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Peter Van Buren: Whistleblowers, Moral Injury, and Endless War
Posted on May 22, 2017 by Jerri-Lynn Scofield
By Peter Van Buren, who blew the whistle on State Department waste and mismanagement during the Iraqi reconstruction in We Meant Well: How I Helped Lose the Battle for the Hearts and Minds of the Iraqi People. He writes about current events at We Meant Well. His newest book, Hooper's War: A Novel of WWII Japan, has just been published. Originally published at TomDispatch
"My guilt will never go away," former Marine Matthew Hoh explained to me. "There is a significant portion of me that doesn't believe it should be allowed to go away, that this pain is fair."
If America accepts the idea of fighting endless wars, it will have to accept something else as well: that the costs of war are similarly endless. I'm thinking about the trillions of dollars, the million or more "enemy" dead (a striking percentage of them civilians), the tens of thousands of American combat casualties, those 20 veteran suicides each day, and the diminished lives of those who survive all of that. There's that pain, carried by an unknown number of women and men, that won't disappear, ever, and that goes by the label "moral injury."
The Lasting Pain of War
When I started Hooper's War, a novel about the end of World War II in the Pacific, I had in mind just that pain. I was thinking — couldn't stop thinking, in fact — about what really happens to people in war, combatants and civilians alike. The need to tell that story grew in large part out of my own experiences in Iraq, where I spent a year embedded with a combat unit as a U.S. State Department employee, and where I witnessed, among so many other horrors, two soldier suicides.
The new book began one day when Facebook retrieved photos of Iraqi children I had posted years ago, with a cheery "See Your Memories" caption on them. Oh yes, I remembered. Then, on the news, I began seeing places in Iraq familiar to me, but this time being overrun by Islamic State militants or later being re-retaken with the help of another generation of young Americans. And I kept running into people who'd been involved in my war and were all too ready to share too many drinks and tell me too much about what I was already up all too many nights thinking about.
As these experiences morphed first into nightmares and then into the basis for research, I found myself speaking with more veterans of more wars who continued to suffer in ways they had a hard time describing, but which they wrestled with everyday. I realized that I understood them, even as they seemed to be trying to put their feelings into words for the first time. Many of them described how they had entered the battle zones convinced that "we're the good guys," and then had to live with the depth of guilt and shame that followed when that sense didn't survive the test of events.
Sometimes they were remarkably articulate, sometimes anything but. It seemed not to matter which war we were talking about — or whether I was reading a handwritten diary from the Korean War, an oral history of the Pacific War, or an old bestseller about a conflict ironically labeled "the Good War." The story always seemed to be the same: decisions made in seconds that lasted lifetimes, including the uncomfortable balancing of morality and expediency in situations in which a soldier might believe horrific acts like torture could save lives or had to accept civilian casualties in pursuit of military objectives. In war, you were always living in a world in which no action seemed ideal and yet avoiding acting was often inconceivable.
PTSD and Moral Injury
Matthew Hoh, that former Marine, now a veterans advocate, introduced me to the phrase "moral injury," though the term is usually attributed to clinical psychiatrist Jonathan Shay. He coined it in 1991 while working for the Department of Veterans Affairs.
We are, of course, beings with a complex sense of right and wrong, which can be messed with in disastrous ways. There are boundaries inside us that can't be crossed without a great price being paid. Though the term moral injury is fairly new, especially outside military circles, the idea is as old as war. When people sent into conflict find their sense of right and wrong tested, when they violate deeply held convictions by doing something (such as killing a civilian in error) or failing to do something (such as not reporting a war crime), they suffer an injury to their core being.
Examples of this phenomenon are relatively commonplace in popular culture. Think of scenes from Tim O'Brien's iconic Vietnam War book, The Things They Carried, William Manchester's World War II odyssey, Goodbye Darkness, William Styron's Sophie's Choice, or films like William Wyler's The Best Years of Our Lives and Oliver Stone's Platoon.
You can find similar examples as far back as the Iliad and as recently as late last night. Lisa Ling, for instance, was a former Air Force technical sergeant who worked in America's armed drone program before turning whistleblower. She was perhaps typical when she told the makers of the documentary film National Bird that, in helping carry out drone strikes which killed people across the globe by remote control, "I lost part of my humanity."
Once upon a time, society expressed skepticism or worse toward such formulations, calling those who emerged visibly suffering from the acts of war "cowards" or dismissing them as fakes and frauds. Yet today post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a widely acknowledged condition that can be identified by MRI tests.
PTSD and moral injury often occur together. "I think having both PTSD and moral injury are the normal things for us," Ling says of those in the drone program. Moral injury, however, takes place at the intersection of psychology and spirituality, and so is, in a sense, all in someone's head. When experiencing moral injury, a person wields guilt and/or shame as a self-inflicted penalty for a choice made. PTSD is more physical, more fear-based, and often a more direct response to an event or events witnessed in war.
Think of it this way: PTSD is more likely to result from seeing something terrible, moral injury from doing something terrible.
Civilians, Too
Moral injury doesn't just affect soldiers, but civilians, too. Noncombatants are not just victims or targets, but often complex participants in war. This reality led me, as my book developed, to interview now-elderly Japanese who had experienced World War II as children. They described the horrific choices they faced, even at a young age. In a wartime landscape of hunger, survival often depended on small, grim acts that would never be forgotten.
Sometimes, I sensed in talking to them, as in interviewing former soldiers, that the psychic injuries of wartime don't end until the sufferers do. Moral injury turns out to be a debt that often can never be repaid.
