text:
A229 Blue Bell Hill
The A229 Blue Bell Hill stretches between Junction 6 of the M20 in Maidstone and Junction 3 of the M2 at Blue Bell Hill village. This section of road is a key strategic link between the M20 and M2, and between Maidstone and Medway.
Improvements are needed to increase journey time reliability, reduce delays and enhance road safety on the route.
This scheme is still in an early phase of design and further modelling and assessment work will be done to finalise a design that meets the scheme objectives.
In September 2020 there was an early engagement consultation to ask for feedback on 3 possible options. From the consultation and further development work, options 1 and 2 have been taken forward for further investigation and option 3 was dropped from the proposals. The consultation brochure and report can be viewed in the scheme documents section.
Changes proposed by options 1 and 2
Improvements to the Lord Lees Roundabout A229 southbound slip road, at the northern end of Blue Bell Hill. Included Included
A new slip road at the northern end of Blue Bell Hill, onto the M2 westbound from the A229 immediately after Lord Lees Roundabout. Included Included
A new separate left turn lane from the M2 westbound to the A229 at Taddington Roundabout, northern end of Blue Bell Hill. Included Included
Enlarge the Running Horse Roundabout to the west, at the southern end of Blue Bell Hill. Included Included
Improve the slip road onto the M20 eastbound from Cobtree Roundabout, at the southern end of Blue Bell Hill. Included Included
Widen the A229 to 3 lanes when travelling southbound towards Maidstone (between Lord Lees and Cobtree Roundabouts). Included Included
Increase the road width at the northern end of Blue Bell Hill, between Taddington and Lord Lees Roundabouts to 4 lanes. Included Not included
Upgrade of the current signalled junction at Taddington Roundabout, at the northern end of Blue Bell Hill, allowing traffic travelling from the M2 eastbound to A229 via a new bridge over the M2 Included Not included
A new slip road from the M2 eastbound to a new junction arrangement at Bridgewood Roundabout, northern end of Blue Bell Hill. Not included Included
Scheme cost
This scheme is currently estimated to cost up to £199 million. We have put in a bid to the Department for Transport's (DfT) Major Road Network funding programme for 'Large Local Major Schemes.' If successful, this will cover 85% of the costs of the scheme. The remaining 15% will be from developer contributions and other government funding opportunities.
A229 Blue Bell Hill consultation document (PDF, 926.7 KB)
A229 Blue Bell Hill Equality Impact Assessment (EqIA) (PDF, 353.8 KB)
A229 Blue Bell Hill consultation report (PDF, 984.5 KB)
A249 Blue Bell Hill scheme plan option 1 (PDF, 8.4 MB)
Why we're making the changes
This scheme is needed to tackle high levels of congestion, concerns regarding road safety, poor air quality and to support local growth and additional traffic from the Lower Thames Crossing (LTC).
The overall aim of the scheme is to improve journey time reliability and road safety. This will allow the road to accommodate an increase in future traffic, expected as a result of the Lower Thames Crossing and proposed local developments, while providing suitable routes and facilities for public transport, pedestrians and cyclists.
The objectives of this scheme are to:
improve journey time reliability at the M2 Junction 3 and M20 Junction 6 interchanges of the A229
reduce congestion along the route
enable the local area to develop in accordance with population and housing growth predicated under Local Plans
reduce the impact of additional traffic from the Lower Thames Crossing and allow the Lower Thames Crossing to maximise potential benefits it can provide for the Kent area
improve road safety and address known accident hotspots
make best use of existing assets including land and highways
provide suitable routes and facilities for public transport
provide safe and improved routes for pedestrians and cyclists
improve air quality, particularly in the Air Quality Management Area
protect and enhance the local environment.
We have submitted the final documents for the Strategic Outline Business Case requested by the Department for Transport. We hope to get a response about if the business case is approved and whether we can move forward with the next stage of the scheme by summer 2023.
The scheme is still in an early phase. Further detailed design work will be required before construction could begin, including:
more detailed development of the options to establish a preferred scheme
refining and developing the design of the chosen option
development of environmental mitigation plans
further engagement with the community and other stakeholders
agreement of funding
planning and other statutory consent
development of construction plans to manage both the timing of works and impacts on traffic during construction of the scheme.
Anticipated timescales
The forecasted timescales for this junction improvement scheme, should our business case submission be successful, are:
acceptance of Strategic Outline Business Case - summer 2023
submission of the next stage of the business case to the DfT including details of the preferred scheme - spring 2025
planning permission and consents - spring 2025 to autumn 2026
further detailed design - spring 2025 to spring 2027
submission of full business case to the DfT - spring 2027
construction to begin - summer 2027
completion of scheme - summer 2029 (aim to be completed before the Lower Thames Crossing opens to traffic).


text:
Q: SubqueryAlias is null in Spark 2.4 Logical plan. Is it bug? I am writing a program to analyze sql query. So I am using Spark logical plan.
Below is the code which I am using
object QueryAnalyzer {
val LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass)

//Spark Conf
val conf = new
SparkConf().setMaster("local[2]").setAppName("LocalEdlExecutor")

//Spark Context
val sc = new SparkContext(conf)

//sql Context
val sqlContext = new SQLContext(sc)

//Spark Session
val sparkSession = SparkSession
  .builder()
  .appName("Spark User Data")
  .config("spark.app.name", "LocalEdl")
  .getOrCreate()

def main(args: Array[String]) {

var inputDfColumns = Map[String,List[String]]()
val dfSession =  sparkSession.
  read.
  format("csv").
  option("header", EdlConstants.TRUE).
  option("inferschema", EdlConstants.TRUE).
  option("delimiter", ",").
  option("decoding", EdlConstants.UTF8).
  option("multiline", true)

var oDF = dfSession.
  load("C:\\Users\\tarun.khaneja\\data\\order.csv")

println("smaple data in oDF====>")
  oDF.show()

  var cusDF = dfSession.
    load("C:\\Users\\tarun.khaneja\\data\\customer.csv")

  println("smaple data in cusDF====>")
  cusDF.show()

  oDF.createOrReplaceTempView("orderTempView")
  cusDF.createOrReplaceTempView("customerTempView")

  //get input columns from all dataframe
  inputDfColumns += ("orderTempView"->oDF.columns.toList)
  inputDfColumns += ("customerTempView"->cusDF.columns.toList)

  val res = sqlContext.sql("""select OID, max(MID+CID) as MID_new,ROW_NUMBER() OVER (
                               ORDER BY CID) as rn from
                              (select OID_1 as OID, CID_1 as CID, OID_1+CID_1 as MID from
                              (select min(ot.OrderID) as OID_1, ct.CustomerID as CID_1
                                from orderTempView as ot inner join customerTempView as ct
                                on ot.CustomerID = ct.CustomerID group by CID_1)) group by OID,CID""")

  println(res.show(false))

  val analyzedPlan = res.queryExecution.analyzed
  println(analyzedPlan.prettyJson)

}

Now problem is, with Spark 2.2.1, I am getting below json. where I have SubqueryAlias which provide important information of alias name for table which we used in query, as shown below.
   ...
   ...
   ...
[ {
    "class" : "org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.AttributeReference",
    "num-children" : 0,
    "name" : "OrderDate",
    "dataType" : "string",
    "nullable" : true,
    "metadata" : { },
    "exprId" : {
      "product-class" : "org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.ExprId",
      "id" : 2,
      "jvmId" : "acefe6e6-e469-4c9a-8a36-5694f054dc0a"
    },
    "isGenerated" : false
  } ] ]
}, {
  "class" : "org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.plans.logical._**SubqueryAlias**_",
  "num-children" : 1,
  "alias" : "ct",
  "child" : 0
}, {
  "class" : "org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.plans.logical._**SubqueryAlias**_",
  "num-children" : 1,
  "alias" : "customertempview",
  "child" : 0
}, {
  "class" : "org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.LogicalRelation",
  "num-children" : 0,
  "relation" : null,
  "output" :

   ...
   ...
   ...

But with Spark 2.4, I am getting SubqueryAlias name as null. As shown below in json.
   ...
   ...
    {
                "class":
    "org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.AttributeReference",
                "num-children": 0,
                "name": "CustomerID",
                "dataType": "integer",
                "nullable": true,
                "metadata": {},
                "exprId": {
                    "product-class":
    "org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.ExprId",
                    "id": 19,
                    "jvmId": "3b0dde0c-0b8f-4c63-a3ed-4dba526f8331"
                },
                "qualifier": "[ct]"
            }]
        }, {
            "class":
    "org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.plans.logical._**SubqueryAlias**_",
            "num-children": 1,
            "name": null,
            "child": 0
        }, {
            "class":
    "org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.plans.logical._**SubqueryAlias**_",
            "num-children": 1,
            "name": null,
            "child": 0
        }, {
            "class":
    "org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.LogicalRelation",
            "num-children": 0,
            "relation": null,
            "output":

   ...
   ...

