text:
Litеrature
Traditions and folklore
Communities and Traditions at Bulgarians and Romanians in Dobrogea. Part 1a
Author: Tusa Enache
Within the research, I have tracked the evolution of different ethnic and political identities in Dobrogea as well as interferences, interconnections between these populations across times and in connection with other identities being involved in political, economical and cultural relations. Across the years, Dobrogea represented an important trading center and of commerce between Occident and Orient fact that stimulated the progress of the province between the Danube and the Black Sea (1). As many populations have succeeded, over the years, through the Transdanubian province, we encounter a very heterogenous, unique ethno-cultural mosaique within the Romanian space entailing certain peculiarities in accordance with the spiritual and material culture of every community. That is why I underwent the actual scientific demarche that materializes in the present research that intends to submit customs and traditions from Dobrogea. This varied cultural space that penetrated the collective mental of ethnic groups that have been living here for centuries. Such elements are represented by intra and extra community social relations but also communication between members of Bulgarian and Romanian groups from this historical and geographical area that is part of both Romania and Bulgaria. Integration in the neighbourhood, in community or any other residential space has been assessed through expansion of family and close relationship relations in these living and cultural representations areas. It has been emphasized a negative correlation between identification with community and the dominance of social contacts in other spot. Spiritual cultural of the Romanian people is very close to Bulgarian people culture as a result of long-term interaction and influences between the two communities.
Popular customs and beliefs represent the original synthesis of archaic traditions, Latin inheritance and Slavonian that become manifest later. This suggests that while social identification is an important element of social protest, identification itself relies upon social relations and consensual definition of reality (2). The privilege of sultan Mustafa from 1784 through which trade relations between sheperds and Transylvanian tarders as well as some traders from Kustenje (Constantz) are regulated, confirm the same realities (3). Those that settled as inhabitants of Dobrogea, started to to practice agriculture properly, phenomenon that will spread once Dobrogea will be part of Romania once again. Economically, sheperds were the most active element of the province, overtaking, in many considerations, Romanian natives, crushed by the century-old Ottoman dominion (4). The number of Transylvania sheperds that crossed the Danube with their flocks of sheep raised during 19th century. And if a part of them came back in spring in the Carpathian Mountains "another part of them definitely remained settled in Dobrogea" (5). Generally, they used to get married with girls from their parts or with girls from the Dobrogea area, sometimes even with Bulgarian girls, and were establishing new households in old villages, they even used to establish new villages. With respect to these Romanians, Ionescu de la Brad records information according to which "they settle here, they marry local girls and many of them have been living for a long time in Dobrogea" (6). Also, Ionescu de la Brad used to record in a letter addressed to Ion Ghica that: "the most famous sheperds in Dobrogea are from the Balcik Kazan (the meaning of the term is that of Kaza, Ottoman territorial-administrative unity): Ion Munteanu, Vasile Milea, Dimitrie Bobinaru, Neculai Șchiopu, in Küstengei Kazan (Constantza Kaza) are: Hagiu Poenaru, Zaharia Blebea, Jălea Duțu, Iacob Craiul, in Babalii Kazan (Babadag Kaza): Ion Tâlnaru, Gheorghe Roșca; in Tulcea kaza: the lads Oancei și Golea, that have settled in Tulcea for a long time" (7).
In Romania, customs and traditions have a special calendar determined by seasons that establish in their turn, the type of lucky days and the Holidays of the year. Thus, Winter Holidays start with Christmas Eve (December 24th) and go on until The Feast of Saint John the Baptist (January 7th). It is the most important period of customs within religious tradition and Romanian popular mythology with many interesting rituals and manifestations of folk and ethnic culture. The beginning of winter celebrations trigger a series of social and religious manifestations that resemble Bulgarian tradition. Groups of children go from house to house, and at the same time, groups of youngsters or men join them and wish health and richness for the owners while the hosts welcome them in their houses and treat them. At this time of the year, people sing all sorts of hymns and Christmas carols with a secular content with patterns from Romanian ballads and legends. In this celebration cycle, there are sung religious carols depicting Saviour's Birt hand all the stages after this important event of Christians' lives. The carol singers wish wealthiness in the home, happiness and peace in the family, abundance. The richest in beliefs and customs for the Romanians is the evening before New Year or Saint Basil Night. In some regions of Romania, there are carols at St. Basil Night and in many areas of the country there is an ancient custom called "Pluguşor" (The Little Plough) representing an old carol. New Year's Night is considered as magic. At New Year's Eve they perform a ritual mask dance where only men or boys take part. This reminds of Bulgarian dances called " kukers". Another habit is Sorcova, in the first day of New Year but this custom exists only in some parts of Romania. The range of winter holidays ends up with "Christening" (Epiphany), a great christian feats where the waters of rivers and wells are blessed.
Spring customs start with the beginning of agricultural work and mark the awakening of nature to a new cycle of vegetation. These customs are related to religious calendar but also have multiple prechristian elements. The moment when winter and spring mingles is celebrated on Saint Trifon's Day followed by Saint Haralambie's Day and Saint Vlasie's Day. In certain regions of Romania St. Trifon is seen as the lord of the wolves, patronizing harmful insects or the master of all animals, binding their mouths so they may not eat vegetables. In Romanian ethnography, on March 1st, there is the habit for parents to put some trinket at their childrens' wrists. The March trinket is represented in Romanian space, since ancient times, by a golden or silver coin attached to a red thread or twisted with red and white thread. The purpose was that the one wearing it would have been happy all across the year, being healthy and clean like silver.
Another extremely interesting feast during spring was The Plowman. There was a hommage brought to the first peasant that went plowing. The Great Martyr Saint George represents another celebration for the Romanians. Saint George is considered to be the protector of all herds. At St. George's Day, it was considered that the first milking of the sheep would take place at sunset, moment that had even an economical importance because it was the time when sheperds used to choose and negociate the place where they would take their flocks and where the common sheepfold would be placed.
The greatest spring feast is represented by Easter. Starting with Maundy Thursday there comes the cleaning of houses and yards and everything that is necessary for this celebration is prepared. In the last days of Lent, there are prepared dyed eggs and the bread that is to be blessed in the night of Ressurection. This feast of Easter is considered to be the most important of the year and it involves different popular beliefs and customs where there are sung religious songs.
Summer and spring customs have a cycle that is related to rituals and celebrations protecting crops from extinguishment and degradation firstly because of the drought. The ritual of The Paparuda is meant to call for the rain that used to represent a fundamental element of these customs that were taking place during drought times. The tradition of The Paparuda has a very ancient history and is well-known in the whole Balkan Peninsula. It is performed by women, one of them being completely covered in branches and green leaves. These girls go all around the village, come in every yard, where they sing a song meant to bring rain, clap their hands and the girl Paparuda dances until the owners of the husehold sprinkle her with water. This custom is identical to Bulgarian traditions. Another similar one in Romanian popular culture is "Caloianul", reminding a Bulgarian custom. The spreading of this ritual is quite interesting, being mainly encountered in the southern and northern part of the Danube.
In Bulgaria the tradition of The Caloian is performed in the northern part of the Balkan mountains. Romanian ethnographers assert that this tradition is dedicated to the god of vegetation and of nature. During the second half of the 19th century, relying upon Romanian native background, made up of Dicina Romanians (8), or "ancient Romanians", the way they used to call themselves, there continued to settle in Dobrogea inhabitants from principalities, the so-called cojans, farmers from the surroundings of Muntenia and Moldavia as well as mocan, Transylvanian sheperds from Bârsa County, Făgăraş, Sibiu and Apuseni Mountains, brought here with a phenomenon named transhumance.
There were Romanians that had settled in Dobrogea coming from Romanian County (Muntenia) due to the poor life they had under Phanariot domination, they mixed with local Romanians, the dicians, those descending with the flocks of sheep in the Dobrogea steppe (9). Romanians migrated several times in Dobrogea and created new villages in the same lands where "until nowadays Romanian race is maintained with its particular nature" the way historian Nicolae Iorga asserts (10). So, next to Muslim people, there settled in Dobrogea other nations, too, in the last century of the Ottoman dominion, their settlement having a situational outline ad their stay had been many times temporary. It is well-known that many Romanian villages on the right side of the Danube, between Silistra and Cernavodă, have the same name with villages from the left side of the Danube, situated on the riverside of Borcea and these onomastic doubles (11) have been established long before Dobrogea annexation to the Romanian State (12). This aspect supports the prevalence of Romanian element "on both sides of the Danube and in Brăila Moor" (13). In the mid 19th century, Dobrogea looked like a stretching solitary land due to the fact that frequent and devastating wars as well as different armed incursions decimated the population, as I have previously stated. An interesting depiction of the territory comes from French doctor Camille Allard who, after presenting some details about this space, mentions that the population is very rare (14). In these conditions we must look for the causes that made Romanian population become majoritary in only 20 years (1878-1898).
According to an author (15) Romanians are natives and permanent in this area since it was inegrated in the Ottoman Empire although they have been in minority all the time and the respective author asserts that: "we did not know too well the situation of Romanian element in Dobrogea in the troubled times of the Middle Ages and mostly, in the first beginnings of Turkish age; the documents are almost inexistent and those that we have are less and too short but we can conclude that Romanians have always been inhabitants of these places" (16). Marin Ionescu Dobrogianu asserts that in a reference paperwork for Dobrogea that "a Romanian essence must have existed in Dobrogia before its colonization with Romanian inhabitants that came from the left side of the Danube" (17). Natives and permanent, Romanians are, yet, minority in a province that in the past, had belonged to The Romanian County. To this element we can add the fact depicted Constantin Brătescu (18) in 1916: "as a result of colonizations in Dobrogea with Romanian elements from everywhere, it (Dobrogea n.n.) is a real summary, a museum of ethnography of entire Dacia" (19). Also, Bratescu records ethnic realities existing then in Dobrogea: "here we can find Bulgarians from Macedonia and Rumelia, taken long ago towards Basarabia and then to Dobrogea; Moscow Russians and Rusnacs from steppe;Turkish and Tatars; merchant familiesbelonging to Armenians, Jews and Greeks; remains of some extinct peoples like Gagauz; then Albanians and Serbians; Romanian and Turkish gipsies; Germans and Italiens; Orient and Occident, foreigners spread all over among the preponderant mass of Romanian element that tends, in time, to ingrain its soul seal to the whole region" (20) ... On the other hand, sources (21) without any subjectivism mention that: "after war (1877 n.n.) there appears a transmutation of ethnic relations, many Mulsim ethnics (Turkish and Tatars) leave the country, followed by a major part of Cossacks and Circassians that used to reside here. This can be explained by the settlement of Romanian administration causing, normally, an increase of Romanian immigration.With respect to this aspect, Romanian governments showed preoccupation to strengthen this methodical colonization offering war veterans places to stay in the newly acquired territory.We can add that wavering characters to express their origin discovered, under the new owners, they were being Romanians even though before, they used to see themselves something else" (22). The increase of Romanian population made spectacular progress according to some Romanian surveys, regarded by some foreign researchers with certain reservation, due to the fact they were motivated by a certain national desire.