Those survivors of the end of the war in Japan who got the food necessary to live had to pay a price for knowing what happened to those who didn't. In a landscape ravaged by war, just because something wasn't your fault doesn't mean it won't be your responsibility. An act as simple as which of her children a mother offered a disappearing supply of water to first could mean the difference between life and death. And though, in truth, it might have been impossible in such circumstances and at such an age to know that you were responsible for the death of your sister or brother, 70 years later you might still be thinking about it with an almost unbearable sense of guilt.
And here's a small footnote: Did you know that it's possible to sit quietly on a Tokyo park bench in 2017, perfectly aware of whose distant relatives and countrymen dropped the bombs that took away the water that forced that mother to make that decision, and still shamefully continue taking notes, saying nothing as you witness someone else's breakdown?
The Trip Back
What help can there be for something so human?
There are, of course, the bad answers, all too often including opioids and alcohol. But sufferers soon learn that such substances just send the pain off to ambush you at another moment, and yet, as many told me, you may still look forward to the morning's first throat-burning shot of something strong. Drinking and drugs have a way, however temporarily, of wiping out hours of pain that may stretch all the way back to the 1940s. You drink in the dark places, even after you understand that in the darkness you can see too much.
Tragically, suicide is never far from moral injury. The soul isn't that big a place.
One former soldier told me he's never forgiven his neighbor for talking him out of going into the garage with his rifle. Another said the question wasn't why he might commit suicide, but why he hadn't. Someone I met knows vets who have a "designated driver," a keeper not of the car keys but of their guns during emotional rough patches.
The Department of Veterans Affairs counts a stunning average of 20 veteran suicides a day in America. About 65% of those are individuals 50 years old or older with little or no exposure to the country's twenty-first-century conflicts. No one tracks the suicide rate for civilians who survive war, but it's hard to imagine that it isn't high as well. The cause of all those self-inflicted deaths can't, of course, be traced to any one thing, but the pain that grows out of moral injury is patient.
For such sufferers, however, progress is being made, even if the trip back is as complex as the individual. The Department of Veterans Affairs now acknowledges moral injury and its effects, and in 2014 Syracuse University created the Moral Injury Project to bring together vets, doctors, and chaplains to work on how to deal with it. In the meantime, psychologists are developing diagnostic assessment tools for what some call "soul repair."
One effective path back seems to be through helping patients sort out just what happened to them and, when it comes to remembered transgressions, what part of those may be their own responsibility (though not necessarily their own fault). What doesn't work, according to Matthew Hoh, is trying to convince veterans who view themselves as damaged that, in the present American manner, they are really heroes.
Others suffering moral injury may try to deal with it by seeking forgiveness.
Lisa Ling, for example, traveled to Afghanistan, with a desire to truly grasp her role in a drone program that regularly killed its victims from thousands of miles away. To her surprise, during an encounter with the relatives of some civilian victims of such drone strikes, they forgave her. "I didn't ask for forgiveness," Ling told me, referring to what she had done in the drone program, "because what I did was unforgivable."
Killing by remote control requires many hands. Ling worked on databases and IT networking. Analysts studied the information in those databases to recommend humans to target. Sensor operators manipulated lasers to pinpoint where a drone pilot would eventually slam his missile home for the kill.
"Like all of us," she added, "I spent time on the mission floor, or at briefings where I saw and heard devastating things, or blatant lies, but to actually connect my individual work to single events wasn't possible due to the diffusion of responsibility. For sensor operators, it is more like stepping on ants. For analysts, they get to know people over time. As watchers and listeners they describe an intimacy that comes with predictably knowing their family patterns. Kissing the kids, taking children to school, and then seeing these same people die."
Moral Injury and Whistleblowers.
Another way back is for the sufferer to try to rebalance the internal scales a little by making amends of some sort. In the case of moral injury, this can often mean drawing a line between who one was then and who one might be now. Think of it as an attempt to re-inscribe those internal borders that were transgressed so long ago.
Perhaps not so surprisingly, the connections between moral injury and whistleblowing, like those between moral injury and suicide, appear to run deep.
For example, Iraq War whistleblower Chelsea Manning's decision to leak video of civilian deaths caused by members of the U.S. military may have been her version of amends, driven by guilt over silently witnessing war crimes. Among the acts she saw, for instance, was a raid on a printing facility that had been billed as an al-Qaeda location but wasn't. The U.S. military had, in fact, been tricked into shutting down the work of political opponents of Iraq's then-prime minister Nouri al-Maliki. Until Manning finally tells her story, this remains speculative, but I was at the same forward operating base in Iraq as she was and know what happened and how it affected me, as well as the others around us.
Whistleblowers (and I was one of them) talk of conscience, of a realization that we were part of something that was wrong. Jonathan Shay suggests that the failure of moral agency does not have to rest with the individual alone. It can involve witnessing a betrayal of "what's right" by a person in legitimate authority.
That part of moral injury could help explain one of the most significant whistleblowers of our time. In talking about his reasons for blowing the whistle, Edward Snowden invoked questions of right and wrong when it came to the actions of senior American government officials. It would be a worthy question to put to Snowden: How much guilt and shame — the hallmarks of moral injury — do you retain from having been part of the surveillance state, and how much was your whistleblowing driven by trying to rid yourself of it?
After all, for those suffering from moral injury, the goal is always the same: to somehow reclaim the good parts of oneself and to accept — but not be eternally defined by — what one did or didn't do.
I know, because for me, this is so much more than fiction.
