ethan and Rebekah Learn by Doing
Food, Behavior and Academic Learning
How Can I Change Attitudes Q and A
More Colleges Giving Warm Welcome to Homeschoolers
Never Too Late to Encourage Good Habits
Real Life Experiences and Modeling Set the Tone
Reluctant Learner Surprises Parents with Test Results
Self-Concept in Home-Schooling Children
Talking to Children About Tragedy
Teenage Girls Developing into God Directed Learners
When Education Becomes Abuse
Contact Accounts Receivable
Contact Special Needs
The Full Service Premier Program, is an individualized study prepared for serious Christian students looking to the return of Jesus. This four-year High School curriculum covers all required subject areas while preparing the Christian student for the ministering to others in this world, whether at home or abroad.
By correlating English Literature and world history through all four grade levels, the student will see the two paths mankind has taken, that of Darkness or of Light. The student is introduced to God's original plan for mankind, and then, how "paganism" was introduced and flourishes even today throughout the world. He becomes acquainted with God's faithful followers who have held to Bible Truth throughout history in spite of much persecution. The difference then in Whom we worship, how we worship, and the results of that worship is made plain.
This outstanding study will bring students into a more comprehensive view of the world we live in today, as the big picture of our world's history unfolds, bringing the student into a closer relationship with Jesus. By reading biographies and autobiographies of great men in history, the student will be studying God's intervention in the lives of mankind as "world history" unfolds before him in all the high school years. The Premier Program's purposeful literature program develops research and language skills as well.
The arts also are correlated into the base program and become service to others and a glory to God. The program promotes health and godly exercise fitting the student for practical work and service in adult life. Math and Sciences are studied from a Christian perspective, integrated into personal work applications.
Jesus taught by incorporating all the senses and using multiple learning styles and multiple intelligence-measure approaches to learning. Therefore, we strive to approach teaching and learning from many approaches and perspectives, but always Bible-based, and always with a view toward growing in grace and of valuing that which is of value to God.
Those who wish to enroll in the Full Service Program are assigned a Consultant who does an individualized assessment and placement for the student within the Four Year Program. Each year, a full Curriculum Guide is provided and four quarterly reports are evaluated. Your personal consultant is always available by phone or email. A transcript and Diploma College Entrance is provided at the end of the program.
Please call Helen Williams for any further information at 208-623-5179.
Dufur, OR 97021


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Wayne Bennett reportedly won't return as Queensland Maroons coach in 2021
Rugby league icon Wayne Bennett has reportedly informed Queensland Rugby League he won't coach the Maroons in 2021.
Nic Savagenic_savage1
news.com.auJanuary 14, 20215:01pm
South Sydney Rabbitohs coach Wayne Bennett has been stood down after inadvertently breaking NRL's strict COVID rules....
South Sydney Rabbitohs coach Wayne Bennett has been stood down after inadvertently breaking NRL's strict COVID rules.
Maroons coach Wayne Bennett.Source:Getty Images
Wayne Bennett reportedly won't return as coach of the Queensland Maroons to focus solely on the South Sydney Rabbitohs in 2021.
The 71-year-old stepped in as the Maroons coach last year shortly after Kevin Walters accepted a role with the Brisbane Broncos.
The last-minute SOS paid dividends, with Bennett leading Queensland to a 2-1 victory over the New South Wales Blues in the 2020 State of Origin series.
But as revealed by NRL.com reporter Dan Walsh, Bennett told Queensland Rugby League he would not continue serving as Maroons coach in 2021.
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"A week or so after Origin, Wayne indicated that he wanted to focus on the Rabbitohs," QRL chairman Bruce Hatcher told NRL.com.
"He said straight away that he's always ready to help, and people that think he's lost his enthusiasm don't know him.
"But he was very grateful to the Rabbitohs for giving him the opportunity last year and now he wants to focus on 2021 and giving it a big shake this year."
The Rabbitohs placed seventh on the 2020 NRL ladder, but were knocked out by the Penrith Panthers in the preliminary final.
Maroons coach Wayne Bennett.Source:News Corp Australia
READ MORE: Axed Panther snapped up by rival club
Bennett had four stints as Queensland coach after taking on the role for the first time in 1986, boasting a commendable record of 13 wins and 10 defeats.
According to the report, former North Queensland Cowboys coach Paul Green is a leading contender to replace Bennett, who is entering the final season of his three-season contract with the Rabbitohs.
Green stepped down as coach of the Cowboys following an underwhelming start to the 2020 premiership.
"Obviously the standout at the moment is Paul Green because he's fully credentialed," Hatcher said.
"He's won an NRL premiership, he's been an assistant coach at another NRL premiership and he's played Origin.
"He's someone that will feature prominently for 2021 for sure."
However, The Courier-Mail's Travis Meyn reported QRL are eager for an Origin legend to take the reins if Green is picked up by an NRL club.
"With Paul Green I'm sure within a year he will have an NRL job and he expresses the view that is his priority," Hatcher said, according to the report.
"We will go through a process because there have been players who have been exceptional at NRL level but don't want to be a full-time coach and would throw their hat in the ring to be an Origin coach.
"The ones that come to mind are (Billy) Slater, Cameron Smith, (Justin) Hodges and those guys."
The State of Origin series is expected to return to its traditional mid-season timeslot in 2021.
Australia Vs India 2021: Cricket controversy, Marnus Labusch...
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Folau tipped for shock rugby comeback
All Stars clash in jeopardy as NRL players face early bubble due to COVID clusters
'It got bad': Star abused over Origin slam
Axed Panther snapped up by rival club


