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Basic income (BI) & intentional currencies
Basic Income Group, Commentary, Discussion Paper, Money, News
Published by Graham Barnes on June 10, 2015
If a Basic Income is indeed a Good Thing, then new currencies will increasingly seek to build it into their design from the outset. This article looks at the rationale for BI and at implications for currencies that incorporate BI as one of their currency issuance mechanisms. @GrahamJBarnes
The Psychological Rationale for BI
There is evidence from the field of study called 'distributive justice' that people's perceptions of the groups to which they belong are affected by the type of distribution they associate with that group [1]. Generally proportional distribution (or equity) – where people consider themselves rewarded proportionally to some assessment of their contribution is associated with individualistic, competitive behaviours; and more equal rewards foster co-operative behaviours.
Thus a potential psychological rationale for a BI-compatible currency is that it can present itself as a harbinger of a fairer co-operative future society; and that in doing so it encourages co-operative participation by the currency's users. A commitment to BI can be a primary aspect of a currency's 'brand' – differentiating it from mainstream currencies, and carrying a value-message.
Studies show further that egalitarian distributions tend to increase productivity, especially in tasks requiring co-operation – and the bootstrapping-into-existence of a new currency certainly falls into that category. Indeed, one wonders whether the 'productivity deficit' currently the object of UK economists' navel-gazing might be partly due to a heavily skewed wealth distribution – that the lack of capital investment usually blamed is in fact a lack of motivated human capital.
However the literature also shows that we can be somewhat ambiguous about distribution depending on how we frame particular issues at a particular time. The example of private medicine is often used to illustrate this – the same individual expressing both aversion in the cause of a fair society and favour as a right of the individual to choose. Added to this is the need dimension. Someone with multiple disabilities clearly has a greater need`of BI. So the framing of BI as a citizen's right, a reward or a need, (or a combination) requires careful attention.
The CommonWealth Rationale for BI
A major argument of ecological economists is that the earth's natural resources are used as if they are free to use and free of use-cost. Indeed they suggest that the use of the word 'resource' invariably indicates that the minerals/ oil/ land etc has already been 'enclosed' – effectively withdrawn from the common wealth. In this context a BI can be seen as compensation for the confiscation of natural assets from their rightful citizen-owners.
Tangible recognition of this citizen-right is rare in an increasingly neoliberal world, but one exception is in Alaska. In 1976 the state established the Alaska Permanent Fund, and has distributed a share of oil revenues to residents every year since, typically between USD 800 and USD 2000 p.a. In fact it's not so much a 'share' as a dividend from funds set aside from oil revenues and invested (currently standing at USD 54 billion in May 2015). It is calculated based on a five-year rolling average income.
The Poverty Alleviation Rationale for BI
Depending on the level of BI a nation-state BI could certainly alleviate poverty. This rationale is appropriate only as a long term ambition or vision for a new currency.
The Inequality/Quality of Life Rationale
A BI can help to even out income distribution. What is perhaps more important is the effect a BI can have on equality of opportunity. BI-assisted recipients may be in a position to take up opportunities which they would otherwise be unable to benefit from. This effect is widely expected to result in improved quality of life via increased job satisfaction and more discretionary-time.
Accepting the quality of life argument implies that many existing jobs are 'stigmatizing, dehumanizing, inadequate, ineffective and inefficient' [2] This implied criticism runs against the prevailing political narrative that 'jobs mean dignity' – whatever the job. The anthropologist David Graeber has used the term 'bullshit jobs' [4]. Certainly the provision of any national BI would have a marginal effect on the attraction of some of the less satisfying forms of employment, and the economic effects of this are not clear. (Opinions as to the impact a less precarious 'precariat' would have on economic performance are likely to differ according to ideology – there being little or no real data available.)
For a new currency, the economic factor will not be relevant until the currency operates at a good scale, but the quality of opportunity potential is certainly there from day one as a new community of users develops and interacts.
Martin Luther-King nailed it when he said: "The dignity of the individual will flourish when the decisions concerning his life are in his own hands, when he has the assurance that his income is stable and certain, and when he knows that he has the means to seek self-improvement."[9]
The Ideological Rationale for BI
The ideological argument is laid out clearly by Erik Olin Wright [5] drawing on an earlier seminal paper from Van der Veen and Van Parijs [7]. He sets out three 'directions of travel' for socialism to evolve the incumbent capitalist regime. He believes that it is not necessary to set out exactly the nature of the endpoint for society, but that the directions of travel can be used to evaluate potential changes. And in that context he argues that BI supports all three.
The three directions are worth summarising because they may assist in drafting intentional currency mission statements:
a) strengthening the power of labour vis-a-vis capital. BI improves the bargaining power of workers, both individually and collectively – the latter Wright characterises provocatively as a sort of perpetual strike fund.
b) decommodifying labour. If BI provides for a basic level of subsistence, the compulsion to work disappears, and the employee-employer bargain becomes potentially more value-balanced.
c) enhancing social power over economic activity. Even though BI is directed to the individual, it is prosocial in a number of ways. Most importantly it potentially frees time for social provision – for addressing needs that are not amenable to the 'discipline of profit-maximisation or state-technocratic rationality' [5].
Objections to national-scale BI:
Classic objections are: (a) affordability (b) encouraging laziness (c) impact on the low paid jobs market. A full rebuttal of these objections to national-scale-fiat BI is outside the scope of this article, but in the context of a new (additional) currency, the first objection is worth considering.
National-scale rebuttals of affordability tend to break down into suggestions for reprioritisng spending and reforming the tax regime. They fall into the 'handbag economics' trap outlined by Mary Mellor and others [3] of equating national economies with a household budget. Nations can create currency and tax transactions while households cannot; and new currencies can do the same.
Incidentally the Transaction Tax is particularly appropriate to the new currency context, where we can envisage digital currencies witholding a small percentage of each payment transaction towards scheme costs.
Finally there is an ideological capitalist objection to BI, prompted by anticipated changes in the labour versus capital power balance noted above. This is often not explicitly expressed as ideologically-rooted because that would mean recognising the class-power issue which capitalists want to reassure us is outdated. In this context, Olin Wright's characterisation of BI as a permanent strike fund may be counter-productive, depending on the messaging that BI-advocates think most effective.[6]
Summary of Implications for Intentional Currencies
i) The incorporation of a BI can act as a powerful brand-value for Intentional Currencies. It enables them to start as they mean to go on – with a clear signal that they value their user-citizen input. While targetted at the individual it is pro-social – it frees up time for the sort of social interplay that will be helpful in developing the governance and practice of value-led currencies.
ii) The potential ambiguity of a BI as right, as a reward or in recognition of a need has to be clearly addressed. All three can be legitimate but it may be appropriate to establish clearly separate categories and currency-issuance regimes.
iii) 'Quality of opportunity' stories will be important collateral for new currency projects. Over concentration on the economic operation of the currency and ignoring enrichment of social capital would be missing a trick.
iv) Articulation of ideological arguments for BI are best used carefully in an Intentional Currency context. To maximise the chances of bootstrapping a currency into existence, messages need to appeal to a broad cross-section of potential users. This is not to say that everyone will be a target (see previous articles on the Preferenced Domain [10] nor that the underlying values of a currency should not be explicit. Rather that the primary response of a user to a developing currency will be experience-based.
v) Affordability is an issue but not a fundamental concern. Currency can be created and destroyed via explicit design criteria. While the classic concerns over money-printing and inflation are now recognised as gross simplification, the quantity of currency in circulation at any time does need to be managed. In this context a regular (monthly probably) injection of currency will need specific consideration. A likely response will be to make this element of currency-supply (but not necessarily all currency) subject to a carrying cost (demurrage).[8]
It is possible that nation-scale BI will at some point be implemented in fiat currencies. The Swiss have a referendum on the subject planned for 2016 (which their Federal Commission has recommended voting against). If this happens it will be a sign that our current dysfunctional economic system is heading into more progressive territory. If it does not, the implmentation of a BI-element within an Intentional Currency may give us our first practical experience of the concept. Already the Fimkrypto (FMK) cryptocurrency is providing registered Finnish citizens with 1000 FMK a month, and FMKs are apparently tradable on DGEX – a crypto currency exchange platform. And Auroracoin instituted a one-off launch credit to Icelandic citizens – what Olin Wright calls a stakeholder grant rather than a Basic Income, but also somewhat indicative of a pattern emerging.
Whether socially progressive developments like Basic Income emerge from a newly enlightened establishment via policy change or from a social-media aware radical tech-geek community creating disruptive projects remains to be seen. But one way or another dysfunctional systems have to be challenged, as FEASTA has always maintained, if we are to pass on a sustainable planet for our grandchildren.
[1]: The Psychological Rationale for Basic Income [DRAFT] Rosamund Stock
http://www.basicincome.org/bien/pdf/2002Stock.pdf
[2]: Towards a Basic Income Guarantee for All Canadians
http://www.thebigpush.net/uploads/2/2/6/8/22682672/140203_tamarack_community_of_practice.pdf
[3]: Mary Mellor: Handbag Economics
https://www.feasta.org/2014/04/07/feasta-guest-lecture-discussion-creating-directing-public-money-by-mary-mellor/
https://rwer.wordpress.com/2013/12/12/handbag-economics-the-ideology-of-austerity/
[4]: David Graeber : On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs
http://strikemag.org/bullshit-jobs/
[5]: Basic Income as a Socialist Project : Erik Olin Wright
http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/Published%20writing/paper%20for%20basic%20income%20studies.pdf
[6]: Wright himself makes the point:
"If I am right that a generous basic income would contribute in a meaningful way to revitalizing a socialist challenge to capitalism by partially decommodifying labor, empowering workers and enlarging the nonmarket social economy, then this may imply that basic income is even more off the agenda than we may have thought for such efforts are likely to trigger more concerted opposition from the capitalist class."
[7]: Van der Veen, Robert and Philippe Van Parijs (1986) "A Capitalist Road to Communism," Theory and Society 15 (5), pp. 635–655
[8]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demurrage_%28currency%29
Demurrage can be thought of as a negative interest rate. In the past this has often been applied via having to 'stamp' a note costing a small percentage of the note face-value every month for it to retain its exchange value. This aims to encourage spending and discourage hoarding, much as our modern 'inflation targetting' does. The underlying rationale here – that 'money is like blood – it needs to circulate' – bears further inspection. It can be seen as related to the 'growth is good' mantra, which clearly needs (at least) qualifying.
[9]: Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community? Final chapter (1967)
[10]: Designer Currencies and the Preferenced Domain (2013)
https://www.feasta.org/2013/11/19/designer-currencies-and-the-preferenced-domain/
basic income currency demurrage distribution inflation justice poverty
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People who know me would know that I'm obsessed with recycling. So it seems like destiny to me to be viewing Dehautt by Sara Nicolette 'Artificial – From Raw to Recycled' fashion parade on a recent Friday night in Sydney.
The runway show took place at Paddington Uniting Church. On arrival we had some refreshments and drinks, then Kent and I settled in our front row seats.
At first I wondered how were the models going to fill this wide spacious runway space; it's larger than a theatre stage! Well, it turned out to be a perfect stage for models, as they danced; acted and showcased the Dehautt range.
Woven garbage bags; see-through plastic sheets; barbie dolls' heads; paper; more paper; coffee sacks; bread tabs; plastic pom pom and rags are among the materials of this 'recycled' collection.
I certainly enjoyed my front row view. There were some extravagant couture creations which I found it hard to link with the trash (these items were created from) that you and I are too familiar with on a daily basis.
After the parade, Kent and I made our way backstage to congratulate the designer Sara Nicolette.
When we spotted her, she was in a navy dress and a matching choker. Her gothic make up and her messy hair do was just like one of her runway models.
'Theatrical is the word to describe this show!!' Was my honest feedback I passed on to Sara.
"That's exactly how I wanted it to be!" Sara happily told me.
'Artificial – From Raw to Recycled' – you have taken raw materials and recycling to a brand new level!
To view this collection as seen by my fellow front rower Kent, simply click here. I also include some of my Instagram pictures from the event below.
Very cool – the pics probably don't do the outfits justice, but they looked great (Kent did some fine photography work!).
Thanks Sarah, challenging light but a fun night! Glad you liked my shots, thank you.
Oh, they were great – thank you for sharing them!


For Reborn, minimalist is is giving them skill discounts and/or skill tricks (like Promethean's Good Brain).
For a bigger expansion, I could see giving them their own Age Power-Stat (reflecting the number of past lives they have access to) and a bunch of temporary Skill and Merit simulation/access. Sure, current-life-you is just an accountant, but you can tap into those memories/skills of when you were a viking warrior if needed. Or remember the secret protocols to get information from the Unseeing Scions of Ulst for an emergency.
I'd shy aware from giving them a power stat. Cuts off to much potential. Instead I'd make each Past Life a merit, tiered so you can access certain benifits.
For Reborn, minimalist is giving them skill discounts and/or skill tricks (like Promethean's Good Brain).
Last edited by Vent0; 06-28-2018, 07:53 PM.
I've always had this pet idea that Witnesses could be more closely tied to reincarnation, possibly mortal souls from as far back as Irem who find themselves drawn to the Arisen because they remember them from past lives. The Mummy core has the barest shades of this idea floating around (there's the occasional allusion to spotting mortals that look exactly like figures from centuries past), though it leaves it in the hands of the GM as to whether this is the Arisen's failing memory playing tricks on them or something that actually happens.
In that vein it would probably be easiest to have Witness and its Sybaris immunity be a simple merit used as the prerequisite for a handful of other supernatural merits that largely reflect past life experience, their purchase presumably reflecting the Witness unlocking past memories and abilities. Some level of interaction with ghosts as well might be appropriate (possibly even the ghosts of their past selves, though that would get a bit trippy).
Heh. In that line of thought, a Witness nears death and is offered The Bargain by a Geist... who happens to have come from the Ghost of one of their past lives. Hilarity Ensues.
I considered suggesting the Reborn as this in the Cleopatra Dark Era, but left it up to the writers' imaination. I think there's a lot of interesting room for this in the game.
Sadly, no idea to contribute yet - I'll need to reread Mummy stuff if I want to.
Stigmatics sound simplest, but they branch off to Demon-Blooded, so they might not be so simple to follow.
Well, there probably wouldn't be that degree of symmetry. More just Immune to X, Senses, Bonus Supernatural Merit.
In that sense Sleepwalker-style may be the easiest, since all we need to do is cook up some Merits that interact with Sybaris, Vessels, Tombs, Guild structures etc.
So... Ideas? Holding (or generating) Pillar Points? Kepher senses? Ability to make The Call themselves?
I assume the Ghoul/Herald template of subservience/worship in return for power is being saved for Sadikhs?
Yeah. I figured Witnesses were Mortal+, while Sadikh were the "half" template. Though there might be an edge case with the High Priest of the Cult (but that can be handled with Mystery Cult Initiation).


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Entrepreneurial learning: 21st century frameworks, competences, and futures
Journal of Work-Applied Management
Dr Track Dinning, Dr Zeineb Djebali, Dr Fiona Hurd, Dr Suzette Dyer,
Dr Track Dinning
Liverpool Business School, UK
Dr Zeineb Djebali
University of Liverpool Management School, UK
Dr Fiona Hurd
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
Dr Suzette Dyer
Wakaito School of Management, New Zealand
There have been calls in recent issues of the Journal of Work Applied Management to better understand the role of creativity in applied methods such as experiential and action learning. Yet, to date, these calls have not gone far enough to embrace the risk and practices associated with enterprise and entrepreneurial learning. Indeed, capabilities for enterprise and entrepreneurship are not just about new business venture creation and economic growth, but creating social value, and as such, can directly impact a variety of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to decent work, economic growth, innovation, and sustainable cities. This special issue calls for cutting edge contributions which combine enterprise and entrepreneurial learning with applied methods of learning such as experiential learning, work and problem-based learning in organisations (which might of course be described as intrapreneurship) and in/through new business venture creation more broadly.
Interestingly, universities have a long-standing tradition of supporting enterprise and entrepreneurship in these ways (see the QAA (2018) for an example of policy level guidance in the UK). They have grappled with the fact that entrepreneurship can be a complex term that includes elements of new business start-ups, but also much broader development of skills and competencies and entrepreneurial mindset (Fayolle and Gailly, 2008; Adedeji, et al., 2019; Falck, et al., 2016). Research by Pittway and Cope (2016) suggests three ways to approach teaching entrepreneurship: 'about', 'for' and 'through' (the latter being most closely connected to work-applied methods). More recently, Bridge (2017) suggested that as entrepreneurship has multifaceted interpretations, entrepreneurial learning should be split into 'Enterprise for New Creation' with a focus on start-ups and business formation and 'Enterprise for Life' which has a broader focus on students being more enterprising and developing their entrepreneurial mindset, and thus abandoning the term entrepreneurship. Again, enterprise seems much more aligned with the possibilities of work-applied methods.
In this way, Bacigalupo et al. (2016) found, that entrepreneurship can be defined as a set of 15 competencies (European Entrepreneurship Competence Framework, or EntreComp for short), around 'ideas and opportunities', 'resources', and 'into action' (see https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1317). The European Commission says
"We live in a rapidly changing society where it is essential that everyone has the capacity to act upon opportunities and ideas, to work with others, to manage dynamic careers and shape the future for the common good… To achieve these goals we need people, teams and organisations with an entrepreneurial mindset, in every aspect of life."
The European framework provides universities with a framework from which to understand and develop their practice, and examples of how this framework has impacted on practice have been reported previously (e.g. Dinning 2019). Yet as the quote above reminds us, the world is changing and must recognise the need to continue to evolve the way we develop new capabilities. For universities, there is increasing pressure to enhance graduate outcomes and onward employability. For organisations, there is increasing pressure to onboard work-ready graduates (and staff of any kind) to make immediate entrepreneurial impact in and through the workplace. And for communities, there are many societal challenges which need to be addressed with entrepreneurial flair and drive at the local level. For each, entrepreneurial learning methods are key to driving change and impact. Flourishing in today's highly uncertain world needs preparedness for coping with wicked problems, nonlinear careers, jobs that do not yet exist and use technologies that have not been invented (Wicktmasinghe and Perera, 2010; Neck and Greene, 2011).
This special issue calls for cutting edge contributions which combine enterprise and entrepreneurial learning with applied methods of learning such as experiential, work, and problem-based learning in organisations (which might of course be described as intrapreneurship) and in/through new venture creation more broadly.
Possible themes may include (but are not limited) to the following:
What can we learn from an up to date 'state of the art' assessment of entrepreneurial learning in and outside of universities?
To what extent are entrepreneurial learning frameworks of competencies fit for purpose?
How is entrepreneurial learning developed through work-applied methods (experiential, work-based, problem-based learning methods)?
How do the frameworks need to be revised to embrace current sustainability challenges?
What is required of learners by organisations/employers in entrepreneurial learning frameworks?
What role does experiential learning play in developing competencies (what other factors are important)?
How are universities embedding entrepreneurial competencies into management learning curricula?
How is experiential learning being designed as a safe space for learners to take risks?
How is risk taking, ambiguity, and uncertainty being developed through applied entrepreneurial learning methods?
Submissions are made using ScholarOne Manuscripts. Registration and access are available at: https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/journal/jwam
Author guidelines must be strictly followed. Please see: https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/journal/jwam#author-guidelines
Adedeji, S.B., Rahman, M.M., Abdul, M.B., Ghani, M.F., Uddin, M.J., and Rahaman, M.S. (2019). Innovative Teaching Methods and Entrepreneurship Education: A synthesised Literature Review. Journal of Educational Administration Research and Review, 3(1), pp.1-8.
Bacigalupo, M., Kampylis, P., Punie, Y., and Van den Brande, G. (2016). EntreComp: the entrepreneurship competence framework. (Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union).
Bridge, S. (2017). Is Entrepreneurship" the problem in entrepreneurship education?. Training and Education, 59(7/8), pp.740-750.
Dinning, T (2019). Articulating entrepreneurial competencies in the undergraduate curricular. Training and Education, 61 (4), pp.432-444.
Falck, O., Gold, R., and Heblich, S. (2016). Lifting the iron curtain: school-age education and entrepreneurial intentions. J. Econ. Geogr,17, pp.1111–1148.
Fayolle, A., and Gailly, B. (2008). From craft to science: Teaching models and learning processes in entrepreneurship education. Journal of European Industrial Training, 32(7): 25
Neck, H.M., and Greene, P.G. (2011), Entrepreneurship education: known worlds and new frontiers, Journal of Small Business Management, 49 (1) pp. 55-70.
Pittaway, L., and Cope, J. (2016). Entrepreneurship education: a systematic review of the evidence. Soc. Sci. Electron. Publish. 25, pp.479–510.
The Quality Assurance Agency (2018). Enterprise and Entrepreneurship: Guidance for UK higher education providers [online], The Quality Assurance Agency. Available at https://www.qaa.ac.uk/docs/qaas/enhancement-and-development/enterprise-and-entrpreneurship-education-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=15f1f981_8 [Accessed 26th October 2022].
Wickramasinghe, V., and Perera, L. (2010). Graduate university lecturers and employers perception towards employability skills. Education and Training, 3 (3), pp. 226-244.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A civil engineer is responsible for planning and designing a project, constructing the project to the required scale, and maintenance of the product. A civil engineer requires not only a high standard of engineering knowledge but also supervisory and administrative skills. The planning part of their work involves site investigation, feasibility studies, creating solutions to complications that may occur and the actual designing of structures. They have to work with the guidelines of the local government authority and get plans approved by the relevant authority. They may prepare cost estimates and set construction schedules. Construction work involves dealing with clients, architects, government officials, contactors and the supervision of work according to standards. Their work also involves the maintenance and repair of the project. The major specialisations within civil engineering are structural, water resources, environmental, construction, transportation, geo-technical engineering etc.
On most projects, civil engineers work in teams or in coordination with many other engineers. They can find work as a supervisor of a construction site or a managerial position or in design, research as well as teaching in government services or private concerns. They can also work as independent consultants .


This is to help us steer conversation when we contact you for more details about your ideal web design in order to provide the most accurate quote.
Please be sure to fill this out to the best of your ability, and use only one form submission per project if you require more than one site.
Deposit required to begin work. Flexible payment options are available and may be discussed during your consultation.
Items such as appointment scheduling or accepting reservations through the site, graphic design or editing, content writing, etc.


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Premiere: Kill Krinkle Club – Oxen Of The Sun
Daithí – 'Chameleon Life' (Elaine Mai remix)
I've covered Kill Krinkle Club's music and music videos a lot here in the last five years or so. Justin Commins and Elina Bergman's debut album Abandon came out in 2010 and while it was a decent collection of synth-infused off-kilter pop music, it didn't fit in with anything that surrounded it. The band were hard to peg down.
Three years later and the band's followup, Oxen Of The Sun fits the picture a little better, both in terms of what's happening and on their own terms too. And that's simply because it's a better record overall than the debut.
The core sound of ambience, murky synthesizers and brooding vocals from both members are very much present, particularly on the album's first few songs. 'Fearless' treads in to cinematic Clams Casino-esque territory with industrial hits and foreboding vocals.
Unusually, the album's second half is the strongest side. There's a clarity to these tracks – 'Soften Reflex' is the most direct song they've possibly ever done built on a driving rhythm and a very memorable chorus, 'Love Long Way' adds some synth-boogie and choice beats to the equation, 'By Choice' benefits from letting the vocals take focus while being underpinned by gentle electro keys and 'The Heart It Soaks' offers a blissful few minutes.
Have a first listen below:
Kill Krinkle Club
Nialler9 Tuesday, October 1, 2013
Lasertom – 'Maelstrom'


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Why is my school participating in the Water Detective Program?
Your teacher has elected to participate in the Water Detective Program. The program will help you learn to be water wise! This can help you and your family to know how and when to use water so you can begin to save.
What is the Water Detective Program?
The Water Detective Program was developed to teach students easy ways to use water more efficiently in their homes. Program content supports Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) so it is easily integrated into existing curriculum.
Who is the Harris-Galveston Subsidence District?
The Harris-Galveston Subsidence District was created in 1975 to provide for the regulation of groundwater withdrawal throughout Harris and Galveston counties for the purpose of preventing land subsidence, which leads to increased flooding. For more information on the Harris-Galveston Subsidence District, click here.
Who is the Fort Bend Subsidence District?
Why should my family participate in the Water Detective Program?
When your family uses water wisely at home, you save water and lessen your impact on the environment. Also, your family can save money on their utility bill by installing the items from the Water Detective Kit.
Your family should help you install the items in your Water Detective Kit and complete the homework you receive. They can also remind you to return your completed Student Workbook.
Can I get another Water Detective Kit?
We apologize; only one kit is available to each student.


These are some lies we made up about Nottingham.
The ghost of an eight foot tall enormous guy is often noticed by a person fishing by a lake near Nottingham.
A giant lizard has been noticed on one or two instances having a seat in a chair in an apartment in Nottingham.
The ghost of a lady having half her head absent may be made out time and again flickering a light next to a streetlamp in Nottingham.
A Chupacabra has once in a while been spotted walking from home to home in the early morning hours on a Nottingham avenue.
A giant ewe is every now and then seen rummaging around in a fridge in the kitchen of a Nottingham flat at night.
An alien explorer from another galaxy has been distinguished on one or two instances staring at people in a Nottingham home through a keyhole.
A character with a skeleton face sporting murky robes may sometimes be noticed in a deserted place right next door to Nottingham.


Microsoft's line of computers consist of several form factors: Surface Pro, Surface Book and Surface Studio launched in October of 2016. The company has been pushing the innovation button regularly, introducing major designs, inspiring and encouraging hardware vendors to push the limits of the PC form factor into new experiences. Now it looks like Microsoft is expanding the family by going back to a familiar design. Pictures of the new laptop, which looks almost like a MacBook Air, showed up this evening, thanks to serial leaker walkingcat on Twitter. Below are some pictures of the new device.
Update: You can now pre-order the new Surface Laptops here.
The new Surface laptop comes in several colors: graphite gold, burgundy, colbalt blue and platinum.
Using a tapered design, the Surface laptop features a standard USB A (no USB-C unfortunately), mini-display port, audio jack and SD card reader.
Rumors suggest the Surface laptop has a 13.5 inch pixel sense display. It's likely Microsoft will include support for standard Windows 10 hero features such as Windows Hello, Touch Support and inking. Its a part of the family, so, users shouldn't expect anything less.
Sparking of Windows 10, the new Surface laptop is expected to come preinstalled with a special edition of Windows 10 based on the Creators Update called Windows 10 Cloud. This release is engineered to compete with Chrome OS in several areas such as fast boot, long battery life and easier management for school administrators. Yes, the Surface laptop is expected to target the education market, where Google Chromebooks have made significant inroads since their launch in 2010. Unique to Windows 10 Cloud is its inability to run classic desktop apps out of the box. Instead, users will be directed to the Windows Store to download apps only. Users not receptive to the change will be able to perform an Easy Upgrade to Windows 10 Pro for more functionality.
There still some unknowns, yes, it will likely come standard with flash storage, but how much? Price is always an issue and Chromebooks have been very attractive due to their pricing.
Microsoft will live stream tomorrows education event revealing all the details. The laptops look good and it further shows Microsoft's commitment to hardware and I don't blame them in an industry where once loyal OEMs now produce Chromebooks. This is Microsoft showing that Windows 10 laptops can look just as good, include innovative features and offer more value in comparison to a MacBook.


An easy-to-read, optimistic account of a Canadian soldier during WWI. Some mild swearing.
Peat hadn't intended to join the Army, but when his pal did, this small-built Canadian joined up too. Training, long transports, friendships, memorable officers and civilians, comradeship, and trench life: this is World War I through his eyes.
"Kindness, unselfishness, and sympathy are all engendered by trench life." There is plenty of camaraderie and humor. Soldiers will do anything they can to cheer a fellow, no matter the circumstance. There is also a fighting spirit, a never-quit attitude, and acts of valor.
"We wear the same uniform, we think the same thoughts, we do not remember what we were, we only know what we are -- soldiers fighting in the same great cause." Peat speaks highly of fellow Allies, no matter the nationality (indeed, he pulls out virtues found in each one) and of the civilians he met. He stands up for the British when he returns to the West and hears of their negative reports concerning them.
For good or ill, he makes many contrasts between the two sides of the war, which are likely (and understandably) biased to some extent or another. Peat and three others take and eat a chicken, much to the understandable displeasure of said chicken's owner. They are later told the rules and the consequences for disobedience. Elsewhere, Peat and a few others go someplace they were instructed not to.
Peat mentions Hitler's "God of blood and iron" as opposed to the Allies' "Unseen Hand (God) which held back the enemy in his might". Elsewhere, he speaks of true charity, "imbued with the spirit of Him who said, 'I was hungered and you gave me meat.'" There is a comparison of war to religion, especially when Peat speaks of East Indian soldiers. At one point, two chaplains wish to enter a restricted area to tend to the wounded, stating that they have orders from a Higher Authority to go. Denominations are mentioned, but hardly come into play in the grand scheme of things.
Peat says that "if any minister of the gospel - except our chaplain - had been standing around [at the camp], he might well have thought from the sulfurous perfume of the air that every soldier was doomed to everlasting Hades." One soldier says that the British civilians treated the Canadian soldiers like "little tin gods". Peat mentions a captain that they liked so much that "later we almost worshipped him." Another soldier says of an officer that he'd follow him "into Hell and them some".
Peat seems to have a vision or mental image of Jesus on the cross with a look of compassion on His face. There is a reference to Ezekiel's vision of the dry bones.
The term "Mother Earth" is used a couple times. There is reference to a "war god's lust for blood". A couple Canadian groups are nicknamed "the ladies from Hell" and "the little black Devils from Winnipeg". The back of the book also offers the "Soldier's Ten Commandments", which is a war-time parody of the Scriptural Commandments.
There is mention of war violence and instructions, battle wounds, illnesses and infections, blood, and marching pains. A teen girl Peat meets is missing her family and half an arm, thanks to German brutality; he sees more of the same later. A couple buildings Peat is in are shelled. During a march, a shell kills a number of men. The way charges were structured could mean that whole groups of twenty to thirty men could be obliterated by a single shell. Gas is also released and a brief description of its effects are related. An Indian soldier pricks his finger with his knife. It is said that Indians would sometimes strike off enemy heads. Three men were crucified by Germans; Peat mentions having seen one of the bodies and knowing a man who has a photograph of the three crucified to a barn. Peat relates his own wounding and the death of one of the men with him. Some soldiers threaten to kill themselves rather than surrender; they don't.
All of the above is toned-down. Peat treats it as a statement of fact and then moves on, rather than elaborating.
Smoking is mentioned several times and is noted to be especially heavy right before a charge as it calms the nerves and gives the men something to do with their hands.
Part of the daily rations is a tablespoon of rum "as a medicine, as a stimulant"; soldiers can choose to decline this. One of the army's rules is that no one can get drunk. Peat also mentions that the biggest drunkard would return from the war a sober man.
Peat sees pregnant teen girls. Though he doesn't say as much, it can be assumed that with his including "outrages against women" in his list of war effects, that these girls were not married.
Misuse of "God" four times. "Blimey" is uttered twice, once paired with "gor." "Gosh", "good lord!", and "lor" once each. "God in Heaven!" as an exclamation twice. "Thank God" thrice.
"D--n" is said twice and is bleeped out in print two other times; once paired with "gol." "H-ll" is said about half a dozen times and is once bleeped out. Someone is referred to as an "a--".
Peat says that "cussing is only a small part of a soldier's life"; as such, swearing is mentioned a few times, though only spelled out as above. The "Soldier's Ten Commandments" at the end of the book say that profane language is only permitted in extraordinary circumstances, such as when a comrade is shot down or when one finds coal oil in his tea.
"I am 'out of it' (out of the war), but out with memories of good fellowship, real comrades, kindness, sympathy, and friendships that dim the recollection of death, of destruction, of blood, of outrage, of murder and brutality."
That quote pretty well sums up this book. It has such an optimistic tone to it, I wonder if Peat suffered any PTSD at all! It is an enjoyable, easy read filled with a soldier's recollections of everything from playing poker while shells explode feet away to a man caring for fifteen refugees to charging across no-man's land to the enemy trenches. The only trouble lies in the mild swearing that crops up here and there.


text:
Research | Volume 44, Article 36, 18 Jan 2023 | 10.11604/pamj.2023.44.36.31554
Self-care practice and associated factors in epileptic patients: cross-sectional study, Ethiopia
Ismael Ahmed, Abebe Abera, Tigist Demeke, Gemmechu Terefa, Sheka Shemsi, Abduwalhid Awol
Corresponding author: Ismael Ahmed, Jimma University, Institute of Health, Faculty of Health Science, school of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Received: 08 Sep 2021 - Accepted: 23 Apr 2022 - Published: 18 Jan 2023
Domain: Health information system management,Neurology (general),Public Health Nursing
Keywords: Epilepsy, self-care practice, epileptic patients
©Ismael Ahmed et al. Pan African Medical Journal (ISSN: 1937-8688). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Cite this article: Ismael Ahmed et al. Self-care practice and associated factors in epileptic patients: cross-sectional study, Ethiopia. Pan African Medical Journal. 2023;44:36. [doi: 10.11604/pamj.2023.44.36.31554]
PDF in process
Ismael Ahmed1,&, Abebe Abera1, Tigist Demeke1, Gemmechu Terefa1, Sheka Shemsi1, Abduwalhid Awol1
1Jimma University, Institute of Health, Faculty of Health Science, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Ismael Ahmed, Jimma University, Institute of Health, Faculty of Health Science, school of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Introduction: Epilepsy results in multidimensional and long term effect on the patients and society. Self-care practice is critical for epileptic patient. So far, the issue Self-care practice still considered as the most important cause of poorly controlled epilepsy. Yet comprehensive epilepsy self-care practice is not recognized, which is not addressed with medical treatment alone has not been studied particular in Ethiopia. The objective was to assess self-care practice and associated factors in epileptic patients on follow up at Jimma Town public hospitals, 2020.
Methods: institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 08 - May 20/2020. Data was collected using structured interviewer administered questionnaire and data extraction checklist. Simple random sampling technique was used to select a total of 297 study participants. Data was entered to EPI data version 3.5.3 and exported to SPSS version 23.0 for analysis. Variables with p-value < 0.25 on bivariate analysis were candidated for multivariate analyses. Factors with p value < 0.05 on multivariate analyses were considered as statistically significant.
Results: a total of 297 study participants were included in the study giving a response rate of 99.0%. Of study participants 146(49.2%) of them were had good self-care practice. Residence (AOR= 1.712, 95%CI: 1.034-2.836, P- 0.037), Seizure frequency (AOR = 0.288, 95% CI: 0.091-0.907, P-0.034), felt stigma (AOR=0.565, 95%CI: 0.342-0.935, P- 0.026) and medication adherence (AOR=0.391, 95%CI: 0.240-0.638, P-0.000) were significantly associated with self-management practice.
Conclusion: this study found that half of the study participants were had poor self-care practice. Residence, felt stigma, increased seizure frequency and not adherence to medication were factors contributed for poor self-care practice. Therefore, intervention strategies focused on contributing factor for poor self-care practice should be considered.
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent and unprovoked seizure, affecting 50 million worldwide [1]. Epilepsy results in variety of medical, social, psychological and economic impact particularly in developing countries in which its incidence and prevalence is highly increasing [2]. In Africa around 10 million people are directly affected by epilepsy and in addition to its high prevalence there is a wide treatment gap in Africa. Epilepsy is the second most burdensome neurologic disorder worldwide in terms of disability-adjusted life years and with lifetime prevalence of 7.6 per 1,000 persons. Worldwide, mortality of epilepsy is two to three times higher than in the general population and it is thought to be higher in developing countries particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa [1-3]. In Ethiopia prevalence of epilepsy was 5.2/1000 populations with annual incidence of 64 per 100,000 populations [3]. Self-care practice is critical part of patient and family centered care. Components of epilepsy self-management includes medication management, information management, safety management, seizure management and lifestyle management [4-6]. Good epilepsy self-care encompasses a set of skills including good medication adherence, being able to accurately describe and document one's seizures, practicing safety precautions, having adequate rest, and managing one's stress levels [5,6].
Patient´s self-care practice has invaluable role in controlling the illness, to minimize its impact on health and quality of life, and to cope with the disease. In addition, self-care enables patient to develop appropriate skills and build confidence in implementing health behavior to better management of a condition and increase their self-efficacy in their day-to-day activities and lead better quality lives [4,7,8]. Furthermore, encouraging patient on self-care practice can reduce health care expenditure and lower utilization of health care services [6]. Though self-care practice plays an important role in comprehensive epilepsy care, and improving clinical outcomes, it has been reported that epileptic patients are less committed to practice in improving the management of their disease [9,10]. Lack of practicing of health-promoting self-management behaviors can potentially decrease patient´s self-confidence and ability to manage disease [10]. Studies reported social stigma, insufficiency of social support or experience social isolation and poorly controlled seizures are contributed for patients´ less commitment to self-management practice [2,10,11]. Most of previous studies done in Ethiopia mainly focused on medication related management of epilepsy [3,12] and, there is no data regarding epileptic patient´s self-care practice so far. Therefore, present study aimed to assess self-care practices and associated factors among epileptic patients having long term follow up at public hospitals in Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia.
Study settings, study design, study period and study participant: the study was conducted at two public hospitals of Jimma town (Jimma University medical center (JUMC) and Shenan Gibe hospital (SGH). JUMC is oldest public hospitals in the country and it is the only referral hospital in the south western part of the country providing service for more than 18 million people. More than 12,384 and 5832 patients had follow up at chronic clinic of JUMC and SGH respectively. Of them around a total of 750 and 370 were epileptic patients having follow up at JUMC and SGH respectively. Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 08- May 20/2020. Epileptic patients aged 18 years and above on follow up at chronic clinic of JUMC and SGH were included in the study and patient with incomplete medical record and inability to communicate there were excluded.
Sample size determination and Sampling technique: the sample size was calculated using single population proportion formula as follows:
Where n is minimum sample size. P is prevalence of prevalence of self-care practice. d2 is margin of error (5%) and Z a/2 is the 95 % confidence interval. By taking prevalence of self-care practice 50% since no previous study on this particular topic and margin of error (5%) and substituting the values for each variables in single proportion formula n = (1.96)² 0.5 (0.5-1)/ (0.05)² = 384. Since source Population for this study is less than 10,000 the correction formula was used:
Where: nf is final sample size. nc is calculated sample size. N is source Population (All adult epileptic patients on follow up at both hospitals). Substituting the values for each variables nf = 384/ 1+384 / 1120 = 286. By Considering 5% non-response rate, total sample size was 286+14= 300. Sample size was proportionally allocated for both hospitals (JUMC, N=750, n = 201 and SGH, N=370, n=99). Simple random sampling technique was used to select the study subjects by taking patients medical records as randomization unit.
Data collection procedures and instrument: structured interviewer administered questionnaire and data abstraction checklist was used to collect data. The questionnaire contains five parts: socio-demographic variables, clinical and treatment related factors, psychosocial variables, Morisky 8-item medication adherence scale and epilepsy self-management scale.
Adherence to medication was measured by an eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) [12]. Items 1-7 are yes/no questions, in which a "no" answer receives a score of 1 and a "yes" answer receives a score of 0, except for item 5, which is reverse-scored. Item 8 is measured on a five-point scale. The responses "never", "once in a while", "sometimes", "usually", and "all the time" are scored, 1, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0, respectively. Adherence to medication was considered as low, medium, and high adherence if the total score is < 6, 6 to < 8, and 8 points, respectively. In this particular study individual in category of medium adherence and high adherence are taken as adherent and low adherence as non-adherent. Felt stigma was assessed with the Jacoby scale (JS) composed of three questions [13]. Each item was a Boolean question (no = 0, yes = 1). The score of the JS was established from the sum of each item. The sum score >0 indicated presence of felt stigma and sum score = 0 indicates not felt stigma. Social support was assessed by using the Oslo 3-items social support scale in which the first item had 4- point Likert scale and the other two items had 5-point Likert scale [12]. The sum score scale range from 3-8, 9-11, and 12-14 indicates poor, moderate and strong support respectively.
Patient´s beliefs about medication were assessed using the belief about medicines questionnaire (BMQ) [3]. It contains 18 questions in two parts (general beliefs and specific beliefs about drug). In this study specific belief about the drug which contains two parts, specific- necessity which assess patients´ belief about the necessity of the prescribed medications for controlling their illness and specific- concerns about the potential adverse consequences of taking medication was used. Each question was scored based on 5 point Likert scale (1-Strongly disagree, 2-Disagree, 3- No comments, 4-Agree, 5- Strongly agree). Accordingly, participants were considered to have strong medication necessity belief if the average sum of the five-item medication necessity scale score (ranging from 5-25) is mean and above. Conversely, if the score is below mean they were considered to have low medication necessity belief. Similarly, participants were considered to have strong concern belief about their medication adverse effect if the average sum of the five-item medication concern scale score (ranges from 5-25) is mean and above, otherwise, they were considered to have low medication concern belief.
Self-care practice was measured by 38 item epilepsy self-management scale contains five major domains (MM, IM, SM, SEM and LM) [14]. Each question was scored based on 5 point Likert scale (1-never, 2-rarely, 3- Sometimes, 4- Most of the Time, 5- always). Total scores found by reverse coding the 12 negatively worded items and summing responses to all 38 individual items. Total possible scores range from 38-190.
Operational definition: Participants who scored mean and above of Medication, Information, Safety, Seizure and Lifestyle management questioner´s domain of ESMS were considered as had good Medication, Information, Safety, Seizure and Lifestyle management practice while those score less than mean were considered as had poor Medication, Information, Safety, Seizure and Lifestyle management practice respectively. The overall self-care practice of participants was considered as Good self-care practice when their overall ESMS score is mean and above and Poor self-care practice when their overall ESMS score is below mean.
Data collection technique and data quality control: data was collected through face to face interview and reviewing of patient´s medical records. Data was collected by trained four B.Sc. nurse and two MSc nurses were assigned as supervisors. Pre-test was done on 5% of the sample size, at Agaro hospital two weeks before actual data collection and based on the finding of the pretest the questioner was revised.
Data analysis: the collected data was checked for completeness, cleaned and entered in to Epi data version 3.5.3 software and exported to SPSS version 23.0 software for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data. Variables with p-value < 0.25 on bivariate analysis were candidated for multivariate analyses. Factors with p value < 0.05 on multivariate analyses were considered as statistically significant.
Data availability: the dataset of this article is accessible on reasonable request from the corresponding author.
Source of funding: this study was funded by Jimma University, Ethiopia and the funder has no interference with the conduction, analysis and publication process.
Ethical clearance and consent to participate: ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Jimma University, Institute of Health, and Faculty of Health Science. Verbal consent was obtained from the respondents (because of the tittle of the study is not expose the participants for risk and the study have no experiment) and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Jimma University. All information obtained from the patients and records were kept confidential.
Demographic characteristics: of calculated 300 sample a total of 297 study participants were included in the study. From a total of the study participants, 169 (56.9%) of them were male. Almost half 145(48.8%) of the study participants were in the age category of 18-25 years (Table 1).
Clinical and treatment characteristics of study participants: majority, 222 (74.7 %) of the study participants had generalized tonic clonic seizures. More than one third of the respondents 110 (37.0 %) had treatment for 6-10 years. About 73.1% of the respondents were experiencing less than two episodes of seizure since their last visit (Table 2).
Psychosocial factors of study participants: from total of study participants more than one third 109(36.7%) of them were felt stigmatized. Almost half 143 (48.1%) of the respondents had strong medication concern belief (Table 3).
Components and overall epilepsy self-care practice: the mean of life style, Seizure, self-management, medication and information management practice were 17.6, 19.7, 29.5, 40.4 and 14.8 respectively. Of study participants 146 (49.2%) of them were had good overall epilepsy self-care practice (Table 4).
Multivariate analysis of factors associated with self-care practice: during multivariate analysis of self-care practice in relation to the candidate variables for multivariate analysis, residence, seizure frequency, felt Stigma and medication adherence were significantly associated with self-care practice (Table 5).
Self-care practice is vital in preventing or minimizing the impact of disease on everyday life. This cross-sectional study assessed the status self-care practice among epileptic patients. The finding of this study shows 49.2% of study participants had good self-care practice, which is lower than a cross sectional study conducted at tertiary care hospitals of Mangalore south India which reports that 71.4% of study participant had good self-care practices [9]. The discrepancy in the finding may be due to difference in the study period, selection of participants and sample size in which cited study conducted eight years back to this particular study and includes participants above 7 years and a total of 56 participants. It also might be due to the difference in operationalizing of status of self-care practice in which cited study focus only on same specific components ESMS to classify self-care practice status of participants.
This study shows seizure management practice was significantly higher than information management practice while, life style, self-management and medication management practice were almost in similarly status which is supported by study conducted in USE in which mean score of seizure management practice was significantly higher than information management [6]. The consistency in the finding might be due to, patient may fear events of episodes of seizures and they try to avoid the situation that provokes seizure. The finding of this particular study shows that residence of participants was significantly associated with self-care practice. This might be due to, study participants from urban may have more accesses to health care professional advice, information about disease and precautions to control disease. In this study, felt stigmatized was significantly associated with self-care practice. Its supported by study conducted in USE, revealed felt stigma were significantly associated with self-care practice [15]. This might be due to, the study participants fear to practice self-care regularly in the presence of others due to fear of judged or ignored by others. In this study medication adherence was significantly associated with self-care practices which in line with Study conducted at north England, indicate there were significant differences between those adherents to drug and non-adherent on self-care practice [16]. It might be due to the medication management component of ESMS related to adherence to prescribed medication contributed to the overall epilepsy self-care practice.
This particular study shows that frequency of seizure was significantly associated with self-care practice which is supported by the study conducted at Ohio State University Medical Center´s that revealed increased frequency of seizure significantly affects patients´ self-care practice [17]. Participants experiencing more episodes of seizure may hesitate the effectiveness prescribed medications and other precautions on the control of seizure and may loss hope on the progress of disease. The findings of this project provide policymakers and healthcare planners in Ethiopia with evidence of research to design the strategies to improve self-care practice of epileptic patients. The finding of this study would give insight and enable healthcare administrators to promote and strengthen self-self-care practice of epileptic patients in patient education plan. Furthermore, this study serves as a benchmark and provides baseline primary data for further research on self-care practice in epileptic patients in Ethiopia and other countries in the future. This particular study was limited to hospitals founds in Jimma town, which might not be generalized to total population across the countries. Using face-to-face interview may lead to social desirability bias by over-estimating or under-estimating the result. This study was conducted using a cross-sectional study design in which the link between the outcome and the exposure cannot be determined because of the exposure and outcome was simultaneously assessed.
Even though self-care practice is an important component of epilepsy treatment, this study found that self-care practice is poor, which highlights the prevalent problematic degree of self-care practice. So that encouraging the patients on the importance of self-care on control of disease should be considered as routine part of epilepsy management. Information dissemination to the people with epilepsy and to the public at large is important to improve self-care practice and to promote healthy life for those individuals.
What is known about this topic
Epilepsy results in multidimensional and long-term effect on the patients and society;
Self-care practice is critical for epileptic patient so far, the issue Self-care practice still considered as the most important cause of poorly controlled epilepsy;
Epilepsy medical treatment alone has been studied.
Comprehensive epilepsy management including epilepsy selfcare practice is studied;
Almost half of the study participants had good self-care practice;
Residence, seizure frequency, felt Stigma and medication adherence were significantly associated with self-management practice.
All authors have read and agreed to the final version of this manuscript.
Table 1: socio-demographic characteristics of study participants on follow up at Jimma Town public Hospitals, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=297)
Table 2: frequency distribution of Clinical and treatment characteristics of study participants on follow up at Jimma Town public Hospitals, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=297)
Table 3: frequency distribution of psychosocial factors among study participants on follow up at Jimma Town public Hospitals, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=297)
Table 4: frequency distribution of components of epilepsy self-care among study participants on follow up at Jimma Town public Hospitals, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=297)
Table 5: factors associated with self-care practice among study participants on follow up at Jimma Town public Hospitals, 2020 (n=297)
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Ismael Ahmed
Abebe Abera
Tigist Demeke
Gemmechu Terefa
Sheka Shemsi
Abduwalhid Awol
Self-care practice
Epileptic patients


text:
Q: Different count for compressed file listing vs directory listing I was taking a backup of a folder, where I used the following command :
sudo tar -zcvf www.tar.gz /var/www/
It successfully compressed, just for verifying the number of files in the compressed archive, and the directory I ran the following commands :
sudo tar -ztvf www.tar.gz | wc -l  -> 186364
ls -R /var/www | wc -l -> 196440
How come the count is different, what am I missing ?

A: Look at the output without piping to wc to see the difference
$ ls -R www | cat
www:
dir1
dir2
file1

www/dir1:
file1

www/dir2:
file1
file2
$ ls -R www | wc -l
11

And
$ tar xvfz www.tar.gz
www/
www/dir1/
www/dir1/file1
www/dir2/
www/dir2/file1
www/dir2/file2
www/file1
$ tar xvfz www.tar.gz |wc -l
7

ls -R  just produces some more output.

A: ls -R puts some extra empty lines in the output which causes the count to increase.
You can test it by running the command ls -R without piping it to wc -l

A: Use the tree command
tree -i |tail

this will give you the number of folders and files in particular folder.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This unique complex of properties comprises an original farmhouse, cottages and modern properties creating a small hamlet on the edge of this popular village. The properties all require some up-grading and finishing off. The site borders picturesque open rolling countryside and each individual property has its own garden and will enjoy the ambiance of village community life and the rural idyll. In addition there is an adjoining paddock of rough amenity land.
Felton is a charming village lying just off the A38 within approximately eight miles of the centre of Bristol and within circa twenty to thirty minutes commuting distance of all the facilities of a major city conurbation. Lying at the western end of the highly desirable Chew Valley with its lakes offering fishing and sailing facilities, Felton comprises an intimate community of all age groups with both period and modern houses at its centre. The market village of Winford is nearby whilst Chew Magna with its excellent shopping and other facilities is within a few miles drive. Bristol airport is also easily accessible and the cities of both Bath and Wells are within travelling distance. Excellent schools in the area are often one of the reasons people choose to live in the village and the nearby primary school at Winford, and Chew Valley Secondary School, between Chew Stoke and Chew Magna are always sought after and in demand.
Planning has been granted to develop the site.
The individual houses can obviously be up-graded and sold off.
The properties could be up-graded and rented out.
The properties could be used for some sort of quasi commercial use i.e. a bed and breakfast complex or possibly some sort of institutional purpose, possible retirement complex etc all subject to obtaining any necessary planning and other consents.
The density of the development could also be re-visited as well as the long term future of the amenity land.
Mains water. Mains sewerage for Dwellings 3, 5, 6 & 7.
Development: Subdivision of farm house and existing dwelling (barn conversion) to form 2 additional dwellings with associated landscaping and parking including demolition of Barn 1 and outbuildings . Extensions and alterations to existing dwellings.
Details of the planning and all relevant drawings, maps and elevations can be downloaded with the online legal pack.
Please complete the following form to register yor interest in Upper Town Lane, Felton, BS40 9YF.


Mount Pleasant Studio is committed as a company to ensure the workplace is in compliance with the relevent requirements under the Health and Safety Act. All clients, contractors and employees must comply and co-operate with the safety statement and relevant risk assessment forms to be provided by the production company whether in house or external.
The management will regularly review and monitor all work activities and where necessary amend and improve safety procedures. Although it is the responsibility of the production company to implement health and safety it is the duty of all employees, contractors and clients to be responsible for themselves and others at all times.
On external hire of the film and TV studio the studio manager and/or senior member of staff present has the authority to point out any risks, the degree of risk and prevention of any problem, if the production company is putting either personnel or equipment or property at risk. He or she has the authority to prevent a situation arising if the production company concerned are inactive. It is the responsibility of the production company concerned (whether internal shoots or external) to provide health and safety assessment of each shoot, and to take suitable steps to implement safety proceedures.
It is the responsibility of the production company concerned to have full production insurance to cover all personnel, equipment and property. Safety is in addition a condition of employment – each employee must accept responsibility for the working safely to safeguard both him/herself and others who are affected by his/her activities.
If specialised stunts/fire/water/rigs/effects etc are involved, then they must be supervised by experienced and qualified personnel, and full insurance taken out to cover such stunts/effects. this is the responsibility of the production company concerned at all times.
Mount Pleasant Studio cannot be held responsible for any accidents or injuries that result from ignoring the current risk assessment, or for any person under the influence of alcohol or drugs (or medication that can impair safe working performance).
Click here to download our Health and Safety Policy pdf.