So, I am not sure if it is bug in Spark 2.4 because of which I am getting name as null in SubquerAlias.
Or if it is not bug then how can I get relation between alias name and real table name.
Any idea on this?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Equation in Free Group Let $F$ be a free group and $a \in F$. Assume that for any natural $n>1$ the equation $x^n=a$ has solutions (that is, $a$ is infinitely divisible). Show that $a=1$.

A: Without loss of generality, $a$ may be supposed cyclically reduced. If $x^n=a$, then $x$ is cyclically reduced, hence $\ell g(x^n)=n \cdot \ell g(x)$, where $\ell g( \cdot)$ is the length function on a free basis. So $n \ell g(x)= \ell g (a)$ for all $n \geq 1$, hence $\ell g(a)=0$ ie. $a=1$.

A: Here is a proof that uses a basic property of free groups: any element $\ne e$ maps to by a morphism to a $\it{finite}$ group onto an element  $\ne e$. The reason for it is this: there do not exists non-trivial universal equalities valid in any finite group.
Take an element $a\ne e$ and map it to a finite group of cardinality $n$ to an element $\ne e$. It's clear that the equation $x^n = a$ cannot have any solution in $F$.


text:
Home /Middle School: Master of Disaster (Compact Disc)
Middle School: Master of Disaster (Compact Disc)
By James Patterson, Chris Tebbetts, Michael Crouch (Read by)
#1: Middle School, The Worst Years of My Life (Paperback): $8.00
#2: Middle School: Get Me out of Here! (Hardcover): $28.00
#3: Middle School: Big Fat Liar (Hardcover): $13.99
#4: Middle School: How I Survived Bullies, Broccoli, and Snake Hill (Hardcover): $13.99
#5: Middle School: Ultimate Showdown (Hardcover): $13.99
#6: Middle School: Save Rafe! (Hardcover): $13.99
#7: Middle School: Just My Rotten Luck (Hardcover): $13.99
#8: Middle School: Dog's Best Friend (Hardcover): $13.99
#9: Middle School: Escape to Australia (Hardcover): $13.99
#10: Middle School: From Hero to Zero (Hardcover): $13.99
#11: Middle School: Born to Rock (Hardcover): $13.99
#12: Middle School: Master of Disaster (Hardcover): $13.99
#13: Middle School: Field Trip Fiasco (Hardcover): $13.99
#14: Middle School: It's a Zoo in Here! (Hardcover): $13.99
#15: Middle School: Winter Blunderland (Hardcover): $13.99
In this blockbuster installment of the bestselling Middle School series, Rafe and all the favorite characters from James Patterson's books for kids get caught up in a hilarious adventure--together for the first time
Rafe and Jimmy, two misunderstood "troublemakers", are finally up to something good. They're in charge of a huge celebration of books and reading--but when a small issue snowballs into a big problem that threatens to derail the whole event, they need to work fast to keep things on track
And the best part? Rafe and Jimmy are joined by the funniest storytellers they know, including Jamie Grimm from I FUNNY, Jacky Ha-Ha, the Kidd family of TREASURE HUNTERS, super-genius Max Einstein--everyone's favorite characters from James Patterson's bestselling series for kids
Publisher: Jimmy Patterson
Series: Middle School
Hardcover (February 17th, 2020): $13.99
CD-Audio (February 25th, 2020): $25.00

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We talked on October, 18th at the Smart City Exhibition in Bologna (Italy) as keynote speaker at a round table between tekkies, university professors and architects interested in how digital technology can contribute to activate the new public spaces.
We showed our experience in Zaragoza, where city wifi, open source architecture and open place making form a promising mixture with the potential to become a succesiful experiment in engaging citizens in the making of a new, open city in the midst of the digital era. A city that suffers from the same problems that most of southern European cities do (unemployment, institutional legitimacy issues, austerity, etc) but a city that faces such challenges with an increasingly open an innovative approach in which civil servants act as facilitators and city hall premises are open workshops to enable citizens acquire new skills.
We told the audience, in sum, about the (open) path our city has taken towards an intelligent citizenship.
Hasta hace unos pocos años, el modelo más extendido de incubadora pública de empresas era el de un edificio, generalmente en un parque tecnológico, que proveía de servicios básicos comunes como reprografía, correo y salas de reuniones con, a lo sumo, ciertas actividades de dinamización (eventos, presentaciones, o formación). Este modelo, de dudoso atractivo para los emprendedores más dinámicos, se sostenía con dificultad, ayudado por la falta de competencia o alternativas.


text:
Confessions of a Ci-Devant
Musings on history, life, popular culture, and art by historian Gareth Russell. All opinions, unless otherwise stated, are either my own or possibly Gabrielle de Polignac's.
October 16th, 1793: The Execution of Marie-Antoinette
"I was a queen, and you took away my crown; a wife, and you killed my husband; a mother, and you deprived me of my children. My blood alone remains: take it, but do not make me suffer long."
Lancelot de Carles and the Portuguese author of the Alcobaca account said that when Death came for Anne Boleyn in 1536, she was still at the height of her beauty. The glossy brunette tresses were immaculately coiffed; the glistening dark eyes, the long, elegant fingers, the trim waist and the smooth skin were all still intact in the waif-like 28 year-old. Her jailers had treated her with respect – bowing as they entered her presence; the Constable of the Tower even stammered over his words in informing the Queen that the time had now come to die. It was left to Anne to offer soothing words of polite comfort to her gaoler, rather than the other way round. On the scaffold, thousands had knelt before a woman who was still young, still glamorous and still beautiful.
When they came for Catherine Howard in 1542, the teenage Queen still radiated that potent mixture of vulnerability and sexuality which had made her so lethally attractive to men. When they came for Jane Grey in 1554, she was dressed demurely in black – still the perfect, prim, Protestant porcelain doll, her eyes aglow with quiet ecstasy at the prospect of being martyred for her faith. When they came for the Romanov Grand Duchesses in 1918, they were all young, all pretty; their ages ranged from twenty-two to seventeen. Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia were still recognisably the iconic princesses who had stared out from hundreds of photographs celebrating the domestic bliss of Russia's last Imperial Family.
But when they came for Marie-Antoinette in 1793, France's most iconic queen was no longer beautiful or even pretty. Rather, she was in every way – apart from the curious beauty endowed by dignity – positively and undeniably ugly. The sufferings she had endured over the last four years and especially in the last thirteen months had destroyed what remained of her good-looks. As the poor woman sat writing her last letter between the two fat wax candles in the grim, cold and dank prison cell at the Conciergerie in the pre-dawn darkness of October 16th 1793, anyone hoping to see the one-time goddess of ancien régime sophistication would have been cruelly disappointed. The trim waist which had once been encased in Rose Bertin's legendary creations of haute couture had thickened and coarsened; the beautiful fair hair which the celebrity coiffeur, Monsieur Léonard, had once styled into everything from towering poufs decorated with diamonds, jewels, powder and feathers, to simple chignons inspired by country-maids, was long gone. The Queen's hair had turned entirely grey over the last year and it had even begun to fall out. That skin – the ivory-white smoothness of which had once caused her aristocratic contemporaries to fall into raptures of both praise and jealousy – was no longer alabaster, but rather emaciated, almost ghostly. The skin had begun to sag as well, around her chin, neck, cheeks and eyes, in particular. The sparkling blue eyes, shared by so many of the Queen's Hapsburg relatives, had dimmed and clouded over, as the days and weeks spent in a darkened prison cell ruined her eyesight. She was thirty-seven years-old.
In the last forty-eight hours, the Queen had eaten almost nothing and her body was now rapidly beginning to fall apart, as if it too sensed that the end was near and that there was no point in holding itself together any longer. The Queen's monthly period had started a few days earlier, but it had quickly degenerated into a frightening case of vaginal hemorrhaging. She had to constantly change her menstrual linens and trying to find the time to do so discreetly, when she was apt to be interrupted by the revolutionary guards at any given moment, was difficult. For a woman who was always so protective over her privacy and mortified by nudity, it was particularly humiliating set of circumstances.
Since the execution of her husband, the late King, in January, the Queen had been a widow – "the Widow Capet," as the new republican government insisted on referring to her. She had also been separated from her only son, 8 year-old Louis-Charles, with the boy being taken to a cell below hers, where he was submitted to an horrific catalogue of mental and physical abuse by his jailers. His screams could be heard rising through the stone floors, with the Queen lying down upon them, sobbing as she heard what she was powerless to fix. Later, the Queen had been removed from that prison and from the company of her daughter, 14 year-old Princess Marie-Thérèse, and her sister-in-law, 28 year-old Princess Elisabeth. It was to the unmarried Elisabeth that the Queen now wrote her final letter, beginning it shortly after she was returned to prison from her "trial," with the news that she was to die the following morning.
In the course of the trial, she had been accused of everything from paedophilia and incest to attempted genocide. To each charge, the Queen had responded with cold – almost bored – indifference, except when one of the lawyers for the prosecution kept pressing her to discuss in detail the allegation that she had sexually molested her son and that she had encouraged both her daughter and sister-in-law to help. The Queen stared stonily at her accuser – a lawyer of the radical Left called Jacques Hébert. He kept haranguing her – why wasn't she answering? Why wasn't she answering? Finally, the Queen stood and spoke in a voice dripping with icy fury and disgust: "If I have not replied, it is because Nature itself refuses to respond to such a charge laid against a mother. I appeal to all mothers who might be present!" And then, to the horror of the judges, many of the women in the audience began to applaud the Queen and some of the fishwives of Paris began to cry out for the trial to be cancelled, after such an unfair accusation. Hearing of this fracas later, Robespierre broke a dinner plate in fury, castigating Hébert for giving Marie-Antoinette a moment of public sympathy.
Another high point came when the Marquis de La Tour du Pin de Gouvernet, the monarchy's former Minister of War, was brought in as a witness and asked to verify the Republic's claims that Marie-Antoinette had been supporting royalist attempts to overthrow the Revolution by military means. Instead of playing ball, the aged marquis entered the courtroom and bowed low to the Queen and continued to refer to her as "Your Majesty" or "Her Majesty," despite the judges' insistence she be addressed as either "the Widow Capet" or "Citizeness Capet." Unsurprisingly, the marquis, too, was later sent to the guillotine. Yet, despite all this drama, the trial of Marie-Antoinette was a brief affair with the verdict of immediate execution having been pre-determined by the Committee of Public Safety. She was escorted back to the Conciergerie prison to await death on the following morning. As she passed by the cells, the nuns who were imprisoned there for adhering to their Catholic Faith, reached out their hands to try and touch the Queen's black dress – begging her to pray for them when she entered Heaven.
In her letter to Elisabeth, her husband's youngest sister who had so bravely shared their imprisonment rather than flee abroad and save her own life, Marie-Antoinette skirted over the ugly trauma of her trial and focused instead on the positives – as far as she was able.
October 16th, at half-past four in the morning.
It is to you, Sister, that I am writing for the last time. I have just been sentenced to death, but not to a shameful one, since this death is only shameful to criminals, whereas I am going to rejoin your brother. Innocent like him, I hope to show the firmness which he showed during his last moments.
I am calm, as one may well be when one's conscience is clear, though deeply grieved at having to forsake my poor children. You know that I existed only for them and for you, my good and affectionate sister. You who, in the kindness of your heart, have sacrificed everything in order to be with us – in what a terrible position do I leave you! It was only during the trial that I learned my daughter had been separated from you. Alas, poor child, I do not dare to write to her, for she would not receive my letter; I do not even know if this one will reach you. However, through you I send them both my blessing, in the hope that some day, when they are older, they will be with you once more and will be able to enjoy your tender care. If only they will both continue to think the thoughts with which I have never ceased to inspire them – namely, that sound principles and the exact performance of duties are the prime foundation of life, and that mutual love and confidence will bring them happiness. I trust my daughter will feel that at the age she has now reached she must always help her brother with the advice which her greater experience and her affection will enable her to give him; and that my son, in his turn, will give his sister all the care and will do her all the services which affection can stimulate; that they will both of them feel, whatever position they may find themselves in, they cannot be truly happy unless they are united - that they will take example from us. In our misfortunes, how much consolation we have derived from our mutual affection! Again, in happier times, one's enjoyment is doubled when one can share it with a friend – and where can one find a more affectionate, a more intimate friend than in one's own family?
I hope my son will never forget his father's words which I here purposely repeat for him: Let him never try to avenge our deaths!
I have to speak to you of one matter which is extremely painful. I know how much my little boy must have made you suffer. Forgive him, dear sister; remember how young he is, and how easy it is to make a child say whatever one wants, to put words he does not understand into his mouth. I hope a day will come when he will grasp the full value of your kindness and of the affection you have shown both my children.
It remains to entrust you with my last thoughts. I should have liked to write them before the trial opened; but, apart from the fact that I was not allowed to write, things have moved so swiftly that I really have not had the time.
I die in the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion, in that of my fathers, that in which I was brought up, and which I have always professed. Having no hope of spiritual consolation, not even knowing whether there are still priests of that religion in France, and feeling that should there be such I should expose them to great risks were they to visit me here, I sincerely ask God's forgiveness for all the faults I have committed since I was born. I trust that, in His goodness, He will hear my last prayers, as well as those which I have long been making that, in His pity and His goodness, He may receive my soul.
I ask the forgiveness of all those whom I have known, and, especially of you, my sister, for the sorrow which, unwittingly, I may have caused them. I forgive my enemies the evil they have done me. I here bid farewell to my aunts and to my brothers and sisters. I had friends. The thought of being separated from them for ever and of their distresses is among my greatest regrets in dying. Let them know, at least, that down to the last they were in my mind.
Adieu, my good and affectionate sister, I trust that this letter will reach you. Continue to think of me. I send you my most heartfelt love, and also to my poor, dear children. How heartbreaking it is to leave them for ever! Adieu, adieu. I must now devote myself entirely to my spiritual duties. Since all my actions are under restraint, it is possible that they will bring a priest to me. I declare, however, that I shall not say a word to him, and that I shall treat him as an absolute stranger.
There, the Queen's letter breaks off suddenly and it never resumes. She had been right about a few things - namely that the letter would never reach Elisabeth. Bizarrely, it was allegedly later found under Robespierre's mattress, along with a lock of Marie-Antoinette's hair. But she was wrong about Elisabeth having been already separated from Marie-Antoinette's daughter. That would come, but not for several months, and only in preparation for Elisabeth's own execution, which occurred in May of the following year. Why the letter ended so abruptly, even without a parting signature from the Queen, is, however, anybody's guess. Perhaps Marie-Antoinette wanted to leave herself time to pray, since – as she had just written – any priest brought to her would be one who had sworn an oath of allegiance to the Republic, rather than the Vatican, and, as such, the Queen felt she could not in good conscience receive the Last Rites from him. Equally probable is the theory that the Queen was quite simply overtaken by mental and physical exhaustion and had to lie down. Half-an-hour later, the last of the Queen's servants – the last of a list which had once contained hundreds – hesitantly entered the cell, where she found the Queen stretched out on her bed, staring up at the ceiling, her eyes open.
17 year-old Rosalie Lamorlière had known Marie-Antoinette only during the last few months of her life, when she had been assigned to take care of her by the wife of the Conciergerie's chief jailer, Madame Bault, Rosalie's normal employer. Madame Bault appears to have had great sympathy for the deposed Queen, in fact, at times, it seems more than likely that she was a secret monarchist. Rosalie, too, like most of Marie-Antoinette's servants, quickly developed a worshipful affection for her new mistress and, in the years after the Queen's execution, she felt it was her duty to solemnly record and disseminate the true story of Marie-Antoinette's last weeks on Earth. As Lady Antonia Fraser wrote in her 2002 biography of the Queen: "Marie Antoinette was always a hero to her valets."
Tears were streaming down Rosalie's face as she approached the Queen's bed. She had prepared some soup for the Queen and begged her to eat it. "Madame," she said, "you had nothing to eat yesterday evening, and took almost nothing during the day." Marie-Antoinette smiled, telling Rosalie that there was little point, but seeing the maid-girl's distress the Queen gamely tried to eat a few mouthfuls, before making arrangements to get changed. The Sun had already risen over the capital city and from outside the prison walls, Marie-Antoinette and Rosalie could hear the sounds of the drums beating to announce the impending death of the arch-traitor to the Revolution. Soldiers were already being strategically placed throughout the city, to prevent any attempts to rescue the Queen on her way to the scaffold and Robespierre later ordered the cavalry to be sent to re-enforce them.
Back in the prison cell, Marie-Antoinette had realised that she needed to change her menstrual linen again – the old cloths were now soaked with blood. The few guards and gendarmes who had now entered her cell refused to leave when the Queen asked them to give her a few moments in private to change her underwear. Blushing, she therefore had no choice but to crouch in a corner while Rosalie shielded her as best she could and change into new linens. Then, Rosalie helped Marie-Antoinette step out of the black widow's dress which had worn as mourning since the beheading of her husband ten months earlier. The Committee had decreed that she was not allowed to go to her death in mourning. Another dress was selected, although the Queen did manage to weave some black ribbon around her bonnet, as sign of respect for her dead husband.
Then, Sanson, the public executioner, entered her rooms to cut-off the last of her hair, to leave her neck exposed for the blade of the guillotine. To her obvious displeasure, her hands were bound roughly behind her back and the woman who had once been the cynosure of the ancien régime and the darling of high society was brusquely escorted from her cell, leaving behind an hysterically sobbing teenage serving girl and a single gold watch - a childhood gift from her mother, the Empress Maria-Teresa, inheritrix of an imperial legacy that stretched back to Charlemagne. That little watch, still ticking as it slowly counted down the final moments of its owner's life, was all that remained of a life that had begun in the imposing grandeur of the Hofburg Palace in Vienna and then been played out in the gilded magnificence of Versailles, where Marie-Antoinette had stood, centre-stage, during the twilight of the Old World.
Once upon a time, centuries before, the Conciergerie had been a royal palace before becoming a prison, so perhaps it was appropriate in some way that it was Marie-Antoinette's last earthly residence. Taken out into the courtyard, she was roughly manhandled to the back of the cart – an open, wooden tumbrel, used to transport criminals and prostitutes. Her late husband had been given a closed carriage and a priest of his own choosing. Marie-Antoinette's shame was to be displayed before the entire population of Paris and a republican priest now sat next to her, attempting to offer his spiritual services to her. As she had promised Elisabeth, she politely refused them.
Curiously, and stupidly, the republic's insistence that she was not allowed to wear black meant instead that Marie-Antoinette was able to go to her death garbed in an altogether more potent colour – white. Like the chic glamour of Anne Boleyn's dark gown or the liturgically-inspired crimson worn by Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587, Marie-Antoinette's white made a dazzlingly significant statement to those who had come to watch her die. Chronicling the Queen's aesthetic in 2006, Professor Caroline Weber of Columbia University wrote: "[To republicans] her outfit was pathetic … a hideous, haggard crone, justly deprived of all her ci-devant splendor. But among the spectators, expressions of outright derision were apparently few and far between. By most accounts, as the spectral white figure was escorted through the double hedgerow of navy-blue-coated soldiers who lined her path, the crowds reacted with stunned, leaden silence. Past them rode a woman not covered in jewels, not crowned with feathers; a woman neither outlandishly dressed up nor offensively dressed down; a woman so bereaved that her very mourning gown had been taken away; a woman whose modest pile of remaining clothes was to be shipped off to the female prisoners of the Salpêtrière after her death… Marie Antoinette's stylish, unfailingly contentious wardrobe had vanished forever. Even before she reached the guillotine, this aspect of her history, her body, her being, had been erased – leaving her only white. But the erasure perhaps revealed even more than it concealed, condensing as it did the whole of her perilously fashionable past. White the color of the fleur-de-lys and of a young bride's complexion. White the color of a corset's whalebone stays. White the color of costume parties and sleigh rides in the snow. White the color of powdered hair, coiffed by Bertin and Léonard – or by the mob. White the color of the muslin gaulle, imported or otherwise: pretty at Trianon, perverse in Paris. White the color of Boehmer's diamond necklace and of "Austrian" ostrich feathers. White the color of the monarchist cockade that launched the march on Versailles. White the color of the Princesse de Lamballe's skin and hair, mirror images of Marie Antoinette's own, and fatally sullied for her sake. White the color of true-blue loyalist emblems. White the simultaneous coexistence of all colors: revolutionary blue and red, royalist violet and green. White the color of the locks that she saw the executioner slip into his pocket as he sheared her head to prepare her for her fate. White the color of martyrdom, of holy heaven, of eternal life. White the color of a ghost too beautiful, or at least too wilful, to die. White the color of the pages on which her story has been written – and will be – written. Again and again and again."
As she passed by the crowds of thousands, some did call out insults, some laughed, some spat and pointed; a few cried out, "Vive la République!" Others remained silent; the secret police spotted several royalists in the crowd, with their faces conspicuously grief-stricken. Near the Church of the Oratory, a working-class woman bravely held up her infant son, to show her gesture of maternal solidarity with the Queen. The Queen gave no sign of seeing any of it – the sympathisers or the detractors. Her face was frozen into an expression of dignified acceptance. There was no token of fear to be seen on her, as she approached closer and closer to death. The moderately Left-wing paper Le Moniteur conceded that the former queen showed "courage enough," while the more radical Père Duchesne called her "audacious and insolent," writing that it was the kind of serenity endowed by habitual criminality. Only at one point, when they passed by the Tuileries Palace, did the Queen's eyes fill with tears and her lips quiver – it was there that she and her family had lived under house arrest since the storming of Versailles, just over four years earlier. It was there, on a baking hot day in 1792, that the monarchy had made its last-stand for survival and the courtyards of the palace had run red with the blood of royalist soldiers as a result of its failure.
When the cart went past the Rue St.-Honoré, the great revolutionary artist, Jean-Jacques David, made a quick sketch of the Queen. It was heroically vicious, showing her proud, disdainful, bloated and ugly. However, as one of the queen's later biographers noted, "Not even hatred, which made this picture, can deny the awful dignity with which Marie Antoinette endured the shame of her drive to the place of execution." Seeing the sketch for the first time in 1955, Diana Mitford, Lady Mosley, wrote that it was enough "to bring tears to one's eyes"; what David saw as ugly disdain, others were to see as heroic dignity. History is very much in the eye of the beholder.
Over an hour later, the cart finally reached the Place de la République, once the Place Louis XV now the Place de la Concorde, where the guillotine stood before a large statue of the Goddess of Liberty; "Lady Liberty," as she would be renamed, when her image was re-invented, re-modelled and later exported to the United States in the following century. Liberty's cold, passive eyes stared down on the square, neither seeing nor knowing what was being done in the pursuit of the Revolution's most seductive catchphrase. Earlier in the year, when the moderately republican Madame Roland had been sent to her death for insufficient zeal in the Revolution's cause, she had turned to the statue and cried out, "O Liberty! What great crimes are committed in your name." Marie-Antoinette made no such grand gesture, instead she simply stepped down lightly, "with bravado," from the tumbrel and gazed up at the guillotine. Sensing a moment to make himself useful, the republican priest at her side spoke comfortingly, "This is the moment, Madame, to arm yourself with courage." With death imminent, the Queen thawed and turned to him, with a smile: "The moment when my ills are going to end is not a moment when courage is going to fail me."
She went up the steps confidently, stopping to apologise to the executioner when she accidentally trod on his foot. Having her hands bound behind her back limited her sense of balance and freedom of movement. She was strapped into place, lowered beneath the blade and secured. Sanson walked around her, flicked the lever and the blade fell. It was fifteen minutes after noon on Wednesday October 16th 1793 and Marie-Antoinette of Austria, Queen of France and Navarre, was dead, two weeks before her thirty-eighth birthday. Her body was hurled in a mass grave, where it was eventually lovingly recovered by French monarchists twenty years later and solemnly re-interred in the Cathedral of St.-Denis, where it rests to this day.
In the years since that terrible day in 1793, Marie-Antoinette has been constantly re-invented. Today, she is seen as both an icon of fashion and of wronged womanhood. The legend of Marie-Antoinette is a polymorphous one, in which the figure of the dead Queen has become everything from a gay icon to a de facto Catholic martyr; she is still considered by many European royalists to be "the incarnation of The Cause." Feminists too have lamented over the sheer venom of the misogyny which was so brutally deployed against her by the Revolution; movie-makers are continually drawn to the story of a life which encompassed the twin polarities of privilege and privation, glamour and grief. But, it has been over seventy years since a truly realistic portrayal of her has been offered in an English-language movie. She has been dismissed by some scholars as "a feckless, ruthless and manipulative ultra-monarchist," while many others have been just as happy to present her as a self-indulgent bimbo – "frivolous without being funny, extravagant without being elegant." The false story of "Let them eat cake" is just one of many which refuses to go away, despite historians' best efforts.
Those who knew the real Marie-Antoinette painted a very different picture of the vulgar airhead or naïve and lonely spendthrift so beloved by modern accounts of the last Queen of France. The Comte de St.-Priest, one of her husband's political advisers, who had disliked her and positively loathed many of her friends, wrote: "She was never evil or cruel. She never betrayed France and at moments of great danger she showed a kind of magnanimity." The English politician and writer, Horace Walpole MP, said: "Mine is not grief… No, it is all admiration and enthusiasm!" Marie-Antoinette was, for him, "an unparalleled Princess." Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, remarked that if one wanted to gain the true measure of Marie-Antoinette then one only had to contrast her behaviour with that of her enemies. Edmund Burke's beautiful reflections on her life and downfall are amongst some of the most exquisite pieces of panegyric in the English language. But perhaps the fairest assessment of her personality comes from Maxime de la Rocheterie, who wrote: "She was not a guilty woman, neither was she a saint; she was an upright, charming woman, a little frivolous, somewhat impulsive, but always pure; she was a queen, at times ardent in her fancies for her favourites and thoughtless in her policy, but proud and full of energy; a thorough woman in her winsome ways and tenderness of heart..." Marie-Antoinette died a heroine and a lady. One does not have to be a monarchist to see that, obviously. The worst criticism that can be fairly levied against her is that, as a young woman, she was "a little frivolous, somewhat impulsive". If such a criticism was the worst thing that one could have said against the leaders of the French Revolution, the world might have been a much happier place.
Posted by Gareth Russell at 19:06
Labels: Ancien Régime, Austria, Courage, Death, Fashion, France, High Society, Marie-Antoinette, Monarchy, Motherhood, Politics, The Mitfords, Writing
elena maria vidal 16 October 2010 at 19:15
Bravo! Beautiful, heartfelt commentary on this tragic event!
May 16 October 2010 at 19:41
Magnificent post!
Wonderful post! Thank you so much for sharing. :)
Gareth Russell 16 October 2010 at 22:12
Thank you all. You're very kind and all too polite to point out my mistake, for which I apologise. In paragraph 6, beginning with the words, "In the course of the trial," I accidentally deleted the Queen's response to the allegations concerning her son, Louis XVII. It is now restored.
Melissa 17 October 2010 at 10:51
This was just beautifully written! Thank you for a respite from all the drier articles I've been reading lately (for my history M.A.! lol). :)
Hels 17 October 2010 at 12:46
"In the years since that terrible day in 1793, Marie-Antoinette has been constantly re-invented". That is very true... it all depends on where a person studied their history.
But your post also suggests that Marie-Antoinette was being invented and re-invented during her own lifetime. And as her death was approaching.
Theresa Bruno 19 October 2010 at 19:49
Beautiful, much like the other women who preceded her in death, her person was constantly being reinvented.
http://historywasneverlikethat.blogspot.com/
Anonymous 1 May 2011 at 16:31
Thank you for a beautifully written article about a terribly maligned woman. You might have expected that kind of behaviour in the Middle Ages, but that it happened just before the birth of the 19th century, in the land that has produced some of the world's greatest artists, writers and philosophers, it seems quite incredible.
Susie Kelly - author of "The Valley of Heaven and Hell - cycling in the shadow of Marie-Antoinette"
Very well written and truthful. Marie Antoinette was, like her poor husband before her, a victim of the merciless propaganda wheel of their time. Very sad really. It makes you wonder what history would have been like had they been allowed to live doesn't it?
Vijaya 24 May 2016 at 18:44
What a tragic and powerful story! Beautifully narrated, too. Thank you for sharing it with us!
the revolt was initiated by duc de orlens and some dissatisfied nobles it was fanned by some lawyers Parisians and deserted guards it was fuelled by profiteers who created artificial scarcity of the food and the rumour mongers about indiscreet royalty played havoc and the foolhardiness of the king and the queen who could not take stock of the prevailing situation and could not tactfully handle the situation and did not kept a strong force including artillery around them to silence the dissidents and miscreants by a whiff of grapeshots as the Napoleon did they were the victims of their cocooned dreamy nay fairy-world actually the execution of the king and queen was wrong and senseless it was perpetrated by some power hungry persons mob was only manipulated and incited to riots and the bloodshed was for petty grievances and revenges it was deliberate orchestrated mutiny and revoltonly no revolution misconduct of frustrated literates and hungry illiterates the queen wasn't as bad as portrayed moreover question of being royalist or revolutionar is out of context now some may be speaking out of emotional attachments they should not be accused we pray that madness must never occur the blood of king Louise XVI indeed visited the france and whole of Europe afterwards for many years
loved it gave a true insight in Marie
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Gareth Russell is the author of four works of non-fiction, including the critically-acclaimed biography of Queen Catherine Howard, "Young and Damned and Fair", and two novels set in his native Belfast.


With an M.D. from Egypt's Ain Shams University and cardiac subspecialty degrees from Harvard and New York University (NYU), Dr. Mohammad Hajjiri is a leading interventional electrophysiologist and cardiologist based out of Ohio, where he serves as the director of interventional electrophysiology at OhioHealth Mansfield Hospital. After training under world-renowned physicians like Sylvia Priori and Charles Love, Dr. Hajjiri has gone on to develop novel techniques for stem cell use, holding two patents in the field.
Dr. Hajjiri is particularly passionate about healthcare education: in addition to serving as an assistant professor of medicine at Case Western Reserve University, he is the founder of Hajjiri Health for E-ducation (H2e), an initiative that works to integrate virtual and augmented reality technologies into healthcare education. He is also actively involved in Edraak, an initiative that provides e-learning opportunities for the Arab world. Dr. Hajjiri has taken on the role of editor-in-chief for Edraak's healthcare platform, which offers free medical courses to Arab healthcare professionals.
As a member of the KHCF USA board of trustees, Dr. Hajjiri lends the foundation his leading expertise and insights into healthcare and health education.


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Yours – Daily – Magazine
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Zendaya and John David Washington Could Make Oscars History with 'Malcolm & Marie' – Variety
A movie cooked up and shot during COVID-19 could be a gamble in this climate — but introduce it with the invigorating talents of John David Washington and Zendaya, and you could have a winning recipe for success, maybe even at the Academy Awards. "Malcolm & Marie" is an actor's showcase, utilizing the most exquisite instincts and sensibilities of its performers, both of which could find room to squeeze into the lead acting races.
Written and directed by Sam Levinson, the film tells the story of Malcolm, a director, and his girlfriend Marie, who, over the course of an evening following the premiere of his latest movie, examine the highs and lows of their relationship as they await critics' responses.
Do you know what the Oscars love more than movies? Movies about "the movies." Sprinkle in a struggling director fighting to express his art through cinema, and Academy voters, especially male ones, will be salivating at its premise and execution. Washington's best work yet surpasses his work in Spike Lee's "BlacKkKlansman," which just missed the Oscar cut. Cementing his place as the Hollywood industry's future, this could be his entry into the Academy's graces.
Zendaya is one of the world's biggest stars, slowly but assertively showcasing her acting range from blockbusters like "Spider-Man: Homecoming" up to HBO's hit-series "Euphoria," for which she became the second Black woman to win best actress in a drama series in 2019. Can she overtake or break into this year's best actress race that's as dynamic and competitive as ever? It's possible, and imagining a lineup that includes her alongside Viola Davis, the first Black woman to an Emmy in best actress in a drama series, will be a baton-passing moment for the next wave of diverse performers.
Zendaya and John David Washington in "Malcolm & Marie"
DOMINIC MILLER/NETFLIX © 2021
Outside of the acting categories, Levinson will be a favorite among a certain demographic of the director's branch, who see the film as a living metaphor of their entire existence. There may be a more grounded, less impressed group of filmmakers, especially writers, who will struggle with the over-the-top dialogue. It reminded me of the story behind Darren Aronofsky's "mother!" which covered the entire gamut of film criticism with its divisive reception. It was widely shared that Aronofsky wrote the film in a single weekend. Comparing it to Levinson, who wrote the screenplay in eight days, this inception and creation likely served as an echo chamber of personal feelings. The Academy-at-large may have trouble responding to it, but these types of predictions can be difficult to read early on.
Marcell Rév's cinematography is lusciously crafted, and could find love with that branch's members.
There's history to be made if enough voters go for it when it comes to the best picture category. Along with Levinson and his wife Ashley Levinson, both Washington and Zendaya serve as producers. If one of Netflix's other features, "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom," gets nominated alongside "Malcolm & Marie," Washington, along with his father Denzel, would be the first father-son pairing to be nominated alongside each other in the category's history.
If Zendaya is nominated for best picture, she checks off many record-breaking boxes. She would be the second Black woman to be nominated in the category following Oprah Winfrey for 2014's "Selma." She'd also be the most nominated Black woman in a single year in history, tying Mary J. Blige.
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Newton Medical Center Receives Elite International Designation as a Baby-Friendly Hospital
December 2016, Newton, NJ – Baby-Friendly USA announced that Newton Medical Center, part of Atlantic Health System, has received prestigious international recognition as a Baby-Friendly designated birth facility. The designation comes just months after Newton Medical Center expanded its role as Atlantic Health System's destination for births for the Sussex and Warren County region serviced by Newton and Hackettstown medical centers, as well as Pike County, Pennsylvania. It joins sister hospitals Morristown and Overlook medical centers, both of which announced receiving the Baby-Friendly designation earlier this year."The Baby-Friendly designation means that Newton Medical Center's Maternity Center joins an elite group," said Fran Drigun, director, pediatric and women's service lines, Atlantic Health System. "This type of designation only comes to fruition when nurses and physicians work collaboratively in delivering and supporting both clinical care and the patient experience."Newton Medical Center's maternity center has 17 beds as well as a two-bed Level II neonatal intensive care unit"I couldn't be more proud of our maternity center team," said Joe DiPaolo, president and Sussex-Warren Regional Executive. "Having a regional maternity center to address the needs of patients from Sussex, Warren and Pike counties reflects our commitment to the highest quality care for mothers and babies. Being honored with this prestigious award at three of Atlantic Health System's hospitals shows that our organization is committed to creating a trusted network of caring."Baby-Friendly USA, Inc. is the U.S. authority for the implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative ("BFHI"), a global program sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The initiative encourages and recognizes hospitals and birthing centers that offer an optimal level of care for breastfeeding mothers and their babies. Based on the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, this prestigious international award recognizes birth facilities that offer breastfeeding mothers the information, confidence, and skills needed to successfully initiate and continue breastfeeding their babies. There are more than 20,000 designated Baby-Friendly hospitals and birth centers worldwide. Currently there are 396 active Baby-Friendly hospitals and birth centers in the United States. The "Baby-Friendly" designation is given for a period of five years after a rigorous on-site survey is completed. The award is maintained by continuing to practice the Ten Steps as demonstrated by quality processes.
Learn more about the U.S. Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative >
Atlantic Health System, headquartered in Morristown, New Jersey, is one of the largest non-profit health care systems in New Jersey. Atlantic Health System has created a Trusted Network of Caring™. Our promise to our communities is that anyone who enters our system will receive the right care, at the right quality, at the right time, at the right place and at the right cost. Our network includes Morristown Medical Center in Morristown, NJ; Overlook Medical Center in Summit, NJ; Newton Medical Center in Newton, NJ; Chilton Medical Center in Pompton Plains, NJ; and Goryeb Children's Hospital in Morristown, NJ, as well as Atlantic Rehabilitation, and Atlantic Home Care and Hospice. It also includes its subsidiary, Atlantic Ambulance Corporation. Atlantic Health System comprises 1,599 licensed beds, more than 14,000 employees and more than 4,000 physicians. Atlantic Health System has a medical school affiliation with the Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University; a Major Clinical Affiliate of Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey; part of Atlantic Accountable Care Organization, one of the largest ACOs in the nation, and is a member of AllSpire Health Partners.
Learn more about our Trusted Network of Caring™ at Atlantic Health System >
Atlantic Health System Public Relations Department


I have a 100% beef burger from Aldi, roasted sweet potatoes (I roasted them in the oven with chilli and garlic), red pepper, tomato, lettuce a dressing made from basil, olive oil and balsamic vinegar and an especially fabulous jalapeno cheddar from The Bristol Cheese Company. They're new, so no website etc yet but try to visit their stall at the Harbourside Market. All their cheeses are amazing!
I also picked up this gorgeous rye loaf from the market. The Bordeaux Quay bakery has a bread stand at the Harbourside Market and the rye bread is very good. (Unfortunately I later discovered, or remembered, that I don't cope very well with rye!) However, if you're only wheat free then this bread is for you!
You will also find Cafe Cake at the market who sell a range of gluten free cakes as well as 'normal' cakes.
The ultimate gluten free snack has got to be the rice cracker. The rice cracker has a bad reputation as being about as exciting as dish water and normally I would agree. However, there is a gap in the market for a 100% gluten free snack which is low calorie and convenient for travelling etc.
I was sent some Sakata crackers recently (all 4 flavours! Ooh, get me) and have to say that they fit perfectly into that gap.
The flavour pictured - Sour Cream and Chive were definitely my favourite, although the other flavours are great too. Yes, you have the background taste of rice cracker (which isn't my favourite flavour in the world) but the added flavours are so good you forget all about it.


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Soccer Betting Odds - Bet on Football Soccer
Home > Sports Betting > Soccer Betting > Soccer
Soccer Betting Online
The top players in the world are ready for another year of soccer, spread throughout several different leagues and countries. The English Premier League is one of the best in the world, as is the German Bundesliga. The Champions League brings together all the top clubs to face off in some of the most competitive soccer on the planet. The World Cup is a time when the top players return to play for their native countries.
There are top clubs throughout Europe which pay handsomely to get the best players for their clubs. They routinely dominate their leagues and then get together in the Champions League. Barcelona will aim to defend its title but the other clubs are also stacked with stars. Traditional powers like Real Madrid, Bayern Munich and Juventus will aim to knock them off. The MLS and other smaller leagues will hold their championship matches as well throughout 2018 in soccer wagering.
International Soccer Tournaments & Leagues
There is no club tournament more prestigious than the Champions League. Domestic glory is great, but the exclusivity of the Champions League makes this the best competition around. In domestic leagues, you can take some games off or rest your stars. There is typically an enormous gap between the haves and the have-nots, so it's not hard to do this and not get punished. However, the Champions League is where the best of the best in European football play, and you have to constantly be on your 'A' game or else you might be eliminated from the tournament.
The Europa League might play second fiddle to the Champions League on the continent, but it is still an important tournament in its own right. The vast majority of clubs and domestic leagues will never be able to seriously compete for Champions League glory. There is a massive disparity in resources between Europe's behemoths and everyone else, so it's just not feasible to think that teams from smaller nations can have much success in Europe's premier tournament. However, the Europa League gives these smaller clubs a chance on a more level playing field, and we have seen some amazing stories and surprising results over the years.
The Premier League has always been one of the top leagues in the world. While England often disappoints in international competitions, there's no doubt that their domestic league is one of the best. We have seen English teams win the Champions League 13 times, and that's the second-most of any country behind Spain. Liverpool leads the way with six Champions League titles after defeating Tottenham Hotspur in the 2019 Champions League Final, while Manchester United has won the most prestigious competition in Europe three times.
Two clubs have dominated La Liga throughout the league's history. Real Madrid and Barcelona have combined to win Spain's top league 60 times, and one of these two teams has finished runner-up on 50 occasions. We saw Real Madrid topple Barcelona to win the league after a strong second half of the season last year, and they are slight favorites over their Catalan rivals entering the 2020-21 La Liga season.
German soccer has been historically dominated by one team. Bayern Munich have won more than half the Bundesliga titles awarded since the league was founded. They are the only German club to win the Champions League more than once, claiming the most prestigious honor in club football five times. This club is currently favored to win its sixth Champions League title against Paris Saint-Germain in Portugal, and a victory would tie them with Liverpool as the team with the third-most wins in this competition.
We saw a major shift in Italian football last year. Although Juventus won their ninth straight scudetto, the normally conservative Serie A saw a goal scoring explosion. For the first time since the 1950-51 season, there was an average of more than three goals per match. Atalanta led the way as a team with 98 goals in 38 matches, while Lazio's Ciro Immobile won the Golden Boot with 36 goals.
USA MLS
When life gives you lemons, make lemonade. That's been the MLS motto this year, as the regular season was thrown into disarray due to the COVID-19 epidemic. The season came to a screeching halt after just two weeks, but the league has adapted to the changes. The MLS is Back Tournament was held in Orlando over July and August, and the relative success of the competition has led to the MLS making plans to play an abbreviated regular season.
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text:
Efferent vagal nerve stimulation protects heart against ischemia-induced arrhythmias by preserving connexin43 protein
Motonori Ando, Rajesh G. Katare, Yoshihiko Kakinuma, Dongmei Zhang, Fumiyasu Yamasaki, Kazuyo Muramoto, Takayuki Sato
Background-Myocardial ischemia (MI) leads to derangements in cellular electrical stability and the generation of lethal arrhythmias. Vagal nerve stimulation has been postulated to contribute to the antifibrillatory effect. Here, we suggest a novel mechanism for the antiarrhythmogenic properties of vagal stimulation during acute MI. Methods and Results-Under anesthesia, Wistar rats underwent 30 minutes of left coronary artery (LCA) ligation with vagal stimulation (MI-VS group, n=11) and with sham stimulation (MI-SS group, n=12). Eight of the 12 rats in the MI-SS group had ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) during 30-minute LCA ligation; on the other hand, VT occurred in only 1 of the 11 rats in the MI-VS group (67% versus 9%, respectively). Atropine administration abolished the antiarrhythmogenic effect of vagal stimulation. Immunoblotting revealed that the MI-SS group showed a marked reduction in the amount of phosphorylated connexin43 (Cx43), whereas the MI-VS group showed only a slight reduction compared with the sham operation and sham stimulation group (37±20% versus 79±18%). Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the MI-induced loss of Cx43 from intercellular junctions was prevented by vagal stimulation. In addition, studies with rat primary-cultured cardiomyocytes demonstrated that acetylcholine effectively prevented the hypoxia-induced loss of phosphorylated Cx43 and ameliorated the loss of cell-to-cell communication as determined by Lucifer Yellow dye transfer assay, which supports the in vivo results. Conclusions-Vagal nerve stimulation exerts antiarrhythmogenic effects accompanied by prevention of the loss of phosphorylated Cx43 during acute MI and thus plays a critical role in improving ischemia-induced electrical instability.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Myocardial Ischemia
Intercellular Junctions
Immunoblotting
Cell Communication
Connexins
Gap junctions
Ando, M., Katare, R. G., Kakinuma, Y., Zhang, D., Yamasaki, F., Muramoto, K., & Sato, T. (2005). Efferent vagal nerve stimulation protects heart against ischemia-induced arrhythmias by preserving connexin43 protein. Circulation, 112(2), 164-170. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.525493
Efferent vagal nerve stimulation protects heart against ischemia-induced arrhythmias by preserving connexin43 protein. / Ando, Motonori; Katare, Rajesh G.; Kakinuma, Yoshihiko; Zhang, Dongmei; Yamasaki, Fumiyasu; Muramoto, Kazuyo; Sato, Takayuki.
In: Circulation, Vol. 112, No. 2, 12.07.2005, p. 164-170.
Ando, M, Katare, RG, Kakinuma, Y, Zhang, D, Yamasaki, F, Muramoto, K & Sato, T 2005, 'Efferent vagal nerve stimulation protects heart against ischemia-induced arrhythmias by preserving connexin43 protein', Circulation, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 164-170. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.525493
Ando M, Katare RG, Kakinuma Y, Zhang D, Yamasaki F, Muramoto K et al. Efferent vagal nerve stimulation protects heart against ischemia-induced arrhythmias by preserving connexin43 protein. Circulation. 2005 Jul 12;112(2):164-170. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.525493
Ando, Motonori ; Katare, Rajesh G. ; Kakinuma, Yoshihiko ; Zhang, Dongmei ; Yamasaki, Fumiyasu ; Muramoto, Kazuyo ; Sato, Takayuki. / Efferent vagal nerve stimulation protects heart against ischemia-induced arrhythmias by preserving connexin43 protein. In: Circulation. 2005 ; Vol. 112, No. 2. pp. 164-170.
@article{785b570634d34aafbdea713468e197e8,
title = "Efferent vagal nerve stimulation protects heart against ischemia-induced arrhythmias by preserving connexin43 protein",
abstract = "Background-Myocardial ischemia (MI) leads to derangements in cellular electrical stability and the generation of lethal arrhythmias. Vagal nerve stimulation has been postulated to contribute to the antifibrillatory effect. Here, we suggest a novel mechanism for the antiarrhythmogenic properties of vagal stimulation during acute MI. Methods and Results-Under anesthesia, Wistar rats underwent 30 minutes of left coronary artery (LCA) ligation with vagal stimulation (MI-VS group, n=11) and with sham stimulation (MI-SS group, n=12). Eight of the 12 rats in the MI-SS group had ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) during 30-minute LCA ligation; on the other hand, VT occurred in only 1 of the 11 rats in the MI-VS group (67{\%} versus 9{\%}, respectively). Atropine administration abolished the antiarrhythmogenic effect of vagal stimulation. Immunoblotting revealed that the MI-SS group showed a marked reduction in the amount of phosphorylated connexin43 (Cx43), whereas the MI-VS group showed only a slight reduction compared with the sham operation and sham stimulation group (37±20{\%} versus 79±18{\%}). Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the MI-induced loss of Cx43 from intercellular junctions was prevented by vagal stimulation. In addition, studies with rat primary-cultured cardiomyocytes demonstrated that acetylcholine effectively prevented the hypoxia-induced loss of phosphorylated Cx43 and ameliorated the loss of cell-to-cell communication as determined by Lucifer Yellow dye transfer assay, which supports the in vivo results. Conclusions-Vagal nerve stimulation exerts antiarrhythmogenic effects accompanied by prevention of the loss of phosphorylated Cx43 during acute MI and thus plays a critical role in improving ischemia-induced electrical instability.",
keywords = "Arrhythmia, Connexins, Electrical stimulation, Gap junctions, Vagus nerve",
author = "Motonori Ando and Katare, {Rajesh G.} and Yoshihiko Kakinuma and Dongmei Zhang and Fumiyasu Yamasaki and Kazuyo Muramoto and Takayuki Sato",
T1 - Efferent vagal nerve stimulation protects heart against ischemia-induced arrhythmias by preserving connexin43 protein
AU - Ando, Motonori
AU - Katare, Rajesh G.
AU - Kakinuma, Yoshihiko
AU - Zhang, Dongmei
AU - Yamasaki, Fumiyasu
AU - Muramoto, Kazuyo
AU - Sato, Takayuki
N2 - Background-Myocardial ischemia (MI) leads to derangements in cellular electrical stability and the generation of lethal arrhythmias. Vagal nerve stimulation has been postulated to contribute to the antifibrillatory effect. Here, we suggest a novel mechanism for the antiarrhythmogenic properties of vagal stimulation during acute MI. Methods and Results-Under anesthesia, Wistar rats underwent 30 minutes of left coronary artery (LCA) ligation with vagal stimulation (MI-VS group, n=11) and with sham stimulation (MI-SS group, n=12). Eight of the 12 rats in the MI-SS group had ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) during 30-minute LCA ligation; on the other hand, VT occurred in only 1 of the 11 rats in the MI-VS group (67% versus 9%, respectively). Atropine administration abolished the antiarrhythmogenic effect of vagal stimulation. Immunoblotting revealed that the MI-SS group showed a marked reduction in the amount of phosphorylated connexin43 (Cx43), whereas the MI-VS group showed only a slight reduction compared with the sham operation and sham stimulation group (37±20% versus 79±18%). Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the MI-induced loss of Cx43 from intercellular junctions was prevented by vagal stimulation. In addition, studies with rat primary-cultured cardiomyocytes demonstrated that acetylcholine effectively prevented the hypoxia-induced loss of phosphorylated Cx43 and ameliorated the loss of cell-to-cell communication as determined by Lucifer Yellow dye transfer assay, which supports the in vivo results. Conclusions-Vagal nerve stimulation exerts antiarrhythmogenic effects accompanied by prevention of the loss of phosphorylated Cx43 during acute MI and thus plays a critical role in improving ischemia-induced electrical instability.
AB - Background-Myocardial ischemia (MI) leads to derangements in cellular electrical stability and the generation of lethal arrhythmias. Vagal nerve stimulation has been postulated to contribute to the antifibrillatory effect. Here, we suggest a novel mechanism for the antiarrhythmogenic properties of vagal stimulation during acute MI. Methods and Results-Under anesthesia, Wistar rats underwent 30 minutes of left coronary artery (LCA) ligation with vagal stimulation (MI-VS group, n=11) and with sham stimulation (MI-SS group, n=12). Eight of the 12 rats in the MI-SS group had ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) during 30-minute LCA ligation; on the other hand, VT occurred in only 1 of the 11 rats in the MI-VS group (67% versus 9%, respectively). Atropine administration abolished the antiarrhythmogenic effect of vagal stimulation. Immunoblotting revealed that the MI-SS group showed a marked reduction in the amount of phosphorylated connexin43 (Cx43), whereas the MI-VS group showed only a slight reduction compared with the sham operation and sham stimulation group (37±20% versus 79±18%). Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the MI-induced loss of Cx43 from intercellular junctions was prevented by vagal stimulation. In addition, studies with rat primary-cultured cardiomyocytes demonstrated that acetylcholine effectively prevented the hypoxia-induced loss of phosphorylated Cx43 and ameliorated the loss of cell-to-cell communication as determined by Lucifer Yellow dye transfer assay, which supports the in vivo results. Conclusions-Vagal nerve stimulation exerts antiarrhythmogenic effects accompanied by prevention of the loss of phosphorylated Cx43 during acute MI and thus plays a critical role in improving ischemia-induced electrical instability.
KW - Arrhythmia
KW - Connexins
KW - Electrical stimulation
KW - Gap junctions
KW - Vagus nerve


text:
Home Insights Appeal Sets Stage for Showdown on SEC's "Neither Admit Nor Deny" Settlement Policy
Appeal Sets Stage for Showdown on SEC's "Neither Admit Nor Deny" Settlement Policy
19 December 2011 Publication
Authors: Bryan B. House
Legal News: Securities Enforcement & Litigation
After U.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff's November 28, 2011 decision rejecting the proposed $285 million settlement between the SEC and Citigroup, observers wondered whether the SEC would present the judge a revised settlement that might cure what the judge saw as the proposed consent decree's deficiencies. An appeal was viewed widely as a dangerous proposition that could lead to even worse precedent for the SEC. On December 15, 2011, the SEC ended the speculation and appealed Judge Rakoff's decision. Thus, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit may soon decide whether the SEC's long-standing practice of entering into settlements with defendants that "neither admit nor deny" the SEC's allegations is appropriate.
The District Court Opinion
In early 2007, Citigroup created a $1 billion fund known as Class V Funding III (Fund) that allegedly sought to "dump" some toxic mortgage-backed securities on "misinformed investors." SEC v. Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., --- F. Supp. 2d ----, 2011 WL 5903733, *1 (S.D.N.Y., November 28, 2011). While promoting the Fund's assets as "attractive investments rigorously selected by an independent investment adviser," Citigroup allegedly selected a substantial amount of negatively performing assets for inclusion in the Fund and then took a short position in those assets. Investors in the Fund lost more than $700 million, while Citigroup reaped net profits of approximately $160 million. Id. at *2.
After a lengthy investigation, the SEC brought a civil enforcement action on October 19, 2011, seeking an injunction and alleging that Citigroup had violated Sections 17(a)(2) and (3) of the Securities Act of 1933 — violations that require a showing of negligence, not knowing or reckless misconduct. That same day (before knowing that the matter would be assigned to Judge Rakoff), the SEC submitted for court approval a proposed consent judgment that required Citigroup, while neither admitting nor denying the SEC's allegations, to (1) disgorge $160 million of ill-gotten gains along with $30 million in pre-judgment interest, (2) pay a civil penalty of $95 million, and (3) comply with certain remedial undertakings for a period of three years that would prevent control weaknesses. Asserting that the proposed settlement was "fair, adequate, reasonable, and in the public interest," the SEC and Citigroup asked the court to approve the proposed settlement.
To assess whether the settlement was "fair, reasonable, adequate, and in the public interest," Judge Rakoff posed several questions regarding the details of the allegations and the proposed consent judgment, and both parties submitted lengthy memoranda supporting the proposed consent judgment. Judge Rakoff, however, was not persuaded, concluding that he could not approve the proposed settlement "because the Court has not been provided with any proven or admitted facts upon which to exercise even a modest degree of independent judgment." Id. at *4. Specifically, Judge Rakoff noted the lack of evidentiary basis to conclude whether the requested relief was warranted, and while noting that private parties may agree to settle a case without ever agreeing on the facts, he refused to allow the court's "formidable judicial power of contempt" to be used as "a mere handmaiden to a settlement privately negotiated on the basis of unknown facts, while the public is deprived of ever knowing the truth in a matter of obvious public importance." Id. at *8-*9.
One substantial sticking point was Judge Rakoff's concern regarding the SEC's long-standing policy of allowing defendants to enter into settlements without admitting or denying the allegations — a policy that Judge Rakoff said was "hallowed by history, but not by reason." Id at *9. Judge Rakoff said the policy deprived him of any assurance that the injunctive relief sought was grounded in fact. In response to what he called the SEC's position that the public "somehow knew the truth of the allegations," Judge Rakoff noted that Citigroup was free to (and in fact had already indicated its intent to) contest the facts in any parallel civil litigation. Indeed, he noted that, in other related litigation, these "mere allegations" would have "no evidentiary value and no collateral estoppel effect." Id. at *10.
Judge Rakoff contrasted the SEC's proposed Citigroup settlement with the 2010 Goldman Sachs settlement (approved by Judge Barbara Jones) involving a similar collateralized-debt obligation transaction, observing that the Goldman Sachs settlement (while noting that Goldman Sachs was not admitting or denying the allegations) contained an "express admission" of wrongdoing that was absent from the proposed Citigroup settlement. Id. at *13, n.7. In the end, Judge Rakoff reasoned that the approval of a proposed settlement without any admission or agreed-upon facts creates the potential for abuse because "it asks the court to employ its power and assert its authority when it does not know the facts." Id. at *14-*15. Finally, Judge Rakoff noted that "[i]n any case like this that touches on the transparency of financial markets whose gyrations have so depressed our economy and debilitated our lives, there is an overriding public interest in knowing the truth." Id. at *15.
This was not the SEC's only well-publicized tangle with Judge Rakoff. He had put the SEC through similar paces in 2009 in connection with the proposed settlement of charges that Bank of America materially misled shareholders in a proxy statement soliciting approval of its $50 billion acquisition of Merrill Lynch. See SEC v. Bank of America Corp., 653 F. Supp. 2d 507, 508 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (Bank of America I). There, too, Judge Rakoff rejected the parties' proposed consent judgment, lamenting the absence of particularized facts regarding Bank of America's alleged conduct and questioning the SEC's decision not to pursue responsible individuals. He set a trial date and expressed his hope that "the truth may still emerge." Ultimately, Bank of America and the SEC filed a second proposed consent judgment with different terms, including a larger monetary penalty. SEC v. Bank of America Corp., 2010 WL 624581 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2010) (Bank of America II). Judge Rakoff "reluctantly" approved the revised consent judgment, describing it as "half-baked justice at best."
Judge Rakoff has been an outlier, however, even in the federal courthouse in Manhattan where many of the SEC's financial fraud cases are filed. In addition to the above-noted Goldman Sachs settlement, JPMorgan Chase & Co. recently resolved nearly identical SEC charges under Sections 17(a)(2) and (3) concerning the structure of a collateralized-debt obligation without admitting or denying the allegations. In that matter, J.P. Morgan consented to a final judgment providing for a permanent injunction, a $133 million penalty, and a total payment of $153.6 million. Judge Richard Berman not only approved the settlement, he called it "another important step in the direction of the financial industry, along with the SEC itself, righting the wrongs and excesses of the recent financial crisis."
The SEC Response
In an unusual move, the day of Judge Rakoff's decision, the SEC's Director of the Division of Enforcement, Robert Khuzami, issued a statement defending the proposed Citigroup settlement. The statement argued that the similar settlements, reached without the risks and resources of a trial, may "significantly outweigh" the absence of an admission. Robert Khuzami, Public Statement by SEC Staff: Court's Refusal to Approve Settlement in Citigroup Case (Nov. 28, 2011), available at http://tinyurl.com/cyahw9v. Mr. Khuzami noted that the result of the rejection of such settlements "would divert resources away from the investigation of other frauds and the recovery of losses suffered by investors not before the court." The statement asserted that Judge Rakoff's decision ignored "decades of established practice throughout federal agencies and decisions of the federal courts." Mr. Khuzami added that the settlement provisions challenged by Judge Rakoff "have been included in settlements repeatedly approved for good reason by federal courts across the country — including district courts in New York in cases involving similar misconduct."
The Appeal and Its Ramifications
The SEC's appeal reflects the recognition that Judge Rakoff's view is a fundamental assault on the SEC's primary mechanism for resolving cases in federal court. In a statement released in conjunction with the notice of appeal, Mr. Khuzami expressed the SEC's view that "the district court committed legal error by announcing a new and unprecedented standard." Specifically, the SEC challenges the district court's conclusion that an admission of facts was a necessary condition for approval of such a proposed consent judgment. The statement noted that "courts have routinely approved settlements in which a defendant does not admit or even expressly denies liability, exactly because of the benefits that settlements provide." Noting that Judge Rakoff's decision would result in many more trials and the accompanying risk, the statement contends that the decision "inadvertently harms investors by depriving them of substantial, certain and immediate benefits."
The SEC's appeal likely will focus on the decades of approved settlements and the language in court opinions approving the "neither admit nor deny" language. The SEC's policy has been discussed with approval by the Circuit Courts in the District of Columbia, SEC v. Clifton, 700 F.2d 744 (D.C. Cir. 1983), and the Ninth Circuit, SEC v. Randolph, 736 F.2d 525 (9th Cir. 1984). In its attempt to support the settlement, the SEC also relied heavily on United States v. Microsoft Corp., 56 F.3d 1448 (1995). In Microsoft, the district judge relied on a host of issues outside of the government's allegations in rejecting the consent decree proposed by the government and Microsoft regarding alleged antitrust violations. On appeal, the D.C. Circuit asked, "With respect to the specific allegations in the government's complaint, may the court interpose its own views of the appropriate remedy over those the government seeks as a part of its overall settlement?" 56 F.3d 1458. The D.C. Circuit concluded that the answer to this question was "no." To the point at issue in the Citigroup matter, the D.C. Circuit said, "We think the district judge's criticism of Microsoft for declining to admit that the practices charged in the complaint actually violated the antitrust laws was … unjustified. … The important question is whether Microsoft will abide by the terms of the consent decree regardless of whether it is willing to admit to wrongdoing." Id. at 1461.
Judge Rakoff did not address these authorities in his opinion, focusing instead on the facts he had and concluding that he did not have a "sufficient evidentiary basis" to know whether the proposed consent was fair, reasonable, adequate or in the public interest. Judge Rakoff, no doubt, raised interesting questions that may be addressed on appeal, including, whether the public should be "deprived of ever knowing the truth in a matter of obvious public importance"; whether investors injured by the misconduct were "substantially short-changed" by the proposed consent decree, particularly since they would be unable to use the non-admission/non-denial to further private litigation based on fraud; and whether the size of the penalty compared to the resources of the defendant ("pocket change," as Judge Rakoff called it) should be considered in assessing the proposed settlement. While Judge Rakoff no doubt saw the settlement as serving "various narrow interests of the parties," he said that such a resolution "cannot automatically be equated with the public interest." Thus, the appeal may boil down to the same inquiry articulated in the Microsoft case: "At the heart of this case … is the proper scope of the district court's inquiry into the 'public interest.'" Microsoft, 56 F.3d 1458.
The importance of the case to the SEC's enforcement program cannot be overstated. While the Second Circuit could decide the matter on the specific facts of the case and seek to avoid any far-reaching precedent, an opinion from the influential Second Circuit could fundamentally affect the process by which the SEC settles the vast majority of its cases. The ramifications also extend far beyond the SEC, as other agencies, not only the Department of Justice, but also the FTC, the CFTC, and the EPA, among others, routinely enter into settlements that permit defendants to resolve allegations without admission of wrongdoing. What remains to be seen in the interim is whether Judge Rakoff's decision will impact the SEC settlements currently in the pipeline and those soon to come.
Legal News is part of our ongoing commitment to providing legal insight to our clients and colleagues. If you have any questions about or would like to discuss this topic further, please contact your Foley attorney or the following:
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