text:
Late influenza vaccination is associated with reduced effectiveness
Gabriel Chodick, Anthony D. Heymann, Manfred S. Green, Ehud Kokia, Varda Shalev
Background.: Extensive research has been carried out to quantify the efficacy and immunologic responses to influenza immunization, however, only little was reported on whether the timing of vaccine administration affects its effectiveness. The study aims were to compare post-immunization hospitalization and mortality rates among high-risk patients who were vaccinated against influenza in different periods of autumn. Methods.: Data for the current population-based historical prospective study were obtained from a large health organization in Israel insuring 1,600,000 members. Study population (n = 68,166) included high-risk patients aged 55 and above, who were immunized against influenza between October and November 2003. Results.: Although at baseline, individuals vaccinated in late November (12-25/11/2003) were significantly younger and had lower burden of illness compared to those vaccinated in early October (1-13/10/2003), they had higher hospitalization rates and longer hospital stay during the following winter (December to March). They also had an increased risk for all-cause mortality (RR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.13-2.80). No such differences were observed during the following summer (April-August). Conclusions.: In countries where influenza generally peaks between December and early March, vaccines administered after mid-November might be less beneficial.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.02.009
Published - Jul 2006
10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.02.009
Dive into the research topics of 'Late influenza vaccination is associated with reduced effectiveness'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
vaccination Social Sciences 100%
contagious disease Social Sciences 87%
Human Influenza Medicine & Life Sciences 82%
Vaccination Medicine & Life Sciences 71%
Immunization Medicine & Life Sciences 37%
Vaccines Medicine & Life Sciences 33%
Chodick, G., Heymann, A. D., Green, M. S., Kokia, E., & Shalev, V. (2006). Late influenza vaccination is associated with reduced effectiveness. Preventive Medicine, 43(1), 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.02.009
Chodick, Gabriel ; Heymann, Anthony D. ; Green, Manfred S. et al. / Late influenza vaccination is associated with reduced effectiveness. In: Preventive Medicine. 2006 ; Vol. 43, No. 1. pp. 71-76.
@article{f29f944dad2f4bf096e2c2bdf6ea38ef,
title = "Late influenza vaccination is associated with reduced effectiveness",
abstract = "Background.: Extensive research has been carried out to quantify the efficacy and immunologic responses to influenza immunization, however, only little was reported on whether the timing of vaccine administration affects its effectiveness. The study aims were to compare post-immunization hospitalization and mortality rates among high-risk patients who were vaccinated against influenza in different periods of autumn. Methods.: Data for the current population-based historical prospective study were obtained from a large health organization in Israel insuring 1,600,000 members. Study population (n = 68,166) included high-risk patients aged 55 and above, who were immunized against influenza between October and November 2003. Results.: Although at baseline, individuals vaccinated in late November (12-25/11/2003) were significantly younger and had lower burden of illness compared to those vaccinated in early October (1-13/10/2003), they had higher hospitalization rates and longer hospital stay during the following winter (December to March). They also had an increased risk for all-cause mortality (RR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.13-2.80). No such differences were observed during the following summer (April-August). Conclusions.: In countries where influenza generally peaks between December and early March, vaccines administered after mid-November might be less beneficial.",
keywords = "Hospitalization, Influenza, Mortality, Timing, Vaccine",
author = "Gabriel Chodick and Heymann, {Anthony D.} and Green, {Manfred S.} and Ehud Kokia and Varda Shalev",
doi = "10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.02.009",
journal = "Preventive Medicine",
Chodick, G, Heymann, AD, Green, MS, Kokia, E & Shalev, V 2006, 'Late influenza vaccination is associated with reduced effectiveness', Preventive Medicine, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.02.009
Late influenza vaccination is associated with reduced effectiveness. / Chodick, Gabriel; Heymann, Anthony D.; Green, Manfred S. et al.
In: Preventive Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 1, 07.2006, p. 71-76.
T1 - Late influenza vaccination is associated with reduced effectiveness
AU - Chodick, Gabriel
AU - Heymann, Anthony D.
AU - Green, Manfred S.
AU - Kokia, Ehud
AU - Shalev, Varda
N2 - Background.: Extensive research has been carried out to quantify the efficacy and immunologic responses to influenza immunization, however, only little was reported on whether the timing of vaccine administration affects its effectiveness. The study aims were to compare post-immunization hospitalization and mortality rates among high-risk patients who were vaccinated against influenza in different periods of autumn. Methods.: Data for the current population-based historical prospective study were obtained from a large health organization in Israel insuring 1,600,000 members. Study population (n = 68,166) included high-risk patients aged 55 and above, who were immunized against influenza between October and November 2003. Results.: Although at baseline, individuals vaccinated in late November (12-25/11/2003) were significantly younger and had lower burden of illness compared to those vaccinated in early October (1-13/10/2003), they had higher hospitalization rates and longer hospital stay during the following winter (December to March). They also had an increased risk for all-cause mortality (RR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.13-2.80). No such differences were observed during the following summer (April-August). Conclusions.: In countries where influenza generally peaks between December and early March, vaccines administered after mid-November might be less beneficial.
AB - Background.: Extensive research has been carried out to quantify the efficacy and immunologic responses to influenza immunization, however, only little was reported on whether the timing of vaccine administration affects its effectiveness. The study aims were to compare post-immunization hospitalization and mortality rates among high-risk patients who were vaccinated against influenza in different periods of autumn. Methods.: Data for the current population-based historical prospective study were obtained from a large health organization in Israel insuring 1,600,000 members. Study population (n = 68,166) included high-risk patients aged 55 and above, who were immunized against influenza between October and November 2003. Results.: Although at baseline, individuals vaccinated in late November (12-25/11/2003) were significantly younger and had lower burden of illness compared to those vaccinated in early October (1-13/10/2003), they had higher hospitalization rates and longer hospital stay during the following winter (December to March). They also had an increased risk for all-cause mortality (RR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.13-2.80). No such differences were observed during the following summer (April-August). Conclusions.: In countries where influenza generally peaks between December and early March, vaccines administered after mid-November might be less beneficial.
KW - Influenza
KW - Timing
KW - Vaccine
U2 - 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.02.009
DO - 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.02.009
JO - Preventive Medicine
JF - Preventive Medicine
Chodick G, Heymann AD, Green MS, Kokia E, Shalev V. Late influenza vaccination is associated with reduced effectiveness. Preventive Medicine. 2006 Jul;43(1):71-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.02.009


TOKYO, October 23, 2017 – FedEx Express (FedEx), a subsidiary of FedEx Corp. (NYSE: FDX), and the world's largest express transportation company, has been named a Best Employer in Japan for the fourth time by human resources consultancy Aon Japan. FedEx Express accepted the award at the ceremony held on October 12.
This year, FedEx was also accredited a Best Employer in Asia Pacific by Aon Hewitt, a recognition awarded when a company receives three or more awards in the region. FedEx has received the Best Employer awards in Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and Taiwan.
Launched in the Asia Pacific region in 2001, the Best Employers program measures how closely aligned management, human resources practices and employees are based on Engagement, Culture and HR System Implementation. The program assesses the employer using three comprehensive surveys: an employee opinion survey, interviews with top management on business and HR strategies, and a questionnaire to human resources staff about HR practices. FedEx delivered balanced results in each assessment to achieve the company's fourth award, having also been recognized as a Best Employer in Japan in 2006, 2015 and 2016.


text:
Șipca is a village in Șoldănești District, Moldova.