Even under these circumstances Romanian colonization remains a real fact and represents a great success. According to the same quoted sources (23): (...) Romanians themselves assert they had found here 32.800 of fellowmen, a figure that seems somehowexaggerated. It is certain that a part of the increase was a result of introducing Romanian administration. But, as a whole,the increase in number is explained through large migration from Valachia and Moldavia. In the first years the emigration was spontaneous and in big number. In the newly acquired territories there was not yet a land property that would have allowed peasants to obtain a piece of land of their own and the houses and villages belonging to leaving Turkish and Tatars were open for the Romanians that kept on coming….) (24). At the same time, Romanian governments, aut of political reasons, constantly and strongly supported the Romanians settlement, bringing a big number of war veterans in Dobrogea offering them different favours to the detriment of other nationalities. A significant example would b eone of the most important politician of those times: Mihail Kogălniceanu in a speech (25) kept in thr Chamber of Deputies on February 27, 1882, was asserting: "Gentlemen, what is our main interest in Dobrogea? Our main interest is to populate it, to civilize this part of today Romania, to populate it, I say this openly, giving it soul, giving it Romanian senses; saying this, you will understand that we have to do anything possible to bring there as many Romanians as possible; more than that, even populations that come there by themselves, should become Romanian. Within some years, we should transform even Muslims into Romanians, the only differenceshould remain that some will go to the mosque and others to church" (26). Dumitru Şandru, in the above paperwork, gives significant details upon the way colonizations were made and the regions Romanians came from, in Dobrogea. The same author acknowledges that: "although in small number, Romanians had been living in Dobrogea even before 1800 in some case even around 1700" (27). The researcher Dumitru Șandru initiates some inquiries in Dobrogea, questioning some inhabitants about the issue of their settlement in Dobrogea. Thus, in the elderly's memories there is one idea: the settlement of their parents and grandparents is very old."(...) old sheperds of more than 80-90 years old, that were born here remember their parents even grandparents talking that they reached these areas when they were like 14-15 years old" [so before 1800]. The author claims that there have been connections between Romanians from historical provinces and the Dobrogea territory that documnets mention only very late (19th century). Social realities described by D. Şandru are also claimed by Marin D. Ionescu in his paperwork Dobrogia at the beginning of the 20th century, where he asserts that in 1850 the Romanians "were the second dominant element after the Turkish and their number was 3.656 families" (28). Moreover, Ionescu claims that during ?cruel? reigns from Muntenia and Moldavia in 17th and 18th centuries "many of the inhabitants from the miserable Principalities found a better solution in going to Dobrogea where they were not so deprived of the result of their working as it was the case in their native territories (29). Thus, M.D Ionescu states that, the right riverbank of the Danube "is filled with Romanian villages that must have existed long before, because it was right that the new arrived individuals should groups with their fellow countrymen in the same villages" (30). Another author, Karl F. Peters, says that in 1865 there were "12000 Romanian souls" (31) using the survey of the Russian consular agent, a certain Viskovitch. Ion Ionescu de la Brad gives even a survey that he made when he accomplished the research in Dobrogea in 1850 and analyzed the territory from different aspects. In the study he published together with this research and the survey he had undertaken, there were presented territorial units as well as the number of Romanian villages subordinated to these territorial units called "kaza". The survey involves a division of the population on genders as well as a division in accordance with their civil status: married, unmarried. The survey appears in the table below:
The data have been taken from Ion Ionescu de la Brad's work, published at Constantinople in 1850.
We can see that in accordance with the figures registered by Ion Ionescu de la Brad, there is a population of about 28.000 Romanian inhabitants in Dobrogea (32). The presence of sheperds in the Dobrogean regions means they enterred the transdanubian province before The Independence War, too. Romanians in Dobrogea represented three compact groups, as some sources claim (33) and this differenciation had appeared even since 17th century. Thus, as I had previously stated, we have the compact group of dicians (34), Romanians from ancient times, natives that represented an element of permanence and continuity. Dumitru Şandru claims that they used to call themselves ancient Romanians or turcoians or turcoman meaning they had been in Dobrogea since its colonization with Turkish population (Ottoman) (35). In those times, relying upon the native Romanian background, made up of dicians, or ancient Romanians, as they used to call themselves, continued to establish inhabitants from Principalities, the cojans, farmers from din the surroundings of Muntenia and Moldavia. The cojans had their origins, mainly in the counties of Ialomiţa, Buzău and Brăila and in the counties close to Moldavia and Basarabiei (36). The third group of Romanians that came in Dobrogea before 1878 had its origin in the Ardeal parts, mostly from the villages close to Braşov, Orăştie, Sibiu. Andrei Veress asserted something quite interesting: "grazing of the Ardeal inhabitants in Romanian counties, mainlz in Dobrogea developped for centuries, in such a simple and patriarchal way that we do not have any written document because people in those times were wiser, more pious (...) they were the guardians of customs and continued grazing according to ancient traditions, kept for generations". These Romanians were generally called mocans ( Transylania sheperds) (38), from Făgăraş, Sibiu and Apuseni Mountains, that came here with the moving of the flocks. The lack of any written document, recording these events, is explained by another autrhor in a very unusual way (39). The moving of the flocks in Dobrogea, acquires a major breadth after the year 1800. The sheperds (mocans), masters, had their origins in three ethnographic regions: The County of Sibiu (Mărginimea), Bârsa County and Three Reigns, and only accidentally from other parts. Among the villages surrounding Sibiu County, Sălişte comes first, then, Tilişca, Poiana, Cărpiniş. As far as Bârsa County is concerned, the most important were: Bran, Sohodol, Predeal, Măjura, but also Satul Lung, Baciu, Cernat, Purcăreni. Out of Three Reigns, the master sheperds had their origins mainly from Breţcu and Întorsura Buzăului. The richness of pastures between the Danube and the Black Sea determined a constant presence of Transylvanian sheperds in Dobrogea, from ancient times. Information concerning the sheperds' move of flocks in Dobrogea, also come from the German Ungewitter, who in a depiction of Ottoman Empire published in 1854 mentioned that: "the wonderful pastures of Dobrogea were exploited mostly, by Romanian sheperds from Transylvania, who used to bring many flocks of sheep, in terms of some specific conditions through pact and customs" (40). Their wanderings between Transylvania and Dobrogea, the phenomenon of the move of the flocks relied upon ancient traditions and later on, upon exact conventions with the Ottoman Empire. Except sheperds owning flocks of sheep and their employees, we also have to assert that some Transylvanian sheperds were hired by Bulgarian and Turkish cattle breeders, their number was at least 500 souls (41). The sheperds played a particular role in the history of Dobrogea. In the first place, they appreciated for centuries, the rich and wide pastures of this province that otherwise would have become useless. Their contribution concerns trade, too that some of them were practicing. In this respect, it is quite useful to quote the consignment of a Hungarian traveller (42) thta used to write to one of his relatives: "here there are many rich merchants/traders that practice trade in Ardeal and in Constantza. Another information claiming this aspect is a letter of the same traveller "Cernavdă is place dina very ugly place, with beautiful houses yet, the one leaving there are half Vlachs and half Bulgarians and there are few Turkishse" (43). The privilege of Sultan Mustafa from 1784 that was regulating trading relations between Transylvania sheperds and merchants and some merchants from Constantza confirm the same realities (44). Those that settled as inhabitants of Dobrogea, started to practice agriculture properly, phenomenon that will be amplified once Dobrogea being annexed to Romania. Economically, the sheperds represented the most active element of the province, overcoming local Romanians in many aspects,too, that have been crushed by century-old Ottoman dominion. The number of Transylvanian sheperds that crossed the Danube with the flocks of sheep, increased across the 19th century. And if a part of them returned in the Crapathians in spring, "another part of them remained sttled in Dobrogea for good" (45). They used to get married with girls coming from the same region or with local girls, sometimes even Bulgarians, they used to settle new households in old villages or even were establishing new villages. We have information about affinities and marriages of sheperds (mocans) with local Romanian women as well as girls from other villages but from a common emigration region although the villages they settled in, in Dobrogea are different (46). Dobrogea was part of the ancient Geto-Dacian area under Roman domination, the first Romanian land and the longest Romanized according to some pertinent sources (47) that were compelled in the scientific space. The problem of Romanian continuity appears on the following levels: continuity of local Romanians, the dicians, the continuous move of the flocks belonging to mocans from Braşov parts and Sibiu, the arrival of an impressive number of Romanians from the left side of the Danube, the cojans, on the same territory where there were also Aromanians (Romanians that came from the south part of the Danube) that we can identify as traders within trading companies in Transylvania but also in Dobrogea (48). Constantin Brătescu, in a study of those times shows that, as far as the continuity of Romanian population during the Ottoman domination there were three distincy periods. As a result of massive colonizations from 16th century with Turkish-Tatar population in Dobrogea, Christian communities had to regroup on the Danube line where they had been staying for a long time as well as the region close to the Danube mouths where there will be established Romanian villages that "will have permanent residence" (49). In the 18th century, there are maps containing topic Romanian names as well as the fact that Romanians were living on the right side of the Danube from the depiction of Romanian names belonging to settlements appearing in the maps mentioned above. Thus, we can encounter toponyms like: Dârstor, Iglița, Dăeni, Strachina, Ciocănești, Parcheș, Somova, Stelniceni, Chilia Veche, Portița (Porktztzia), Bisericuța, Dunărea Veche etc (50). Ion Ionescu de la Brad was registering in 1850 that in Silistra church there were Romanian religious songs an dina primary school where " the teacher was Bulgarian and was teaching Romanian language like one that is understood by everybody" (51). This is admitted by all travellers visiting Dobrogea as it is written in the collection "Foreign travellers towards Romanian countries". Referring to these travellers, we will make use of several items of information, according to which next to Romanians in Dobrogea, there settled other races, Christian or non-Christian. Foreign travellers are not interested witnesses with respect to the information on the reasons of Romanian national continuity. For 16th century, we also have written proofs concerning the passage and settlement in Dobrogea of some Romanians from the left side of the river. If we were to believe the notes of the Ragusan (Sicily) author Aloisio Radibrat (Alvise Radibarti), the soldiers of Mr. Radu Ştefan were at 1603 on the Dobrogea riverbank of the Danube, in a place called Dăieni, where "there gathered thousands of Romanians, with their families, running away of the tyrannyof formerrulers of Moldavia and Muntenia", aspect mentioned by Nicolae Iorga himself (52). In 1641, the Ragusan traveller Pietro Diodato Baksici, was mentioning that in the Dobrogea steppe area, Christians were living only at seaside and on the Danube bank, certainly being rushed there by Moslem colonization. The traveller registers the presence of an Orthodox population in Babadag, too counting "60 households with 450 souls" (53).
