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[Single] Joo – Young Girl
I remember when Joo first debuted and people were giving her a hard time because they thought she wasn't that good. I was like WHAT?!, this girl has a great voice. I'm glad she has made a comeback though, it's been too long since she returned. Young Girl is the debut single by Joo. Because of a Man was used as the first single and Like Yesterday was performed live a few times.
Released: January 17, 2008
1. Because of a Man (남자 때문에) [MV]
2. Like Yesterday (어제처럼)
3. Face (얼굴)
4. Premier (초연(怊緣))
5. Because of a Man (Inst.)
6. Like Yesterday (Inst.)
The single opens with Because of a Man, a pretty standard sounding K-Pop ballad if you've listened to enough of them. This was around the declining period of the ballad phase, but it still stood out. It easily shows off Joo's stellar vocals, which are strong but have a sweetness about them. Granted there were artists who could pull this song off much better technically, but Joo has something in her voice, which helps echo emotion into the song. It's sad, striking and really hits the heart. Stellar.
Like Yesterday is a cover of a J song. J was is an oldschool Korean R&B singer and her voice is insanely fluid, so it was interesting to hear Joo's take on this song. It's a great song anyway with it's lounge feel. Vocally, Joo pulled it off decently as her tone is similar to that of J's, but she's still able to make it unique.
Face is another ballad that follows the style of the previous song. It's a good follow-up, although not particularly different or catchy as the previous one just pulls everything off on a higher level. Joo's vocals match this song much better though.
Premiere follows the style of the first track with it's more traditional ballad approach with a touch of sadness. It's a gorgeous song and one of the strongest on the single (granted there are only four tracks). It shows off Joo's vocal power, especially at the end when the song takes a step up. A great ending that leaves a strong impression.
Overall: A striking single from a debutant. It still surprises me that Joo went back to train, although I think a lot of it had to do with the rumours of her past arising. Still, this single easily showed the potential that Joo had. Her voice is sweet, piercing and powerful and she flows through all these slower tracks well. While I found the darker ballads more to my liking, the light-hearted R&B tracks were a nice break even if they weren't that exciting.
Posted on April 26, 2011 November 4, 2018 Categories Joo, K-PopLeave a comment on [Single] Joo – Young Girl
[Single] miss A – Bad But Good
I wasn't really interested when I first heard about miss A, but when I heard their first single, it was quite a powerful track. While I'm not a die hard fan, I have certainly been following their releases and hope for some more strong tracks in the future. Bad But Good is the debut single by JYP girl group miss A.
1. Bad Girl Good Girl [MV]
2. Just Fall Across (딱 마주쳐)
3. Love Again (다시 사랑) [MV]
4. Break It
miss A's debut starts with the ever popular and powerful Bad Girl Good Girl. This dance/pop tune have a simpler sounding arrangement, which helps maximize the strength of the vocals. It's catchy and makes quite an impact. All of the girls are also on equal level regarding their singing skills and while it doesn't give us any amazing adlibs, it also allows each girl to shine without one outshining the other. It's a strong opener and one of the strongest songs from 2010.
Just Fall Across is an awkward upbeat tune. It seems to mix pop with a slight trot style to it, which isn't heard very often in Kpop. With that said, the song really annoys me. I'm not a fan of the chorus and everything just feels a bit too messy for me. I did enjoy the verses though as there was more attitude there and I could hear the vocals better.
Love Again provides another upbeat pop tune, but with a much stronger focus. While I personally prefer the Chinese version because it flowed better, this one is also good. It's more of a filler, but the light chorus works well with the arrangement and Fei does a great job pulling off the vocals.
While Break It certainly has the attitude found in Bad Girl Good Girl, I just did not like this song at all. It's too slow, too autotuned and just doesn't go anywhere. It's not really exciting and it seems to just live off of the whole "Break It" background vocals. Everything was pretty weak, except for Jia's rap. That was sweet.
Overall: This wasn't a bad single, but it wasn't that great either. I found it was quite strong with two songs, but the other two were weak and dull. Bad Girl Good Girl gave the girls a strong image, but Just Fall Across was annoying with no focus. Love Again was a catchy pop tune, but Break it was too slow and depended too much on a repetitive phrase to really have any impact, which it still didn't.
Posted on April 23, 2011 November 4, 2018 Categories K-Pop, miss ALeave a comment on [Single] miss A – Bad But Good
[Digital Single] T-ara & Supernova – TTL Listen 2
Due to the popularity of the TTL (Time To Love), another collab between the two groups T-ara and Supernova would take place. TTL Listen 2 is the second digital collaboration song between the two groups.
1. TTL Listen 2 [MV]
TTL Listen 2 is essentially the dance version of TTL (Time To Love) with only slight variations in the verse melodies as well as changes in the lyrics. This version is supposed to include all the members of both groups, but really we only have the same 7 from the first one participating here because they recorded them at the same time. With its pounding beats and flashy synths, its a proven adversary to the original. With that said, I actually prefer the first version because it's more emotional.
Overall: Another strong collaboration between the two groups even if it is the dance version of their last song. Both versions are similar, but share different characteristics that separate them and make them stand out on their own.
Posted on April 20, 2011 November 5, 2018 Categories K-Pop, Supernova, T-araLeave a comment on [Digital Single] T-ara & Supernova – TTL Listen 2
[Digital Single] T-ara & Supernova – TTL (Time To Love)
Collaboration songs between labelmates is usually one of my favourite things to hear as most of the time they end up pretty good. Seniors Supernova decided to pair up with rookies T-ara to release a collaboration single that not only gave a different edge to their music, but also gave them the edge on the charts. TTL (Time To Love) is the first digital collaboration single between T-ara and Supernova.
1. TTL (Time To Love) [MV]
TTL (Time To Love) is similar in some aspects and different in others to T-ara's debut single. Besides the obvious addition of male rappers, TTL is similar because we have a dramatic ballad with a pop touch to it, much like their debut. The difference is the sheer amount of maturity that is placed into this song as opposed to their debut which featured a tacky karaoke rhythm. With its haunting synths and deep atmosphere, the song easily shows off the talents of at least four of T-ara's members (and the three rappers from Supernova). Being honest, this is really T-ara's single and Supernova (which are a good group), just seem like an addition. Maybe it's because of the domination of Soyeon (and somewhat Jiyeon) for the chorus, but the females definitely stand out far more. Regardless, it's a stellar track and one of (if not the best) releases of 2009 and still my favourite T-ara track.
Overall: A strong secondary release from T-ara that strikes aclear contrast to the pop route they took with their debut. It also pushed Supernova back into the limelight after a year of little activity in Korea. Both groups work well together and the raps intertwine well with the flawless chorus led by Soyeon.
Posted on April 19, 2011 November 5, 2018 Categories K-Pop, Supernova, T-araLeave a comment on [Digital Single] T-ara & Supernova – TTL (Time To Love)
[Digital Single] T-ara – Lies
T-ara is one of my favourite groups and while I have an obvious bias towards them it's moreso for their personalities than their songs (although they are pretty good). Maybe it's because I've been a fan since pre-debut, but I'm happy to see them get the success they have nowadays. Lies is the debut digital single from T-ara. Lies (Part.1) was used as the promotional single along with Wanna Play?.
1. Lies (Part.1) (거짓말) [MV]
2. Lies (Part.2)
3. Wanna Play? (놀아볼래?)
4. Lies (Ballad ver.) [MV]
The single opens with Lies (Part.1), a ballad/dance mix. It definitely set itself apart from most of the songs released by new girl groups in 2009 for being a bit more on the feminine side. With that said, while being catchy I'm not particularly amazed at the song. This version in particular has a very annoying karaoke beat in the background that sorta ruins the whole mature atmosphere of the song. Vocally, it was good and shows off the vocals of (most of) the member. Part.2 is really no different except it has a pop intro instead of a more ballad focused intro that the first part had.
Wanna Play? is a huge switch from the lighthearted pop feel of the previous song. Here, T-ara gives us a powerful dance/pop tune with aggressive rapping and powerful vocals. It's unfortunate that only three members really participated in it though, but it makes sense since they (Eunjung, Soyeon and Hyomin) are the strongest vocally in the group. It's a catchy song with attitude.
To end the single, we have Lies (Ballad ver.) and what a great ending it is. This is definitely the best song on the single because it slows the original down, erases all those unnecessary synths and gives a clearer vocal presentation.
Overall: A good release from the group. While I was not particularly fond of the title track in its original state, it was still an ok listen. The second part didn't provide much difference, but the ballad version certainly put the song on another level. Wanna Play also offered a little more fun although it only featured half the members.
Posted on April 18, 2011 November 5, 2018 Categories K-Pop, T-araLeave a comment on [Digital Single] T-ara – Lies
[Digital Single] f(x) – LA chA TA
f(x) is a group that I am not a big fan of although have stayed up to date with their main releases. Maybe it's because I'm not a really big fan of SM artists, but I'm not particularly into their music as much, although Victoria is gorgeous (and Chinese woot woot). LA chA TA is the debut digital single by f(x).
1. LA chA TA (라차타) [MV]
While I'm not a big fan of the group, LA chA TA is definitely one of my favourite songs of 2009. It's really well produced and well put together. The dance/pop tune has a pretty steady and powerful beat, but what makes the song is the melody that is catchy and adds a lot of attitude to the song. The song doesn't really have any unnecessary parts (even Amber's rap isn't bad) and serene atmosphere gives it an extra boost. I just wish that Luna had a larger presence in the song as I could see her belting it out at the end.
Overall: A strong release by the group when they debuted and still their best song imo. It gets things done maturely and without any of the awkward gimmicks that I find in their later promotional tracks.
Posted on April 17, 2011 November 4, 2018 Categories f(x), K-PopLeave a comment on [Digital Single] f(x) – LA chA TA
[Mini-Album] 4minute – For Muzik
For Muzik is the first mini-album released by girl group 4minute. The first single was Hot Issue, which was released two months prior, while the second and third singles were MUZIK and What a Girl Wants.
1. For Muzik
2. MUZIK [MV]
3. Hot Issue [MV]
4. What a Girl Wants [MV]
5. Funny (웃겨)
6. Won't Give You (안줄래)
7. Hot Issue (Shinsadong Tiger Remix) (Hot Issue (신사동호랭이 Remix))
The mini-album opens with the powerful intro For Muzik. This is probably one of my favourite intros ever and part of me wishes it was actually made into a full song. The electronic style with the powerful vocal display. Really attention grabbing.
Right after we get launched into the main track, MUZIK. It's a funky electronic/dance tune that is very catchy and quite well put together. My favourite part would definitely be when HyunA adds because she brings a lot of attitude to the song. There is also a stronger presence of Gayoon in the song as opposed to Hot Issue.
Speaking of Hot Issue, it is the next song on the mini and was released as a digital single two months prior. It's powerful, catchy and rather messy. I think the difference between this and MUZIK is that the latter was much more polished in its delivery. Still a good song.
What a Girl Wants was the third single off the album and is a nice R&B/pop tune. It doesn't stand out as strong as the last two songs, but it's ok despite the excessive amount of unnecessary autotune. The chorus is quite catchy.
Funny is a powerful dance/pop tune, but is just not my cup of tea. The song just seems to be missing something and is too repetitive in a bad way. It 's pretty messy and sounds like something that T-ara decided to scrap.
Won't Give You is like What a Girl Wants Part 2, although not as positive. This R&B/pop hybrid is a nice song, but just isn't as catchy some of the other stronger songs.
To end the mini-album we have Hot Issue (Shinsadong Tiger Remix), which is the original with an extra powerful dance beat. I think the beat really works with the chorus, but I feel it overpowers the melody in the verses and the random dance break is so awkward. Not bad, but not a favourite.
Overall: For the first physical release, this is definitely a strong offering. I felt it started out quite strong and really worked with 4minute's strengths. In the second half, it fell a little bit flat and the songs just sounded like cheaper replicas of songs from the first half. My huge problem was the excessive use of autotune, which seemed really unnecessary in some songs.
Posted on April 17, 2011 October 29, 2018 Categories 4minute, K-PopLeave a comment on [Mini-Album] 4minute – For Muzik


본 발명은 반도체 메모리 장치에 관한 것으로, 구체적으로는, 수동형 무선 메모리 장치에 관한 것이다. The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device, more specifically, to a passive type wireless memory device.
본 발명에 따른 수동형 무선 메모리 장치는 메모리 장치; Passive wireless memory device is a memory device according to the present invention; 및 리더로부터의 제 1 내지 제 3 데이터 요청 신호에 응답하여 상기 메모리 장치에 저장된 데이터를 데이터 패킷의 형태로 변환하여 상기 리더로 전송하는 수동형 태그를 포함하고, 상기 수동형 태그는 채널 상태 예측 플래그와 상기 제 2 및 제 3 데이터 요청 신호에 응답하여 상기 데이터 패킷의 크기를 결정한다. And the first to third and data in response to the request signal, converts the data stored in the memory device in the form of a data packet comprises a passive tag that transmits to the reader, and the passive tag from the reader is a channel state prediction flag and the the second and third data in response to the request signal and determines the size of the data packet.
본 발명에 따르면 수동형 무선 메모리 장치의 데이터 전송 속도가 증가한다. In accordance with the present invention increases a data transfer rate of the passive wireless device memory. 또한, 본 발명에 따르면 채널 상태에 따라 적응적인 데이터 전송이 가능해진다. Further, according to the present invention, an adaptive data transmission according to channel states it becomes possible.
RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) 기술은 자동화 데이터 수집 장치의 한 분야로서 RFID 태그와 RFID 리더에 관한 기술이다. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technique is a technique related to the RFID tag and the RFID reader as the field of automated data collection device. RFID 태그는 RFID 리더로부터의 신호에 응답하여 RFID 리더로 데이터를 전송한다. The RFID tag transmits data to the RFID reader in response to a signal from the RFID reader.
RFID 태그는 자동차, 화물, 가축 등에 부착되어 개체를 식별하는 정보를 저장한다. The RFID tag stores information that is attached to the car, freight, livestock identify the object. RFID 리더는 RFID 태그에 저장된 정보를 무선 통신을 이용하여 비접촉으로 수신한다. The RFID reader receives the information stored in the RFID tag in a non-contact manner by using radio communication. 즉, RFID 기술은 바코드처럼 직접 접촉하거나 가시대역 안에서 스캐닝할 필요가 없어 바코드 대체 기술로 평가받고 있으며, 그 활용 범위가 넓다. In other words, RFID technology is in direct contact like a bar code or do not need to be scanned in the visible band, regarded as a barcode replacement technology, a wide range of its application.
특히, 기존의 바코드와 달리 정보의 암호화 및 데이터의 갱신이 가능하며, 바코드에 비해 많은 정보를 신속하게 전달할 수 있어 그 활용 가능성은 날로 증가하고 있는 실정이다. In particular, unlike the conventional bar code it can be updated and the encrypted data of the information and makes it possible to quickly pass a lot of information than the bar code that is a potential advantage in circumstances increasing.
일반적으로 RFID 기술은 크게 RFID 태그에 관련된 기술과 RFID 태그를 판독하는 RFID 리더에 관련된 기술로 구분할 수 있다. Generally, RFID technology can be classified into large technology relating to an RFID reader for reading RFID tags associated with the technology and RFID tags. 좀 더 구체적으로는 RFID 태그의 종류, 미들웨어(Middleware)의 구성, 모바일화를 위한 구성, 보안 관련 구성 등의 세부적 기술 범주로 구분된다. Some are more specifically classified into detailed technical categories such as types of RFID tags, the configuration of middleware (Middleware), configured for the mobile, security-related configuration.
RFID 태그는 사물의 식별 코드, 센싱 정보 등을 저장하고 RFID 리더의 요청에 의하거나 또는 상황에 따라 외부로 자신의 정보를 전송한다. RFID tag stores an identification code, such as the sensing information of the object and transmit their information to the outside depending on the situation, or on the RFID reader request. RFID 태그 기술에는 안테나 및 무선 신호 처리, 칩 기술, 박막형 배터리, 패키징 기술 및 칩을 줄이는 기술 등이 포함된다. Is an RFID tag technologies include techniques for reducing the antenna and the radio signal processing, chip technology, thin film batteries, and chip packaging technology. RFID 태그는 자체 전원을 포함하는지 여부에 따라 능동형 RFID 태그와 수동형 RFID 태그로 나뉜다. RFID tags are classified according to whether a self-contained power supply with active RFID tags and passive RFID tags.
능동형 RFID 태그는 상대적으로 긴 통신 거리와 높은 통신 속도를 제공하고 대용량 정보의 전송도 가능하다. Active RFID tags provide a relatively long communication distance and high speed communications are possible, and the transmission of large amounts of information. 그러나, 능동형 RFID 태그는 주기적인 관리가 필요하고 내부 전원에 의해 부피가 커지거나 설치가 어려워지는 등 부가적인 문제점이 발생하는 문제점이 있다. However, active RFID tag has a problem that additional problems occur, such as the periodic administration is required to be larger and that the volume or the installation is difficult by the internal power source.
수동형 RFID 태그는 RFID 태그가 동작하기 위한 전력을 RFID 리더의 전파로부터의 공급받는다. A passive RFID tag is supplied from the radio wave of an RFID reader power to the RFID tag operation. 수명이 반영구적이고 바코드보다 많은 장점이 있어서 물류관리, 보안, 물류추적 등에 사용된다. Life is semi-permanent, and in a number of advantages over bar codes are used for logistics management, security and logistics tracking. 한편, 수동형 RFID 태그는 RFID 리더의 접근에 의해 유도되는 전력을 전원으로 사용하기 때문에 별도의 전원이 필요하지 않으나 통신 거리가 짧고 전원 관리의 한계에 의해 대용량 메모리를 사용하기 어려워 전송 데이터량에 한계가 발생하게 된다. Meanwhile, the passive RFID tag, a separate, but do not require power communication distance is short and to use a large capacity memory by the limits of the power management difficult limit to the transmission amount of data because it uses the power induced by the approach of the RFID reader to power It is generated.
따라서, 능동형 RFID 태그의 장점을 활용하여 대용량 데이터를 제공하면서도 관리나 설치의 부담을 줄이고, 수동형 RFID 태그의 장점을 활용하여 관리나 설치의 용이성을 제공하면서도 대용량 데이터를 제공할 수 있도록 함으로써, 멀티미디어나 대량의 정보를 제공할 필요성이 있는 어플리케이션에도 RFID를 활용할 수 있도록 하는 연구가 이루어지고 있다. Thus, by allowing you to offer, while large amounts of data active by taking advantage of the RFID tags to reduce the burden, while management and installation provides a large amount of data, providing ease of management and installation by taking advantage of passive RFID tags, multimedia and the studies also need to provide applications with a large amount of information to take advantage of RFID is being made.
본 발명의 목적은 수동형 RFID 태그를 이용하여 대용량 데이터를 전송할 수 있는 수동형 무선 메모리 장치를 제공하는 데 있다. An object of the present invention is to provide a passive type wireless memory device that can transfer large amounts of data using a passive RFID tag.
실시 예로서, 상기 리더는 상기 수동형 태그가 상기 메모리 장치를 액세스하도록 상기 제 1 데이터 요청 신호를 상기 수동형 태그로 전송하며, 상기 제 1 데이터 요청 신호는 액세스 될 데이터의 어드레스를 포함한다. As an example, the reader is the first data request signal to the first and transmitting the data request signal to the passive tag, the passive tag to access the memory device comprises an address of data to be accessed. 상기 제 1 데이터 요청 신호는 NOR(Number Of Response) 플래그를 포함하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 NOR 플래그의 값만큼 상기 리더로부터 상기 제 1 데이터 요청 신호를 수신한 것으로 간주한다. The first data request signal comprises a NOR (Number Of Response) flag, the passive tag is considered to be receive the first data request signal from the reader as much as a value of the NOR flag.
다른 실시 예로서, 상기 리더는 상기 수동형 태그로부터의 데이터 수신이 정상적일 때 상기 제 2 데이터 요청 신호를 상기 수동형 태그로 전송하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 제 2 데이터 요청 신호에 응답하여 이미 전송된 데이터의 다음 어드레스에 위치한 데이터를 상기 리더로 전송한다. In another embodiment, the leader and the second transmits the data request signal to the passive tag, the passive tag and the second previously transmitted in response to a data request signal to the data when the reception of data from the passive tag normally the transmit data in the next address to the reader. 상기 제 2 데이터 요청 신호는 제 1 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그를 포함하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 채널 상태 예측 플래그와 상기 제 1 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그를 참조하여 상기 데이터 패킷의 크기를 결정한다. The second data and the request signal comprises a first control packet size flag, the passive tag determines the size of the data packets by referring to the channel state prediction flag from the first packet size adjustment flag. 상기 제 2 데이터 요청 신호는 NOR(Number Of Response) 플래그를 포함하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 NOR 플래그의 값만큼 상기 리더로부터 상기 제 2 데이터 요청 신호를 수신한 것으로 간주한다. Wherein the second data request signal comprises a NOR (Number Of Response) flag, the passive tag is considered to be receiving the second data request signal from the reader as much as a value of the NOR flag.
다른 실시 예로서, 상기 리더는 상기 수동형 태그로부터의 데이터 수신이 비정상적일 때 상기 제 3 데이터 요청 신호를 상기 수동형 태그로 전송하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 제 3 데이터 요청 신호에 응답하여 이미 전송된 데이터를 다시 상기 리더로 전송한다. In another embodiment, the reader when the reception of data from the passive tag abnormal wherein the 3 transmits a data request signal to the passive tag, the passive tag has already been transmitted in response to the third data request signal data to be sent back to the reader. 상기 제 3 데이터 요청 신호는 제 2 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그를 포함하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 채널 상태 예측 플래그와 상기 제 2 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그를 참조하여 상기 데이터 패킷의 크기를 결정한다. The third data and the request signal comprises a second control packet size flag, the passive tag determines the size of the data packets by referring to the channel state prediction flag and the second packet size adjustment flag. 상기 제 3 데이터 요청 신호는 NOR(Number Of Response) 플래그를 포함하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 NOR 플래그의 값만큼 상기 리더로부터 상기 제 3 데이터 요청 신호를 수신한 것으로 간주한다. The third request data signal comprises a NOR (Number Of Response) flag, the passive tag is considered to be receiving the third data request signal from the reader as much as a value of the NOR flag.
다른 실시 예로서, 상기 채널 상태 예측 플래그는 n-비트 카운터로 구현된다. As another example, the channel state prediction flag is implemented in the n- bit counter.
도 1은 본 발명에 따른 수동형 무선 메모리 장치를 포함한 무선 메모리 시스템을 개략적으로 나타내는 블록도이다. Figure 1 is a block diagram schematically showing a wireless memory system, including the passive wireless memory device according to the present invention.
도 2는 본 발명의 일 실시 예에 따른 RFID 리더를 보여주는 블록도이다. 2 is a block diagram of an RFID reader according to an embodiment of the present invention.
도 3은 본 발명에 따른 RFID 태그와 메모리 장치를 나타낸 블록도이다. Figure 3 is a block diagram showing an RFID tag and the memory device according to the present invention.
도 4는 RFID 리더가 RFID 태그로 보내는 명령어 패킷들 및 RFID 태그가 RFID 리더로 보내는 데이터 패킷을 설명하기 위한 도면이다. 4 is a diagram of the RFID reader, the command packet sent to the RFID tag and RFID tag for explaining the data packet sent to the RFID reader.
도 5는 RFID 리더, RFID 태그, 그리고 메모리 장치 사이의 데이터 전송을 설명하기 위한 도면이다. 5 is a view for explaining the data transfer between the RFID reader, RFID tag, and the memory device.
도 6은 본 발명에 따른 RFID 태그와 메모리 장치의 보다 구체적인 구성 및 동작을 설명하기 위한 블록도이다. Figure 6 is a block diagram illustrating a specific construction and operation than the RFID tag and the memory device according to the present invention.
앞의 일반적인 설명 및 다음의 상세한 설명 모두 예시적이라는 것이 이해되어야 하며, 청구된 발명의 부가적인 설명이 제공되는 것으로 여겨져야 한다. It should be understood that the preceding general description and the following detailed description of all examples have not, to be regarded as being provided with an additional explanation of the claimed invention. 참조 부호들이 본 발명의 바람직한 실시 예들에 상세히 표시되어 있으며, 그것의 예들이 참조 도면들에 표시되어 있다. Reference numerals and are shown in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, its examples are shown in the referenced drawing. 가능한 어떤 경우에도, 동일한 참조 번호들이 동일한 또는 유사한 부분을 참조하기 위해서 설명 및 도면들에 사용된다. In any case possible, the same reference numbers are used in the description and drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
아래에서 RFID 태그 및 RFID 리더가 본 발명의 특징 및 기능을 설명하기 위한 한 예로서 사용된다. An RFID tag and RFID reader is used as an example for illustrating the features and functions of the present invention below. 하지만, 이 기술 분야에 정통한 사람은 여기에 기재된 내용에 따라 본 발명의 다른 이점들 및 성능을 쉽게 이해할 수 있을 것이다, 본 발명은 다른 실시 예들을 통해 또한, 구현되거나 적용될 수 있을 것이다. However, a person versed in the art will be able to understand the other advantages and performance of the present invention in accordance with the teachings described herein, the invention may also, implemented or applied with other embodiments. 게다가, 상세한 설명은 본 발명의 범위, 기술적 사상 그리고 다른 목적으로부터 상당히 벗어나지 않고 관점 및 응용에 따라 수정되거나 변경될 수 있다. In addition, the description may be modified or changed according to the application point of view and without significantly departing from the scope of the present invention, the technical concept and other objects.
도 1은 본 발명에 따른 수동형 무선 메모리 장치를 포함한 무선 메모리 시스템을 개략적으로 나타내는 블록도이다. Figure 1 is a block diagram schematically showing a wireless memory system, including the passive wireless memory device according to the present invention. 도 1을 참조하면, 무선 메모리 시스템은 데이터 처리 장치(100), RFID 리더(200), RFID 태그(300), 그리고 메모리 장치(400)를 포함한다. 1, the wireless memory system includes a data processing device (100), RFID reader (200), RFID tag 300, and the memory device 400. RFID 태그(300)와 메모리 장치(400)는 수동형 무선 메모리 장치를 구성한다. RFID tag 300 and memory device 400 make up a passive wireless device memory.