It all started with some angles flapping their wings on a few greeting cards. Today norwegian Blafre Design delivers a wide range of colorful designs, available in the shape of lunch boxes, printed canvases, birthday calendars, birthday invitations, paper cups and even gift wrapping paper.
The Blafre blog is also a source of inspiration, especially if you like the retro style. I am joining the august competition!


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ACCEPTED

#### According to
The Catalogue of Life, 3rd January 2011

#### Published in
C. F. von Ledebour, Fl. ross. 4:384, in adnot. 1852

#### Original name
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### Remarks
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We wear design; interact with design; we are influenced by design; we sit on, sleep in, download, drive, talk about, talk into and admire design. Yet, it is something we take for granted and we rarely consider how important it is to our everyday lives. Design, manufacture and technology fuel our economy and the UK has a long history of producing some of the best innovators and creative minds. The UK has the largest design industry in Europe and the second largest in the world. We excel in this area and the creative industries have changed the shape of employment hugely in recent years. There are many job opportunities in areas of Graphic and Digital design, alongside opportunities in Product and Fashion design and we are very proud of our past students who are now working as designers around the UK.
Design is a dynamic industry and is worth over £50 billion a year in the UK. Design is ever changing; in fact designers are changing our lives forever.
Design and Technology offers a unique opportunity for pupils to identify and solve real problems by designing and making products. This subject is interesting, fun and can lead to many careers. As well as learning design related skills, students will develop transferable skills that they can use in other subjects and skills that employers are looking for such as problem solving, using initiative, working with others, reflecting and improving on performance. Our subject develops our student's imagination and creative ability in a practical and enjoyable environment.
In Keys Stage 3 we provide units of work that are both interesting and relevant to our pupils and we constantly review the curriculum to ensure new projects. Students will complete modules in Resistant Materials, Graphics, Textiles and Food with each module lasting around 14 lessons and all are taught in specialist rooms. Each module allows students to develop their design and practical skills.
Designers can entice and encourage customers to buy a certain product, engage people reading information, and sell ideas and events through visual art. It touches so many different aspects of our life because graphic design includes creating brand identity (logos and advertising); publications (magazines, newspapers, and books); advertisements; company websites and product packaging. Graphic designers are versatile people who can bring written information to life with artistic and creative flair. They use an understanding of style, an ability to use design software and they communicate with clients to produce visual graphic products that meet commercial briefs.
Resistant Materials involves working with materials such as wood, plastic and metal to create innovative designs that solve real life problems. Resistant Materials prepares students well for an A level course in Product Design. Students learn a large number of manufacturing techniques; learn about design and the industry through this subject area.
There are approximately over 12,000 clothing businesses and 156,000 people employed in the fashion and design industry in the UK. Approximately 20,000 people work as designers across the fashion and textiles sector. The fashion and textile design industry is broad and varied with opportunities to work in many different areas. Most fashion designers work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men's, women's, and children's fashions for the mass market. Some set up their own labels; some are self-employed, others cater to high-fashion department stores.
This course is equivalent to 2 GCSE's and therefore takes up 2 option boxes. It is ideal for those pupil's whose strengths are in their practical and making skills. The course is a vocational course and although there is an amount of paperwork, the bulk of the course is practical and hands on. There is no examination and the work is assessed throughout the two year course as the pupils carry out modules of work. These modules include hand-fitting skills, sheet metal skills, maintenance activities and mig-welding.