(1) Within the Treaty of Peace from Berlin article 46 had some specifications: " the territory between The Danube Delta, including the way from until the Black Sea at South Mangalia" was reunited with Romania, Documents concerning history of Romanian; Independence War , vol. 9 Bucureşti, 1995, p.377.
(2) Dominic ABRAMS, Processes of Social Identification, în , Social psychology of Identity and the Self concept, coord. Glynis M. Breakwell, Surrey University Press, 1992, p. 87.
(3) Petre P. PANAITESCU, Economic Importance of Sheperds (Mocans) in the History of Muntenia, Cluj, f.e.,1936,p.36 where the author asserts that: there have always been created trading roads, not by sheperds but imposed of trading centers or ports at the Danube and at the Black Sea.
(4) Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Agriculture Trip in the Plain of Dobrogea, The Printing of Romanian Tribune, Bucuresci, 1879, p. 127.
(5) C.C.GIURESCU, op.cit, p.17; Tudor MATEESCU, Sheperds' Grazing..., p.80-82; Tudor MATEESCU, Permanence and Continuity of the Romanians.., p.73-74.
(6) This explains why villages from Dobrogea have names from Ardeal like: Siliștea, Poiana, Galeșu,etc.
(7) Victor SLĂVESCU, Mail between Ion Ionescu de la Brad and Ion Ghica, 1846-1874, București, 1943,p. 52.
(8) This name of Romanian Dicians seems to have been taken from a toponym Dicina, a possible version of the toponym Vicina attested in medieval sources of the 7th-14th centuries. Gheorghe BRĂTIANU, Recherches sur Vicina et Cetatea Albă, București, 1935, pp. 27-20.
(9) Gheorghe VÂLSAN, Romanians were living in the Danube Delta in 15th century, in Romanian Idiom, 1927, p.146.
(10) Apud. Victor MORFEI, The Swamp of Ialomita, in, Annals of Dobrogei, an V și VI, 1924-1925, p.80.
(11) In this respect we can have the following localities: the village of Vaidomir at West of Silistra that is the double of the same village at west from Călăraşi. Double villages are also: Coslogea (Coslugea), Oltina, Satu Nou, Beilic, Cocargea, Mârleanu, Romulus SEIȘAN, op.cit. , p. 159.
(12) Ion NENCIU, A Romanian Penetration in Old Dobrogea, in, The Regional Newsletter of the Geography Society , tome XLII, București, 1923, p. 94.
(13) Ibidem.
(14) Camille ALLARD mentions that all over the territory of Dobrogea there were few settlements made up of: Tatars, Bulgarians and ….Romanians although the latter one were on the Danube riverbank. The same doctor mentions that at Constantza, (Kustenge) "a small Turkish village" in 1856 there were only 3 Romanian families, Mission medicale dans la Tartarie –Dobroutscha ,Paris 1857, quoted by Al. ARBORE in The Annals of Dobrogea ,III, fa., p.269-270
(15) Dumitru ŞANDRU , Sheperds in Dobrogea, The institute of National History from Bucharest., Bucureşti, 1946- where the author mentions the fact that all the Ottoman domination there existed Romanians in Dobrogea. The author fundaments its information relying upon survey during 1910 and 1920 in all places of Dobrogea where there existed Romanian families.
(16) Ibidem , p. 10
(17) M.D. IONESCU, Dobrogea at Dawn of the 20th Century, București, Graphic Arts Publishing House, 1904, p.323.
(18) Teacher at Normal School from Constantza, so, inhabitant of Dobrogea and excellent connoisseur of realities regarding the period after the Independence War
(19) Constantin BRĂTESCU Demographic Situation of Dobrogea, in, DOBROGEA RECORDS, Journal of Society for Research and Study of Dobrogea, vol.I, București, "Jockey-Club" Publishing House Ion C. Văcărescu, 1916, pp.12-16.
(20) Ibidem , p. 13.
(21) Dr. Paul TRAEGER ... Bilder aus der Dobroutscha, 1918, translated at Constant Art Publishing House in 2008, p. 278.
(23) Ibidem , p 279.
(24) Paul TRAEGER depicts realities he found in the territory that really defined a situation closet o the information the author records in the mentioned work.
(25) Mihail Kogălniceanu's Program upon Dobrogea, that he supported so much that he asked to repsect all traditions including those of the Lipovens and more, they should be exempted of military service "their religion prevent them from carrying guns". Vasile M. KOGĂLNICEANU, Dobrogea 1879-1909; Political Rights without Liberties , The Publishing House of Socecu Bookstore, Bucureşti ,1910, p.28-31.
(26) Ibidem , p . 31
(27) Dumitru ŞANDRU , op. cit. p.24.
(28) M.D. IONESCU, Dobrogea at Dawn of the 20th Century, București, Socecu Publishing House, 1904, p.324.
(31) Karl F. PETERS, Geographie und Geologie der Dobroudscha, p.131, Microfilmed edition belonging to the Library of Romanian Academy. The researcher is reminded by Mihail Ionescu Dobrogeanul in his paper on Dobrogea that I have already mentioned.
(32) Ion IONESCU de la BRAD, Excursion agricole dans la plaine de la Dobrodja, Constantinopole, 1850, p.81
(33) Românii din Dobrogea, în Literary Romania, 1855, nr.2, p. 14 -15 where we find information according to which Dobrogea is "a mosaic of races, a miniatural Dacia". This characterization meet in the mail between Ion Ionescu de la Brad and Ion Ghica where we meet assertions like: "in all villages you can meet a miniatural Dacia but also a union of all Romanians", Victor SLĂVESCU, Mail between Ion Ionescu de la Brad and Ion Ghica ,p.71, 102, şi 122. f.a., f.e.
(34) This name, Dicians, was kept, according to G.Vâlsan after the name of the last metropolitan church of medieval Dobrogea from Vicina-Dicina, Romanian Idiom vol. I. 1927 ,nr. 7, p. 142; G. Vâlsan, Posthumous Works, Bucureşti, 1946, Editura Casei Şcoalelor, p.49.
(35) Dumitru ŞANDRU, op.cit., p.13 şi 14.
(36) Ibidem, 15.
(37) Andrei VERESS, Ardeleans' Grazing in Moldovia and Muntenia (up to 1821) ,Bucureşti, f.e 1927 ,p. 15-18 where the author consigns important information on the move of the flocks phenomenon.
(38) .Dumitru ŞANDRU, op.cit. p. 14; a se confrunta şi Sever POP, în, Revue des etudes indo-europenees vol. I , 1938, p.66.
(39) Ibidem, p.16-18.
(40) Tudor MATEESCU, The Sheperds' Grazing on the Territory between the Danube and the Black Sea, General Department of the Public Archives, Bucureşti, 1976. p.71-72; to compare Tudor MATEESCU News on the Presence of Sheperds in Dobrogea about the Ottoman Domination, in Apulum, Alba Iulia 11,1973,p.424.
(41) Ion GEORGESCU, Public Education in Dobrogea, in,***Dobrogea. Fifty Years of Romanian Life,.....p. 643.
(42) It is about Kelemen Mikes (serving Iosif Rakoczi, heir of Ardelean throne) who around 1738 had been living for a while in Cernavodă, Dobrogea Annals ,IV, 1923, nr 4 , p. 109. To compare Ioan M. PĂUNESCU, A Spot of Dobrogean. Monographic Drawing, Institute of de Graphic Arts Albania, Constanţa, 1946, p.76.
(43) Ibidem, p.77
(44) Petre P. PANAITESCU, Însemnătatea Economic Importance of Sheperds in the History of Muntenia, Cluj, f.e.,1936,p.36 where the author asserts that: au fost there have always been created trade roads, not by sheperds, but imposed by trading centers or ports to the Danube or to the Black Sea.
(45) C.C.GIURESCU, op.cit, p.17; Tudor MATEESCU, Sheperds' Grazing..., p.80-82; Tudor MATEESCU, Permanence and Continuity of Romanians..., p.73-74.
(46) Nicolae IORGA, Romania. Up to the 1918- Moldavia and Dobrogea, II, Bucureşti, 1940, p.274
(47) Adrian Rădulescu, Ion Bitoleanu, History of Romanians between the Danube and the Sea. Dobrogea, Ed. Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 1979, p.15; to see Mihai BĂRBULESCU, From the Beginning of Civilization to Romanian Synthesis, in, The History of Romania, Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2002, p.27-28, 44-45; a to see Simion MEHEDINŢI, Pontic Dacia and Carpathian Dacia. Anthropographic Observations in Dobrogea; ***Dobrogea - 50 Years of Romanian Life, National Culture Publishing House, Bucureşti, 1928, p.191-200.
(48) Teodor MATEESCU, op.cit. p. 31.
(49) Gheorge VÂLSAN , in , Romanian Idiom, An I, București, 1927, pp.145-148.
(50) Alexandru P. ARBORE, An Attempt of Restoration the Romanians's Past in Dobrogea, in ,The Annals of Dobrogea, 1922, An III, nr. 2, pp. 260-263; to see also Gheorghe VÂLSAN, Romanians in Dobrogea, on a map dating around 1769-74, in, Annals of Dobrogei, I, pp. 532-540.
(51) Constantin BRĂTESCU, art. cit.,
(52) Nicolae IORGA, Studies and Documents concerning Romanians' History,vol.IV, Bucureşti, 1902, p.117; Foreign Travellers about Romanian Counties ,vol. III, Bucureşti, 1972, p.274.
(53) Gheorghe VINULESCU, Piedro Diodato e la sua relazione sulla Moldavia (1641), în "Diplomatarium italicum",IV, Roma ,1939, p.102, quoted by Tudor Mateescu in the above mentioned work at page 25.
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The architectural heritage of Southern Dobrudzha Part 3: About settlements and buildings
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text:
The Ruskin
Sponsors and Funders
Research and Collections
Requesting images and copies
The Complete Works of John Ruskin
The Mikimoto Memorial Ruskin Lecture
Ruskin Review
Ruskin and Sculpture
13 January – 15 April 2007
This display brought together depictions of sculpture from drawings in the Whitehouse Collection.
In his book-length essay The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849), John Ruskin discussed the value of sculpture in some detail. Whilst he believed that it could be great when used to decorate architecture, he otherwise saw it as tending towards "a pictorial manner, when it is apt to lose its dignity, and sink into mere ingenious carving". Ruskin's lack of appreciation for individual works of sculpture reflected his preference for Gothic architecture over classical and modern types. It also meant that he devoted little time to writing about the history of European sculpture from the Renaissance onwards. Perhaps controversially, Ruskin believed that the anonymous carvers working on great medieval churches were far more worthy of praise than Michelangelo or Hiram Powers. However, despite this rejection, Ruskin did eventually conduct his one and only sustained examination of sculpture thanks to his occasional interest in classical and Egyptian art: his 1870 Oxford lectures entitled Aratra Pentelici: Seven Lectures on the Elements of Sculpture.
This display brought together drawings of sculpture from the Museum's Whitehouse Collection, the largest existing collection of material relating to John Ruskin (1819-1900) and his circle. Most of the featured drawings depicted details from Abbeville and Amiens, Florence and Lucca, and Venice and Verona. Items on display included:
Studies used in the preparation of Ruskin's book The Stones of Venice (1851-53)
Photographs from the Whitehouse Collection, including daguerreotypes of Gothic architectural sculpture
John Ruskin: La Residence, Munich, 1835
"The question is first to be clearly determined whether the architecture is a frame for the sculpture, or the sculpture an ornament of the architecture."
John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture
About John Ruskin
Images in our Collections
Explore the Whitehouse Collection
Ruskin and Italy (1998 Exhibition)
Spotlight: Architecture

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using System;
using System.Data;
using ObjectSql.Core;
using ObjectSql.Core.Bo;
using ObjectSql.QueryInterfaces;

namespace ObjectSql.SqlServer
{
	[DatabaseExtension]
	public class MsSql
	{
		private MsSql() { }

		[Sql("OBJECT_ID({0})")]
		public static int ObjectId(string objectName) { return 0; }
		public static long CountBig(params object[] columnSelector) { return default(long); }
		[Sql("UPPER({0})")]
		public static string Upper(string characterExpression) { return default(string); }
		[Sql("LOWER({0})")]
		public static string Lower(string characterExpression) { return default(string); }
		[Sql("SUBSTRING({0}, {1}, {2})")]
		public static string Substring(string characterExpression, int start, int end) { return default(string); }
		[Sql("REPLACE({0}, {1}, {2})")]
		public static string Replace(string target, string pattern, string replacement){ return default(string); }
		[Sql("DATEDIFF({0}, {1}, {2})")]
		public static int DateDiff(DatePart datePart, DateTime? date1, DateTime? date2) { return default(int); }
		[Sql("GETDATE()")]
		public static DateTime GetDate() { return default(DateTime); }
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


net-proxy/squid is a populer web proxy cache.
I do not use squid for a while now and cannot really test any changes.
Package needs some love but we have a responsive upstream.
metadata and assigned the bugs to maintainer-needed.


Welcome to my site, I hope you can get a feel from my work that I have a real passion for delivering beautiful images that reflect the authentic, heartfelt emotions of a wedding.
I really thrive on making the most of the natural landscape around your venue, I'm a sucker for a large moody sky or a stunning starlit evening, not to mention the magic of the golden hour.
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Les Oniwabans surprennent Robin, Robin dit qu'elle est le Witching Hour Boy (si j'ai bien compris c'est le voleur mentionné par les gens du village d'Ebisu), et qu'elle est venu enquêter sur les flux d'argent dans la capital des fleurs. Fukurokuju attaque Robin mais ce n'est pas la vraie Robin. C'est un clone crée grâce à son FDD. Pendant qu'elle s'échappe, Robin contacte Nami, Brook et Shinobu. Elle leur dit qu'il y a au minimum 11 ninjas dans la demeure.
Orochi : " C'est la 20eme année depuis la mort d'Oden, c'est l'année de la revanche annoncé par Toki. La volonté d'Oden est toujours en vie quelque part ! "
Un des subordonnées d'Orochi est fatigué de cette histoire et dit: Encore ??
Orochi : Connaissez-vous l'incroyable force des 9 fourreaux rouges ? Et Kinemon a le potentiel d'être un Leader, Il est intelligent. Ils feront tous les préparatifs et feront le maximum pour obtenir ma tête. L'incident du Yokozuna à Kuri (coucou Sumo Luffy), le combat contre les subordonnés de Jack et le propriétaire de cette boutique de Soba! Kinemon est le mastermind derrière tout ces événements.
Mais les subordonnées d'Orochi se fichent complétement de ce discours.
Kyoshiro : " J'espère qu'ils sont bien ressuscités d'une quelconque façon, et je les mettrais au tapis "
Orochi : "Le fils d'Oden est toujours en vie, ils essayent de faire revivre le clan Kozuki et vaincre Kaido." Les hommes d'Orochi veulent rigoler, ils pensent que quelques choses ne va pas avec le cerveau de leur Boss. Otoko rit d'Orochi et cela l'énerve. Orochi sort son épée, Mais Komurasaki se tient face à lui et lui donne une grosse giffle. Orochi est furieux et se transforme en Orochi (serpent 8 tête). Pendant ce temps les Oniwabans trouvent Robin. Assis au milieu de ce Chaos, Kyoshiro pose finalement sa main sur son sabre.
Certaines parties des spoils ont été classées en fake.
Et le "combat" du cuistot déjà "terminé" ?
Le FDD du cochon, bravo Oda.
queen possède le fruit du porc model ancient, page one qui après avoir été frappé par sanji et retrouve ses esprit a son rèveil sanji avait disparu et il parle a drake du furtif black ,luffy et kid détruise la prison et séchape ,6 tète de dragon apparait se droit ètre le chogun transformé .
Apparemment page1 se relève, donc on est dans une sorte de match nul ou il est probable ou les 2 adversaires n'ont pas tout montré. Pas content sanji avait dit que c'était le moment de réduire les forces de BM et au final il ne fait que révéler son pouvoir spécial.
Comme on pouvait s'en douter l'oirane et le shogun qui ont eu des titres de chapitres sont importants et sûrement puissants et dangereux.
On en apprend sur Queen, j'imagine que c'est lui le boss de la prison. A voir si caribou et les autres prisonniers ont fuis. Je pense notamment au prisonnier spécial dont on a pas vu l'apparence.
Attention certaines parties du spoil encore dans le premier post ont finis en fake.
Et poster un spoil en Chinois ou Japonais aucun interet.
Caesar is eager to write a notice of recruitment to create a murder weapon, and the sheep on the side is eating the letter he wrote.
At the banquet, everyone was immersed in the music played by Xiao Zi.
Leader of Oniwabans asked Robin, Robin said that he was an ugly three kid (???), and came here to investigate the flow of money in the flower capital.
Robin contacted Nami, Xiao Ren (???) and Brooke during the escape process and told everyone that there were at least 11 ninjas in the house.
Oniwabans ordered to continue to hunt down Robin.
Robin returned to the banquet.
Orochi shouted at the banquet: This year is the 20th year of the death of Oden Family, the year of revenge that Oden's wife said. The will of Lady Toki is still alive.
One of the men seemed to be impatient to say something: it started again.
The big snake went on to say: Do you still remember that the nine people in the red sheath are more powerful than ordinary people! ? Among them, Jin Weimen, who has the talents of leadership, is a man with a flexible mind! !
They will be resurrected and ready in 20 years! ! In order to take my head away! !
Several of his men dismissed this remark.
Source from Redon, Scotchinformer and Mangatail.
Cover Page: Caesar eagerly wrote a notice of recruiting to create a murder weapon, and the sheep on the side was eating the letter he wrote.
The Oniwabanshu gets Robin. Robin says "I'm the witching hour boy, I came here to investigate on the flow of money in Flower Capital."Fukurokuju attacks Robin, but it is not the real Robin. It is the fake Robin made by her ability.While escaping, Robins calls Nami, Brook and Shinobu. She tells them that there are at least 11 ninjyas in this house.Orochi: This is the 20th year after Oden's death. And it's the revenge year said by Toki. The wills of Oden are still alive somewhere.One of subordinates are getting tired of this story, and says, "again?".Orochi: "Did you guys know about the unbelievable strength of Nine Red Scabbard ? And Kinemon has a potential to be a leader, he is a smart one, they will do all the preparations and do their best to take my head! The yokuzuna incident in Kuri, fight against Jack's subordinates and that soba shop owner, Kinemon is the master mind behind all of these!"But the subordinates don't care much about Orochi's speech.Kyoshiro: "I hope they really "revived" somehow, and I will take them down."Orochi: "Oden's son is still alive, they are trying to revive the Kozuki Clan and beat Kaido."Orochi's guys want to laugh, they think something is wrong with Orochi's brain.Otoko laughs at Orochi, and Orochi is pissed.Orochi takes out his sword, but Komurasaki stands in front of him and gives him a big slap.Orochi is mad and turns into a Orochi. Meanwhile, the Oniwabanshu finds Robin.Sitting around all of the chaos, Kyoshiro finally put hand on his sword.
Il y a des infos supplémentaires !
Les deux parties sont en anglais finalement.
Cover: Caesar is writing a hiring poster devotedly to hire people to help him build lethal weapons. A goat is eating his paper.
At the banquet, everyone is immersed in the music Komurasaki is playing.
Oniwabanshu questioned Robin. Robin claimed herself to be Witching Hour Boy (wait is that how you translate the name?) and that she is here to investigate the money flow in the Flower Capital.
The head of Oniwabanshu gives order to arrest Robin. Robin is attacked. The next second she turns into flower petals and escapes. Yup that Robin is merely a substitute using her DF power. While escaping, Robin contacts Nami, Shinobu, and Brook and tells them there're at least 11 ninjas in the mansion.
The head of Oniwabanshu orders them to continue pursuing Robin. Robin returns to the banquet.
Orochi shouts at the people at the banquet: It's the 20th year after Kouzuki Oden's death and is said to be the year of revenge according to his wife. Oden's will still exists in this world.
Orochi goes on: "Do you remember the extraordinary power of the Nine Red Scabbards? The one with leadership skills among them, Kinemon, is a man with a quick and smart mind! "
"They will revive after these 20 years and get prepared!!! In order to take my head!!! "
His men don't care a bit about his words.
Orochi mentions the Yokotsuna incident in Kuri, the fact that Jack's henchmen were attacked, and the soba-stand incident, the fact that Yakuza were attacked by rounin (wikipedia page). "They were all directed by Kinemon behind the curtain!"
Upon hearing Orochi's words, Koushirou tells him "I wish the Kinemon's Nine Red Scabbards appear! I'll take them down without even blinking."
Orochi immediately praises Koushirou and continues: "Oden died in front of my eyes but his son is still alive! No one has ever found that brat's corpse! The bloodline of the Kouzuki Clan has not been ended! They are still working to revive the Kouzuki Clan! I believe that they want Kaido's head too."
His men are trying very hard not to laugh. They think that their boss is delusional.
And they hear laughing - from O-toko.
Orochi is furious for someone laughing at him. He wants to kill O-toko but Komurasaki stands out and stops him.
Orochi still wields his sword. Komurasaki stands in front of O-toko and slaps Orochi right on his face.
Everyone is panicked and one of them tells Komurasaki to "kneel and apologize immediately".
Komurasaki is dead serious and says: "I will not bend my knees to anyone! You can kill me, a harmless woman, but I'm a samurai's daughter and I will never yield or surrender!"
Orochi is so furious that he turns into Yamata no Orochi. Komurasaki is facing danger.
At the same time, Oniwabanshu finds Robin. Everything is in chaos, and Koushirou clenches the hilt of his katana.
Couverture: César est en train d'écrire une affiche d'embauche afin d'embaucher des gens pour l'aider à fabriquer des armes meurtrières. Une chèvre mange son papier.
Lors du banquet, tout le monde est plongé dans la musique que joue Komurasaki.
Les Oniwaban ont interrogé Robin. Robin a prétendu être Witching Hour Boy. Et qu'elle est ici pour enquêter sur le flux monétaire dans la capitale des fleurs.
Le chef des Oniwaban donne l'ordre d'arrêter Robin. Robin est attaqué. La seconde suivante, elle se transforme en pétales de fleurs et s'échappe. Oui, Robin n'est qu'un substitut utilisant son pouvoir. En s'échappant, Robin contacte Nami, Shinobu et Brook et leur dit qu'il y a au moins 11 ninjas dans le manoir.
Le chef des Oniwaban leur ordonne de continuer à poursuivre Robin. Robin retourne au banquet.
Orochi crie après le banquet: "C'est la vingtième année après la mort de Kouzuki Oden et on dit que c'est l'année de la vengeance selon son épouse. La volonté d'Oden existe toujours dans ce monde."
Un de ses hommes semble impatient et dit: "Le voilà qui recommence ..."
Orochi poursuit: "Vous souvenez-vous de l'extraordinaire pouvoir des Neufs fourreaux rouges? Celui qui possède des compétences en leadership, Kinemon, est un homme doté d'un esprit vif et intelligent!"
"Ils vont revivre après ces 20 ans et se préparer !!! Pour me prendre la tête !!!"
Ses hommes ne se soucient pas de ses paroles.
Orochi mentionne l'incident du Yokotsuna à Kuri, le fait que les hommes de main de Jack ont été attaqués et l'incident du soba-stand, le fait que Yakuza a été attaqué par le rounin. "Ils ont tous été dirigés par Kinemon derrière le rideau!"
En entendant les mots d'Orochi, Koushirou lui dit: "Je souhaite que les neuf fourreaux rouges de Kinemon apparaissent! Je les enlèverai sans même cligner des yeux."
Orochi félicite immédiatement Koushirou et continue: "Oden est mort sous mes yeux mais son fils est toujours en vie! Personne n'a jamais retrouvé le cadavre de ce gosse! La lignée du clan Kozuki n'est pas encore terminée! Clan! Je crois qu'ils veulent aussi la tête de Kaido. "
Ses hommes essaient très fort de ne pas rire. Ils pensent que leur patron délire.
Et ils entendent le rire - de O-toko.
Orochi est furieux que quelqu'un se moque de lui. Il veut tuer O-toko mais Komurasaki se démarque et l'arrête.
Orochi tient toujours son épée. Komurasaki se tient devant O-toko et gifle Orochi sur son visage.
Tout le monde est pris de panique et l'un d'entre eux dit à Komurasaki de "se mettre à genoux et de s'excuser immédiatement".
Komurasaki est très sérieuse et dit: "Je ne plierai pas les genoux à qui que ce soit! Vous pouvez me tuer, une femme sans danger, mais je suis la fille d'un samouraï et je ne céderai jamais ni ne me rendrai!"
Orochi est tellement furieux qu'il se transforme en Yamata no Orochi. Komurasaki fait face à un danger.
Au même moment, les Onibawan trouve Robin. Tout est dans le chaos et Koushirou serre la garde de son katana.
Du coup comme prévu l'oiran est la fille de quelqu'un d'important. On était partie sur Oden, maintenant on a aussi en candidat les 3 fameux samouraïs évoqués qu'on a commencé à croiser et kinemon qui est un samouraï. Je serais pas surpris qu'elle soit la fille d'un de ses 5 personnages.
Jusqu'à présent, on a vu kyoshiro qui a défendu l'oiran, donc le voir mettre la main au sabre peu laisser le doute sur ce qu'il va faire comme il méprise en partie le shogun. Va t-il attaquer le shogun ou a t-il repéré robin?
Dans l'arc précédent, tout ce qui était fait retombait comme prestige sur Luffy, on a le même phénomène là avec Kinemon qui le pauvre n'est pas responsable de la moitié des éléments donné par le shogun. Mais on a vu que kanjuro était un serviteur des kozukis, le shogun met bien en évidence kinemon qui semblait avoir un rôle bien plus important dans la famille j'imagine qu'il est le plus haut gradé des 4 membres liés à la famille kozuki.
Je vois de plus en plus kinemon comme l'égal au niveau d'importance à Wano que kioshirou. Un peu moins qu'un daïmio parce que ne contrôlant pas une ile assez grande mais plus qu'un simple samouraï car chef d'un clan.
Quand je vois ce chapitre, je me dis que Orochi n'est absolument pas respecté par ses subordonnés, le mec on se fou de sa gueule et il se fait gifler comme un gosse.
J'ai de plus en plus l'impression que Kyoshiro était un homme de main de Oden et qu'il joue une couverture auprès d'Orochi.
Pourquoi avoir mis quelqu'un comme Orochi au pouvoir ?
Serai-ce pour en faire le leader "officiel" mais qui est contrôlé dans l'ombre par un autre personnage ? ( autre que Kaido ) Kyoshiro peut-être ?
Alors à chaud,je suis content d'un spoil aussi rapide et sympathique !
Petite question : la première partie du spoil (j'ai lu l'intégralité de tous les messages) est-elle un fake ? Je parle du passage avec Sanji,Page One,Drake,et le FDD de Queen !
Orochi est plutôt pas mal sous forme Animale (seule l'une d'entre elle parmi les 8 porte son "chignon"...) !! Hâte de voir l'hybride !!
Je pense qu'elle n'est pas le Witching Hour Boy,mais qu'elle se sert de ce nom pour lui mettre toute la responsabilité dessus !
Leader des 9 fourreaux rouges grâce à son intelligence et à sa volonté. On s'en doutait,mais au moins cela semble se confirmer,même si ce n'est pas leur "leader" officiel.
Il n'est pas le plus puissant d'entre eux non plus,mais c'est pas si mal que ça.
Orochi parle de leur puissance,mais pour l'instant aucun d'entre eux ne m'a ébahi,sans non plus être mauvais. Seuls Ashura Douji a réellement été hypé,ainsi que Kawamatsu et Denjiro.
J'espère cependant voir chacun des 9 fourreaux rouges avoir un combat également (comme les mugis),afin de les mettre en valeur et observer leur variété.
Contrairement à ce que disent plusieurs personnes,je ne pense pas que Kurozumi Orochi soit bête ou nul !
Je trouve qu'au contraire,c'est le seul à prendre au sérieux la prophétie,lorsque tout le monde s'en moque,et pourtant nous savons tous qu'il a raison !!
Enfin,il n'est peut-être pas le plus puissant des samouraïs,ou peut-être que si,mais c'est lui qui a obtenu le soutien de Kaido,c'est lui qui a pris le pouvoir dans un pays qui respecte la force !
Comme il le disaitau CP0,il connaît les forces du GM ou du monde,etc...et pourtant il n'est pas prêt à se soumettre. Kyoshiro est classe et se moque de lui comme si c'était un couard,mais c'est plutôt Kyoshiro qui est arrogant. Il doit être très puissant,mais pas de là à vaincre les 9 fourreaux rouges.
Orochi est susceptible,sans gêne,mais il est très malin !!
Honnêtement,je suis loin de le voir comme un pantin !
Cependant,Kyoshiro va-t-il intervenir pour protéger sa geisha ? Il est un peu à part,comme un Corsaire pour le Shogun.
robin apris otoko dans ses bras pendant quelle court sur les deux images dans bas( p.s aujourd'hui ses l'anniversaire de robin selon oda) il semblera que oda est mis luffy au coin parce qu'il est une source de problème , et difficile a géré s'il était en liberté ,se qui est ironique c'est que zoro qui se perd tous le temps ,attire moins l'attention que luffy .
C'est plutôt l'oiran qui sauve Toko. Et pour les problèmes de luffy, il pique la nourriture là où zoro se fait des potes de beuverie, normal qu'il passe plus discret.
Le shogun orochi est un vrai mystère il est à la fois grotesque mais avec un fruit sacrément "intéressant".
Pour moi orochi à clairement un zoan mythique,cependant le fruit du démon ne fait pas l'homme pour moi il ne vaut qu'un numéro 5 yonko si il à un minimum de force,maximum niveaux doflamingo.
Peut être que zorro va affronter le shogun dans cette act 2?
 moins que se soit momonosuke version adulte durant la bataille final.
Kyoshiro à l'air balaise sûrement comparable à asura douji.
c'est nico robin prend la fuite avec o- toko dans ses bras , et la courtisane fait toujours face au shogun qui ses transformé en hydre ,le défiant de la tué doux le fait que kyoshiro est près a faire usage de son sabre pour la défendre, étant donné quelle est sa partenaire d'affaire .


Elisabeth and Max sing the Hebrew Alefbet.
Sometime last year during our family Scripture reading we spent some time reading Psalm 119. You may know that Psalm 119 is the longest chapter in the Bible. You may also know that it focuses on the law. Throughout the chapter the psalmist is praising the virtues of the law, pronouncing his dedication to it, or praising God for his lovingkindess in giving us his law. In fact, there are supposedly only two verses in the chapter that do not contain the word law or a synonym for it (precept, statute, etc.).
You probably also know that Psalm 119 is an acrostic. It has twenty-two sections, one for each letter of the Hebrew alphabet (the alefbet). In each section, every single line of the poem begins with the letter associated with that section. So in verses one through eight, each line (or each verse) begins with the letter alef-the first letter in the Alefbet. The acrostic communicates the idea of the completeness of God's law and the complete devotion of the psalmist to praise and uphold God's law.
During our time reading as a family I decided to help Elisabeth and Max learn a little about Hebrew poetry and also to help them at least hear the letters of the Alefbet. So each night I reminded them which letters we had read the previous nights and which letter we would be reading that night. About half way through I sang the Alefbet song you hear them singing in the video. To my surprise, they learned the whole Alefbet with relatively little effort.
The main reason I've included the song as a blog post, is because many moons ago I promised some friends that I would make a recording of Elisabeth and Max singing the song so they could teach it to their kids. So here you go, Duffs. Thanks for your patience.
I'll be enhancing the post and video later (maybe in a couple years)–but for now see the list of letters below or Judaism 101 for more.


That's why the Northwest School Division has been working to ensure its various schools are all on the same page when it comes to emergency preparedness and emergency response measures.
NWSD communications manager Kaitlin Harman echoed Craig's comments.
Both Harman and Craig were on hand for the NWSD board meeting held in Meadow Lake Nov. 24 at which time they updated trustees on their recent efforts.
In May of 2014, Meadow Lake schools went into lockdown mode when multiple threats were made via telephone. The students were eventually evacuated to Lions Park, while the threats proved to be unfounded. Schools were again locked down last year in the wake of what turned out to be a murder-suicide outside a home on the city's west side.
Meanwhile, both Harman and Craig also said communication during emergency situations is key.
Duane Hauk, NWSD director of education, said the board appreciates the work put into updating the plans.
"As we become more educated in this specific area, we better understand what we should or shouldn't be doing," Hauk said.
He also said times have changed compared to the level of emergencies school officials had to be concerned with in the past.


Whitecaps Lover – going back to being a season ticket holder in the days when they played in the NASL at Empire Stadium in Vancouver. Darren is a passionate (if not sometimes frustrated – "seriously they need to spend the Davis money on another quality striker… or a defender…") Whitecaps fan.
Photographer – we asked him for a few pictures of himself and he found it hard to find one where he wasn't either taking pictures or didn't at least have a camera around his neck. He asks that we forgive his occasional tendency to show off his latest shots.
Gardener – he's finding this a bit more challenging in his hew town-home but pulling weeds (he emphasizes his own) and listening to the birds is his idea of paradise.
I was born in Vancouver, but grew up all over the place. By the time I was a teenager our family had lived in: Victoria, Richmond, Ottawa, New York, Toronto, and then back to Vancouver. Our current move to Victoria was from Kelowna – certainly two of the loveliest places on earth.
After graduating with a B.A., I felt called to the Pastorate and while I did most of my studies at Regent College in Vancouver I completed my M.Div. at Edmonton Baptist Seminary where I was offered a position at a Baptist church. This is where I met Elaine my lovely wife and where our lovely daughter Meghan was born (she currently lives in Vancouver).
Feeling a nudge to move on I accepted a position with the CIBC in commercial Banking for a number of years ending that in Kelowna when I decided to go into education.
I taught in a number of schools first in the public system and then moving into administration at Kelowna Christian School. Over my years in leadership at KCS (especially after I became Head of School) I feel like my legacy was that I created a strong sense of community among staff, students and our families. Consistently we sought to make the school a place where everyone experienced God's shalom. As we built a God-honouring culture, the school was really blessed in so many ways including significant growth.
Why do you feel this position is important?
Pacific Christian has had a long history of being a light on the hill. The heart of what we do is to provide an education and our vision is "Educational Excellence to the Glory of God". My conversations with our staff, Board Members and others have left me excited about the future of PCS. I feel like I'm entering a community that is living out the vision and seeking ways to continue to be excellent and to improve as we journey together.
What do you look forward to doing at PCS?
The first thing is getting to know people! We have over a hundred staff who were here a week before school started and really, I've only just begun that. I'm looking forward over the coming weeks of getting to know students and creating some intentional opportunities to meet parents and others in our community.
I also look forward to conversations. I love education and in particular Christian education. I look forward to engaging folk in what that means for us at PCS here and know. We're privileged as a school to have an amazing staff and I've had some great conversations already, I look forward to seeing that circle widen with students, parents and others.
As a Christ follower, I'm super excited about exploring ways we can continue to connect our students and really our entire family with God's story and for them to seek ways to enter into that story.


Our Lower School comprises Grades K1 (Pre-Kindergarten) through 5. As part of an enhanced curriculum, students have classes with a specialist subject at least once per day! The school chaplain visits the Lower School grades frequently to help foster the spiritual formation and participation in our faith. In Grade 2, students are gradually prepared for the reception of First Penance and First Holy Communion in May.


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text:
Joseph R. Gannascoli
Highest Rated: 92% Ed Wood (1994)
Lowest Rated: 12% College Road Trip (2008)
Devoted pay-cable viewers will most commonly associate the beefy Italian-American character actor Joseph R. Gannascoli with his portrayal of Vito Spatafore, the closet-homosexual mobster and member of the DiMeo crime syndicate (who meets a grim fate after a night in a leather bar) on the long-running HBO crime drama The Sopranos. In truth, the actor originally portrayed another character -- a pastry chef -- in a single episode of season one, and returned as Vito in later seasons, gradually ascending to the level of a regular. Gannascoli's interest in the subject of La Cosa Nostra extends beyond the confines of the series: he authored the darkly comic Mafia-themed (and culinary-tinged) book A Meal to Die For: A Culinary Novel of Crime, which received a rave review from Publishers' Weekly when it emerged in late 2005. Though Gannascoli is best known for his evocation of Vito, his resumé also includes bit parts in such movies as Blowfish (1998), On the Run (1999), and Artie Lange's Beer League -- with the actor often cast as an Italian heavy.
Two Family House
Men in Black III
No Score Yet Jason's Letter Principle (Pratt) Prattoli — 2017
No Score Yet Other Plans Gus — 2015
No Score Yet An Act of War Frank — 2014
No Score Yet Leaving Circadia Nat — 2014
68% Men in Black III New York Mets Fan #2 $179.1M 2012
No Score Yet Delsin Actor — 2012
12% College Road Trip Mr. Arcana $45.6M 2008
27% Beer League Giuseppe Primavera $0.5M 2006
No Score Yet Meet the Mobsters Critic — 2005
No Score Yet Dog's Life Actor — 2001
89% Two Family House Counter Guy — 2000
No Score Yet On the Run Burly Guy — 1999
45% Mickey Blue Eyes Gina's Doorman — 1999
68% Basquiat Guard At Hospital — 1996
15% Never Talk to Strangers Carnival Attendant — 1995
92% Ed Wood Security Guard — 1994
92% The Sopranos
1999-2007 Bakery Customer Vito Spatafore 2006
No Score Yet Law & Order
1990-2010 Arthur Baldo 2004
QUOTES FROM Joseph R. Gannascoli CHARACTERS
News & Interviews for Joseph R. Gannascoli


Style Update: Are you wearing pajamas?
It started with Juicy Couture tracksuits. Loungewear as daywear became fully acceptable the moment women started stepping out in Ugg Boots with Juicy emblazoned across their backsides. I'm not saying this was a good moment in time. In fact, I'm pretty sure we all look back and think to ourselves "what was the world thinking?" I blame Paris Hilton and the Kardashians. Since then, the world has been trying to come to terms with wearing loungewear as daywear. Women across the globe step out daily wearing their workout gear without a single thought of actually visiting a gym and no one now blinks an eyelid. Admittedly, this is a step above Juicy bums, but still something we're all coming to terms with.
So, it should come as no surprise that I'm constantly trying to find my own way of looking relaxed without looking like I've just rolled out of bed. I'm not sure I've entirely hit the mark with this look, but it's officially my new travel go-to ensemble. I have never found a more comfortable separates ensemble, so I felt the need to share (especially as the two come in tall sizes). I think if you wear a "tracksuit" of sorts, you can easily dress it up or down with the right foot wear, the appropriate over the shoulder coat and a blinging piece of jewellery or two. What do you think? Can I get away with it? If you see me striding past you in Heathrow, feel free to share your thoughts!


text:
Find District 2
Events / Pics
TN House Education Committee Contacts
Knox County Opposition to Vouchers
Resolutions Opposing School Vouchers
Tennessee School Voucher Articles and Blogs
BOE Schedule
Campaign '16
Letter To My Neighbors
KC BOE Issues
Testing Resolution 2016
Released Time
AJ Building Move
TVA East Tower
Questions on Release Time Policy III - Draft Policy for Dec 4
The following is the draft "Released Time" policy, with questions interspersed. The policy language is in black text and the questions are in blue text. I will post answers in green text as soon as they are given.
* A new version of this policy was sent to Board members on Tuesday, December 10th – the day before the scheduled vote. We are told that this version will replace the version that was attached to the agenda and discussed in last week's meeting. (That language has been added here, in red.) I don't recall that any Board member requested this addition during the meeting. However, the addition that was specifically requested, and to which I heard no opposition, was a definition of "core curriculum subject courses."
When there are more questions than answers, is it responsible to move forward?
* It should be noted that none of these answers has come directly from requests for information from the administration, with the exception of the pilot program agreement, which required two requests and was sent to Board members. A few of these answers came from a phone call with Deputy Law Director Gary Dupler and the rest were the result of questions asked during the December 4th Board of Education meeting.
"Released time" or "released time course" is "a period of time during which a student is excused from school to attend a course in religious moral instruction taught by an independent entity off school property." ¹
The Knox County Board of Education authorizes a student to be excused from school to attend a released time course in religious instruction, provided that each of the following applies:
The student's parent or guardian gives written consent prior to course participation;
How do students find out about available programs?
How are consent forms distributed/collected?
Is this an additional task for classroom teachers?
Depending on the size of the school, it could fall to a teacher, an administrator, or it could be handled by the sponsoring entity.
Is this an additional task for school office staff?
It is possible that this will be additional work for the school office staff.
Who tracks whether the information is provided to all students?
Who handles questions/complaints regarding consent forms and/or participation?
Principals are likely to be on the front line, regarding complaints. How they would be handled after that is unknown.
How much time has been spent at Sterchi Elementary, responding to questions/concerns about release time, since the beginning of the pilot?
If this was not tracked as part of the pilot, why was it not tracked?
The sponsoring entity maintains attendance records and makes them available to the individual school the student attends;
How are these made available?
Will the same format be required at all schools?
Will all entities be required to use the same format?
It is possible that each sponsoring entity would report in their own format.
Who is responsible for tracking/accounting for these?
A procedure will have to be developed.
When will these be made available?
If a student leaves class to attend but does not board the bus, how soon will the school be informed?
How much additional school staff time could this consume?
This is unknown, as data from the pilot has not been collected and/or analyzed.
The course occurs off school property and transportation to and from the place of instruction, including transportation for students with disabilities, is the complete responsibility of the sponsoring entity, parent, guardian, or student;
If students with disabilities require a teacher or assistant to accompany them to class, what provisions are made to have the same available during release time?
It is assumed that the sponsoring entity will have to provide appropriate assistance. How this will be done is unknown.
If students have toileting accommodations or medical needs that require the presence of a school nurse, what provisions are required of the release time entity?
It is possible that the sponsoring entity could compensate a school nurse to travel with the student, but would also depend on the nurse's other responsibilities.
What safety protocols are required of the sponsoring entity?
None. This is entirely up to the sponsoring entity.
What are the requirements for safety inspections for student transportation?
What are the requirements for insurance?
What are the requirements for drivers?
What are the requirements for safety drills for the sponsoring entity?
Will their response to an emergency mirror the responses students have practiced in their usual classrooms?
We have no idea. That is up to the sponsoring entity.
What are the reporting/response requirements for the sponsoring entity if a student makes a threat against a school, a student, or him/herself?
We don't know that there are any requirements, as the students would not be participating in a school-sanctioned event.
The sponsoring entity makes provisions for and assumes liability for any and all students while under the control of the sponsoring entity;
What checks ensure the sponsoring entity is appropriately insured for such liability?
This is completely up to the sponsoring entity.
There are no requirements that they be insured at all.
No public funds are expended and no Knox County Schools personnel are involved in providing the religious instruction; and
Every minute that a school staff member expends is a cost to taxpayers.
Therefore, how will this cost in time be tracked and determined to be insignificant?
How will students be dismissed from class and accounted for, without expending any teacher time/cost?
How will students return to school and be accounted for without expending any teacher time/cost?
How will make-up work be given and graded without expending any additional teacher time/cost?
The student assumes responsibility for any missed schoolwork. A teacher is not required to re-teach material missed due to a released time course.
How does a student "assume responsibility" for make-up work in a participation/performance course?
While state board policy notes that parents are responsible for make-up work in elementary school, I would like to hear how this could be possible in art and music classes, without re-teaching.
Since we know that there is no way to make up this time in an arts course and we know that missing students impact all students in the course, please explain how students will be able to make up work without the teacher either re-teaching or otherwise significantly adjusting the scheduled course content.
How was course content made up during the pilot?
Teachers report that they were told not to teach during that time and planned material was taught the next time the class met.
The Board has been told that additional information will be available prior to the December 11 meeting.
How was this tracked?
If it was not tracked during the pilot, why not?
How successful were students in mastering material in the classes they missed?
Students were far behind their peers in classes that continued, as scheduled, according to teacher records.
How was this measured?
By the content covered and not covered.
If it was not measured during the pilot, why not?
While in attendance in a released time course in religious instruction, a student shall not be considered absent from school. No student may be released from a core curriculum subject course to attend a religious instruction course.
What is considered a "core curriculum subject course"?
(I requested a list of "core curriculum courses," and a list of courses that are not "core courses," from KCS administration and the law department twice.)
According to the State Board of Education, it depends.
(The state has no specific definition for this term. )
"We don't define core subjects from the State Board, but you could as an LEA."
"For elementary and middle school, you would likely want this to include the tested subjects in each grade, as well as any legal requirements like those around physical education/activity. In high school, we have the graduation requirements listed in policy 2.103, which you could consider core subjects. There are also general legal requirements, like that all students must have computer science education at some point in grades K-12."
The closest we can get to any kind of list is in the guidelines established for No Child Left Behind which said this:
"The core academic subject areas are defined as English, reading or language arts, mathematics, science (biology, chemistry, earth science, physics and physical science), foreign languages (French, German, Latin and Spanish), civics and government, economics, arts (visual arts and music), history and geography and all courses that may be offered either as an elective or as a substitute for a core academic course.
20 U.S.C. § 7801(11); Tennessee NCLB Plan, pp. 1 and 17 (Appendix D)."
In other words, until we define "core subjects," it means nothing.
While a student is not considered "absent from school," are principals and/or teachers to determine whether students are considered absent from an individual class?
From the State Board Attendance Policy:
"If a student misses a class or day of school because of the observance of a day set aside as sacred by a recognized religious denomination of which the student is a member or adherent, where such religion calls for special observances of such a day, then the student's absence shall be an excused absence and the student shall be afforded the opportunity to complete all assignments missed without imposition of any penalty because of the absence."
Could absences from performance-based classes cause a student to fail?
The State Board Attendance Policy states:
"The principal may limit the number and duration of non-school-sponsored extracurricular activities for which excused absences may be granted to a student during the school year." and that
"The principal shall excuse no more than ten (10) absences each school year for students participating in non-school-sponsored extracurricular activities."
Could release time absences accrue in a way that could keep an athlete or scholar from attending a competitive tournament or other scholastic events?
What adjustments will be made regarding teacher evaluations?
Deputy Law Director, Gary Dupler, stated that he assumed that principals and other evaluators would schedule evaluations so that they do not fall at a time when any "Released Time" programs are happening.
Will teachers be able to file an evaluation grievance if they are unable to complete their evaluation under the portfolio model, due to student absences?
Will teachers be able to file an evaluation grievance if their class is absent on the day of an evaluation observation?
Released time courses shall only occur at a maximum frequency of once per month. The head principal shall determine the classes from which students are able to attend released time courses, provided the principal is able to account for such courses in the school day without disturbing core curriculum subject courses (see above).
Who initially accepts/approves the release time course for a school?
The school principal?
The Board?
An administrator in Central Office?
The Superintendent will likely approve programs at the district level.
It will then be up to principals to figure out how to work it into their school day
It will be up to principals to tell program sponsors that they will not fit into the school day. (Yes, we are heaping this onto the backs of principals.)
How much additional administrative time could be required for approving/denying multiple release time courses and for determining scheduling possibilities for each course and in each school?
There is currently no way to know. It could be significant.
What is meant by, "without disturbing core curriculum subject courses"?
How is "disturbed" defined?
Who determines how much disruption equals being "disturbed"?
Are courses not "disturbed" every time a large number of students are released?
If more than one entity is providing a release time course at a school, parents will have a choice between courses and the courses will all occur at the same time.
Proposed entities requesting to provide a religious moral instruction course shall provide the Director of Schools with documentation of liability insurance and TBI/FBI fingerprint or equivalent background checks with no indications on it performed on entity individuals who will have student contact.
Knox County Schools, individual schools, the Knox County Board of Education, individual Board Members, and school district employees are not liable in damages in a civil action for any injury allegedly arising during a student's transportation to or from a place of instruction when private transportation is used under a released time policy, or any injury allegedly arising during the time spent at the released time policy place of instruction.
What criminal liability is possible?
Criminal liability is individual and requires intent. Therefore, only civil liability is a consideration.
Is it possible for the sponsoring entity to use some form of public transportation?
What if a student is released from class, but never boards the bus?
Who is liable if the student leaves campus, rather than boarding the bus?
Who is liable if the student is injured while boarding the bus?
Where is the demarcation point between the school and the sponsoring entity?
We don't know. It is possible that the demarcation point could be different for every school and that the procedures for tracking students may be different from school to school and between sponsoring entities.
All releases will have the following language: "I understand that I am waiving any right or privilege I may have to hold the school (name of individual school), Knox County Schools (KCS), the Knox County Board of Education (KCBOE), any and all employees of the school and KCS and KCBOE, and/or the State of Tennessee liable for my child participating in the released time course." ²
In addition to the above-mentioned disclaimer, the Knox County Schools standard advertising disclaimer shall also be used. Said disclaimer is: "The Knox County Board of Education and the Knox County Schools do not sponsor or endorse this advertisement or solicitation." ³
This policy shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and the principle of equal access. This policy is not intended and shall not be implemented or construed in any way, to affiliate Knox County Schools with, nor express the district's preference for, any faith or religious denomination.
What languages will this disclaimer be translated into?
There is an assumption that each school will have to request disclaimers to be provided in the languages their own students may need. Who will be responsible for this is unknown.
Will information be available in all student languages?
Will interpreters be required to be provided for ELL students?
Will Knox County Schools interpreters be used for reading and/or translating materials for parents?
This would be up to the sponsoring entity.
They may or may not provide instruction in the languages necessary to adequately serve all students.
How will translations be made available to parents?
What checks will be in place to be sure that all parents understand that these programs are not affiliated with or endorsed by Knox County Schools?
That will be the responsibility of the individual parents.
When a principal (or another person) determines that a program will be accepted by the school or by multiple schools, how can we ensure that this is not perceived as an endorsement?
How can we ensure that parents know that KCS has not vetted these programs in any way?
Legal References:
¹ T.C.A. § 49-2-130.
² T.C.A. § 49-2-130(d).
³ Cross reference Board Policy C-180
What information has been distributed to teachers and administrators regarding the released time pilot and/or the draft policy regarding released time?
Has the Collaborative Conferencing Team been given an opportunity to discuss the potential issues regarding staff working conditions related to the passage of this policy?
What data was planned to be collected at the beginning of this pilot?
Was all planned data collected?
What data has been collected?
If NO data was collected, please explain how this pilot was entered with a good faith effort to determine its impact on our students, our schools, and/or our instruction.
Please provide the Board with a copy of any/all agreements entered into with the Elgin Foundation and/or the Church at Sterchi Hills prior to beginning this pilot.
Please provide to the Board, any conditions of the pilot that did not meet the requirements of the current law and/or State Board of Education policy?
How will these be changed in future programs?
December 2nd, 2019 | Category: Board Policies, KC BOE Issues
3 comments to Questions on Release Time Policy III – Draft Policy for Dec 4
Lisa Starbuck
Very good questions. Where are the answers?
Jennifer Owen
The answers will be posted as they are given to me. Unfortunately, most of these cannot be answered, because this is being pushed to a vote before the pilot has been completed.
Dawn Patelke
Excellent questions, many I had not considered. Thanks for your exhaustive effort on this.
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Questions on a Released Time Policy II – Teacher Perspective »
Public School Policy Changes Due to New State Laws
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Letter to my Neighbors 2020
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Questions on Release Time Policy III – Draft Policy for Dec 4
Questions on a Released Time Policy II – Teacher Perspective
Questions on "Released Time" Policy I
Knox County BOE Considers Release Time
TVA Tower Doesn't Meet District Needs
TVA Tower and REAL ID
Follow the Money Map 4-29-19
House and Senate ESA Bill Comparison
About Those Voucher Amendments…
Lucille Griffo on Questions on "Released Time" Policy I
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Bristol Marijuana Charge Dismissed
Home > Rhode Island Attorney Blog > 2011 > October > Bristol Marijuana Charge Dismissed
In September of 2011, our Client was arrested and charged by the Bristol Police Department with possession of marijuana. Our Client was stopped by the police for a traffic violation and during the stop, the police observed marijuana in his vehicle.
Pursuant to Rhode Island General Laws 21-28-4.01, it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to possess a controlled substance, unless the substance was obtained directly from or pursuant to a valid prescription or order of a practitioner while acting in the course of his or her professional practice, or except as otherwise authorized by this chapter.
If convicted for possession of marijuana, the penalties include:
(ii) A controlled substance classified in schedule I as marijuana is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction may be imprisoned for not more than one year or fined not less than two hundred dollars ($200) nor more than five hundred dollars ($500), or both.
The penalties for possession of controlled substances, other than marijuana are more severe and include:
(i) A controlled substance classified in schedules I, II and III, IV, and V, except the substance classified as marijuana, is guilty of a crime and upon conviction may be imprisoned for not more than three (3) years or fined not less than five hundred dollars ($500) nor more than five thousand dollars ($5,000), or both;
(3) Additionally every person convicted or who pleads nolo contendere under paragraph (2)(i) of this subsection or convicted or who pleads nolo contendere a second or subsequent time under paragraph (2)(ii) of this subsection, who is not sentenced to a term of imprisonment to serve for the offense, shall be required to:
(i) Perform no less than one hundred (100) hours of community service;
(ii) Attend and complete a drug counseling and education program as prescribed by the director of the department of mental health, retardation and hospitals and pay the sum of four hundred dollars ($400) to help defray the costs of this program which shall be deposited as general revenues. Failure to attend may result after hearing by the court in jail sentence up to one year.
However, due to legal issues raised by Attorney Humphrey, the possession of marijuana charge was dismissed and is immediately eligible for expungement. Our Client, who is a college student, will now avoid disciplinary actions at school and maintain a clean criminal record for future employment.
If you or a family member has been charged with possession of a controlled substance, possession of marijuana or other drug related charges, please allow Attorney Robert H. Humphrey's reputation, experience and skill to successfully guide you through the legal process. Contact Robert H. Humphrey at 401-816-5862 or e-mail him at rhh@rhumphreylaw.com.


