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Orginal Research
Volume : 10 Issue : 4
Clinico etiological spectrum of unilateral vocal cord paralysis - A prospective study
Asha BA, Neeli AK, Amarnath SB
Asha BA1, Ajay Kumar Neeli2,*, and Amarnath SB3,*
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Minister Road, Secunderabad-500003, Telangana, India
3Department of Otorhinolaryngology, SVIMS-Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh-517507, India
*Corresponding authors: Dr. Ajay Kumar Neeli, Senior Consultant ENT Surgeon, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Minister Road, Secunderabad-500003, Telangana, India. Email: drajayneeli@gmail.com; Dr. Amarnath SB, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, SVIMS-Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh-517507, India. Email: doc_amarnath@yahoo.co.in
Received 20 July 2022; Revised 2 September 2022; Accepted 12 September 2022; Published 20 September 2022
Citation: Asha BA, Neeli AK, Amarnath SB. Clinico etiological spectrum of unilateral vocal cord paralysis - A prospective study. J Med Sci Res. 2022; 10(4):231-236. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17727/JMSR.2022/10-43
Copyright: © 2022 Asha BA et al. Published by KIMS Foundation and Research Center. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Unilateral vocal cord palsy is relatively common in Otorhinolaryngology clinics. Due to reasons more than one, the exact incidence of the etiology behind unilateral vocal cord palsy has remained a mystery difficult to unfold. The present study was undertaken to determine the clinical presentation and etiopathology of unilateral vocal cord paralysis. The present study was a prospective study undertaken in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at KIMS Hospital, Secunderabad from June 2018 to May 2020 after the approval of the Ethical Committee among 50 adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Unilateral Vocal cord palsy. Patients with the fixity of the vocal cord, laryngeal malignancies, and bilateral Vocal cord palsy/paresis were excluded from the study. A thorough history and ENT, head & neck examination followed by a radiological examination to make an etiological diagnosis of Vocal cord palsy were done. For patients with no cause found, a CT/ MRI imaging was done before labeling them as idiopathic. Most of the patients presented in the 4th and 5th decades of life, with male predominance. The most common presenting symptom was hoarseness of voice (80%) and Left-side vocal cord palsy (56%) is more common. The most common cause was idiopathic (34%) followed by post-surgical trauma, neoplastic, central cause, cardiac, granulomatous disorders, and neurological and post-intubation trauma respectively. In conclusion, our study shows thorough evaluation and investigation of cases with unilateral vocal cord palsy unveils interesting and sometimes rare and probably life-threatening underlying pathologies, that could be managed appropriately.
Keywords: unilateral; vocal cord palsy; clinical features; etiology; iatrogenic
Vocal cord paralysis is not a disease per se but is a sign of an underlying disease process that may be central (10%) or peripheral (90%) in origin [1-3]. Due to the long anatomical course of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves, many disease processes can cause vocal cord paralysis [4]. Surgery, malignancy, trauma, infection, and inflammation can all result in vocal cord paralysis. Vocal cord paralysis is most frequently unilateral but can be bilateral [5-8].
Left laryngeal nerve is more vulnerable than the right because the longer course of the nerve creates additional vulnerability, especially within the mediastinum. Paralysis of the left vocal cord is reported 1.4-2.5 times more than right [9]. The main presenting symptom in unilateral vocal cord paralysis is hoarseness of voice, the degree of which depends on the position of paralyzed vocal cord [10, 11]. The other associated symptoms include weak voice, cough, aspiration, and swallowing difficulty. However, about 30–40 % of patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis are asymptomatic.
All patients with vocal cord palsy need to be evaluated thoroughly with a detailed history, and complete examination of the head and neck, nervous system, and larynx with appropriate radiological investigations to find out the site of the lesion whether in the brain stem, neck, chest, and mediastinum. Direct laryngoscopy of the glottis is the most sensitive and specific method of evaluating the appearance and movement of vocal cords. Unilateral vocal cord palsy is a relatively common finding in Otorhinolaryngology clinics. It may be asymptomatic or may present with a change in voice or even dysphagia and aspiration. Most cases do not present to the clinic due to spontaneous recovery or compensation by the opposite cord. Due to reasons more than one, the exact incidence of the etiology behind unilateral vocal cord palsy has remained a mystery difficult to unfold.
The present study was undertaken to determine the clinical presentation and etiopathology of unilateral vocal cord paralysis.
The present study was a longitudinal interventional prospective study undertaken in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at KIMS Hospital, Secunderabad from June 2018 to May 2020 after the approval of the Ethical Committee among 50 adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of unilateral vocal cord palsy. Patients with the fixity of the vocal cord, laryngeal malignancies, bilateral vocal cord palsy/paresis, patients less than 18 years of age, and patients who lost follow-up were excluded from the study.
All 50 patients were evaluated thoroughly- after a detailed history and complete ear, nose, & throat (ENT), head, neck and systemic examination underwent relevant endoscopic, radiological, hematological, microbiological, and pathological examination to make an etiological diagnosis of vocal cord palsy. For patients with no cause found, a CT/ MRI imaging was done before labelling them as idiopathic. The study was analyzed to determine the etiological factors causing vocal cord paralysis, age distribution, sex incidence, presenting symptoms, and side of paralysis/paresis in the tertiary hospital's otolaryngology department.
15,955 patients attended the ENT outpatient department of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Secunderabad from June 2018 to May 2020. Of these, 62 patients were diagnosed with unilateral vocal cord palsy. Out of 62, we lost to the follow-up of 12 patients. Thus, the incidence (number of new cases/year) of such patients was found to be 0.35% or 35 per ten thousand new patients. The youngest patient was 21 years while the eldest was 81 years old. Patients were observed in the age range of 21 years to 81 years. Most of the patients (34%) presented in the 4th and 5th decades of life. Male and female patients were 28(56%) and 22(44%) respectively.
28 patients had left-side vocal cord palsy and 22 patients had right-side vocal cord palsy. 40 (80.0%) patients presented with hoarseness of voice (HOV) alone, 3(6%) patients presented with weakness of voice, 5(10.0%) patients presented with difficulty in swallowing, and 2(4.0%) patients presented with cough with aspiration (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Bar diagram showing distribution based on major presenting symptoms.
In 17 patients (34%) no apparent cause for unilateral vocal cord paralysis was found and thus grouped under the "idiopathic" heading. Other etiological factors are post-surgical trauma, neoplastic, central cause, cardiac, granulomatous disorders, and neurological and post-intubation trauma respectively (Table 1).
Table 1: Shows the percentage of distribution of study subjects based on etiological factors.
Etiology of unilateral vocal cord palsy
No. of cases
Granulomatous disease
Neoplastic
Post intubation
Post-surgical trauma
Etiology of unilateral vocal cord palsy No. of cases Percentage (%) Cardiac 2 4.0 Central 7 14.0 Granulomatous disease 1 2.0 Idiopathic 17 34.0 Neoplastic 10 20.0 Neurological 1 2.0 Post intubation 1 2.0 Post-surgical trauma 11 22.0 Total 50 100 Out of 10(22.0%) post-surgical group, 2(18.18%) were post-double valve replacement (DVR) surgery, 1 case (9.09%) was mediastinal tumor excision, 4 (36.36%) was post total thyroidectomy, 1(9.09%) was post carotid tumor excision, 1 (9.09%) was petro-clival meningioma excision and 1(9.09%) was lung biopsy (Table 2).
Table 2: Shows the distribution of the study population among the post-surgical group.
Post-surgical group
Post total thyroidectomy
Post-double valve replacement surgery
Lung biopsy
Mediastinal tumor excision
Petro-clival meningioma
post paraganglioma excision
Out of 10(20.0%) neoplastic group, papillary carcinoma cases were 4(40.0%), 2(20.0%) were lymphoma, 1(10.0%) was oat cell carcinoma, 1(10.0%) was carcinoma breast metastasis, 1(10.0%) was carcinoma lung and 1(10.0%) carcinoma oesophagus (Table 3).
Table 3: Shows the distribution of the study population among the neoplastic group.
Neoplastic group
Carcinoma breast
Carcinoma lung
Carcinoma oesophagus
Oat cell carcinoma
papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
Out of 7(14.0%) central group, cerebrovascular accident (CVA) cases were 3(42.86%%), 2(28.57%) were road traffic accident (RTA) cases,1(14.29%) were transient ischemic attack (TIA) and 1 (14.29%) was Jugular Foramen syndrome (Table 4).
Table 4: Shows the distribution of the study population among the central group.
Jugular foramen syndrome
The remaining 2(4%) patients had Ortner's syndrome (cardiac cause), 1(2%) patient had mediastinal lymphadenopathy (Granulomatous disease), 1(2%) patient had post intubation unilateral vocal cord palsy, 1(2%) patient had Parkinson's disease with unilateral vocal cord palsy.
The most common cause is usually the involvement of the vagus or its recurrent laryngeal branch somewhere between the jugular foramen and its entrance into the larynx posterior to the cricothyroid joint [12, 13]. The reported annual incidence of vocal cord paralysis varies from 17%26 to 29.3% [13] as compared to the present study where it is 0.35% which is lower. Most of the patients were in the 4th and 5th decades of life. The mean age is 50 years. Merati [14], Havas [15], and Glazer [16] reported the mean age as 53 years. Ahmed et al. [17] have reported the maximum number of patients in the 5th and 6th decades. Gandhi et al. [18] reported that unilateral vocal cord palsy peaked in the 4th and 5th decades. Regarding male to female ratio (1.27: 1), this finding is consistent with the finding of Alassiry and Hassan [19] in which male to female ratio was 1.2:1.35. Gandhi et al [18] in which male to female ratio was 1.82: 1. Myssiorek [4] has similar findings. On the contrary, Rosenthal et al. [20] reported that the female-to-male ratio was (1.43:1) for those who were diagnosed with vocal fold paralysis. The reason of male to female ratio discrepancy in literature is still not clear, it may be related to the type of centers and scope of the patients.
In the present study left vocal cord (56.0%) was more frequently involved than the right (44.0%), the ratio is 1.27: l. This is attributed to the longer and more tortuous course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on that side [12]. Ko et al. study reported nearly 68% paralysis on the left side [21] and Srirompotong et al. study reported 73% paralysis on the left side [22]. In the study done at Gartnavel General Hospital-Scotland to identify the etiology of unilateral vocal fold paralysis between 1997 to 2001, out of 77 patients 83% had vocal fold paralysis on the left side and only 17% had right vocal fold paralysis [23].
In the present study, most of the patients with unilateral vocal cord palsy presented with the complaint of hoarseness of voice at 80.0 %. An Indian study by Gupta et al [24] showed hoarseness of voice in 98.21 % of cases. In the present study, symptoms include hoarseness of voice (most common), weakness of voice, difficulty in swallowing, and cough and aspiration. In another study order of symptoms include hoarseness of voice (most common), respiratory problems like difficulty in breathing, cough, aspiration, dysphagia, and dysphonia [25]. The universal presenting symptom, hoarseness of voice, was due to vocal cord paralysis while other symptoms were related to the underlying disease process. Similar observations were made by Swift and Jorger [26].
The etiological factors for vocal cord paralysis could be grouped as idiopathic, neoplastic, neurological, central, cardiac, postsurgical trauma, post-intubation, and inflammatory. In the present study, the commonest group was idiopathic (34.0%) which is consistent with those of Cunning [12] (31%). Though the incidence of idiopathic vocal cord palsies has reduced with improving imaging and fiberoptic endoscopy, it remains the most 38 common etiologies in the present series. A study conducted in Government Medical College Srinagar from November 1998 to January 2000 showed the commonest group was idiopathic (38.18%) [27].
In the present series, postsurgical trauma is the commonest identifiable cause of vocal cord paralysis in 17 cases (22%), in that, post thyroid surgical trauma 4 cases; 2 cases of post-double valve replacement surgery, 1 case each of carotid endarterectomy (Figure 2), lung biopsy, mediastinal tumor excision, petroclival meningioma, and carotid tumor excision Studies state that the most popular causes of vocal cord palsy following surgery are thyroid, esophagus and heart surgeries [28, 29]. In our study also it is thyroidectomy followed by cardiac surgery. The incidence of post-thyroidectomy vocal cord paralysis has been reported in the range of 3.5–6.6%, in the present study it is 8%. In the study by Nerurkar et al [30], surgical trauma was the main cause of paralysis in 38(44.27 %) cases out of these 11 (28.95 %) cases were post thyroidectomy.
In the present study, neoplastic lesions accounted for 10(20%) cases, among which 4 cases are papillary carcinoma of the thyroid (Figure 3), lymphoma neck 2 cases, one case of carcinoma breast metastasis, carcinoma lung, carcinoma esophagus, oat cell carcinoma. A study conducted in the Department of ENT, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun, India showed the most common cause of unilateral vocal cord palsy is neoplastic (34.82%) [24]. In neoplastic cases, vocal cord paralysis can occur either by direct involvement of recurrent laryngeal nerve by the malignant disease or by the involvement of the nerve by secondaries to the lymph nodes of mediastinum and neck In the present series following neoplastic, next common cause is central (7 cases), in that 3 cases of cerebrovascular accident, 2 cases of road traffic accident and one of a case of Jugular foramen syndrome and transient ischemic attack.
Other causes were 2 cases of Ortner's syndrome (cardiac cause), 1 case of Parkinson's disease (neurological), 1 case of granulomatous disorder with mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and 1 case of post-intubation vocal cord palsy.
Studies state incidence of intubation-related vocal cord palsy is 0.2% [31]. In the present study, it is 2 %. Risk factors in these cases include the size of the endotracheal tube, cuff pressure, duration of intubation, hypotension during surgery, neck in prolonged hyperextension position, the patient being a smoker, and associated comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension [32]. There is a three-fold rise in vocal cord palsy in patients being intubated after the age of 50 years, a two-fold rise in patients with hypertension and diabetes, and a 15-fold rise if the ventilator support is for more than 6 hours [33]. Over-extension of the neck during intubation can cause stretching of both vagus nerves. The endotracheal tube's cuff compresses the anterior branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve between the endotracheal tube and thyroid cartilage, causing degeneration and paralysis by compromising microcirculation and causing ischemic degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Lack of intermittent deflation of the cuff can cause pressure neurapraxia leading to vocal cord palsy [34].
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results from a decline in the release of dopamine within the striatal tracts of the basal ganglia. This leading cause of disability affects approximately one million Americans; PD symptoms include bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, tremor, and postural instability. Most patients with PD also have voice problems characterized by vocal tremors, decreased volume, and hoarseness. This study includes 1 case of Parkinson's disease associated with right-side vocal cord palsy.
Figure 2: (a) Diagnostic laryngoscopy picture showing right vocal cord palsy, (b) picture showing post endarterectomy scar.
Figure 3: (a) Video laryngoscopic picture of papillary carcinoma of thyroid, (b, c) CT scan images show enlargement of the left lobe of the thyroid and enlarged hilar lymph nodes.
The present study is based on limited sample size and therefore it is inadequate to provide conclusive data. The tertiary center does not precisely reflect the disease profile of the community.
Vocal cord palsy has got capricious etiologies. Idiopathic causes predominated even now in the present-day scenario. A case of unilateral vocal cord palsy should be labeled idiopathic only after the exclusion of all possible causative factors by thorough clinical, endoscopic, and radiological evaluation. Our study showed that thorough evaluation and investigation of cases with unilateral vocal cord palsy unveils interesting and sometimes rare and probably life-threatening underlying pathologies, which could be treated or managed appropriately.
Authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Wolves' victory against Tottenham at Wembley ended Spurs title charge, Alan Shearer claimed.
Nuno Espirito Santo's troops ran out comfortable 3-1 winners in December and that was enough to end any hopes of the title going to London.
Shearer suggested that Spurs CAN still win the title despite remaining five points off the top after both Liverpool and Manchester City won on an exciting weekend of Premier League action.
Shearer said: "When Spurs lost to Wolves at Wembley over Christmas, I did think that was their title chance gone, as you just can't lose that many games and still be in the hunt.


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Berkeley Lab researchers discover possible method to reduce cost of biofuels
Irina Silva, JBEI-LBNL/Courtesy
By Alex Fang | Staff
Berkeley Lab researchers create new light-harvesting photosynthesis simulation
UC Berkeley researchers develop alternative jet fuel made from sugarcane biomass
UC Berkeley cancer researchers discover promising target molecule
Scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have found that the inhibition of an enzyme can reduce a substance that forms plant cell walls, potentially resulting in cheaper biofuels.
Aymerick Eudes, one of the researchers, and Dominique Loque, the director of Cell Wall Engineering at the Joint BioEnergy Institute, or JBEI, led a team of scientists that found that the enzyme HCT could be inhibited in order to reduce lignin, a substance that is responsible for both the formation of cell walls and the health of plants.
Lignin must be broken down in a pretreatment process in order to convert plants to biofuels — fuels that come from biological matter — which can be used to power cars. This process, however, is expensive, so scientists have attempted to reduce the amount of lignin in plants in order to reduce costs.
To do this, the scientists added molecules to certain parts of the plant, which inhibited the enzyme. This was possible due to the enzyme's ability to bind with many different molecules.
Consequently, scientists can choose where in the plant to reduce lignin, which is beneficial because certain parts of the plant, such as vessels that conduct water, need lignin to function effectively and keep the plant healthy.
Maintaining the health of the plants is important to the production of biofuels because healthy plants generate more biomass from which sugars that produce biofuel come.
Tests based on this research have shown that lignin can be reduced by 30 percent while sugar release has improved by 25 percent, both of which are quite significant improvements, according to Eudes.
The reduction in lignin makes the biomass pretreatment process cheaper, and the higher sugar release will also reduce the cost of raw sugars. If this research were implemented in the biofuel industry, biofuel costs would go down, and biofuels would become more sustainable.
According to Blake Simmons, chief science and technology officer at JBEI, lignin "is a very 'hot' area of research" for bioenergy, and the Berkeley Lab team ought to be considered pioneers in its field for developing the new approach.
Eudes noted that the implementation of the technology in the industry will not be immediate because the plants modified in the process would be considered GMOs, and therefore will require many time-consuming regulatory tests.
Gerald Tuskan, corporate fellow at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory who conducts research on cell wall chemistry, explained that the new approach is an important breakthrough in the field of biofuel and lignin research but expressed doubt regarding whether it could be turned into a commercial biofuel product.
"I believe it will be a part of the solution, but by itself will not be the sole answer to the problem," Tuskan said.
Contact Alex Fang at [email protected] and follow him on Twitter at Aymerick Eudes, Blake Simmons, Dominique Loque, Gerald Tuskan, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