The Food Manufacturing industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the UK, with a turnover of £76.6bn. Food products that we put in our shopping baskets come about because of the huge number of people working in this industry. There are over 6,000 food and drink manufacturing companies in the UK alone and there are hundreds of thousands of restaurants throughout the UK. Catering allows students to develop their food preparation and cooking skills in a practical environment and a number of past students have used this course as a platform towards employment in the catering industry.
Product Design at A Level is an extremely popular course and it is suitable for those students who have completed GCSE Graphics, Resistant Materials or Textiles. Students can opt for the subject having not completed GCSE D&T, however, it is advisable that they have artistic ability, an ability to think creatively and have achieved a C grade in GCSE English.
A level Product Design involves a design project in both Years 12 and 13, with a written exam at the end of each year. The course prepares students very effectively for a degree or related course in Design and is taught by experienced teachers who have Product Design degrees. Students are encouraged to be innovative in solving design problems and a number of our students have had their work nominated and displayed in the annual WJEC innovation awards.
The course teaches students to use 3d design software, use modern manufacturing processes and develop their design skills whilst learning about design in theory lessons. It equips students with skills they will use in future employment as the ability to solve problems and think outside of the box underpins this exciting and interesting A level subject.
The course also offers the opportunity to go to local garages to work alongside mechanics to learn skills they can use in a workplace. Pupils also get to go to various local road rallies and Rally GB to marshal and learn how to prepare a car for specific events.
This course can lead to a variety of options in the future, including mechanic, engineer, motorsport engineer, apprenticeships and various courses at Swansea University.
Over the past ten years we have seen increased numbers of students pursue exciting careers as designers and this reflects the increased employment opportunities in this area as the world we live in has become digital. We are extremely proud of our past students who have become successful designers. We also have a number of past students on Design related courses across the UK who are making excellent progress. Below are just a few of our recent students and information as to where they are now.
Lydia Shaw – (Graphic Design) Works as International Web Designer for JD Williams clothing, Manchester (you may know them more commonly for their plus size fashion brands Simply Be and Marisota). Lydia previously worked for the travel and leisure brand Haven in London.
Dave Griffiths – Graphic and Digital Designer at Catch Digital, London. Recent design projects by the company have included work for Rimmel London, Virgin Atlantic, One Direction for their fragrances and Christiano Ronaldo. Dave previously worked for Sugar Creative in Cardiff as a Graphic Designer.
Emma Lester – Digital and Graphic Designer at Karmarama Advertising Agency, London. Karmarama have recently worked on projects for Costa, Cobra, Honda, BT and BBC. Emma has previously worked as a Digital Designer for BodyShop where she designed their website, and as a UX/UI Designer for Haymarket Media Group in London.
Sian Hague – Designer at Jutebag.co.uk. Previously a Freelance Graphic Designer and product developer. Sian is based in London. Some of Sian's previous clients have included London Zoo, Kew Botanical Gardens, Schwepps Coca-Cola. Sian also spent a few months working with Mealku New York, helping to redesign their product packaging.
We hope you enjoyed browsing reading about Design and Technology if you are a parent. The subject reflects the design world we live in and changes all the time (that is what makes this subject so interesting and exciting!). This page not only offers information about all the courses we offer but is also a celebration of pupils' work. If you have any questions regarding our subject then please email mjw@penglais.org.uk.


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Government Minister Suggests New Lockdown Before the Current One Has Even Ended
Police in Manchester arrived at a 12-year-old girl's home in a riot van to check that she was 'self-isolating', an action that led the girl to fear she was about to be arrested.
"Officers visited the home of Kathryn Crook in Middleton, Greater Manchester, to check that Charlotte, 12, was adhering to Covid guidance after catching the virus," reports the Daily Mail.
"Ms Crook, 45, says her daughter was terrified by the experience, alleging the behaviour of Rochdale Public Health Officers and Greater Manchester Police was "inappropriate and heavy-handed."
Police first visited the home on July 11th and instead of talking to the girl's parents, demanded to talk to the 12-year-old, shouting through the door as the kid cowered behind her mother.
"I spent Monday trying to find out why this had happened only to be told by Rochdale Public Health Department that they had authorised this to happen," said the mother.
The family were then visited again by police – this time in a riot van – at 9pm the next day.
UK C19 Totalitarianism: Manchester mother demands apology from public health and police chiefs after officers in RIOT van turn up to check her petrified daughter, 12, was self-isolating at home after testing positive for Covid-19https://t.co/UAGaF5C557 via @MailOnline
— Andrew Bostom, MD, MS (@andrewbostom) July 15, 2021
"It was terribly upsetting again for my daughter and she had another meltdown again thinking the police were going to arrest her," said Ms Crook.
As we highlighted last year, police began visiting homes at the end of September to make sure people who were supposed to be 'self-isolating' didn't leave their property.
Another irony to the story is that despite England supposedly celebrating 'freedom day' on Monday, when all coronavirus restrictions are supposed to be lifted, people will still be forced to self-isolate and suffer aggressive home visits from police.
Numerous other measures will also remain in place given that the government has told businesses they can still enforce mask mandates while also encouraging them to use a COVID passport system.
So much for 'freedom day'.
As we highlighted back in April, police broke into a man's home and arrested him for violating COVID quarantine rules because he failed to self-isolate in a hotel after returning to the UK from abroad.
Such 'quarantine hotels' have become notorious as being de facto internment camps worse than prisons where people's every move is watched, they are only allowed outside briefly to exercise and are fed rotten, awful food.
Anyone who lies about where they have returned to the country from or anyone who fails to quarantine in a hotel upon return faces a fine of up to £10,000 and a prison sentence of up to 10 years in jail.
Posted in Jewish News Tags: before, current, ended, government, lockdown, Minister, suggests
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Home » Tyson names new director of Chaplain Services
Tyson names new director of Chaplain Services
SPRINGDALE, Ark. – Tyson Foods, Inc. named Michael Tarvin Director of Chaplain Services for the company. Tarvin will be responsible for leading more than 120 workplace chaplains employed by Tyson. He replaces Chaplain Rick McKinnie, who is retiring.
Tarvin is a US Army veteran with more than 30 years of service. He was chaplain with the 82nd Airborne Division and the 25th Infantry Division. He also was the Chief of Pastoral Care at Evans Army Community Hospital at Ft. Carson, Colo., and later served as Chief of Pastoral Care at the Medical Center at Ft. Lewis, Wash. Tarvin was a senior chaplain of Multi-National Corps in Iraq, where he supervised more than 300 chaplains in combat operations. In addition, he also served as Senior Chaplain for United States Army Forces Command.
Tarvin is an Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps distinguished graduate from Bowling Green State Univ. in Ohio. He is also a graduate of the Army Ranger School, Airborne School, Jumpmaster School, Air Assault School, Command and General Staff College and the US Army War College and has graduate degrees from Boston Univ., Brite Divinity School and the US Army War College.
Companies Food Manufacturers Tyson Foods
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