References

Villages of Șoldănești District
Former Jewish agricultural colonies of Bessarabia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I'm starting this site to keep track of my progress in learning to become a developer and also serve as a portfolio. I wanted to get this going quickly and I intend for the design to be one of my projects and it may be tweaked regularly over time.
Currently, I'm approaching two weeks in at Nashville Software School. I have a lot of experience with HTML and CSS as a hobbyist, as well as having a little experience in many other languages. The first two weeks have largely been HTML/CSS, so it hasn't been difficult. So far, it has been fine tuning my skills, as well as getting into the groove of writing code and working with others. I'm learning how to use Git/GitHub, which I've needed to do for quite some time.
As of yesterday, we started working on Sass. I was really excited about this, since I saw the power it offers in the Assembling Sass course on CodeSchool. We went on to use it to mimic Awwwards.com and I spent a lot of time working on getting the vote circles (near the center) to work properly using Sass and HTML only. I don't have the opening animation and it doesn't work for anything that would be less than 50%, but it was a pretty big achievement that used a lot of the power of Sass (namely @each loops and nested lists). It's still incomplete and not pretty, but you can see it in my GitHub account.


text:
Rainbow Six Siege – Velvet Shell Update Review – A Unique Spin on the Established Tactical Formula
Ian Kane / February 25, 2017
Rainbow Six Siege – Velvet Shell Update
Our five on five battle had been whittled down to one vs. one. Blood splatters were displayed across many of the palatial party estate's walls, accompanied by bullet holes both large and small. Playing as Jackal, one of Rainbow Six Siege's new Spanish operators, I knew I had to save my remaining footprint detection charge for when I absolutely needed it. So, for the time being I chose to avoid the holes in the walls for fear that my last adversary, Mira, the new Spanish defensive operator, wouldn't get the drop on me and shoot me through one of them.
But as I neared the mark that indicated where my assault team's objective was located, a biohazard container, I came into view of something that worried me even more than the kill-holes. It was one of Mira's black mirrors. The one way mirror was nestled in a reinforced wall, so there was nothing I could do to cause damage to it since I didn't have any enhanced breaching weapons.
In addition to that, Mira could have been viewing me right at that moment, waiting for me to get into closer range of her. But I had no other option, I had to cross the expanse of the wide room in order to get to the objective since there was only fifteen seconds left in the match. Flanking would have taken too long.
Then I remembered that I still had one remaining footprint detection charge left. So, while still remaining in relative cover around one of the corners from the party room, I activated my Eyenox Model III and it hummed to life. Soon, I could clearly make out a pair of small red footprints leading from my very position, through a lightly barricaded door, to right behind the mirror itself. An indicator then flashed on-screen, showing me the approximate location of my final foe.
I threw a flashbang at the mirror and it detonated right in front of it. Launching myself into the room, I prayed that my grenade had blinded my wily enemy. Suddenly, I could hear the gas canister which was located at the base of the one-way mirror pop and fizzle. The mirror ejected from its casing, which would allow Mira to shoot at me through the open space that remained.
But it was too late, I'd quickly smashed through the wooden door barricade and tossed my remaining flashbang into the room. I entered the objective room and quickly turned to where Mira was hunkered down behind the mirror—her hands were still rubbing her eyes from the flash. I took aim with my mighty ITA12L shotgun and commenced to fill her with holes. Game over.
As you can see, Rainbow Six Siege's latest free update, title Velvet Shell, offers two new Spanish operators with vastly distinctive abilities. Established in 1977, Spain's Grupo Especial de Operaciones, or G.E.O., are the special operations force of the country's National Police Force, or Cuerpo Nacional de Policía. The update also offers a great new level, Coastline, a sprawling Ibizan party estate.
The estate is set against a beautiful coastline (get it?) complete with sailboats and yachts lazily moving through the sea. Atop the estate are breachable trapdoors as well as a roofless atrium, which means plenty of verticality options for attackers. The place is also filled with wide open lounge spaces with relatively limited hard cover options, which means once inside, attackers will have to utilize solid team tactics in order to survive. Some areas are also inundated with thumping house music, which can obscure boot clomps as well as other sounds that indicate enemy activity.
Operator-wise, we have the update's assault operator, Jackal. Jackal has the option of carrying either a C7 assault rifle, a PDW9 submachinegun, or a ITA12L shotgun as his primary weapon, and a ITA12S shotgun or USP40 pistol as his secondary. No, that wasn't a typo, Jackal is the first of Rainbow Six Siege's many operators to have a shotgun option for a secondary weapon.
But even more potentially dangerous than his formidable weapon loadout options is his Eyenox Model III. This handy optical device can scan nearby areas and will pick up any enemy footprints within them. Not only that, but the more recent prints are indicated in red, and from there he can triangulate their present location. That enables him to track, find, and shoot hidden enemies.
Then we have the aptly named Mira on defense. She has the option of choosing either a lethal (and frankly over-powered in my opinion) Vector .45 ACP submachinegun, or an equally nasty ITA12L shotgun. She has similar options for secondary weapons, making her the second operator within the game to be able to choose a shotgun as a backup weapon.
Mira's main attraction, however, is her ability to embed Black Mirrors (get it – Mira?) within walls. These sneaky defensive devices are composed of indestructible glass. They are also one-way mirrors offering defenders ample viewing opportunities of any attackers in the area, but all that the attackers will be able to see is a black glossy surface. Pop the gas canister just beneath the mirror, and the glass filling will eject so that the space will quickly transform into a kill-hole.
In all, the Rainbow Six Siege – Velvet Shell Update offers some unique opportunities for both offensive and defensive-minded players. It's sprawling new map, Coastline, features many avenues of attack, but at the same time, its wide-open interior spaces can be perfect kill zones for defenders. Therefore, Velvet Shell, more than any other map, requires solid teamwork, coordination, and communication. Take it for a spin, it's free for owners of the base game.
Rainbow Six Siege – Velvet Shell offers some excellent visuals that suit its swanky theme. However, you have to have a fast gaming PC or gaming laptop in order to play it at a decent framerate. So, you may just want to invest in a decent gaming rig:
WINTER GAMING TRACER II 15
Visit CyberpowerPC's website to check out all of the other great deals as well!
February 25, 2017 in game reviews. Tags: 4k gaming, CyberPower PC, first-person shooter games, game review, Gaming Laptop, Gaming PC, ian kane, Rainbow Six Siege – Velvet Shell Update, reviews, tactical shooter games, ubisoft
WRC 9 Review
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Final Fantasy 7 Remake is bringing the $70 game to PC
By Wes Fenlon
Most new PC games are still $60, but Square Enix is pushing for "next-gen" pricing to be the new standard.
(Image credit: Square Enix)
A glance at Steam's top sellers reveals games at all sorts of prices: $60, $40, $30, $15, $4. Game prices are more flexible and fluid than they've ever been, but triple-A games on consoles still mostly aim for the exact same price: $60 for PlayStation 4 / Xbox One, or $70 for the "next-gen" PS5 / Xbox Series X version. For the last year publishers have held back from bringing that $70 price to PC, but it looks like Square Enix is about to break the seal.
Final Fantasy 7 Remake is coming to the Epic Games Store on December 16th, where it's priced at $69.99. Square Enix seems to be plunging boldly ahead with $70 PC games, as it also announced that next year's Forspoken (opens in new tab), coming in May, will be the same price.
These aren't the first PC games to ever cost $70, of course, but these are notably just the standard editions of each games, without bundled season passes or soundtracks or cosmetic DLC. This isn't a premium: it's the new normal. Or at least what publishers like Square Enix want to be the new normal.
Square Enix is the first major publisher to push a $70 base price on PC; some recent high profile games like Battlefield 2042 and Call of Duty Vanguard have stuck to $60, even though they cost $10 more on the new consoles. It seems like the $60 triple-A game will be around on PC for awhile longer, at least: there are some 2022 games like Tiny Tina's Wonderlands that are already announced at that price, even though they cost more if you buy them on a PS5 or Xbox Series X. But it seems inevitable other publishers will follow Square Enix eventually, even if there's a good argument that big budget games should actually cost less.
$70 feels steep, but the new normal is even worse for most other countries than it is for the US. Square Enix is selling Forspoken for $115.95 in Australia, which is 17.9% pricier based on a currency conversion to the US dollar according to SteamDB. In the UK it's £64.99, or 23.2% pricier. And the European price is just ridiculous: at 79.99€, Forspoken is almost 30% more expensive in Euros than in US dollars. At least we have international Steam sales to lessen the sting.
Wes Fenlon
Wes has been covering games and hardware for more than 10 years, first at tech sites like The Wirecutter (opens in new tab) and Tested (opens in new tab) before joining the PC Gamer team in 2014. Wes plays a little bit of everything, but he'll always jump at the chance to cover emulation and Japanese games.
When he's not obsessively optimizing and re-optimizing a tangle of conveyor belts in Satisfactory (it's really becoming a problem), he's probably playing a 20-year-old Final Fantasy or some opaque ASCII roguelike. With a focus on writing and editing features, he seeks out personal stories and in-depth histories from the corners of PC gaming and its niche communities. 50% pizza by volume (deep dish, to be specific).


text:
Carriers Tracking: How to Track Your Order?
by Team AllYourVideogames | Mar 2, 2022 | Shopping |
Do you know how to use Carriers tracking system to track your order? Consumers, with the advancement of the internet and the emergence of more and more online shopping platforms, increasingly buy online, in these cases, one of the carriers responsible for delivery may be Carriers.
Several stores adopt this ecommerce platform system, such as Amazon, Americanas, Casas Bahia, Magazine Luiza and other platforms such as Shopee, Mercado Livre and Aliexpress. Thus, it is always necessary to follow your order to know when it will arrive and to be able to schedule.
In this post, we've separated a step-by-step explanation of how to use Carriers tracking and everything you need to know about the carrier. You can find out more about Carriers, how Carriers tracking works and the codes and also the service channels, in case you face any problem with your package.
Learn more: DHL tracking: how to track your orders?
Who is Carrier Carrier?
Carriers transporter works directly with the shipment and delivery of products from partner stores, having its branches distributed and available throughout the national territory. Thus, it ensures that all products are delivered in the shortest possible time throughout the country and with the highest possible level of safety.
You can use Carriers tracking system to track the entire nationwide delivery process via the carrier's website. Thus, you guarantee greater security in delivery in a simple and practical way. Among the various Carriers partners, we can highlight some well-known stores, such as Dafiti, CeA, Casas Bahia and others.
Learn more: TNT tracking: how to track your order?
How does Carriers Tracking work?
The operation of the Carriers tracking system is very simple, you can use it through the carrier's website or on the online shopping platform you purchased, however, in this second option the information is more limited. As soon as your order is dispatched by the store for delivery, you will have access to the tracking system. If you realize that the tracking trajectory is wrong, you must contact the carrier to correct the address.
Learn more: Shopee Tracking: How to track your order?
How to track your order with Carriers tracking?
Now that you understand more about Carriers' tracking system, let's explain how you can track your order to the point of delivery. It is worth mentioning that, unlike most tracking options from other carriers, with Carriers you do not need the tracking code that is available at the time of purchase.
Step 1. I start by accessing the Carriers Logística e Transportes website and clicking on the "Customer Area" option, in the upper right corner, in orange.
Step 2. The options of "Shopkeeper Portal" and "Order Tracking" will appear on the screen, select the second option.
Step 3. You will be taken to a Carriers tracking page, which you can also reach directly by clicking here.
Step 4. On this new page, you need to enter the information requested on the screen, starting with your CPF or CNPJ, then entering your name and delivery zip code. By clicking "Submit", you will have access to all the shipping information for your order.
Thus, it will be possible to follow all the past steps of your package, in which stage of shipment it is, where it is going and the delivery forecast. However, it is worth mentioning that the delivery date is not certain, it is just a prediction, and it may happen that you receive the order before the date or later. Our suggestion is, if the order is delayed by one or, at most, two days, contact the carrier directly or the store where you made the purchase.
Learn more: Southern Network tracking: how to track your order
Carriers tracking service channels
One of the low points of Carriers screening is that the carrier's service channels are very limited. Thus, you cannot get in touch through means such as the Customer Service (SAC) phone, WhatsApp, E-mail, Chat or Ombudsman. The only forms of service available by the carrier are the following:
Customer service at Carriers screening: https://site.carriers.com.br/atendimento-ao-cliente/, fill out the form and wait until an employee of the carrier gets in touch;
Help with Carriers tracking: https://site.carriers.com.br/#sobre, limited information is available on the carrier's website.
Learn more: How to track your order on Sequoia carrier?
Carriers Advertising Aqui
If you have doubts about whether Carriers is reliable, one way to check this is with the opinions of the customers themselves, through the Reclame Aqui portal. In this portal, customers can register their complaints about some companies, products and services, they can also respond and seek to solve the problems.
Based on information from August 2022 to January 2022, Carriers Carrier is considered a reputable company with a rating of 7.4/10. In addition, they have a response percentage of 100%, that is, if you register a problem, the company will most likely respond.
Of the customers who complained about something, about 55.4% would do business with the carrier again, which has an 83% problem resolution rate. In this way, we can conclude that, even having its problems, Carriers tracking is still a good carrier that you can trust.
Audio Video Carriers Tracking: How to Track Your Order?
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text:
<?php

namespace Guzzle\Plugin\Cache;

use Guzzle\Cache\CacheAdapterFactory;
use Guzzle\Cache\CacheAdapterInterface;
use Guzzle\Common\Event;
use Guzzle\Common\Exception\InvalidArgumentException;
use Guzzle\Common\Version;
use Guzzle\Http\Message\RequestInterface;
use Guzzle\Http\Message\Response;
use Guzzle\Cache\DoctrineCacheAdapter;
use Guzzle\Http\Exception\CurlException;
use Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache;
use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventSubscriberInterface;

class CachePlugin implements EventSubscriberInterface
{

protected $revalidation;

protected $canCache;

protected $storage;

protected $autoPurge;

public function __construct($options = null)
{
if (!is_array($options)) {
if ($options instanceof CacheAdapterInterface) {
$options = array('storage' => new DefaultCacheStorage($options));
} elseif ($options instanceof CacheStorageInterface) {
$options = array('storage' => $options);
} elseif ($options) {
$options = array('storage' => new DefaultCacheStorage(CacheAdapterFactory::fromCache($options)));
} elseif (!class_exists('Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache')) {

throw new InvalidArgumentException('No cache was provided and Doctrine is not installed');

}
}

$this->autoPurge = isset($options['auto_purge']) ? $options['auto_purge'] : false;

$this->storage = isset($options['storage'])
? $options['storage']
: new DefaultCacheStorage(new DoctrineCacheAdapter(new ArrayCache()));

if (!isset($options['can_cache'])) {
$this->canCache = new DefaultCanCacheStrategy();
} else {
$this->canCache = is_callable($options['can_cache'])
? new CallbackCanCacheStrategy($options['can_cache'])
: $options['can_cache'];
}

$this->revalidation = isset($options['revalidation'])
? $options['revalidation']
: new DefaultRevalidation($this->storage, $this->canCache);
}

public static function getSubscribedEvents()
{
return array(
'request.before_send' => array('onRequestBeforeSend', -255),
'request.sent' => array('onRequestSent', 255),
'request.error' => array('onRequestError', 0),
'request.exception' => array('onRequestException', 0),
);
}

public function onRequestBeforeSend(Event $event)
{
$request = $event['request'];
$request->addHeader('Via', sprintf('%s GuzzleCache/%s', $request->getProtocolVersion(), Version::VERSION));

if (!$this->canCache->canCacheRequest($request)) {
switch ($request->getMethod()) {
case 'PURGE':
$this->purge($request);
$request->setResponse(new Response(200, array(), 'purged'));
break;
case 'PUT':
case 'POST':
case 'DELETE':
case 'PATCH':
if ($this->autoPurge) {
$this->purge($request);
}
}
return;
}

if ($response = $this->storage->fetch($request)) {
$params = $request->getParams();
$params['cache.lookup'] = true;
$response->setHeader(
'Age',
time() - strtotime($response->getDate() ? : $response->getLastModified() ?: 'now')
);

if ($this->canResponseSatisfyRequest($request, $response)) {
if (!isset($params['cache.hit'])) {
$params['cache.hit'] = true;
}
$request->setResponse($response);
}
}
}

public function onRequestSent(Event $event)
{
$request = $event['request'];
$response = $event['response'];

if ($request->getParams()->get('cache.hit') === null &&
$this->canCache->canCacheRequest($request) &&
$this->canCache->canCacheResponse($response)
) {
$this->storage->cache($request, $response);
}

$this->addResponseHeaders($request, $response);
}

public function onRequestError(Event $event)
{
$request = $event['request'];

if (!$this->canCache->canCacheRequest($request)) {
return;
}

if ($response = $this->storage->fetch($request)) {
$response->setHeader(
'Age',
time() - strtotime($response->getLastModified() ? : $response->getDate() ?: 'now')
);

if ($this->canResponseSatisfyFailedRequest($request, $response)) {
$request->getParams()->set('cache.hit', 'error');
$this->addResponseHeaders($request, $response);
$event['response'] = $response;
$event->stopPropagation();
}
}
}

public function onRequestException(Event $event)
{
if (!$event['exception'] instanceof CurlException) {
return;
}

$request = $event['request'];
if (!$this->canCache->canCacheRequest($request)) {
return;
}

if ($response = $this->storage->fetch($request)) {
$response->setHeader('Age', time() - strtotime($response->getDate() ? : 'now'));
if (!$this->canResponseSatisfyFailedRequest($request, $response)) {
return;
}
$request->getParams()->set('cache.hit', 'error');
$request->setResponse($response);
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}
}

public function canResponseSatisfyRequest(RequestInterface $request, Response $response)
{
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$resc = $response->getHeader('Cache-Control');

if ($reqc && $reqc->hasDirective('max-age') &&
$responseAge > $reqc->getDirective('max-age')) {
return false;
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if ($maxStale !== true && $response->getFreshness() < (-1 * $maxStale)) {
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&& $responseAge > $resc->getDirective('max-age')
) {
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}
}

if ($this->revalidation->shouldRevalidate($request, $response)) {
try {
return $this->revalidation->revalidate($request, $response);
} catch (CurlException $e) {
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return $this->canResponseSatisfyFailedRequest($request, $response);
}
}

return true;
}

public function canResponseSatisfyFailedRequest(RequestInterface $request, Response $response)
{
$reqc = $request->getHeader('Cache-Control');
$resc = $response->getHeader('Cache-Control');
$requestStaleIfError = $reqc ? $reqc->getDirective('stale-if-error') : null;
$responseStaleIfError = $resc ? $resc->getDirective('stale-if-error') : null;

if (!$requestStaleIfError && !$responseStaleIfError) {
return false;
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return false;
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if (is_numeric($responseStaleIfError) && $response->getAge() - $response->getMaxAge() > $responseStaleIfError) {
return false;
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return true;
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public function purge($url)
{

$url = $url instanceof RequestInterface ? $url->getUrl() : $url;
$this->storage->purge($url);
}

protected function addResponseHeaders(RequestInterface $request, Response $response)
{
$params = $request->getParams();
$response->setHeader('Via', sprintf('%s GuzzleCache/%s', $request->getProtocolVersion(), Version::VERSION));

$lookup = ($params['cache.lookup'] === true ? 'HIT' : 'MISS') . ' from GuzzleCache';
if ($header = $response->getHeader('X-Cache-Lookup')) {

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$response->setHeader('X-Cache-Lookup', array_unique($values));
} else {
$response->setHeader('X-Cache-Lookup', $lookup);
}

if ($params['cache.hit'] === true) {
$xcache = 'HIT from GuzzleCache';
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$xcache = 'HIT_ERROR from GuzzleCache';
} else {
$xcache = 'MISS from GuzzleCache';
}

if ($header = $response->getHeader('X-Cache')) {

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$response->setHeader('X-Cache', array_unique($values));
} else {
$response->setHeader('X-Cache', $xcache);
}

if ($response->isFresh() === false) {
$response->addHeader('Warning', sprintf('110 GuzzleCache/%s "Response is stale"', Version::VERSION));
if ($params['cache.hit'] === 'error') {
$response->addHeader('Warning', sprintf('111 GuzzleCache/%s "Revalidation failed"', Version::VERSION));
}
}
}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Western Spadefoot
Spea hammondii
Photo Credit: Chris Brown, USGS
MSP Information
Files & Documents
Common Name: Western Spadefoot
Scientific Name: Spea hammondii
Species Code: SPEHAM
Management Category: VF (species with limited distribution in the MSPA or needing specific vegetation characteristics requiring management)
Occurrence Map
Table of Occurrences
Goal: Protect, enhance, and restore vernal pool habitat on Conserved Lands in the MSPA that supports or has the potential to support VF and SL species (i.e., California Orcutt grass, Otay mesa mint, San Diego button-celery, San Diego mesa mint, spreading navarretia, Riverside fairy shrimp, San Diego fairy shrimp, and western spadefoot) so that the vegetation community has high ecological integrity, and these species are resilient to environmental stochasticity and threats, such as altered hydrology, climate change and invasive plants, and will be likely to persist over the long term (>100 years).
Regional and/or Local NFO 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 VF
MON-IMP-MONPL SPEHAM-1
Management units: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Beginning in 2018, conduct annual surveys for western spadefoot in vernal pools to determine distribution and status and to assess habitat conditions and threats. Management recommendations will be made and implemented annually as part of the general vernal pool habitat management objectives for different management levels (ML1, ML2, ML3).
Associated Threats
Related Objectives
Action status
IMP-1 Submit project metadata, monitoring datasets and management recommendations to the MSP Web Portal. On hold
Deadline year
Annual Surveys Completed with Management Recommendations 2021
Threat Name
Threat Code
Altered hydrology ALTHYD
Climate change CLICHN
Human uses of the Preserves HUMUSE
Invasive plants INVPLA
Urban development URBDEV
Obj. code
VERPOO-1 MON-SURV-VEG Beginning in 2018, conduct annual qualitative monitoring of all vernal pools on Conserved Lands in the MSPA to document threats such as trampling, dumping and invasive plants, and as defined in the City of San Diego's Vernal Pool Managment and Monitoring Plan (VPMMP; City of San Diego 2015). Qualitative surveys should be conducted during the wet season using standardized protocols and should assess threats, whether pools are inundated, and verify fairy shrimp viability and reproduction. Three visits should be made during the wet season to determine pool inundation. The monitoring results should be used to determine the overall disturbance category (i.e., Levels 1-3), formulate management recommendations and to determine whether more comprehensive threats monitoring is required.
VERPOO-2 MON-SURV-VEG Beginning in 2018, conduct baseline hydrological surveys of vernal pools on Conserved Lands in the MSPA to characterize the hydrology of each basin within a vernal pool complex and prepare a report with survey results for each pool complex. Use a standardized methodology and protocol to determine maximum pool depth, define pool inlet and outlets, and geomorphic setting of the complex, as described in the VPMMP (City of San Diego 2015).
VERPOO-3 MON-EVAL-DIST Starting in 2018, conduct a topographic disturbance assessment if annual qualitiative monitoring indicates there is topographical and/or hydrological disturbance at a vernal pool (see City of San Diego VPMMP). Measure maximum pool depth for each basin, determine inlet and outlet locations. These data can be compared against baseline hydrological survey data to inform management recommendations. If there is a need to reconstruct a basin because of disturbance, then monitoring should be repeated to determine if the restored pool has achieved hydrological function.
VERPOO-4 MGT-IMP-VPML1 Beginning in 2018, conduct annual routine stewardship management to maintain vernal pool habitat and existing MSP species populations as defined in the VPMMP (City of San Diego 2015). Level 1 pools are those where little maintenance is needed, other than routine access patrols and enforcement, removal of trash and debris, edge effects maintenance (e.g., offsite erosion control and irrigation management), maintaining fencing and signage, reparing trespass damage, repairing minor topographic disturbances, and controlling invasive plants for MSP species and general habitat maintenance (2 visits per spring).
VERPOO-5 MGT-IMP-VPML2 Beginning in 2018, conduct Level 2 management to enhance and stabilize vernal pool habitat and MSP species that monitoring has shown to be in decline based on VPMMP (City of San Diego 2015) management triggers. Level 2 management includes implementing all Level 1 actions in addition to other more intensive management. This more intensive management includes mechanized and hand repair to baseline conditions those moderate topographic disturbances that affect pool integrity, ponding potential and overall size as defined in the VPMMP (City of San Diego 2015). Vernal pools with MSP species should be dethatched as needed to clear thatch from vernal pool basins and in = 20-foot surrounding site-specific management buffers followed up with invasive plant control 2 times in the spring. General invasive plant control should be conducted in other vernal pool basins and/or associated upland watersheds, with the number of visits increased to 3 per year. For Level 2 management, seed banking, bulking and redistribution may be needed to enhance declining populations of MSP plant species. For declining MSP fairy shrimp populations, additional monitoring is required to determine what is causing the decline followed by management to mitigate the threat. Shrimp cysts may need to be collected from other pools in the complex and redistributed into the impacted pool, although with no collection from pools containing Lindahl's fairy shrimp. Off-site cyst collection may be implemented if there is no on-site cyst bank or it is too depauperate.
VERPOO-6 MGT-IMP-VPML3 Beginning in 2018, conduct Level 3 management to restore vernal pool habitat and MSP species that monitoring has shown to be in decline or in very poor condition based on VPMMP (City of San Diego 2015) management triggers. Level 3 management includes implementing all Level 1 actions in addition to other more intensive management. This more intensive management includes restoring existing pools to increase populaitons of MSP species, mechanized and hand repair to baseline conditions those extensive topographic disturbances that affect pool integrity, ponding potential and overall size as defined in the VPMMP (City of San Diego 2015). Vernal pools with MSP species should be dethatched as needed to clear thatch from vernal pool basins and in a 35-foot watershed management buffer followed up with invasive plant control 4 times in the spring. General invasive plant control should be conducted in other vernal pool basins and/or associated upland watersheds, with the number of visits increased to 4 per year. For Level 3 management, some MSP species may be absent from the seed bank, requiring off-site collection from genetically appropriate populations, bulking and redistribution to restore the MSP species seed bank. Container plantings may also be needed to restore MSP species. For declining MSP fairy shrimp populations, additional monitoring is required to determine what is causing the decline followed by management to mitigate the threat. Shrimp cysts may need to be collected from other pools in the complex and redistributed into the impacted pool, although with no collection from pools containing Lindahl's fairy shrimp. Off-site cyst collection may be implemented if there is no on-site cyst bank or it is too depauperate.
SR 94 Wildlife Infrastructure Plan
Proposed road improvements to SR 94 provide an opportunity to mitigate the potential barrier effects of the highway. This project identifies where improvements to existing infrastructure on SR-94 could improve connectivity across the South County preserves, using Best Management Practices from the scientific literature; recommends wildlife movement monitoring to identify where new crossings are needed; and identifies where additional conservation would enhance the integrity of South County linkages. The review prioritizes infrastructure improvements of 35 existing undercrossings inspected by wildlife experts in the field along 14.6 miles of SR-94 where the highway bisects conserved lands. The majority of the recommendations for infrastructure improvement focus on increasing the diameter, and thus the openness ratio (cross-sectional area divided by length), of the undercrossing itself, removing vegetation and debris blocking the undercrossing, restoring habitat in the approach to the undercrossing, and installing fencing to both (1) keep animals off the highway and (2) funnel wildlife to the undercrossings.
Amphibian IBI and Hydrological Impact Score Fisher, Robert N. 2019 powerpoint presentation
Conservation Implications of Spatiotemporal Variation in the Terrestrial Ecology of Western Spadefoots Halstead, Brian J.; Baumberger, Katherine; Backlin, Adam R.; Kleeman, Patrick M.; Wong, Monique N.; Gallegos, Elizabeth; Rose, Jonathan P.; Fisher, Robert N. 2021 journal article
Habitat Assessment and Baseline Surveys for the Western Spadefoot (Spea hammondii) and the Western Pond Turtle (Emys marmorata) on the Irvine Ranch Land Reserve Fisher, Robert N.; Trenham, Peter; Schuster, Sara L.; Backlin, Adam R.; Hathaway, Stacie; Touré, T'Shaka A. 2004 report
Habitat Management Plan for the Rancho La Costa Habitat Conservation Area 2005 report
Herpetofaunal Monitoring in MSCP Region of San Diego Rochester, Carlton; Hathaway, Stacie; Brown, Chris; Pease, K; Fisher, Robert N. 2001 report
