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Cold Mountain ist eine Oper in zwei Akten von Jennifer Higdon (Musik) mit einem Libretto von Gene Scheer nach dem Roman Unterwegs nach Cold Mountain von Charles Frazier. Die Uraufführung fand am 1. August 2015 in der Santa Fe Opera statt.

Handlung

Die Oper behandelt die tragische Liebesgeschichte von Ada und Inman vor dem Hintergrund des Amerikanischen Bürgerkriegs. Kurz nachdem sich die beiden kennenlernen, wird Inman Soldat der Konföderationstruppen. Er wird schwer verletzt, desertiert und schlägt sich in die Heimat durch, wo er nach vier Jahren wieder mit Ada zusammentrifft. Ihr Glück findet schon nach der ersten Nacht ein jähes Ende durch die von dem brutalen Teague geführte Heimatwache. Die Erzählung ist nicht linear, sondern zeigt die Reise Inmans und das Leben Adas in Form einzelner Episoden, Rückblenden und Simultanszenen.

Kurzfassung

Erster Akt. Teague und seine Leute suchen nach dem desertierten Sohn des Farmers Bill Owens, töten Bill und nehmen den Sohn fest, als der seinem Vater beistehen will. Der schwerverletzte Inman hat genug von den Gräueln des Kriegs und beschließt, nach Hause zu seiner Geliebten Ada zurückzukehren. Diese muss sich nach dem Tod ihres Vaters zunächst allein um die Black Cove Farm kümmern, findet aber bald Hilfe durch Ruby, die ihr alles Nötige beibringt. Auf seiner Reise begegnet Inman dem Prediger Solomon Veasey und hält diesen davon ab, die von ihm geschwängerte Laura zu töten. Veasey verliert seine Stellung und beginnt eine neue Arbeit als Fährmann. Als Inman etwas später seine Dienste in Anspruch nehmen muss, werden die beiden von der Heimatwache entdeckt und verfolgt. Ihr Boot kentert, und sie werden bewusstlos ans Ufer gespült. Dort werden sie von Lila und ihren drei Schwestern gefunden, die sie gegen Kopfgeld an die Heimatwache ausliefern. Auf der Farm kommt es zu einem Wiedersehen zwischen Ruby und ihrem für tot gehaltenen Vater Stobrod, der ebenfalls desertiert ist und sich auf der Flucht befindet. Obwohl die beiden kein gutes Verhältnis zueinander hatten, schützt Ruby ihn vor Teague und seinen Leuten. Sie duldet seine Anwesenheit jedoch nicht auf der Farm selbst. Inman und Veasey wurden in eine Chain-Gang eingereiht. Als die Gruppe in die Nähe feindlicher Truppen kommt, nutzt Inman die Gelegenheit zu einem Fluchtversuch, da er davon ausgeht, dass die Wächter es nicht wagen würden, auf sie zu schießen. Die Hoffnung wird jedoch getäuscht: Die Wachen erschießen alle Mitglieder der Chain-Gang und werden anschließend von den Soldaten angegriffen. Inman überlebt bewusstlos unter den Leichen seiner Mitgefangenen.

Zweiter Akt. Die entlaufene Sklavin Lucinda befreit Inman von seinen Ketten, als sie die Taschen der Toten nach Essbarem durchsucht. Er macht sich wieder auf die Reise. In Stobrods Lager leben nun auch sein Gefährte Pangle und Reid, ein Junge aus Georgia. Inman gewinnt das Vertrauen der jungen Mutter Sara und hilft ihr bei der Verteidigung ihrer Hütte gegen Plünderer. Teague weiß inzwischen, dass Rubys Vater noch lebt. Wenig später entdecken er und die Heimatwache das Waldlager und erschießen Stobrod und Pangle. Reid kann fliehen und Ruby davon berichten. Sie und Ada machen sich auf den Weg, um die beiden zu beerdigen. Dabei stellen sie fest, dass Stobrod noch lebt. Auch Inman ist inzwischen in der Heimat angelangt und trifft im Wald wieder mit Ada zusammen. Obwohl sich beide stark verändert haben, wollen sie ihre Beziehung wieder aufnehmen. Als sie nach der gemeinsam verbrachten Nacht zur Farm herabsteigen wollen, werden sie von Teague und der Heimatwache aufgegriffen. Bei dem folgenden Schusswechsel tötet Inman alle Gegner bis auf den zwölfjährigen Birch. Dieser ergibt sich nur zum Schein und erschießt Inman, der in Adas Armen stirbt. Neun Jahre später leben Ada und Ruby noch immer auf der Farm. Ada hat eine kleine Tochter von Inman und Ruby drei kleine Kinder. Der Anblick des Orion im Himmel erinnert Ada an Inman. Dieses Sternbild hatten sie vor seinem Aufbruch in den Krieg und ihrem ersten Kuss betrachtet.

Erster Akt

Szene 1: Bill Owens' Farm. Teague, Anführer der lokalen Heimatwache, nähert sich mit einem Lied auf den Lippen (Teague: "Peaches In The Summertime"). Der alte Bill Owens empfängt ihn misstrauisch mit geladener Waffe. Er weiß, dass Teague auf der Suche nach Deserteuren ist. Teague begutachtet das Loch eines frisch ausgegrabenen Baumstumpfs und meint, dass Owens das nicht allein geschafft haben könne. Owens' Sohn müsse wohl in der Nähe sein. Owens zieht seine Waffe, wird aber von Teagues Leuten, die sich erst jetzt zeigen, zurechtgewiesen. Auf ein Signal Teagues ersticht einer der Männer den Farmer. Er wird in das Erdloch geworfen. Mit seinen letzten Worten ermahnt Owens seinen versteckten Sohn, sich fernzuhalten. Der will jedoch seinem Vater beistehen, eilt aus seinem Versteck und wird von der Heimatwache festgenommen.

Szene 2: Krankenhaus der Konföderierten in Raleigh, North Carolina. Die Verwundeten sehen zu, wie ein in der letzten Nacht verstorbener Soldat fortgetragen wird (Chor: "What Was His Name?"). Der schwer verletzte Inman blättert nachdenklich in dessen Tagebuch. Ein Blinder spricht ihn an, und Inman erzählt ihm von seinen schrecklichen Kriegserlebnissen (Arie Inman: "The Metal Age"). An einer anderen Stelle des Hofs nähert sich Teague Inmans Geliebter Ada und hilft ihr bei ihrer Suche nach einem Ei. Adas Vater Monroe ist kürzlich verstorben. Seitdem muss sie sich alleine um die Farm kümmern.

Szene 3: Friedhof auf Cold Mountain. Im Gespräch mit ihrem Vater Monroe erinnert sich Ada, wie sie Inman in der örtlichen Kirche kennenlernte (Rückblenden-Szene).

Szene 4: Black Cove Farm. Die energetische Ruby erscheint. Sie sucht eine Arbeitsstelle auf der Farm und wundert sich darüber, dass die in Erinnerungen versunkene Ada mit einem Unsichtbaren zu sprechen scheint. Die beiden Frauen unterhalten sich über den Verlust ihrer Eltern. Ruby stellt ihre Fähigkeiten unter Beweis, indem sie einen aggressiven Hahn erlegt. Sie will ohne Bezahlung als Adas Partnerin auf der Farm arbeiten.

Szene 5: Eine Schlucht entlang eines Flusses. Der Prediger Solomon Veasey trägt die unter Drogen gesetzte und bewusstlose Laura zu einer Klippe, um sie herunterzustoßen. Er ist verzweifelt über sein Vorhaben und erleichtert, als Inman ihn mit vorgehaltener Waffe davon abhält. Laura und er hatten ein Liebesverhältnis, durch das sie schwanger wurde. Jedoch ist er bereits mit einer anderen Frau verlobt. Er hat inzwischen seinen Glauben verloren. Inman nimmt Veaseys Waffe an sich. Als sich die Heimatwache nähert, bedroht er den Prediger, damit er ihn nicht verrät. Um sich abzusichern, schreibt er Veaseys Taten auf und knebelt ihn.

Szene 6: Früher Morgen, Black Cove Farm. Ruby erklärt Ada die Grundzüge der Farmwirtschaft. Ada hat zwar eine höhere Bildung erhalten, aber von den praktischen Dingen wenig Ahnung. Ruby dagegen, deren Mutter bei ihrer Geburt verstorben war und deren Vater sich nie um sie gekümmert hatte, bis er im Krieg fiel, musste durch die harte Schule des Lebens gehen (Arie Ruby: "My Only Teacher Was Hunger"). Ada zeigt Ruby einen Brief von Inman, in dem dieser verspricht, zu ihr zurückzukehren, sobald dies möglich ist. Sie möchte die Farm daher nicht verlassen. Szenenwechsel: Im Wald erinnert sich Inman an die gemeinsame Weihnachtsfeier mit Ada vor vier Jahren (Duett Ada/Inman: "Why can't we just be here together?").

Szene 7: Cape Fear River. Auf seiner Flucht vor der Heimatwache gelangt Inman bei stürmischem Wetter an einen Fluss und ruft einen Fährmann herbei. Es handelt sich um Veasey. Der verlangt seine Pistole zurück und als Gegenleistung für die Überfahrt auch die Waffe Inmans. Er erzählt, dass ihn der Diakon und andere verprügelt hätten, nachdem sie Inmans Notiz gelesen hatten. Er hatte noch Glück, mit dem Leben davonzukommen, und will nun ein neues Leben in Texas beginnen. Plötzlich fallen Schüsse: Die Heimatwache hat das Boot entdeckt. Da es bereits ein Leck hat, drehen sie es um und nutzen es als Schild. Es wird von der Strömung davongetragen (Orchesterzwischenspiel).

Szene 8: Der nächste Morgen, am Flussufer entlang. Lila und ihre drei Schwestern Katie, Olivia und Claire finden Inman und Veasey bewusstlos am Ufer. Sie kümmern sich um die beiden, wecken sie und zeigen besonders viel Interesse an Inman. Lilas Mann Junior, ein Fischer, kommt hinzu und gibt ihnen zu trinken. Allerdings hat er zuvor ein Betäubungsmittel in das Getränk getan. Er holt die Männer der Heimatwache und übergibt ihnen die beiden, da er für jeden ausgelieferten Deserteur ein Kopfgeld von fünf Dollar erhält. Inman und Veasey werden in eine Chain-Gang eingereiht und fortgeführt.

Szene 9: Black Cove Farm. Ruby erklärt Ada die verschiedenen Geräusche der Umgebung. Während sie auf den Wind lauschen, hören sie ein Stöhnen. Es ist Rubys für tot gehaltener Vater Stobrod, dessen Arm in einer Tierfalle feststeckt, aus der er Essen stehlen wollte. Auch er ist desertiert. Als sich Teague singend nähert, hilft Ruby ihrem Vater widerwillig, ein Versteck zu finden. Teague hat den zwölfjährigen Waisenjungen Birch bei sich, um den er sich seit dem Tod seines Vaters kümmert. Sowohl Birch als auch Teague kommen dem Versteck Stobrods gefährlich nahe. Teague will von Ada wissen, wer ihren Zaun gebaut hat (Arie Teague: "A Fence Is A Good Thing"). Endlich ziehen sich Teague und Birch zurück, und Stobrod kann sein Versteck verlassen. Seine Hoffnung auf eine Versöhnung mit seiner Tochter wird jedoch enttäuscht: Sie weist ihn von der Farm.

Szene 10: Die Chain Gang. Inman, Veasey und die anderen Deserteure werden unter bewaffneter Aufsicht fortgeführt. Veasey versucht vergeblich, die Wachen zu überzeugen, dass er kein Deserteur, sondern Prediger ist. Als sie Truppen der Konföderierten bemerken, müssen sich alle verstecken. Inman nutzt die Gelegenheit, die Mitgefangenen zu einem Ausbruchsversuch zu überreden. Er hofft, dass die Wächter es nicht wagen, auf sie zu schießen. Der Versuch scheitert jedoch. Nach dem ersten Schuss eines einzelnen Wächters eröffnen die anderen das Feuer auf die Fliehenden. Die Konföderierten greifen an und verfolgen die Männer der Heimatwache. Nur Inman überlebt bewusstlos unter dem Haufen seiner toten Mitgefangenen. Eine Rückblende zeigt seinen Abschied von Ada vor seinem Aufbruch in den Krieg im Jahr 1861. Sie betrachten die Sterne des Orion und küssen sich zum ersten Mal. Inman hofft, dass der Krieg nicht länger als sechs Monate dauern wird und er dann zu ihr zurückkehren kann (Duett Ada/Inman: "Come Back To Cold Mountain").

Zweiter Akt

Szene 1. Nach der Orchestereinleitung sieht man den Leichenberg in derselben Position wie am Ende des ersten Akts. Die entlaufene schwarze Sklavin Lucinda durchsucht die Taschen der Toten nach Essbarem. Sie erschreckt, als sie feststellt, dass Inman noch lebt (Duett Lucinda/Inman: "Is That All You Got?"). Er beruhigt sie und weist auf einen toten Heimatwachen-Mann, der noch Brot bei sich trägt. Als Lucinda ihm ein Foto Adas zeigt, das sie in seiner eigenen Tasche gefunden hat, bricht Inman in Tränen aus. Obwohl Lucinda ihm nicht traut, wirft sie ihm den Kettenschlüssel des Wachmanns zu, bevor sie fortläuft.

Szene 2. Zu einem Orchesterzwischenspiel ("Inman Walking") sieht man Inman ununterbrochen wandern, während der Himmel die verschiedenen Mondphasen zeigt. Nach 28 Tagen ist Neumond, und der Himmel wird von Sternen dominiert. Beim Anblick des Orion beginnt Inman zu singen.

Szene 3. Ada und Inman denken aneinander und an die Veränderungen, denen sie beide in vier Jahren unterworfen waren (Duett Ada/Inman: "Orion").

Szene 4: Stobrods Lager. Ruby und Ada bringen Stobrod und seinem Genossen Pangle etwas Essen und Mäntel. Noch ein dritter Mann befindet sich im Lager: Reid, der "Georgia boy". Erst jetzt erfährt Ruby, dass ihr Vater Fiedel spielen kann. Trotz all seiner Versuche, ihr Vertrauen zu gewinnen, bleibt sie abweisend.

Szene 5: Saras Hütte. Inman begegnet der jungen Mutter Sara. Da ihr Baby ständig schreit, rät er ihr, es mit ein paar Tropfen Whisky auf einem Stofffetzen zu beruhigen. Sie erzählt ihm, dass ihr Mann im Kampf gefallen sei und sein Kind nie gesehen habe. Sie muss nun selbst für sich und das Kind sorgen. Allerdings haben Plünderer bereits ihre Kuh geraubt und die Scheune in Brand gesteckt. Inzwischen ist das Baby eingeschlafen, und Sara gibt dem hungrigen Inman dankbar etwas zu essen. Sie bittet ihn, die Nacht in ihrem Bett zu verbringen, um das Gefühl zu haben, nicht alleine zu sein.

Szene 6: Black Cove Farm. Teague zeigt Ruby einen Zeitungsausschnitt mit einer Liste von Deserteuren, die auch den Namen ihres Vaters enthält. Er weiß daher, das Stobrod noch lebt. Teague überlässt Ruby das Papier und geht. Anschließend sucht sie darin den Namen Inman und ist erleichtert, ihn nicht zu finden.

Szene 7: Saras Hütte. Sara weckt Inman, als sich drei bewaffnete Konföderationssoldaten (Ethan, Thomas und Charlie) dem Haus nähern. Während er sich versteckt, versucht Sara, die Männer abzuwimmeln. Sie verlangen jedoch nachdrücklich etwas zu essen und bedrohen ihr Baby. In ihrer Not gesteht Sara, dass sich ein Schwein hinter dem Haus befinde. Als Thomas nachschaut, wird er von Inman überwältigt und erdrosselt. Anschließend erschießt Inman mit Thomas' Waffe auch Ethan. Sara reißt ihr Kind an sich und bringt es ins Haus, bevor sie Charlie mit ihrem eigenen Gewehr tötet.

Das folgende Orchesterzwischenspiel begleitet das Fidelspiel von Stobrod und Pangle in ihrem Waldlager.

Szene 8: Black Cove Farm. Während Ada das Grab ihres Vaters schmückt, grübelt Ruby über ihre problematische Beziehung zu ihrem eigenen Vater (Quintett Ada/Ruby/Inman/Stobrod/Pangle: "I Should Be Cryin' But I Just Feel Numb").

Szene 9: Stobrods Lager. Teague und seine Leute entdecken das Lager von Stobrod und Pangle. Reid kann sich rechtzeitig verstecken und beobachtet, wie die Männer der Heimatwache seine Freunde erschießen. In einer Simultanszene berichtet er Ruby und Ada davon, während das Geschehen noch abläuft.

Szene 10: Besteigung des Cold Mountain. Begleitet von den Geistern der Kriegstoten wandern Ruby und Ada langsam den Berg hinauf, um Stobrod und die anderen zu beerdigen (Chor: "Our Beautiful Country"). Sie stellen fest, dass Stobrod noch lebt. Ruby macht sich auf die Suche nach Hilfsmitteln, um ihren Vater zu versorgen. Unterdessen wickelt Ada den Bewusstlosen in Decken und singt für ihn (Arie Ada: "I Feel Sorry for You"). Nachdem Ruby zurückgekehrt ist, geht Ada auf die Jagd nach Truthähnen. Etwas abseits findet Inman die Fidel Stobrods. Ein Schuss Adas schreckt ihn auf. Er zieht seine Pistole und richtet sie auf die Eintreffende. Auch Ada richtet ihre Gewehr auf den vermeintlich Fremden.

Szene 11: Deep in the woods on Cold Mountain. Inman erkennt seine Geliebte als erster. Sie benötigt länger, da er durch die langen Entbehrungen stark verändert ist. Ada ruft Ruby hinzu, und gemeinsam bringen sie Inman ins Lager, wo er zusammenbricht.

Szene 12: Rubys und Adas Lager. Obwohl Ada und Inman nicht mehr dieselben sind wie vor dem Krieg, wollen sie zusammenbleiben. Sie wollen sich gegenseitig alle Erlebnisse erzählen (Chor: "Tell Her") und umarmen sich für eine Liebesnacht. Unterdessen wacht Ruby bei ihrem Vater. Am nächsten Morgen machen Ada, Ruby und Inman Pläne für die Zukunft. Inman glaubt, die größten Überlebenschancen hätte er, wenn er sich von den Yankees gefangen nehmen ließe. Nach Kriegsende will er zur Farm zurückkehren. Als sich alle zusammen auf den Weg hinab zur Black Cove Farm machen, erscheinen Teague und seine Leute mit gezogenen Waffen. Ein Kampf bricht aus, in dem es Inman gelingt, alle Gegner zu töten. Nur der junge Birch hat sich hinter einem Baum versteckt. Inman verspricht, ihn gehen zu lassen, wenn er seine Waffen ablegt. Birch wirft sein Gewehr zu Boden. Als Inman es aufheben will, zieht Birch eine Pistole und erschießt ihn. Inman stirbt in Adas Armen.

Szene 13: Black Cove Farm – Epilog, neun Jahre später. Nach einem längeren Orchesterzwischenspiel sieht man ein neunjähriges Mädchen, das einer Spieluhr lauscht. Rubys drei Kinder laufen hinzu. Sie kommen gerade von einem Picknick. Ruby fordert sie auf, zu Bett zu gehen. Alle bis auf das Mädchen ziehen sich zurück. Dieses betrachtet den Himmel, ruft seine Mutter Ada und zeigt ihr den Orion. Ada fühlt sich an Inman erinnert.

Gestaltung

Orchester

Die Orchesterbesetzung der Oper enthält die folgenden Instrumente:

 Holzbläser: zwei Flöten (2. auch Piccolo), zwei Oboen (2. auch Englischhorn), zwei Klarinetten (2. auch Bassklarinette), zwei Fagotte (2. auch Kontrafagott)
 Blechbläser: vier Hörner, drei Trompeten (1. auch Piccolotrompete in B), zwei Posaunen, Bassposaune, Tuba
 Harfe
 Schlagzeug (drei Spieler)
 Streicher

Musik

Ein wiederkehrendes Strukturelement der Oper ist der Männerchor, der mit den Stimmen der Heimatwache, der Verwundeten ("What Was His Name"), der Deserteure oder der Geister der Toten ("Our Beautiful Country", II:10) spricht oder die Gedanken der Protagonisten wiedergibt ("Tell Her", II:12). Weitere bemerkenswerte Stücke sind Teagues Lied "Peaches in the Summertime" zu Beginn der Oper, Adas Arie "I Feel Sorry for You" (II:10) und die Sturmmusik. Es gibt viele Ensemblestücke, die in den Simultanszenen auch räumlich voneinander getrennte Personen vereinen.

Werkgeschichte

Die Komponistin Jennifer Higdon begann die Arbeit an dieser Oper im Jahr 2009 in enger Zusammenarbeit mit dem Librettisten Gene Scheer. Das Libretto lehnt sich eng an die Novelle Unterwegs nach Cold Mountain von Charles Frazier an. Das Werk entstand im Gedenken an den 150. Jahrestag des Amerikanischen Bürgerkriegs. Die Uraufführung sollte ursprünglich an der San Francisco Opera stattfinden. Die Komponistin, die einen Großteil ihrer Jugend in der Nähe des Handlungsorts verbracht hatte, ließ viele ihrer Kenntnisse über die Musik der Südstaaten in die Partitur und in den Text der Oper einfließen. Sie arbeitete mehr als zwei Jahre an der Komposition.

Die Uraufführung fand am 1. August 2015 unter der musikalischen Leitung von Miguel Harth-Bedoya an der Santa Fe Opera statt. Regie führte Leonard Foglia. Die Bühne stammte von Robert Brill, die Kostüme von David C. Woolard, das Lichtdesign von Brian Nason und die Projektionen von Elaine J. McCarthy. Die Hauptrollen sangen Nathan Gunn (Inman), Isabel Leonard (Ada), Emily Fons (Ruby), Jay Hunter Morris (Teague), Kevin Burdette (Stobrod und blinder Mann), Roger Honeywell (Veasey), Robert Pomakov (Owens, Ethan und Chain-Gang-Wache) und Anthony Michael-Moore (Monroe, Pangle und Chain-Gang-Wache).

Die Aufführung hatte großen Erfolg und wurde bei den International Opera Awards 2016 als beste Uraufführung ausgezeichnet. Der bei Pentatone auf CD erschienene Mitschnitt wurde für zwei Grammy Awards nominiert. Charles Frazier, der Autor der Romanvorlage, erlebte die Premiere im Publikum mit und beschrieb sie später als "überwältigend erfreuliche Erfahrung" ("overwhelmingly gratifying experience"). Der Rezensent David Shengold nannte als Stärken des Werks die "feinen Texturen und [die] kluge[] Gliederung des Orchestersatzes" sowie das jederzeit verständliche Libretto. Die Dramaturgie des Schlusses empfand er als irreführend, da nach der großen Chorszene des zweiten Akts mit "Finalcharakter" die Oper keineswegs endet. Das Werk sei "für einen Erstling mehr als respektabel". Eine negative Rezension schrieb Charles T. Downey für The Classical Review. Er kritisierte u. a. die vielen Simultanszenen, durch die die Wiedervereinigung von Ada und Inman am Ende der Oper ihre Schlagkraft verliere, da sie bereits den ganzen Abend lang zusammen gesungen hätten. Die Orchesterbehandlung fand er begrenzt und klischeehaft, die des Chores statisch und etwas langweilig.

Für die nächste Aufführungsreihe an der Opera Philadelphia 2016 wurde die Oper geringfügig überarbeitet. Weitere Produktionen gab es 2017 in North Carolina und 2018 an der Minnesota Opera.

Aufnahmen

 2015 – Miguel Harth-Bedoya (Dirigent), The Santa Fe Opera Orchestra, Mitglieder des The Santa Fe Opera Apprentice Program for Singers. Nathan Gunn (Inman), Isabel Leonard (Ada), Emily Fons (Ruby), Jay Hunter Morris (Teague), Kevin Burdette (Stobrod/blinder Mann), Roger Honeywell (Veasey), Robert Pomakov (Owens/Ethan/Chain-Gang-Aufseher), Anthony Michaels-Moore (Monroe/Pangle/Chain-Gang-Aufseher), Bridgette Gan (Lila), Heather Phillips (Katie), Shabnam Kalbasi (Olivia), Megan Marino (Claire), Chelsea Basler (Sara), Deborah Nansteel (Lucinda), Daniel Bates (Junior/Charlie), Roy Hage (Reid/Chain-Gang-Aufseher), Tyler Putnam (Thomas), Adrian Kramer (Owens Sohn), Andrea Núñez (Laura), Nicholas Ottersberg (Birch), Cadence Dennis (Adas Tochter). Live-Mitschnitt der Uraufführung aus der Santa Fe Opera. Pentatone PTC 5186 583 (2 CDs).

Einzelnachweise

Operntitel
Oper in englischer Sprache
Oper aus dem 21. Jahrhundert
Musik 2015
Sezessionskrieg in Kunst und Literatur


text:
Q: Tastypie deserialize results in {"error": ""} I'm using tastypie with django. I have one line of code:
data = self.deserialize(request, request.body, format=request.META.get('CONTENT_TYPE', 'application/json'))

I use this code from the command line to send a post request to my webserver:
curl -X post -d "{ 'username' : 'user', 'password' : 'password' }" http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/employee/login/ --header "Content-Type:application/json"

When I run this, it results in a json response of
{"error": ""}

Looking at my server logs I see:
[15/Feb/2014 20:39:49] "post /api/user/login/ HTTP/1.1" 400 13

A log message logged immediately before the deserialize line will be logged successfully, but a log message logged immediately after the deserialize line will not be logged, so I am pretty sure the deserialize is wrong. Does anyone know what could be wrong or if I should consider something else as the problem?

A: Your JSON is not valid. Please check it here. The 400 (bad request) status should give you clue about that. It should be: {"username": "user", "password": "password"}. Here you have some solutions how to escape " char in CURL command. Tastypie unfortunately raises exception without message here but we can easily fix that for future to save time for other people which will use your API.
from tastypie.exceptions import BadRequest
from tastypie.serializers import Serializer
class VerboseSerializer(Serializer):
    """
    Gives message when loading JSON fails.
    """
    # Tastypie>=0.9.6,<=0.11.0
    def from_json(self, content):
        """
        Override method of `Serializer.from_json`. Adds exception message when loading JSON fails.
        """
        try:
            return json.loads(content)
        except ValueError as e:
            raise BadRequest(u"Incorrect JSON format: Reason: \"{}\" (See www.json.org for more info.)".format(e.message))

class MyResource(BaseModelResource):
    class Meta:
        serializer = VerboseSerializer(formats=['json'])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
How concreter's $84 LandCruiser car mod made him $70k
When Clay Griffith-Carmichael realised he had fixed a common problem for LandCruiser drivers, he turned his solution into a gold mine.
Mum makes $150k in just 10 minutes
Wild way 20yo created $200m empire
If you've decided that 2021 will be the year you finally action that idea for an online shop or small business, you're not alone.
According to research from SEEK, 9 per cent of Aussies have made starting a business or side hustle a New Year's resolution for 2021.
However, for Sunshine Coast man, Clay Griffith-Carmichael, what was a hobby which turned his love of 3D printing into "beer money," is now his full-time job.
The founder of Mullet Mods, the 23-year-old has created a loyal and dedicated following thanks to his range of 3D-printed cup holders for Toyota LandCruisers. While the product may seem nich, Mr Griffith-Carmichael credited his success to his unique products.
"Drink holders are fine in a majority of cars but they don't come with this particular 70 series LandCruiser that's a semi-commercial vehicle and popular in the four-wheel driving scene," he explained to news.com.au.
"The car comes bare bones and it's an optional upgrade to get electric windows. That's how far behind it is.
"It's quite far behind in terms of comfort but it's one of the best four wheel drives you can buy."
Clay originally created a drink holder for his dad's LandCruiser before he began selling similar products to his friends. Picture: Instagram @mulletmods.
Although he began 3D printing the drink holders in 2018, he didn't consider seriously pursuing his business idea until April 2020 when the onset of COVID-19 began threatening his other income sources. At the time Mr Griffith-Carmichael was working as a tutor at the University of Queensland and concreting on the weekends, however the pandemic quickly saw his hours reduced.
"As a concreter we couldn't go near the truck drivers and we were just waiting for something to collapse and be off work for two weeks," he said.
"When the pandemic hit, I had a lot of time. I was stuck at home, I was next to the printer, so it kind of gave me that extra time to work on it."
He considered his new 3D printing venture to be relatively low-risk too. His initial products were made with a 3D printer he received as a Christmas present in 2016 and Mr Griffith-Carmichael used the sales of his cup holders to purchase additional printers. Being completely Australia-made, the fact he used suppliers from Melbourne also meant Mullet Mods wasn't affected by global shipping delays either.
"3D printers are pretty cheap in terms of manufacturing equipment and only cost $1500," he said.
"The business started growing by itself, so I didn't have to risk my own money and I only started paying myself this year."
His sister and Sydney-based PR manager Paige Carmichael also helped him use social media marketing to boost awareness of Mullet Mods. Mr Griffith-Carmichael said the results from the Facebook ads were evident "overnight," with sales increasing from "20 to 60 a month".
"Being able to show people the cup holders was what transitioned it into a business, I then started actually having growth and that was the biggest factor," he said.
Eight months into creating Mullet Mods, Clay has expanded his product line to cover the 80 Series Landcruiser as well as other accessories for the popular 4WD. Picture: Instagram @mulletmods.
'THE TRADITIONAL JOB DOESN'T FEEL AS STABLE AS IT USED TO'
Since April, Mullet Mods has made $70,000 in revenue with the business doubling its growth every quarter. Looking at his motivation for pursuing Mullet Mods, Mr Griffith-Carmichael said his decision was largely financial and came from a desire to be financially independent.
"Honestly it would be money," he said. "It was just having some money that didn't come from the traditional means. No one was paying me that money but myself and that was the really exciting bit about it."
The sudden and substantial impact of COVID-19 on his employment also caused him to reconsider his options.
"I thought that being self-employed wouldn't be very stable but the pandemic proved that working for other people wasn't that stable either," he said.
Today, the former concreter is now focusing on how to expand his business. Growing his inventory to eight 3D printers to keep up with demand, he admitted he's outgrown his at-home warehouse and office.
"I can't watch TV and there's a constant humming sound in the background," he joked. "I'm now looking at moving into a house with a double garage so I can get double the amount of printers and hire staff for the picking and packing."
When it comes to advice for people looking at pursuing a side hustle, Mr Griffith-Carmichael said that while being on your own can come with its challenges, the resources and platforms available to beginner business owners do make the e-commerce space more accessible.
"A massive thing for me is that it was really easy to build everything up," he said.
"In total we spend $90 a month on great e-commerce tools like Shopify and My Post Business, which have been fantastic for us.
"While they were ridiculously expensive five years ago, the barrier to entry is now a lot lower."
WHAT TO KNOW ABOUT STARTING YOUR OWN SIDE HUSTLE
Whether you're starting a side hustle with the intention of transitioning your idea into a full-time career or you're just testing the waters, Melbourne-man Daniel Harrison has been through the process himself.
The owner of three Magic Hand Carwash franchises, he spoke to SEEK Career Advice and shared his top tips on how wannabe business owners can set themselves up for success.
1. Get acquainted with your financial position immediately
While being your own boss can be liberating, many people can find the financial responsibility and potential instability daunting.
"Before considering business ownership, remind yourself that you won't draw much of an income from the business for at least the first 12 months, so make sure you have a contingency plan to cope with that," he said.
However, if you can rearrange your existing cash flow and/or savings to cover your living expenses, that knowledge will guarantee you extra peace of mind.
"If you don't have the cash flow available, consider how you will go about raising funds," adds Mr Harrison.
2. Ask yourself: 'Am I afraid of hard work?'
Whether you're looking at starting a side hustle or considering self-employment, you need to be aware that achieving work-life balance might be difficult in the beginning.
"Working long days is part and parcel of being a business owner, especially in the early days when you're trying to get your business off the ground," said Mr Harrison.
"Ultimately the success of the business relies on you – the more you put in, the more you will get out."
Being your own boss can feel liberating but it also comes with an immense amount of responsibility. Picture: iStock.
3. Do the research
Once you have a viable product or service you think you can sell, it's important to understand who your competitors are and how your business idea will cut through the clutter. This is where doing your research comes in.
4. A business plan is paramount
A business plan doesn't have to be long but it does need to show you've thought about the viability and profitability of your business (see step three). Some of the questions it should address include:
Who is the target market for your proposed product or service?
What is the customer need you are responding to, and how does your solution to that need compare with competitors in the market?
What are your revenue sources?
What are your cost items?
How long will it take to bring your product or service to the market?
When will you start to receive sales revenue?
5. Know your limits
Although being an entrepreneur means you're going to need to upskill in areas you weren't expecting, being able to delegate and outsource responsibilities will help you manage your time and sanity. This is especially crucial when you begin to grow your business and realise you no longer have the capacity to be across everything, says Mr Harrison.
"As I have taken on more sites I have realised that I can't possibly be across every aspect of the business, so I have gradually handed over certain responsibilities, such as bookkeeping, accounting, payroll and human resources to external companies," he said. "This allows me to stay focused on the overall running of the business and also means that the business doesn't eat into my spare time."
This article was created in partnership with SEEK
Queensland's peak business group has revealed the cost of Omicron as the state suffers from a desperate rapid antigen test shortage.
Despite her best-selling product being out of stock for nine months, a Brisbane mum has thrived as she helps people with life's daily nuisances.
It involved completing his high school work and then staying up to 2am some nights to get his product made. Now he sells up to 20,000 items a week.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Is there a .net client for administering ejabberd server? I am looking to be able to control the ejabberd server using a simple .net wrapper over the ejabberd xml-rpc API. Apparently there is already a Java library for this purpose, in addition to Perl (see this: https://docs.ejabberd.im/developer/ejabberd-api/admin-api/). I was wondering if one's available for .net? Thanks.