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Micromax A110 Canvas 2 is dual-SIM phablet with Android Jelly Bean. It has a 5" IPS LCD capacitive screen with pixel density of about 196 PPI. The Canvas 2 boasts of an 8 MP back camera and a VGA front camera. The phone is powered with a 1 GHz dual-core Mediatek processor. The device has 512 MB RAM, 4 GB of ROM, further expandable up-to 32 GB. It supports dual-SIM 3G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, A-GPS & MicroUSB. The phone runs on 2000 mAh Li-Ion battery..
Micromax A110 Canvas 2 Price starts at Rs. 9,299.
Micromax A110 Canvas 2 runs on 1.2 GHz quad-core MediaTek MT6589 processor based on Cortex-A9. It has 1 GB RAM and 4 GB internal storage, which can be expanded upto 32 GB. It has accelerometer and proximity sensors.
The device which is price under Rs. 10000 features a 5-inch IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen with WVGA (480 x 854 pixels) resolution and 196 pixels per inch density.
The inspiration for the design of the Micromax A110 Canvas 2 seems to have been borrowed from Google Nexus devices. It has similar curved edges. The phone's back has a matte finish which makes it fingerprint resistant.
The phone sports an 8-megapixel camera with dual-LED flash, autofocus and geo-tagging. It can record 3GP videos and click pictures of 3264 x 2448 pixels resolution. The device also features a VGA front camera.
In terms of multimedia, the device supports playback of all the common video and audio formats. The phone also features an FM radio.
The Canvas 2 runs on Android v4.1 (Jelly Bean). The messaging features of the device include SMS, MMS, push mail and Gmail. Apart from the common Android apps like Google Search, Maps and google Play Store, the device comes preloaded with Hookup , Mizone , Mistore and Mi buddy.
The phone houses 2000 mAh Li-Ion which can promises talk time of 5 hours.
In terms of connectivity, the Canvas 2 supports Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi Hotspot, HSDPA (21 mbps), HSUPA (5.76 mbps), GPRS, EDGE, Bluetooth v3.0 and MicroUSB v2.0.
All in one, at very affordable price. Micromax is offering so many features at very cheap price. People should start trusting this Indian companies rather than other brands. No resale value as of now, it has IPS touch and amazing camera at this price, very fast and very attractive design, you cannot figure out from distance whether it is Samsung S3 or Canvas 2.
Don't buy, this mobile has lot of problems 1.display resolution, 2.China headphone, 3.battery life is normal, 4.heating, 5.error:force close/unfortunately game stopped.


Meaning and definitions of wish, translation in Urdu language for wish with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of wish in Urdu and in English language.
What wish means in Urdu, wish meaning in Urdu, wish definition, examples and pronunciation of wish in Urdu language.


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