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Here's What You Should Know About Marvel's Sprite
By Jordan Baranowski/Updated: Jan. 11, 2021 4:25 pm EST
Marvel has definitively proven that they can turn even the most obscure characters into box office gold. Just look at Guardians of the Galaxy: Before James Gunn's film rocketed the team to mainstream popularity, Star-Lord, Groot, Gamora, and the rest of the team were essentially nobodies in the world of comics. The MCU's next attempt at the same trick comes with Eternals. Starring such luminaries as Angelina Jolie, Kumail Nanjiani, Richard Madden, Salma Hayek, and Kit Harrington, the film promises to bring even more cosmic shenanigans into the MCU. The instigator of many of those shenanigans is bound to be Sprite, an Eternal with a unique set of skills and a wild history on the page.
In preparation for Eternals, we're taking a look at the youthful Sprite. What we can expect from the trickster in this film, based on his comic adventures? Mayhem, mischief, and maybe a bit of reality alteration — and that's just for starters.
Sprite's first appearance
The Eternals first appeared in their own comic series back in 1976. A cosmic race of extremely powerful beings, the Eternals were created by the Celestials, a group of massive, nigh-divine entities who travel the universe, tinkering with sentient life. The Eternals have been on Earth for thousands of years — some have even entered humanity's legends and fables, due to their tremendous powers.
Sprite stands out from the rest of the Eternals because of his appearance. Most of the Eternals are tall and beautiful adults — Sprite, on the other hand, resembles a young boy. This is a major point of contention between Sprite and his Eternal siblings: Despite looking like a child, he is thousands of years old. To be fair to the other Eternals, they can't help but treat him like a child much of the time, as he insists upon acting like one.
Sprite is a central character of Neil Gaiman's run of The Eternals in the mid-2000s. Judging by some of the information that has come out about Eternals' casting, it appears the MCU version of the character may be taking some cues from Gaiman's run.
The power of the Eternals
Saving that a character in the MCU is "powerful" can mean a lot of things. Do we mean Hawkeye powerful, or do we mean the-literal-god-of-thunder powerful? The answer lies a lot closer to the latter in the case of the Eternals.
The Eternals specialize in different areas, but they all boast a baseline set of powers that pretty much make them gods. They are essentially immune to damage, aging, and disease. They can also be resurrected if they are somehow killed. They have the power to manipulate things on a molecular level, meaning the sky's the limit for many of their abilities. As if that's not enough, they can fly, teleport, lift thousands of pounds, blast energy from their hands and eyes, and levitate objects as they see fit.
Essentially, any one of the Eternals would be a formidable force, even for a group like the Avengers or the Guardians of the Galaxy. When they're all together and working towards the same goal, there is little in the universe that can stand in their way. However, they don't always see eye to eye — and therein lies their group weakness.
The eternal child
Sprite boasts all the baked-in powers of the Eternals, from energy manipulation to virtual immortality. Like so many of his kin, he has chosen to develop particular areas of skill: Powers of illusion and molecular manipulation are his domain. Though all Eternals have these powers to some degree, Sprite is an undisputed master, second only to Sersi in the area of matter manipulation. But simply saying that Sprite's talents lie in creating illusions doesn't do real justice to his powers: Sprite's illusions are so powerful and so convincing that he changes reality as his target knows it. The visions he creates are utterly indistinguishable from the real thing, affecting all five senses. His powers are also every bit as effective on his own kind, and can even affect memory.
Unlike the other Eternals, Sprite's biggest flaw comes from the fact that he is an eternal child, trapped roughly at 11 years old. He is often left out or ignored by the others of his race, making him prone to pouting and lashing out. He often uses his illusory powers to take revenge when he is treated unfairly — and really, can you blame him? You try being stuck as your tween self forever.
Sprite on the screen
Sprite's first live-action appearance will arrive in Eternals, but the character has actually already shown up in a Marvel film — albeit not an MCU one. The Eternals appear in the animated movie Marvel Knights: Eternals, where Sprite is voiced by Sam Vincent. Vincent is a prolific voice actor who you've probably heard in lots of things, including My Little Pony and The Dragon Prince.
That said, most people are interested in the MCU version of the character. 2021's Eternals will see Sprite played by Lia McHugh. Interestingly, Eternals' Sprite will be a young girl in the world of the MCU — though, given the Eternals' penchant for manipulating molecular structures, the idea of gender being a bit more fluid for them makes a lot of sense. If we do a little detective work based off of the casting notes, McHugh will be playing a snappy version of Sprite who is "wise beyond her years." This character is named Piper in the casting notes, likely to keep movie details under wraps, but perhaps that'll be an alias Sprite uses among humanity.
Sprite will be in good hands with McHugh: She's already shown impressive acting chops in films like The Lodge and on the television series American Woman.
Literary ties
If the concept of Sprite as an eternally youthful prankster sounds familiar, it should. Past writers for The Eternals have actually played with that idea, canonically making Sprite the inspiration for a number of wildly powerful literary characters.
The first name you think of when you think "eternal child" is probably Peter Pan. Peter Pan's creator, J.M. Barrie, actually appears early on in Neil Gaiman's run on The Eternals: Sprite actually appears in front of the writer in the year 1901, providing him with the inspiration he needs for the boy who never grows up. It's fitting that Sprite is swapping genders in the MCU version of Eternals, as productions of Peter Pan, especially those on the stage, have traditionally featured a woman in the starring role, to capture Pan's boyish appearance and voice.
Another famous character that Sprite inspired in Marvel continuity is Puck, the fairy trickster of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. Sprite appears to Shakespeare just as he does to Barrie, inspiring the bard to write one of his most famous characters.
Rewriting reality and becoming a child star
Albert L. Ortega/Getty Images
Sprite has often been a bit of a secondary character when it comes to the Eternals, but he has had one very impressive run where he gets to be the star of the show — literally. This distinction arrives very early on in Neil Gaiman's run on the comic, when Sprite essentially rewrites reality using the combined power of the Eternals and a being called the Dreaming Celestial.
Having grown tired of eternal childhood, Sprite uses his amplified powers to make all the Eternals human. He himself becomes a human kid named Colin, starring in the wildly popular television series, It's Just So Sprite. Eventually, the latent power of the other Eternals starts jogging their memories, and Sprite tries to lure them together to essentially repeat the same trick. It fails, and the Eternals are able to recover their abilities and return reality to normal.
Supporting the Superhuman Registration Act
Captain America: Civil War brings one of Marvel Comics' most explosive storylines to the big screen. Certain details are changed to make it fit the movies better, but the idea remains: Heroes picking sides over whether or not the government should have a say in their activities.
In the comics, Sprite actually plays a large role in these proceedings, albeit from the sidelines. Sprite is a vocal proponent of the Superhuman Registration Act, advocating for any individual with powers to register with the government and make their alter-ego common knowledge. This might not sound like a big deal, but this happens during the time that Sprite is operating as Colin, the child actor with a massive audience. Granted, Sprite is likely only in favor of the SRA because it would allow him to better keep an eye on things, vis-a-vis his reality manipulation.
Invited his own execution
Eternals can actually be killed, though it takes an enormous effort to do so. Reviving them, however, only takes a trip to the Reactivation Chamber. Thus, the Eternals almost always come back after their mortal engagements ... except, apparently, Sprite.
Eventually, Sprite's manipulation of reality, as chronicled in the Neil Gaiman run, is revealed. Sprite attempts to outrun his punishment, but there's no stopping Eternal justice. Zuras, one of the oldest and most powerful Eternals, catches up with him eventually. Sprite isn't terribly apologetic over what he's done — he got what he wanted, after all. Quietly, he allows Zuras to snap his mortal neck.
Knowing comics, Sprite will eventually hit the Reactivation Chamber to cause more mischief. Until then, however, we'll have to settle for Sprite in the MCU, because there's been no sign of the trickster since this particular demise. Thus, the fans must wait ... something Sprite, forever a child, has gotten very good at.


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Siomón Brecc (le tacheté ou l'orné ), fils d' Áedan Glas, fils de Nuadu Finn Fáil, est selon les légendes médiévales et la tradition pseudo historique irlandaise un  Ard ri Erenn.

Règne
Siomón  prend le pouvoir après avoir tué le précédent Ard ri Erenn, Sétna Innarraid, et règne 6 ans avant d'être tué par Dui Finn le fils de Sétna.

Le Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronise son règne avec celui de  Xerxès  (485–465 av. J.-C. ). La chronologie de Geoffrey Keating Foras Feasa ar Éirinn date son règne  entre 685-679 av. J.-C. , et les Annales des quatre maîtres de 910-904 av. J.-C. .

Son fils  Muiredach Bolgrach sera à son tour Ard ri Erenn.

Notes et références

Source
, édition du 8 avril 2012.

Milesiens Ard ri (roi suprême d'Irlande)
Mythologie celtique irlandaise

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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С большой дороги — дебютный студийный альбом русскоязычно-немецкого рэп-исполнителя Schokk'a. Выдержан в жанре хип-хопа и был выпущен 15 сентября 2011 года на лейбле «Vagabund».

История создания
Еще до альбома Schokk произвел переворот в массовом сознании, поменяв вектор развития жанра на годы вперед: сделав диссы и оскорбления оппонента социально-приемлимой частью русского рэпа. В 2011 году Schokk, рэпер Oxxxymiron и продюсер Иван Ленин создали лейбл Vagabund ( — скиталец). Осенью того же года, в один день, вышли альбомы «Вечный жид» Оксимирона и «С большой дороги». Дебютный альбом Schokk'а заметно отличается от его прошлого творчества: знакомый с его ранним творчеством слушатель может отметить насколько вырос исполнитель со времен самопальных микстейпов. В альбоме затрагиваются темы как: уличная философия и воровской закон. 18 июня состоялся первый релиз лейбла Vagabund — интернет-сингл «То густо, то пусто», состоящий из 4 песен, считая 2 ремикса. 15 сентября под лейблом Vagabund состоялись релизы альбомов «С большой дороги» Schokk'а и «Вечный жид» Oxxxymiron'а.

Список композиций

Примечания


Stacey joined Plummer Parsons in April 2012. Previously she was working as an assistant account in the construction industry for several years.
Stacey works within Neville Beckhurst's team. Included in her role is the production of monthly management accounts & various preparation of various financial statements.
Stacey studied the AAT qualification at Sussex Downs College and graduated in 2009 as a full AAT member.
After a short break, she went onto studying for the ACCA qualification in December 2010.
She became ACCA part qualified in February 14 and became fully qualified late 2015.
Stacey lives in Eastbourne with her husband and son. In her spare time she enjoys socialising with her friends, jogging and DIY.


A signature series for two time 1A World Champion Hiroyuki Suzuki. Modeled after the Speeder, this yo-yo is great to learn everything from the most basic tricks to the ridiculously advanced. Since the Speedmaker yoyo is made of all plastic, it costs less! It's a great deal on a very high performance yoyo, and you should buy it. Even better, it's tough Celcon plastic that is suitable for grinding types of tricks.
Hybrid Yo-Ring Response system, which is an outstanding system that wakes up the yoyo from spinning.
Take-apart design, which means that you can easily change worn and knotted yoyo strings.
Large YoYoJam bearing, for long spin times and terrific yoyo trick ability.
Adjustable Gap, which means that you can adjust how the yoyo responds when you pull on the string.


text:
Achterbahn is een stalen aangedreven achtbaan in het Duitse Wunderland Kalkar. De achtbaan is van de constructeur Intamin AG en is de enige achtbaan van het park.

Achtbaan in Duitsland
Attractie van Intamin AG


Raika builds upon the standard three-ring binder format with this stylish leather portfolio that contains a 1.25" ring capacity, generous pocket space and writing pad. Available in a variety of leather styles and colors.
Cover dimensions: approx. 10.25" x 11.5"


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affecting the family's ability to sustain this support. NIA funding any research on families, intergenerational relationships, and women's roles?
Answer. For people of all ages, few relationships are as important to individuals as the social, emotional, and economic ties linking family members. Research supported by the NIA can be illustrated by four types of studies, as follows:
o Family Life, Well-Being, and Abuse. Despite all the changes often described as "weakening" the family, many studies demonstrate that kinship solidarity has certainly not altogether disappeared. For example, sibling relationships are important ties that extend into older ages and are an alternate source of assistance for childless older people. On the whole, older people are themselves active participants in the kinship network: late into old age, parents contribute money and resources to adult children. Even divorce has some positive consequences. Where couples in the middle generation are divorced, the relationship between maternal grandparents and grandchildren becomes deeper and stronger, although relationships on the paternal side become weaker. At the same time, research also examines family conflict, since mistreatment and exploitation of one generation by another are growing national and research concerns. One of the few NIAsupported studies of elder abuse prevalence estimated an overall maltreatment rate of 32 elderly persons per 1000. Family violence is a neglected research area in aging, and NIA has developed new initiatives to increase studies of the causes and possible treatment of elder abuse.
o Family Caregiving and Intergenerational Exchange. Families are the preferred source of long term care for frail elders. For program planning purposes at the community level it is important to better understand caregiving roles of different family members. -1.e., daughters, sons, etc. Women, often adult daughters, are the primary family caregivers. Studies of the burdens of family caregiving include development of interventions to alleviate caregiver strain. Given suitable community supports, family members can find their responsibilities rewarding. For example, a majority of adult daughters caring for their widowed mothers reported that the caregiving relationship positively affected the mother-daughter bonds. To explore societal-level intergenerational exchanges, the NIA continues to support several studies under the 1989 RFA on Intergenerational Relationships which use national data to examine such exchanges. Commanding additional attention is the question whether interventions to increase provision of community services will reduce the help currently provided by family caregivers, since possible "substitution" is a major consideration in forming public policy.
o Changing Women's Roles. As women have been entering the labor force in dramatically increasing numbers, they are contributing to the economic security of family members of all ages. However, this trend raises critical questions as to their availability--and indeed their own stamina--as family caretakers. Some women in the middle generation, if employed, are vulnerable to the strains of balancing competing responsibilities for child care, career, family life, and care of aging parents. One recent longitudinal study has shown a certain longevity advantage for
working women compared with those not working outside the home; but serious issues of the health consequences of combining paid work and family care remain to be studied. Several studies have postulated emergent changes in the traditional patterns of caretaking, so that men might share more equally with women in personal care for older family members. However, most findings confirm that men remain more limited in their caretaking responsibilities than women. As these changes continue, they require regular tracking through research that can specify the implications for the support needs of older Americans.
o Family Life and Minority Aging. NIA-supported research on African Americans suggests that the extended family (sisters, aunts, cousins) and non-relatives provide considerable support for older Blacks. Older Black women contribute significantly to their families, and to the extended community, by caring for children in the absence or worktime of the mothers, many of whom are single. The families of minority older people are also changing. An NIAsupported study showed that three-generational relationships were complicated by language differences because English-speaking grandchildren had difficulty communicating with their Spanishspeaking grandparents. Among Asian elders, clear differences have been found between Koreans and Chinese in preferences and expectations for family care. Research on such differences is critical for optimal program planning at the community level.
o Future Directions. The research currently supported points to significant unanswered questions about family life for older people. Issues of generational equity necessitate increased national-level studies, while concerns for continued family solidarity and conflict are important for individual well-being. The rapid changes in women's roles as well as family structure are related to ability to plan for the long term care of frail elders.
HEALTH, BEHAVIOR, AND INDEPENDENCE
Question. The Senate has directed NIH to expand its research on health and behavior. This committee directed NIA to expand its research to "1) gain a better understanding of how older Americans and their families cope with life stress, chronic conditions and disabilities; 2) study how social circumstances, ethnicity, gender and age alter health risks; and 3) develop and test interventions that improve the health and independent functioning of older adults." How is NIA responding to this directive, and are there any barriers to implementing an expanded program of research on these important issues?
Answer. Medical care alone will not eliminate the devastating impact of chronic illness and disabilities faced by many older people and their families. Behavioral and social factors play a major role in health and well-being. NIA has developed a focused research agenda to understand the interrelationships of health and behavior in the middle and later years. In addition, although much dependence is related to chronic diseases which are not yet completely curable or preventible, research has identified many possibilities for improving the independence of older persons.
o Coping with Chronic Conditions and Disabilities. NIA research includes studies of how factors such as health practices, sense of personal control, and coping styles mediate the consequences of general dependency as well as specific conditions (e.g. cancer, arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease). Also investigated are the interrelationship of individual characteristics with social circumstances including economic status, social support, and living environments. Because families are the primary caregivers for older people, special attention is given to research on family and intergenerational relationships.
o Social Influences on Health Risk. NIA places specific emphasis on studies of ethnic and cultural variations in health behaviors. Also highlighted are other populations such as women, the oldest old, and rural older people which are believed to have unique health needs and behavior patterns. For example, one NIA study identified differences among Black, Hispanic, and nonminority older people in their use of health care services. Another study is examining social aspects of the menopause and consequences for health care use. Three specialized centers on rural aging research have been established.
o Psychosocial Interventions. Social and behavioral research points to interventions that can improve the health and functioning of older individuals. Currently supported intervention studies include behavioral treatments for urinary incontinence, clinical trials for injury prevention, innovations in health care delivery such as special care units for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, psychosocial approaches to relieve the burdens of caregiving, and cognitive training programs to enable older people to maintain their driving skills.
o Future Directions on Health and Behavior. Specific NIA initiatives have been developed to address the critical need for intensified research efforts. These include plans for stimulating additional research on appropriate self-care behaviors for older people, health behavior research on cancer, injuries, and AIDS prevention, family relationships including elder abuse, aging and new models of health care, gender differences in health and longevity, minority aging and family life, human factors research, and changing ageist attitudes and behaviors.
o Claude D. Pepper older Americans Independence Centers. To address the problems of physical frailty, in 1990 Congress authorized establishment of at least ten Centers, in which testing interventions to maintain or increase independence of older persons is a central, required component. Other key aspects of the Centers include career development of new investigators to test further interventions to increase independence, and information dissemination to translate research results of the Centers into health care practice. Four awards are expected to be made in FY 1991; at least ten applications are expected to be of very high quality.
o Interventions to Reduce Physical Frailty. As noted in NIA's first annual report to the Committee on this topic, physical frailty (impairments in physical abilities needed to live independently) is a major cause of long-term care needs, afflicting over 3.25 million older Americans. Increasingly, we
are learning that people are never too old to prevent or reduce frailty: NIA is supporting tests of ways to improve strength and prevent disabling falls through its Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques (FICSIT) program. NIA will begin testing interventions which could prevent osteoporotic hip fractures under the Sites Testing Osteoporosis Prevention/Intervention Treatments (STOP/IT) program in FY 1991, but resources will not permit tests of all promising interventions. In FY 1991, NIA will also initiate research on special problems of frailty among minorities. Other promising directions need study, such as use of growth hormone and other trophic factors against degenerative diseases, reduction of disability from cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis, prevention of automobile driving disabilities, and behavioral factors in maintaining fitness in the older population. Current support for these research directions is now far outweighed by opportunity as reflected by the numbers of excellent unfunded grant applications.
An information clearinghouse on fitness and independence for older Americans would give the public better access to information about ways to prevent or reduce physical frailty and disability.
QUESTIONS SUBMITTTED BY SENATOR ARLEN SPECTER
GERIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY
Question. Dr. Williams, a number of Congressional hearings have highlighted severe health problems which have been associated with inappropriate drug prescriptions for older persons. Has the Institute examined the nature and extent of this problem? In your judgment, what needs to be done to seriously address this problem?
Answer. A panel convened by NIA and the Institute of Medicine reviewed data confirming that inappropriate drug prescribing for older persons often causes serious health problems. Adverse drug effects contribute to one in eight hospitalizations of older persons (over one million per year) costing at least $3 billion annually. Nonhospital costs from adverse medication effects are also very large.
One key step needed to address this problem is improvement in drug prescribing for older persons. An NIA-supported study conducted in Nashville illustrates the dramatic potential of this approach. It showed that use of some tranquilizers, but not others, was associated with higher rates of falling leading to hip fractures in older persons. This information could be translated directly into better drug prescribing. As one of their funded activities, NIA's Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Centers will support education and information transfer projects targeted towards public as well as professional audiences. Information transfer related to better drug prescribing for older persons, including more effective avoidance of drug interactions, would be within the scope of such activities. Furthermore, the establishment of an NIA Information Clearinghouse on Fitness and Independence for older Americans could serve such a function at the national level. Better dissemination to prescribing
physicians of existing knowledge of medication effects in older persons would help reduce this problem.
However, more information on geriatric pharmacology is also critically needed. For fiscal year 1991, NIA issued a Request for Applications on geriatric pharmacology, aimed at better medication use for older persons. NIA received 114 applications and was able to fund 12 of these projects, including two clinical trials of techniques to improve drug prescribing, and several studies aimed at improving current drug therapy and identifying adverse effects.
Though these projects are a significant beginning, the current extent of research only addresses a small fraction of undiscovered drug effects and interactions in older persons.
We also need research-based guidelines for the withdrawal of medications from older persons, so that only those medications required are continued. Since multiple medication use is so common among older persons, expanded efforts in these areas are needed.
Perhaps even more fundamentally, we need better medicines which will not have the adverse effects of many drugs currently used for health problems of older persons. Treatments which could correct underlying age-related debilitating conditions rather than merely their symptoms could increase benefit and lessen risk.
A particularly promising prospect is the use of trophic factors such as growth hormone. Trophic factors are hormones and other factors in the body which promote growth or maintenance of tissues. Interest is rapidly increasing in their potential to arrest or reverse degenerative changes in bone, muscle, nerves, and cartilage which lead to frailty and dependence. A recent short-term study in Chicago and Milwaukee, showing that growth hormone reverses such changes in certain older subjects who have low levels in their blood, raised the issue of a "fountain of youth" in the more sensational press. While growth hormone is clearly no such panacea, and much more testing is needed to determine its clinical value and safety, the excitement over this study captures trophic factors' great potential for fundamental progress against degenerative conditions long considered inevitable with advancing age. Possibilities for additional research are rapidly expanding and need to be pursued, particularly because clinical tests as well as laboratory studies are now feasible.


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Joseph Gabet CM (geb. 4. Dezember 1808 in Nevy-sur-Seille, Frankreich; gest. 3. März 1853 in Rio de Janeiro) war ein französischer Reisender und Tibetologe, römisch-katholischer Ordenspriester und Missionar des Lazaristenordens. Er ist bekannt für die Beschreibungen seiner Reisen durch China, die Mongolei und Tibet, die er gemeinsam mit seinem Reisegefährten Évariste Régis Huc (1813–1860) verfasste. Einen besonderen Platz im Werk des Entdeckers nehmen seine Beschreibungen Tibets ein.

Leben

Gabet erhielt am 27. Oktober 1833 die Priesterweihe. Am 22. Februar 1834 trat er in den Lazaristenorden ein. Ein Jahr später, am 21. März 1835, reiste er von Le Havre über Batavia und Surabaya nach China, wo er am 29. August in Macau eintraf. Ein Jahr später, am 15. August 1836, brach er zu einer Reise in die Mongolei auf, in die Region Heishui, wo er im März 1837 ankam. Hier leisteten er und Huc als buddhistische Lamas getarnt im Rahmen kleinerer Missionen geheime Missionsarbeit. Huc war 1839 zum Priester geweiht worden. Im Sommer 1844 brachen Gabet und Huc auf, um Tibet zu erkunden, und erreichten nach einem längeren Aufenthalt im Kloster Kumbum als erste Europäer nach Thomas Manning Lhasa.

Im Jahr 1846 kehrten sie nach Macau und dann nach Europa zurück. Die beiden Reisenden fanden in der Öffentlichkeit große Beachtung, und ihr Buch wurde bald in mehreren Sprachen veröffentlicht.

Das Werk wurde in Rom und auch von den Mitbrüdern der Missionare schlecht aufgenommen. Das Apostolische Vikariat der Mandschurei, dem er vor Ort hierarchisch unterstellt war, erreichte 1850, dass es in Rom von der Kongregation De Propaganda Fide verurteilt wurde. Die von ihm vertretenen Ideen der Inkulturation des Christentum blieben bis ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein toter Buchstabe und wurden mit größerem Erfolg von Pater Vincent Lebbe (1877–1940) aufgegriffen.

Im Jahr 1849 ging Gabet nach Brasilien, wo er den Lazaristenorden verließ. Joseph Gabet, der bereits ein erfahrener Missionar war, verglich Brasilien mit der Mongolei und China und war besonders von der Anwesenheit afrikanischer Sklaven beeindruckt.

1853 starb Gabet in Rio de Janeiro.

Publikationen
 Joseph Gabet, Rapports sur la Mission en Tartarie, Mongolie, Tibet, 1842, 1847. Annales de la propagation de la foi; volume 19, 1847; volume 20, 1848.
 Joseph Gabet, Coup d'œil sur l'état des missions de Chine présenté au Saint-Père le pape Pie IX, Poissy, 1848, réédition Valmonde 1999 avec un avant-propos de Simon Leys, ISBN 2-86401-092-5
 Joseph Gabet, Évariste Huc, Lettres de Chine et d'ailleurs : 1835–1860, édition établie par Jacqueline Thevenet, Les Indes savantes, Paris, 2005, ISBN 978-2-84654-084-1
 Wanderungen durch die Mongolei nach Thibet zur Hauptstadt des Tale Lama. Von [Evariste Régis] Huc und [Joseph] Gabet. In deutscher Bearbeitung hrsg. von Karl Andree. Leipzig : Verlagsbuchhandlung von Carl B. Lorck (Druck d. Ries`schen Buchdruckerei in Leipzig), 1855 (Hausbibliothek für Länder- und Völkerkunde) – Digitalisat (in anderer Auflage eines anderen Verlages)

Literatur
 Gerald H. Anderson: Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions. 1999, S. 233

Weblinks

 Joseph Gabet
 Bishop Emmanuel-Jean-François Verrolles, M.E.P.

Einzelnachweise und Fußnoten

Entdecker (19. Jahrhundert)
Asienforscher
Lazarist
Katholischer Missionar
Missionar (China)
Reiseliteratur
Person (Tibet)
Literatur (Französisch)
Franzose
Geboren 1808
Gestorben 1853
Mann


Historian Andrew Simpson goes for a stroll in Heaton Mersey, along the Didsbury Road of 1848, to see how the passage of time can erase the industrial blots on our landscape.
Historian Andrew Simpson goes for a stroll along the Didsbury Road of 1848 and sees how the passage of time can erase the industrial blots on our landscape.
Now, as daft as that might sound, it is possible to recreate such a walk using census returns, the OS map for the period and the tithe documents.
It's the tithe map in particular which has helped me with this imaginary stroll, past St John's and down to the bleach works. The map, based on a survey undertaken by Charles Crawley in 1848, details the ownership of the land; the tenants who worked it and the use to which it was put.
In total, the township of Heaton Mersey consisted of 2,108 acres, of which only 1,840 were subject to a tithe payment to the church. Of this 1,840 acres, 670 were farmed as arable and 980 were meadow and pasture, leaving 100 acres for buildings, 50 for roads and 40 for railways.
The map describes the size of each field and its rateable value, along with who owned or rented the properties spread out across the township. Armed with the map, I know that as I make my way east along the Didsbury Road of 1848, I'll pass by a mix of meadow and arable land with the odd little orchard. The Griffin is already there, but St John's church is being built.
And if I so choose, I can wander down the lane to the assorted bleach works.
The thing about industrial archaeology is that it can turn up in the most unexpected places and come as a total surprise to people living nearby. Sites employing hundreds of people, which once hummed with purpose and had a history stretching back centuries can vanish, leaving almost no trace.
They soon become all but forgotten and their rediscovery can be a revelation. What helps is to have someone in the know, and David Harrop is one of those people. On a recent expedition around Heaton Mersey he came across a mystery bell which may have belonged to the bleach works.
Today, standing beside the cottages of Park Row and Park View, it's hard to picture what must have been a noxious and noisy part of our industrial heritage. At the time of our walk, they were bleaching, dying and printing cloth: one of dozens of cotton processing and finishing plants along the banks of the Mersey. The river must have been lifeless and filthy with pollutants.
The river is cleaner nowadays: the fish have returned and the site of so much human activity has been reclaimed by nature.
There will be plenty who remember it as a going concern and some who may even have memories of working there, well into the twentieth century. All of which matters greatly; especially given the onward creep of new development. In time, the site will once again be occupied by new buildings, but the stories of those who worked at the former bleach works should be preserved.


A fabulous vintage 8 light Sputnik chandelier in brass and black by Maison Lunel, French circa 1950. Asymmetrical in shape with eight lights at varying lengths, four at 7.5" from center and four at 3.5" from center. Brass bars punctuated by black metal accents, with a black orb at the center, a black canopy, and black fixture mounts. Each mount has a frosted cut glass tulip bulb cover housing a 25 watt candelabra bulb.
See our available complementing black and brass Lunel sconces.
Condition: Good vintage condition. Some tarnishing on the brass and a few small spots of wear on the black paint, typical for its age and use. A simple brass canopy was added above the original black one. Recently rewired to US standards.


Dr. Tom and Kari Curran give updates on their adventures in parenthood and Lent. Kari shares insights from on her mission trip with Mary Grace in Swaziland. Tom talks about his solo parenting mission while Kari was away.
Dr. Tom Curran interviews Leila Miller to, co-author of the book Made This Way: How to Prepare Kids to Face Today's Tough Moral Issues. Miller talks about the 'natural' approach to teaching young kids about "where babies come from" and teaching teenagers about the misuse of human sexuality.
Dr. Tom and Kari Curran talk about the 'new normal' in the Curran home and their new form of parenting. Tom and Kari talk about homeschooling, attending Pentecostal youth group, seeing a therapist, and the protection of guardian angels.
Dr. Tom and Kari Curran share stories about their current challenge of parenting five teenagers, such as: sibling rivalry, sarcasm, and push-back. Tom contrasts their parenting principles from the first decade versus the second decade. Kari gives five 'must have' tips for organizing a successful family-bonding activity: fun, food, faith, fresh, and furtive.


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Recommended reading: Does Neuroscience need a Newton?
Neuroscience: it's complicated.
I personally think such a concept is impossible. Physics, math, these are simple, elegant fields. When it comes down to the very basics in physics and math, particles, if they behave in one way under certain conditions, will always behave that way. A mathematical formula that works once will always work again. At the basis of physics and math, there are unifying ideas and theories that will persist. There are basic principles. But neuroscience is not so elegant. There are basic principles, of course, but they cannot be scaled up. A neurotransmitter may always act on one type of receptor, but how much neurotransmitter is there? How many receptors? What neurons are the receptors on? How many? What types of neurons? Where do they go? Where do the neurons that those neurons contact go? Who do they contact before they get there? Have the receptors themselves been changed or desensitized or understimulated? Change one or a few of these variables, and it's simple. But change all of them. Every single time. For every single connection.
Exactly. And it's something I've always had stress in my interactions with friends and family or at work. It's not so simple. It's not like physics or math or even medicine. Our brains are very complicated machines. And with such machinery in such a small space, many things overlap and have double, triple and more duty.
For example, take feeding. The public and the industry want a magic bullet that will cure obesity. A pill that will keep you from overeating. But it's just not that simple. Eating is necessary for survival. And so the main goal of nearly every cell in your body is to ensure that you are taking in enough energy to survive. So even when neurobehavioral geneticists knock-out a gene related to eating, we continue to eat. Why? Because the system is redundant to ensure survival. The more you knock-out, the more will step up to replace it. Even such a basic behavior is not so simple. And that knockout work is just with animal models where psychology may play less of a role than in humans (we think way too much!).
But of course, catchy headlines bring in more readers… or for those in industry, more marketing buy-in… or for academia, more grants or publications. But as I wrote about in last week's The Problem with Pseudoscience, we are at risk of doing real damage to the belief in neuroscience as a real and trustworthy science.
Neuroscience is part biology, physiology, chemistry and psychology.
Status: It's complicated.
3 comments on "Recommended reading: Does Neuroscience need a Newton?"
jaksichja
You bring up excellent points, and I enjoyed reading your post.
In my own little perspective of the world, there are many times when I hope for a better culture and more humane approach to treating society's ills. Currently, I gather there are only a handful of ways in which fields of brain-science may be able to address them. Among them would be (?) the allied fields of therapy, pill-pushing by MD's, in vivo imaging, and post-mortem studies of the brain. Although none of the above mentioned, seems to be exact, Each time I hear of an advance or a significant finding–e.g Einstein's brain seemed to be rather different in "positive" manner, My spirit is buoyed to the extent that I know evolutionary processes may eventually save "us" from ourselves.
Through (?) unknown genetic processes, I believe we may be hard-wired to evolve to a more humane existence.
The thorny issues which you cite make me believe that in a "goodness" to humanity–and it might not always be quantified.
Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
I think the important thing is to think critically when reading any neuroscience news. And yes, hopefully things can only get better.
This entry was posted on December 3, 2012 by nerdoscientist and tagged media, neuroscience, newton.
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Edward James Olmos is in negotiations to play the villain in Baltasar Kormakur's "Two Guns" at Universal Pictures and Emmett/Furla Films.
Caleb Landry Jones ("X-Men: First Class") has been cast in the lead role in the John Boorman-directed "Broken Dream". The story is described as a love story that takes place in a futuristic world.
Maya Rudolph, Rob Corddry and Amanda Peet have been added to the cast of "The Descendants" scribes Nat Faxon and Jim Rash's comedic drama "The Way, Way Back" which starts filming Monday in Massachusetts.
Bruce Greenwood and Michael Gladis have joined the cast of Atom Egoyan's "The Devil's Knot" about the infamous Memphis Three murder case.
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HydroWorx to Attend Arab Health for Second Straight Year
Home > Blog > Aquatic Therapy > HydroWorx to Attend Arab Health for Second Straight Year
HydroWorx is proud to announce our return to the Pennsylvania Pavilion at Arab Health 2014 in Dubai, UAE this year.
About Arab Health:
The Kingdom of Dubai has grown to be a hotbed of economic, industrial and technological activity; as the center of Middle Eastern business activity, it's perfectly suited to host the Arab Health Show from January 27-30, 2014.
The Arab Health Exhibition & Congress is, by far, the largest healthcare exhibition in the Middle East and Asia, and the second largest in the world. Arab Health is viewed as a must-attend global event in the healthcare center. The Arab Health Congress grew by 12% in 2013 and saw an increase of more than 850 delegates over 2012, each taking part in one of 19 conferences held during the four-day show. Due to the increased interest in Arab Health, this year the conference will undergo an expansion of the exhibition with a new hall, which will include 450 new exhibitors.
What to expect for Arab Health 2014
More than 3,400 exhibitors from 64 countries.
With visitors from 153 different countries and almost 77% from The GCC and Middle East, Arab Health's international appeal continues to grow year on year.
37 country pavilions including new pavilions from Japan, Hong Kong, Argentina and Singapore.
90% of visitors selecting contracts for future business.
Learn more about the conference today!
HydroWorx can be found at the State of PA Trade Booth, Booth 2A 19 next week. Our HydroWorx representative will be available all four days of the show to discuss the many benefits of aquatic therapy and exercise.
We hope to meet you there!
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Join Steve Kemp, MSc, BSc, Elite Football Physiotherapist & Physiotherapist to the Senior England Men's Team at Perform at St. George's Park, for the webinar "The Use of Hydrotherapy for Early Progression of Rehabilitation Protocols." This webinar will take place on February 13, 2014 from 11:00am to 12:00pm EST. The webinar will give an overview of the criterion based rehabilitation philosophies used at Perform at St George's Park, and how hydrotherapy is used in the early phases of rehabilitation to challenge the athletes to stimulate improvements in neuromuscular control and progressively load. It will include videos of examples of these progressions and discuss how these link directly to some of the 'out of water' progressions in the rehabilitation.
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One comment on "HydroWorx to Attend Arab Health for Second Straight Year"
Elizabeth Yesudhas says:
Im from Dubai and would like to get more information on Hydroworks to be used in the wellness center.
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Headlines for Friday, July 31, 2015
Friday, July 31st, 2015, by Associated Press
July Tax Collections $3.7M Lower Than Expected
TOPEKA, Kan. (AP) — Kansas collected about $3.7 million less in taxes than it expected in July, largely because of lower-than-anticipated revenues from its newly increased sales tax. The state Department of Revenue reported Friday that the state collected $417.6 million in taxes, when officials projected $421.3 million. The shortfall is 0.9 percent. The report came a day after Governor Sam Brownback's budget director announced $63 million in adjustments to the state's $15.4 billion budget to lessen the chances of a deficit. Lawmakers last month increased sales and cigarette taxes as well. Sales tax collections were $189.1 million for the month, or $3.9 million less than expected. The shortfall was 2 percent. But the state's personal income tax collections were $3 million more than expected, at $153 million. The surplus was 2 percent.
Moody's View of Pension Bonds in Line with Kansas Rating
TOPEKA, Kan. (AP) — A major credit agency is rating $1 billion in bonds that Kansas hopes to sell to bolster its pension system for teachers and government works in line with the state's existing rating. Moody's Investors Service this week assigned a rating of Aa3 to the bonds, which the state hopes to sell next month. That's one notch below the Aa2 rating for Kansas and a standard decrease when a state's legislature must appropriate money for annual bond payments. The ratings agency also said its outlook for the bonds is stable. The state pension system expects to earn significantly more from investing the funds raised by the bonds than the state will pay to retire the debt over 30 years. The state is limited to paying 5 percent interest to bond investors.
Kansas Governor Shifts Money, Implements $63 Million in Budget Changes
TOPEKA, Kan. (AP) — Republican Governor Sam Brownback's administration has outlined nearly $63 million in adjustments to the current Kansas budget. The measures unveiled yesterday (THUR) take advantage of unanticipated federal funds, unused agency funds and lower-than-expected spending by state agencies to lessen the chances of a deficit next year. Brownback told The Associated Press in an exclusive interview that he is trying to ensure that Kansas residents don't see any effects on government services. Budget Director Shawn Sullivan announced the adjustments during a Thursday afternoon news conference. The biggest change is the addition of nearly $18 million in federal funds for health coverage for children during the fiscal year beginning this month. Sullivan said the federal government increased funding for such coverage in late June, allowing the state to reduce its own spending.
Kansas Won't Bar Singles as Foster Parents
TOPEKA, Kan. (AP) — A spokeswoman for the Kansas Department for Children and Families says it will not prevent single adults from serving as foster parents for abused and neglected children. Agency spokeswoman Theresa Freed said Friday that the department has never considered excluding single adults from being foster parents just because they are single. Freed first discussed the agency's position in an Associated Press interview. The department did not issue a public statement. Freed says the department isn't making any statement about its position on legally married same-sex couples serving together as foster parents. Before the U.S. Supreme Court last month legalized same-sex marriage, Kansas allowed gays and lesbians to serve as foster parents as single adults. Questions have arisen about the department's plans because it is reviewing foster care policies.
Finney County Disputes Immigrant Sanctuary Claim
GARDEN CITY, Kan. (AP) — Fearing the possible loss of Federal Emergency Management Agency funds, Finney county officials are challenging Kansas Congressman Kevin Yoder's assertion that their county is an immigrant sanctuary. The Garden City Telegram reports that under legislation being pushed by Yoder, states, cities and counties who limit their cooperation with the Department of Homeland Security on immigration matters would not be eligible for FEMA grants for one year. Finney County Sheriff Kevin Bascue insists his office does cooperate with federal officials but two recent court decisions addressing immigration detainers requests have left them legally unable to honor further holds. Finney County Administrator Randy Partington argues his county should not be penalized for following the law. Calls to the Department of Homeland Security and federal immigration officials were not returned.
80-Year-Old Accused of Threatening Animal Control Officers
HUTCHINSON, Kan. (AP) — An 80-year-old Kansas woman is accused of threatening animal control officers and firing a handgun as they were attempting to remove a dog from her property. The Hutchinson News reports the woman was arrested Wednesday evening on suspicion of disorderly conduct and other charges. Police say animal control officers were called to her rural Hutchinson home after a black Labrador bit a Reno County Area Transit driver. Sheriff's spokesman Darrian Campbell says the woman seemed OK with the dog being removed until the officers started tracking it with tranquilizer guns. Campbell says the woman went into her house and came out with a .22-caliber semi-automatic handgun, forcing the officers to take cover. He says the woman fired one round, but it's unclear if she was aiming at anyone.
Kansas Mother Accused of Trying to Poison Her 2 Daughters
TOPEKA, Kan. (AP) — A Kansas woman has been arrested on two counts of attempted murder after one of her daughters told police she was trying to poison the girl and her sister. Topeka police were called to a home at 4:30 pm Sunday, where a 14-year-old girl told investigators her mother was trying to poison her and her 9-year-old sister with prescription medication. The teen said her mother had been making comments about wanting to die. All three were taking to local hospitals for treatment and the children were placed into protective custody. The 43-year-old mom was booked into the Shawnee County Jail on Wednesday and was being held on $500,000 bond. Official charges hadn't been filed as of late Thursday afternoon. Police say the names of the juveniles aren't being released.
Kansas Inmates Accused Severely Beating Fellow Prisoner
HUTCHINSON, Kan. (AP) — Two Kansas inmates who are accused of nearly beating a fellow prisoner to death last year have appeared in court on the charges. The Hutchinson News reports that 31-year-old Juan Garza and 22-year-old Jerrod Green appeared Thursday on charges of aggravated battery or in the alternate attempted capital murder. He's also charged with conspiracy to commit aggravated battery or in the alternate conspiracy to commit attempted capital murder. A count in the alternate means a jury can convict the men of one or the other count, but not both. The two are accused in the June 12, 2014, beating of Miguel Garcia inside Hutchinson Correctional Facility. Assistant Reno County prosecutor Andrew Davidson says Garza and Green "beat up the guy real bad" in prison.
7 Kansas Communities Receive Airport Project Funding
TOPEKA, Kan. (AP) — The state is awarding seven communities funding for airport projects. The $3.8 million in awards announced Friday by the Kansas Department of Transportation include two funds for Quinter, which will receive a total of nearly $2 million to construct a new airport. Other funds from the Phase II Kansas Airport Improvement Program will go to Fort Scott, Hugoton, Independence, Minneapolis, Moline and Rose Hill. Transportation Secretary Mike King says Quinter's airport will fill a gap in airport services to rural Kansans. Quinter is a Gove County town of about 900 residents in western Kansas. The programs first phase awarded funds to 21 projects earlier this year. The state reserves $5 million annually for the program. The department said in a news release it received 118 applications for 2016.
Woman Killed by Train While Walking Down Railroad Tracks
WICHITA, Kan. (AP) — Wichita police say a woman is dead after being struck by a train while walking on railroad tracks with headphones on. Police spokesman Sergeant James Krock says he was told the unidentified woman never looked back or heard the train coming Friday morning. The Wichita Eagle reports the engineer of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe train called to report the woman was struck around 6:50 am. Krok says the woman was pronounced dead at the scene by an EMS crew. Police say the woman was walking with a man but had outdistanced him because she was walking much faster. Her name has not been released as police try to track down her relatives. Krok says she was staying in a house in Sedgwick County.
1 Man Arrested, Another at Large After Kansas Home Invasion
SOUTH HUTCHINSON, Kan. (AP) — One of two men suspected in a Kansas home invasion makes a first court appearance while the second suspect remains at large. The Hutchinson Post reports a 32-year-old Hutchinson man has been arrested on suspicion of aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery and battery for an incident that happened Friday morning. He has not been formally charged. South Hutchinson police were called to a home shortly after 7 am Friday and were told two men had forced their way inside and demanded money and valuables. The two victims said they fought with the intruders before one of the suspects left and came back with a handgun, firing twice but not hitting anyone. The suspects fled but an officer found and arrested one of them. The other suspect hasn't been located.
Trooper's Lawyer Makes Conflict Claim in Personnel Matter
KANSAS CITY, Mo. (AP) — A lawyer for a Missouri State Highway Patrol trooper, who criticized the agency after a handcuffed man fell from a patrol boat and drowned, said it's a conflict for state Attorney General Chris Koster to represent police in a personnel matter involving his client. The patrol said last month it was demoting Randy Henry to corporal. The Kansas City Star reports that he remains a sergeant pending his appeal. Koster is representing several patrol members in a lawsuit related to the drowning of Brandon Ellingson. Because Henry is a witness for the plaintiffs, attorney Chet Pleban claims Koster's office is "representing everybody who is at odds" with Henry. Pleban has filed a conflict-of interest motion to a patrol review board, which will recommend whether the discipline should stand. Koster's office has denied any conflict of interest.
Salina Man Gets 10 Years in Prison for Child Porn Possession
WICHITA, Kan. (AP) — A Salina man has been sentenced to 10 years in prison for possessing child pornography. According to a news release from U.S. Attorney Barry Grissom, 37-year-old Cory Dale McQuillan was sentenced on Wednesday. He had pleaded guilty to one count of possession of child pornography. Prosecutors say McQuillan admitted to receiving images of child pornography on his cell phone while he was on parole in 2013. Authorities also say they found child pornography on McQuillan's laptop.
Police: Man Arrested for Comments about Storming Courthouse
WICHITA, Kan. (AP) — A man has been arrested for allegedly threatening to storm the Sedgwick County Courthouse and kill law enforcement officers if a man on trial for murder was found guilty. Sheriff Jeff Easter said at a news conference yesterday (THUR) that the comments were part of an exchange on Facebook that discussed entering the courtroom while armed. Authorities say the comments were in reference to the trial of Kyler Carriker. Carriker was on trial for the 2013 shooting death of Ronald Betts during a marijuana deal. Carriker was found not guilty Thursday afternoon. Easter said several people reported the online comments to law enforcement and additional security was placed at the courthouse.
TriWest Healthcare Plans to Hire 500 People in Kansas City
KANSAS CITY, Mo. (AP) — An Arizona-based health care services company for the military plans to open a service center in Kansas City and hire 500 employees. TriWest Healthcare Alliance, based in Phoenix, said Friday the center opening September 8 is the company's first center and administrative office in the Midwest. The company has already hired 160 employees and plans to add 340 in August. The company administers programs in 28 states for the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. The Kansas City site will serve veterans from throughout the Midwest. The state Department of Economic Development says TriWest could get more than $2.4 million of incentives if it meets job creation and investment criteria. TriWest already has an administrative center in Fort Leonard Wood that helps with appointments at the local hospital.
Judge: Salina Teen's Statement Can Be Used at Trial
SALINA, Kan. (AP) — A Saline County judge has ruled that statements a teenager gave to investigators hours after her sister was killed can be admitted at trial. Judge Patrick Thompson ruled Wednesday that statements Sierra Niehaus made to four investigators over a period of nearly 15 hours will be allowed at her first-degree murder trial this fall. Niehaus, now 15, is charged as an adult with first-degree murder in the August 2014 stabbing death of her 13-year-old sister, Galazia, at their family's home in Saline County. The Salina Journal reports the judge ruled that statements then 14-year-old Niehaus gave to law enforcement in the hours after her younger sister was found stabbed to death were "freely and voluntarily given." The judge ruled earlier that Niehaus will be tried as an adult.
Man Pleads Not Guilty to Killing Twin, Sister-in-Law
WICHITA, Kan. (AP) — A Wichita man has pleaded not guilty to killing his twin brother and his sister-in-law. Luis Alvarado-Meraz is charged with capital murder in the January deaths of 24-year-old Manuel Alvarado-Meraz and 22-year-old Lucero Rodriguez. He is charged with two alternative counts of first-degree murder. Prosecutors say Luis Alvarado-Meraz fired 21 shots at the couple at an apartment the three of them shared in south Wichita. A trial was scheduled for October 13th. The Wichita Eagle reports Sedgwick County District Attorney Marc Bennett plans to seek a separate sentencing hearing if Alvarado-Meraz is convicted of capital murder. That preserves prosecutors' ability to ask for the death penalty.
Canoeists Set New Record in Paddling from Kansas to Missouri
ST. CHARLES, Mo. (AP) — Two Texas men have set a new record in a race by canoeing the Missouri River from Kansas City, Kansas, to St. Charles, Missouri, in 34 hours and 34 minutes. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch reports that Phil Bowden and Chris Issendorf won first place Wednesday in the 10th annual MR340 race. Over the next couple of days, hundreds of paddlers are expected to cross the finish line near Lewis and Clark Boat House and Nature Center in St. Charles. The 340-mile competition ends at midnight Friday. The two-man crew managed speeds of around 14 mph at times, and averaged nearly 10 miles per hour. A high, fast-moving river provided an extra push.


The USD Dollar rose for a second consecutive day on Wednesday. From a low of 92.85, its' index against a basket of major currencies had a steady and pretty much uninterrupted rise to a best level of 93.30 before closing in New York around 93.25 as stocks found some support Overnight today it has extended these gains to 98.40; the highest in just over a week. The USD at the moment remains unusually sensitive to movements in equity markets both at home and abroad, not least because there's been such a lack of volatility recently that only a very small decline in stock scan provoke a bout of jitters. The average daily move on the S+P 500 for the last three months has been barely 0.2%. To put this into perspective, the S+P 500 index on average has fallen by at least 5% on three or four occasions every year over the past decade. It would certainly be unusual to end the year with a drop; December has not been the weakest month of any year going all the way back to 1928. Markets usually approach the monthly US labor market report in a state of eager anticipation but it's hard to see anything – however dramatic – shifting the Fed from a 25bp hike next week. More of the same hasn't been a bad backdrop for the stock market in 2017 and equities need only to advance another 1% to be back at fresh all-time highs. The USD should continue to find support if stocks hold up.
The Canadian Dollar's strong run came to an abrupt end on Wednesday after the Bank of Canada's final monetary policy meeting of the year. Its review of incoming economic data noted they were, "in line with October's outlook, which was for growth to moderate while remaining above potential in the second half of 2017. Employment growth has been very strong and wages have shown some improvement, supporting robust consumer spending in the third quarter. Business investment continued to contribute to growth after a strong first half, and public infrastructure spending is becoming more evident in the data. Following exceptionally strong growth earlier in 2017, exports declined by more than was expected in the third quarter. However, the latest trade data support the MPR projection that export growth will resume as foreign demand strengthens. Housing has continued to moderate, as expected". There was nothing too troubling in that assessment. Instead, the CAD was hit by the line that, "While higher interest rates will likely be required over time, the Governing Council will continue to be cautious, guided by incoming data in assessing the economy's sensitivity to interest rates, the evolution of economic capacity, and the dynamics of both wage growth and inflation". After its recent strong run and with traders positioned for a hawkish BoC surprise which failed to materialize, the CAD fell sharply. USD/CAD rose from 1.2665 to nearly 1.2800. The Canadian Dollar has slipped a little further overnight and opens in North America this morning at USD1.2825 ahead of data on building permits and the purchasing managers' survey.
The pound has been much calmer overnight but still trades with a negative bias. In a Press Conference yesterday, Irish Prime Minister Leo Varadkar said that Theresa May had told him she would come back with fresh proposals late on Wednesday or Thursday. As the first of these deadlines slipped with no word from London, so nervous currency traders have marked down the value of the GBP. Michel Barnier, the EU's chief Brexit negotiator, has told member states that the British government has just 48 hours to agree a text on a potential deal or it will be told that negotiations will not move on to the next stage. A failure to move talks on in December would mean that the terms of a transition period could potentially only be discussed after the next European council summit of leaders in March, leaving businesses in the UK to face more uncertainty over the shape and content of any post-Brexit transitional deal. This leaves the pound once more at the mercy of rumors and leaks about the precise status of talks between Dublin, London and the DUP. The Twitter feeds of interested parties – politicians and senior journalists – will be the primary source of information on what threatens to be a nervous day of trading. The trading day begins in North America with the GBP at USD1.3365 with GBP/EUR at 1.7140.


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