A: the list of libraries are for NET framework such as agsXMPP SDK,Coversant SoapBox SDK Studio,jabber.net,MatriX,Sharp.Xmpp and Ubeity.Select according to your requirement-https://xmpp.org/software/libraries.html   and clients https://xmpp.org/software/clients.html


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Arlene Rabin Antiques
Vintage tin sign advertising Sandie Shaw Shoes. Sandie Shaw was a British pop singer in the 1960's, famous for performing barefoot. She was part of the "Mod" scene in the U.K. Some of her known hits were : Puppet on a String, and There's Always Something there to Remind Me. This vintage sign measures 14.25 by 20.25 inches. It is made of tin, printed with pop art images in bright enamel colors. Style is similar to Peter Max. I see no artist signature on the piece. It has a pre-psychedelic look, in the London Mod style. In the mid to late 1960's, London was the hip center of mod fashion, and this sign shows it off. This sign has 4 holes in the corners, to be used to hang the advertisement. The holes are original. The graphics are wonderful, evoking the era of Yellow Submarine. This sign is in good condition considering it's age and use. If you look in the photos, there is a 1 inch scratch in the yellow sunshine field, and a little oxidation next to it in the striped borders. A few other hints of oxidation and light scratching in the black field and the borders. Normal oxidation on the reverse. But really overall, good. Just normal usage for a sign. Looks good on the wall, where you don't really notice the small issues. Color is still outstanding, and that's what counts. Not faded at all. Bold 1960's images evoke the Mod era. This is a period piece, probably British in origin.
Buy with confidence from Arlene Rabin antiques, with over 40 years experience selling interesting smalls. Good prices and good service.
I accept (encourage) personal checks as well as PayPal.
Sandie Shaw Shoes Tin Advertising Sign 1960's
Open minded inventory catering to collectors of small antiques.
See me at Wheaton Arts , Millville, NJ on Jan. 25-26, 2020.
Arlene Rabin
Please use email as I am often away
doing antique shows.
Fogelsville , PA Platinum Ruby Lane Exclusive since 2009


Wheat-Free: Strict Avoidance or the Occasional Indulgence?
Celebrations and holidays have a way of dragging on for days and weeks, and they can wreak havoc on your wheat-free diet if you're not ready. Think about all the wedding showers, parties, and dinners leading up to the big event, or that whole gauntlet from Thanksgiving through Hanukkah, Christmas, and New Year's.
With all the biscuits, breads, stuffings, gravies, cakes, pies — you name it — it's a wonder anyone resurfaces after the celebration unscathed. But if you create a plan and stick to it, you'll survive the feeding frenzy.
If you slip up, make sure you know your wheat consumption limits. Over-indulging can have serious consequences based on your level of wheat sensitivity.
If you have a tolerable reaction to wheat and accidentally eat too much, allow yourself a break and give yourself permission to cheat a little bit knowing that, as soon as the celebration is over, you'll return to your wheat-free diet. This flexibility can alleviate feelings of deprivation as long as you manage it realistically.
One of the worst things you can do is beat yourself up over a wheat indiscretion. This negativity can lead to frustration and even to your quitting your wheat-free lifestyle altogether. Even the strongest people make mistakes; just own it and get back on track quickly. Don't let your celebrations linger from a dietary standpoint.
Try a cold-turkey approach to removing wheat (and really, all grains) from your diet because of the addictive and comforting effect they have; if you let them linger as you phase them out, you may have trouble getting rid of them completely. After they're gone, though, you may be able to handle letting a little back in on occasion.
Knowing your ability to bounce back after a holiday or celebratory wheat splurge is crucial in determining how far you can or can't go when you face the possibility of going off the wagon. There are two types of people who eliminate wheat from their diet approach festivities and get-togethers: the doers and the relaxers.
Doers are people who are driven to maintain their wheat-free lifestyles. On the rare occasions that they cheat on their diets, they usually pass over the mistake and quickly forget after a short mourning spell has passed.
Doers insist on taking their own lunches to work, to school, on vacation, and even to other people's homes if they're not convinced they'll have a wheat-free meal waiting for them. They're constantly planning ahead and staying on top of their diets.
Friends, family, and coworkers are usually aware of the doers' habits because wheat-free eating is one of those defining characteristics that overflow into other areas of their lives. Doers can sometimes come across as preachy and judgmental, but usually that's just a matter of their passion for spreading the wheat-free message.
As you may have guessed, doers continue to eliminate all wheat products even during holidays and family celebrations when gluten-filled food is in abundance. From food gifts and stocking stuffers to rehearsal dinners and receptions, doers remain committed to their cause. People tell the doer, "You're so strong. I don't know how you do it," and, "I wish I had your willpower," which encourages more of the same behavior.
Relaxers are similar to doers in that they're deeply committed to their wheat-free lifestyles. But whereas doers can seem preachy, relaxers tend to inspire those around them rather than discourage. Relaxers navigate food choices in an unassuming way that isn't arrogant or rude. Simply put, they become dietary role models for those considering a change to a wheat- or grain-free program.
When family celebrations and holidays roll around, relaxers are much more flexible in their food choices than doers. They may sneak a piece of wedding cake, have a serving of stuffing and gravy, and eat a chocolate Santa or two out of their stockings, but they don't go crazy with their diets.
They're more willing to make exceptions here and there to fit family celebration and holiday traditions. This approach causes little to no stress to those involved.
Are you a doer or a relaxer? If you said "some of both," then you're right on track. Doers are strong in their determination as they stay on the path. They attend weddings, reunions, and graduations without a dietary blemish and emerge from holidays with a diet worthy of a five-star rating.
However, the doer's attitude can be dampening to others. No one likes to feel judged or preached to. This kind of interaction turns people off before they even have a chance to hear the benefits of living the wheat-free lifestyle.
Relaxers appear to have a handle on the wheat they consume. They mesh seamlessly at family celebrations and on holidays because of their flexibility. They're never an inconvenience to a host. Their nonabrasive approach is often a good recruiter to the wheat-free lifestyle.
However, a too-lax approach, especially during the holidays, can lead to a downward spiral disaster for relaxers. Having to change back to a wheat-free diet from your culinary debauchery can be quite difficult when you've gone too far off track.
Try a happy-medium approach between the two wheat-free dietary styles. Your personality strongly influences the direction you're likely to go, but becoming aware of how your lifestyle may be affecting those around you may give reason to tweak your behaviors a bit.


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Forrest City – miasto w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Arkansas, siedziba administracyjna hrabstwa St. Francis. Według spisu w 2020 roku liczy 13 tys. mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Miasta w stanie Arkansas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Luminous SkyCeilings provide biophilic enrichment to the scanning suites at Climal Medical Imaging in Lille, France. Serving as virtual skylights in these fully enclosed spaces they provide valuable triggers to psycho-physiological relaxation responses – a visual connection to nature and qualities of natural daylight.
Imaging and radiology facility designers now routinely incorporate biophilic illusions, such as Luminous SkyCeilings, because of the abundant researched evidence in support of their use to increase patient relaxation and decrease anxiety.
This type of MRI lighting provides a therapeutic sense of place to diagnostic environments.


Set up your system to create an SAP Cloud Platform application with the S/4HANA Cloud SDK.
In this tutorial, you will go through the steps required to install the SDK and corresponding tools to use it for the development of your SAP Cloud Platform application.
For a complete overview visit the SAP S/4HANA Cloud SDK Overview.
Check that the environment variable JAVA_HOME points to the path of your JDK installation, e.g. C:\Program Files\path\to\java\jdk1.8.0_72.
To develop your first 'Hello World' application with SAP S/4HANA Cloud SDK, you can just use your command line and a simple text editor. However, for larger development projects you can work with the IDE of your choice.
We recommend using Intellij IDEA or Eclipse. Follow the installation instructions of corresponding tools to prepare your IDE. In case you use Eclipse, make sure to install the Maven plugin for Eclipse.
Some of the steps in the upcoming tutorial blogs will fail if you sit behind a corporate proxy. If you cannot escape the proxy, you need to tell Maven where your proxy is located.
After finishing these steps, you are ready to start the development of your SAP Cloud Platform applications with SAP S/4HANA Cloud SDK. If you are interested to learn more, stay tuned for the upcoming development topics that we will cover in the following tutorials: available project templates in the SDK, setting up the communication with SAP S/4HANA, deployment on Cloud Foundry, etc.


Chaidh Simidh Simpson, neach-fuirich Chanasbaigh, a thogail air Eilean Stròmaigh sa Chaol Arcach, an t-aona eilean a tha na phàirt de Ghallaibh.
'S a phìos chlaistinneach seo tha e a' bruidhinn air an dòigh-beatha ann an 'Stròma Mains', tuathanas an teaghlaich.
Còir-sgrìobhaidh na deilbh - Markus Schroeder. Tha an obair seo air a ceadachadh fon 'Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License'.


What if you had thousands of posts and you wanted to revive them or share it with your larger audience? Well, This plugin has got you covered! You can now share your old content with your followers on social media. Think about those successful posts and taking it to a whole new level or even updating the old content to give it a fresh twist.
After installing the plugin, it's the standard procedure to activate the plugin and having a look through the features it provides. You can do this from sidebar > revive old post > dashboard.
In order to share your content, you will have to first link your social media accounts. For Twitter, it's as easy as a logging in to authorize the plugin to post on your behalf. Facebook, on the other hand, can take a bit of an effort since you will need to get an 'app id' and 'app secret'.
The plugin also gives you options to share on LinkedIn and Tumblr but that would require using the extended version of the plugin.
You will have to play around with the settings in order to make it work according to you. The default settings are confusing as you can see minimum post age is set to 30 days and maximum post age is set to 0 days. Pretty sure it is meant to be the other way around. In order for me to test this plugin and share my posts that are a few days old, I set both fields to 0.
Though you can share any number of posts per scheduled job. I would recommend having it post less than 5 posts per scheduled posts to avoid spamming and getting banned.
The plugin allows you to share your posts more than once but that's not the case. There is a duplication error for some reason (as shown below). As you can see even post timings are different.
Under the Post Format tab, you will be able to do what the tab suggests. For twitter, you can add 140 characters of text but that may not be necessary since the default posts will underline the posts title and a content blurb that you have on the posts that you share. Unfortunately, you can't post with images in the free version of the plugin.
Though you cannot edit the 'Sharing queue' in the free version, you can have a look at it to get a rough idea of the posts that have been scheduled.
It doesn't support Pinterest or Instagram yet. If you're looking for something more fully fledged, look into Buffer or Hootsuite.
Support is provided in the forms of a documentation page and support ticket system. For those with a paid membership, they get priority support.
Their documentation page is organized in a way which covers most common issues and faqs. Take a look yourself. Every article has screenshots.
The pricing model from revive.social is pretty simple. There are three tiers: Personal, Business and Marketer.
The main difference between personal vs the business and marketer tiers is that you don't get custom scheduling and queue management on the lower end.
The free version let's you use only 2 accounts max. The extended versions allow you to post from up to 50 accounts, that's multiple accounts from one social website. The extended version also unlocks sharing on LinkedIn.
First impressions I got after installing the plugin and linking my Twitter account was of slight disappointment. For some reason, the button on the right is disabled and in grey colours such that it's easy to miss it within the grey background. Once I linked my account, I had no clue as to how I could use it to share my content mainly because I ignored that side of the page since it has an advert. A really poor choice of location for the Sharing button. Looking at the reviews when I was stuck made me realise that some people may have had similar issues and had given up or moved on; fortunately, I persisted and figured it out.
That being said, the plugin offers what it says it does. Though it has a few usability issues, you can slowly figure out how to work with this plugin.
Post duplication errors - cannot share posts that have been shared within that day.


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Dr Carlos Montoro
carlos.montoro
Follow @@CarlosMontoro on Twitter
I started teaching languages, translating, interpreting and coding in my teens, and since then I have always been professionally involved in languages, education and technology. My qualifications include a Bachelor's in English from the University of Barcelona, a Master's in Language Studies from Lancaster University and a Doctorate in Education from The Open University. I have worked in the UK, France, Spain, Belize and Mexico. I am currently a Research Assistant at The Open University with the AHRC-funded Language Acts and Worldmaking project.
The Language Learning Activity of Individual Learners Using Online Tasks (2013-07-18)
Montoro Sanjosé, Carlos Rubin
edd thesis The Open University
Language Provision in UK Modern Foreign Languages Departments 2019 Survey (2019-12)
Polisca, Elena; Wright, Vicky; Álvarez, Inma and Montoro, Carlos
University Council of Modern Languages, United Kingdom.
Language Provision in UK MFL Departments 2018 Survey (2018-10-31)
Álvarez, Inma; Montoro, Carlos; Campbell, Caroline and Polisca, Elena
University Council of Modern Languages


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Q: CountIf criteria compare dates I am trying to create a CountIf function from range C2:C1700 where the criteria is 00/01/1900 or 0. The cells in my range are all formulas that retrieve a date. (0 if cell is blank, 4235 if cell is correct). I am using a formatting to display the date in yyyy-mm-dd (if that makes a difference).
Cell: C2 = [path]Sheet1!X2 - Value = 0
Cell: C3 = [path]Sheet1!X3 - Value = 4235
Cell: C4 = [path]Sheet1!X4 - Value = 0
Cell: C5 = [path]Sheet1!X5 - Value = 0

Now in my sheet I would like to create a =COUNTIF('[path]Orders'!$C$2:$C$1700;0), but I can't seem to get the correct formula. Either 0 or #VALUE. I have also tried TEXT() and DATE() to format my criteria, but none worked.
Thank you.

A: Here is the formula you need, this is an array formula so you have to finish it off by pressing Ctrl + Shift + Enter.
=SUM(IF($C$2:$C$1700=0,1,0))

To check for additional conditions such as blanks just add nested IFs like so:
=SUM(IF($C$2:$C$1700=0,1,IF($C$2:$C$1700="",1,0)))


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Yemen: Growing Uncertainty after the Ceasefire
The end of the ceasefire in Yemen without any substantial political understanding between the government and the Houthis heightens the risk of escalation of violence.
Prasanta Kumar Pradhan
Assessment of India's UN Missions and Impact on Host Nations
Multifunctional peace operations under the umbrella of United Nations (UN) have become an integral part of the global society to the extent that they are now one of the major regulating institutions of international relations.
M.A.J. Fernandez
Indian Women in Blue Helmets: Professionalism in Peacekeeping
Majority of conflict situations in which the United Nations (UN) intervenes today are complex and as per their mandates, joint efforts of both men and women are required to make the peacekeeping operations as effective as possible. In many instances, maintaining good relations with the civilian population is a prerequisite for effective peacekeeping, as it often implies easy access to information at the grassroots level and increased security for UN personnel and the local population.
Ingudam Yaipharemba Singh
Multidimensional Peacekeeping Protection Mandate and Recalibration of the UN Military Peacekeepers
The United Nations has introduced a layered approach to UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs) with wide-ranging enablers based on many reviews. Accordingly, a new resolution on the protection of civilians (POC) was adopted by the UN Security Council in 1999. The study attempts to understand the complexities of multidimensional PKOs, POC, 2019 policy, specific role of the UN military force and the need for new structuring and training of the UN military presence in the mission areas.
Kulwant Kumar Sharma
Ukraine's Nuclear Disarmament Decision and Security Assurances
Ukraine's security predicament in the face of the Russian military onslaught brings into focus the vacuity of big power security assurances in the absence of legally binding security guarantees and treaty commitments.
India's Contribution to Global Governance of Peacekeeping
Indian interventions on the subject of peacekeeping is a testimony to its abiding interest not only in the workings of the peacekeeping mechanism but also in the global governance of peacekeeping.
Arpita Anant
Decoding State of Affairs in Mali: Internal Politics, Security Crisis and External Involvement
Recurrent coups have increased the existing political instability in Mali. A major issue has been the unidimensional focus of the international community and regional players in providing only military support without adequately pushing for strengthening of Malian government apparatus.
Sindhu Dinesh
India and the Geopolitics of UNSC Permanent Membership
The United Nations completed 75 years of its existence in 2020. The last 75 years have been a roller coaster ride for this global institution mandated to maintain peace. However, the UN has received widespread criticism for not reforming its various institutions, particularly the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The G-4 nations which includes India, have led the call for accelerating the long-awaited reform process.
Vinay Kaura and Chakravarti Singh
Mali: Growing Trend of Violence Against UN Peacekeepers
The growing trend of attacks on international entities besides the government units and civilians in Mali is an issue of serious concern. The complex security situation in Mali and high fatalities of peacekeepers has led to MINUSMA being perceived as the most dangerous UN Peacekeeping mission.
Text of the Statement by Ambassador M.A. Husain of India to the 1567th Meeting of the First Committee of the United Nations on May 14, 1968
Strategic Analysis, Volume 44, Issue 5 (2020)
Special Issue: UN@75 – Challenges Ahead
M.A. Husain


On our 3rd day in Louisianna we visited the Oak Valley Plantation. More than anything I was enthralled with the huge 300 year old oak trees. They were tremendously huge, hard to tell in these photos just how big they were. And what made them so enchanting was that they were covered in small ivy called resurrection ivy. And the roots of them were all knobby and sticking up out of the ground. And their tree limbs were so long they came back down to the ground and began to grow into the ground. Truly magical fairy tale land trees if Ive ever seen any.
They had the prettiest flowers beds around the plantation too. Below were some of my favorites.
After the tour of the plantation house, we ate at their little restaurant and I had the yummiest meal. Im excited to make it at home. It was parmesean portabello risotto with breaded eggplant and a friend egg. so so good!


"Intramural" literally means within the walls and refers to events taking place entirely within an institution.
"Extramural", therefore, means outside the walls and means outside the institution.
"Intermural" is a rare word meaning between the walls. It has fallen out of use and is most often mistaken for "intramural".
"Eminent" (adj.) means prominent, famous or above others in character.
"Imminent" (adj.) means expected to follow in the near future. It often has a negative connotation such as in "imminent disaster" but can also be positive as in "imminent promotion". The key is that it will occur very soon.
"Immanent" (adj.) is a thought process meaning inherent, intrinsic or within the mind. It is a mental act occurring within the mind of a subject and having no effect outside of it. Philosophically it means "inherent" and by theologically it means "present throughout the universe" when referring to God.
"Imitate", a verb, means to copy something or someone.
"Emulate", also a verb, is purely positive and means to strive to equal or match someone or something.
"His and hers" is correct one because "hers" is a possessive pronoun and does not take an apostrophe.
"Boy's ball" means that the ball belonged to one boy.
"Boys' ball" means that the ball belonged to many boys.
"Denote", a verb, means to attest, to certify, to demonstrate. It is the direct meaning of a term.
"Denotation" is the noun form.
"Connote", a verb, means to express or state indirectly, to imply, to denote secondarily, to represent or to symbolize in addition to the primary meaning.
"Connotation" is the noun form.
I think of "denote" as what a word means and "connote" as what a word implies.
Identify the speaker of the following truism.
This was said by Jane Addams, US suffragist (1860 – 1935).
"Emeritus" (adj.) means retired or advanced, particularly from assigned duties, but retaining one's title.
"Repugnant" (adj.) means abhorrent, obscene repulsive or detestable.
"Duplicitous" (adj.) means deceitful, double-dealing, two-faced or beguiling.
"Untenable" (adj.) means indefensible, mindless, reasonless or absurd.
"Anecdotal" (adj.) means relating to, or telling of, incidences or stories of an interesting nature.


ATR has begun the process of "reallocating" seven undelivered ATR 72-600s originally reserved for Iran Air after U.S. sanctions that came back into force on August 7 effectively prevented any further deliveries to the Islamic Republic. Implemented following a 90-day "wind down" period from the date U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order to re-impose sanctions, the prohibitions bar any transaction with Iran or Iranian companies involving commercial aircraft carrying 10 percent U.S. content. They also prevent the sale of parts and services to Iranian airlines.
The new sanctions effectively reversed the Obama Administration's January 2016 settlement with Iran known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), which lifted earlier sanctions on the sale of commercial airplanes containing a given proportion of U.S.-made content to Iran in return for the Islamic Republic's agreement to curb its nuclear ambitions.
According to current regulations, an item made outside the U.S. that incorporates controlled U.S.-origin content exceeding the applicable de minimis percentage for a particular country stands subject to those regulations. The de minimis proportion generally amounts to 25 percent, but the percentage lowers to 10 percent when applied to what the U.S. deems "terrorist supporting countries" such as Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria.
Early this summer ATR applied for a new export license from the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control to allow it to resume deliveries of 20 ATR 72-600s ordered by Iran Air in 2016 pending an exemption requested by the European Union on behalf of both ATR and Airbus. However, the U.S. government rejected the EU appeal in late July.
Airbus, which sold a mix of 98 A320-family, A330, and A350 XWB jets to Iran Air in December 2016, delivered its first A321 in January last year. By the time the U.S. announced the new sanctions, Airbus delivered another six A320s and two leased A330-200s. Boeing, for its part, inked a "definitive agreement" covering fifty 737 Max 8s, fifteen 777-300ERs, and fifteen 777-9s valued at $16.6 billion at list prices with Iran Air in December 2016, and another for 30 Max narrowbodies with Iran Aseman Airlines four months later. Although it too secured an OFAC license to start deliveries, it never converted the agreements to firm orders as questions persisted over whether the Trump Administration would exercise its right to amend, modify, or revoke the license.


Trade between Myanmar and the Republic of Korea (ROK), within the first two months of this financial year, reached US$109 million, which showed a slight decrease in value by over $11 million against last year, according to state media.
Myanmar's imports outperformed exports in bilateral trade this year. The country exported local commodities worth $43.8 million and imported Korean products worth $65.5 million in April and May this year. At the same period last year, the Myanmar-South Korea trade was valued at $120.5 million, including $37.3 million in exports and $83.2 million in imports.
Compared with last year, this year saw a small increase in the value of exports by $6.23 million, while the bilateral import value decreased by $17.6 million.


text:
Atrazine: The Latest Pesticide on Trial | Civil Eats Food Blog
Atrazine: The Latest Pesticide on Trial
With California working to list atrazine as toxic to the reproductive system, three of the United States' most-widely used pesticides are under fire for adverse health effects.
By Elizabeth Grossman
Update (2/19/2016): As part of the settlement of a lawsuit brought by the Center for Biological Diversity, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) will analyze the impacts of atrazine and glyphosate—two of the most commonly used pesticides in the U.S.—on 1,500 endangered species. Under the agreement, announced today, the USFWS will also develop conservation measures for these and two other pesticides, which together represent almost 40 percent of annual U.S. pesticide use.
The state of California has been working to list atrazine—the United States' second most-widely used herbicide—as toxic to the reproductive system under the state's Proposition 65, which requires public warnings to be posted when and where such chemicals are used. Now, a court decision coming as soon as January will determine how the state will move forward with the listing.
This is a big deal. And it comes at a time when several top herbicides are under fire. In March, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate—the active ingredient in the pesticide Roundup—as a probable human carcinogen. In August, IARC declared that 2,4-D, is probably carcinogenic to humans. And earlier this month, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) withdrew its approval of a new herbicide called Enlist Duo, which combines glyphosate and 2,4-D.
These are the nation's most used agricultural chemicals. If you buy conventional groceries, the odds are very good that you've eaten food from fields where they have been sprayed. Between them, glyphosate, atrazine, and 2,4-D are used on nearly all of the corn and soy grown in the U.S. as well as on many other crops, including fruit, vegetables, nuts, and wheat.
What sets atrazine apart is its environmental mobility and ability to contaminate water—it has been found in rainwater nearly 200 miles from where it has been sprayed. For these reasons it is no longer approved for use in the European Union. Nonetheless, about 70 million pounds of atrazine are used annually in the U.S. It is applied most intensively in the Midwest and is the herbicide the U.S. Geological Survey has found most frequently in surface water.
Atrazine as been used since the 1950s and was designed to kill weeds by inhibiting photosynthesis. Because atrazine is applied to crops used as livestock feed, its residues are found not only in crops, but also in milk and meat. While not considered acutely toxic to people, atrazine's long term human health concerns include reproductive, developmental, and possible carcinogenic effects. Atrazine gained notoriety for its potential hormonal effects when, exposure was shown to feminize male frogs in laboratory studies conducted by University of California Berkeley biology professor Tyrone Hayes. These effects have also been shown in experiments with other animals.
New research continues to show adverse reproductive effects, says Hayes, whose atrazine research, has come under fire from Syngenta. And these effects "don't stop at [a single] generation's exposure," Hayes told Civil Eats. There are "long term" and "multi-generational effects" resulting from atrazine's "altering of modes of reproduction," he explained.
California Putting Atrazine on Stage
Using science available through the EPA, California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has decided to list atrazine as a Proposition 65 reproductive toxicant. But the process of completing this listing—which includes setting drinking water limits for the chemical—is being delayed by a lawsuit against the state from atrazine manufacturer Syngenta. In the suit, Syngenta claims that there is no authoritative basis for California's listing. The company also contends that a Proposition 65 designation would "cause irreparable harm to Syngenta and its agricultural customers" in and outside of California.
The lawsuit also seeks to derail California from listing two other pesticides that resemble atrazine chemically under Proposition 65. In legal documents, Syngenta has said that the listings could cost the company and farmers billions of dollars.
Syngenta argues that the evidence showing that these pesticides can cause reproductive harm to people is not sufficient to warrant a Proposition 65 listing. But University of Texas at Austin professor and Vacek Chair of Pharmacology and editor-in-chief of the journal Endocrinology Andrea C. Gore told Civil Eats the science suggests otherwise.
Atrazine, explained Gore, upsets the balance in production of the enzyme that controls key sex hormones, causing too much of a hormone associated with females to be released, leading to the feminization of males. Not only has this been shown in many species, she explained, but the way these hormones work in other animals is similar to what happens in people. Chemicals like atrazine, which disrupt how these reproductive hormones work, "have a high probability of doing this across the board," said Gore.
"The clearest example," of this is that atrazine exposure can lead to overproduction of estrogen and "the production of too much estrogen causes all sorts of problems," both reproductive system effects and increasing the risk of certain cancers, Hayes further explained.
But, Hayes noted, "You can't do experiments on people. That's the Catch-22. And the effects don't occur right away."
There is, however, evidence linking pregnant women's exposure to atrazine through drinking and genital deformities in male babies, an association Syngenta disputes.
Pesticide Safety Based on Manufacturer's Science
While Syngenta is suing California, some environmental advocates—including the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) and Center for Environmental Health—have filed comments with the state calling for more stringent exposure limits than California is currently proposing on these herbicides. But a close look at the lawsuit and the comments filed with the state by both Syngenta and the environmental advocates suggest that government regulators are relying heavily on Syngenta's own science to make decisions about atrazine's safety.
"More than 7,000 scientific studies conducted over the past 50 years have clearly established its safety for humans and the environment," says Syngenta of atrazine on its website. But the advocates disagree.
"We're super happy that California has decided to list this chemical, but we believe the [the exposure limit] is not protective of human safety," CBD scientist Nathan Donley told Civil Eats. "It's based on a nearly 20-year-old unpublished industry funded study," he explained, adding that there are newer published studies showing adverse health effects at lower exposure levels.
"Most people think that the government tests pesticides for safety. But, in fact, it's the pesticide companies that conduct almost all of the safety testing," said Center for Environmental Health research director Caroline Cox in a statement. "So it's no surprise that they almost always find that their own products are safe."
According to Hayes, Syngenta scientists have reported in company documents that atrazine—and related herbicides—have caused mammary and testicular tumors in rats, i.e., the very same health effects that the company is discounting in the lawsuit.
According to Sam Delson, OEHHA deputy director for external and legislative affairs, the agency expects a decision in Syngenta's lawsuit some time in January. That case has to be fully resolved before California can finalize its Proposition 65 listing of atrazine and related chemicals, a process that could extend a year or more if Syngenta decides to appeal the decision.
Syngenta declined to provide a comment for this story, but Dr. Janet E. Collins, senior vice president of science and regulatory affairs at the agricultural chemical trade association CropLife America, calls OEHHA's decision to list atrazine under Prop 65 "unfortunate and unwarranted." Collins added that, "CropLife America will continue to gather information, engage with stakeholders, and act as a resource on the safe and effective use of crop protection products."
Meanwhile, when it comes to glyphosate and 2,4-D, those chemicals' major manufacturers, Monsanto and Dow, maintain that they are safe to use as directed. As for Enlist Duo, Dow AgroSciences has expressed confidence that EPA's approval will be reinstated.
These companies, said Hayes, are making economic decisions. The people who are "paying the cost are the ones working in the fields, working in the factories where these chemicals are made, and consumers exposed through drinking water."
Photos, from top: Crop duster courtesy of Shutterstock/B. Brown; Two frogs from Tyrone Hayes' laboratory. Both are male, but one shows female traits after being exposed to atrazine.
Elizabeth Grossman was a senior reporter for Civil Eats from 2014 to 2017, where she focused on environmental and science issues. She is the author of Chasing Molecules, High Tech Trash, Watershed and other books. Her work appeared in a variety of publications, including National Geographic News, The Guardian, The Intercept, Scientific American, Environmental Health Perspectives, Yale e360, Ensia, High Country News, The Washington Post, Salon, The Nation, and Mother Jones. She passed away in July 2017, leaving behind a legacy of dedication to her mission of journalism that supports and protects people and the planet. Read more >
walter graham
The subject matter is important enough to fall under close scrutiny by everyone, for obvious reasons and should be held to the highest standards. With that, i am compelled to point out a bit of miss-information (not implying anything that was done, was intentional). The author writes in the first paragraph, "glyphosate—the active ingredient in the pesticide Roundup". Thats an obvious error as glyphosate is not a pesticide. At least, killing bugs is not it's intended purpose. Glyhposate, known by it's commercial name "Roundup", is a herbicide.
Hi Walter. Thanks for pointing that out. Pesticides are a general class of chemical that includes herbicides, fungicides, and others.
Monica Bates
This is such old news. I worked for a conservations specialist journalist in 1990 and we did an extensive paper on this very thing. When do we stop this madness? We are poisening ourselves and our families. It's not good enough. The United States needs to stand up and take a stand against the drug companies. Maybe we could force them to manufacture elsewhere! I wish!
Lee Bellavance
As someone with pesticide-induced delayed peripheral neuropathy due to exposures to ficam, dursban and diazinon, I want to say it is a fantasy to think that "public warnings to be posted when and where such chemicals are used..... is a big deal."
In my experience, the odor of the chemical (glyphosate especially) far precedes the small sign that almost requires one to put ones face into the chemicals to read -- the notice and the date.
Then what? Where are you supposed to go and what are you supposed to do? What does the notice really mean?
Why fight a simple notice of application? But perhaps the best way to solve the issue is to require ALL pesticide applications to be noticed with the product name and date of application.
Mary Rogers
Thanks for getting this information out there for us. I only pray that people wake up and do their research, especially for the good of their children.
Ralee Hopper
I lived in White Hall, Il for over 20 years and we routinely received letters from the city, informing us that the level of Atrazine in our water supply was higher than it should be but not to worry. Just this past week I had an EMG and was officially diagnosed with non-diabetic peripheral neuropathy, a condition that is absolutely debilitating and I am in the 40% of people that have no reason why. My neurologist told me it is often caused by exposure to chemicals. I know Atrazine was in our drinking water at levels that forced the city to send out letters, so I know I was exposed. White Hall is a very small town in Central IL where agriculture is the biggest business and cancer deaths are extremely high. I feel something should be done to protect the people of this area who have not been damaged already, like me.
Brian Glenn
Why should America gamble with children's health by allowing the wide-spread usage of an herbicide with such obvious risks ? Why are so many Americans oblivious to contamination of their water supply ?!
New Evidence Shows Pesticides Contain PFAS, and the Scale of Contamination Is Unknown
After 60 Years, 'Silent Spring' Is Still Changing the World
By Anna Lappé
Coming Soon to a Food Label Near You: 'Bee-Friendly' Certifications
By Twilight Greenaway and Cinnamon Janzer


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James Welling, 8482, 2016, from the series Chicago, 2016-2017.Photo: Courtesy the Artist and David Zwirner, New York, and London
This Chicago Event Defines the Architects and Artists You Need to Know Now
The Chicago Architecture Biennial has released its 2017 lineup, comprising innovators like Stanley Tigerman, Japanese firm SANAA, and Brooklyn-based SO-IL
By Janelle Zara
In 2015 the city of Chicago hosted the very first architecture biennial to take place in North America, a sprawling survey of all that was happening in the profession that attracted 530,000 visitors. Suddenly the second edition is right around the corner. Artistic directors and L.A.-based architects Sharon Johnston and Mark Lee have just today announced the more-than-100-firm lineup of this year's Chicago Architecture Biennial, which returns to the Chicago Cultural Center on September 16 with the title "Make New History."
Much like in 2015, this edition of the biennial eschews superstar architects—no Norman Fosters or Frank Gehrys (although there will be Stanley Tigerman and Pritzker-winning Japanese firm SANAA). Instead the roster comprises rising stars on par with New York's SO-IL, Berlin's Diébédo Francis Kéré, and other firms spread across four continents. Compared with the last biennial, however, this edition features a considerably tighter curatorial focus. The title "Making New History," a riff on a 2009 work by artist Ed Ruscha, means "looking at old things in new ways," according to Johnston. She and Lee started with the 130-year-old halls of the landmarked exhibition space.
The Chicago Cultural Center.
Photo: Patrick L. Pyszka/City of Chicago
Participants have been commissioned to build architectural interventions that would make the cultural center more amenable to visitors. Caruso St. John, for example, is designing a room that evokes Gertrude Stein's early-20th-century salon, modernized with wallpaper by German artist Thomas Demande. "A salon is less formal than a gallery," says Johnston. "It's a place to sit and chill."
Having designed multiple exhibition spaces for their firm Johnston Marklee (including LACMA's current Moholy-Nagy retrospective, the Menil Collection, and MCA Chicago's forthcoming respective expansions), the artistic directors made their audience a high priority. "We're trying to think about the spatial experience of the exhibition, not making it purely about content," says Lee. "Models and drawings are always representations of space, which today are so accessible on screens. We want to have an understanding of what it feels like to be in the space."
Further incorporating Johnston Marklee's interest in the intersection of architecture with art, artist-and-architect pairs, including Fiona Connor and Erin Besler, are currently working together on site-specific projects. Photographers, including James Welling, Luisa Lambri, and Marianne Muller, will also be paying homage to Chicago's rich architectural heritage with portraits of a few of its historic buildings.
"History is built-up intelligence over the years," says Lee. "We think this is a time architects can look at the future by looking to the past."
The Chicago Architecture Biennial takes place September 16 through January 7.
A complete list of 2017 Chicago Architecture Biennial participants is below.
51N4E (Brussels, Belgium; Tirana, Albania)
6A Architects (London, UK)
Ábalos+Sentkiewicz (Madrid, Spain; Cambridge, USA; Shanghai, China)
Adamo-Faiden (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
AGENdA agencia de arquitectura (Medellin, Colombia)
Aires Mateus (Lisboa, Portugal)
Ana Prvački and SO-IL (Los Angeles,USA; New York, USA)
Andrew Kovacs (Los Angeles, USA)
Angela Deuber Architect (Chur, Switzerland)
Ania Jaworska (Chicago, USA)
Aranda\Lasch and Terrol Dew Johnson (New York, USA; Tucson, USA)
Archi-Union (Shanghai, China)
Architecten de Vylder Vinck Taillieu (Ghent, Belgium)
Arno Brandlhuber and Christopher Roth (Berlin, Germany)
Atelier Manferdini (Venice, USA)
AWP office for territorial reconfiguration (Paris, France; London, UK)
Bak Gordon Arquitectos (Lisbon, Portugal)
Barbas Lopes (Lisbon, Portugal)
Barkow Leibinger (Berlin, Germany)
baukuh (Milan, Italy)
Besler & Sons LLC (Los Angeles, USA)
BLESS (Berlin, Germany)
BUREAU SPECTACULAR (Los Angeles, USA)
Caruso St John (London, UK)
Charlap Hyman & Herrero (Los Angeles, USA; New York, USA)
Charles Waldheim (Cambridge, USA)
Christ & Gantenbein (Basel, Switzerland)
Daniel Everett (Chicago, USA; Salt Lake City, USA)
David Schalliol (Chicago, USA)
Dellekamp Arquitectos (Mexico City, Mexico)
Design With Company (Chicago, USA)
Diego Arraigada Arquitectos (Rosario, Argentina)
DOGMA (Brussels, Belgium)
DRDH (London, UK)
ENSAMBLE STUDIO (Madrid, Spain; Boston, USA)
Éric Lapierre Architecture (Paris, France)
Estudio Barozzi Veiga (Barcelona, Spain)
fala atelier (Porto, Portugal)
Filip Dujardin (Ghent, Belgium)
Fiona Connor and Erin Besler (Los Angeles, USA; Auckland, New Zealand)
First Office (Los Angeles, USA)
formlessfinder (New York, USA)
Frida Escobedo (Mexico City, Mexico)
Gerard and Kelly (Los Angeles, USA; New York, USA)
Go Hasegawa (Tokyo, Japan)
HHF Architects (Basel, Switzerland)
Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle (Chicago, USA)
J. MAYER H. und Partner, Architekten and Philip Ursprung (Berlin, Germany)
James Welling (New York, USA)
Jesús Vassallo (Houston, USA)
Jorge Otero-Pailos (New York, USA)
June14 Meyer-Grohbrügge & Chermayeff (New York, USA; Berlin, Germany)
Karamuk * Kuo Architects (New York, USA; Zurich, Switzerland)
Keith Krumwiede (New York, USA)
Kéré Architecture (Berlin, Germany)
Kuehn Malvezzi (Berlin, Germany)
Luisa Lambri (Milan, Italy)
Lütjens Padmanabhan Architekten (Zurich, Switzerland)
Made In (Geneva, Switzerland; Zurich, Switzerland)
MAIO (Barcelona, Spain)
Marianne Mueller (Zurich, Switzerland)
Marshall Brown (Chicago, USA)
MG&Co. (Houston, USA)
MONADNOCK (Rotterdam, The Netherlands)
MOS (New York, USA)
Norman Kelley (Chicago, USA; New York, USA)
Nuno brandåo costa arquitectos Ida (Porto, Portugal)
OFFICE Kersten Geers David Van Severen (Brussels, Belgium)
PASCAL FLAMMER (Zurich, Switzerland)
Patrick Braouezec (Paris, France)
Paul Andersen and Paul Preissner (Chicago, USA; Denver, USA)
Pezo Von Ellrichshausen (Concepción, Chile)
Philipp Schaerer (Zurich, Switzerland)
PRODUCTORA (Mexico City, Mexico)
REAL Foundation (London, UK)
Robert Somol (Chicago, USA)
SADAR+VUGA (Ljubljana, Slovenia)
Sam Jacob Studio (London, UK)
SAMI-arquitectos (Setubal, Portugal)
SANAA (Tokyo, Japan)
Sauter von Moos (Basel, Switzerland)
Sergison Bates (London, UK; Zurich, Switzerland)
Serie Architects (London, UK; Zurich, Switzerland)
SHINGO MASUDA+KATSUHISA OTSUBO Architects (Tokyo, Japan)
Stan Allen Architect (New York, USA)
Studio Anne Holtrop (Muharraq, Bahrain; Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Inside White Lotus Star Michael Imperioli's Little Slice of History in New York City
By Rachel Wallace
33 Apartment Decor Ideas for a Truly One-of-a-Kind Space
By Rachel Davies
A Historic Upper West Side Apartment Remains Untouched, and That's the Best Part
By Kelly Dawson
Studiomumbai (Mumbai, India)
Sylvia Lavin (Los Angeles, USA)
T+E+A+M (Ann Arbor, USA)
Tatiana Bilbao Estudio (Mexico City, Mexico)
Tham & Videgård Arkitekter (Stockholm, Sweden)
The Empire (Verona, Italy)
The Living (New York, USA)
The Los Angeles Design Group (Los Angeles, USA)
Thomas Baecker Bettina Kraus (Berlin, Germany)
Tigerman McCurry Architects (Chicago, USA)
Toshiko Mori Architect (New York, USA)
UrbanLab (Chicago, USA; Los Angeles, USA)
Urbanus (Shenzhen, China; Beijing, China)
Veronika Kellndorfer (Berlin, Germany)
WELCOMEPROJECTS (Los Angeles, USA)
Work Architecture Company (New York, USA)
Zago Architecture (Los Angeles, USA)
ZAO/standardarchitecture (Shanghai, China)
*Listed alphabetically by firm name or first
ExploreArchitectureArt
Interior Define Has a New Owner, RAMSA Breaks Ground on First-Ever UK Project, and More News
Here's what you need to know
By Alia Akkam
9 Homes Under 750 Square Feet That Are Packed With Personality
These inspiring small spaces can help you figure out the priorities for your own abode
Masterpiece London Is Canceled, Nifemi Marcus-Bello Readies for His First Solo Show Stateside, and More News
Curves Abound in This Soft-Toned Art Nouveau Paris Apartment
Louis Denavaut's elegant renovation channels the best of the '20s and the '70s at once
By Nicolas Milon
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Back to Breakers
Ameneh Maghsoodi
joined in Sep 25, 2020
Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Maghsoodi has 1 break published.
Ouch, that needle hurts! How some viruses inject their DNA
Bacteriophage T4 is one of the most common of the viruses that infects Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria that serve as the hosts. To accomplish this feat, phage T4 employs a fascinating nano-scale injection machine to first rupture the host's cell membrane and then inject... click to read more
Ameneh Maghsoodi | Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Ioan Andricioaei | Associate Professor at University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Noel Perkins | Professor at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Bacteriophage T4
Injection Machinery
Dynamic Model


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At Hampton, we pride ourselves in our provision for all children. Our policies ensure all children are included and have equal opportunities. We have highly qualified Learning Support Assistants who support children (in and out of the class), who may have learning difficulties and specific needs.
Our building is designed to ensure easy access with ramps, hand rails and electronic doors for disabled access. Toilets have been adapted with handrails to give support and encourage independence. We have a medical room to cater for children who have specific personal and physical needs.
Our pupils succeed through Quality First Teaching. Our learning environments are stimulating, well organised and used flexibly to support a range of different interactive teaching and learning styles. Lessons are differentiated to include all abilities. Pupils with more complex needs are identified as having Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND) may require Personalised/individualised learning with long term interventions.
Children who are identified as SEND will be on the school's SEND register as 'SEN support' or having an 'Education Health Care plan'. We believe it is very important to work closely with parents and carers and always inform and discuss any concerns we have with parents about their child's education.
The Children's and Families Bill takes forward the Coalition Government's commitments to improve services for vulnerable children and support strong families. It underpins wider reforms to ensure that all children and young people can succeed, no what their background. The Bill will reform ythe systems for adoption, looked after children, family justice and special educational needs.
The Local Offer was first introduced in the Green Paper (March 2011). The Green Paper set out its recommendations for revision to SEND provision for children and young people. The revision recommended 'a local offer of all services available to support disabled children and children with SEN and their families. This easy to understand information will set out what is normally available in schools to help children with lower level SEN as well as options available to support families who need additional help to care for their child.' The Green Paper has now progressed to a White Paper which means it became law from September 2014.
The Local Offer provides parents/carers with information about how to access services in their areas, and what they can expect from those services. With regard to Education, it lets parents/carers and young people know how schools and colleges will support them, and what they can expect across the local settings. There are 14 questions, devised in consultation with parents and carers and other agencies for schools to answer. These will provide information to parents and carers to enable them to make decisions about how best to support their child's needs.
The document attached outlines Hampton's answers to the 14 questions. If after reading the questions, or if you have any queries about your child's SEND, please do not hesitate to contact the school. We constantly strive to operate an inclusive school where concerns can be freely discussed.
Please refer to our SEND policy for more details.
At Hampton Primary School we believe that every child must be provided with opportunities to develop socially, emotionally, academically and physically to achieve the highest possible standards and we have a holistic approach to our pupil and family's welfare.
Staff in the Wellbeing Team are here to offer specialist help, support, advice and can be easily contacted directly through the office.


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Bethany Mota Age, Biography, Wiki, Insta, Boyfriend, Jewelry
Bethany Mota Biography
Bethany Mota Age 2021
Bethany Mota Phone Number
Bethany Mota Relationship
Bethany Mota Family
Bethany Mota Education
Bethany Mota Measurements
Bethany Mota Net Worth
Some Unknown Facts
Bethany Mota is a video blogger who rose to fame due to YouTube. She has come a long way in her career through years of struggle. She is a successful YouTuber in today's time and is involved largely in video-making.
She started making videos in the year 2009. She made videos on hauls which was a very new thing back in that time and people went crazy watching her videos.
She made videos based on her fashion sense, on the clothes she purchased from the online websites to inspire people around her to try new things. She uploaded videos on outfit ideas, her makeup and hair videos were also the highlight of her YouTube channel.
Due to the love, she got on her YouTube channel and her videos, she decided to start with her fashion line at Aeropostale. She has also launched her songs "Need You Right Now" and "Flashlight" which were quite popular.
She also own a jewelry brand with the name Atom and matter Jewelry.
She has also started multiple tours named Motavatours, to meet and get an opportunity to interact with her fans. She loves meeting new people who encourage and love her work. She says that her fandom is the main reason behind her success.
READ ALSO Gia Marie Macool: Wikipedia, Biography, Age, Boyfriend, Model
She is also a very successful Youtuber and has almost 9.7 million subscribers on her YouTube channel.
Do You Know Cally Jane, Sabina Kontor
Full Name Bethany Mota
Nick Name Mota
Instagram @bethanynoelm
DOB (Birthday) 7 November 1995
Zodiac Sign Scorpio
Boyfriend Dtrix
Hobbies/Interest Dancing & Travelling
Profession Youtuber & Entrepreneur
Bethany Mota is 26 years old (As of 2021). She is born on 7 November, 1995. Every year, she celebrates her birthday with great parties and her friends never fail to make a birthday special for her.
Bethany Mota's phone number is not available as of now. We will soon update it on the page.
Email contact [email protected]
Do you Know Megan Fox, Addison Rae
She has been dating Dominic Sandoval since 2016. Dominic is a successful dancer and Youtuber, his dance crew has won the third season of So You Think You Can Dance.
They both have tried to keep their relationship private and keep sharing their adorable pictures. They both are so in love with each other and are in a relationship for the last five years now.
She was also rumored to be dating Ryan Potter from 2013 to 2016, he was an actor who was known for his performances in Supah Ninja and Big Hero 6. They were seen hanging out together and Mota also went forward to share a YouTube video with her.
READ ALSO Somya Daundkar Age, Dance, Biography, Instagram
Bethany Mota was born on November 7, 1995, to Tammy and Tony Mota. The name of her hometown is Merced County, California. She also has an older sister named Brittany.
Her family is the biggest support system for her well-established career. She loves them so dearly and they are the biggest inspiration behind her dreams. They have always asked her to step towards her dream without worrying about anything else.
They have always cheered her up during the bad times and have always stood as the backbone of her life. She shares that while she was having second thoughts about her career choice, her family made it pass through the tough time.
Father Tammy Mota
Mother Tony Mota
Sister Brittany
Do you Know Rose Siard, Madison Beer, Olivia Ruby, Anastasiya Kvitko, Maeve Reilly,
She has completed most of her schooling in California, USA. She has done homeschooling most of her school life, the major part of her school which she has attended going physically is from grade three to grade six.
She has partnered with Forever 21 and J.C. Penny launched her clothing and makeup line named Aeropostale which was launched in December 2013. It is her own brand over which she has all the creative control.
READ ALSO Amy Macedo, Wikipedia, Biography, Age, Model, Youtube
Highest Qualification –
School Name –
College Name –
She has a beautiful personality and also looks absolutely gorgeous. She takes care of her body and skin and that's why she is always glowing.
Due to the research, she has done on her brand, she has a good fashion sense and uploads a lot of pictures, and has a lot of fan following. She has a great fashion sense and is very photogenic.
Height in feet 5 ft 6 inches
Waist size 28 in
Home Town California
Birth Place California
Education Graduated
The source of income for her is youtube, social media, and paid promotions. She is able to build such a strong career through her hard work and patience.
Net Worth The US $ 4 Million
Income Source Youtube, Social Media, Paid Promotions, Aeropostale.
Actor Robert Pattinson
Brand Aeropostale
Destination Paris
She is one of the famous Youtuber.
She is in relationship with Dominic Sandoval.
She is an amid animal lover.
She is very popular on Youtube and has 9.7 million subscribers.
She is very active on social media and has almost 4.7 million followers.
She is known for her bold modeling skills.
She loves spending time with her family.
Teen Vogue called her style statement laid-back-but-girly.
Forbes also appreciated her collection for high average prices and margins.
Who is Bethany Mota?
Bethany Mota is a very popular and successful American Youtuber.
What is her age?
She is 26 years old.
What is the name of her brand?
Categories Youtuber, Model, United States Tags American, United States, Youtuber


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text:
Sensory connections spill over in synesthesia
September 13, 2016 by Quinn Eastman, Emory University
One of the most common forms of synesthesia is when people involuntarily see particular colors in connection with letters, numbers or sounds. Credit: Emory University
Neuroscientists at Emory University have found that people who experience a mixing of the senses, known as synesthesia, are more sensitive to associations everyone has between the sounds of words and visual shapes. The results are published in the European Journal of Neuroscience.
Synesthesia is a stable trait, and estimated to be present in 1 to 4 percent of people. It can be inherited, although the precise genes have not been identified. One of the most common forms of synesthesia is when people involuntarily see particular colors in connection with letters, numbers or sounds.
Many artists and composers have described their experiences with synesthesia. Children with synesthesia say sometimes that it is distracting when they are trying to read. Thus, understanding the origins of synesthesia may help people with dyslexia or other learning differences, or people who have lost their sight or hearing and are trying to engage in sensory substitution for rehabilitation.
Researchers led by neurologist Krish Sathian, MD, PhD, recruited 17 people with synesthesia, and asked them to take a form of the IAT (implicit association test). Known for its use probing social attitudes such as racial prejudice, the IAT can also assess "cross-modal correspondences."
An example of a cross-modal correspondence is that we describe musical notes as being "high" or "low" – words that also signify relative positions in space. Another is that we think of some sounds such as "m" and "l" as soft, and are more likely to associate them with rounded shapes. Similarly, we connect hard sounds such as "k" and "t" with angular shapes.
"There's been a debate about synesthesia," Sathian says. "Are the associations synesthetes have just extreme versions of cross-modal correspondences that other people have, or are they qualitatively different?"
Sathian and his colleagues found that people with synesthesia were more sensitive to correspondences between the sounds of pseudowords—words without meaning in English—and rounded or angular shapes (see figure).
Credit: Emory University
"It shows that something about their synesthesia is spilling over into another domain," he says. "But that spillover is limited to a correspondence that is post-perceptual and symbolic – it's not purely sensory."
Such correspondences are called "sound-symbolic," and may be relevant to the evolutionary orign of language, Sathian adds.
People with synesthesia were not significantly more sensitive to purely sensory associations between the pitch of a sound and the size or position of a shape, compared to non-synesthetes. In this situation, sensitivity on the IAT means that study participants would have a greater difference in response times to congruent pairings of shape and sound (a high position in space, and a high pitch, for example) in comparison to incongruent pairings.
Participants in the study were recruited through advertisements on the Emory campus and screened with an online test called the Synesthesia Battery. This test confirms whether people who report they have synesthesia have consistent associations.
A connection between letters or other symbols and colors, also known as "grapheme-color" synesthesia, was the most common type in the Emory study. It may represent the presence of idiosyncratic wrinkles in how people learned their letters or other symbols during childhood. Indeed, Sathian notes that one study suggests that a popular brand of refrigerator magnets had an influence on what letter-color associations people with this form of synesthesia developed.
To be sure, people with synesthesia are not all the same, says senior research associate Simon Lacey, PhD, the first author of the paper. Some describe experiencing connections between shapes and tastes, or porous boundaries between self and non-self (so-called "mirror touch")."
Brain imaging studies have shown that people with synesthesia tend to be wired differently: they display hyperconnectivity between parts of their brains related to their synesthetic experiences. Scientists have proposed that synesthesia represents alterations in pruning, the process of editing connections between brain cells.
More information: Simon Lacey et al. Synesthesia strengthens sound-symbolic cross-modal correspondences, European Journal of Neuroscience (2016). DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13381
Nathan Witthoft et al. Prevalence of Learned Grapheme-Color Pairings in a Large Online Sample of Synesthetes, PLOS ONE (2015). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118996
Journal information: European Journal of Neuroscience , PLoS ONE
Provided by Emory University
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