My War at Home
"You mean that Vietnam helicopter thing?" A well-meaning family doctor asked me this when I got back from Iraq in 2010, referring to the way some vets react to the sound of a helicopter, sending them "back to the jungle." No, no, far more than that, I responded, and told him a little about my sorry role in administering reconstruction projects in Iraq and how it left me more interested in vodka than my family. That was my own personal taste of moral injury, of a deeply felt failure to accomplish any of the good I'd hoped to do, let down by senior leaders I once believed in. It's why I tell the story in Hooper's War in reverse order, opening with a broken Nate Hooper in his late eighties finally finding a form of redemption for the events of a few weeks at war when he was 18. By moving toward an innocent boy as far away in rural Ohio as one can be from war, I felt I was working through my own experience of the damage war causes deep inside the self.
In tallying the costs of war, what's the price of a quick death versus a slow one? A soldier who leaves his brains on the wall in the den two decades after his war ended or one whose body remains untouched but who left his mind 10,000 miles away?
The price of endless war is beyond calculation. As our wars continue to morph and roll on, the costs — financial, emotional, and in blood — only pile up as the men and women who have been welcomed home as if it were all over continue to be torn apart. The nasty conclusion on the scales of moral injury: that our endless conflicts may indeed have left our society, one that just can't stop itself from making war, among the casualties.
This entry was posted in Banana republic, Globalization, Guest Post, Middle East, Politics on May 22, 2017 by Jerri-Lynn Scofield.
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ChrisFromGeorgia May 22, 2017 at 7:23 am
We're all war criminals now.
witters May 22, 2017 at 8:09 am
Jim A May 22, 2017 at 7:47 am
When most people imagine the stress of combat, they think that it is the risk of being killed that causes it. And that does cause considerable stress. But people don't tend to think about how stressful killing is. When you listen to the stories of veterans, the ones that stand out as the most remembered and stressful are those of killing somebody.
RenoDino May 22, 2017 at 8:41 am
We have a volunteer military. In exchange for soldiers' willingness to obey all orders, they are issued a license to kill strangers in foreign lands as situations arise. This rare and exceptional power is what attacks many to the military. Only later, after the fact, do some realize they were not suited to carry out their primary directive. The above article seeks to establish blame for this state of affairs by calling out the "stupid, endless wars" our country regularly engages in. Thus, it seems, the quality of a particular war becomes the issue and how it was carried out signals a defect in our society.
Ii seems everyone has unrealistic expectations about what war can accomplish, from the soldier to the general to the President. This is what causes war in the first place. Everyone, it seems, is always in search of a "good" war. These good wars generally occur with the same frequency as double yolked eggs, not very often.
Most wars are just plain senseless. Here is where messaging comes in. Our country, which is an Empire, is failing in its duty to properly contextualize our military campaigns and bring them into focus as part of an objective to establish and maintain a unipolar world. Simply saying we are exceptional and indispensable is not enough to make sense of the senseless. Soldiers need to know they are part of an vast imperial project and all their missions advance the cause of Empire. Subjugating people in distant lands is not the same as rescuing them. Dominating them is the primary goal. Those at the other end of the spear can decide for themselves if they want it make hard or easy on themselves. For those who choose the easy way out, we have a cultural bounty waiting for them of fast food, rock music and unbridled sexual freedom. Any sane person would say, "sign me up." For those who choose the hard way, they should be viewed as necessary examples of what happens when the Empire does not get its way.
Our wars are part of a vast over-arching plan to create not just one, but many American centuries. If our solders understood their mission in this context and were rewarded in kind, they would not be ambiguous about what their mission accomplished no matter what the circumstances.
And please don't tell me we should just stop all this nonsense and become Iceland. The train has left the station.
Anon May 22, 2017 at 11:12 am
You make some very creditable comments on the senselessness of war. But then you seem to be rationalizing war. You note that "saying we are exceptional and indispensable is not enough to make sense of the senseless" but conclude that "If our solders understood their mission in this context and were rewarded in kind, they would not be ambiguous about what their mission accomplished" and then "please don't tell me we should just stop all this nonsense and become Iceland. The train has left the station."
1. Do you think that the US is in fact "exceptional and indispensable" in having "fast food, rock music and unbridled sexual freedom"?
2. Do you think that therefore the US should be "subjugating people in distant lands" and killing millions for those supposed advantages?
3. Do you blame the victims because they can simply "decide for themselves if they want it make hard or easy on themselves"?
4. Do you think that the only alternative to US genocides is to "become Iceland"?
5. Do you think that opposition to US genocides should be suppressed because "The train has left the station"?
That ends up sounding like the same excuses for murder, the same Koolaid that these veterans drank before their conscience awakened to reality.
Surely that is not what you meant to say.
RenoDino May 22, 2017 at 6:14 pm
Empires are a fact of life wether anyone likes them or not. There are many models for Empire.
No one is exactly alike.
America has been very successful in establishing it's own unique footprint around the globe. The goal for all Empires is ultimately the same. Subjugation. Engaging in genocide comes with the territory. This is the path we have chosen. Please be advised this is who we are. I have not seen an alternative to this American model in my lifetime when push comes to shove. When things don't go our way, we go all in. Our paid mercenaries need to be given the facts. This will help them decide if they can live with the outcomes, personally and professionally.
No alternatives to the current situation are presently viable. The unwinding of an Empire is always drenched in blood so anyone suggesting an alternative needs to consider the downside.
redleg May 22, 2017 at 2:02 pm
As a former Army Officer, I can assure you that soldiers are obligated to obey lawful orders, not all orders. However not everyone has the courage to say no (or the equivalent). Soldiers are also obligated to stop ongoing war crimes, which also takes a hefty amount of courage.
Of course, no good deed goes unpunished.
RBHoughton May 22, 2017 at 8:26 pm
I believe there is a limit to loyalty but its not something that is ever discussed in military circles. Its a proper subject for an international conference, indeed Canada held such an event 30+ years ago and published the findings in a slim booklet "The Limits of Loyalty" but they never got the military on board.
These hidden costs of the militarization of society – suicides of vets, dissemination of weapons knowledge to the general public, increased tendency to approve violent solutions to every problem – this is the downside to the stock market profits of Lockheed and the rest.
a different chris May 22, 2017 at 10:12 am
I, uh, this is tricky for a total non-combatant like me to talk about. It seems like Mr. VanBuren is fighting himself in this very article. What anguishes me is the double-edged sword of this:
>to bring together vets, doctors, and chaplains to work on how to deal with it. In the meantime, psychologists are developing diagnostic assessment tools for what some call "soul repair."
So there might be a day where we can send poor, no-prospects (because nobody but the top 4%'s children will have any prospects) Johnny down to a room in the center of town where he can, with another order of magnitude of visual resolution compared to today, blow people far away up. Before or after they kiss their spouse on the way out the door. After say 10 years of this, we can "fix" him and safely send him out into the crowds.
I do NOT want these people to suffer. But it seems Mr. Hoh and Ms. Ling have a much more nuanced view about this, unlike the author, who still has hopes of personal solace.
sierra7 May 22, 2017 at 9:36 pm
(From a more than 5 year vet…..one year NG late 1940's; 4 years 1950-54 Navy…….)
I also was amazed at the seeming conclusions that we have to bring a better "message" to those vets when they face the total destruction of their own minds and beings after witnessing the horrors of killing others. "We just need a better message". You've got to be kidding me!
shinola May 22, 2017 at 11:18 am
A link from the article that I found interesting. From 2014, but it could have been written yesterday:
http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/175912/tomgram%3A_rory_fanning,_why_do_we_keep_thanking_the_troops/
"Thank you for your service". Gawd, how I hate that phrase. I have never uttered it & doubt that I ever will. When I meet a vet. from the Gulf wars, I think "You poor dumb s.o.b." (the overwhelming majority are males) Of course, in most settings, it would be asking for trouble if I said that out loud.
I wish I could grab every young person considering joining the military by the lapels & scream at him/her "If you didn't volunteer, they couldn't have their wars".
I do understand though, with a crapified economy providing fewer & fewer opportunities, the military looks like a possible way forward for many. (They, TPTB, wouldn't be creating this situation deliberately would they? Nah, that's just too foily…)
Dead Dog May 22, 2017 at 4:39 pm
I think people keep thanking the troops as it helps to assuage their own collective guilt.
Great piece by the way. 20 suicides a day? Exceptional
Jeremy Grimm May 22, 2017 at 12:00 pm
Reading this post recalled to me an NC link from a some weeks ago: [https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/03/30/when-warriors-put-on-the-badge#.fVEDRtVzA]
[NC: http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2017/03/links-33017-2.html in Police State Watch: "When Warriors Put On the Badge"]
This link reports on the Marshall Project which studies our police. I was struck by this tidbit:
"Most law enforcement agencies, because of factors including a culture of machismo and a number of legal restraints, do little or no mental health screening for cops who return from military deployment, and provide little in the way of treatment." — further elaborated in the link text.
I think it lends a sense of anticipation and excitement to any possible future encounters with those who serve and protect.
"Most law enforcement agencies, because of factors including a culture of machismo and a number of legal restraints, do little or no mental health screening for cops who return from military deployment, and provide little in the way of treatment."
And, that's just the way the US law enforcement agencies want it!
Chauncey Gardiner May 22, 2017 at 12:35 pm
Powerful post. The first precept of Sun Tzu in The Art of War is "The Moral Law". This applies to both the moral justification for the war itself and to conduct within a war.
Along with the list of war crimes, this raises a question whether those who have sustained "moral injury" are themselves victims of a war crime, regardless of which side of the conflict they are on, as well as whether an entire population are to be considered victims of an immoral war that is initiated under false pretenses or is unjustly initiated, regardless of which side of a conflict they are on?
Particularly appreciated Van Buren's concluding sentence, as it pertains.
local to oakland May 22, 2017 at 6:53 pm
See also Just War theory, closer to home.
I also very much appreciated the article. In light of the depth of the issue, it feels presumptuous to say more.
JEHR May 22, 2017 at 12:52 pm
I recently listened to a CBC podcast on whistle blowers in Canada. They are not treated very well but there is a report being made that may be an incentive for the government to produce good protective legislation for whistle blowers.
nonsense factory May 22, 2017 at 1:15 pm
Soldiers are recruited into the military on the pretext of defending democracy and freedom. (Incidentally, this is also how scientific experts in weapons of mass destruction and weapons of mass surveillance are also recruited).
What they tend to find, after being in the system for a while, is that they're actually the front line of a global imperial system which does the opposite – it is aimed at preventing client states of the U.S. from becoming independent democracies, and aimed at overthrowing weak foreign governments and turning them into client states, aka "puppet regimes" such as Saudi Arabia (which noone can honestly view as a bastion of democracy and freedom). This gives rise to the phenomenon of 'cognitive dissonance' – it's all a lie. U.S. claims about promoting democracy and human rights around the world are lies; if we really were interested in this, we'd pass laws banning military cooperation with countries that don't meet basic democratic standards (Saudi Arabia, Israel, Turkey, Qatar, UAE, Ethiopia, Honduras, etc.)
Now, at the same time, all countries rely on military forces to protect their borders; so, why can't the American military move to a model in which this is their primary duty? This would entail closing the majority of foreign military bases, and relying on cooperation with other countries and diplomacy instead of military force to resolve international conflicts. It would also mean soldiers wouldn't have their lives and minds sacrificed so some Wall Street bank could keep pulling down billions in oil revenue payments from a corrupt Third World dictatorships.