RFID 태그(300)는 메모리 장치(400)에 연결된다. RFID tag 300 is coupled to memory device 400. 또는 RFID 태그(300) 내부에 메모리 장치(400)가 집적될 수 있다. Or inside the RFID tag 300 may be a memory device 400 integrated. RFID 태그(300)는 RFID 리더(200)로부터의 명령어에 응답하여 메모리 장치(400)에 접근한다. RFID tag 300 in response to the command from the RFID reader 200 to access the memory device 400. RFID 태그(300)는 메모리 장치(400)에 저장된 데이터를 RFID 리더(200)로 전달한다. RFID tag 300 transmits the data stored in the memory unit 400 to the RFID reader 200. 메모리 장치(400)에 저장된 데이터는 음성, 음악, 영상, 동영상과 같이 지속적으로 전송하여 그 결과를 재생해야 하는 스트리밍(Streaming) 데이터는 물론 파일과 같이 일반적인 디지털 데이터가 될 수 있다. The data stored in the memory device 400 may be a general digital data, such as streaming (Streaming) data as well as file to be played back the result to continuous transmission, such as voice, music, image, video.
RFID 리더(200)는 무선 통신을 이용하여 RFID 태그(300)로부터 데이터를 수신한다. RFID reader 200 using a radio communication receives data from the RFID tag 300. RFID 리더(200)는 수신한 데이터를 데이터 처리 장치(100)로 전달한다. RFID reader 200 transmits the received data to the data processing apparatus 100. 데이터 처리 장치(100)는 수신한 데이터를 처리한다. The data processing apparatus 100 processes the received data. 예를 들어, 데이터 처리 장치(100)는 전송된 영상 데이터가 디스플레이 장치에 표시되도록 처리할 수 있다. For example, the data processing apparatus 100 may process such that the transmitted video data is displayed on a display device. 데이터 처리 장치(100)는 개인용 컴퓨터(Personal computer), 휴대 전화(Mobile phone), 노트북(Notebook), 스마트 폰(Smart phone) 등 다양한 형태로 구현될 수 있다. The data processing apparatus 100 is a personal computer (Personal computer), mobile phone (Mobile phone), a laptop (Notebook), smart phone (Smart phone) and so on may be implemented in various forms.
도 2는 본 발명의 일 실시 예에 따른 RFID 리더를 보여주는 블록도이다. 2 is a block diagram of an RFID reader according to an embodiment of the present invention. 도 2를 참조하면, 본 발명의 일 실시 예에 따른 RFID 리더(200)는 데이터 출력 장치(210), 제어 장치(220) 및 통신 장치(230)를 포함한다. Referring to Figure 2, RFID reader 200 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention includes a data output device 210, control device 220 and communication device 230.
RFID 리더(200)의 각 구성 요소(110, 120, 130)는 범용 프로세서나 DSP(Digital Signal Processor)에서 동작하는 프로그램을 통해 소프트웨어 방식으로 구현될 수 있고, FPGA나 ASIC 등을 통한 칩, 모듈 또는 SoC(System on Chip), PoC(Package on Chip)의 형태로 구성될 수 있다. Each component of the RFID reader 200, 110, 120, and 130 through the program running on a general purpose processor or DSP (Digital Signal Processor) may be implemented in a software manner, the chip with such as FPGA or ASIC, the module or (System on Chip) SoC, may be of a type of PoC (Package on Chip).
데이터 출력 장치(210)는 제어 장치(220)로부터 데이터를 수신한다. The data output unit 210 receives the data from the control device 220. The 데이터 출력 장치(210)는 수신된 데이터를 데이터 처리 장치(100)에 전달한다. The data output unit 210 sends the received data to the data processing apparatus 100. 데이터는 오디오 데이터, 영상 데이터 및 데이터 파일 중 적어도 하나를 포함하며, 데이터의 종류나 형태에는 제한이 없다. The data includes at least one of audio data, video data, and data files, there is no limitation on the type or form of data. 또한, 데이터 출력 장치(210)는 오디오/비디오 코덱 등의 전처리기를 이용하여 데이터를 용도에 맞게 변환하거나 데이터를 효율적으로 관리하기 위한 수단을 포함하여 구성될 수 있다. Further, the data output apparatus 210 may be configured to include a means to efficiently manage the data conversion or the data for the application by using a pre-treatment, such as audio / video codec.
제어 장치(220)는 RFID 리더(200)의 전반적인 동작을 제어한다. The controller 220 controls the overall operation of the RFID reader 200. 제어 장치(220)는 대용량의 데이터를 전송하기 위한 새로운 명령어들, 응답들을 처리할 수 있도록 수정한 통신 규약을 처리하기 위한 프로토콜 처리를 수행할 수 있다. The controller 220 may perform protocol processing for handling a protocol modified to handle the new instructions, in response to transfer large amounts of data.
본 발명의 일 실시 예에 따르면, 제어 장치(220)는 명령어 패킷 생성 장치(221) 및 태그 응답 처리 장치(222)를 포함한다. According to one embodiment of the invention, the control device 220 includes a command packet generating unit 221 and the tag response processing unit 222. The 명령어 패킷 생성 장치(221)는 데이터 전송을 명령어하는 명령어를 포함하는 명령어 패킷을 생성한다. Command packet generation unit 221 generates a command packet including a command instruction to the data transfer. 또한, 명령어 패킷 생성 장치(221)는 RFID 태그(300)로부터의 데이터가 정상적으로 수신되었는지 여부를 확인하는 명령어를 포함하는 명령어 패킷을 생성한다. In addition, the command packet generation unit 221 generates a command packet including the command to determine whether the data from the RFID tag 300 is normally received. 데이터 전송을 명령어하는 명령어들은 후술될 도 4를 참조하여 자세하게 설명될 것이다. Instructions for command data transfer, will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 4 to be described later.
태그 응답 처리 장치(222)는 RFID 태그(300)로부터 RF 신호를 통해 수신되는 데이터 패킷을 처리한다. Tag response processing unit 222 processes the data packets received via the RF signal from the RFID tag 300.
통신 장치(230)는 RFID 태그(300)로부터 수신한 RF 신호를 디지털 데이터로 변환하여 제어 장치(220)로 전달한다. Communication device 230 is transmitted to the control device 220 converts the RF signal into the digital data received from the RFID tag 300. 또는 통신 장치(230)는 제어 장치(220)로부터의 디지털 신호를 RF 신호로 변환하여 RFID 태그(300)에 전달한다. Or communication device 230 converts the digital signal supplied from the control unit 220 into an RF signal and transmits to the RFID tag 300. RFID 태그(300)로부터 수신한 RF 신호를 디지털 데이터로 변환한다. It converts the RF signal received from the RFID tag 300 into digital data.
통신 장치(230)는 명령어 패킷을 신호 증폭 및 변조하여 RFID 규격에서 정의한 소정의 주파수 대역 예를 들어, 860㎒ 내지 960㎒의 주파수 대역으로 전송할 수 있다. Communication device 230 to the command packet signal amplification and modulation for a given frequency band, for example, defined by the RFID standard, can be transmitted to the band 860㎒ to 960㎒. 통신 장치(230)에 포함되는 변조기 및 복조기는 디지털 방식으로 디지털 신호처리를 수행하거나 아날로그 방식으로 신호 처리를 수행하도록 구성될 수 있다. Modulators and demodulators included in the communication device 230 may be configured to perform digital signal processing in a digital manner or to perform signal processing in an analog manner.
도 3은 본 발명에 따른 RFID 태그와 메모리 장치를 나타낸 블록도이다. Figure 3 is a block diagram showing an RFID tag and the memory device according to the present invention. 도 3을 참조하면, RFID 태그(300)는 안테나(310), 무선 통신 장치(320), 변조 장치(330), 복조 장치(340), 그리고 태그 제어 장치(350)를 포함한다. Referring to Figure 3, the RFID tag 300 includes an antenna 310, a wireless communication device 320, modulator 330, demodulator 340, and the tag controller 350.
안테나(310)는 RFID 리더(200)로부터의 신호를 수신한다. Antenna 310 receives a signal from the RFID reader 200. 또는 안테나(310)는 RFID 리더(200)로 신호를 전송한다. Or the antenna 310 transmits a signal to the RFID reader 200. 무선 통신 장치(320)는 안테나(310)에 연결된다. Wireless communication device 320 is coupled to antenna 310. 무선 통신 장치(320)는 송수신 신호를 증폭 및/또는 필터링(filtering) 함으로써 원활한 무선 통신을 지원한다. Wireless communication device 320 supports a seamless wireless communication by amplifying and / or filtering (filtering) of the transmit and receive signals.
변조 장치(330)는 RFID 리더(200)로 송신되는 디지털 데이터를 무선 통신 장치(320)에 적합한 형태로 변환한다. Modulator 330 converts the digital data to be transmitted to the RFID reader 200 into a form suitable for wireless communication device 320. 복조 장치(340)는 RFID 리더(200)로부터의 신호를 디지털 데이터로 변환한다. Demodulation unit 340 converts the signal from the RFID reader 200 into digital data.
태그 제어 장치(350)는 복조 장치(340)로부터 명령어를 수신한다. Tag controller 350 receives instructions from demodulator 340. 태그 제어 장치(350)는 수신된 명령어에 따라 메모리 장치(400)를 액세스한다. Tag controller 350 accesses memory device 400 according to the received command. 태그 제어 장치(350)는 메모리 장치(400)로부터 데이터를 읽은 후 데이터 신호를 생성해서 RFID 리더(200)로 송신하는 등 RFID 태그(300)와 RFID 리더(200) 사이의 무선 통신을 실질적으로 제어한다. Tag controller 350 may substantially control the wireless communication between RFID tag 300 and RFID reader 200, such that after reading data from the memory device 400 to generate a data signal transmitted to the RFID reader 200 do.
태그 제어 장치(350)는 예측 플래그(360)를 포함한다. Tag controller 350 comprises a prediction flag (360). 다양한 원인에 의해 통신 채널의 상태는 변화할 수 있다. The state of the communication channel by various causes may change. 예측 플래그(360)는 통신 채널의 상태를 나타내는 변수이다. Prediction flag 360 is a variable that indicates the state of the communication channel. 예를 들어, 예측 플래그(360)는 통신 채널의 상태를 극도의 불량(Strongly worse), 불량(Weakly worse), 양호(Weakly better), 극도의 양호(Strongly better)로 구분할 수 있다. For example, the prediction flag 360 may identify the condition of a communication channel of an extremely poor (worse Strongly), poor (worse Weakly), good (Weakly better), good (better Strongly) extreme.
통신 채널의 상태를 구분하기 위해 예측 플래그(360)는 2-비트 카운터를 이용하여 구현될 수 있다. Prediction flag to distinguish the state of the communication channel 360 may be implemented using a 2-bit counter. 2-비트 카운터는 채널 상태가 좋아지는 경우 증가하고, 채널의 상태가 나빠지는 경우 감소한다. 2-bit counter is increased, and is decreased if the state of the channel if the channel conditions deteriorate better.
본 발명에 있어서 예측 플래그(360)를 두어 급변하는 채널 상태에 따른 패킷 크기의 잦은 변화를 방지한다. To prevent frequent changes in the packet size according to the channel status rapidly changing place the prediction flag 360, according to the present invention. 예측 플래그(360)의 기능은 후술 될 도 4를 참조하여 자세히 설명될 것이다. Function of the prediction flags 360 will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 4 to be described later.
변조 장치(330) 및 복조 장치(340)와 태그 제어 장치(350)를 비롯한 메모리 장치(400)는 IC 칩의 형태로 패키징(Packaging)되는 것도 가능하다. Modulator 330 and the demodulator 340 and the memory device 400 including the tag controller 350 may be packaged (Packaging) in the form of an IC chip. 메모리 장치(400)는 Gbyte 이상의 대용량 데이터가 저장 가능한 플래시 메모리(flash memory)가 사용될 수 있다. Memory device 400 may be capable of large amounts of data over a Gbyte storage flash memory (flash memory). 아울러 메모리 장치(400)는 RFID 태그(300)로부터 자유로이 분리 및 연결되는 것도 가능한바, 이를 위해 RFID 태그(300)와 메모리 장치(400)는 전원 및 데이터 전송이 가능한 USB 또는 기타의 커넥터로 연결될 수 있다. In addition, the memory device 400 may be connected in a freely separate and possibly be connected to the bar, the RFID tag 300 and the memory device 400, power for this purpose and the data transfer is available USB or other connector from the RFID tag 300 have.
한편, 본 발명에 따른 RFID 태그(300)는 멀티미디어 컨텐츠의 저장 매체로 활용 가능한 것을 특징으로 한다. On the other hand, RFID tag 300 according to the invention is characterized in that it can serve as the storage medium for multimedia content. 이 경우 메모리 장치(400)에는 제 1 데이터로서 멀티미디어 컨텐츠의 식별 데이터(메타 데이터)가 저장되고, 제 2 데이터로서 멀티미디어 컨텐츠 데이터가 저장된다. In this case, memory device 400 is provided with a identification data (metadata) of the multimedia contents stored as the first data, the multimedia contents data is stored as the second data.
제 1 데이터는 컴퓨터 등의 범용 정보처리기기를 이용하여 메모리 장치(400)에 저장된 대용량 멀티미디어 컨텐츠 데이터를 식별할 수 있는 메타 데이터로서, 예컨대 음악파일의 경우에는 텍스트 포맷의 노래제목, 영상파일의 경우에는 이미지 포맷의 캡쳐 화면 및/또는 영상 제목, 사진 파일의 경우에는 이미지 포맷의 썸네일(thumbnail), 데이터 파일의 경우에는 텍스트 포맷의 제목 및/또는 아이콘 등이 될 수 있다. First data is for the case of as metadata that identifies the large-capacity multimedia content data stored in the memory device 400 by using a general-purpose information processing apparatus such as a computer, such as music files, song text format, title, image file there may be such as title and / or icon in text format, if the thumbnail (thumbnail), a data file of the case, the image format of screenshots and / or video title, photo file format of the image.
제 2 데이터는 음악, 영상, 사진, 데이터 파일 등 컴퓨터와 같은 범용 정보 처리 기기의 OS(Operating System)나 어플리케이션 프로그램(application program)을 통해 실행 가능한 대용량 멀티미디어 컨텐츠 데이터 중 선택된 하나 이상이 될 수 있다. The second data may be one or more selected ones of the music, video, pictures, data files, and so on (Operating System) OS for a general-purpose information processing device such as a computer or an application program (application program) executable large capacity multimedia content data over the.
그리고 본 발명에 따른 RFID 태그(300)는 RFID 리더(200)로부터의 SB_INFO 명령어에 의해 제 1 데이터에 근거한 제 1 데이터 신호를 생성 및 회신하고, RFID 리더(200)로부터의 SB_CONT 명령어에 의해 제 2 데이터에 근거한 제 2 데이터 신호를 생성 및 회신한다. And second by the SB_CONT command from the RFID tag 300 is first generated, and returns a first data signal based on the first data by SB_INFO command from the RFID reader 200 and, RFID reader 200 in accordance with the present invention 2 It generates and returns a second data signal based on data. 이로써, 본 발명에 따른 RFID 태그(300)는 대용량 멀티미디어 데이터를 저장하는 한편 효율적 관리를 가능케 한다. Therefore, RFID tag 300 according to the present invention allows for more control while that store large amounts of multimedia data.
(a)는 SB_INFO 명령어 패킷이다. (A) is a packet SB_INFO command. SB_INFO 명령어 패킷은 SB_INFO 명령어와 NOR 플래그를 포함한다. SB_INFO The command packet includes a command SB_INFO the NOR flag. SB_INFO 명령어는 메모리 장치(400)로부터 메타 데이터(Meta data)를 액세스하기 위한 명령어이다. SB_INFO command is a command for accessing the metadata (Meta data) from the memory device 400.
메타 데이터는 메모리 장치(400)에 저장된 데이터를 식별하기 위한 데이터이다. Metadata is data for identifying the data stored in the memory device 400. 예를 들면, 메타 데이터는 동영상 데이터의 파일 이름, 확장자, 코덱 정보, 생성 일시 등이 될 수 있다. For example, the metadata can be a file name, extension, codec information, such as creation date and time of the video data. RFID 태그(300)는 RFID 리더(200)로부터의 SB_INFO 명령어에 응답하여, 메모리 장치(400)에 저장된 데이터의 메타 데이터를 RFID 리더(200)로 전송한다. RFID tag 300 in response to the SB_INFO command from the RFID reader 200, and transmits the metadata for the data stored in the memory unit 400 to the RFID reader 200.
NOR 플래그는 SB_INFO 명령어의 반복 횟수를 의미한다. The NOR flag indicates the number of repetitions of SB_INFO command. 예를 들어, NOR 플래그 값이 4인 경우, SB_INFO 명령어가 RFID 리더(200)로부터 RFID 태그(300)로 4회 전송된 것과 같은 효과를 가진다. For example, if the NOR flag with a value of 4, has the same effect as the SB_INFO command is sent four times to the RFID tag 300 from the RFID reader 200. 따라서, RFID 리더(200)와 RFID 태그(300) 사이의 명령어 패킷 전송이 최소화될 수 있다. Accordingly, the command packet transfer between the RFID reader 200 and RFID tag 300 can be minimized.
RFID 기술에서 RFID 리더(200)와 RFID 태그(300) 사이의 명령어 패킷 전송량은 작을수록 유리하다. Command packet transmissions between RFID reader 200 and RFID tag 300 in the RFID technology is more glass is small. 명령어 패킷 전송에 의해 전체적인 데이터 전송 속도가 저하되기 때문이다. It is because the overall data transfer rate reduced by the command packet transfer. 결국, NOR 플래그에 의해 명령어 패킷 전송이 최소화되어 데이터 전송 속도가 향상될 수 있다. In the end, it is minimized, the command packet sent by the NOR flag is the data transfer rate can be improved.
(b)는 SB_CONT 명령어 패킷이다. (B) is a packet SB_CONT command. SB_CONT 명령어 패킷은 SB_CONT 명령어와 NOR 플래그를 포함한다. SB_CONT The command packet includes a command SB_CONT the NOR flag. SB_CONT 명령어는 메모리 장치(400)에 저장된 데이터를 액세스하기 위한 명령어이다. SB_CONT command is a command for accessing the data stored in the memory device 400.
메모리 장치(400)에는 다양한 형태의 데이터가 저장될 수 있다. Memory device 400 may be a store various types of data. 예를 들면, 메모리 장치(400)에는 동영상 데이터, 음성 데이터, 음악 데이터, 그리고 텍스트 데이터 등이 저장될 수 있다. For example, there is such a video data, audio data, music data, and text data can be stored in the memory device 400. RFID 태그(300)는 RFID 리더(200)로부터의 SB_CONT 명령어에 응답하여, 메모리 장치(400)에 저장된 데이터를 RFID 리더(200)로 전송한다. RFID tag 300 in response to the SB_CONT command from the RFID reader 200, and transmits the data stored in the memory unit 400 to the RFID reader 200.
NOR 플래그는 SB_CONT 명령어의 반복 횟수를 의미한다. The NOR flag indicates the number of repetitions of SB_CONT command. 예를 들어, NOR 플래그 값이 4인 경우, SB_CONT 명령어가 RFID 리더(200)로부터 RFID 태그(300)로 4회 전송된 것과 같은 효과를 가진다. For example, if the NOR flag with a value of 4, has the same effect as the SB_CONT command is sent four times to the RFID tag 300 from the RFID reader 200. 따라서, RFID 리더(200)와 RFID 태그(300) 사이의 명령어 패킷 전송이 최소화된다. Accordingly, the command packet transfer between the RFID reader 200 and RFID tag 300 is minimized. 결국, 데이터 전송 속도가 향상될 수 있다. Eventually, the data transfer rate can be improved.
(c)는 SB_ACK 명령어 패킷이다. (C) is a packet SB_ACK command. SB_ACK 명령어 패킷은 SB_ACK 명령어, 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj), 그리고 NOR 플래그를 포함한다. SB_ACK The command packet includes a command SB_ACK, a packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj), and the NOR flag. SB_ACK 명령어는 RFID 태그(300)로부터 RFID 리더(200)로의 데이터 전송이 올바르게 되었음을 나타내는 신호이다. SB_ACK command is a signal indicating that the data transmission to the RFID reader 200 is properly from the RFID tag 300. 다시 말해, RFID 리더(200)가 RFID 태그(300)로부터 데이터 패킷을 정확하게 수신한 경우, RFID 리더(200)는 RFID 태그(300)로 SB_ACK 명령어를 전송한다. In other words, when the RFID reader 200 receives correctly a data packet from the RFID tag 300, the RFID reader 200 transmits a command to the RFID tag SB_ACK 300.
RFID 태그(300)는 RFID 리더(200)로부터의 SB_ACK 명령어를 참조하여 이전에 전송한 데이터의 다음 주소에 저장된 데이터를 RFID 리더(200)로 전송한다. RFID tag 300 transmits the data stored in the next address of data previously transmitted by referring to SB_ACK command from the RFID reader 200 to the RFID reader 200. 따라서, RFID 리더(200)로부터 RFID 태그(300)로의 어드레스 전송이 없더라도 데이터를 전송하는 것이 가능하다. Thus, it is possible to, even if the address transmitted to the RFID tag 300 transmits the data from the RFID reader 200.
패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj)는 데이터 패킷의 크기를 결정한다. Adjusting a packet size flag (PktSizeAdj) determines the size of the data packet. SB_ACK 명령어 패킷에서 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값이 1로 설정되면 데이터 패킷의 크기가 2배가 된다. When SB_ACK command packet is a packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value set to 1 in the size of the data packet is doubled. 반면에, SB_ACK 명령어 패킷에서 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그 값(PktSizeAdj)이 0으로 설정되면 데이터 패킷의 크기가 유지된다. On the other hand, when the packet size adjustment flag value (PktSizeAdj) is set to 0 in SB_ACK command packet, the size of the data packet is maintained.
예를 들어, RFID 리더(200)가 SB_ACK 명령어 패킷 내의 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그 값(PktSizeAdj)을 1로 설정하여 RFID 태그(300)로 전송하면, RFID 태그(300)는 데이터 패킷의 크기를 2배로 하여 RFID 태그(300)에 전송한다. For example, RFID reader 200 sets the packet size adjustment flag value (PktSizeAdj) in SB_ACK command packet to one if sent to the RFID tag 300, the RFID tag 300 to the size of the data packets twice and it transmits to the RFID tag 300. 반면에, RFID 리더(200)가 SB_ACK 명령어 패킷 내의 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값을 0으로 설정하여 RFID 태그(300)로 전송하면, RFID 태그(300)는 데이터 패킷의 크기를 유지하여 RFID 태그(300)에 전송한다. On the other hand, RFID reader 200 when transmitting by setting the packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value within SB_ACK command packet to zero to the RFID tag 300, the RFID tag 300 is to keep the size of the data packet RFID tag and transferred to 300.
패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값은 통신 채널의 상태에 따라 결정된다. Adjusting a packet size flag (PktSizeAdj) value is determined in accordance with the state of the communication channel. 예를 들어, 통신 채널의 상태가 양호할 때 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값은 1로 설정될 것이다. For example, when the state of the communication channel to be good packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value will be set to one. 반면에, 통신 채널의 상태가 불량할 때 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값은 0으로 설정될 것이다. On the other hand, when the state of the communication channel to be bad packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value will be set to zero. 이와 같이, 통신 채널의 상태에 따라 패킷의 크기를 조절함으로써 통신 채널의 상태에 따른 유연한 데이터 통신이 가능해진다. Thus, it is by regulating the size of the packet according to the state of the communication channel can be a flexible data communication according to the state of the communication channel.
NOR 플래그는 SB_ACK 명령어의 반복 횟수를 의미한다. The NOR flag indicates the number of repetitions of SB_ACK command. 예를 들어, NOR 플래그 값이 4인 경우, SB_ACK 명령어가 RFID 리더(200)로부터 RFID 태그(300)로 4회 전송된 것과 같은 효과를 가진다. For example, if the NOR flag with a value of 4, has the same effect as the SB_ACK command is sent four times to the RFID tag 300 from the RFID reader 200. 따라서, RFID 리더(200)와 RFID 태그(300) 사이의 명령어 패킷 전송이 최소화되어 데이터 전송 속도가 향상될 수 있다. Accordingly, the command packet transfer between the RFID reader 200 and RFID tag 300 is minimized, there is a data transfer rate can be improved.
(d)는 SB_NACK 명령어 패킷으로서, SB_NACK 명령어, 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj), 그리고 NOR 플래그를 포함한다. (D) is a SB_NACK command packet, and a command SB_NACK, a packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj), and the NOR flag. SB_NACK 명령어는 RFID 태그(300)로부터 RFID 리더(200)로의 데이터 전송이 올바르게 되지 않았음을 나타내는 신호이다. SB_NACK command is a signal indicating that the data transmission to the RFID reader 200 has not been correctly from the RFID tag 300. 다시 말해, RFID 리더(200)가 RFID 태그(300)로부터 데이터를 정확하게 수신하지 않은 경우, RFID 리더(200)는 RFID 태그(300)로 SB_NACK 명령어를 전송한다. In other words, if the RFID reader 200 has not correctly received the data from the RFID tag 300, the RFID reader 200 transmits a command to the RFID tag SB_NACK 300.
RFID 태그(300)는 RFID 리더(200)로부터의 SB_NACK 명령어를 참조하여 이전에 전송한 데이터를 다시 RFID 리더(200)로 전송한다. RFID tag 300 transmits the data transmitted previously in reference to SB_NACK command from the RFID reader 200 back to the RFID reader 200. 따라서, RFID 리더(200)로부터 RFID 태그(300)로의 어드레스 전송이 없더라도 데이터를 전송하는 것이 가능하다. Thus, it is possible to, even if the address transmitted to the RFID tag 300 transmits the data from the RFID reader 200.
패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj)는 데이터 패킷의 크기를 결정한다. Adjusting a packet size flag (PktSizeAdj) determines the size of the data packet. SB_NACK 명령어 패킷에서 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값이 1로 설정되면 데이터 패킷의 크기가 절반이 된다. When SB_NACK command packet is a packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value set to 1 in the size of the data packet is one-half. 반면에, SB_NACK 명령어 패킷에서 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값이 0으로 설정되면 데이터 패킷의 크기가 유지된다. On the other hand, when the command packet SB_NACK packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value is set to 0 in the size of the data packet is maintained.
예를 들어, RFID 리더(200)가 SB_NACK 명령어 패킷 내의 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값을 1로 설정하여 RFID 태그(300)로 전송하면, RFID 태그(300)는 데이터 패킷의 크기를 절반으로 하여 RFID 태그(300)에 전송한다. For example, RFID reader 200 sets the packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value within SB_NACK command packet to one if sent to the RFID tag 300, to the RFID tag 300 is half the size of the data packet and it transmits to the RFID tag 300. 반면에, RFID 리더(200)가 SB_NACK 명령어 패킷 내의 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값을 0으로 설정하여 RFID 태그(300)로 전송하면, RFID 태그(300)는 데이터 패킷의 크기를 유지하여 RFID 태그(300)에 전송한다. On the other hand, RFID reader 200 when transmitting by setting the packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value within SB_NACK command packet to zero to the RFID tag 300, the RFID tag 300 is to keep the size of the data packet RFID tag and transferred to 300.
패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값은 통신 채널의 상태에 따라 결정된다. Adjusting a packet size flag (PktSizeAdj) value is determined in accordance with the state of the communication channel. 예를 들어, 통신 채널의 상태가 양호할 때 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값은 0으로 설정될 것이다. For example, when the state of the communication channel to be good packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value will be set to zero. 반면에, 통신 채널의 상태가 불량할 때 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값은 1로 설정될 것이다. On the other hand, when the state of the communication channel to be bad packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value will be set to one. 이와 같이, 통신 채널의 상태에 따라 패킷의 크기를 조절함으로써 통신 채널의 상태에 따른 유연한 데이터 통신이 가능해진다. Thus, it is by regulating the size of the packet according to the state of the communication channel can be a flexible data communication according to the state of the communication channel.
그런데, 채널 상태가 급변할 경우 패킷 사이즈도 급변하게 된다. However, if the channel status changing is also changing the packet size. 이는 오히려 시스템의 성능을 저하시킨다. This results in a rather degrade system performance. 본 발명에 있어서, 도 3에 도시된 예측 플래그(360)를 두어 급격한 패킷 사이즈의 변화를 방지한다. In the present invention, to prevent a prediction flag 360, a couple of sudden change of packet size shown in Fig.
상술한 바와 같이, 예측 플래그(360)는 통신 채널의 상태를 극도의 불량(Strongly worse), 불량(Weakly worse), 양호(Weakly better), 극도의 양호(Strongly better)의 4 단계들로 구분할 수 있다. As it described above, the prediction flag 360 is to separate the status of the communication channels to the step 4 of the extremely poor (Strongly worse), Bad (Weakly worse), good (Weakly better), good (Strongly better) extreme have. 예를 들어, 예측 플래그(360)는 2-비트 카운터로 구성될 수 있다. For example, the prediction flag 360 may be of a 2-bit counter.
본 발명에 있어서, 예측 플래그(360)가 극도의 양호 상태이고, SB_ACK 명령어 패킷 내의 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값이 1일 때 패킷 사이즈가 증가한다. In the present invention, the prediction flag 360 is in good state, and increasing the packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value of the packet size in the case of 1 SB_ACK command packet extreme. 또한, 예측 플래그(360)가 극도의 불량 상태이고, SB_NACK 명령어 패킷 내의 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj) 값이 1일 때 패킷 사이즈가 감소한다. In addition, the prediction flag (360) is decreased when the packet size and the defective state of the extreme, the packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj) value in the instruction packet SB_NACK 1. 따라서, 패킷 사이즈의 급격한 변화가 방지될 수 있다. Therefore, there is a rapid change of the packet size can be prevented.
그러나, 본 발명의 범위가 이에 한정되지는 않는다. However, the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. 예측 플래그(360)는 임의의 개수의 단계들로 구분될 수 있다. Prediction flag 360 may be divided into any number of stages. 예를 들어, 예측 플래그(360)는 통신 채널의 상태를 8개의 단계들로 구분할 수 있다. For example, the prediction flag 360 may distinguish the state of the communication channel into eight steps: 이 경우 예측 플래그(360)는 3-비트 카운터로 구성될 것이다. In this case, prediction flag 360 will be of a three-bit counter.
NOR 플래그는 SB_NACK 명령어의 반복 횟수를 의미한다. The NOR flag indicates the number of repetitions of SB_NACK command. 예를 들어, NOR 플래그 값이 4인 경우, SB_NACK 명령어가 RFID 리더(200)로부터 RFID 태그(300)로 4회 전송된 것과 같은 효과를 가진다. For example, if the NOR flag with a value of 4, has the same effect as the SB_NACK command is sent four times to the RFID tag 300 from the RFID reader 200. 따라서, RFID 리더(200)와 RFID 태그(300) 사이의 명령어 패킷 전송이 최소화되어 데이터 전송 속도가 향상될 수 있다. Accordingly, the command packet transfer between the RFID reader 200 and RFID tag 300 is minimized, there is a data transfer rate can be improved.
(e)는 RFID 태그(300)로부터 RFID 리더(200)로 전송되는 데이터 패킷이다. (E) is a data packet transmitted to the RFID reader 200 from RFID tag 300. 데이터 패킷은 패킷 크기와 데이터를 포함한다. The data packet includes a packet size and data. 상술한 바와 같이, 패킷 크기는 예측 플래그(360)와 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그(PktSizeAdj)에 의해 변경될 수 있다. As described above, the packet size can be changed by the prediction flag 360 and the packet size adjustment flag (PktSizeAdj).
상술한 바와 같이 본 발명에 따른 수동형 RFID 태그(300)는 종래의 RFID 통신 규약에서 정한 동작과 다른 데이터 처리 동작을 수행한다. A passive RFID tag 300 in accordance with the present invention as described above performs an operation with the other data processing operations set out in the conventional RFID protocol. 따라서, 기존의 규약에서 정의된 태그 상태에 데이터 상태(Data state)가 추가될 수 있다. Accordingly, it is the tagged state definition in the existing protocols can be added to the data state (Data state). RFID 태그(300)는 RFID 리더(200)로부터 SB_CONT 명령어 패킷을 수신한 경우에 데이터 상태로 진입할 수 있다. RFID tag 300 may enter the data state when receiving the SB_CONT command packet from the RFID reader 200. 일단 데이터 상태(Data state)로 진입하게 되면 상태의 변화없이 RFID 리더(200)에서 보내오는 명령어를 계속 처리할 수 있도록 하여 연속적으로 대용량 데이터를 처리할 수 있다. Once the data state to be able to continue processing the command coming from the RFID reader to send (200) when it enters the (Data state) with no change in condition it may be continuously processing a large amount of data to.
먼저, RFID 리더(200)는 메모리 장치(400)에 저장된 데이터의 메타 데이터를 얻기 위해 RFID 태그(300)에 SB_INFO 명령어를 전송한다(1). First, RFID reader 200 transmits an instruction SB_INFO the RFID tag 300 to obtain metadata for the data stored in the memory device 400 (1). RFID 태그(300)는 SB_INFO 명령어에 응답하여 메모리 장치(400)에 메타 데이터 전송을 요청한다(2). RFID tag 300 requests the metadata transmitted to the memory device 400 in response to a command SB_INFO (2). 메모리 장치(400)는 메타 데이터 전송 요청에 응답하여 메타 데이터를 RFID 태그(300)로 전송한다(3). Memory device 400 in response to the metadata transmission request transmits the metadata to the RFID tag 300 (3). RFID 태그(300)는 메모리 장치(400)로부터 수신된 메타 데이터를 RFID 리더(200)에 전송한다(4). RFID tag 300 transmits the metadata received from the memory device 400 to the RFID reader 200 (4).
RFID 리더(200)는 메타 데이터를 참조하여 메모리 장치(400)에 저장된 데이터를 액세스하기 위해 RFID 태그(300)에 SB_CONT 명령어를 전송한다(5). RFID reader 200 transmits an instruction to SB_CONT RFID tag 300 for referring to metadata to access the data stored in the memory device 400 (5). 상술한 바와 같이, SB_CONT 명령어는 데이터의 어드레스와 NOR 플래그를 포함한다. As described above, the SB_CONT command comprises the address data and the NOR flag. 예시적으로 NOR 플래그 값이 2인 것으로 가정된다. Illustratively, it is assumed that the NOR flag value is 2.
RFID 태그(300)는 SB_CONT 명령어에 응답하여 데이터의 어드레스와 데이터 전송 요청을 메모리 장치(400)에 전송한다(6). RFID tag 300 is sent in response to the instruction SB_CONT the address and data transfer requests of the data to the memory device 400 (6). 메모리 장치(400)는 데이터 전송 요청에 응답하여 데이터를 RFID 태그(300)에 전송한다(7). Memory device 400 transmits the data in response to a data transfer request to the RFID tag 300 (7). RFID 태그(300)는 메모리 장치(400)로부터 수신한 데이터를 패킷으로 변환하여 RFID 리더(200)에 전송한다(8). RFID tag 300 transmits the RFID reader 200, converts the data received from the memory device 400 as a packet (8). 또한, 메모리 장치(400)는 데이터를 RFID 태그(300)에 전송한다(9). In addition, the memory device 400 transmits the data to the RFID tag 300 (9). RFID 태그(300)는 메모리 장치(400)로부터 수신한 데이터를 패킷으로 변환하여 RFID 리더(200)에 전송한다(10). RFID tag 300 transmits the RFID reader 200, converts the data received from the memory device 400 to the packet (10). 결국, NOR 플래그 값이 2이기 때문에 RFID 태그(300)가 2개의 데이터 패킷을 RFID 태그(300)로 전송하였음을 알 수 있다. Since a result, the NOR flag value 2 it can be seen that the RFID tag 300 hayeoteum transmitted two data packets to the RFID tag 300.
RFID 리더(200)가 RFID 태그(300)로부터 수신한 데이터 패킷이 정상적이 아닌 경우, RFID 리더(200)는 SB_NACK 명령어를 RFID 태그(300)로 전송한다(11). When RFID reader 200 is a data packet received from the RFID tag 300 is not normal, and transmits the RFID reader 200 is SB_NACK command to the RFID tag 300 (11). RFID 태그(300)는 SB_NACK 명령어에 응답하여 이미 전송된 데이터를 다시 전송할 것을 메모리 장치(400)에 요청한다(12). RFID tag 300 requests the re-transmit the previously transmitted data responsive to SB_NACK command to the memory device 400 (12). 이미 전송된 데이터를 전송하는 것이기 때문에 별도의 어드레스는 요구되지 않는다. Separate address because it is already transmitting the transmission data is required. 따라서, 어드레스를 전송함에 따른 오버헤드가 발생하지 않는다. Thus, the overhead in transmitting the address does not occur.
메모리 장치(400)는 RFID 태그(300)로부터의 요청에 응답하여 데이터들을 RFID 태그(300)로 전송한다(13, 15). Memory device 400 in response to a request from the RFID tag 300 transmits data to the RFID tag 300 (13, 15). RFID 태그(300)는 메모리 장치(400)로부터 수신한 데이터를 패킷으로 가공하여 RFID 리더(200)에 전송한다(14, 16). RFID tag 300 transmits the RFID reader 200 by processing the data received from the memory device 400 into packets (14, 16).
RFID 리더(200)가 RFID 태그(300)로부터 수신한 데이터가 정상적인 경우, RFID 리더(200)는 SB_ACK 명령어를 RFID 태그(300)로 전송한다(17). If the data received from the RFID reader 200 has RFID tags 300 in the normal, the RFID reader 200 transmits a command to the RFID tag SB_ACK 300 (17). RFID 태그(300)는 SB_ACK 명령어에 응답하여 이미 전송된 데이터의 다음 어드레스에 위치한 데이터를 전송할 것을 메모리 장치(400)에 요청한다(18). RFID tag 300 requests the transfer data in the next address of the already transmitted data in response to SB_ACK instructions in the memory device 400 (18). 이미 전송된 데이터의 다음 어드레스에 위치한 데이터를 전송하는 것이기 때문에 별도의 어드레스는 요구되지 않는다. Since transmitting the data in the next address of the already transmitted data separate address is required. 따라서 어드레스를 전송함에 따른 오버헤드가 발생하지 않는다. Therefore, the overhead in transmitting the address does not occur.
메모리 장치(400)는 RFID 태그(300)로부터의 요청에 응답하여 데이터들을 RFID 태그(300)로 전송한다(19, 21). Memory device 400 in response to a request from the RFID tag 300 transmits data to the RFID tag 300 (19, 21). RFID 태그(300)는 메모리 장치(400)로부터 수신한 데이터를 패킷으로 가공하여 RFID 리더(200)에 전송한다(20, 22). RFID tag 300 transmits the RFID reader 200 by processing the data received from the memory device 400 into packets (20, 22).
도 6은 본 발명에 따른 RFID 태그와 메모리 장치의 보다 구체적인 구성 및 동작을 설명하기 위한 블록도이다. Figure 6 is a block diagram illustrating a specific construction and operation than the RFID tag and the memory device according to the present invention. 이하, 도 6을 참조하여, 저전력으로 RFID 태그(300)에 저장된 대용량 데이터를 RFID 리더(200)로 전송하는 원리가 설명될 것이다. Below with reference to Figure 6, will be the principle of transferring large amounts of data stored in RFID tag 300 by the low power to the RFID reader 200 is described.
수동형 RFID 시스템은 필요한 전력을 RFID 리더로부터 공급받으므로 태그에서 사용 가능한 전력에는 한계가 있다. Passive RFID system, so to get the necessary power supply from the power RFID readers available on the tag is limited. 따라서, 기존의 RFID 태그에서 사용할 수 있는 메모리의 크기가 제한적이었다. Thus, the amount of memory available in the conventional RFID tag was limited.
본 발명에 따른 메모리 장치(400)는 복수의 메모리 뱅크들을 포함한다. Memory device 400 according to the present invention includes a plurality of memory banks. 각 메모리 뱅크들 각각은 RFID 태그(300)에서 제공되는 신호에 의해 활성 상태와 비활성 상태로 변화되며, 비활성 상태에서는 전력 공급이 차단되거나 대기 모드가 되며, 활성 상태에서만 전력이 공급된다. Each of the memory banks are changed between active and inactive by the signal provided by the RFID tag 300, the power supply is shut off or disabled, and is in the standby mode, power is supplied only from the active state. 즉, RFID 태그(300)에서 제공되는 신호는 전원 공급을 결정하는 신호일 수도 있고, 실질적인 전원일 수도 있다. That is, the signal provided by the RFID tag 300 may be a signal that determines the power supply may be a substantial power.
예를 들어, 메모리 장치(400)의 크기가 256MB이고, 각 메모리 뱅크의 크기는 128KB인 것으로 가정된다. For example, if the size of the memory device (400) 256MB, the size of each memory bank is assumed to be 128KB. 따라서, 모든 메모리 뱅크들을 한번에 구동하는 경우에 비해서 1/2000 줄어든 전력만 필요하게 된다. Accordingly, it is compared with the case where driving all of the memory banks at a time need only 1/2000 reduced power. 따라서, 메모리 장치(400)가 복수의 메모리 뱅크들을 포함하더라도 실질적으로 한번에 동작되는 메모리의 크기는 메모리 뱅크의 크기로 한정되므로 저전력 구동이 가능해지게 된다. Thus, the size of the memory, a memory device 400 that is substantially at a time, even if the operation includes a plurality of memory banks becomes possible because the low power drive limited to the size of a memory bank.
한편, 대용량 데이터는 메모리 장치(400)에 순차적으로 저장될 수 있으며, 이러한 순차적인 데이터의 판독 조건에 의해서 RFID 태그(300)의 동작이 단순해 질 수 있어 구성 비용 및 전력 절감이 가능해진다. On the other hand, large amounts of data may be sequentially stored in the memory device 400, such read out by the conditions of the sequential data can become a simple operation of the RFID tag 300 configured cost and power savings can be realized.
상기 제 2 데이터 요청 신호는 제 1 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그를 포함하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 채널 상태 예측 플래그와 상기 제 1 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그를 참조하여 상기 데이터 패킷의 크기를 결정하는 수동형 무선 메모리 장치. Passive wireless memory devices to the second data and the request signal comprises a first packet size control flag, the passive tag with reference to the channel state prediction flag from the first packet size control flag to determine the size of the data packet.
상기 리더는 상기 수동형 태그가 상기 메모리 장치를 액세스하도록 상기 제 1 데이터 요청 신호를 상기 수동형 태그로 전송하며, 상기 제 1 데이터 요청 신호는 액세스 될 데이터의 어드레스를 포함하는 수동형 무선 메모리 장치. The reader is a passive wireless memory device to said first data request signal to the first and transmitting the data request signal to the passive tag, the passive tag to access the memory device comprises an address of data to be accessed.
상기 제 1 데이터 요청 신호는 NOR(Number Of Response) 플래그를 포함하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 NOR 플래그의 값만큼 상기 리더로부터 상기 제 1 데이터 요청 신호를 수신한 것으로 간주하는 수동형 무선 메모리 장치. The first data request signal NOR (Number Of Response) comprising a flag, the passive tag is a passive wireless memory devices deemed to receive the first data request signal from the reader as much as a value of the NOR flag.
상기 리더는 상기 수동형 태그로부터의 데이터 수신이 정상적일 때 상기 제 2 데이터 요청 신호를 상기 수동형 태그로 전송하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 제 2 데이터 요청 신호에 응답하여 이미 전송된 데이터의 다음 어드레스에 위치한 데이터를 상기 리더로 전송하는 수동형 무선 메모리 장치. The reader when the reception of data from the passive tag normally and the second transmits the data request signal to the passive tag, the passive tag is in the next address of the already transmitted data in response to the second data request signal, passive wireless memory device to transmit data to the reader.
상기 제 2 데이터 요청 신호는 NOR(Number Of Response) 플래그를 포함하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 NOR 플래그의 값만큼 상기 리더로부터 상기 제 2 데이터 요청 신호를 수신한 것으로 간주하는 수동형 무선 메모리 장치. Wherein the second data request signal comprises a NOR (Number Of Response) flag, the passive tag is a passive wireless memory devices deemed to receive the second data request signal from the reader as much as a value of the NOR flag.
상기 리더는 상기 수동형 태그로부터의 데이터 수신이 비정상적일 때 상기 제 3 데이터 요청 신호를 상기 수동형 태그로 전송하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 제 3 데이터 요청 신호에 응답하여 이미 전송된 데이터를 다시 상기 리더로 전송하는 수동형 무선 메모리 장치. The reader is in when the reception of data from the passive tag inflated the third sends the data request signal to the passive tag, the passive tag and the third above the already transmitted data in response to a data request signal again reader passive transfer wireless memory device.
상기 제 3 데이터 요청 신호는 제 2 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그를 포함하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 채널 상태 예측 플래그와 상기 제 2 패킷 사이즈 조절 플래그를 참조하여 상기 데이터 패킷의 크기를 결정하는 수동형 무선 메모리 장치. The third data request signal is the second passive wireless memory devices, and a packet size adjustment flag, the passive tag with reference to the channel state prediction flag and the second packet size control flag to determine the size of the data packet.
상기 제 3 데이터 요청 신호는 NOR(Number Of Response) 플래그를 포함하며, 상기 수동형 태그는 상기 NOR 플래그의 값만큼 상기 리더로부터 상기 제 3 데이터 요청 신호를 수신한 것으로 간주하는 수동형 무선 메모리 장치. The third request data signal comprises a NOR (Number Of Response) flag, the passive tag is a passive wireless memory devices deemed to receiving the third data request signal from the reader as much as a value of the NOR flag.
상기 채널 상태 예측 플래그는 n-비트 카운터로 구현되는 수동형 무선 메모리 장치. Passive wireless memory device in which the channel state prediction flag is implemented in the n- bit counter.


text:
BelsizeEducationAdult Education
Adult discussion group
The adult discussion group meeting in the BSS library
Twenty years and still going strong, the Adult Discussion Group meets on Sunday mornings during the cheder term.
The group was originally started by parents of children attending cheder who lived too far to drop their children, go home and then return in under three hours.
The format of the morning has evolved over the years to the current two sessions, with a short coffee break in between. Rabbi Altshuler leads the first session and a member of the group, the shul or a guest speaker leads the second session.
10.00 – 12.30 Film morning – title tbc
10 – 11.15 Rabbi Altshuler on Prayer (part 5): The Amidah
and Kedushah
11.15-12.30 Rabbi Chaim Wiener, Director of Masorti Europe: Portuguese Jewry and our forthcoming trip
10.00-11.15 Rabbi Altshuler on the Shoah (part 6): WW1 and its aftermath
11.15-12.30 Daniel Johnson, editor of The Article: Confessions of a Philosemite: How I came to love Jews, Judaism and the State of Israel
10.00-11.15 Rabbi Altshuler on Prayer (part 6): The Kaddish
11.15-12.30 Jonathan Charles: Why Putin's Russia believes the Middle East is key
10.00–12.30 John Barton FBA Anglican priest, biblical scholar and author of The History of the Bible: The book and its faiths
February 16 and 23: Half term, no sessions
The Rabbi's sessions have covered a wide range of subjects from Pirkei Avot, Tractate Brachot of the Talmud to the history of Russian Jewry and Islam for Jews. No former knowledge is required; only an interest in finding out more about Judaism, stimulating your mind and/or a willingness to discuss issues. 'Two Jews, three opinions', a very old Jewish truism, reflects the group and how we welcome and value everyone's opinion.
The second session can range from current topics, Israel, the arts, people's lives and experiences, medical ethical issues, the economy or, on occasion, a film followed by discussion.
The group is very fluid, with some people attending every week to others coming once in a while. Some come along just for the occasional outing, for instance to the British Museum or a walk around the 'Radical East End'.
There is no membership commitment and no fee; just a warm welcome whenever you come. Our programme for each month is published in Our Congregation, and for the coming weekend in the weekly emailed News from the Square. It is also announced in Shabbat services but if you would like to be on the Adult Discussion Group mailing list, please contact Claire Walford on claire.walford@yahoo.com.
Introduction to Judaism course
The Introduction to Judaism course is a springboard towards completing an adult Bar or Bat Mitzvah following a year of study with Rabbi Altshuler: Monday evenings, 7:00-8:15 pm. It forms part of our conversion programme as well as welcoming existing members who wish to strengthen their Jewish knowledge and commitment. Content includes Hebrew reading (some vocabulary and comprehension), Jewish theology, holidays, life cycle, synagogue ritual and liturgy, literature, Torah, comparative religion, musar (ethics) and history from the Biblical period to the contemporary world.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Еорг Коре (; 1899 — 1969) — писатель и поэт с Аландских островов.

Биография

Коре дебютировал в 1928 году с антологией поэзии Staden med de tusen lindarna, которая была выпущена под псевдонимом Стефан Сюльвандер. Он использовал этот псевдоним до 1933 года, когда его первый роман Strandhugg был выпущен под его собственным именем. Роман занял первое место в конкурсе, который был организован шведским издательством.

Одни из наиболее известных работ Коре на английском языке является The Last Tall Ships: Gustav Erikson and the Åland Sailing Fleets 1872—1947, перевод Den åländska segelsjöfartens Historia (впервые опубликован в 1940 году), был выпущен в 1978 году посмертно.

Библиография

Поэзия под псевдонимом Стефан Сюльвандер
 Staden med de tusen lindarna (1928)
 Vers från havskanten (1929)
 Fromma visor (1930)
 Väderilar (1932)

Поэзия под его собственным именем Еорг Коре
 Dikt och pamflett (1939)
 Ord och vågor (1970)
 Söndag i världen (1983)

Романы
 Strandhugg (1933)
 Bror Ahasverus (1942)
 Knutar på fånglinan (1953)

Другие
 Den åländska segelsjöfartens historia (1940), English edition: The Last Tall Ships: Gustav Erikson and the Åland Sailing Fleets 1872—1947 (1978)
 Ålands ömsesidiga försäkringsbolag (1941)
 Ålands aktiebank (1944)
 Under Gustaf Eriksons flagga (1948)
 Sjöfart och skeppsbyggeri på Åland (1949)
 Ålands redarförening r.f. 1934—1959 (1959)
 Åland (1959)
 50 år under Gustav Eriksons flagga (1963)

Примечания

Ссылки
 George Kåhre Biography, Library of Mariehamn

Писатели Финляндии
Шведские писатели

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hello and welcome back to another update of Forgotten Hope. Today we have a vehicle that most FH1 players should be very familiar with, and a very exciting update to an already existing FH2 gameplay feature.
Up first we have the first self-propelled artillery gun to make an appearance in FH2! The SdKfz 124 Wespe is a German mobile artillery piece that saw action from 1943 to 1945.
When the need for a self-propelled artillery gun arose, the Panzer II was chosen and removed from service after its inherent drawbacks became known during the Battle of France. The Wespe was little more than a Panzer II chassis with the turret removed and a 105mm howitzer and gun-shield added. It first saw action in 1943 on the Eastern Front and proved so successful, that the German high command ordered that all Panzer II production be reserved for the Wespe, which effectively canceled other projects such as the Marder II. By mid-1944 682 Wespes had been produced along with another 158 weaponless ammunition carriers. The SdKfz 124 Wespe was modeled and skinned by Toddel.
With the Wespe we can transition nicely into our next announcement, which is that, coming in 2.3, FH2's artillery code will support mobile artillery guns. Platforms like the Stuka zu Fuss will finally be able to provide accurate in-direct artillery support no matter where they are, by using the same system that is applied to all static howitzers and mortars. Even better, is that the average player won't notice any difference between the two systems. All the player has to do is wait for the vehicle to come to a complete stop and account for the recoil of the gun. The original artillery code was created by ctz, and was tweaked by Spitfire05 to allow for self-propelled guns.
Hello and welcome back to another update of Forgotten Hope. For today's update we have in-game screenshots of another variant of the most produced armored fighting vehicle of all time, and a new system that will hopefully bring more importance to the NCO role.
First up we have screenshots of the Universal Carrier. However, this version of the famous APC has been fitted not only with a Bren Gun in the front slot, but also has a .303 Vickers light machine gun in the rear for extra firepower and complete 360� coverage. The Universal Carrier with the Vickers gun was made by Kev4000.
Next up we have a feature that has been requested for some time, and has finally come to the light in FH2. From now on, all squad leaders and battlefield commanders will have the ability to choose between a submachine gun or a rifle as their main weapon. As you can see below, all you have to do is click on the weapon you would like to spawn with and join the fight.
With this new feature, the squad leader will now have the flexibility to choose the appropriate weapon to suit the engagement at hand, be it a long or short range fight. Unfortunately, due to the variety of kits on each FH2 map, we cannot expand this to other classes, but are pleased to have it at least be present for the NCOs. This feature will be available on all maps to all armies present and future, and was coded by Spitfire05.


Cercis canadensis, the eastern redbud, can be found along the eastern coast of the United States, from Florida to New Jersey, and as far west as Texas. It can handle a variety of growing conditions, and temperatures ranging from -18° F in the winter to the 90°+ F Florida summers. Redbud grows best in direct sun in the northern parts of its range, but grows happily as an understory tree in the south. It prefers moist soils and does not do particularly well in salty conditions.
If you have ever gone camping, you probably have moved firewood. It is a pretty natural thing to do.
However, today, Florida is rapidly loosing an important member of its forest tree and shrub diversity: members of the Lauraceae plant family are being killed by a new pathogen. The following trees and shrubs are susceptible to the laurel wilt disease: swampbay (Persea palustris), redbay (Persea borbonia), silkbay (Persea humilis), sassafras (Sassafras albidium), pondspice (Litsea aestivalis) and pondberry (Lindera melissaefolia), the last two are endangered species. Another concern is that avocado is a member of this family and it is also susceptible to the disease.
The disease is called laurel wilt and it is spread by a very small, 2 millimeter, beetle that carries a fungal pathogen. When the redbay ambrosia beetle bores into a tree of the Lauraceae it leaves behind some of the fungus and the fungus causes the death of the tree.
How does this relate to firewood?
This post is one of a series from Botany professor Nisse Goldberg's students at Jacksonville University. Student authors: Jenell Larsen, Brooke Comans, and Trey Collins.
Also known as the erect pricklypear, the shell mound pricklypear is a cactus that grows on shell mounds, coastal hammocks, and dunes. The erect pricklypear is found in the southeast and coastal states of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Texas, and South Carolina. It prefers sandy, well-drained soil. A long-lived plant, the shell mound pricklypear's first flowers appear when the plant is three years old.
The warm Thanksgiving holiday found my family hiking the Juniper Creek Trail in the Blackwater River State Forest where I spied my favorite little greeting to the holidays, Mitchella repens. Commonly known as partridge berry, twin flower, or squaw vine, this petite, evergreen creeper sports bright red berry-like drupes which cheerfully dot the forest floor through winter.
Although not a denizen of my current garden, I have had patches in the past. Partridge berry grows in shady areas with rich, neutral to acid soil in moist to dry areas. Look for it throughout the Panhandle and as far south as central Florida. Mine was in the deep shade of a live oak in the company of shiny blueberries and ferns. I found that it grew as thick as any lawn grass when kept free of smothering oak leaves. Since the stems of partridge berry root like the runners in lawn grass, it was easy to transplant by cutting plugs or rooting cuttings.
Our FNPS 2012 Conference "Saving the Heart of Florida" is well into its development phase. We have several exiting venues for our social events, but one of them, Crystal Springs, is special to me because of its beauty and history. We will have exclusive access to this site for our Saturday night social event.
Most people think of the Hillsborough River as a blackwater stream, one dark and tea colored due to tannins in the water. We say it begins in the Green Swamps. It does, as seepage and as an overflow from the Withlacoochee River. As such, it is usually a narrow creek that swells to substantial size only during periods of very high rainfall. But the upper river is also a spring-run stream. Crystal Spring, a second magnitude spring, provides most of the typical daily flow for the Upper Hillsborough River.


text:
Full Name: James Atmar "Jim" Clark
Date of death: May 1, 1996
H 99 Jan 9, 1979 - May 8, 1979 66th (1) (2) (3) Democrat Pasadena / Harris Harris
H 99 Jan 11, 1977 - Jan 9, 1979 65th Democrat Pasadena / Harris Harris
H 99 Jan 14, 1975 - Jan 11, 1977 64th Democrat Pasadena / Harris Harris
H 99 Jan 9, 1973 - Jan 14, 1975 63rd Democrat Pasadena / Harris Harris
H 24-4 Jan 12, 1971 - Jan 9, 1973 62nd Democrat Houston / Harris Harris
H 24-4 Jan 14, 1969 - Jan 12, 1971 61st Democrat Houston / Harris Harris
H 24-4 Jan 10, 1967 - Jan 14, 1969 60th Democrat Houston / Harris Harris
(1) Erwin W. Barton, in special election 7/28/1979, sworn 8/3/1979, succeeded Jim Clark, resigned 5/8/1979. First session was 67th Regular. Members of the Texas Congress 1836-1845; Members of the Texas Legislature 1846-2004, 2005.
(2) 66th Legislature, R.S., HCR 201. Jim Clark resigned 5/8/1979. Resolutions - Congratulatory and Honorary.
(3) 72nd Legislature - Barton dates of election and oath of office. Texas House of Representatives, Chief Clerk's Office - Seniority Order.
60th Legislature, R.S., HSR 419. Resolutions - Congratulatory and Honorary.
66th Legislature, R.S., HCR 201. Resolutions - Congratulatory and Honorary.
"Jim Clark, a Tender Man, Found Pasadena Politics a Wicked Trap," 11/6/1983. Clark was born in 1923 on a farm near Lovelady, TX. Houston Chronicle.
United States Navy, Radioman Petty Officer 3rd Class, World War II. Military grave marker, James A. Clark. Find a Grave.
James Atmar Clark, death date 5/1/1996 in Harris County. FamilySearch Texas Death Index, 1964-1998.
James A. "Jim" Clark, birth date 9/15/1923, death date 5/1/1996, obituary, interment in South Park Cemetery, Pearland, Brazoria County. Find a Grave.
Texas Monthly's Best and Worst Legislators
Named one of the 'Furniture'. Best and Worst Legislators 1979.
Named one of the 'Used Furniture'. Best and Worst Legislators 1977.
Photograph. Jim Clark, 60th Legislature, State Preservation Board
Photograph. Jim Clark, 61st Legislature, State Preservation Board
Photograph. Jim Clark, 62nd Legislature, State Preservation Board
Photograph. Jim Clark, 63rd Legislature, State Preservation Board
Drugs and Alcohol Abuse and Control, Select
Fire Safety in the Houston Ship Channel (Chair)
Public Education Subcommittee on Public School Goals
Public Education Subcommittee on Special Education
Ship Channel Safety, Special Interim (Chair)
Education Subcommittee on Vocational-Technical Training (Vice Chair)
Labor (Chair)
Public Employees Study Commission
Coastal Waterways and Shipping Industry (Chair)
Juvenile Crime and Deliquency
Nursing Aides and Licensing of Nurses (Chair)
Traffic Safety and Fire Protection in Houston Ship Channel (Chair)
Mental Health and Mental Retardation


text:
Torrey Feimster, left, is director of corporate relations on Johnson C. Smith University's institutional advancement staff. Malcolm Graham, right, is special assistant to JCSU President Ron Carter. Graham is in his fourth term serving District 40 in the N.C. Senate.
While Feimster was at the speaker table to discuss the March for Babies, a March of Dimes fund-raiser on Saturday, April 30, Tuesday's Forum conversation quickly turned to Johnson C. Smith and its increasing role in the community, or as Graham put it, "outside the gates" of the institution at 100 Beatties Ford Road.
Form Object
For audio of this portion of the Forum, use the controls above. Below are videos of excerpts from the presentation.
President Carter's vision
The 13th president of JCSU, Dr. Ronald Carter, is pursuing a vision for JCSU that ends the days, Graham says, of the institution being known as an "enclave" uninvolved with its community. Graham fills in some of the details.
Impetus behind the vision
Torrey Feimster discusses two studies cited by Dr. Carter that are motivating the repositioning of JCSU. One has to do with competition for students. The other has to do with competition for dollars.
Corporate support increasing
Feimster said a program aimed at corporate supporters has increased from 10 to 30 in the past year. Wal-Mart signed on on Monday, Feimster said.
Metropolitan College
This recent initiative aimed at nontraditional students � for example, adults working during the day who need classes at night � is growing, Feimster said. Graham outlined discussions that have already taken place with Mechanics & Farmers bank to engage the bank's interest in redevelopment of the bank's property into a four-story building, with the bank on the first floor and Metropolitan College on the upper three floors.
Initiatives under way in the corridor
Malcolm Graham lists initiatives that Johnson C. Smith University has under way to rebuild the Beatties Ford Road corrider near its campus. The initiatives range from extending the downtown shuttle to campus, to a $16 million apartment/parking/retail project, to public art designed to break down the highway barrier between downtown and JCSU.
of the year at the West Charlotte Recreation Center, 2222 Kendall Drive, Charlotte, NC,


text:
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are progenitors in vitro for inner ear hair cells.
ABSTRACT: Stem cells have been demonstrated in the inner ear but they do not spontaneously divide to replace damaged sensory cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from bone marrow have been reported to differentiate into multiple lineages including neurons, and we therefore asked whether MSCs could generate sensory cells. Overexpression of the prosensory transcription factor, Math1, in sensory epithelial precursor cells induced expression of myosin VIIa, espin, Brn3c, p27Kip, and jagged2, indicating differentiation to inner ear sensory cells. Some of the cells displayed F-actin positive protrusions in the morphology characteristic of hair cell stereociliary bundles. Hair cell markers were also induced by culture of mouse MSC-derived cells in contact with embryonic chick inner ear cells, and this induction was not due to a cell fusion event, because the chick hair cells could be identified with a chick-specific antibody and chick and mouse antigens were never found in the same cell.
SUBMITTER: Jeon SJ
In vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into inner ear hair cell-like cells using stromal cell conditioned medium.
Project description:Hearing loss is mainly caused by loss of sensory hair cells (HCs) in the organ of Corti or cochlea. Although embryonic stem (ES) cells are a promising source for cell therapy, little is known about the efficient generation of HC-like cells from ES cells. In the present study, we developed a single-medium culture method for growing embryoid bodies (EBs), in which conditioned medium (CM) from cultures of ST2 stromal cells (ST2-CM) was used for 14-day cultures of 4-day EBs. At the end of the 14-day cultures, up to 20% of the cells in EB outgrowths expressed HC-related markers, including Math1 (also known as Atoh1), myosin6, myosin7a, calretinin, ?9AchR and Brn3c (also known as Pou4f3), and also showed formation of stereocilia-like structures. Further, we found that these cells were incorporated into the developing inner ear after transplantation into chick embryos. The present inner ear HC induction method using ST2-CM (HIST2 method) is quite simple and highly efficient to obtain ES-derived HC-like cells with a relatively short cultivation time.
Induction of inner ear hair cell-like cells from Math1-transfected mouse ES cells.
Project description:Math1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor homolog of the Drosophila atonal gene, is considered to be a key factor for induction of sensory hair cells (HCs) during development of the organ of Corti or cochlea. Although embryonic stem (ES) cells are able to produce HC-like cells, the role of Math1 in induction of those cells has not been thoroughly elucidated. In the present study, we introduced Math1 into ES cells in order to achieve efficient generation of HC-like cells. ES cells carrying Tet-inducible Math1, Math1-ES cells, were generated using a Tet-On gene expression system. Embryoid bodies (EBs) formed in the absence of doxycycline (Dox) for 4 days were allowed to grow for an additional 14 days in the dishes in the presence of 400??g/ml of Dox. At the end of those 14-day cultures, approximately 10% of the cells in EB outgrowths expressed the HC-related markers myosin6, myosin7a, calretinin, ?9AchR, and Brn3c (also known as Pou4f3) and showed formation of stereocilia-like structures, whereas few cells in EB outgrowths grown without Dox showed those markers. Reporter assays of Math1-ES cells using a Brn3c-promoter plasmid demonstrated positive regulation of Brn3c by Math1. Furthermore, such HC-related marker-positive cells derived from Math1-ES cells were found to be incorporated in the developing inner ear after transplantation into chick embryos. Math1-ES cells are considered to be an efficient source of ES-derived HC-like cells, and Math1 may be an important factor for induction of HC-like cells from differentiating ES cells.
Sox2 and Fgf interact with Atoh1 to promote sensory competence throughout the zebrafish inner ear.
Project description:Atoh1 is required for differentiation of sensory hair cells in the vertebrate inner ear. Moreover, misexpression of Atoh1 is sufficient to establish ectopic sensory epithelia, making Atoh1 a good candidate for gene therapy to restore hearing. However, competence to form sensory epithelia appears to be limited to discrete regions of the inner ear. To better understand the developmental factors influencing sensory-competence, we examined the effects of misexpressing atoh1a in zebrafish embryos under various developmental conditions. Activation of a heat shock-inducible transgene, hs:atoh1a, resulted in ectopic expression of early markers of sensory development within 2h, and mature hair cells marked by brn3c:GFP began to accumulate 9h after heat shock. The ability of atoh1a to induce ectopic sensory epithelia was maximal when activated during placodal or early otic vesicle stages but declined rapidly thereafter. At no stage was atoh1a sufficient to induce sensory development in dorsal or lateral non-sensory regions of the otic vesicle. However, co-misexpression of atoh1a with fgf3, fgf8 or sox2, genes normally acting in the same gene network with atoh1a, stimulated sensory development in all regions of the otic vesicle. Thus, expression of fgf3, fgf8 or sox2 strongly enhances competence to respond to Atoh1.
P2X antagonists inhibit styryl dye entry into hair cells.
Project description:The styryl pyridinium dyes, FM1-43 and AM1-43, are fluorescent molecules that can permeate the mechanotransduction channels of hair cells, the sensory receptors of the inner ear. When these dyes are applied to hair cells, they enter the cytoplasm rapidly, resulting in a readily detectable intracellular fluorescence that is often used as a molecular indication of mechanotransduction channel activity. However, such dyes can also permeate the ATP receptor, P2X(2). Therefore, we explored the contribution of P2X receptors to the loading of hair cells with AM1-43. The chick inner ear was found to express P2X receptors and to release ATP, similar to the inner ear of mammals, allowing for the endogenous stimulation of P2X receptors. The involvement of these receptors was evaluated pharmacologically, by exposing the sensory epithelium of the chick inner ear to 5 microM AM1-43 under different experimental conditions and measuring the fluorescence in hair cells after fixation of the tissue. Pre-exposure of the tissue to 5 mM EGTA for 15 min, which should eliminate most of the gating "tip links" of the mechanotransduction channels, deceased fluorescence by only 44%. In contrast, P2X receptor antagonists (pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid [PPADS], suramin, 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) ATP [TNP-ATP], and d-tubocurarine) had greater effects on dye loading. PPADS, suramin, and TNP-ATP all decreased intracellular AM1-43 fluorescence in hair cells by at least 69% when applied at a concentration of 100 microM. The difference between d-tubocurarine-treated and control fluorescence was statistically insignificant when d-tubocurarine was applied at a concentration that blocks the mechanotransduction channel (200 microM). At a concentration that also blocks P2X(2) receptors (2 mM), d-tubocurarine decreased dye loading by 72%. From these experiments, it appears that AM1-43 can enter hair cells through endogenously activated P2X receptors. Thus, the contribution of P2X receptors to dye entry should be considered when using styryl pyridinium dyes to detect hair cell mechanotransduction channel activity, especially in the absence of explicit mechanical stimulation of stereocilia.
Gallus gallus utricle striola vs. extra-striola
Project description:The inner ear utilizes sensory hair cells as mechano-electric transducers for sensing sound and balance. In mammals, these hair cells lack the capacity for regeneration. Unlike mammals, hair cells from non-mammalian vertebrates, such as birds, can be regenerated throughout the life of the organism making them a useful model for studying inner ear genetics pathways. The zinc finger transcription factor GATA3 is required for inner ear development and mutations cause sensory neural deafness in humans. In the avian cochlea GATA3 is expressed throughout the sensory epithelia; however, expression is limited to the striola of the utricle. The striola corresponds to an abrupt change in morphologically distinct hair cell types and a 180° shift in hair cell orientation. We used 3 complimentary approaches to identify potential downstream targets of GATA3 in the avian utricle. Specifically we used microarray expression profiling of GATA3 knockdown by siRNA and GATA3 over-expression treatments as well as direct comparisons of GATA3 expressing cells from the striola and non GATA3 expressing cells from the extra-striola. To identify genes that are co-expressed with GATA3 at the striola reversal zone, we compared gene expression in cells micro-dissected from the sensory epithelia of the chick utricle striola to cells from the surrounding extra-striola. There are 2 biological samples and experiments include technical replicates as well as dye-switches for a total of 8 microarrays.
2009-12-24 | E-GEOD-14783 | ArrayExpress
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor acts as a neurotrophin in the developing inner ear.
Project description:This study is the first to demonstrate that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an immune system 'inflammatory' cytokine that is released by the developing otocyst, plays a role in regulating early innervation of the mouse and chick inner ear. We demonstrate that MIF is a major bioactive component of the previously uncharacterized otocyst-derived factor, which directs initial neurite outgrowth from the statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) to the developing inner ear. Recombinant MIF acts as a neurotrophin in promoting both SAG directional neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival and is expressed in both the developing and mature inner ear of chick and mouse. A MIF receptor, CD74, is found on both embryonic SAG neurons and adult mouse spiral ganglion neurons. Mif knockout mice are hearing impaired and demonstrate altered innervation to the organ of Corti, as well as fewer sensory hair cells. Furthermore, mouse embryonic stem cells become neuron-like when exposed to picomolar levels of MIF, suggesting the general importance of this cytokine in neural development.
Project description:The inner ear utilizes sensory hair cells as mechano-electric transducers for sensing sound and balance. In mammals, these hair cells lack the capacity for regeneration. Unlike mammals, hair cells from non-mammalian vertebrates, such as birds, can be regenerated throughout the life of the organism making them a useful model for studying inner ear genetics pathways. The zinc finger transcription factor GATA3 is required for inner ear development and mutations cause sensory neural deafness in humans. In the avian cochlea GATA3 is expressed throughout the sensory epithelia; however, expression is limited to the striola of the utricle. The striola corresponds to an abrupt change in morphologically distinct hair cell types and a 180° shift in hair cell orientation. We used 3 complimentary approaches to identify potential downstream targets of GATA3 in the avian utricle. Specifically we used microarray expression profiling of GATA3 knockdown by siRNA and GATA3 over-expression treatments as well as direct comparisons of GATA3 expressing cells from the striola and non GATA3 expressing cells from the extra-striola. Overall design: To identify genes that are co-expressed with GATA3 at the striola reversal zone, we compared gene expression in cells micro-dissected from the sensory epithelia of the chick utricle striola to cells from the surrounding extra-striola. There are 2 biological samples and experiments include technical replicates as well as dye-switches for a total of 8 microarrays.
2009-12-25 | GSE14783 | GEO
GATA3 overexpression in utricle sensory epithelia
Project description:The inner ear utilizes sensory hair cells as mechano-electric transducers for sensing sound and balance. In mammals, these hair cells lack the capacity for regeneration. Unlike mammals, hair cells from non-mammalian vertebrates, such as birds, can be regenerated throughout the life of the organism making them a useful model for studying inner ear genetics pathways. The zinc finger transcription factor GATA3 is required for inner ear development and mutations cause sensory neural deafness in humans. In the avian cochlea GATA3 is expressed throughout the sensory epithelia; however, expression is limited to the striola of the utricle. The striola corresponds to an abrupt change in morphologically distinct hair cell types and a 180° shift in hair cell orientation. We used 3 complimentary approaches to identify potential downstream targets of GATA3 in the avian utricle. Specifically we used microarray expression profiling of GATA3 knockdown by siRNA and GATA3 over-expression treatments as well as direct comparisons of GATA3 expressing cells from the striola and non GATA3 expressing cells from the extra-striola. Dissociated sensory epithelia were plated in 96 well cultures, 5 wells per sample. 4 days post plating, ~ 30% confluency, cells were transfected with a pMES vector containing an internal ribosome entry site regulating expression of GATA3 and eGFP under control of a chick beta-actin promoter. Controls were transfected with a vector containing EGFP only. There are 2 biological samples and experiments include technical replicates as well as dye-switches for a total of 8 microarrays.
Generation of inner ear organoids containing functional hair cells from human pluripotent stem cells.
Project description:The derivation of human inner ear tissue from pluripotent stem cells would enable in vitro screening of drug candidates for the treatment of hearing and balance dysfunction and may provide a source of cells for cell-based therapies of the inner ear. Here we report a method for differentiating human pluripotent stem cells to inner ear organoids that harbor functional hair cells. Using a three-dimensional culture system, we modulate TGF, BMP, FGF, and WNT signaling to generate multiple otic-vesicle-like structures from a single stem-cell aggregate. Over 2 months, the vesicles develop into inner ear organoids with sensory epithelia that are innervated by sensory neurons. Additionally, using CRISPR-Cas9, we generate an ATOH1-2A-eGFP cell line to detect hair cell induction and demonstrate that derived hair cells exhibit electrophysiological properties similar to those of native sensory hair cells. Our culture system should facilitate the study of human inner ear development and research on therapies for diseases of the inner ear.
Project description:The inner ear utilizes sensory hair cells as mechano-electric transducers for sensing sound and balance. In mammals, these hair cells lack the capacity for regeneration. Unlike mammals, hair cells from non-mammalian vertebrates, such as birds, can be regenerated throughout the life of the organism making them a useful model for studying inner ear genetics pathways. The zinc finger transcription factor GATA3 is required for inner ear development and mutations cause sensory neural deafness in humans. In the avian cochlea GATA3 is expressed throughout the sensory epithelia; however, expression is limited to the striola of the utricle. The striola corresponds to an abrupt change in morphologically distinct hair cell types and a 180° shift in hair cell orientation. We used 3 complimentary approaches to identify potential downstream targets of GATA3 in the avian utricle. Specifically we used microarray expression profiling of GATA3 knockdown by siRNA and GATA3 over-expression treatments as well as direct comparisons of GATA3 expressing cells from the striola and non GATA3 expressing cells from the extra-striola. Overall design: Dissociated sensory epithelia were plated in 96 well cultures, 5 wells per sample. 4 days post plating, ~ 30% confluency, cells were transfected with a pMES vector containing an internal ribosome entry site regulating expression of GATA3 and eGFP under control of a chick beta-actin promoter. Controls were transfected with a vector containing EGFP only. There are 2 biological samples and experiments include technical replicates as well as dye-switches for a total of 8 microarrays.