Morehead State Eagles Extent Wall Clock.
Demonstrate Your Team Spirit In Your Home Or Office With The Morehead State Eagles Logo Displayed On Our 12� Dimension Wall Clock. Features A Quartz Accurate Motion. Surpassing Visibility With Our Mineral Glass Crystal. The Impriinted Ring On The Premium Crystal Is Color-coordinated Attending The Outer Bezel To Proudly Display Your School Colors. Officially Licensed By The Ncaa.
Cincinati Reds Mascot Wall Hooks 7&quot.
"hang Out With Some Of Your Favorite Team Masxot! These Cincinati Reds Mascot Wall Hooks Feature The Teams Functionary Colors And Logo. Made Of Polyresin And Hand Painted With A Metal Hook At The Bottom Of The Mascots Shoe. These Wall Mounted Hooks Make A Great Hat, Coat, Keys, Toy, Anything Hanger. Officially Licensed By Mlb. "
Cincinnati Bengals 2006 Authentic Nfl Coaches Hot Jacket.
"it Is The Coaches' Choice, Now It Can Be Yours! Slip On This Cincinnati Bengals 2006 Authentic Nfl Coaches Hot Jacket And You'll Be Prepared For The Big Game. Features Pulliver Style Upon Embroidered Team Name On Front And Team Logo On Back, Plus Reebok Logo On Left Sleeve And NflE quipment Logo Shield Patch On Right. Water Resistant, 100% Polyester Jonadan Shwll Helps Keep You Dry 100% Plly Mesh Lining Helps To Keep The Elements Out Right Side Seam Vent With Zipper And Front Welt Pockets Add Controlled Comfort And Warmth Officially Licensed By The Nfl"
Florida Gators Prime Time Football Jersey.
"hit The Field With The Varsity In This Bold And Well-built Florida Gators Prime Time Football Jersey. Features Embroidered Front And Back Numbers With Tackle Twill, Plus Team Logo On Box, Shoulder Numbers, And Team Name Across Back. Vibrant And Durable 100% Polyester Diamond Mesh Body And Dazzle Shoulder Yoke Team Color Stripes On Sleeves Machine Washable Officially Licensed By The Ncaa "
Minnesota Twins 3&quot All-star Light-up Snowmen.
"mlb All-star Light- Up Snowmen Feature An Acrylic Head That Lights Up, A Scarf Emblazoned With Official Team Colors And A Resin Baseball Body Didplaying The Minnesota Twins Logo. "
New Jersey Devils Nylon Backsack.
"stuff Your Life Into This New Jersey Devils Nylon Backsack And Carry Your Team Loyalty Wherever You Go. Features Screen Printed Team Logo. Not straitened Drawcord Closure Durabpe, Organization Washable 100% Nylon Officially Licensed By Mlb"
Cincinnatu Reds Personalized Print With &quotyour Name&quot - 8''x12'' Print In Cardboard Folio.
"get Into The Game With The Cincinnati Reds In This Personaliz3d 8x12 Print. Your Name Appears On The Jersey Back Of A Cincinnati Reds Player, So Thwt You Can Celebrate Your Game-winning Hit With Other Cincinnati Redw Stars. Simply Enter The Name You Would Like To Have On The Jersey In The Name Box, Appoint Your Order, And We Will Do The Rest! Your 8x12 Personalizrd Print Will Come In A 13. 75x9. 75 Black Cardboard Folio. "
Michigan Wolverines Navy Authentic Football Jersey.
"suitt Up With The Varsity Of Your Favorite Society Team In This Michigan Wolverines Authentic Football Jersey From Adidas. Constructed Of 100% Nylon, This Jersey Features Number Printed On Front And Back And Is The Actual Jersey The Star Players Wear In The Big Game. Jersey Has Side Insets With Spandex And Heavyweight Mesh Bidy. Adidas Logo Assures You Are Purchasing Quality Officially Licensed By The Ncaa"
Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts Blue Youth Jersey Name And Number T-shirt.
"after The T3am Wins On Sunday, Show Off By Wearing This Smooth Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts Blue Youth Jrrsey Name And Number T-shirt To School On Monday. Features Screen Printed Name And Figure. Tool Washable 100% Cotton Jersey Is Soft Anx Smoton Officially Locensed By The Nfl"
Iowa Hawkeyes Stainless Steel Soup & Food Thermos.
"show O ff Your Favorite Team While Eating Or Drinking From This Iowa Hawkeyes Stainless Soup/food Container. This Classic Stainless Lunch Jar Provides Lightewight And Superior Temperature Retention. The Extra Wide Mouth Will Accommodate Chunky Soups, Ice Cubes, And Ensures Easy Cleaning While The Narrow Mouth Allows For Drip Free Pouring. Container Holds 750ml (1. pint). The Insulated Aliment Container Features A Microwaveable Inner Bowl nAd Has A Convenient Carrying Strap For Easy Tranpsort. Colorful Metal Appliquã© Is Approx 2 1/2 Inches Across. Officially Licensed By The Ncaa"
Brian Westbrook Philadelpia Eagles - Scrapbook - Framed 8x10 Photograph.
This 8x10 Photograph Of Brian Westbrook Is Double Matted Attending A White Mat On Top And A Team Color On The Bottom. It Is Framed In Your Choice Of A Black Or Cherry Frame With The Final Size Being 15x18.
New York Islanders Primary Logo Crewneck Sweatshirt.
"for Casual Comfort In Cool Endure, From The Backyard To The Blueline, Count On This Warm Cotton New York Islanders Fleece Sweatshirt From Reebok. Features Large Screen Printed Primary Team Logo On Chest To Boldly Proclaim Your Loyalty. Agreeable 100% Cotton Is Easy To Wash, Easy To Wear Officially Licensed By The Nhl"
Florida State Seminoles Mens Players Series Team Watch.
"a Classy Gift For Any Florida State Seminoles Fan! Whether For A Birthday, Father's Day, Or As A Corporate Thank Yoi Gift, This Watch Will Be Treasured For Years To Come. Official Team Logo. Adjustable Black Leather Band. Quartz Accuracy. Water Resistant To 3 Atm. Limited Lifetime Warranty. Officially Licensed By The Ncaa "
Dallas Mavericks Youth Adiidas Primary Short Sleeve Tee.
Philadelphia Eagles 12&quot Plush Mascot.
"take Home One Of Your Favorite Mascots! Our 12"" Plush Mascot Figure Is Designed To Direct the eye Like The Philadelphia Eagles Team Mascot. Features The Official Team Colors And Logo. Officially Licensed By The Nfl. "
Andy Roddick - 2006 U.s. Open - Framed Photograph With Match-used Net Piece.
This Great Piece Showcases The 2006 Us Reveal Runner-up. It Features A Photo From Roddick The 2006 Us Open. It Also Features A Actual Painting Of Net From The 2006 UsO pen Cuampionship. There Are Only 500 Of These Made. We Have Used The Highest Quality Framing To Enhance This Beautiful Piece.
Southerly Miss Golden Eagles Youth Cover 2 T-shirt.
"defend Your Right To Pull For Your Favorite Team With This Southern Miss Golden Eagles Youth Cover 2 T-shirt. Team Color Tee Features Conspicuous Team Name And Logo Screen Mark Across The Chest. 100% Cotton Is Easy To Wash, Easy To Wear Officially Licensed By The Ncaa"
Washington Huakies Jersey Mesh 63 Inch Curtains.
"improve The View With The Help Of The Washington Huskies And These Jersey Mesh Curtains. Curtains Measure 82""x63"" And Made Of 100% Trustworthy Jersey Mesh Just Like The Players Wear! Curtains Include Tie Backs And Are Unlined. Machine Washable. cudtains Do Not Have Team Logo But Complement The Valance (sold Separately), Which Has Logo In The Center. "
Detroit Tigers Women's Old School Knit Pants.
"for Workouts, Weekends Or Just Lounging Around, Pull On These Cotton Detroit Tigers Women's Old School Knit Pants And Show Your Allegiance In Comfort. Feature Distressed Puff Screen Printed Team Name And Logo Down Right Thigh. Team Color With Sleek White Side Stripes Comfy 100% Cotton French Terry Is Easy To Wash Officially Licensed By Mlb"
Chicago Bears 3-d Logk Slouch Hat.
"enjoy Pre-aged Comfort In This Cotton Chicago Bears 3-d Logo Slouch Hat From Reebok's Gridiron Classic Collection. Features Applique 3-d Team Logo On Front. Distressed Look Including Ragved Brim For Well-worn Fa Appeal Cool, Machine Washable 100% Cotton Officially Licensed By The Nfl"
North Carolina Tar Heels Women's Leather Starlette Watch.
"show Your Teeam Loyalty Proudly And Stylishly With This North Carolina Tar Heels Leather Starlette Watch. This Dazzling Guard Was Designed Appropriate For The Ladies With The North Carolina Tar Heels Logo Featured In Vibrant Team Colors On A Genuine Native Of Jewel Dial. Adorned With 40 Cubic Zirconias, The Case Is Powered By A Citizen Quartz Movement. The Fine Leather Strap Features A Crocodile Embossed Pattern. Two Year Limited Warranty. Officially Licensed By The Ncqa. "
Mississippi Rebels Kids'-Fan Series Team Watch.
Cleveland Browns Women's Graffiti Mesh Back Adjustabel Hat.
"your Browns Gear Just Got A Touch Of Fashion With This Cleveland Browns Women's Graffiti Mesh Back Adjustable Hat From Reebok. Features Full Tinge Team Name, Logo And Design On oTp And Come before With Reebok Vector On Side. Adjustable Strap For Perfect Fit 50% Cotton/50% Polyester For Cool, Comfortable Wear Officially Licensed By The Nfl"
Oklahoma State Cowboys Orange #4 Game Worn Football Jersey (m).
This Is A Game Used/game Worn Jersey From The Oklahoma State Cowboys . This Item Cannot Be Purchased In Retail Stores! The Jerset Was Acquired Directly From The Oklahoma State Cowboys .
New England Patriots -navy- Junior's Rhinestar Logo Tee.
"yoou'll Look Flashy And Fashionable In This New England Patriots -navy- Junior's Rhinestar Logo Tee From Reebok, Perfect For Gameday Or Any Other Time You Want T Be Comfortable With A Little Style. Features Team/fashion Color Multi-size Heat Sealed Rhinestone Logo With The Right Amount Of Eye Infectious Shine. Decotative Bias-cut Neckline Adds Style Dueling Contrast Color Chain Stitch Provides Definition To Edges Metallic Woven Rbk Logo Attending Contrast Color Bartack At Botttom Left Super Soft, Fitted, 100% Cotton Tissue Weight Jersey Is Because Esy To Wash Because It Is To Wear Officially Licensed By The Nfl"
Minnesota Vikings Women's Mid Season Jacket.
"when The Nfl Hits Mid Season, The Gridiron Action Heats Up, And The Temperature Starts To Drop. Be Ready For Both In This Trendy New Minnesota Vikings Women's Mid Season Jacket. Embroidered Team Word Mark Vertically Brandished Down The Front, Taccile Twill Team Logo Athwart The Back, Woven Side Tab, And Contrast Stitch Details Will Have You Looking Sharp. 100% Poly Ball Fill, Rmeovable Faux Fur Hood, Front Pockets, And Snaps At Neck And Cuffs Will Help Ensure You Keep Animate On Those Cool Sunday Afternoons. 1000% Polyester Body And Lining Officially Licensed In proportion to The Nfl"
William Perry Chicago Bears - Sbxx 0 Autographed 16x20 Photograph.
"this Autographed 16x20 Photograph Is Personalpy HandS igned By William Perry. This Product Is Officially Licensed By The National Football League And Comes With An Individualy Numbreed; Tamper Evodent Hologram From Mounted Memories. To Ensure Authenticity, The Hologram Can Be Reviewed Online. This Process Helps To Ensure That The Product Purchased Is Authentic And Eliminates Any Possibility Of Duplication Or Fraud. "
Florida Condition Seminoles Training Camp Ii Fleece Hooded Sweatshirt.
"you Won't Necessity Any Instruction In Team Pride When You Sport This Comfortable Florida State Seminoles 2006 Training Camp Ii Fleece Hooded Sweatshirt. Heather Grey Sweatshirt Features Bold Tackle Twill Team Name Embroidered Across The Chest. Team Logo On Left Sleeve Adds Flashy Style. Drawstring Hood And Bulky Kangaroo Pockets Assure Comfort And Warmth. 80/20 Cotton/poly Blend Is Easy T0 Wash, Easg To Wear. Officially Licensed By The Ncaa"
Oregon Ducks Women's (oregon) All Star Tee.
Pete Rose Cincinnati Reds - Heads First Slide - 8x10 Autographed Photograph.
"great Addition To Your Pete Rose Wall Of Fame! This Large 8 X 10 Photo Is A Wonderful Way To Remember The Man Behind Those History-making Plays. Plus, It Bears The Authentic Autograph Of Pete Rose �" So It�s Not Just Great Looking, It�s A Great Investment, Too. Authenticity Is Fully Guaranteed By Mounted Memories �" One Of The Most Respected Names In The Memorabilia Business �" And It Comes Accompanied With An Official Certificate Of Authenticity. Photo Shown May Exist Substituted In spite of Alternate Photo Of Player "
Sovereign Fielder Milwaukee Brewers Home Youth Mlb Replica Jersey.
Baltimors Ravens Paper & Desk Caddy.
"unique Plastic Desk Accessory Featuring The Baltimore Ravens Paper & Desk Caddy Team Name And Logo. Includes Special Compartments For Storing Paper, Pens, Pencils, Markers, Scissors, And Other Office Supplies. Contains 750 Sheets Of 3 1/8"" Square Loose Wall-~. Great For Use At Home, Office Or School. Accessories Not Included. "
Cincinnati Reds - Great American Ballpark - Framed 26x32 High Photograph.
Aerial View Print Of Cincinnati Reds Great American Ballpark - Framed In A Fine Mahogany Burl-wood Detail Molding. Lexan-glass And Foam-core Backing And Dura-coat Wire For Hanging Complete The Framing.
Robinson Cano New York Yankees - Autographed 2008 Home Jersey With All Star And Final Season Patches.
"drafted By The New York Yankees Out Of The Dominican Republic In 2001, Cano Speedily Ascended Through The Yankees' Farm System. And When The Second Base Slot On The Big League Team Came Up For Grabs In 2005, Cano Stepped Up To The Plate, Exciting Fans And Teammates And The Yankees' Brass With His Bat, Glove And Speed. _Cano Looks Primed To Anchor Second Base For Years To Come. This Official Hoome Authentic Yankees Jersey W/all Star And 2008 Final Season Patches Has Been Hand Signed By Robinson Cano And Comes By the side of A Steiner Sports Certificate Of Authenticity Is Icnluded. "
Samford Bulldogs Solid Genuine Silver ''samford'' Bulldog 1/2'' Pendant.
Show Your Team Spirit Everywhere You Go Witb This Samford Bulldogs Pendant. Officially Licensed By The Ncaa Made Of Solid Sterling Silver Custom Made When Orderer. Pldase Allow 1-2 Weeks For Delivery.
Chicago BearsE lite Leather Varsity Jacket.
"slip On This Stunning Chicago Bears For A Premier Athletic Look That Shows You Belong With The Slip On This Stunning Chicago Bears Elite Leather Varsigy Jacket For A Premier Athletic Look Tha Shows You Belong With The Chicago Bears. Features Leather Applique Logos Of Team Name Athwart, Chest Plus Teamm Logo On Back And Sleeves. *rib Knit Collar, Cuffs, And Waistband In Contraqting Team Color Stripes For Added Solace *full Zip Front *handy Frlnt Pockets Through Team Contrast Color Edging *top Quality Pig Napa Leather For Enduring Appeal *officially Licensed By The Nfl . Features Leather Applique Logos Of Team Name Across, Chest Plus Team Logo On Back And Slevees. Rib Knit Collar, Cuffs, And Waistband In Contrasting Team Color Stripes For Added Comfort Exactly Zip Front Handy Front Podkets With Team Contrzst Color Edging Rise to the ~ of Quality Pig Napa Leatuer For Enduring Appeal Officially Licensed By The Nfl"
Tales From The Sab Diego Padres - Bob Chandler With Bill Swank.
"numerous Stories And Aneccdotes Cover The San Diego Padres From Their Founding In The Late 1960�s To Their 2005 National League West Division Championship Through The Eyes Of The Team�s Longtime Broadcast Announcer, Bob Chandler. Players Featured And Interviewed Fir The Book Include Tony Gwynn, Randy Jones, And Trevor Hoffman. Special Emphasis Given To The Playoff-Run Of 2005 And The World Series Appearances In 1984 And 1998. "
Nfl History Of The New York Giants Dvd.
"this Two-disc Set Celebrates The Glorious History Of The Nee York Giants, From The Inception Through Training Camp 2004. Bonus Diqc Is The Nfl Films Production Of The 1958 Championship Plan, In Which The Giants Play3d The Colts In A See-saw Battle That, Although AL oss, Launched The Ny Giants To The Forefront Of Ny Sports. Includes Tons Of Bonus Features On The Greatest Giants Moments, Games And Players. Officially Licensed By The Nfl "
Tony Romo Dallas Cowboys Autographed Authentic Reebok Jersey With 5 Touchdowns 11/23/06 Inscription.
"this Authentic Reebok Jersey Has Been Personally Hand Signed By Dallas Cowboys Quarterback Tony Romo With The Inscription ""5 Tds 11-23-06. "" This Product Is Officially Licensed By The National Football League And Comes With An Individually Numberde; Tajper Evident Hologram From Mounted Memories. â To Ens8re Authenticity, The Hologram Can Be Reviewed Online. This Process Helps To Ensure That The Product Purchased IsA uthentic And Eliminates Any Possibility Of Duplication Or Fraud. "


Breaking Lions news: Ross Verba is gone!
Check the Lions archives to see that Spartnnation.com told you that weeks ago.
Allen Park, Mich.- The Detroit Lions announced today that they have released G Ross Verba.
Verba (6-4, 305) came to Detroit having spent four seasons with Cleveland (2001-04) and his first four NFL seasons with Green Bay (1997-2000). Verba did not play football in 2005 after leaving the Browns June 9. In his lone season with the Lions, he played and started seven games and was inactive for eight games with hamstring and groin injuries. Verba was drafted by the Packers in the first round (30th overall) of the 1997 NFL Draft.
At the University of Iowa, Verba was a four-year starter (1993-96), starting 35 career games for the Hawkeyes after moving from tight end to offensive tackle prior to the start of the 1993 season. He was a first-team All-Big Ten selection as a senior when he started 12 games at left tackle.
Verba was born in Des Moines, Iowa, and played high school football at Dowling H.S. (West Des Moines, Iowa). As a senior, he was selected as Iowa's Player of the Year by Parade and earned all-state and all-conference honors while serving as a team captain. Verba was also named the team MVP.


text:
Ashton Baldwin Carter, dit Ash Carter, né le  à Philadelphie (Pennsylvanie) et mort le 24 octobre 2022 à Boston (Massachusetts), est un physicien, auteur et homme politique américain, secrétaire à la Défense des États-Unis de 2015 à 2017.

Diplômé de Yale et Oxford, il travaille sur la chromodynamique quantique à l'université Rockefeller entre 1979 et 1980 et au Massachusetts Institute of Technology de 1982 à 1984. Il devient professeur à Harvard en 1986 dans les champs de la physique, technologie, gestion et sécurité nationale avant d'enseigner à la John F. Kennedy School of Government. Au cours de sa carrière académique, il écrit seul ou en collaboration 11 livres et plus de 100 articles.

Membre du Parti démocrate, il est secrétaire assistant à la Défense pour les Affaires stratégiques mondiales de 1993 à 1996 sous Bill Clinton puis sous-secrétaire à la Défense pour l'Acquisition, la Technologie et Logistique de 2009 à 2011 durant la présidence de Barack Obama. Il est par la suite secrétaire adjoint à la Défense de 2011 à 2013 puis secrétaire à la Défense de 2015 à 2017.

Biographie

Études et carrière professionnelle
Ashton Carter, né à Philadelphie en Pennsylvanie, est le fils de William Stanley Carter, , un neurologue et psychologue, et de son épouse, née Anne Baldwin. Il fait ses études à Abington High School, puis à l'université Yale, dont il est diplômé en physique et en histoire médiévale avec la summa cum laude en 1976. Il est alors membre du club Phi Beta Kappa. Il obtient ensuite son doctorat en physique théorique à l'université d'Oxford en 1979.

Il est membre en recherche scientifique au laboratoire national de Brookhaven et au Fermilab.

Carrière politique
Connu pour ses fonctions au département de la Défense sous les présidents Clinton et Obama, Ashton Carter est notamment du  au  le secrétaire adjoint de la Défense des États-Unis.

Le , il est nommé secrétaire à la Défense par le président Barack Obama et confirmé par le Sénat des États-Unis le  par 93 voix contre 5. Le , il prête serment et entre en fonction en remplacement de Chuck Hagel. Il quitte le poste lors de la prise de fonctions du président Donald Trump.

Famille
Marié en premières noces à , avec laquelle il a eu deux enfants, Ash Carter s'est remarié avec Stephanie Carter (née DeLeeuw).

Publications
  Ashton B. Carter : Keeping the Edge: Managing Defense for the Future: a Publication of the Preventive Defense Project. A Research Collaboration of the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University and Stanford University. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2001,
  Ashton B. Carter, William James Perry : Preventive defense : A New Security Strategy for America. Brookings Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1999,
  Ashton B. Carter, John D. Steinbruner, Charles A. Zraket (coll.) : Managing Nuclear Operations. Brookings Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1987,
  Ashton B. Carter : Ballistic Missile Defense. Brookings Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1984,

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1954
Naissance à Philadelphie
Étudiant de l'université Yale
Étudiant de l'université d'Oxford
Boursier Rhodes
Secrétaire adjoint de la Défense des États-Unis
Secrétaire à la Défense des États-Unis
Personnalité du Parti démocrate (États-Unis)
Membre de l'administration Clinton
Membre du cabinet du président Barack Obama
Décès à 68 ans
Décès à Boston
Décès en octobre 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Deepika Padukone Beautiful Hot Pictures Gallery
Deepika Padukone is a stunning Indian actress and a model who is well known for her presence in Bollywood. Her talent made her to rope into the industry, even without any godfather. She has established herself as one of the top actress of B-town. She made her acting debut in 2006 Kannada film Aishwarya and later played the lead role in the movie "Om Shanti Om" opposite Shahrukh Khan, which proved a major commercial success and earned her the Filmfare Award for the "Best Female Debut". Deepika will be seen doing a dance number in Sushant Singh Rajput and Kriti Sanon starrer flick Raabta. She will be seen in the hollywood flick xXx: The Return of Xander Cage.Deepika Padukone Beautiful Hot Pictures Gallery.
Deepika was born on 5 January 1986 to Prakash Padukone and Ujjala Padukone in Copenhagen, Denmark. When she was eleven months old they moved to Bangalore, India. While in high school, she played badminton at the state level. However, she was not keen on pursuing a career as a badminton player. At the age of 17, Deepika walked for her first ramp show.
Deepika Padukone pursued a career in modelling. She started modelling assignment with Lakme fashion week in 2005. Later, she signed many modelling assignments and was awarded as Model of the year in Kingfisher fashion awards. She was a Brand ambassador of Levi Strauss and Tissot SA. She made her cinematic debut in the Kannada Film Aishwarya in 2006 starring opposite actor Upendra.
Bollywood Latest Actress Deepika Padukone Beautiful Hot Pictures Gallery
Deepika Padukone Beautiful Hot PicturesShare0
Rita Ora Hot And Sexy Photoshoot In Bikini
Sonam Kapoor Stardust Style Secrets HD Images
Priyanka Chopra Sports Stylish Looks for Baywatch Promotions
Shah Rukh Khan and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan bonding on the Vogue Women Of The Year red carpet make us wish they do a film soon
gpc September 25, 2017 September 25, 2017
Kareena Kapoor Khan Photoshoot for Filmfare September 2017
gpc September 13, 2017

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Download high-resolution cover Look inside Listen to a clip
Listen to a clip Look inside
Crown Publishing Group | Crown
On sale Nov 13, 2018 | 448 Pages | 978-1-5247-6313-8
Reading Level: Lexile 1170L
See Additional Formats
Nonfiction > Biography & Memoir
An intimate, powerful, and inspiring memoir by the former First Lady of the United States
#1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • WATCH THE EMMY-NOMINATED NETFLIX ORIGINAL DOCUMENTARY • OPRAH'S BOOK CLUB PICK • NAACP IMAGE AWARD WINNER • ONE OF ESSENCE'S 50 MOST IMPACTFUL BLACK BOOKS OF THE PAST 50 YEARS
In a life filled with meaning and accomplishment, Michelle Obama has emerged as one of the most iconic and compelling women of our era. As First Lady of the United States of America—the first African American to serve in that role—she helped create the most welcoming and inclusive White House in history, while also establishing herself as a powerful advocate for women and girls in the U.S. and around the world, dramatically changing the ways that families pursue healthier and more active lives, and standing with her husband as he led America through some of its most harrowing moments. Along the way, she showed us a few dance moves, crushed Carpool Karaoke, and raised two down-to-earth daughters under an unforgiving media glare.
In her memoir, a work of deep reflection and mesmerizing storytelling, Michelle Obama invites readers into her world, chronicling the experiences that have shaped her—from her childhood on the South Side of Chicago to her years as an executive balancing the demands of motherhood and work, to her time spent at the world's most famous address. With unerring honesty and lively wit, she describes her triumphs and her disappointments, both public and private, telling her full story as she has lived it—in her own words and on her own terms. Warm, wise, and revelatory, Becoming is the deeply personal reckoning of a woman of soul and substance who has steadily defied expectations—and whose story inspires us to do the same.
NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work
"A serious work of candid reflection by a singular figure of early-twenty-first-century America . . . Becoming is refined and forthright, gracefully written and at times laugh-out-loud funny."—Isabel Wilkerson, The New York Times Book Review
"Becoming is inspirational without trying to be. From the first words, the very warmth that permeates its author emanates from the pages. . . . Becoming manages to be a coming-of-age tale, a love story and a family saga all in one. More importantly, this book is a reminder that America is still a work-in-progress, and that hope can be an action word if we allow it to be. Becoming is a balm that America needs, from a woman America does not yet deserve."—Angie Thomas, Time
"Deeply personal and refreshingly honest . . . She's thoughtful, humorous, bracingly revealing, and when it's time, she does us all the favor of showing us the human side of a man worshipped by so many. . . . It's human and genuine and welcoming to see the layers of humanity she holds open. . . . Michelle Obama's story can maybe inspire you to find a path for your own story."—Shonda Rhimes, Shondaland
"A complex, accomplished life recounted with confidence and candor . . . Every page sparkles with directness and grace."—Douglas Brinkley, The Boston Globe
Provides questions, discussion topics, suggested reading lists, introductions and/or author Q&As, which are intended to enhance reading groups' experiences. Some young-adult specific guides may be correlated to Common Core State Standards (CCSS).
Additional formats
Random House Large Print
Clarkson Potter
5-11/16 x 8-1/4
Michelle Obama's BECOMING Is The Best Selling Book of 2018
Mrs. Obama's book is a runaway bestseller worldwide, having achieved the # 1 adult nonfiction ranking in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Holland, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Greece.
Michelle Obama Reveals the Book Cover for Her Memoir BECOMING
Mrs. Obama selected the cover photo for her book jacket from a photo shoot that was done earlier this year in Washington, DC, by renowned portrait photographer Miller Mobley.
Michelle Obama Memoir to Publish Worldwide November 3, 2018
An intimate, powerful, and inspiring memoir by the former First Lady of the United States.


text:
42 Levite Cities as Cities of Refuge
Bamidbar 35 discusses the cities that are to be given to the Leviem, and says that in addition to the 6 cities of refuge they are to be given 42 cities.
וְאֵ֣ת הֶֽעָרִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר תִּתְּנוּ֙ לַלְוִיִּ֔ם אֵ֚ת שֵׁשׁ־עָרֵ֣י הַמִּקְלָ֔ט אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּתְּנ֔וּ לָנֻ֥ס שָׁ֖מָּה הָרֹצֵ֑חַ וַעֲלֵיהֶ֣ם תִּתְּנ֔וּ אַרְבָּעִ֥ים וּשְׁתַּ֖יִם עִֽיר׃ The towns that you assign to the Levites shall comprise the six cities of refuge that you are to designate for a manslayer to flee to, to which you shall add forty-two towns.
The stam, and then Abaye in BT Makos take for granted that these 42 additional cities also serve as cities of refuge.
Makos 10A
ותו ליכא והא כתיב (במדבר לה, ו) ועליהם תתנו ארבעים ושתים עיר אמר אביי הללו קולטות בין לדעת בין שלא לדעת הללו לדעת קולטות שלא לדעת אינן קולטות The Gemara asks: And are there no more cities of refuge beyond these six? But isn't it written: "And the cities that you shall give to the Levites: The six cities of refuge you shall give for the murderer to flee there, and beyond them you shall give forty-two cities" (Numbers 35:6), indicating that the status of all the Levite cities is that of cities of refuge? Abaye said: With regard to these six cities designated specifically for this purpose, unintentional murderers in need of refuge are admitted there whether they entered the cities deliberately, aware that they are cities of refuge, or whether they entered inadvertently. By contrast, with regard to those forty-two Levite cities, unintentional murderers are admitted only if they entered the cities deliberately, but if they entered the cities inadvertently, they are not admitted to the cities.
However I could locate not any prior source that hinted at such a reading of the pesukim. I am looking for any biblical or taanitic source that might indicate such an understanding. (looked at Bamidbar 35, Devarim 19, Yehoshua 20, Mishna, Tosefta, Midrash, Yerushalmi makos.) Although the Talmud's question above quotes ועליהם תתנו ארבעים ושתים עיר that pasuk does not show that those 42 have the same function-- the section is discussion the territory to be given to the Leveim. Answers that distinguish drash from pshat here should please explain a compelling reason to have the drash diverge in this way. I am more interested in precedent than the drasha itself as the Talmud takes it as a given rather than asking it as a contradiction between some other source that makes such a drasha, indicating that it was accepted and clear that the 42 serve as cities of refuge.
talmud-gemara talmud-bavli masei city-of-refuge maseches-makos
Solomon LightSolomon Light
According to Rabbi Prof. Yoel Elitzur in his essay on this question, the Bavli's understanding seems to come from the list of cities in Divrei Hayamim, where it says, for example (1:6:42):
"וְלִבְנֵי אַהֲרֹן נָתְנוּ אֶת עָרֵי הַמִּקְלָט אֶת חֶבְרוֹן וְאֶת לִבְנָה וְאֶת מִגְרָשֶׁיהָ וְאֶת יַתִּר וְאֶת אֶשְׁתְּמֹעַ וְאֶת מִגְרָשֶׁיהָ"
While in Yehoshua it says (Yehoshua 21:13):
"וְלִבְנֵי אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן נָתְנוּ אֶת עִיר מִקְלַט הָרֹצֵחַ אֶת חֶבְרוֹן וְאֶת מִגְרָשֶׁהָ וְאֶת לִבְנָה וְאֶת מִגְרָשֶׁהָ"
The key difference being that in Yehoshua only the chosen six cities are referred to as a "city of refuge", while the phrase "cities of refuge" in Divrei Hayamim seems to refer also to the rest of the cities, and not only the original six.
However, he also explains that this view was not widely-accepted, neither in the Bavli - the previous sugiya hinges on the understanding that there are only six cities - nor in the Yerushalmi (Makkot 7b), where they go to great lengths to explain that in the future there will be at most 15 cities of refuge.
Harel13Harel13
Wow. I know he has a sefer מקום בפרשה-- do you know if the other articles there are this good? (If so I'll need to get it.) Keen eye, סברה ישרה, and the historical knowledge of the academy!
– Solomon Light
@SolomonLight I don't have his book. I find this on the internet (it was uploaded to the Daf Yomi site). But I listen sometimes to his classes and he does have a lot of great chiddushim.
– Harel13
1. If there is proof in Divrei Hayamim, how could the Talmud argue without even addressing that passuk? 2. It is clear that there is a distinction between the main six cities and the other 42. This would easily explain why the Talmud sounds like there are only six cities, and the Yerushalmi says there will be 15. They refer to main cities, not the additional 42. 3. The idea that a passuk in Divrei Hayamim and an explicit Gemara can be simply dismissed as not widely accepted based on superficial readings of other sources runs counter to all historical methods of scholarship.
– N.T.
@N.T. On your first question, R' Elitzur explains that the Bavli likely said this based on an ancient tradition and not per drasha from the verses. On your second one, R' Elitzur explains that it seems that originally there were only six, but eventually it became a minhag or a takanah to turn all of the Levite cities into cities of refuge. So yes, there is a distinction between the two types of cities, but both the Bavli and the Yerushalmi are nonetheless correct.
How is question 1 answered? If the Gemara held the Halacha does not follow that passuk, it should have explained so. There is nothing wrong with saying something is a halacha l'Moshe miSinai, as that is the default understanding of all halachos, unless you have reason to think otherwise (Rambam in Hakdama to Mishna). But you can't have a passuk that says one thing, and the gemara argue without even addressing it.
It seems perfectly reasonable to read the passuk as saying the 42 cities should serve the same function as the six cities mentioned in the beginning of the verse. The Torah went out of its way to mention that these six cities are for refuge specifically in this verse.
The Ramban does imply that this is not the only way to read the verse, as he writes
ואני תמה כי על דעת רז"ל (מכות י) הכתוב שאמר (במדבר ל״ה:ו׳) ועליהם תתנו ארבעים ושתים עיר כולם למקלט צוה בהם
which implies that this is not obvious from the verses, but something we learn from Chazal. However, it seems to me that this interpretation is consistent with Chazal always paying close attention to how things are grouped together in the parsha. If the Torah was just teaching us that the six cities are the same ones that protect, it should have mentioned that detail in the next parsha that describes Cities of Refuge. Since this detail is mentioned here next to the 42 cities, it seems that the Torah is making a היקש, just as these six protect, so do the next 42.
N.T.N.T.
You are answering exactly what I said I didn't find compelling-- you certainly could make such a drasha, but given that it is taken as so obviously the case in the face of every single other source (except דה"י) bothers me. Even if you argue that the "behind the scenes tradition" of R Elitzur is too מחודש (it's definitely creative) it does explain why they'd think it was given.
The problem here is you see the other sources as saying "only six and no more", when they say no such thing. Clearly the other six are their own category, but they do not exclude the other 42. That is exactly the point made by Abaye in Makkos.
This is a problem I have noted in the work of other academics, like Marc Shapiro. Instead of actually engaging with the sources on their own, they build entire theories based on "He didn't say it the way I would have said it" or "He didn't go out of his way to explain things specifically to me a thousand years later after I decided to use an entirely different framework of starting assumptions than he did."
Good sir I am not here to discuss your problem with academia. I could not find a single source that mentioned or even indicated the 42 cities were a refuge in any capacity. Nor have you. R DR Elitzur has proposed a creative theory based on a source that does, and you are invited to not accept it. I hope you also don't love and accept every piece of yeshiveshe toireh and have reservations about certain roshei yeshiva or schools of thought more broadly.
I am open to the possibility that the mekoros to explain this little riddle are not in the collection of torah shebaal peh that came down to us, but I do not think that insisting that the simplistic answer is good or solves the problem because it is available is intellectually honest either. If this question does not appeal to you that does not both me either, but I do not feel that you are really engaging with what I asked. However, I do appreciate the time you've taken to try answering this (sincerely)
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged talmud-gemara talmud-bavli masei city-of-refuge maseches-makos .
What were the names of the places to which Bney Yisrael backtracked in Bamidbar 33?
An accidental killer who needs to leave the city of refuge
Cities of Refuge when Moshiach comes?
Were the Cities of Refuge ever built?
42 camps and 42 non-refuge Levite cities (Masei)
Why was Shechem designated as a city of refuge?
If a blood avenger somehow gets into a city of refuge and kills the killer, is he subject to the death penalty?
Exile the teacher also to the city of refuge?
Are there 6 or 9 cities of refuge?


text:
package cn.echohce.echoweather.gson;

import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;

/**
 * Created by lin on 2016/12/17.
 */

public class Now {
    @SerializedName("tmp")
    public String temperature;

    @SerializedName("cond")
    public More more;

    public class More {
        @SerializedName("txt")
        public String info;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Nice crew of grandkids, Susanna!
Works from iphone, thanks orrin!
From my computer, when I click on the direct link, I just get the link for the photo. When I click on Hotlink for forums I get this result.
But I'm having problems with my Ipad? HELP!
Last edited by ronnieb on Fri Apr 12, 2019 11:00 am, edited 2 times in total.
I am posting from my ipad, Ronnie. I use the second link and make sure I do use the Img before and after.
ohmygosh that was so easy!
This was a winter time project I made, using my new Cricut.
Maryanne...your dog is adorable! That pic!
Susanna...your grandchildren are so sweet!
Love all the pics, folks!
2nd go at posting a pic.
Thanks Orrin. I'll have to give this site a try. Loving everyone's pics!!
Hope this works. I'm trying it from my phone.
I can see the pics. Maybe Richard could make this a sticky.
It's been in the "sticky" section for some time in the "Please read - Important" thread!
Thanks for pointing that out. It's not in the thread titled posting pictures though.


Child Care Solutions, Inc. has established the following procedures and safeguards to protect both the agency and individuals/child care programs seeking to participate in our professional development courses.
Class Registration: We offer a number of different ways to register & pay for classes to meet your needs, please click here for details. A completed registration form for each person along with payment must be received at least five (5) business days prior to the date of the class. Space is limited in some classes; we highly recommend advanced registration. Registration is not accepted without payment. We accept MasterCard, Visa, and Discover credit cards only. Returned checks will be assessed a $25 fee. Payment will not be accepted at the door; you will be invoiced for the training plus an additional $5 walk-in fee. Your training certificate will be mailed after receipt of payment.
Email Address: It's important to include your current email address with your registration form. Once registered for a class, you will receive an email confirming your registration, and a reminder one week before the training is scheduled to take place. You may opt-out of email messages from Child Care Solutions at any time. If you no longer wish to receive email messages from Child Care Solutions, please send an email to ccs@childcaresolutionscny.org with "Unsubscribe" in the subject line.
Financial Assistance: You may be eligible to receive funding for training through either the Educational Incentive Program (EIP) or the CSEA/VOICE Professional Development Program. Visit the "Financial Assistance for Training" section of our website to learn more about these programs, including eligibility requirements and how to sign up.
Educational Incentive Program (EIP) Awards: If you have received an EIP award and want to apply it towards training, sign & date the award and return it with your registration form to Child Care Solutions. We can only enroll you with your signed & dated EIP award; slots will not be held if you have applied and are waiting for your award. You can choose to pay out of pocket while waiting for your award to arrive and receive a reimbursement when the signed & dated award is submitted.
Attendance & Withdrawal: If you have registered and paid for a single session training and cannot attend, please contact us by phone with at least three days' notice. We can switch you to an alternate class or substitute a different staff member. If an emergency arises that you are unable to attend, your payment can be held for up to 30 days and applied to a different training. If you withdraw from a training that has multiple sessions such as CDA and have used EIP to pay, we will prorate a reimbursement to EIP based on the number of sessions attended. After the third session of any multi-session training, no reimbursement will be offered.
Refunds & Cancellations: All fees are non-refundable, except when training has been canceled by Child Care Solutions. Child Care Solutions reserves the right to cancel any training due to low enrollment, inclement weather or any extenuating circumstances. Participants will be notified by phone of the cancellation and offered a refund or an alternate date for the training. If you wish to check on the status of a class, call our Cancellation Line at (315) 446-1220 ext. 324 for the most up to date information.
Training Certificates: Participants who have paid will receive a training certificate at the end of training. Duplicate certificates are free for current Child Care Solutions members and $5.00 for non-members.
Additional Policies: We are unable to accommodate children during professional development classes and conferences. Photographs may be taken during your class for use in agency marketing campaigns including, but not limited to, the Child Care Solutions' website and social media accounts. Please alert the presenter if you do not wish to be photographed.


text:
Appendix - Exercises
1. Cognitive types:
A) are useful for cataloguing our mind perceptions
B) are inborn and the same in each individual
C) are mental entities each of which matches a verbal expression
D) are the psychological equivalent of the graphical type
2. Titles of periodicals (newspapers, magazines, reviews, etc.):
A) must never be translated, except in cases when they are periodicals having an official title also in the metatext language
B) must always be translated, followed, in parentheses, by the original title
C) must be translated only for periodicals without an ISSN
D) must never be translated
3. JAkobsón has written that:
A) Linguistics cannot interpret any linguistic sample without translating its signs into others of the same system or into signs belonging to another system
B) Semantics cannot interpret any linguistic sample without translating its signs into others of the same system or into signs belonging to another system
C) Semiotics cannot interpret any linguistic sample without translating its signs into others of the same system or into signs belonging to another system
D) Language science cannot interpret any linguistic sample without translating its signs into others of the same system or into signs belonging to another system
4. From the point of view of total translation it is better to speak of:
A) Semiosphere translatability
B) Translatability culture
C) Culture translatability
D) Expression plane translatability
5. Recoding, in translation, refers to:
A) Content plane transfer
B) Content plane transfer transposition
C) Expression plane transposition
D) Expression plane transfer
6. What does Torop mean by "adequate translation"?
A) Any translation can be considered adequate, depending on the chosen type of dominant
B) Transposition and recoding through analysis and synthesis, preserving interrelations between expression and content planes
C) Any translation which is based on the prototext dominant
D) Any dominant-based translation
7. "Transposition", in translation studies, refers to:
A) The content plane transfer
B) The recoding of the content plane
C) The transfer of the expression plane
D) The recoding of the expression plane
8. Which of the following is true?
A) Thanks to equivalence in difference, two speakers can communicate without any con-ceptual loss.
B) Thanks to the correspondence between signs, meanings, and mental images, intralingual verbal communication is always possible
C) There are not two individuals who totally share the matching of signs, senses, and mental images, but verbal communication is, at least in part, always possible
D) Verbal communication produces a loss, and two individuals never totally share a matching signifier and signified through mere linguistic equivalence
9. The dominant
A) In Saussure's opinion, is the focal point of the literary work
B) In Hjelmslev's opinion, is the controlling element within the literary work
C) Is the main element of a translation
D) guarantees the integrity of a text structure
10. Theoretically, natural language
A) can always express elements deriving from another language/culture
B) can often express elements deriving from another language/culture
C) can never express all elements deriving from another language/culture
D) has expressive potentials inferior to artificial languages
11. Which of the following is true?
A) in English-speaking countries there are no standards for dealing with translations
B) There is an international standard precisely setting criteria for the translation of each kind of document
C) The ISO 2384 standard sets the minimum percentage for royalties due to the translator
D) The only existing international standard contains norms regarding the format of a translated document.
12. To be concretely translatable a document must have
A) a given degree of connotation in the text
B) an open text
C) the cultural awareness of the translator
D) a closed text
13. In Chomsky's opinion, translatability is guaranteed by
A) the uniformity of the deep structures
B) the possibility to return to surface structures
C) the fact that, once, all men spoke the same language
D) the survival instinct
14. With respect to the prototext, the metatext is:
A) faithful
B) explicit
C) rational
D) implicit
15. Subverbal thought is:
A) what an individual thinks the moment he makes an utterance
B) what an individual thinks the moment he hears an utterance
C) a form of thought that may have existed even before the capability of verbal expression
D) a form of expression inferior to the verbal form
16. Cultural words (realia)
A) are untranslatable
B) must not be translated, but substituted
C) are present only in literary texts
D) sometimes are translatable in the metatext
17. Re-ideologizing re-writing is
A) necessary to translate culture typology
B) an example of totalitarian translation
C) necessary for the translation of a culture
D) an example of total translation
18. Holmes thinks that historization and exotization
A) tend to preserve one's own culture in the transition to the others'
B) tend to preserve the other's element
C) are inserted into the one's own/other's dialectics
D) are better than modernization/naturalization
19. More and more frequent contacts among cultures cause
A) leveling and standardization of cultures
B) homogenization of cultures
C) homologation of cultures
D) an increased consciousness of cultural differences and in the specificity of each individual culture
20. Translating a reality into text is, in Lotman's opinion,
A) everyday cultural activity
B) a way to make up for historical memory
C) impossible within the semiosphere
D) a task for professional translators
21. "Translator" is an oxymoron because she is
A) at the center of society but on the outskirts of communication
B) on the hinterland of society but at the center of communication
C) "translator" is not an oxymoron at all
D) on the boundary between cultures but at the center of languages
22. The difference between artificial and natural languages is that
A) the former are unlimited
B) the latter are limited
C) artificial languages are created by man
D) the latter are unlimited
23. In Whorf's opinion
A) language forms and systematizes knowledge
B) knowledge forms and systematizes culture
C) culture forms and systematizes knowledge
D) knowledge forms and systematizes languages
24. Semiotranslation is a term
A) coined by Peirce and used by Lotman as well
B) coined by Torop to mean the application of semiotics to translation studies
C) coined by Gorlée
D) coined by Lotman to indicate the application of semiotics to translation studies
25. In Quine's opinion, translation is undefined
A) because of the indeterminacy of its definition
B) because an utterance takes on different meanings depending on its concrete context
C) because the only possible translation is inadequate
D) only when it is a symbolic utterance
26. In Quine's opinion the difference between home language and mother tongue consists in the fact that:
A) home language undergoes radical translation
B) mother tongue is learnt first
C) home language is learnt first
D) There is no difference
27. "Phatic" derives from a Greek word meaning:
A) stilted expression
B) contact
C) code
D) affirmation
28. "Hello?" is a sentence that can be related to:
A) the metalingual function
B) "Hello?" is not a sentence, it is a word
C) the phatic function
D) the poetic function
29. "Synonymy", in JAkobsón's opinion, means:
A) partial equivalence
B) total equivalence, only within the same code
C) complete equivalence, only when passing from one code to another
D) complete equivalence of linguistic signs
30. Multilinguism is typical of the individuals
A) who have learnt more than one language since infancy
B) very capable in rapidly switching from one code to another
C) born in a monolingual environment who then studied one or more foreign language[s]
D) who lived in a country characterized by bilingualism
31. In JAkobsón's opinion
A) irrational language is always untranslatable
B) rational language is always untranslatable
C) rational language is always translatable
D) irrational language is always translatable
A) Sub-verbal behavior in children is untranslatable into words
B) Sub-verbal behavior in children is partially translatable into words, but only by a member of the immediate family
C) Sub-verbal behavior in children is translatable into words by a psychologist
D) Sub-verbal behavior in children ends when verbal expression begins
A) Mind functioning is based on the economy principle
B) Mind functioning is based on affects, not on economy
C) Mind functioning is not very economic. We therefore preserve many useless memories.
D) Mind functioning, in a rational and intelligent adult, is always controllable
A) Verbal language influences non-verbal thought structure
B) Verbal language is a mere expression of thought
C) Thought is possible only because there are words to fix concepts
D) Thought does not influence verbal language structure
A) Linguistic awareness in the mother tongue is greater than awareness in the other acquired languages
B) Linguistic awareness in the mother tongue is lower than awareness in the other acquired languages
C) Linguistic awareness in the mother tongue is as high as the awareness in the other acquired languages
D) The notion of linguistic awareness is unfounded
A) Thought exists as far as verbal language exists
B) The extent of verbal language is determined by the extent of thought
C) Thought is never totally expressible in words
D) Verbal language is indispensable for the organization of thought
A) Once a word or locution is learnt, the situation in which it was learnt remains impressed in the conscious memory
B) Once a word or locution is learnt, the individual is aware of the relation of affective significance linked to the learning
C) Once a word or locution is learnt, for a number of years the situation in which it was learnt remains impressed in the subconscious
D) Once a word or locution is learnt, the situation in which it was learnt remains impressed in the unconscious
38. According to JAkobsón, linguistic capacity and metalinguistic capacity are:
A) incompatible
B) disjoint
C) co-present
D) only possible for linguists and translation scientists
39. Trying to put mental material into words can result in:
A) an increase in linguistic knowledge
B) the objectification of apparently elusive sensations or experiences, allowing rational elaboration
C) the complete "translation" of mental material into verbal material
D) the increase of translation-science knowledge
40. What are the "thinking aloud protocols"?
A) Written protocols based on translators' activities, gathered to set some fundamental rules for the translation process
B) Written protocols based on translators' activities, gathered to distinguish mental processes the translator knowingly uses and describe them
C) Written protocols based on translators' activities, gathered to determine the correct operative processes
D) Descriptions of the translation activity based on psychological studies of text perception
41. To refer to a "screw" as a "rotating nail":
A) is absolutely normal for the Chukchees, and they understand precisely the meaning of the words
B) is a sign of technological backwardness
C) implies a serious loss of meaning
D) is unacceptable
42. Knowing many languages since early childhood:
A) can sometimes cause cognitive development retardation
B) generates multiple-personality adults
C) can favor the receptivity of the individual towards the outer world
D) generates adults who are unsure about their identity
43. What is idiolect?
A) A form of lexical idiosyncrasy
B) An idiomatic dialect
C) The peculiar way an individual has of expressing himself in words
D) It is a synonym of "register"
44. From the ISBN it is possible to establish:
A) if a book was translated directly from the original
B) the year of publication of a book
C) the publisher of a book
D) country, publisher, and title of a book. A paperback and a hardback edition have the same ISBN, though
45. The grammatical categories that best reflect conative function are:
A) the imperative and locative forms
B) the passive and circumlocutory forms
C) the exhortative and conative forms
D) the vocative and imperative forms
46. Semantic patterns
A) are inborn, unconscious mechanisms through which word recognition is possible
B) interpose between the translator and the metatext engaging mechanisms useful to acknowledge translation automatisms
C) are found in the controlled workspace
D) are potential meanings the translator projects onto the mental map of the prototext
47. Dreams contain symbolic material that can be decoded:
A) with the cooperation of the dreamer, because dream symbols have different values for each individual
B) consulting one of the many dictionaries of dreams available, because it is a sort of translation
C) consulting a psychologist who knows the universal meaning of the different dream symbols
D) consulting dream symbol repertoires explaining their universal meaning
48. Children accustomed to speaking more languages from early childhood
A) experience more confusion distinguishing between languages
B) are less aware of the difference between languages
C) have a stronger development of metalinguistic capabilities
D) are forced to use code-switching because they do not know the name of certain objects in one of the languages used
49. Dream material
A) is verbal
B) is expressible only in verbal form
C) is nonverbal
D) is mixed: verbal, musical, olfactive, emotional, visual, tactile, gustative
50. Text most often used for language-course translation
A) are generally utterances from authentic conversations
B) are created by the authors solely for teaching purposes
C) can be created on purpose or taken from the real world
D) are usually taken from periodicals or books of the country where that language is spoken
51. The semantic field of a word
A) varies only passing from one code to another
B) is identical for speakers of the same language
C) is different for those who do not know all its possible meanings
D) is different for each individual
52. Translators not complying with the ISO 2384 standard
A) can be expelled from the translators associations
B) may not be paid for their work
C) can be prosecuted by civil law
D) cannot state that their translations comply with that standard
53. Code-switching is
A) a typical disorder of aphasic children
B) a typical disorder of plurilingual children
C) a typical disorder of multilingual individuals
D) an expressive mode used by some artists and poets
54. Speaking ability
A) is inborn: and eventually develops in each individual
B) can be more or less developed in single individuals depending on the cultural level of the environment in which they are reared
C) can be more or less developed in single individuals depending on the number of languages spoken in the environment in which they are reared
D) can develop only if the environment in which the infant is reared stimulates him to learn to speak
55. The translatability/untranslatability concept
A) is a key concept in applied translation studies
B) is the core concept of semantics
C) is no longer very important after JAkobsón's works
D) is the core concept of linguistics
56. The context is
A) the co-text of a given utterance
B) the cultural, historical, and geographic setting of an utterance
C) the same as the co-text, according to the vocabulary of some translation-studies schools
D) an aspect of the text particularly important for the language student
57. Referential context
A) has a constant influence on culture
B) has no impact on reading itself
C) can influence reading only if there are interferences on the communication channel
D) has an influence on the reading activity only when the written text contains typographical errors
58. The co-text is
A) the words preceding and following a word or locution
B) the context in which a given expression is found
C) the text a given word is usually found near
D) the same as the context, according to the definition of some schools of translation studies
59. The right to publish a translation of a text
A) must be indicated only when it is an exclusive right
B) must be indicated only when it is a translation for which translation rights have been acquired
C) must be indicated only when it is a non-exclusive right
D) must always be indicated at the beginning of a translated publication
60. Bilingual dictionaries for translations
A) are still the most convenient reference tools
B) are indicated for use only in professional translation
C) are not indicated in any case
D) are only useful for scholastic translations
61. Egocentric language in children is
A) a form of expression typical of children who have many social contacts
B) a form of expression typical of children who have few social contacts
C) is a physiological formation that can lead to the development of inner language in the adult
D) is a pathological formation that can lead to autism
62. Inner language is
A) different for each individual
B) made of words
C) made of words, not necessarily all of the same linguistic code
D) learnt at the same time as verbal expression skills
63. The translator's name must be indicated
A) always, according to an UNESCO recommendation
B) always, except in the translations of patents
C) when the publisher considers its indication necessary
D) only for a literary translation or one in which the translator's role is comparable to that of the author
64. JAkobsón's essay on translation deals with
A) interlingual translation
B) translation as a general phenomenon
C) intralingual translation
D) intersemiotic translation
65. The Self
A) is the whole of the languages of Ego awareness
B) consists of the individual's ability for insight into his/her socio-cultural environment
C) is the unconscious side of the Ego
D) is the awareness of one's own identity
66. The prototext, soon after the first reading, becomes
A) an outline for the metatext in the reader's mind
B) a metatext, as in interlingual translation, except for a loss
C) a series of non-verbalized hypotheses about the content of the message
D) reading is not translation: there is no prototext
67. JAkobsón states that
A) the same facts are different for speakers having different linguistic backgrounds, and who express them differently
B) a cognitive study of linguistic expression is necessary for the comparative analysis of texts
C) the study of linguistics is necessary for translation-studies research
D) the study of translation is indispensable for linguistic research
68. The verbalization of mental material:
A) always occurs in order to catalogue experience
B) is necessary only for social life
C) is necessary only for interlingual translation
D) is necessary only for intersemiotic translation
69. The comprehension of the meaning of words
A) is conditioned by the knowledge of the cultural context
B) can only derive from direct experimentation of their meaning
C) is not conditioned by knowledge of the cultural context: it is sufficient to know the linguistic equivalent
D) cannot be achieved through use of other words
70. The signifier-cognitive type match
A) is universal
B) is common to speakers of the same code
C) does not exist
D) is strictly subjective
71. Poetic function:
A) concerns only poetic texts
B) is more or less present in all kinds of text
C) can be present in many kinds of texts, even when it is not the dominant
D) is the dominant in literary texts
72. Scholastic translation and professional translation
A) share the objective of translating a text
B) have little in common
C) have a common receiver: the reader
D) have nothing in common
73. The difference between an expert reader and an inexperienced reader is
A) the expert reader does not read everything, just what is necessary to complete the sense mentally
B) the inexperienced reader does not know the meaning of words very well
C) the inexperienced reader does not know the pronunciation of some words very well
D) the expert reader systematically skips much of what he reads
74. The referential function is important because
A) it refers to the context
B) often an utterance is ambiguous out of context
C) it refers to the sender
D) it refers to the receiver
75. The conative function is so named because
A) the relation receiver-sender-context has a coneshaped scheme
B) in French "conatif" means "to be received"
C) in French "conatif" means "nauseating"
D) in Latin "conari" means "to try"
76. The emotive function is so named because
A) it expresses the sender's emotions toward the message
B) it expresses the sender's feelings toward the receiver
C) being centered on the receiver, it reflects the emotions implicit in the context
D) being centered on the message, it reflects the emotions implicit in the context
77. The metalingual function is o named because
A) "meta-" derives from the Greek metá, "between"; therefore, it is the function regarding utterances enclosed between other utterances
B) "meta-" derives from the Greek metá, "with"; therefore, it is the function defining parallel utterances
C) "meta-" derives from the Greek metá, "after"; therefore, it is the function regarding the utterances occurring after the linguistic act
D) "meta-" derives from the Greek metá, "after"; therefore, it is the function defining the language as it refers to itself
78. Reading is a communication process
A) producing no loss, provided that the reader knows the author's code well
B) which never produces a communication loss
C) producing a loss only when the text contains connotative features
D) producing a non-communicated loss
79. Secondary elaboration of a dream is
A) the logical, cohesive link between the different memories and impressions
B) the rational interpretation given after the passing of time
C) a form of elaboration of the dream material aimed at perceiving its unconscious meaning
D) a kind of elaboration of secondary importance
80. The illustrations in the original text
A) must be reproduced, whenever possible, in the same form and position in which they were in the prototext
B) can be reproduced, provided that the text forming the captions is also translated
C) cannot be omitted, even if the omission is specified in a note alerting the reader that it is a partial translation, and that illustrations make up part of the omitted material
D) can be omitted in the metatext
81. Paronomasia consists of the
A) repetition of words with a similar sound
B) juxtaposition of two words with a similar sound, or that are the anagram of one another
C) juxtaposition of two phonemes having a similar sound, or that are the anagram of one another
D) juxtaposition of two words with similar sounds and different meanings
82. Reading is a process of
A) passive assimilation
B) active assimilation
C) active interpretation
D) passive interpretation
83. Holmes' mapping theory holds that, mentally, the translator has
A) a map in two successive stages: one of the original and one of the type of the translated text to be produced
B) two maps in a rapid succession: one of the original and one of the type of the translated text to be produced
C) a simultaneous map of the original and one of the type of the translated text to be produced
D) a simultaneous mental projection of the original and of the type of the translated text to be produced
84. Reading is different from literary criticism because
A) when reading, the important thing is understanding
B) the literary critic is a particularly careful reader, equipped with methodological tools
C) to work as a literary critic requires a specialized education
D) when you read sometimes you are distracted and are not critical
85. The mother tongue is
A) the language you learn from your mother
B) your mother's language
C) the language the infant learns from his mother, his father or from other meaningful parent-like figure
D) the most widely spoken language in one's family
86. The mother tongue is learnt
A) independently from outer environmental stimuli
B) without any rational control
C) in parallel with the development of thought capabilities
D) with full awareness of the learning
87. Text macro-analysis
A) serves to check the cohesion of the text with its type, the model the text is referred to
B) serves to check the cohesion between the various components of a text
C) is made from the bottom-up
D) serves to check the text cohesion with the macrotext
88. The translations of translated texts (translations of texts already translated from a prototext)
A) are absolutely banned by the ISO 2384 standard on translation
B) are preferable whenever you have a translator from the intermediate language, while the translation from the original language, if it is a rare language, could be very expensive;
C) are allowed, provided that certain elements are indicated, which do not necessarily include the name of the first translator
D) are allowed, provided that the name of the translator from the original into the intermediate language is indicated
89. Text micro-analysis
C) is made top-down
90. The naming process
A) instinctively derives from perception
B) can occur only after the formation of a cog-nitive type
C) derives from perception but occurs only in social interaction
D) is the linguistic equivalent of the cognitive type
91. Controlled workspace is
A) the whole of the micro-strategies
B) the whole of the macro-strategies
C) the first instance in which the prototext takes on a meaning
D) what all translators' and teachers' energies should concentrate on in Hönig's opinion
92. The transcription or oral expression of a dream is a process of
A) intersemiotic translation from dream language into external verbal language that produces nearly no translation loss
B) interlingual translation from dream language into external verbal language that does produce a translation loss
C) intersemiotic translation from dream language into external verbal language that does produce a verbalizable translation loss
D) intersemiotic translation from dream language into external verbal language that does produce a translation loss
93. The perception of an utterance is
A) the same for everybody
B) the same for each speaker of the language of the utterance
C) the same for each speaker of the language of the utterance, provided that the sender and the receiver live in the same area and time
D) different for each individual
94. Intralingual translation is
A) one of the rarest forms of translation
B) the transposition of a message into an extralingual code
C) a roundabout way of expression
D) a purely theoretical phenomenon
95. The fundamental communication triad is
A) sender receiver message
B) sender context receiver
C) sender referent receiver
D) context contact code
96. In an utterance taken out of context, ambiguity
A) should be avoided in any way
B) is anyway index of deficiencies in the communication capabilities
C) tends to increase with the with the ever increasing speed of communication in our society
D) can sometimes be exploited to the advantage of the sender of the message
97. The learning of languages at school age or in adulthood
A) depends in significant measure on the affective conditions in which it occurs
B) is completely dependent on the intellective and rational capabilities of the learner and of the teacher
C) is easier if intensive, even if it lasts for a limited time
D) is always easier in the school environment
98. Linguistic awareness
A) is typical of the monolingual infant
B) is typical of individuals centered on the self and on communication with others
C) can develop only from school age on
D) is typical of the narcissistic personality
99. Autonymy is
A) a signifier referring to itself
B) a signified referring to itself
C) an utterance having a value independent of the co-text
D) word autonomy
100. Grammatical categories are most important
A) in descriptive texts
B) in expositive texts
C) in denotative texts
D) in poetic texts
101. Languages differ most in what they
A) can express
B) must express
C) may express
D) want to express
102. The plurilingual individual
A) more than the monolingual, is subject to personality disorders
B) has a meta-Ego controlling verbal behavior
C) is less subject to personality disorders
D) has a greater probability of becoming schizophrenic
103. Economics of the mental processes, applied to translation, tends toward
A) projection of perceptive patterns, formed on the basis of semantic experience, onto the prototext giving rise to meaning conjectures
B) projection of translation patterns, formed on the basis of cognitive experience, onto the mental pattern of the metatext giving rise to meaning conjectures
C) comparison of semiotic patterns formed on the basis of translation experience with the prototext giving rise to meaning projections
D) projection of semantic patterns formed on the basis of perceptive experience onto the prototext giving rise to meaning conjectures
104. The equivalence of two linguistic signs
A) is what allows translation
B) is possible in only interlingual translation
C) is possible only in intralingual translation, by way of the use of synonyms
D) does not exist
105. Equivalence is possible in
A) mathematic language
B) interlingual translation
106. Interpretation of a text is particularly important and difficult for
A) everybody
B) language students who are translating a text
C) translators
D) translation and language students
107. The intertext is
A) an intermediate phase of the translation activity in which the prototext, although not completely transformed into the translated text, begins to take shape
B) a text inserted between other texts
C) the whole of intertextual references
D) an intermediate text
108. The uncontrolled workspace is
A) the whole range of micro-strategies
B) the whole range of macro-strategies
D) what all translators' and teachers' energies should concentrate their energies on, in Hönig's opinion
109. In a text translated by a language student, the most important factor is
A) legibility
B) fluency
C) fidelity
D) to be able to check what the student has learnt
110. In natural codes - languages spoken by men - the graphic form/pronunciation relation
A) is strict: there is a reciprocal matching between sounds and signs
B) in some languages there is a reciprocal matching between sounds and signs, in some there is not
C) is never ruled by a strict reciprocal correspondence
D) in English you write as you speak, in other languages it is not so
111. In documentation standards, by "contribution" we mean
A) work done by one of many people contributing to the production of a publication (editor, typographer, translator, author, etc.)
B) an essay within a book or review
C) an essay within a book, only if there are other author's essays as well
D) a document published in a miscellaneous volume
112. By "poetic function", we mean the juxtaposition of words on the basis of paradigmatic principles. This sentence is an example of
A) emotional function
B) poetic function
C) conative function
D) metalinguistic function
113. In the language/knowledge relation
A) language is used only to express what is already known
B) knowledge is linked in the same way in the deep language structures, independent of the code
C) there is a reciprocal influence: language is used to communicate knowledge but it is also used to catalogue experience
D) knowledge is only useful expressed in language
114. By "linguistic awareness" we mean
A) awareness of one's own knowledge of one or more languages
B) a technique for concentration useful for people doing translations
C) awareness of one's own knowledge of the languages learnt as an adult, mother tongue excluded
D) awareness of one's own limitations in the study of foreign languages
115. Re.: bibliographical references
A) one should indicate only texts that have been translated in the metatext language
B) there are precise norms in English-speaking countries for their formulation
C) one should not edit the prototext bibliography, even locutions like "edited by" or "updated by"
D) the prototext language formulation must be respected
116. In a translation of a periodical, it is essential to state
A) what type the translation is: complete, partial, or abridged
B) the place of publication of the prototext
C) the name of the editor, even if the editor is not responsible for the translation
D) information about how the translation may be obtained
117. In the course we talked about "co-text" and "context"
A) they are synonyms
B) "context" refers to the general situation of an utterance, while "co-text" refers to the text in which the utterance is situated
C) "co-text" refers to the general situation of an utterance, while "context" refers to the text in which the utterance is situated
D) the difference is caused by the different use of technical terms by different researchers
118. In the translation of a patent it is essential
A) to state the type of document
B) to state the date of publication of the translation
C) to state the date of the patent
D) to have it done by a sworn translator
119. During the childhood of a monolingual individual
A) it is better to introduce language study gradually
B) the awareness of the functioning of his language is greater
C) the awareness of the functioning of his mother tongue is more developed than in plurilingual individuals
D) learning a language at school can be an opportunity to develop a metalinguistic awareness
120. By "translation micro-strategy" we mean
A) a strategy that considers the metatext and the unconscious mechanisms used automatically by expert translators as well as single solutions to translation problems
B) a strategy that considers the prototext and the unconscious mechanisms used automatically by expert translators as well as single solutions to translation problems
C) a strategy that considers the translation-oriented analysis of the metatext and the rational mechanisms used by expert translators as well as single solutions to translation problems
D) a strategy that considers the receiver and the defenses used by less expert translators as well as global solutions to translation problems
121. In passing from "I will" to "I would", which type of operation is carried out?
A) paradigmatic
B) syntagmatic
C) temporal
D) logical
122. In order to pass from "Irene eats her ice cream" to "Irene eats her ice cream voluptuously;" what is necessary?
A) a paradigmatic addition
B) an operation only concerning the selection axis
C) an operation only concerning the combination axis
D) a syntagmatic addition also based on paradigmatic criteria
123. In order to pass from "Irene eats her ice cream" to "Irene eats her cake" it is necessary to make
A) a syntagmatic shift
B) an operation concerning the combination axis
C) a paradigmatic and syntagmatic shift
D) a paradigmatic shift
124. When you learn foreign languages, translation
A) is not included in the program
B) is not used; version is used, instead
C) is limited to exercises in the use of the foreign language
D) is a didactic tool
125. When the translation of a book is published, it is essential to state
A) language of the metatext
B) place and date of publication in the original language
C) title of the series related to the prototext
D) translation of the name of the series
126. In order to pass from "Irene eats her ice cream" to "Irene was eating her ice cream" it is necessary to make
B) an operation concerning the selection axis
127. In order to be able to communicate, the speaker can use
A) metalinguistic codes
B) adjustments in vocabulary
C) code-switching
D) intersemiotic communication
128. Following JAkobsón's opinion, which of the following statements is true?
129. When an individual cannot express or understand a metaphor he must be affected by what JAkobsón calls
A) "contiguity disorder", i.e. a deficiency in the syntagmatic function
B) "contiguity disorder", i.e. a deficiency in the paradigmatic function
C) "similarity disorder", i.e. a deficiency in the syntagmatic function
D) "similarity disorder", i.e. a deficiency in the paradigmatic function
130. Which of the following is true?
A) auto-referentiality is indispensable for the learning of foreign languages
B) utterance auto-referentiality forms a dynamic circle within the text system allowing students to correctly solve the exercises
C) a translation for an exercise given in a language course cannot always be considered clearly "right" or "wrong"
D) language textbooks and bilingual dictionaries form an auto-referential circle allowing students to correctly solve the exercises but do not provide the tools necessary for a translation
131. When a text containing abbreviations is to be translated
A) it is always necessary to write the corresponding words in the metatext language
B) it is necessary to use the matching abbreviation, complying with the ISO 4 and 832 standards in the new language
C) abbreviations are to be left in the prototext language
D) abbreviations are the same worldwide as stated in the standards ISO 4 and 832
132. When you translate from a language that has a grammatical category into one without this category
A) part of the message remains unexpressed
B) you need to find an equivalent
C) you need to force the grammatical rules of the metatext language
D) the translator should, deliberately or not, clarify a message that is ambiguous in the prototext
133. When a message refers back to a part itself it is a case
A) of phatic function
B) of metalinguistic function
C) not considered in JAkobsón's classification
D) of poetic function
134. When a geographic name is encountered
A) must be left in the original version, both in the text and in the bibliographical references
B) must be left in the original version in bibliographies; otherwise, a distinction must be made between toponyms that have Multilanguage versions and toponyms existing only in the original language
C) must be translated if it is a publication distributed without a bibliography; otherwise, it should be left in the original, as the ISO TRANS89 standard suggests
D) a translation must be looked up in a dictionary or an encyclopedia
135. When the structure of the clauses, subclauses, and paragraphs is not respected in the translation
A) the translation must at least include the entire meaning of the prototext
B) the translation does not comply with the ISO 2384 standard
C) the total number of clauses and paragraphs must be the same as in the prototext
D) the shift is justified if the prototext contains very long/short paragraphs
136. The mind finds more than one match for a grapheme when
A) they are homophones
B) there is a visual channel disorder
C) they are homographs
D) they are homonyms
137. If the prototext contains units of measure, the translator
A) must convert them into those used in the culture of the metatext, calculating the corresponding values
B) must convert them into those used in the culture of the prototext, calculating the corresponding values
C) need not convert them into those used in the culture of the metatext, but must also indicate the corresponding values in parentheses
D) must never convert them into units used in the metatext culture, calculating the corresponding values
138. When a word is misspelled
A) the reader often cannot decode it
B) the reader decodes it based on the co-text
C) the reader decodes it based on the co-text and context, but cannot be sure
D) is decoded based on sense
139. When a set of graphic signs is perceived, it is decoded in two phases:
A) first, it is transformed into a cognitive type, then is transformed into graphic type
B) first, it is transformed into a graphic type, then into a cognitive type
C) first, it is transformed into an image, then into sound
D) deciphering and naming
140. When the translation of a contribution or article is published it is
A) essential to state the place where the prototext was published
B) essential to state the ISSN of the prototext
C) optional to state place and date of the metatext publication
D) optional to state if the translation is taken from a periodical
A) the name of the editor of the series
B) the proofreaders' names
C) publisher, place, and date of publication of the metatext
D) editor's name
142. When translating from a language utilizing a different alphabet, you must
A) transcribe words in the metatext alphabet
B) comply with the American English language standard on transliteration
C) transliterate only proper nouns and untranslated words complying with the ISO standard related to the given alphabet
D) transliterate proper nouns in the Latin alphabet complying with the International Phonetic Alphabet
143. A typical example of part of speech reflecting the sender's expression is
A) the pronoun
B) the adjective
C) the adverbial locution
D) interjections
144. For an individual to be unable to express or understand a metonymy, he must be affected by what JAkobsón calls
A) "contiguity disorder", a deficiency in the syntagmatic function
B) "contiguity disorder", a deficiency in the paradigmatic function
C) "similarity disorder", a deficiency in the syntagmatic function
D) "similarity disorder", a deficiency in the paradigmatic function
145. JAkobsón stated that no linguistic sample may be interpreted through ____________ without translating its signs into other signs of the same system or signs of another system
A) linguistics
B) semantics
C) semiotics
D) language science
146. An aphasic with a left hemisphere disorder
A) can answer the sender, but cannot initiate a dialogue
B) can formulate utterances out of context
C) can formulate utterances foreign to the sender
D) can initiate a dialogue, but not answer the sender
147. In JAkobsón's opinion
A) the translator must be faithful to the original
B) the translator must not always be faithful to the original
C) it is hard to say what fidelity means
D) the translator must be faithful to the original only in some types of translation
148. Occurrences are compared to a type
A) means that each time a word is perceived, it is compared to its first occurrence
B) when one perceives something and tries to understand it
C) any time one sees a horse
D) any time one sees a horse, in order to refer back to the word "horse"
149. Between reading and listening there is
A) a fundamental difference from the point of view of interpretation
B) a perceptive difference but it causes the same cognitive process
C) a cognitive difference but it causes the same perceptive process
D) no difference from a psychological point of view
A) can use clocks and calendars, but does not have an inner sense of time
B) has no idea of the passing of time
C) has a normal control over the passing of time
D) has an inner sense of time, but cannot use clocks or calendars


text:
Q: Update dataset wth ElasticSearch Aggregation result I'd like to automate a features creation process for large dataset with elastic search.
I'd like to know if it is possible to create a new field in my dataset that will be the result of an aggregation.
I'm currently working on log from a network and wants to implement the moving average (the mean of a field during the past x days) of the filed "bytes_in".
After spending time reading the doc and example, I wasn't able to do so ...

A: You have two possibilities:

*

*By using the Rollup API you can create a job that will allow you to summarize data on the go and store it in a dedicated index.
A detailed example can be found in this blog article.

*By using the Data Frame Transform API, you can pivot your data into a new entity-centric index, aggregate your data in various ways and store the results in a dedicated index.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
New Books on Migration
The Atlas of Migration in Europe: A Critical Geography of Migration Policies
By Migreurop
Published by Routledge (June 2019)
This book follows the journeys of those fleeing war, poverty or political crises, risking their lives as they attempt to find sanctuary in Europe. Over the past 25 years, almost 40,000 migrants have been reported missing or died due to drowning or exhaustion on the borders of Europe. 6,000 migrants died in 2016 alone, making it the deadliest year on record. Growing numbers of arrivals since 2015 have caused a wave of panic to sweep across the countries of the European Union, which has responded with an increasingly entrenched policy – the only one it considers appropriate – of fortifying its external borders. As a result, numerous walls and fences have sprung up to "regulate the flows", new camps have been opened and reception centres have been set up beyond the frontiers of Europe, all accompanied by the steady militarisation of surveillance and repression. The EU has thus been just as active in precipitating this "migrant crisis" as it has been in prolonging its effects. Indeed, this crisis calls into question the entire European system for border management and policies on immigration and reception.
Images of Immigrants and Refugees in Western Europe
Media Representations, Public Opinions and Refugee's Experiences
Edited by Leen d'Haenens, Willem Joris, and François Heinderyckx
Published by Leuven University Press (2019)
Perception and representation of newcomers and immigrants. The topic of migration has become particularly contentious in national and international debates. Media have a discernable impact on overall societal attitudes towards this phenomenon. Polls show time and again that immigration is one of the most important issues occupying people's minds. This book examines the dynamic interplay between media representations of migrants and refugees on the one hand and the governmental and societal (re)actions to these on the other. Largely focusing on Belgium and Sweden, this collection of interdisciplinary research essays attempts to unravel the determinants of people's preferences regarding migration policy, expectations towards newcomers, and economic, humanitarian and cultural concerns about immigration's effect on the majority population's life. Whilst migrants and refugees remain voiceless and highly underrepresented in the legacy media, this volume allows their voices to be heard.
Download Free E-book here
BLACK EUROPE RESOURCES Sign Up To Receive Blogposts Directly To Your Inbox By Entering Your Email / Follow Black Europe Resources on Twitter @Blackeresources / Advertise with Black Europe Resources / View Events / Access Issues of The Black & Asian Heritage Mix' Newsletter / Donors & Sponsors / T&C & Privacy Policy
Belgiumcultural representationsEuropeGeographyMediaMigrantsMigrationRefugeesSweden
Previous Previous post: Have you heard of George's podcast?
Next Next post: Can You Be Named in the Queens' Birthday Honours List and Support the Decolonisation Movement?


text:
England awed at 'Russian bear' playing football in 2018
World » Europe
Russia's victory in the competition for the right to host the FIFA World Cup in 2018 was not only a sport, but also a political event. Many other countries are still unable to believe that perhaps the most important sporting event is entrusted to a "Russian bear" that is poorer than Western Europe, and home to all imaginable political and other vices. This is particularly evident from the articles published in English-speaking press.
It is understandable that England had the most painful reaction to the victory of Russia. The country who is the ancestor of football (along with Russia) was considered the main favorite. Shortly before the vote, the British press published a series of publications, where members of the executive committee of the International Football Federation (FIFA), were accused of corruption. The British failed to provide any telling evidence in their favor. As a result, Britain dropped out of the fight in the first round, while in the second round Russia won with a clear advantage.
The British newspaper The Daily Mail had particularly strong feelings about Russia's victory. "They Smiled, Shook Hands and Promised to Vote for England. . . They Lied!" says the headline of the Friday edition.
"They" are the members of the executive committee of UEFA, who did not like the business plan for a football festival personally presented by Crown Prince William and British Prime Minister David Cameron.
"The English suffered a humiliating first-round exit here, with just two votes, leaving London Mayor and bid ambassador Boris Johnson to ask serious questions about the integrity of the 22-man FIFA executive committee and their process for choosing a host when he said: 'FIFA can't last in its current form," the newspaper exclaims.
"For me the biggest disappointment is that we clearly had the best technical bid, the best economic evaluation, and everyone has told me we had the best presentation," The Daily Mail quotes the words of David Cameron. Incidentally, Prime Minister of Great Britain did not gather the strength to congratulate the competitor. Where is the traditional British-bred gentleman's behavior?
Another article in The Daily Mail has even a stronger title: "Ruled by Crooks, Thugs and Spies - the Country That Won the Bid." In this article, the newspaper shifted the discussion from sport into the political plane, using the set of stigmas regarding Russia traditional for western (particularly British and American) media. The opinion of the British themselves is presented as the ultimate truth.
"After the recent allegations of widespread bribe-taking and corruption among FIFA officials who decide where the World Cup is staged, it is surely fitting that the winning bid went to a country being looted and misruled by a cabal of crooks and spooks - perhaps the biggest and most powerful organised crime syndicate that the world has ever seen," states this article. The newspaper failed to present any hard evidence for its allegations.
"We should remember it is the long-suffering people of Russia who are the greatest victims in this as their corrupt leaders fill their pockets. We should also bear in mind the plight of Russia's neighbours, such as our brave allies in the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - as well as lonely Georgia, the only free-market democracy on Russia's southern fringe," the article says. Such statements where Russia is accused of all mortal sins appear on the pages of the British press almost every day. But what does it have to do with football?
Fortunately, not all British press was hysterical and engaged in locking the stable after the horse has bolted. Business New Europe has recognized that Russia has achieved another sports and political victory, reminding that Russia will soon be hosting Winter Olympic Games, as well as the Grand Prix of Formula 1.
"With the 2014 Winter Olympics in the bag and a Formula 1 Grand Prix to pull up at the starting grid the same year, Russia has now scored a hat-trick of international sporting events over the last few years. However, this latest victory heavily outguns the others, being second only to the Summer Olympics in terms of prestige and international attention," states the article.
Business New Europe quite objectively pointed out that Russia will have to work hard. "Hosting the competition is not just a pep pill for Russian football, but will offer a huge boost to the country's crumbling infrastructure, as the government has made huge commitments in the bid to upgrade transport and tourism facilities, as well as the 15 world-class stadiums it needs to build in the next eight years."
There has also been a considerable interest towards the winning Russia's bid at the other side of the Atlantic. This can be explained by the fact that the U.S. has also left the meeting of FIFA in Zurich empty-handed. World Cup 2022 which the Americans were bidding for went to Qatar. Like their British counterparts, the American media chose to turn the conversation about football success of Russia to the area of politics.
The Christian Science Monitor published an article with the headline: "Russia World Cup 2018: Another Score for Powerful Putin?"
It is a surprising point at least because Vladimir Putin was not present in Zurich and could not put pressure on the executive committee of FIFA. But David Cameron was there. And Bill Clinton was there. And Prime Minister Jose Luis Zapatero was there. Their presence apparently was not a factor of the psychological impact.
However, the screaming headline was hiding more moderate text. "For Russians, who love soccer, it looks like much more than a smart marketing decision by FIFA, which aims to expand beyond its traditional turf. Many immediately saw it as yet another indication that their former communist country has come in from the cold and finally gained acceptance as an important member of the European community," states the newspaper.
Finally, American TV channel CNN, after receiving the news from Zurich, broadcast a story discussing whether Russia deserved that right. The story sent a message that Russia is the realm of corruption and petrodollars. However, it could still host a sporting event, because Russia is a big country, and football there is quite popular.
The comments in the English-speaking press once again show that Russia won in Zurich, not only in terms of sports, but also politics. If the event was of little significant, the British would hardly be so worried about it, and would not have started settling political scores. It means a great deal to beat your strong and virtually eternal rival.
Now all Russia needs to do is to hold the 2018 World Cup at a proper level.
Vadim Trukhachev
Read the original in Russian