Mitigation Ponds Offer Drought Resiliency for Western Spadefoot (Spea hammondii) Populations Baumberger, Katherine; Backlin, Adam R.; Gallegos, Elizabeth; Hitchcock, Cynthia J.; Fisher, Robert N. 2020 journal article
MSP Roadmap Dec 31, 2016: VF Species and Vegetation Goals, Objectives, and Actions San Diego Management and Monitoring Program 2016 other
Post-fire Multi-taxa Responses to the 2003 and 2007 Wildfires in San Diego Rochester, Carlton powerpoint presentation
Projecting the remaining habitat for the western spadefoot (Spea hammondii) in heavily urbanized southern California Rose, Jonathan P.; Halstead, Brian J.; Packard, Robert H.; Fisher, Robert N. 2021 journal article
Southern California Herpetofaunal Research and Monitoring (1995-1999): Application to Natural Community Conservation Planning Case, Ted J.; Fisher, Robert N. 2000 field notes/data sheets
Vernal Pool And Quino Habitat Restoration Project Implementation Report 2010 report
Vernal Pool Restoration Final Report 2018 report
Western Spadefoot (Spea hammondii) Surveys in California, Draft Final, 2020 Baumberger, Katherine; Backlin, Adam R.; Rose, Jonathan P.; Clark, Denise; Halstead, Brian J.; Fisher, Robert N. 2020 report
Current Distribution Rangewide
Restricted to California, from the Central Valley south to San Diego and northwestern Baja California, Mexico, at lower elevations [1].
Known Populations in San Diego County
Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton to the north and south to the Tijuana Estuary National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) along the international border [2, 3]. Within the MSPA they are known from MUs1, 3, 4, 5,6, 9, 10, and 11 [3].
List Status
CSC/FSC (Candidate for Federal Listing, Under Review) [4].
Habitat Affinities
Spend most of their time underground in burrows but require water for breeding [5]. They prefer open areas with gravelly, friable, or sandy soils in washes and vernal pools in the vicinity of grasslands, oak woodlands, coastal sage scrub, and chaparral [6]. Adults and juveniles use their hind legs dig burrows up to 0.9 m (3 ft) deep where they remain for up to 10 months [6,1]. They emerge after rain at night to forage and breed only a few nights a year. They breed in ephemeral wetlands such as vernal pools and stock tanks, but occasionally breed in intermittent streams where larvae develop in isolated areas of the stream as it dries [7,5]. Water temperatures in breeding pools must be between 9° C (48° F) and 30° Celsius (86° F) for reproduction and not contain exotic species such as American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeianus) and crayfish (Order Decapoda) [1]. Breeding pools are typically 18-24 in (20–60 cm) deep and hold water long enough for eggs to hatch and tadpoles to transform (approx. 30 days), completing their life cycle in 4-11 weeks [6, 8]. They are found at elevations below 365 m (1,000 ft), but they have been observed as high as 1,365 m (4,500 ft) in the mountains of San Diego County [5].
Taxonomy and Genetics
Member of the family Scaphiopodidae and was described by Baird in 1859 [6,1]. The family Scaphiopodidae includes two closely related genera of spadefoot toads: Scaphiopus and Spea [1]. Spea hammondii was once thought to have a much greater range, however differences in morphology, vocalizations and reproduction were detected between species west of Arizona and the populations to the east; California populations retained the name Spea hammondii (western spadefoot toad), eastern populations were designated as Spea multiplicata (southern spadefoot toad) [5,1]. Southern spadefoot toads are brownish above, have copper-colored irises and have a more elongate spade [1]. The species most similar to Spea hammondii are Spea couchii (Couch's spadefoot) and the Spea intermontana (Great Basin spadefoot) [6]. They can be distinguished by the lack of a ridge between the eyes [1]. Spadefoot toads are distinguished from the true toads (family Bufonidae) by their vertical pupils, the spade on each hind foot, teeth in the upper jaw, and fairly smooth skin [9].
Seasonal Activity
Spadefoot toads emerge from burrows to forage and breed following rains in the winter and spring [1].Sound or vibration from rain drops hitting the ground appears to be an important emergence cue, and even the vibrations from walking near burrows can cause toads to emerge. One to only a few days after heavy rains (Jan-May), spadefoot toads congregate in breeding pools to attract females [6]. Females lay cylindrical eggs masses containing 10-42 eggs; they can lay up to 500 eggs in one with under suitable conditions [1]. Egg masses are attached to underwater vegetation where males fertilize them externally after amplexus [2]. Breeding pools are usually turbid with little cover and must reach suitable water temperatures before eggs are laid and fertilized [5].
Life History/Reproduction
Mostly nocturnal, but can be heard calling during the day following winter and spring rain [5]. A medium-sized toad ranging in size from 3.7-6.2 cm (1.5-2.5 in) in length (Snout to vent length/SVL) [8,1]. Females are typically larger [5]. Adults have smooth gray-green to gray skin with small red or orange tipped vertebral tubercles and 4 irregular light colored stripes with dark blotches on the back and are whitish and unmarked below [9]. The characteristic glossy wedge shaped spade is found on the back of the hind feet [9]. They have short stout limbs and no visible parotid gland. The eyes are large with pale gold irises and vertical pupils [1]. Eggs hatch in 0.6 to 6 days after external fertilization depending on temperature [8]. Tadpoles transform in pools that last 30 days or more depending on food resources and temperature,but metamorphosis must be completed before pools dry [6]. Tadpoles are light gray to dark greenish brown in color, with a cream-colored underside and a transparent tail [9]. They can reach up to 3 inches long but usually transform at a smaller size to ensure metamorphosis before the pool dries [6]. Larval development is completed in approximately 58 days (range 30–79 days) and is closely tied with water ponding duration [8,1].
Diet and Foraging
The larvae are fast growing and have a tendency to hang vertically in the water to gulp air or feed on surface material [1]. They are carnivorous and have been observed preying on other species' tadpoles but also consume planktonic organisms and algae [5].
Juveniles leave the natal pool at night and disperse into the surrounding upland habitats [6]. However, little is known about their home range and about the distance between breeding pools and the site of the summer burrow [2]. There is no breeding during dry years due to a lack of environmental triggers to initiate breeding [7]. When males emerge, they congregate and float in pools to advertise or call for mates and establish a territory in pools with good breeding conditions [6,2].
Threatened by habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and isolation, invasive species, climate change effects, altered fire regime, and alterations to the watershed [1]. Because western spadefoot toads depend upon ephemeral wetlands, alterations to the hydrology of an area will often dry-down pools before the life cycles of the species are completed, preventing reproduction and disrupting dispersal [1]. Invasive aquatic species like the American bullfrog, mosquito fish (Gambusia spp.) and crayfish (Order Decapoda) prey upon larvae and juvenile western spadefoot toads and out compete them for food resources in rapidly drying pools [7]. Climate change and prolonged drought effects threaten this species by changing its distribution and abundance across the range as air and water temperatures rise and hydroperiods shift in the seasonality and length of ponding may result in unsuitable conditions for completing its life cycle [10]. The western spadefoot toad is restricted in its distribution and it has a climate sensitive biphasic life history, therefore they may not be able to adjust their range to accommodate the available changes in the locations of suitable habitat due to habitat fragmentation [10].
Long-term population dynamics, survival rates, reproductive success, and dispersal rates are unknown [7,8]. Western spadefoot toads have been recorded in 11 of the 17 vernal pool regions described by Keeler-Wolf et al. in the California Manual of Vegetation [8,11]. The US Fish and Wildlife Service included the western spadefoot toad as a species of concern in the Draft Recovery Plan for Vernal Pool Ecosystems of California and Southern Oregon which provides guidelines for management, monitoring, and conservation actions for the species and the habitat [1]. The western spadefoot toad is also listed as a covered species in several regional Habitat Conservation Plans throughout its range in California [4].
Literature Sources
[1] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004. Draft Recovery Plan for Vernal Pool Ecosystems of California and Southern Oregon. Portland, OR.
[2] Morey , S. 2000. Life History Account for Western Spadefoot Toad (Spea hammondii) In California Wildlife Habitat Relationships Systems, California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Originally published In Zeiner, D.C., W.F. Laudenslayer, Jr., K.E. Mayer, and M. White, eds. 1988-1990. California's Wildlife. Vol I-III. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, California
[3] MSP-MOM. 2014. Management Strategic Plan Master Occurrence Matrix. San Diego, CA. Available: http://sdmmp.com/reports_and_products/Reports_Products_MainPage.aspx
[4] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017. Species Profile for Western Spadefoot. Available: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?spcode=D02Z#candidate Accessed: February 6, 2017.
[5] Morey, S. AmphibiaWeb. 2017. Spea hammondii Western Spadefoot. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed: February 7, 2017.
[6] CaliforniaHerps; A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of California, Western Spadefoot (Spea hammondii). 2017. Available: http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/s.hammondii.html. Accessed: February 7, 2017.
[7] Fisher R. N. and H.B. Saffer. 1996. The Decline of Amphibians in California's Great Central Valley. Conservation Biology, 10(5): 1387-1397.
[8] Morey, S. 1998. Pool Duration Influences Age and Body Mass at Metemorphosis in the Western Spadefoot Toad: Implications for Vernal Pool Conservation. ed. C.W. Witham, E.T. Bauder, D. Belk, W. Ferren and R. Ornduff, 86-91, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems: Proceedings from a 1996 conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, California.
[9] Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company.
[10] U.S. Department of Agriculture Climate Change Resource Center. Olson, D.H.; Saenz, D. 2013. Climate Change and Amphibians. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Climate Change Resource Center. Available: www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/wildlife/amphibians/ Accessed: February 7, 2017
[11] Sawyer, J. O., T. Keeler-Wolf, and J. Evens. 2009. Manual of California vegetation. California Native Plant Society Press.


How would you describe the band to anyone new to Kaiser Chiefs?
We're in the line of the great British bands.
So you returned from your two year hiatus this year, how has 2011 treated you?
2011 was good. We all had a great time working out how we were gonna release the album and loved the fact that it came off. The night before the album was released was genuinely exciting and it felt the same as when we released the first record, which was sort of the point; to do something new, to make things exciting again. After that we've played some great gigs all over the world. Glastonbury was a highlight as was Splendour in Australia; our massive homecoming shows in Leeds and more recently we did our most extensive tour of Europe ever, so all in all, another year of good times.
Why did you take the break? What were you doing during that time?
We toured or were writing/recording all the time from 2004 to 2009. When you do that, I think you start taking things for granted and it was great to be at home for a while, sit back, take it all in and work out what to do next. As everyone knows now we're hardly idle to the time off. After Off With Their Heads we toured for another year then had some time off and pretty soon got into writing and recording the 25 tracks that got released in various ways around The Future Is Medieval album. That was a lot of fun. We were able to get together and make music and then go off and do other things before coming back to it again. There was no real deadline. Just when it was finished and the website was designed we could hit the button and stick it out for everyone to enjoy. We loved that. We also liked that it was our little secret. As things progressed the number of people who needed to know got bigger and bigger but we were massively impressed that the whole thing didn't leak before the day.
Has your sound and your influences changed over the years?
We think that it's important for bands to develop over time and, particularly on the last album, we tried to stretch the boundaries of what people expect from the Kaiser Chiefs. Loads of people have mentioned to me that they couldn't believe that certain songs on the last album were by us and that was with intention. We wanted to try different things and experiment with different approaches and different sounds. We think if it's the five of us playing and singing then it sounds like KC and the challenge was to try to do these different and interesting things while keeping the big tunes that we have been famous for. We keep doing that and we're looking forward to the year ahead and more new music coming out for everyone to hear.
We understand your band name comes from the South African football team, what is the bands link to South Africa?
The name does come from South Africa but the link comes from Leeds – our home town. A Leeds United legend, Lucas Radebe signed for Leeds from Kaiser Chiefs and we loved the name so we nicked it!
With your most recent album, 'The Future is Medieval', we understand that rather than simply allowing download, you let the fans pick 10 out of the 20 songs to make their own album for £7.50. What made you decide to take this approach?
It came from an idea Ricky had, but the main motivation was seeing record sales in general go down and down. And people more and more think music is something disposable. I think that a lot of people are guilty for letting that happen and we just wanted to do something different to everyone else, to stand out from the crowd, to make people stop for a minute and listen to the record rather than just downloading it and moving onto the next thing. Obviously something has to happen with how music is sold and we were just trying to actually do something rather than just sit around and moan about how things used to be.
How do you think online has influenced the production of full albums?
More than ever tracks are important and iTunes has made it easy to grab music you want quickly. I think that is a great thing in a way but though people think we are a singles band actually albums have always been massively important to us. We always tried to make our albums flow and be interesting all the way through.
The way we did The Future Is Medieval made that less important and that again was intentional. If people want to pick and choose tracks we thought it would be cool to give them more choice; let them get on with picking tracks. But in a sly way, because they had to pick 10 to complete the album, we got a lot of people thinking about the album and the running order, in order to pick the ultimate track list. We are also about to release the vinyl version ourselves – basically 'cause it's not really financially viable for record companies to do that anymore. So basically, I think while bands and artists are still interested in making albums, they still have a long way to go.
How instrumental were your awards with NME and the Brits to your success as a band?
At first with awards we took them for granted and just thought it was a good night out but I think they were actually really important – especially the first few, and especially to separate us from the crowd when we went places outside the UK.
Please click here to read the full interview online.


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Reporting to the Director of Development Operations and Analysis, the Development Operations Assistant supports the Museum's fundraising operation by processing and recording gifts and pledges to the Museum. Essential functions include: receive and prepare gifts for deposit to the financial office; record and post gifts to the donor database; generate receipts and acknowledgments for gifts; route gift information to financial and development staff; maintain integrity of computer donor records, including address and financial information; perform data adjustments as necessary; scan donor documentation; maintain and retrieve digital files. The position requires great attention to detail and accuracy, strong computer and database skills, comfort in dealing with financial information, and the ability to handle confidential information. For consideration, please submit your cover letter and résumé to: resumes@mfa.org. You may also submit your materials via postal mail to: Human Resources Department, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 465 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.


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10 Common NLP Terms Explained for the Text Mining Novice
@machinelearnbot May-7-2016, 15:40:11 GMT
If you're relatively new to the Natural Language Processing and Text Mining world, you'll more than likely have come across some pretty technical terms and acronyms, that are challenging to get your head around, especially, if you're relying on scientific definitions for a plain and simple explanation. We decided to put together a list of 10 common terms in Natural Language Processing which we've broken down in layman terms, making them easier to understand. So if you don't know your "Bag of Words" from your LDA we've got you covered. The terms we chose were based on terms we often find ourselves explaining to users and customers on a day to day basis. Natural Language Processing (NLP) - A Computer Science field connected to Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics which focuses on interactions between computers and human language and a machine's ability to understand, or mimic the understanding of human language.
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Text Mining in Python: Steps and Examples
#artificialintelligence Aug-22-2019, 18:54:25 GMT
In today's world, according to the industry estimates only 20 percent of the data in the structured format is being generated as we speak as we tweet as we send messages on What's App, email, Facebook, Instagram or any text messages. And, the majority of this data exists in the textual form which is highly unstructured format, in order to produce meaningful insights from the text data then we need to access a method called Text Analysis. Text Mining is the process of deriving meaningful information from natural language text. Natural Language Processing(NLP) is a part of computer science and artificial intelligence which deals with human languages. In other words, NLP is a component of text mining that performs a special kind of linguistic analysis that essentially helps a machine "read" text.
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Best 19 Free Data Mining Tools
@machinelearnbot Sep-26-2017, 20:20:05 GMT
It is rightfully said that data is money in today's world. Along with the transition to an app-based world comes the exponential growth of data. However, most of the data is unstructured and hence it takes a process and method to extract useful information from the data and transform it into understandable and usable form. Data mining or "Knowledge Discovery in Databases" is the process of discovering patterns in large data sets with artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, and database systems. Free data mining tools ranges from complete model development environments such as Knime and Orange, to a variety of libraries written in Java, C and most often in Python.
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Twenty-six acres of land has been purchased at Beaver Creek Greenbelt along Highway 141. This riparian woodland area is a valuable wildlife habitat. Water quality improvements to Beaver Creek will begin with plans for bank stabilization.
More than 311 acres of land at Chichaqua Bottoms Greenbelt has been purchased to complete a NE acquisition project that has been in progress since the early 2000s. This land has been reseeded with a diverse mix of over 100 locally located prairie and wetland plant species to benefit wildlife habitat, and serve as a prime site for a variety of environmental education initiatives.
More than 16 acres of land has been purchased at Chichaqua Bottoms Greenbelt running along Highway 65, northeast of the Skunk River. This former in-holding now serves as the site of the newly constructed wildlife viewing platform. The low, wet prairie area creates an opportunity for wetland restoration and quality wildlife habitat.
Approximately 80 acres of former cropland has been added to Chichaqua Bottoms Greenbelt. This property is a mixture of sandy soil and former wetlands on the floodplain of the Skunk River. This "herptile friendly" property will supply excellent wildlife habitat once restored. The mixture of wetland and sandy upland will promote the diversification of reptile and amphibian populations as well as providing outstanding winter habitat for a wide range of species.
A 40-acre parcel NW of the trap range was acquired. Six acres of wetland features were installed in fall of 2018. Seeding took place in 2019. This property provides numerous wildlife habitat and water quality benefits.
This 74-acre parcel will provide drier upland habitat for plants and animals that prefer to be out of the floodplain. This property was partially seeded in 2019 and is the site of the new Natural Resources headquarters.
This 82-acre parcel was acquired in the fall of 2018. It consists of 20 acres of wetland and 60 acres of prairie restoration. This property is Skunk River frontage.
Nine acres of wetland were restored in the summer of 2017 and are currently holding water well. Remaining acreage was seeded in the winter of 2018 with native prairie species.
Just under ten acres of wetland was restored in the fall of 2015 and spring of 2016 on this 160-acre area. Remaining acres were seeded to native prairie. This area is part of a large historic wetland complex known as Swan Lake which was identified on the 1875 Andreas Atlas. This site was used in the 1950's to 'store' drainage water from surrounding farmland.
Bond funding allowed PCC to respond quickly and purchase this 16-acre site when a plan to consolidate livestock on the site threatened downstream wetlands habitats. The area consists of riparian timber and cropland and is bisected by Bluff Creek which feeds the largest wetland complex at CBG. Future restoration includes stream remediation and prairie planting.
This 40-acre Skunk River frontage property was acquired in a land trand between PCC and Metro Waste Authority. Currently cropland, this acquisition will be restored in the future.
This 74-acre parcel features several restorable wetland features and adjoins the Southpoint property. The area is a nice mix of upland and wetland habitats and will be restored in the future.
258 acres just north of the Des Moines River and Easter Lake Park was acquired as a repository for dredging materials that were removed from the lake beginning in 2016. Future plans for this site include valuable habitat for wildlife, parkland and new space for the paddlesport community.
258-acres just north of the Des Moines River and Easter Lake Park was acquired as a repository for dredging materials that were removed from the lake beginning in 2016. Future plans for this site include valuable habitat for wildlife, parkland and new space for the paddlesport community.
7-acres of land bordering the park near the south entrance child care facility was purchased for future prairie restoration and walking paths that tie in with the entrance remodel project.
A 20-acre property west of the south entrance was acquired to protect woodland and a small stream that feeds into Easter Lake.
Working in conjunction with the City of Des Moines, PCC contributed match funding for targeted floodplain properties in the buyout area. This area will remain undeveloped and is designed to handle future flooding events in Fourmile Creek.
South of Devotie Drive, 24-acres of land was aquired for water quality and recreation purposes. Eventually this space will be used for campground expansion, open space, and Camp Creek frontage opportunities.
In 2016, a 1.5-acre property on the NE corner of the park was acquired to relocate the ranger residence. The former residence has been converted to a 3-bedroom cabin that can be reserved year-round for overnight park visitors.
At the confluence of three creeks (Fourmile, Muchikinock, and Carney), a 205-acre addition to Mally's Park called Trails End Wildlife Area was acquired as a future wetland bank and low impact recreation area. Stream, wetland, and prairie restoration will occur in the future. Soft-surface trails, fishing ponds, and parking areas are planned future amenities.
An 18.9-acre addition (Oakview Pond) to Yellow Banks Park was purchased to add additional wildlife habitat to the park and provide watershed protection for the Yellow Banks pond. The area will feature rental cabins, renovated pond and restored prairie. Control of drainage leading to the pond will provide greater control over water quality.
A 5-acre property adjacent to the Yellow Banks entrance has been secured for future use and park buffering. An additional 18.9 acres bordering Yellow Banks was purchased in an effort to further protect this watershed and provide quality wildlife habitat.
An additional 6.25 miles of trail from the city limits of Bondurant stretching to NE 29th St. where the trail crosses beneath I-80 is complete. This Polk County and Bondurant project allows trail users to ride from Des Moines to Baxter via the Chichaqua Valley Trail.
An additional section of trail connecting into Mally's Park has been added to provide easier access to park amenities.
The connection between Ankeny and Des Moines is complete. A paved 2.5 mile segment of trail between 29th Avenue and Aurora Avenue adjacent to Four Mile Creek is now open. In conjunction with this trail construction, two lengths of the creek have been stabilized along the Four Mile Greenbelt.
Phase I of the Mark C. Ackelson/Easter Lake Trail is complete. The Trail now encompasses approximately 2 miles of paved trail construction on the south side of the park from Shelter #4 to Easter Lake Drive.
Phase II of the circumferential trail around Easter Lake Park and through Ewing Park encompasses approximately 1.75 miles of paved trail on the north side of Easter Lake from Ewing Park to Evergreen Ave. This section of trail provides for safe trail use off the park road and improved trail access to adjacent neighborhoods.
In an effort to improve water quality, rain gardens and a bioretention cell have been constructed as a part of the Mark C. Ackelson Trail Phase II. These features aid in filtration of water runoff from parking lots before entering the lake.
Phase III was completed in 2018. This section of the trail connects the north and south sides of the lake via a bridge crossing on the west side of the park.
A CXT Vault Toilet was installed in June 2013. This vault toilet replaced portable toilets that have previously been on-site. It will be easier to clean, fully accessible, more vandal resistant, have much less odor and an extended life.
A CXT Vault Toilet was installed at the trailhead in June 2013. This vault toilet replaced portable toilets that have previously been on-site. It will be easier to clean, fully accessible, more vandal resistant, have much less odor and an extended life.
An extension along Great Western Trail from the trailhead east to the Bill Riley Trail is now in place to provide an all-weather connection for trail users.
Polk County Conservation acquired an abandoned railway corridor for future trail purposes stretching from Ankeny to Des Moines. This section will connect to the Gay Lea Wilson Trail on the north end by Carney Marsh. Proposed connections are to the Chichaqua Valley Trail, the northside of the Des Moines area and the Neal Smith Trail on the southside of I-80.
Thanks to a partnership with the Iowa DNR, the wildlife viewing platform has been constructed and is now open to the public. Spotting scopes have been installed, and the design of interpretive information is underway. Next spring, after the installation of this interpretive material, a grand opening will be held. Keep an eye on our website for when this will take place.
A new marsh pump was installed in the fall of 2013 to replace the non-functional system.
The Chichaqua Bottoms Greenbelt Master Plan was approved by the Polk County Conservation Board. This document addresses future planning for this regionally significant conservation area that consists of more than 8,000 conservation acres. View the plan here.
The Polk County Conservation Board and staff along with Keith Summerville of Drake University have developed an extensive management plan in conjunction with the existing Master Plan which addresses future planning for this regionally significant conservation area that provides more than 8,000 acres for recreation and wildlife. View the plan here.
Wetland restoration and native vegetation restoration on a 311-acre acquisition was completed in summer 2016.
Existing paved roads were in need of crack sealing or asphalt overlays to extend the life of the roads and provide safer travel conditions. Also, dust from gravel surfaced roads presented sanitary health issues, maintenance difficulties and mobility challenges for park visitors. Plans have been made to fix the problems on the north and south sides of Easter Lake Park. Asphalt overlay between shelters #3 and #4 has now been completed.
A CXT vault toilet was installed in June 2013 near shelter #4. This new toilet facility replaced an aging restroom that was in need of replacement. It will be easier to clean, fully accessible, more vandal resistant, have much less odor and an extended life.
Rain gardens and biorention cells have been installed near parking lots to filter runoff before it enters the lake. For more information on rain gardens, check out our Rain Gardens page.
In conjunction with the Iowa DNR Water Recreation Grant, improvements to the south boat ramp at Easter Lake Park were made and completed in the winter of 2018.
A multi-year lake restoration project concluded in 2018.
Amperage Fundraising completed a Feasibility Study for a proposed Easter Lake Lodge. The final report was presented to the Polk County Conservation Board on April 11th. Click here to view a copy of this report.
Construction for the nature center was completed in the summer of 2018.
The clubhouse completed renovations in 2018 to install a 3-season room, commercial kitchen and cart storage.
An irrigation system was installed throughout the 18-hole course in 2018.
An 18-hole miniature golf course was opened to the public in the summer of 2018. The course is next to the driving range.
CXT restrooms were place at Shelter #2 and Camp Area #2.
Restoration work to the pond has been completed. Fish stocking has been completed. A .3 mile accessible trail around the pond has also been completed. It connects to the new fishing pier and canoe/kayak launch. A shed for rental equipment has also been built on this site.
Work has been completed on Campground #2. Jester Park's electric sites are full most weekends, while many non-electric sites remain vacant. This newly renovated campground helps fill the the demand for electric camp sites throughout the park. These 28 sites have been converted to electric sites with 20, 30 and 50 amp service.
Construction of the new equipment maintenance building is complete. Building the new facility on the site of the old Jester Park Barn has consolidated all maintenance operations facilities in one spot near the existing park entrance. The former building near the golf course will be removed, and this site will eventually house the new Jester Park Conservation Center.
A CXT restroom was placed at Jester Park Shelter #2.
A CXT restroom was placed at the pond.
An accessible trail that circles the pond and provides complete access to the site has been completed and is now open to the public. This new trail construction connects the accessible trail to the existing park trail system. Combined, these trails provide over three miles of recreational opportunities.
The new crossing over Camp Creek, which provides separation between vehicular and pedestrian park users, has reached completion and is open.
Accessible fishing piers have been installed on the dam face, north bank and west side of the pond.
Limestone steps have been installed throughout Camp Creek to provide improved recreational access to the water.
A CXT restroom was placed at the Thomas Mitchell Park pond.
An alternative access route is available to Brown's Woods via the newly constructed Veteran's Parkway. A new parking lot has been installed, in cooperation with the City of West Des Moines, to handle vehicular and bus parking and provide safe access to Brown's Woods. A dual CXT restroom was placed near the parking lot as well. Expansion of the trails and connections throughout Brown's Woods provides visitors with improved access to the park.
Waterway stabilization, pond restoration, and enhanced fisheries health have been completed. These efforts have been realized in the visible improvement of water quality at the Fort Des Moines pond.
The new hiking trails have been resurfaced.
Work is now complete on the south side of the park where the area in between the park and Studebaker Elementary was converted into an outdoor classroom complete with nature trails, gathering areas, interpretive signage and prairie establishment.
Additional improvement additions include flush restrooms, peninsula trail and boardwalk, shade structures, improved trail system and bridges, boat ramp and fishing access around the pond.The park now has a 3-season shelter available for reservation.
A CXT restroom was placed at the tent camping area.
Stabalization of the dam has been complete. The outlet and overflow structures have been replaced, and the top of the dam lowered eight feet so park users can gain improved access to the water. The water control structure has been closed to allow the pond to fill.
A CXT restroom was placed at the Yellow Banks tent camping area.
A new trail was built around the pond. This route provides pond and fishing access as well as connection to woodland areas that were previously inaccessible. Bridges were installed for trail users to pass safely over gullies.


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Premiere Status and Eligibility for 2021 SXSW Film Festival Submissions
The SXSW Film Festival recognizes 7 types of premiere status for the 2021 season: World Premiere, International Premiere, North American Premiere, U.S. Premiere, Texas Premiere, Austin Premiere, and Not a Premiere.
Navigating premiere status and eligibility for your film or project can be tricky, so before you submit your film to the Film Festival for SXSW Online, review premiere status information and dive into the requirements for each screening section.
To be eligible for SXSW 2021, your project must have been completed in 2019, 2020, or be on track for completion in early 2021. Please note that each submission category has different premiere and eligibility requirements – review below and in our 2021 Film Submission Guides for a complete breakdown.
The premiere status of your film is an important factor; however, due to these challenging times, we will be more flexible on premiere status for SXSW 2021. All things being equal, the premiere will get the slot, but it's not absolute. We make exceptions for films we love regardless of where they've screened. For example, our 2020 Festival Favorites section was comprised of non-premieres.
World Premiere: Your project has not screened theatrically prior to SXSW, whether at a film festival or other ticketed public theatrical exhibition, and has not been broadcast or streamed on television or the Internet or released via any home video or other public distribution platform (Blu-ray, DVD, streaming, VOD, etc.) in any country prior to SXSW.
International Premiere: Your project has not screened theatrically outside of its country or countries of origin prior to SXSW, whether at a film festival or other ticketed public theatrical exhibition, and has not been broadcast or streamed on television or the Internet or released via any home video or other public distribution platform (Blu-ray, DVD, streaming, VOD, etc.) in any country prior to SXSW.
North American Premiere: Your project has not screened theatrically in the U.S., Canada, or Mexico prior to SXSW, whether at a film festival or other ticketed public theatrical exhibition, and has not been broadcast or streamed on television or the Internet or released via any home video or other public distribution platform (Blu-ray, DVD, streaming, VOD, etc.) in any country prior to SXSW.
U.S. Premiere: Your project has not screened theatrically in the U.S. prior to SXSW, whether at a film festival or other ticketed public theatrical exhibition, and has not been broadcast or streamed on television or the Internet or released via any home video or other public distribution platform (Blu-ray, DVD, streaming, VOD, etc.) in any country prior to SXSW.
Texas Premiere: Your project has not screened theatrically in Texas prior to SXSW, whether at a film festival or other ticketed public theatrical exhibition, and has not been broadcast or streamed on television or the Internet or released via any home video or other public distribution platform (Blu-ray, DVD, streaming, VOD, etc.) in any country prior to SXSW.
Austin Premiere: Your project has not screened theatrically in Austin prior to SXSW, whether at a film festival or other ticketed public theatrical exhibition and has not been broadcast or streamed on television or the Internet or released via any home video or other public distribution platform (Blu-ray, DVD, streaming, VOD, etc.) in any country prior to SXSW.
Not a Premiere: Your project has screened theatrically in Austin at a film festival prior to SXSW, it has been released in a country other than the U.S. via television broadcast or theatrical screening before SXSW, or has been broadcast, streamed on television or the Internet as part of a limited-time virtual festival event.
Click through to read the premiere and eligibility policy for each screening section:
Title Sequence
Explore 2021 Film Festival Submission Guides for information about each screening section. Read through the Film Submissions FAQ for specific questions about submitting your film, premiere status, eligibility, and more.
Submit your film to the Film Festival for SXSW Online from March 16-20, 2021 before the official deadline on October 28 at 11:59pm PT. As part of our 2021 offerings, this digital experience will feature conference keynotes and sessions, screenings, showcases, networking, and exhibitions.
Once you have submitted your project, you will receive a confirmation email from SXSW within 48 hours. This email will confirm that your film has been submitted correctly. If you do not receive this email within 48 hours, please follow up by emailing filmfest@sxsw.com to ensure your film has been submitted properly and is under consideration. All applicants will be informed of the status of their project no later than Tuesday, February 16, 2021.
A Quiet Place, 2018 Premiere – Photo by Matt Winkelmeyer