Very importantly, such a shift to a multipolar world would enable steep cuts in military spending, freeing up hundreds of billions of dollars in tax dollars, which are needed to repair American infrastructure, as well as finance public health and education programs, which would lift the United States out of the bottom ranks of industrialized nations when it comes to infrastructure, health and education.
This would mean the end of superpower/Empire status for the United States, but so what? In the future, negotations between states will be based on business deals and diplomatic talks, not on military invasions and covert regime change programs.
shinola May 22, 2017 at 3:13 pm
"This would mean the end of superpower/Empire status for the United States, but so what?"
That's just crazy talk…/s
PKMKII May 22, 2017 at 1:19 pm
Talking about the now-elderly survivors of WWII in Japan made me think of Grave of the Fireflies. Amazing movie, must-see, but brutal for the soul to watch. Most people assume Isao Takahata made it as a pure anti-war film, but really his motivation was that he felt the Japanese public had become too dismissive and forgetful of what that generation went through in the waning days of WWII. It was a harsh reminder of that moral injury.
And that was a country, only 40 years removed from the events, that had never experienced a loss like that before. Which does not bode well for America, for whom true, total loss, occupied instead of occupier, is not even in their lexicon. Much too easy for us to either drown the sight of that moral injury in jingoism and patriotic thought-terminating cliches, or interpret that pain as a machismo-booster, fuel for so much more toxic masculinity.
Akskier May 22, 2017 at 2:01 pm
Nice discussion of war's impact on soldiers. Suspect A. Hitler's WW1 trench experiences desensitized him to brutality. The Versailles Treaty's vengeful enslavement of Germans also arose in a morally blighted postwar milieu. Lit the fuse and provided the Weimar tinder for Hitler's ascent to power. Epic tragedy. War clearly solves nothing. But it can be profitable.
robnume May 22, 2017 at 9:29 pm
Although I read this post elsewhere a few days ago, I commend you, Jerri-Lynn, for making it available to everyone here at NC. It's a real must read.
Great links today, as well. Thank you.
robnume May 22, 2017 at 10:01 pm
Speaking of survivor civilian suicides after an attack, which this article does, I hope that everyone will watch Roberto Rossellini's great movie on this subject, "Germany, Anno Zero."
I was good friends with that directors son, Gil, in Houston, Texas during the late 1970's. We used to watch it together often.
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Video: Durham Region man wanted after Toronto armed robbery
Durham | Ajax | Clarington | Oshawa | Pickering | Whitby | Crime | Latest News |
By Liam McConnell
Published January 23, 2023 at 3:34 pm
A man from Durham Region is wanted after a robbery in Toronto last summer.
Around 8 p.m. on July 29, 2022, three masked men entered a store on Kennedy Rd. and McNicoll Ave. in the Heathwood neighbourhood of Scarborough.
Around 15 people including customers and workers were in the store when the men arrived. One of the suspects pulled a pistol on the crowd while the other two ordered everyone to the floor.
The man with the gun pointed his weapon at the employees and echoed the demands for everyone to get on the ground. The trio went to the cash register and took an unspecified amount of money. They also snatched a purse from one of the employees.
The three then ran from the store leaving everyone inside physically unhurt.
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Environmental work for project on Oshawa's First Avenue approved
Months later, on Jan. 23 Toronto Police announced they had identified a suspect of the robbery.
Ibrahim Mohammed, 22 of Durham Region, is wanted on three charges including;
robbery with a firearm
disguise with intent, and
conspiracy to commit indictable offence
Police describe Mohammed as five-foot-nine with a medium build and short curly hair. He is possibly unshaven. Mohammed is considered armed and dangerous, police say and should be avoided if seen.
Anyone who spots Mohammed should call 911 immediately. Anyone with information about the robbery can call Toronto Police at 1-416-808-7350 or Crime Stoppers anonymously at 1-416-222-TIPS (8477).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As a business in an increasingly digital landscape, it's important that you are able to quickly and accurately gather important data related to the needs and desires of your target market and use it to make educated decisions in your field. Web based market research allows you to do this in a way that gathers vital data from a number of online resources for real time analysis of what matters most to your customers.
Outsource2india offers comprehensive web based market research services for businesses around the globe. From medium sized businesses to international corporations are eager to better understand the impact of their branding efforts online. We offer comprehensive qualitative primary research and quantitative primary research for businesses in many major industries.
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Computer aided telephone interviews are a powerful and highly effective means of generating large volumes of data from your target audience and existing customers without the expense of manually operating a survey.
To develop a CATI survey for your business we will develop an objective brief and survey draft, then a call script and lead list with which to start contacting prospects. We have the resources and technology already in place to conduct these telephone interviews and can work with you to customize the process to fit your specific market. Most often, CATI surveys are used to better understand how your products and services are perceived in contrast to those of your competitors and what issues your competitors may be concerned about.
Secondary market research involves analyzing large volumes of data from secondary sources online. Web based market research can be done rapidly - almost in real time - because of the plethora of resources available including social media, organic search results and online news sources.
Whatever your web based marketing needs, contact the experts of Outsource2india today and learn more about what we can do for you. From organizing and executing complex primary research to digging into a vast array of information both online and offline, we have the experience needed to provide the data you are looking for about your target audience.


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Content: From Boring to Engaging
"There really is no such thing as a boring subject. Just boring, unimaginative writers."
— Ben Hart
Content. A concept that seems so basic and simple that trips up even the best industry professionals. There's always one question that pops up when writing for more informative pieces: "How do I make this content interesting and engaging?" Nearly every writer has come across this problem at one point or another. What separates the strong writers from the weak is simply mindset. With so many options to embrace and rise to this challenge, no content should ever be "boring." Consider the following ways to take your content from boring to engaging!
LOOK FOR THE UNEXPECTED ANGLE
When a certain topic has been written about many times over, it's hard to make your content seem fresh and original. Try going a little deeper into your knowledge base and research the topic to discover a potentially unexpected angle. When you can offer up new information or a new perspective to a subject that has been thoroughly exhausted, you're not only bringing more eyes to the topic at hand, but showing that you are an authority or expert on the subject.
SIMPLIFY THE TEXT
Since "boring" is such a commonplace word that gets thrown around with various meanings, it's hard to pinpoint just what constitutes "boring text." One way to do this is to simplify the text. If you're talking about a convoluted medical procedure or tax form, chances are the average reader won't know what you're writing about if you continuously use language and verbiage that is out of their wheelhouse. By simplifying the language, you're bringing the engagement value of your words up, making it possible for the mass majority of readers to comprehend your article.
People love a good story. Sometimes, readers want to engage more with the writer than what was written. They want to get to know the writer on a personal level to help connect with the content. While this may be harder to do for some material like business, finance, or medical text, it can be done. Is there a specific tax form you're trying to explain? Maybe you or someone you know needed to fill it out. You can pull from that story, answering any questions that may pop up ahead of time.
USE GRAPHICS
Images are one of the best mediums to engage an audience. Bright colors, crisp photos, and clear messaging can help shed a little engagement light on even the driest content. It's all how you dress it up. If you have information that would be better served as an infographic, create one instead of boring the reader with big chunks of text. This helps make it easier for the reader to digest the information as well as make the post or article look great.
At the end of the day, there's only so much you can do to make text seem less "boring." If you've already tried a handful of tricks and are still struggling to meet what you deem to be "engaging," just keep the content short and sweet and to the point. The last thing you want to do is to go on and on, rambling about a topic that already has trouble keeping an audience engaged.
With these tips and tricks under your belt, you will have no problem turning dry content into engaging content, whether you're writing for yourself or for a client!
ContentMegan Stewart July 15, 2017 writing, content, subject, topic, engagement, tricksComment
Want the Best Content? Do Your Research!
ContentMegan Stewart July 24, 2017 content, writing, research, trending, questions, engagement
Deliver Your Message Effectively
ContentMegan Stewart June 21, 2017 blogging, writing, ads, message, information
© 2016-2019 Megan Stewart. All Rights Reserved.


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June 25 — To the Editor:
Concerning my son, Colin Gagnon, and his work on building a hiking trail for the town of North Hampton, I have tried to limit my talks with the press and control my anger at remarks made against my son since March. I did not want this to be a battle in the press or cause harm to my son or the Boy Scouts.
I have reached my limit, though, and feel some distortions need to be corrected. To be frank, as a leader of young boys, I have been appalled by remarks made by some leaders of this community. As a parent, I am furious, and it is as a parent that I write this letter.
As a Boy Scout, Colin learned what it means to help others and give back to the community. For his Eagle project, he came up with an idea to do just that. He worked throughout the winter, and with the help of fellow Scouts built a trail system on newly acquired town property.
He scouted the land, laid out a trail system, cut brush, bushes and trees. He persuaded other Scouts to help him build four bridges for crossing streams, set up trail markers throughout the trail system that he created and had a large entrance sign designed and created by a local company at a sharply reduced price.
There were many times during the winter he worked on the trail at night using camping lanterns. All of this while going through senior year at Winnacunnet, where he is an honor student, and working hard to get into college.
Concerning this project, several misunderstandings need to be corrected. The troop Scout master and I attended the conservation meeting in question, not to discuss the project, but to discuss inappropriate actions made against a Scout by members of the Conservation Committee.
When Colin completed his project just before his 18th birthday, he also agreed to make some changes and additions requested by the committee. At that time, Colin and I felt it was most effective to make these changes (clearing some stumps, painting trail markers different colors, perform some cleanup) after the snow melted and the ground thawed. Colin was so proud of his work he probably would have agreed to put up street lights if it was requested.
Shortly after Colin's birthday, Mr. Ganotis and Colin had e-mail and phone discussions concerning the trail. Later, Mr. Ganotis made statements that Colin was nonresponsive to his e-mail. Based on Mr. Ganotis' own e-mail log, it was determined Colin had not replied to one e-mail. Two days after sending that e-mail, Mr. Ganotis and other members of the council went out to the people in the community complaining about Colin, stating he was failing on his promises and questioning whether he should be receiving his Eagle.
Mr. Ganotis also immediately wrote a letter to the Boy Scout Council highly critical of Colin and clearly recommending against him getting his Eagle. There were several incorrect statements made in this letter to council. An example was his complaint that Colin had put part of the trail on private property. Colin had laid out his proposed trail system to the Conservation Committee before building it, even overlaying it on an aerial photo.
Also, Mr. Ganotis walked the proposed trail route several times with Colin. Yet it was not until after the trails were built and several days before his 18th birthday that Mr. Ganotis told Colin there was a mistake and part of the trail was on private property. It was Mr. Ganotis' responsibility to identify the conservation property lines and communicate that to Colin.
This was an understandable error by Mr. Ganotis, as it was a newly acquired property. His reaction, though, was to place blame on the boy, claiming it was his fault for not understanding the property lines and that he was failing in his project by not immediately removing the trail markers from that property.
At no time during these attacks against Colin did Mr. Ganotis attempt to contact the leadership of the troop. We did not find out about these actions until after they were done. These personal attacks against a teenage boy is inappropriate, and as a Scout leader, it was my job to make the conversation board aware that these actions were wrong.
This was done at their monthly meeting. I had no intention of this going any further. If the board did not understand the ramifications of their actions, there was little more I could do. Unfortunately, some town leaders decided to attempt to suppress the video tape of the session. Their claim was to protect the boy's reputation. It is clear it was not Colin's reputation these town leaders were concerned about.
As of June 23, Colin was scheduled to present before the Eagle Board of Review, as all Eagle candidates must do. He knew he had made mistakes but wanted the opportunity to present his case. His mistakes, though, were not with the trail work but on the Eagle paper work required for the Boy Scout Council.
On the evening of June 23, I received a phone message from the Boy Scout Council stating Colin's review board had been canceled and won't happen at this point. The Council is currently reviewing the case to determine whether to allow a Board of Review.
The Boy Scouts are about developing boys into leaders and understanding the value of giving to and supporting their community. I am thankful to the Boy Scouts for instilling this sense of dedication into both of my sons. An Eagle is a high honor, but does not make the man.
Eagle or not, I am very proud of my sons and their contributions to this community.
Wayne Gagnon
Why has the price of gas kept climbing?
Back when I was growing up in the 1950s and '60s, Popular Mechanics had many articles about how backyard mechanics had been working on their own carburetor. They all had the same theme. These backyard mechanics would take their carburetors out of their vehicles to rework them. After completion, their cars would get up to 30 miles per gallon. Somewhere 40 to 50 miles per gallon.
The car company would come and give $100-$1,000 for the carburetor with the promise that they would develop them for market. They would only end up on a shelf somewhere.
In the late '70s early '80s, Chevy was selling Sprint, Chevette and Metros. They were getting 45—60 mpg. What has happened? Should we be asking, "Do backyard mechanics have more intelligence to be able to turn a 1968-69 Ford TD into a 50 mpg vehicle than engineers at the major auto manufactures of today?"
I suspect that it is much, much larger! I would suggest that big oil must still have ownership over the auto companies of America. Why else do our auto advertisers brag how they have cars with up to 30-35 mpg? They also brag how their hybrids get about 45 mpg. With oil becoming finite every day, why not ask for them to retrofit our cars with meaningful carburetor that get 60 mpg, and in two years have all new cars get up to 100 mpg. This would slow our consumption of big oil drastically. The oilmen would still get their riches.
Jack Cochrane
This is an open letter to the New Hampshire congressional delegation, Sens. Judd Gregg, and John Sununu and Reps. Carol Shea-Porter and Paul Hodes:
I have been increasingly bothered and upset by a series of reports in the media over the last year (both written and TV reporting) that are so in conflict with the verbiage pushed on us by almost every public official and member of the administration who is always using "support the troops" to mean give more money to the administration to further the illegal wars we have engaged in over the last six years.
The reports I refer to concern the expelling (pressured resignation) of thousands if not tens of thousands of U.S. military from service without benefits because of their having post traumatic stress disorder as a result of the nature of the war being fought and the way it was directed.
Added to this abuse are the reports of inadequate physical and mental help for those who are wounded in action.
This malicious and hypocritical approach by the administration to military personnel who have volunteered to serve their country is not understandable to me, especially with the self-serving "support the troops" liturgy.
Nor can I understand why the Congress has not investigated these reports, and if they are true, corrected the practice leading to them. It is no wonder that so many Americans are ashamed of our national behavior!
This country faces very grave problems for which action is needed immediately, including global climate change, dependence on fossil fuels, decaying infrastructure, trashing of our natural environment and its necessary rejuvenating systems, and so forth. We should be spending the trillions of dollars spent for these wars to solve those problems.
My intuition, backed up by many recent revelations by insiders, about the administration's actions over the last seven years, tells me that this mishandling of our troops has been orchestrated by individuals high up in the Bush administration, and that impeachment is called for in order to nullify the precedents set by this administration. History will not be kind to these eight years in America and the cowards that let it happen without objection. I use the loaded word "cowards" only because the top administration officials use it to prove their machismo and attempt to emasculate anyone who dares question their approach to handling the world.
We in this country have been systematically brainwashed by leadership about many things including the glory of war and patriotism. We have been acculturated to war as if it is inevitable. One is bombarded by these ideas from all our media on a daily basis (if one is able to rationally pay attention to what is being shown and said). And we all have read in the media about the "shame" of wearing or not wearing an American flag lapel pin as if that is what really matters. And yet we have skimped on treatment for those military who have been wounded physically and/or mentally by the "inhuman" conditions under which they are subjected.
As a result of military retirees, and other writers, and some good reporting (for a change) by the media, we now know that our intuitions about who really instructed the Abu Ghraib torture, who misdirected the Iraq war, who directed the exposing of a U.S. agent for spite, and what insane philosophy (and people) got us into these wars: the neo-conservatives.
That same intuition leads us to realize that the administration at high levels wants to save money on vet health care in order to continue the wars. With deep regret and sympathy for my country.
Filson H. Glanz


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This blog provides general information and discussion about medicine, health and related subjects. The words and other content provided in this blog, and in any linked materials, are not intended and should not be construed as medical advice. If the reader or any other person has a medical concern, he or she should consult with an appropriately-licensed physician or other health care worker.Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of some thing you have read on this blog or in any linked materials. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor immediately.


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E. Smith
Highly Influential Citations31
T. Stern
93 Publications, 2,626 Citations
J. Townend
S. Bannister
M. Reyners
Sampling and identifying allergenic pollens and molds
The interaction of phenobarbital and other anticonvulsants with oral contraceptive steroid therapy.
D. Back, M. Bates, +9 authors E. Smith
In a group of 5 women on long-term anticonvulsant and oral contraceptive therapy, the plasma ethynylestradiol (EE) concentration on 50 microgram EE daily was 11.1 +/- 4.5 pg/ml. These values were at… Expand
Principal component analysis and modeling of the subsidence of the shoreline of Lake Taupo, New Zealand, 1983–1999: Evidence for dewatering of a magmatic intrusion?
E. Smith, T. D. Williams, T. D. Williams, D. Darby
[1] Principal component analysis was applied to a set of relative water level measurements made at 22 sites around Lake Taupo, New Zealand, in 37 surveys during 1986–1996. Only a single mode was… Expand
Fluorine-18-FPCT: a PET radiotracer for imaging dopamine transporters.
M. Goodman, R. Keil, +14 authors J. Hoffman
Chemistry, Medicine
Journal of nuclear medicine : official…
UNLABELLED Fluorine-18-labeled 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-[-3-fluoropropyl) nortropane (FPCT) has been synthesized as a new dopamine transporter imaging agent. METHODS… Expand
Thymoglobulin, CYA and mycophenolate mofetil as GVHD prophylaxis for reduced-intensity unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation: beneficial effect seen on chronic GVHD
R. Rodríguez, A. Nademanee, +11 authors S. Forman
Crust-mantle structure of the central North Island, New Zealand, based on seismological observations
T. Stern, W. Stratford, +8 authors M. Salmon
Abstract Two geophysical features characterise the anomalous crust–mantle structure beneath central North Island of New Zealand: the apparent thinning of the felsic crust by a factor of at least 50%,… Expand
Sub-crustal earthquakes within the Australia–Pacific plate boundary zone beneath the Southern Alps, New Zealand
C. Boese, C. Boese, +4 authors E. Smith
Abstract Sub-crustal earthquakes have been observed sporadically for ∼40 years in the central South Island of New Zealand. We report on 20 events recorded between December 2008 and February 2012 near… Expand
THE EFFECTS OF ATROMID ON THE METABOLISM OF ADRENAL STEROIDS AND ON PLASMA LIPID FRACTIONS.
C. Berry, A. Moxham, E. Smith, A. Kellie, J. Nabarro
Journal of atherosclerosis research
Summary Short-term balance studies have been made on 3 subjects taking CPIB ester and Atromid (2.25 g/day). No changes were found in the overall balances of sodium, chloride, potassium or nitrogen.… Expand
The effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of ethynylestradiol in women.
D. Back, A. Breckenridge, +6 authors M. A. Watts
A single dose of Minovlar (50 microgram ethynylestradiol (EE) and 1 mg norethindrone acetate) was given to seven women during treatment with rifampicin (450-600 mg/day) and again one month after… Expand
A long-term follow-up report on allogeneic stem cell transplantation for patients with primary refractory acute myelogenous leukemia: impact of cytogenetic characteristics on transplantation outcome.
H. Fung, A. Stein, +24 authors S. Forman
Biology of blood and marrow transplantation…
The prognosis of patients with primary refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is poor. Our initial report suggested that some patients could achieve durable remission after allogeneic stem cell… Expand


The Indonesian government would find it difficult to maintain domestic consumption growth at 5 percent year-on-year (yoy) in 2017 if its fiscal and monetary policies continued to run at the current slow pace, an economist has said.
Center of Reform on Economics (CORE) executive director Mohammad Faisal said regarding fiscal policy that despite government expenditure being significantly higher than in 2015, disbursement was not stable, even showing signs of a slow down as growth had been negative 2.97 percent yoy in the third quarter.
"Government expenditure contribution to gross domestic product [GDP] growth might be small, only 7 to 8 percent, but it can greatly affect domestic consumption," he said during a media briefing in Jakarta on Tuesday, adding that the government's infrastructure projects had given local people substantial income for consumption.
In the monetary policy, he added, the transmission of Bank Indonesia (BI)'s reference rate cut to the banking industry was still slow. Banks still had problems improving non-performing loans and were trying to maintain profitability amid rate cuts.
Pemeringkat Efek Indonesia (Pefindo) economist Ahmad Mikail said that the transmission would take effect during the second or third quarter. Given that the monetary policy would be sluggish, the government had to accelerate spending in the first quarter to boost domestic consumption.
"The government must stimulate domestic consumption by spending early because we can not rely heavily on exports and investment next year," Mikail said.
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text:
Lu Tong (; ; 790–835), pseudonym Yuchuanzi (), was a  Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty, known for his lifelong study of Chinese tea culture. He never became an official, and is better known for his love of tea than his poetry.

Biography
Lu Tong, also called by the self-ascribed art name Yuchuanzi, was from the city of Jiyuan in the Chinese province of Henan.

Poetry
Lu Tong's Seven Bowls of Tea ((唐. 790~835)):

(Steven R. Jones 2008)

Penglai Island, or Mount Penglai, is a mythologic island where the immortals lived.

See also
 The Classic of Tea
 Tea
 History of tea in China
 Tea Classics

References

Works cited
"Chinese-English Tea Studies Terminology", (2010), Lu-Yu Tea Culture Institute, Co., Ltd,
 Lu Tong poem
 The Seven Cups of Tea, in English and Chinese

External links
Books of the Quan Tangshi that include collected poems of Lu Tong at the Chinese Text Project:
Book 387
Book 388
Book 389

790 births
835 deaths
9th-century Chinese poets
Lu clan of Fanyang
Poets from Henan
Tang dynasty poets
Writers from Jiyuan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia