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SABA MOSQUE, HEZBOLLAH'S DIRTY LITTLE SECRET IN THE SILICON VALLEY
May 12, 2011 Lee Kaplan
By Lee Kaplan, investigator, communications director
The Silicon Valley-based Islamist center of Shia Association of Bay Area (SABA Mosque) acts as a hub for approximately eight Ja'fari Mosques in the San Francisco Bay Area. Indeed, the imam, Nabi Raza Mir (a.k.a. Nabi Raza Abidi), of SABA is heavily involved with all the local Shia Islamic centers. The Mosque promotes itself in the public eye as a place where members and their children can be trained in "high moral values." However, SABA Mosque's interpretation of what those "high moral values" no doubt differ from the bulk of American society, including many Muslim-Americans who would prefer to escape the unending warmongering in their former countries of the Middle East, particularly Iran.
It is in fact self-evident that the leadership of the SABA Mosque is involved in both open and subtle support of the Khomeinist regime currently running Iran and its Lebanese proxy Hezbollah.
Moreover, at one sermon, a founding member from the Mosque, Dr. Mazhar Khan, explained how Jews had supposedly abandoned their true religion for reasons of materialism (in other words, the stingy Jews) and how Christianity that was to replace Judaism failed to have any moral compass by which people should live (no Ten Commandments?). The comments were subtle, yet were said to young people, young Muslims who meld into American society.
The former Imam of the Mosque, Rafic Labboun, is currently cooling his heels in prison, after being linked by the FBI to credit card scams that were potentially a nationwide scam conducted by Hezbollah in the US to develop funds for Hezbollah activities overseas.
If anyone doubts the SABA Mosque's true policies of supporting Hezbollah goals though, he or she need only look as far as SABA's newsletter. A seemingly innocent posting about the passing away of Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah last year reveals much about the sentiments of the Mosque's leadership:
Condolence message on the sad demise of Allamah Fadlallah
It is with great regret and a profound sense of grief to receive the news of the demise of a man of knowledge, a lecturer, Marjaa (source of emulation) and great Islamic scholar, Ayatollah Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlullah. He was a personality sincerely offered invaluable service to the manifest religion and Islamic Ummah. His sincere efforts and personal endowment for serving and uplifting the truth led to Muslim unity and proximity of Islamic schools of thought.
On the occasion of the sad demise of this heavenly scholar SABA board and Hujjaul Islam Maulana Dr. Abidi convey their condolences to Grand Sources of Emulation, Islamic Seminaries and Islamic world thinkers and all his Muqalledin. We pray to Allah the Almighty to grant great status to the distinguished departed soul. Majlis program will be held on Thursday night.
So just who was Ayatollah Fadlallah? Well, he was an inspirational leader for Hezbollah and involved with the barracks bombing that killed 241 US marines in Beirut in 1983. He also was a big endorser of suicide bombings.
Here's a quote from the late Ayatollah Fadlallah in London's Daily Telegraph:
"I was not the one who launched the idea of so-called suicide bombings, but I have certainly argued in favor of them…. [the Palestinians] are in a state of war with Israel. They are not aiming to kill civilians but, in war, civilians do get killed… There is no other way for the Palestinians to push back those mountains, apart from martyrdom operations."
In addition to the above, Ayatollah Fadlallah denied the Holocaust as a publicity stunt by the Jews, insisting the six million Jews murdered was an inflated number used to gain Jewish sympathy. He praised a massacre of Jewish seminary students in Jerusalem in 2008 in which eight students were murdered by a lone gunman in their classroom. Hezbollah took credit for the attack that was also shared credit with Hamas.
Al Manar, the Hezbollah television station declared Ayatollah Fadlallah "the spiritual leader of the Islamic resistance (Hezbollah) in Lebanon," saying that "Ayatollah Mohammed Hussein Fadlullah inspired the leaders for the resistance group, and served as a highly influential beacon of truth for all the oppressed peoples of the world. Ayatollah Fadlallah was not only a Muslim reference and authority but rather one of the most prominent contemporary religious authorities in the Islamic World. His great experience in teaching jurisprudence as well as his constant monitoring of the latest trends and literature of the major religious schools have enabled him to launch his own school and to be followed by thousands of Muslim believers in Lebanon and the region."
Khaled Meshaal , the head of Hamas based in Syria sent a letter to Ayatollah Fadlallah's son lamenting the loss of his father that stated, "The dear deceased was one of the nation's special and great figures, with his knowledge, grace, moderation, mediation, forgiveness and openness to others, in addition to his courageous stances regarding the nation's issues, especially towards the Palestinian issue and the Arab-Zionist struggle. His eminence was one of the greatest symbols and scholars defending the choice of resistance and Jihad against the occupation, in support of the Palestinian strife and our people's right to freedom, liberty and liberation. A Hamas delegation from Gaza headed was also present at the funerary services."
But Western media, notably the British newspaper, the Telegraph's executive foreign editor Con Coughlin was quoted as saying, "Don't be fooled by all the tributes that are pouring out following the death in Beirut at the weekend of Sheikh Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, the so-called spiritual leader of the radical Shi'ite Muslim militia Hezbollah. The U.S. State Department's classification of Ayatollah Fadlallah as a terrorist was spot on, and when you look back at his track record you can see he was right up there with other infamous terror masterminds, such as Abu Nidal, (the Palestinian terror group linked to Saddam Hussein) and Carlos the Jackal." In 1983 Hezbollah was in its infant stages, but Ayatollah Fadlallah was it's spiritual leader who called for attacks on American servicemen.
This is a man who the SABA Mosque pays tribute to in a footnote of their newsletter and services at the Mosque under the noses of the American public.
Prof. Dalit Baum (Haifa U., Beit Berl) named "New Economic Director for Palestine" by Hamas support organization Global Exchange
Beit Berl College and Haifa University permit "sabbatical" with US anti-Israel organization promoting Hamas goals to destroy Israel
By Lee Kaplan, investigator, comunications director
If Israel's university system doesn't feel it has done enough to embarrass itself yet by promoting an academic fifth column of so-called "educators" who actively work to destroy the Jewish state, this newest bit of news out of Haifa University and Beit Berl College should lay any such suspicions to rest.
Dalit Baum is a PhD graduate in Mathematics, with no academic expertise in Economics or research about Gender Studies other than chasing other women's tuchases in her spare time; she has produced no significant books or research on Gender Studies other than things she can say and do to link her own homosexuality to an example of "oppression" she can then translate into activism to boycott the state of Israel and support the Jewish state's most vile enemies. A loudly practicing lesbian, who likes to combine her extracurricular activities chasing other women with the role of an Israeli college professor (and, of course, the accompanying sinecure and bully pulpit that comes with such a position), Professor Baum invented for herself a new academic field for which she has no real PhD, or even academic background, yet she "teaches" at Haifa U. and Beit Berl. She likes to proclaim herself an economics expert because she has found ways to promote boycotting Israeli businesses abroad to ruin the Israeli economy at home and create joblessness among her fellow Israelis who pay taxes for her positions at two of Israel's most distinguished colleges.
A recent press release put out by Global Exchange described Baum as a "feminist scholar and teacher in Israel, teaching about militarism and about the global economy from a feminist perspective in the Haifa University and the Beit Berl College. This year she is visiting the U.S. as an activist in residence with Global Exchange, directing a new program titled Economic Activism for Palestine, which aims to support existing divestment campaigns in the U.S. as well as help new ones through education, training, networking and the development of dedicated tools."
Apparently, both universities in Israel do not object to Ms, Baum using their good names to bolster her reputation working for a Marxist organization based in Northern California that openly supports Hamas, routinely breaks Israeli law by bringing money and supplies to Hamas in Gaza and in general calling for the end of the Jewish state. Her work is support of "existing divestment campaigns" in the US as well helping to "help new ones" through "education" means she's going to tour the US university system while drawing a salary from a foreign entity that calls for the end of Israel and that openly supports the Jew killers of Hamas in any and every way they can. Global Exchange has been part of the Viva Palestina Tours and Flotilla publicity stunts to aid Hamas.
Baum has no embarrassment about using the good names of the Israeli universities that employ her:
"I'm Dalit Baum, and as a feminist anti-occupation activist teaching gender and the global economy at Haifa University and Beit Berl College in Israel, I found these questions crucial to our work for justice in Palestine. To try to answer them I helped start and have coordinated an activist research initiative called Who Profits from the Occupation within the Coalition of Women for Peace in Israel. During the last four years, Who Profits has become a vital resource for dozens of campaigns around the world, providing information about corporate complicity in the occupation of Palestine."
She continues, "The Economic Activism for Palestine project responds to the July 2005 Unified Call of Palestinian civil society for a wide variety of initiatives such as boycotts, divestment and sanctions until Israel complies with international law and universal principles of human rights. Through our new project, Global Exchange will increase its participation in a growing network of civil society initiatives around the world, dedicated to changing corporate policies and making the occupation less profitable. We will support existing campaigns for divestment and corporate accountability nationally, as well as help create new ones through education, training, networking and the development of dedicated tools. I am very excited to be part of this new project and look forward to working with you for justice in Palestine through corporate accountability."
Notice how she refers to the words "occupation" and "Palestine." Dalit Baum admits privately she doesn't want Israel to exist as a Jewish state. It's got to be Palestine. It's "occupied" by the Jews of which she sadly was one before she became one of the darlings for the communist party and Arabs seeking to destroy Israel. In a lecture she gave in San Francisco for the benefit of the Students for Justice in Palestine(SJP), an ISM group, she explained that while some might think her campaign pertained only to the West Bank and Gaza, she really was not distinguishing any separation from the state of Israel itself when calling for the end of the "occupation."
In the press release Dalit Baum urges those seeking to promote the boycott and divestment from Israel to contact her personally, to invite her to speak in their community and to read her article titled, "Economic Activism: Working Within" where they too can learn how to be a fifth column against Israel and the Jewish community in America and other nations outside of Israel.
Here's a juicy concluding quote from her article:
"Thus, we can safely say that most of the Israeli economy is involved in the economy of the
occupation and, from an economic perspective, the Green Line is long gone. Choosing to call for
economic activism against Israeli corporations directly complicit in the Israeli occupation, rather
than calling for economic activism against all significant Israeli corporations, should be regarded
as a strategic decision, since this distinction is almost only a semantic one. However, tracing the
occupation involvement of corporations broadens our perspective, since, as our database shows, many of the culprit companies are international corporations."
"Working from within" is what a fifth column does, and Dalit Baum does it well with her "Who Profits" website she runs for the virulently anti-Israel lesbian club Coalition of Women for Peace. Her listing as a "sabbatical" her employment traveling the US calling to starve the Jews out for the Arab League (after all, the Boycott and Divestment movement is really just the Arab League Boycott of 1950 warmed over) means both Haifa U, and Beit Berl are not suspending her salary and guaranteeing her sinecures at their colleges as she does "research" to enhance her expertise for her career as an academic and teacher. Sabbaticals are generally for professors to educate themselves, not to educate others in how to destroy Israel. It should be noted for American donors to these Israeli universities that Baum in her article "Working from Within" also sees as part of her responsibility to hurt the US war effort against Al Qaeda in Afghanistan as well:
"As is the case in similar global settings, such as the American military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq, with the rise of the occupation business, the corporate sector has a higher stake in maintaining the occupation." No doubt Ms. Baum would extend her boycott to those who recently rid the world of Osama Bin Laden, as her boycott lectures include going after the IDF and not just the US military. Her sponsors at Global Exchange sent $600,000 in aid to the "resistance" that was killing US Soldiers in Fallujah before the capture and removal of Saddam Hussein. It's not hard to figure out whose side Dalit Baum is on in the War on Terror.
Global Exchange supports Hamas in its quest to destroy Israel and world Jewry. When Dalit Baum lectured the Berkeley SJP last year she boasted she'd cost the Israeli economy billions of dollars in Europe. She even boasted about how she interfered with checkpoint security designed to keep out terrorists who kill Israelis. Her new campaign in the United States will seek to promote the same in America, particularly in US colleges. The directors of Haifa and Beit Berl should remove Dalit Baun from her teaching positions immediately and should have done so long ago.
Meanwhile, law enforcement in the US should recognize this woman is working to promote the goals of Hamas in the US. She serves no constructive purpose being here in the US and by her own admission will work to subvert the US war effort against Al Qaeda when and where she can in service to Global Exchange. She should be deported as an undesirable, but give Israel's own laziness in dealing with her, this seems doubtful.
Contact them:
At Haifa U:
Rector of the University of Haifa
Prof. David Faraggi
Email: dfaraggi@univ.haifa.ac.il
Director General of Beit Berl College
Ruthie Gavri
Phone 972-9-7476302
ruth@beitberl.ac.il
Federal Judge allows California Imam with suspected links to Hezbollah back into US despite Homeland Security objections
May 3, 2011 Lee Kaplan
CAIR involved in helping Imam Nabi Raza Mir return to US
Nabi Raza Mir (a.k.a. Nabi Raza Abidi) is the Imam of The Shia Association of the Bay Area (SABA) Mosque, an Islamic center located in the heart of the Silicon Valley, in San Jose, California. SABA's leadership has been known to endorse the anti-American Khomeinist regime in Iran and the activities of the Lebanon-based international terrorist group Hezbollah.
The Northern California mosque's previous imam, a man named Rafic Labboun, is currently in US prison for credit card fraud that may be linked to fund-raising activities by Hezbollah for money raised in the United States for use abroad as a part of the terrorist group's activities. Nabi Raza Mir, who has been Labboun's replacement since 2002, but is not yet a US citizen, left the US temporarily with his family late December, 2010 allegedly to visit his sick mother, but was denied admittance back into the US for his return by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The United States Government did this ostensibly because of his open ties and support of the Khomeini regime in Iran. Nabi Raza Mir Rafic Labboun
So, does Nabi Raza Mir really pose a threat to national security?
It is important to understand where this mullah comes from and the movement he and his relatives espouse from the SABA Islamic Center. Mir's first permanent residence petition (an I-360 document in U.S. Immigration parlance) was filed by the Shia Association of the Bay Area in 2004 and was repeatedly denied up to as late as December 2006 under the Bush administration. A second I-360 petition to grant him permanent US residence was applied for by SABA back in June of 2007, one year before President Obama took office and was denied in November of that same year. An appeal was filed by SABA and after wending its way through the US courts for three years (Mir was still practicing as the imam and running his business in the Silicon Valley Mosque during this whole time) it was denied in 2011 under the new Obama Administration. If the Department of Justice (DOJ) under the Obama Administration also felt he was a security risk, there must have been more to this cleric than meets the eye. In fact, part of this denial was based on new anti-terrorism laws designed to keep individuals with potential terrorism links out of the United States.
Needless to say, Attorney General Eric Holder's passion for wanting to get the Gitmo detainees released should suggest that if even he also wants Mir kept out of the country there must be a good reason for it. As mentioned, Mir comes from a remote village in India called Alipur that is a Khomeinist stronghold with strong allegiances to the Iranian regime. He has been staying there pending his legal appeals along with his wife, Gulshan Zahera, and their three younger sons who were also named as plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the US government. Judge Jeremy Fogel handed down a stipulation agreed to by Mir's lawyers and US Attorney Melissa S. Liebman just a few days ago that will allow the Khomeinist mullah and his family to come back to California.
The Shia Association of the Bay Area is also working hard behind the scenes to try to get Rafic Labboun released early from prison. That the Shiite Mosque would seek to import another impassioned Hezbollah activist and supporter of the Iranian regime should be alarming enough, but their attempts to release a convicted man, a criminal, with links to a terrorist organization reveal motives that go against the security of every American. Members of the Mosque even distributed a music video calling for Labboun's release with an image of an armed Malcolm X in the visuals that is very disturbing.
The original lawsuit seeking to allow Nabi Raza Mir back into the United States was filed by the Mosque with the help of the Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR), according to the Mosque's website. CAIR has been accused of being a Hamas front by members of Congress and is mainly Sunni Moslem inspired. Sunnis and Shiites, as two different sects of Islam do not normally agree, but have been cooperating together in this case because of their mutual animus toward Israel and against the United States.
The legal case was filed as a writ of mandamus, a specific lawsuit that seeks to have government ministers or officials adhere to strict interpretations of the law to fulfill specific functions. In this case, Nabi Raza Mir and his family, it was alleged, were being prevented from returning to the US based on new anti-terrorism laws that Homeland Security sought to use to keep the imam out of the US as a security threat. However, the lawyers for Mir successfully argued that this clergyman should be subject to laws as they were written at the time Mir applied for residency in the United States. Federal Judge Jeremy Fogel agreed with San Francisco attorneys Christine Brigagliano and Marc Vanderhout, both immigration attorneys from the firm representing SABA Mosque, that such was the case.
Marc Vanderhout Christine Brigagliano
It should come as no surprise that Mr. Vanderhout and Ms. Brigagliano, Nabi Raza Mir's attorneys, are both members, and Vanderhout has even been a past president of, the National Lawyers Guild (NLG), a radical legal organization some historians have stated was originally started in the 1930's by Josef Stalin to shield the American communist party from investigations by the US government. The NLG has in the past been described as a subversive organization by authorities within the US government and the organization currently throws its support behind Palestinian terrorist groups such as Hamas and is an integral part of the International Solidarity Movement (ISM), a communist-anarchist front for the Palestinian revolution. The legal organization is even mentioned in ISM training manuals as a resource to be used to help bring down Israel.
The National Lawyers Guild makes as its purpose to support America's enemies within US borders, so Vanderhout's and Brigagliano's affiliations with the organization should come as no surprise. This makes sense since as one prominent NLG member and Rutgers University School of Law Professor Arthur Kinoy has argued that "the role of the radical lawyer was to facilitate the coming anti-capitalist revolution by weakening the law's ability to function effectively against law-breaking radicals." The two attorneys representing Nabi Raza Mir and his family held that Homeland Security's concerns for the safety of US citizens should not be enforceable based on newer counter terrorism laws because he wasn't considered a security threat before. Judge Jeremy Fogel apparently agreed.
Sajjad Mir, another individual from the same clan as Nabi Raza Mir, is the Chairman of the Shia Association of the Bay Area and the CEO of a Silicon Valley firm called Hastest Solutions, Inc., with offices located in the same building as the Mosque in an industrial area of San Jose, California. Hastest Solutions tests the viability of products and systems of other companies and has even been involved with high security U.S. military weapons systems produced by the Raytheon Corporation. A similar case involving businesses owned by individuals who support regimes that suborn terrorism having access to sensitive government groups or projects within the US involved the SAAR Foundation prosecutions where supporters of Al Qaeda held religious offices and private businesses also in the same buildings in Northern Virginia. The difference this time, is that while the SAAR Foundation was made up of Sunni Moslems who were supporters of Hamas and Al Qaeda, some who developed relationships in the US government and FBI, the SABA Mosque is open in its support of the Shia Moslems in Iran and of Khomeini's revolutionary government that declares the United States the "Great Satan" and Israel as the "Minor Satan." Terrorism support entities when ultimately proven and prosecuted in the US usually follow the same patterns of behavior, infiltration, indoctrination and subversion. In the event the US goes to war with Iran, there certainly could be the possibility of some individuals indoctrinated by the SABA Mosque's leadership joining internal cadres in the US to attack from within. Loyalty to the US is totally absent at SABA Mosque, but allegiance to the regime of Ali Khameini in Iran exists there. Reverend Jeremiah Wright isn't the only religious leader who refuses to say, "God Bless America."
According to a news flash on the SABA Mosque's website newsletter , "Our beloved Leader/Imam Maulana Nabi Raza Mir (Abidi), was unfairly forced to stay in India by US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) while he was visiting his critically ill mother. SABA is filing a case in the district court to order DHS to allow him to return home to be with his family and the community."
Speaking of family, the main allies of Nabi Raza Mir in the SABA Mosque back in Alipur are his relatives with the same physical traits and political points of view. A recent video that appears on You Tube featured one of Mir's close relatives in Alipur giving an inflammatory speech in support of the Ali Khameini regime in Iran and screaming "Kaybar, Kaybar, Ya Yahud!" an exhortation to exterminate the Jews referring to an historical passage in the Koran where Mohammed wiped out a Jewish community and beheaded its male population. The speaker in the video is Qayeem Abbas, who is another imam in Alipur and a family relative of Mir's. Another Toronto-based imam under the watch of Canadian intelligence and a known Hezbollah sympathizer, Zaki Baqri, is also related to Mir. All these men are members of the so-called "Sadat" caste as recognized back in Alipur, that openly seeks to dominate and rule the world and sees it as their right to do so. Both mullahs carry the titles "Syed" (Arabic/Persian/Urdu for "master") and "Maulana" (Arabic for "our lord") as evidenced by the Mosque's newsletter. In this bizarre system, there are two classes of people: Masters and non-masters. So if these are the masters, what are they teaching the non-masters in their holy mosques to think and do?
The You Tube video, shot in Alipur that is not in English, also ends with Mir's relations calling for the destruction of America as the Great Satan and "Death to Israel" as the Lesser Satan. It should be noted there are no Jews living in Alipur where this demonstration took place, that the call to exterminate Jews is in following with the Khomeinist regime's programming from Tehran. Religious leaders from the SABA Mosque have been reported to have made comments disparaging of Christians and Jews at times during sermons and invitations for religious speakers who are known to be virulently anti-Semitic are the norm. Some of these have included Abdul Malik Ali, an imam from Oakland who calls for genocide against Jews on US campuses such as UC Irvine, as well as Abdul Alim Musa, a former Oakland drug lord turned Shiite Imam who converted in prison and who has stated his goal is to instill a Khomeinist regime as found in Iran here in the United States.
Nabi Raza Mir, while practicing as the imam at the SABA Mosque, before leaving for Alipur, also had expressed praise and regret at the passing of Mullah Sayyed Fallalah who was credited with ordering the bombing of the US marine barracks in Beirut in 1983, costing the lives of over 241 US military personnel in what many consider to be the first major terror attack assignment by Hezbollah. At political and religious events in the San Jose area, SABA Mosque leaders have been photographed frequently wearing the paraphernalia of Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps or of the Basij, both the military wings and enforcers of the dictatorial regime in Iran. Average Americans do not understand the symbolism of Basij scarves or keffiyehs or may think they represent the Palestinian revolution. But many exiled Iranians do know their meaning as identifiers of the secret police back in Iran or Hezbollah.
Dearborn, Michigan, is no longer the only most major center of Hezbollah activity in the United States; Nabi Raza Mir arrived back in the US on April 25th to be hosted at a special reception at the SABA Mosque on Thursday, April 28th as San Jose now vows for that same distinction.
Hezbollah cells: Who are the basijis and IRGC?
March 7, 2011 Lee Kaplan
By Lee Kaplan, Analyst, Communications Director, Northeast Intelligence Network
The average American knows very little about Hezbollah, the Iranian terrorist proxy that appears on the evening news as operating mainly in Lebanon as a threat to Israel's northern border. One of the purposes of this article is to explain in laymen's terms what Hezbollah is and about its presence here in the US in what could be called "sleeper cells" that are poised to assist the Iranian regime that the US government is confronting over Iran's nuclear and missile program. Another key purpose of this article will be to point out a Hezbollah cell operating under our noses right here in San Jose, California, heretofore unknown to the general population.
In the US, intelligence sources suggest there are least a dozen Hezbollah cells across the United States, each including a hard core of several dozen suspected terrorists. These are known to operate primarily in Detroit, Los Angeles, Chicago, New York and Boston including a number with military training in Hezbollah camps - plus hundreds of supporters. Indictments have been handed out primarily in Detroit that hosts one of the largest Muslim populations. The concern of US intelligence officials is that Hezbollah - among other groups - may have implanted U.S.-based sleeper cells not only to raise money (as has already been done through credit card fraud and cigarette tax fraud), but also to orchestrate domestic terrorist attacks if the US or Israel takes military action against Iran's nuclear program. U.S. law enforcement and intelligence officials are missing the boat, however, when it comes to San Jose California's Silicon Valley, where a Hezbollah cell is also operating but has not garnered much in the way of media attention—yet. What is also under the radar is how these cells such as the one in San Jose are also seeking to recruit from America's minority community to swell their ranks from those who perceive themselves as part of America's disadvantaged minorities. For now, nobody may be planning terrorist attacks, but can we count on that not changing in time of war? Or, for that matter, there being a safe house in our midst for those who do?
Hezbollah's infrastructure within the U.S. to date has mostly given financial and logistical support for a focused and successful guerilla war from Lebanon against Israel overseas and for a propaganda war in favor of the Palestinians here in the US. In fact, at demonstrations against Israel in the San Francisco Bay Area, most people might assume that all the demonstrators are Palestinian Arabs, not Arabs from Hezbollah operating under the control of the regime in Iran under the leadership of Iranians. As a fighting force inside America, Hezbollah's sleepers have yet to be tested. But the first step in any security-related test should be to distinguish where those sleeper cells are so the average American, Muslim or non-Muslim, can keep an eye on them.
With the Iranian revolution that took place in 1979 under then President Jimmy Carter, the regime in Iran that took over from the Shah became known as the Velayat-e Faqih regime headed by the now deceased imam, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini whose administration also led the hostage takeover of the US embassy in Tehran. Velayat-e Faqih means "governance of the jurist," the jurist being the late Ayatollah Khomeini. Although this regime and the Muslims of Iran are Shias (followers of Mohammed's son-in-law, thus keeping leadership of the Caliphate in the family of Mohammed as appointed leaders by Allah) as opposed to Sunnis (those who favored electing a new leader), the Shias began developing a strong presence in Lebanon by uniting all Arabs there in opposition to Israel and the US. Today in Lebanon, while the majority of Hezbollah are Shia Arabs, there are also some Druze and others in Hezbollah. The Shia presence though, in Lebanon, is also bolstered by Syria, whose Allawite leaders are an obscure Shia community of Muslims who rule over the much larger Sunni population in that neighboring country. It is their mutual antipathy to Israel that keeps these two factions working toward the same end. As proxies for Iran, the Hezbollah also have Iranian or Persian leaders and advisers working with them.
The late Ayatollah Khomeini
Since its takeover in Iran, the Velayat-e Faqih regime is very repressive, ultimately fascist in its policies toward the Iranian people, a policy that is also passed on to their proxy military and political force of Lebanese Arabs in Hezbollah to also be promoted abroad. Most Iranians and even many Sunni Arabs who emigrated to the US during the latter half of the 20th century did so to escape such oppressive governments and societies that persecuted Jews, women, free speech and assembly and still do to this day. But now, this fascist ideology is being inculcated among American Muslims whenever possible, and in particular among young people here who cannot relate to the repression back in the Middle East. Enforcers have been sent here to the mosques in the US to spy on both Shia expatriates from Iran or Lebanon to see what they are up to, and also to recruit among America's younger Shias and other Muslims from within. Opposition to Israel is the glue for this program, but America is the long range target.
Few Americans know that during the riots in Iran a year ago in which the Iranian people demanded more freedoms, part of the contingents of thugs who beat up and even killed some of the protestors were Hezbollah members, notably Palestinian Arabs from Lebanon and even the West Bank, who were brought in to do the dirty work for the Velayat-e Figh regime. Working with these enforcers were the IRGC or Iranian Royal Guard Corps, a militarized group or "army within an army" of Khomeinists loyal to the Mullahs and separate from the regular Iranian Army. Another specialized group, the Basij was also involved. The Basij originated during Iran's eight-year-long war with Iraq, when youngsters were recruited into the Basij and given plastic keys made in Hong Kong that they were told were to be their keys to Paradise in the after- life as they were sent in human waves (frequently unarmed, sometimes even with only a Koran) against Iraqi gun emplacements. Part of the Ayatollah Khomeini's strategy back then was to make every household in Iran "bleed" so as the commit the entire country in its Holy War against Saddam Hussein, another tyrant and dictator, but a Sunni Muslim. The Basij developed into a fanatical wing of the Islamic dictatorship whose members are just as willing to self-sacrifice themselves to the Mullahs as their earlier counterparts were during the Iran-Iraq War, an effort that helped gain victory for Iran.
The Bisijis wear an easily identifiable scarf in black and while around their necks to denote who they are. They do this in both Iran and here in San Jose. When seen at demonstrations, most laymen would think the scarves symbolize the Palestinian movement because the colors are the same. However, if one looks closely they are different and to Iranian and Muslim members of the Bay Area community who fled Iran, they know what they mean.
Although both are black and white, the Basij scarf is different from the Palestinian keffiyah on closer inspection. To most people in the US they are not distinguishable. At left above, Basij supporters celebrate Huseyn Day in San Jose, California.
Just as with the demonstrators in Iran being under the eye of the IRGC and the Basij, Hezbollah loyalists who are now operating from cells in the US are here not to flee Iran's totalitarian system as much as to spy on and control the Iranian and Shia population here in the US. Their bases of operation for this are in the mosques.
Hezbollah support in America: Identifying Hezbollah cells & participants in the U.S.
February 23, 2011 Lee Kaplan
Part One: Imam Abdul Alim Musa: A Drug Lord turned Hezbollah supporter
By Lee Kaplan, Communications director & investigator
23 February 2011: The difference with Muslim cleric Abdul Alim Musa is he is not from the Middle East, but rather an African-American named Clarence Reams with a long criminal past. Known by his criminal nom de guerre, " Big Hank," instead of what he calls his "slave name," Musa was an international drug dealer and well-known criminal personality in Oakland, California who converted to Islam while in the U.S. prison system. One source for this article has described Musa's adoption of militant Islam as payback for the U.S. government putting him behind bars, an old adage "the enemy of my enemy is my friend." He operates a Muslim group called Sabiqun that seeks to establish an Islamic world order and is an honored guest speaking at mosques in California and anti-Israel events at colleges like UC Irvine and UCLA.
Musa has gone on record publicly stating that "Jews are the enemy of humanity" and he openly supports both Hamas and Hezbollah, the Iranian terrorist proxies. Musa is a perfect example how the militant Islamists take people from the lower classes in our society and elevate them in stature to promote an internal "revolution" against the established state. Besides lecturing at other mosques in the US besides his own, Musa lectures at universities and colleges where he is a frequent guest of the Muslims Students Associations that operate at the behest of the Saudis.
While in Oakland during the 1960s, Musa associated with H. Rap Brown, who later also adopted a radical version of Islam and became known as Imam Jamil al-Amin. Al-Amin was imprisoned after murdering an American black police officer during a traffic stop in Atlanta.
"Big Hank" was later arrested for setting up a drug dealing heroin and currency smuggling operation in Colombia, and was also charged with assaulting a federal agent. Later, he fled to Algeria, where he hooked up with several self-exiled Black Panther leaders such as the late Eldridge Cleaver. He eventually returned to the United States and turned himself in. While in prison, "Big Hank" converted to Islam and adopted his Arabic Islamic name. He became a radical and supported Khomeini's 1979 Iranian Islamic revolution, believing, or at least wanting to believe that Khomeini's oppressive regime would lead to global Islamic dominance as Iran is striving for today. Once Khomeini's regime was installed in power, Musa declared his unwavering support for the new Iranian dictator and his program of anti-Americanism. He has made several visits since the 1980's to Iran proclaiming himself the representative of American Muslims and pledging undying support for the regime. He has managed to ally himself with anti-American Muslims, both Sunni and Shia since then and encouraged unity of purpose as being the road to success for Islam against the United States.
To promote this unity Abdul Musa uses anti-Semitism. The ADL has described his statements as a theme that "propagates a radical and anti-Semitic ideology." He accuses Jews of being responsible for the slave trade prior to the 20th century to inflame African-American passions against the Jewish community in the same manner as Louis Farrakhan does with this Black Muslims group. Musa has demanded, "Who ran the slave trade…who funded it? You'll study and you will find out: the Jews…It was the Jewish bankers…In Vienna, with pockets full of money, funding and insuring, that's who did it…You can't tell us about no Holocaust. Between the African Americans and the Native Americans, everybody else's stuff was small potatoes."
Historically inaccurate and designed to promote Jew-hatred, his speeches are heard even on "enlightened" U.S. college campuses such as at the University of Washington under the invitation of the Black Students Commission where he proclaimed America was controlled by Jews and that "Yahuds [Jews] are the enemy of humanity." In California he has spoken on campuses such as at UC Irvine, currently considered one of the most anti-Semitic campuses in the country by assorted civil rights organizations.
Challenged publicly on his anti-Semitism, Musa tries to claim he only opposes supporters of Israel or "Zionists" and not Jews in general, but he has drawn allusions in his sermons to "Yahuds" [Jews] even back to Mohammed's days with them in Saudi Arabia and described them as conniving and responsible for usury.
Musa even challenged the FBI to arrest him once for funding Hamas, one of the terrorist groups funded by the Khomeini regime in Iran and similar to Hezbollah. Waving a check made out to Hamas at a demonstration in 1999, he dared the government to do something about it. The check however was never presented nor cashed.
At a national Muslim Students Association Conference at UCLA in 2001, Musa declared, "If you were to say that the Soviet Union was wiped off the face of the earth . . . people would have thought you were crazy, right? The people of Afghanistan didn't have the intellect or historical knowledge to know that they wasn't supposed to wipe out the Soviet Union, is that right? … We saw the fall of one so-called superpower. Old Sam [the United States] is next."
Musa's other statements repeated not only at U.S. mosques but at American colleges have been that Zionist American agents blew up the World Trade Center but the following:
Palestinian suicide bombers are heroes.
The U.S. government saturated American cities with heroin in the 1960s to snuff out an African-American rebellion.
The United States should become an Islamic state.
In a video clip broadcast by Fox News, Abdul Alim Musa stated, from behind a podium at the University of California at Irvine on Sept. 9, 2001, where quoted his colleague Jamil Al-Amin, a.k.a. H. Rap Brown, that "if you don't stay out of our way and leave us alone, we're going to burn America down."
Abdul Alim Musa has also stated that "the American ship is going down. And it's clowns like that [President George W. Bush] that's driving it down. We don't have to do nothing. Just step back, pray, fast, do good deeds, and stuff like that. And let that guy go … When he finishes, nobody will love, nobody will trust, and nobody will believe anything coming from the United States of America."
In a debate with George Mason University Professor Jack Goldstone aired on Press TV, on January 5, 2010, Abdul Alim said that Muslims believe that 90% of the bombings in the world are done by the United States for the last 20 years, "…from the first World Trade Center bombing in '93… This is our view, from those who… We said it then, and we say it now, and this is the belief in the Muslim world: 90% of the bombing plots – or this plot or that plot – we believe is done by and with the help and the aid of Mossad, and the United States government. This is our experience. We believe that whoever this guy is from Nigeria - we don't believe he has any ties with Islam. If you talk about the World Trade Center bombing – all of these things are done… I can give you two quick reasons, and it will solve the problem. Number one - to blame these things on Muslims. You get the Patriot Act, you get the anti-terrorism bill, you get a right to what they call stop, put a freeze, on the global Islamic movement, which has been spreading, growing, and developing. You get a chance to launch missiles, to kill, and to put a freeze on the Islamic movement. But the Islamic movement is only the first target."
He continued, "…Yes, definitely. This is our belief. We've said this. We have… I didn't bring them all… 'We have "CIA Patterns of Deception,' 'Zionist Control of Media,' 'Babylon the Great' – these are years old – 'Bush the Unifier'… Our belief has always been, since 1993, and we've done TV programs on it – that the United States government… Who do you talk about? You talk about Al-Qaeda. Where did Al-Qaeda come from? Al-Qaeda, Bin Laden, and all that – those are U.S. friends…"
Musa has been denied entry to the United Kingdom because according to that government he is "considered to be engaging in unacceptable behavior by fomenting and glorifying terrorist violence in furtherance of his particular beliefs and seeking to provoke other to terrorist acts."
Musa is warmly received at outside mosques by local imams and has spoken about his former cocaine business to the congregations, denouncing former President George Bush, and President Obama. He has openly raised funding for anti-CIA and anti-FBI literature that gets passed out to the congregations and others with the full blessing of the Boards of Trustees, Directors, and Advisors and top dogs at many such mosques.
Musa has openly called for in flyers passed out at mosques for the overthrow of the U.S. government: "At this current stage, our quest is to emulate the life of our hero in contemporary times, the Imam Khomeini, as we strive to establish the Islamic State of North America. His story is the story of success against unbeatable odds."
Khomeini, of course, was the one who coined the phrase of the United States as being the Great Satan to be taken over by the Islamic Revolution. The flyer goes on to urge the foundation of "geographical integrity" in the U.S. in order to achieve the goals of Imam Khomeini, which was, of course, the overthrow of the United States. At the bottom of the flyer he notes that all donations are tax deductible.
Musa and his adherents also seek to recruit from the African-American and Latin American community whenever possible. No revolution succeeds without a perceived "oppressed" minority feeling it is part of a new revival of their situation. To this effect even the MTV generation is appealed to.
Next week: Are Hezbollah operatives operating freely in the US? : The Revolutionary Guards and the Basij right in your backyard.
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The murmurs are getting more depressing as the clock ticks down to this week's Commons votes. No-one thinks the EEA amendment to the withdrawal bill will pass. Some believe the customs amendment will. There are major questions, all of a sudden, over the meaningful vote amendments. There really shouldn't be. MPs backed Dominic Grieve in December on this issue. The case for doing so again now is stronger.
Downing Street has only ever really had three arguments to keep its MPs in line. The first is that rebelling against Theresa May will put Jeremy Corbyn in Downing Street. The second is that it destabilises her to the point of a forced departure and could therefore lead to a harder Brexiter taking over. The third is that it would bind her hands in negotiations with the EU.
None of these arguments make any sense. May will not resign this week, even if she lost all the amendments put to the Commons, which she will not. If she didn't resign when she lost her majority in an unnecessary election she is not going to do so over a procedural vote. The idea that rebellion only helps the other side is a foolish tactic when challenging May's administration. Allowing all the attacks to come from hard Brexiters does not help moderates - it neutralises them.
The final argument is perhaps the worst of all though. The idea that a meaningful parliamentary vote on the final deal somehow binds the prime minister's hands is abject twoddle. In what way specifically would it do this? No-one is able to say.
May is more than capable of binding her own hands on Brexit negotiations without the help of parliament. In fact, the more freedom she is given to act without scrutiny, the more she acts to limit her own room to manoeuvre.
After the referendum she refused a Commons vote on Article 50 or to unilaterally guarantee citizens' rights because it would somehow 'bind her hands' in negotiations. Both propositions turned out to be nonsense. What did bind her hands? The fact she made her red lines public, particularly on European Court of Justice jurisdiction. She has spent most of the time since then desperately trying to rub them out.
This prime minister cannot, in good conscience, be trusted with her assessment of what would limit or improve her negotiating position. Her actions consistently attempt to free the government to act without the involvement of parliament. Even the proposed 12-hour timetable for the amendments demonstrates that tendency. And yet she squanders this expanded executive power with a Cabinet that cannot even reach basic positions on what customs system Britain would have, over two years after a referendum vote. Given the state of government confusion, it is morally and constitutionally imperative that parliament takes some control of the chaos.
All the meaningful vote amendments really do is force the government to stick to the promises it made on when the Commons will get a vote and then control what happens if it goes against them.
The government does not own the Brexit mandate. If David Cameron's government had run the referendum calling for Brexit, it would have. But it did not. This government did not even exist when the referendum took place. When it did go to the country seeking a mandate for its Brexit plan, it did not get one.
If there is a mandate at all, it lies in parliament, whose role in British politics was affirmed by the prominence of the 'take back control' message in the referendum campaign. It is intolerable for it now not to live up to that slogan in deciding its relationship with the government over the Brexit process.
No.10's briefings claim that events would anyway be chaotic no matter what happens, so the safeguards in amendments 49 and 95 are not required. And it is true that the primary force in those circumstances would be day-to-day politics, the quickly-shifting consensus on what is the right thing to happen in an unprecedented constitutional situation. But that makes it even more important that parliament puts some sense of process into what happens now, before things get frenzied, which can guide it in a principled and timetabled way. It will be a stormy sea, but the public deserve MPs who have made basic efforts to guide the process in the event of executive failure.
This would be necessary even if the government had shown it was able to conduct negotiations competently, by virtue of the Brexit mandate. But the government has not shown that, so it is necessary by virtue of the national interest.


This report assesses the contributions of The Ohio Aerospace Institute (OAI) to the economy of the State of Ohio during the specific period of its 1998-2015 fiscal years. The study was conducted by the Center for Economic Development at Cleveland State University's Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs. The impact of OAI is described here in terms of the employment, labor income, value added, output, and tax revenue generated because of OAI's presence in the state. The impacts of OAI's four main operating functions were assessed, including OAI operating expenses, OAI employee compensation, support to industry research and development, and support for students and universities. These components of the impact are based on data from audits summarizing OAI's financial activities from fiscal year 1998 through fiscal year 2015 due to IMPLAN data availability.
The Ohio Aerospace Institute is a nonprofit organization founded in 1989 with a mission of enhancing its partners' aerospace competitiveness through research and technology development, workforce preparedness, and engagement with global networks for innovation and advocacy. The organization is a joint initiative of the NASA Glenn Research Center, the Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, the State of Ohio, ten Ohio public and private universities granting doctoral degrees in aerospace-related engineering disciplines, and numerous companies engaged in aerospace activities.
Clouse, Candi and Kalynchuk, Kenneth S., "Economic Impact Of Ohio Aerospace Institute, FY 1998-2015" (2016). Urban Publications. Paper 1340.


The QCallSettings class provides access to auxiliary settings in a GSM phone related to calls.
Other classes such as QCallForwarding, QCallBarring, QNetworkRegistration, etc, are used for specific call settings that have rich interfaces. The QCallSettings class is for minor settings that don't require more than simple request and set methods.
See also QCallForwarding, QCallBarring, and QNetworkRegistration.
This enum defines the states that the caller ID restriction service can be in.
QCallSettings::Subscription 0 Caller ID restriction is according to the network operator's subscription preferences.
QCallSettings::Invoked 1 Caller ID restriction is currently invoked. That is, the caller ID information of the local party will not be sent during calls.
QCallSettings::Suppressed 2 Caller ID restriction is currently suppressed. That is, the caller ID information of the local party will be sent during calls.
This enum defines the status of the caller ID restriction service within the network, indicating whether it can be modified or not.
QCallSettings::NotProvisioned 0 The caller ID restriction service is not provisioned.
QCallSettings::Permanent 1 The caller ID restriction service is provisioned in permanent mode and the local user cannot change it.
QCallSettings::Unknown 2 The caller ID restriction state is currently unknown (e.g. no network).
QCallSettings::TemporaryRestricted 3 The caller ID restriction service is provisioned in temporary restricted mode.
QCallSettings::TemporaryAllowed 4 The caller ID restriction service is provisioned in temporary allowed mode.
This enum defines the presentation status of caller id information.
QCallSettings::PresentationNotProvisioned 0 Presentation of caller id has not been provisioned by the network operator.
QCallSettings::PresentationProvisioned 1 Presentation of caller id has been provisioned by the network operator.
QCallSettings::PresentationUnknown 2 Presentation status is unknown, probably because of no network service.
This enum defines the transport to be used for sending SMS messages.
QCallSettings::SmsTransportPD 0 Use GPRS packet domain to send SMS messages.
QCallSettings::SmsTransportCS 1 Use non-GPRS circuit switching to send SMS messages.
QCallSettings::SmsTransportPDPreferred 2 Use GPRS packet domain if available, or non-GPRS circuit switched otherwise.
QCallSettings::SmsTransportCSPreferred 3 Use non-GPRS circuit switching if available, or GPRS packet domain otherwise.
QCallSettings::SmsTransportUnavailable 4 The modem does not support selecting an SMS transport.
Construct a new call settings object for service and attach it to parent. The object will be created in client mode if mode is Client, or server mode otherwise.
If service is empty, this class will use the first available service that supports call settings. If there is more than one service that supports call settings, the caller should enumerate them with QCommServiceManager::supports() and create separate QCallSettings objects for each.
Destroy this call settings object.
Signal that is emitted in response to a requestCallWaiting() request. The call classes in cls currently have call waiting enabled. All other classes have call waiting disabled.
See also setCallWaiting() and requestCallWaiting().
Signal that is emitted to report the current caller id presentation status.
Signal that is emitted in response to a requestCallerIdRestriction() request. The current state is specified by the clir and status parameters.
See also setCallerIdRestriction() and requestCallerIdRestriction().
Signal that is emitted to report the current connected line id presentation status.
Request the current call waiting flags. The service responds by emitting the callWaiting() signal.
On AT-based modems, this will typically use the AT+CCWA command.
Request the presentation state of caller id information on incoming calls. The state will be returned via the callerIdPresentation() signal.
On AT-based modems, this will typically use the AT+CLIP command.
Request the current state of the caller ID restriction service. The service responds by emitting the callerIdRestriction() signal.
On AT-based modems, this will typically use the AT+CLIR command.
Request the presentation state of connected line identification information (COLP). The state will be returned via the connectedIdPresentation() signal.
On AT-based modems, this will typically use the AT+COLP command.
Request the transport that is being used to send SMS messages. The service responds by emitting the smsTransport() signal.
On AT-based modems, this will typically use the AT+CGSMS command.
Enable or disable call waiting for the call classes specified in cls, according to the enable flag. The service responds by emitting the setCallWaitingResult() signal.
See also callWaiting() and setCallWaitingResult().
Signal that is emitted to report the result of a setCallWaiting() request.
Sets the caller ID restriction state to clir. The service responds by emitting the setCallerIdRestrictionResult() signal.
See also callerIdRestriction() and setCallerIdRestrictionResult().
Signal that is emitted to report the result of a setCallerIdRestriction() request.
Sets the transport to be used for sending SMS messages. The service responds by emitting the setSmsTransportResult() signal.
See also smsTransport() and setSmsTransportResult().
Signal that is emitted to report the result of a setSmsTransport() request.
Signal that is emitted in response to a requestSmsTransport() request. The current transport is specified by the transport parameter. If transport is SmsTransportUnavailable, then the modem does not support selecting an SMS transport.
See also setSmsTransport() and requestSmsTransport().


text:
Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
Research article | Open | Published: 25 May 2017
Lifestyle factors and co-morbidities associated with obesity and overweight in Nkonkobe Municipality of the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Wilfred Otang-Mbeng1,
Gloria Aderonke Otunola1 &
Anthony Jide Afolayan1
Journal of Health, Population and Nutritionvolume 36, Article number: 22 (2017) | Download Citation
Obesity is a global epidemic that affects 500 million people worldwide and is predicted to increase to one billion people by 2030. The prevalence of obesity is increasing across populations in South Africa. However, questions still remain surrounding the predisposing factors and obesity-related health problems especially in the rural areas. This study evaluated several lifestyle factors such as dietary habits, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, co-morbidities and their association with the prevalence of obesity and overweight in Nkonkobe Municipality of the Eastern Cape.
A cross-sectional, population-based survey was conducted among 118 residents in four rural/sub-urban townships of the study area. Measurements including weight, height, body mass index (BMI), physical activity and dietary habits were determined using a validated questionnaire.
The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 38 and 19%, respectively. The highest prevalence of obesity (70%) was observed among those who do not undertake any physical activity. Close to half (48.48%) of the respondents who eat fast foods always were obese, and 30.30% were overweight; when combined, the prevalence for obesity is 78.78%. A negative association with obesity was observed among regular smokers (26.92%) and consumers of alcohol (4.00%). Arthritis, hypertension and tuberculosis were co-morbidities significantly (P < 0.05) associated with obesity in the study area.
The findings of this study reveal that lack of physical activity, overindulgence on fast and fried foods, low fruit and vegetable consumption as well as arthritis, hypertension and tuberculosis were significant risk factors of obesity in Nkonkobe Municipality.
Obesity is prevalent in most low- and middle-income countries and is associated with increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and health-related complications. In South Africa, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased steadily over time, reaching 56% in 2002 and 65% in 2012 with black African women living in urban townships and some rural communities as the most affected [1, 2].
According to Joubert et al. [3] and Okop et al. [4], obesity was the cause of 78% of type 2 diabetes, 68% of hypertensive disease, 45% of ischaemic stroke, and 38% of ischaemic heart disease cases among adults in SA. Information on the factors associated with overweight and obesity in black African women and men living in rural and urban communities are of critical importance for the development of community-specific obesity prevention strategies in these settings.
Current evidence indicates that obesity is a multifactorial condition influenced by many variables which include genetic, demographic and lifestyle factors. Al-Hazzaa et al. [5] posited that genetic and demographic variables such as family history of obesity, age, ethnicity and sex cannot be modified, but obesity-associated lifestyle factors such as physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary choices, smoking and alcohol intake are often modifiable.
Physical activity and fitness are important factors in reducing the risk of unhealthy weight gain and related illnesses. High levels of physical activity may protect against excessive weight gain whereas low levels permit excessive weight gain. Certain types of foods and eating habits such as fast foods, fried foods, snacking, binge-eating and eating out have been linked to weight gain and obesity [6].
The relationship between smoking and obesity is complex and not completely understood. While some studies have shown no significant association between smoking status and body mass index (BMI), others have reported that smokers tend to have lower BMI [7,8,9].
Although alcohol has comparatively high energy content, a controversy still exists on whether moderate amounts of alcohol represent a risk factor for weight gain and obesity. Several reports have shown positive, negative or no relationship between alcohol intake and body weight [10,11,12,13].
Overweight and obese persons are at an increased risk for developing many medical problems, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, stroke, sleep apnoea, gallbladder disease, gout, osteoarthritis and cancer [14,15,16]. Reports have positively associated obesity with hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, and angina in India, China, Russia and South Africa [17]. There is convincing evidence that regular physical activity helps prevent unhealthy weight gain whereas sedentary lifestyles, particularly sedentary occupations and inactive recreational activities such as watching television, promote it [18, 19]. Traditionally, it has been thought that a high level of physical exercise could in part explain the low levels of chronic diseases found in sub-Saharan African countries, though the amounts of physical exercise have been decreasing as a result of high degree of urbanization [18].
The paucity of data on lifestyle factors and co-morbidities associated with obesity as well as the influence of such factors on obesity in sub-Saharan Africa raises the need for research among sub-urban and rural populations in order to develop effective and population-based interventions for the prevention of obesity. The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine the lifestyle factors and co-morbidities associated with obesity in Nkonkobe Municipality of the Eastern Cape, South Africa.
This study was carried out in the Nkonkobe Municipality of the Amathole District, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, which falls within the latitudes 30° 00′ to 34° 15′ S and longitudes 22° 45′ to 30° 15′ E (Fig. 1).
Map of Amathole District showing the Nkonkobe Municipality. Source: Otang et al. [20]
The Nkonkobe Municipality is situated within the Amathole District Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province, between Port Alfred and Port St John. The climate is highly varied; the west is dry with sparse rain during winter or summer, with frosty winters and hot summers. The mean maximum temperature in January has been recorded as 26 °C and the mean minimum as 10 °C in July. The main tribes of the area are Xhosa-speaking peoples who are divided into several tribes with related but distinct heritages [20].
According to Statistics South Africa [21] (2015), Nkonkobe is comprised of 21 wards with a population of approximately 127,115 of which the majority (72%) resides in rural villages and farms. Nkonkobe is a rural municipality, and the economy is largely driven by the agricultural sector, which includes citrus, forestry and crop production. Some of the major challenges facing Nkonkobe Local Municipality include infrastructure challenges and high levels of unemployment and poverty.
A population-based cross-sectional survey among 118 residents using weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and questionnaires was conducted in Alice, Fort Beaufort, Middledrift and Seymour of the Nkonkobe Municipality, from September to November 2015. Pairs of trained research assistants served as interviewers and a trained supervisor monitored the process in each location. The team members were given a day's training of approximately 5 h in which each point of the questionnaire was explained and discussed. Special emphasis was given to the method of recording and measurement of height and weight. Practical demonstrations were also made for these parameters to avoid error during recording. Before the data collection began, the interviewers thoroughly explained to subjects the purpose and procedure of the study and obtained their consent to participate.
Adults of both gender aged 21–70 years were eligible for inclusion in this study. Pregnant women, mothers who were less than 2 months post delivery and women who were on hormonal contraception, as well as subjects with oedema or wasting syndrome were excluded.
Anthropometric measurements
Height and weight were measured with subjects in light clothes and without shoes using standard apparatus. Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg on a calibrated beam scale. Height was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm with a non-expanding measuring tape.
The questionnaire collected data on physical activity, eating, smoking and alcohol habits of participants. Participants' height and weight were obtained, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m2). Physical activities were separated according to their intensity, which is defined as the distinction between walking, other moderate and vigorous physical activities for at least 10 min/day. Moderate activities are those that cause a small increase in respiratory frequency and require moderate physical exertion (such as carrying light loads and doing house chores) for at least 10 min each day; vigorous activities are those that cause more rapid breathing than normal, with considerable physical exertion (such as heavy lifting, digging and climbing stairs) for at least 10 min each day.
Overweight was defined as BMI equal to or more than 25 kg/m2, while obesity was defined as BMI equal to or more than 30 kg/m2. The presence of co-morbidities was determined by directly asking participants whether a physician had ever told them that they had a specific type of disease or health problem, and when the particular health condition had last been present.
Ethical clearance (UHREC/OTU001) was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee, University of Fort Hare. An informed consent to participate into the study was obtained from all participants prior to the study. Confidentiality of information was adhered to by using unique identification numbers on the data collection tools instead of participant's names. Questionnaires were stored in locked cabinets at Medicinal Plants and Economic Development-Research Niche Area (MPED-RNA) and were accessible to the researchers only.
The chi-square test (for categorical variables) and the Student t test (for continuous variables) were used to determine the lifestyle factors that were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with obesity.
The sample comprised of 118 participants, 64 females (54.24%) and 54 males (45.76%), and the ages ranged from 21 to 70 years. The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight in this representative sample was 38 and 19%, respectively
For physical activity, participants were divided into three groups—no physical activity and moderate and vigorous physical activity—in order to assess the effect of lack of physical activity as a risk factor of obesity (Table 1). The highest prevalence of obesity (70%) was observed among those who were not physically active or consistent with exercise. The overall rates of obesity in the moderate and vigorous physical activity groups were 15.5 and 10.5%, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Those who spent more days per week (4–7 days) had a lower incidence of obesity (17.65%) compared to those who spent only 1–3 days per week on vigorous physical activity (38.46%). On the other hand, an increase in the number of days per week spent on moderate physical activity did not lead to a corresponding decrease in the BMI.
Table 1 The prevalence of overweight and obesity according to the level of physical activity in Nkonkobe Municipality
Alcohol intake and smoking
Compared to non-drinkers, people who consumed alcohol regularly had lower odds of being obese, a trend that was also observed among regular smokers (Fig. 2a, b). Obesity was more prevalent among non-smokers and those who never consumed alcohol compared to regular smokers and consumers of alcohol (4.00 and 26.92%), respectively.
a Alcohol intake and b smoking habits associated with obesity and overweight in Nkonkobe Municipality
Close to half (48.48%) of the respondents who consume fast foods always were obese and 30.30% were overweight (Table 2); the prevalence was unexpectedly high among those who never ate fast foods. Obesity prevalence stood at 44.44% among those who consume fruits always, 85.71% among those who never consume vegetables, and very low (11.54%) among regular vegetables consumers (Table 2).
Table 2 Dietary habits associated with BMI categories in Nkonkobe Municipality
Food preparation factors
Figure 3 shows the variation of obesity according to preference of food preparation methods among participants. The highest prevalence of obesity and overweight was observed among participants who preferred fried food, followed by those without any special preferences. On the other hand, the prevalence of obesity and overweight was notably low among participants who preferred smoked, baked and grilled foods.
Association of food preparation methods with obesity and overweight in Nkonkobe Municipality
Co-morbidities
Arthritis was the most prevalent co-morbidity with incidence of 46.2 and 45.00% among the obese and overweight participants, respectively; this was followed by hypertension (28.00%) in the overweight participants, while the incidence of cancer and tuberculosis was 16.20 and 15.01% among the obese and overweight, respectively (Fig. 4).
Prevalence of selected co-morbidities associated with obesity and overweight in Nkonkobe Municipality
The increase in the prevalence of obesity observed worldwide has been linked with the widespread decline in the level of daily physical activity as well as increased availability of energy-dense foods and changing food habits [22]. In this study, the combined prevalence of obesity and overweight in Nkonkobe Municipality was found to be as high as 57%. In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of obesity is highly variable, ranging widely from 1% in Ethiopia to 27% in South Africa [23]. Obesity is a global epidemic that is estimated to rise to about one billion people by 2030 [24], and it is not only limited to the affluent society but also affects the rural people. Poor dietary habits, excessive alcohol intake, cigarette smoking and lack of exercise are some of the lifestyle determinants that have been positively correlated to the development of obesity [25,26,27]. The findings of this study, however, revealed that lack of physical activity; overindulgence on fast foods, fried food, and fruits and no vegetables in the diet are significant risk factors for obesity in Nkonkobe Municipality.
We observed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was considerably higher in sedentary people. Sedentary behaviour is defined as any activity that does not increase energy expenditure substantially above a resting level such as sleeping, sitting and lying down [28] and is often assessed as leisure "screen time" such as watching TV, watching videos or using a computer. In this study, we observed an inverse relationship between physical activity, obesity and overweight. Similar results have been reported by other researchers that lack of exercise is a predisposing factor to obesity and overweight especially among adolescents and youths [29,30,31].
Concordant significant associations between fast food intake, fruits and vegetables, cooking preference, and high BMI was observed. Fast food is associated with higher body mass index, less successful weight-loss maintenance and weight gain. Fast foods reduce the quality of diet and provide unhealthy choices especially among children and adolescents raising their risk of obesity. The result for fast foods is a true reflection of the real situation because the daily intake of fast foods among South Africans is generally high. These findings agree with other researchers who have reported a correlation between fast food and obesity [32, 33]. Interestingly, we also observed a high prevalence in obesity among those who always consumed fruits. According to Xiao et al. [34], the main reason could be that fruit and vegetable intake can be a plausible surrogate for total energy intake. Taking into consideration the low prices of fruits and vegetables, they are generously consumed in every meal with staples and can therefore be positively related to calories from staple intake.
On the other hand, smoking and alcohol intake were not observed as predisposing factors to obesity in the study area. Research has shown that current smokers have a lower mean body mass index (BMI) than never or former smokers, with former smokers having the highest mean BMI [28]. This trend was observed in this study as data revealed that smokers were less prone to obesity and overweight compared to non-smokers. This could be attributed to the fact that smoking suppresses appetite [35] and reduces the activity of lipoprotein lipase responsible for adipose tissue metabolism. Similar trends have been reported by other researchers [36].
The relationship between obesity and alcohol consumption is complex because firstly, alcohol may affect both components of the energy balance equation (energy balance = energy intake − energy expenditure). Secondly, contrary to other energy sources, alcohol does not abide to any specific regulatory mechanisms; hence, alcohol calories are described as "unregulated calories" [37]. In addition, associations between alcohol and obesity are heavily influenced by other factors including patterns and levels of drinking, types of alcoholic drinks consumed, gender, body weight, diet, genes, physical activity levels, and other lifestyle factors [38, 39]. In this study, prevalence of obesity and overweight was higher in subjects not using alcohol than in subjects using alcohol.
The rise in obesity is also associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and several types of cancer. Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, gall bladder disease and some cancers, as well as diseases of the metabolic syndrome [40, 41]. In this study, our data showed that arthritis, hypertension and tuberculosis, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and sleep apnoea were significantly associated with obesity. This agrees with previous reports by Shukla et al. [17] that obesity is associated with hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, and angina in India, China, Russia and South Africa. Obesity is widely known as a risk factor for both the incidence and progression of osteoarthritis and has a negative effect on outcomes. Loss of at least 10% of body weight, coupled with exercise, is recognized as a cornerstone in the management of obese patients with osteoarthritis and can lead to significant improvement in symptoms, pain relief, physical function and health-related quality of life outcomes [42]. Considering the rural nature of Nkonkobe Municipality, our findings in this study agree with other researchers that physical inactivity, diet, smoking and alcohol are lifestyle factors that predispose rural and urban communities to obesity [1, 3, 4, 18, 21, 43].
This study has revealed the lifestyle factors and co-morbidities associated with obesity in Nkonkobe Municipality of the Eastern Cape. The combined prevalence of obesity and overweight in this study area was as high as 57%. These findings reveal that lack of physical activity, overindulgence on fast foods, fried food, and fruits and no vegetables in the diet are significant risk factors, while smoking and alcohol intake were not observed as lifestyle factors predisposing to obesity in the study area. Arthritis, hypertension and tuberculosis were significantly associated with obesity; hence, loss of body weight coupled with exercise can be a major cornerstone in the management of obesity with osteoarthritis, which may lead to significant improvement in health-related quality of life in Nkonkobe Municipality.
CVD:
CDC:
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
MPED-RNA:
Medicinal Plants and Economic Development-Research Niche Area
NCDs:
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The authors would like to thank the Govan Mbeki Research and Development Centre (GMRDC), the University of Fort Hare, the National Research Foundation (NRF), and the Medical Research Council (MRC), all of South Africa for their support.
There has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.
The questionnaire/survey results are confidential and are not allowed to be deposited in publicly available repositories as stated by the Institutional Human Research Ethics committee to protect the privacy of the participants.
GA, WM and AJ coordinated the study. GA, WM and AJ contributed to the study design. GA and WM contributed to the data analysis. GA, WM, and AJ contributed to the writing and reviewing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Not applicable as the manuscript does not contain any individual's personal data in any form.
This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures involving human subjects were approved by the University of Fort Hare Human Research Ethics Committee (UHREC/OTU001). Written informed consent for participation was obtained from all subjects.
Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Botany Department, University of Fort Hare (Alice Campus), Alice, 5700, South Africa
Wilfred Otang-Mbeng
, Gloria Aderonke Otunola
& Anthony Jide Afolayan
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Correspondence to Gloria Aderonke Otunola.
Nkonkobe Municipality

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl