This invention describes a method for transmitting and forwarding packets over a switching network using time information. The network switches maintain a common time reference, which is obtained either from an external source (such as GPS—Global Positioning System) or is generated and distributed internally. The time intervals are arranged in simple periodicity and complex periodicity (like seconds and minutes of a clock). A data packet that arrives to an input port is switched to an output port based on its order or time position in the time interval in which it arrives at the switch. The time interval duration can be longer than the time duration required for transmitting a data packet, in which case the exact position of a data packet in its forwarding time interval is predetermined.
This invention provides congestion-free data packet switching for data packets for which capacity in their corresponding forwarding links and time intervals is reserved in advance. Furthermore, such data packets reach their destination, which can be one or more (i.e., multicast) in predefined time intervals, which guarantees that the delay jitter is smaller than or equal to one time interval.
This application is a divisional application filed, pursuant to 37 CFR §1.53(b), of copending, non-provisional patent application with Ser. No. 09/120,529, filed Jul. 22, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference.
FIG. 24 is an illustrative example of the mapping of the time frames into and the time frames out of a node on a virtual pipe. The mapping repeats itself in every time cycle.
FIG. 1 depicts a schematic description of a switch  10. The switch 10 is constructed of four components: plurality of uniquely addressable input ports 30, in FIG. 1 there is N such ports, plurality of uniquely addressable output ports 40, in FIG. 1 there is N such ports, switching fabric 50, and global positioning system (GPS) time receiver 20 with a GPS antenna 001. The GPS time receiver provides a common time reference (CTR) 002 to all input and output ports. The common time reference is partitioned into time frames. Each of the time frames is further comprised of predefined positions such that the input port can unambiguously identify the positions. The time and position that a data packet arrives into the input port are used by the time-based routing controller 35 for determining the output port that incoming data packet should be switched to, as it will be described in the detailed description of the input port.
In FIG. 1, each of the time frames, t=i and t=i+1, has four predefined positions: a, b, c and d. In each of the positions one data packet can be stored. The positions can be marked explicitly with position delimiters (PDs) between the variable size data packets, as it will be explained below, or implicitly. Implicit position within a time frame can be achieved by either measuring time delays—this is suitable for sending a fixed size ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) cells, or by placing data packets of variable size in the predefined positions within each of the time frames—if the output port  40 does not have a data packet to transmit in a predefine position an empty or null data packet should be sent.
As shown in FIG. 2, the common time reference  002 that is coupled to the switches 10 provides the following property: the local clock ticks 004, shown in FIG. 4, at all the pipeline switches (e.g., switches A, B, C, and D in FIGS. 21 and 22) when projected on the real-time axis 005 will all occur within predefined synchronization envelopes 003. In other words, the local clock ticks 004 occur within the synchronization envelopes 003, and therefore, outside to the synchronization envelopes all local clocks have the same clock value.
FIG. 5 depicts a common time reference (CTR)  002 axis that is divided into time cycles. Each time cycle is divided into predefined frames. Each of the time frame has predefined positions: a, b, c, and d of either fixed size (in time duration) or variable size (in time duration), consequently, the predefined position can have ether fixed size data packets or variable size data packets, respectively.
In the following, a switch  10 structure, shown in FIG. 6, is overviewed then in the following subsections the various parts are described in detail. Each switch 10 is comprised of a plurality of addressable input ports 30 and output ports 40. The input port further comprised of a time-based routing controller 35, shown in FIG. 10, for mapping each of the data packets that arrives at each one of the input ports to a respective one of the output ports. The output port further comprised of a scheduling controller and transmit buffer 45. An output port is connected to an input port via a communication link 41, as shown in FIG. 7. The communication link can be realized using various technologies without affecting this invention.
The common time reference  002, shown in FIG. 6, is provided to the input ports 30 and output ports 40 from the GPS time receiver 20, which receives its timing signal from the GPS antenna 001. GPS time receivers are available from variety of manufacturers, such as, TrueTime, Inc. With such equipment it is possible to maintain a local clock with accuracy of ±1 microsecond from the UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) standard every where around the globe.
The communication links  41 used for the system disclosed is in this invention can be of various types: fiber optic, wireless, etc. The wireless links can be between at least one of a ground station and a satellite, between two satellites orbiting the earth, or between two ground stations, as examples.
Referring to FIG. 7, a serial transmitter  49 and serial receiver 31 are illustrated as coupled to each link 41. A variety of encoding schemes can be used for a serial line link 41 in the context of this invention, such as, SONETISDH, 8B/10B Fiber Channel, 4B/5B FDDI. In addition to the encoding and decoding of the data transmitted over the serial link, the serial transmitter/receiver (49/31) sends/receives control words for a variety of control purposes, mostly unrelated to the present invention description. However, one control word, time frame delimiter (TFD), is used in accordance with the present invention. The TFD marks the boundary between two successive time frames and is sent by a serial transmitter 49 when a CTR 002 clock tick occurs in a way that is described hereafter as part of the output port operation. It is necessary to distinguish in an unambiguous manner between the data words, which carry the information, and the control signal or words (e.g., the TFD is a control signal) over the serial link 41. There are many ways to do this. One way is to use the known 4B/5B encoding scheme (used FDDI). In this scheme, every 8-bit character is divided into two 4-bit parts and then each part is encoded into a 5-bit codeword that is transmitted over the serial link 41.
When the communication links  41 are SONET/SDH, the time frame delimiter cannot be embedded as redundant serial codewords, since SONET/SDH serial encoding is based on scrambling with no redundancy. Consequently, the TFD is implemented using the SONET/SDH frame control fields: transport overhead (TOH) and path overhead (POH). Note that although SONET/SDH uses a 125 microseconds frame, it cannot be used directly in accordance with the present invention, at the moment, since SONET/SDH frames are not globally aligned and are also not aligned to UTC. However, if SONET/SDH frames are globally aligned, SONET/SDH can be used compatibly with the present invention.
The input port  30, shown in FIG. 10, has three parts: serial receiver 31, time-based routing controller 35 and separate queues 36 to the plurality of output ports 40. The serial receiver 31 transfers to the time-based routing controller 35 data packets, time frame delimiters (TFD) and position delimiters (PD).
3. Parameter  35-3 in table 35D (FIGS. 12, 15)—the position within the out going time frame in which the data packet will be forwarded out of the output port—this parameter is attached to the data packet header in FIG. 13.
Local time and position by using (1) the time-frame of arrival (TOA)  35T—the time frame using the common time reference 002, and (2) the position value 35P within that time frame as measured by the position counter 35PC. This is depicted in FIG. 12.
Time stamp  35TS and position 35PC by using (1) the time stamp 35TS in the data packet header in FIG. 13B, and (2) the position value 35P within that time frame as measured by the position counter 35PC.
Time stamp, PID (shown in the packet headers in FIG. 13) and position  35PC by (1) the time stamp 35TS in the data packet header in FIG. 13B, (2) the virtual pipe ID (PID) 35C in the data packet header in FIG. 13B (the virtual pipe is discussed in details at the end of this description), and (3) the position value 35P within that time frame as measured by the position counter 35PC. This is depicted in FIG. 15.
The data packets, see for example FIG. 13, can have various formats, such as, Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4), Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells. The data packets PID  35C can be determined by one of the following: an Internet protocol (IP) address, an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), a virtual circuit identifier, and a virtual path identifier (VCI/VPI), Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) addresses, Internet MPLS (multi protocol label swapping or tag switching) labels, and IEEE 802 MAC (media access control) address.
The time stamp  35TS in the packet header in FIG. 13B can be generated by an application using Internet real-time protocol (RTP) and is used also in the ITU-T H.323 standard. Such data packets the format depicted in FIG. 14. Alternatively the time-stamp can be generated by a predefined one of the switches in the system, or alternatively the time stamp is generated at the respective end node for inclusion in the respective originated data packet.
1. Receive time frame delimiter TFD  35-01—responsive to this event the routing controller resets the position counter (35P:=0 in 35-04 of FIG. 16) and computes the time-frame of arrival (TOA) 35T value as specified in 35-04 of FIG. 16. For this computation it uses a constant, Dconst, which is the time difference between the common time reference (CTR) 002 tick and the reception of the TFD at time t2 (note that the TFD was generated on an adjacent switch by the CTR 002 on that node). This time difference is caused by the fact that the delay from the serial transmitter 49 to the serial receiver 31 is not an integer number of time frames.
2. Receive position delimiter PD  35-02—responsive to this event it increments the position counter, 35P:=35P+1, 35-05 of FIG. 16.
3. Receive data packet  35-03—responsive to this event three operations are performed as shown in 35-06 of FIG. 16: (1) the out-going time frame parameter 35-2 is attached to the packet header, (2) the position within the out-going time frame parameter 35-3 is attached to the packet header, and (3) the data packet is stored in the queue 36 using the output port parameter 35-1 in table 35D in FIGS. 12 and 15.
There are numerous ways to implement a switching fabric, however, since the switching fabric is not the subject of this invention it will be described only briefly. The main property that the switching fabric should ensure is that packets for which the priority bit P ( 35P in FIG. 13) is set to high priority (i.e., reserved traffic) will be switched into the output port in a constant bounded delay—measured in time frames.
The output is depicted in FIG. 17, it has two parts a scheduling controller with a transmit buffer  45, and serial transmitter 49, which was described before. The data packet scheduling controller 45A, in FIG. 18, transfers the data packet the transmit buffer which is a random access memory (RAM) 45C, as described below.
The data packet scheduling controller  45 operation is described in FIGS. 18-20 which includes a transmit buffer 45C and a select buffer controller 45D. The scheduling controller 45A together with the select buffer controller 45D perform the mapping, using the two parameters, 35-2 and 35-3, that were attached to the data packet by the time-based routing controller 35B. Both controllers are constructed of a central processing unit (CPU), a random access memory (RAM) for storing the data, and read only memory (ROM) for storing the controller processing program.
Data packets that arrive from the switching fabric  50 via link 51 in which their priority bit 35P is asserted (i.e., reserved traffic) will be switched by the data packet scheduling controller 45A to one of the k transmit buffers 45C: B-1, B-2, . . . , B-k. Each of the k buffers is designated to store packet that will be forwarded in each of the k time frames in every time cycle, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The actual program executed by the data packet scheduling controller is described in FIG. 19. When data packet is received from the fabric 45-01 (in FIG. 19) the two parameters, 35-2 and 35-3, in the data packet header are used to determine in which of the transmit buffer, between B-I and B-k, to store that data packet and in what position, as specified in 45-02 in FIG. 19.
Incoming data packets in which their priority bit  35P, see FIG. 13, is not asserted (i.e., non-reserved traffic) will be switched by the data packet scheduling controller to the transmit "best effort" buffer B-E via link 45-be.
FIG. 20 depicts the select buffer controller  45D operation, which is responsive to the common time reference (CTR) tick 002, as specified in 45-11 (FIG. 20). Consequently, the select buffer controller increments the transmit buffer index i 45-12 (i.e., i:=i+1 mod k, where k is the time cycle size in time frames), sends a time frame delimiter TFD 47A to the serial transmitter 45-12, and reset the position pointer to one, p:=1 45-12. Then while the transmit buffer B-i is not empty 45-13, it will send a data packets from transmit buffer B- i, as specified in 45-14, 45-15 and 45-16, else if the transmit buffer B-i is empty, it will send "best effort" data packets from the "best effort" buffer B-be, as specified in 45-17, until the end of the time frame (the next CTR 002 tick) or until buffer B-E becomes empty.
When the transmit buffer B-i is not empty  45-13, the select buffer controller sends data packets from all of the non-empty predefined positions in that buffer, as specified in 45-14. After sending a data packet or if position p in buffer B-i is empty 45-15, the select buffer controller sends a position delimiter (PD) 47B to the serial transmitter and increments the position pointer p:=p+1, as specified in 45-16.
The switches  10 described in this invention can be used to construct plurality of virtual pipes 25, shown in FIG. 21 and FIG. 22, over a data network with general topology. Such data network can span the globe. Each virtual pipe 25 is constructed over one or more switches 10, shown in FIGS. 1 and 6, which are interconnected via communication links 41 in a path. FIG. 21 depicts a virtual pipe 25 from the output port 40 of switch A, through switches B and C, and this virtual pipe ends at the output port 40 of node D. The virtual pipe 25 transfers data packets from at least one source to at least one destination. FIG. 22 depicts three virtual pipes: virtual pipe 1 from the output of switch A to the output of switch D, virtual pipe 2 from the output of switch B to the output of switch D, and virtual pipe 3 from the output of switch A to the output of switch C.
The data packet transfers over the virtual pipe  25 switches 10 are designed to occur during a plurality of predefined time intervals, wherein each of the predefined time intervals is comprised of a plurality of predefined time frames. The timely transfers of data packets are achieved by coupling a common time reference 002 (CTR) signal to each of the switches 10.
Pipeline forwarding relates to data packets being forwarded across a virtual pipe  25 with a predefined delay in every stage (either across a communication link 41 or across a switch 10 from input port 30 to output port 40). Data packets enter a virtual pipe 25 from one or more sources and forwarded to one or more destinations.
This sort of pipeline forwarding used in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 23. Data packet  41A is forwarded out of switch A during time frame t-1. This data packet 41A will reach switch B after a delay of T-ab. This data packet 41A will be forwarded out of switch B as data packet 41B during time frame t+1 and will reach switch C after a delay of T-bc. This data packet 41B will be forwarded out of switch C as data packet 41C during time frame t+5. Data packet 41C will reach switch D after a delay of T cd. Consequently, the delay from the output of switch A to the output of switch C is 6=t+5−(t−1) time frames. As illustrated in FIG. 23, all data packets that are forwarded over that virtual pipe will have a delay of six time frames from the output of switch A to the output of switch C.
Referring again to FIG. 21, the timely pipeline forwarding of data packets over the virtual pipe  25 is illustrated. A data packet is received by one of the input ports 30 of switch A at timeframe 1, and is forwarded along this virtual pipe 25 in the following manner: (i) the data packet 41A is forwarded from the output port 40 of switch A at time frame 2 of time cycle 1, (ii) the data packet 41B is forwarded from the output port 40 of switch B, after 18 time frames, at time frame 10 of time cycle 2, (iii) the data packet 41C is forwarded from the output port 40 of switch C, after 42 time frames, at time frame 2 of time cycle 7, and (iv) the data packet 41D is forwarded from the output port 40 of switch D, after 19 time frames, at time frame 1 of time cycle 9.
All data packets enter the virtual pipe  25 (i.e., forwarded out of the output port 40 of switch A) periodically at the second time frame of a time cycle, are output from this virtual pipe 25 (i.e., are forwarded out of the output port 40 of switch D) after 79 time frames.
The data packets that enter the virtual pipe  25 (i.e., forwarded out of the output port 40 of switch A) can come from one or more sources and can reach switch A over one or more input links 41.
The data packets that exit the virtual pipe  25 (i.e., forwarded out of the output port 40 of switch D) can be forwarded over plurality of output links 41 to one of plurality of destinations.
The data packets that exit the virtual pipe  25 (i.e., forwarded out of the output port 40 of switch D) can be forwarded simultaneously to multiple destinations, (i.e., multicast (one-to-many) data packet forwarding).
The communication link  41 between two adjacent ones of the switches 10 can be used simultaneously by at least two of the virtual pipes.
The switch  10 structure, as shown in FIG. 6, can also be referred to as a pipeline switch, since it enables a network comprised of such switches to operate as a large distributed pipeline architecture, as it is commonly found inside digital systems and computer architectures.
Each pipeline switch  10 is comprised of a plurality of addressable input ports 30 and output ports 40. As illustrated in FIG. 10, the input port 30 is further comprised of a routing controller 35 for mapping each of the data packets that arrives at each one of the input ports to a respective one of the output ports. As illustrated in FIG. 17, the output port 40 is further comprised of a scheduling controller and transmit buffer 45. An output port 40 is connected to an input port 30 via a communication link 41, as shown in FIG. 7. The communication link can be realized using various technologies compatible with the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 6, the common time reference  002 is provided to the input ports 30 and output ports 40 from the GPS time receiver 20, which receives its timing signal from the GPS antenna 001. GPS time receivers are available from variety of manufacturers, such as, TrueTime, Inc. (Santa Rosa, Calif.). With such equipment it is possible to maintain a local clock with accuracy of ±1 microsecond from the UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) standard everywhere around the globe.
wherein for each of the input ports of each switch there is an associated a predefined position within a first predefined time frame within which a scheduled data packet is transferred into the respective input port and an associated separate predefined position within a second predefined time frame within which the respective scheduled data packet is transferred from the output port out of the respective switch.
, wherein for each switch, there are predefined positions within a predefined subset of the first predefined time frames during which the scheduled data packets are transferred into the input port of the switch and wherein there are additional predefined positions within an additional predetermined subset of the second predefined time frames during which the scheduled data packets are transferred from the output port out of the switch.
, wherein the communication links are at least one of fiber optic, fiber optic with WDM (wave division multiplexing), wireless communication links.
, wherein the wireless communication links are at least one of ground station and satellite, and between two satellites orbiting the earth.
, wherein the scheduled data packets are at least one of Internet protocol (IP) data packets, fiber channel data packets, and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells.
, wherein all the scheduled data packet forwarded over the same virtual pipe are assigned a pipe identification (PID) associated with that virtual pipe.
, wherein the PID is determined responsive to the time frame associated with the input to the input port, and the position within said time frame.
, wherein the scheduled data packet is comprised of a time stamp designating the scheduled data packet origination time, wherein the PID is determined responsive to the time stamp.
, wherein the time-stamp is generated in accordance with the Internet real-time protocol (RTP).
, wherein the time-stamp is generated by a predefined and predetermined switching node in said system.
, wherein when there are no scheduled data packet to be transmitted in a time frame, "best effort" data packets are transmitted.
wherein the data packets are scheduled for transmission by the scheduling controller, and responsive to the select buffer controller determining that there are no scheduled data packets to be transmitted in a given time frame, the scheduling controller forwards "best effort" data packets to the serial transmitter.
, wherein the virtual pipe has a start and an end, and wherein mapping of the scheduled data packets into the start and out from the end is scheduled to occur within a predefined number of time frames.
a scheduling controller and transmit buffer for forwarding data packets out of the respective output port at a predefined scheduled time frame and position within said time frame.
, wherein the common time reference reflects the UTC time and is represented as a time frame number within a time cycle, and as a time cycle number within the super cycle.
a time-based routing table that determines (i) the output ports said respective data packet will be switched to, (ii) a time frame associated with output of the respective data packet, and (iii) position within a time frame for the respective data packet to be output from the output port, responsive to (i) the time-frame of arrival (TOA) and (ii) the instant position counter value.
wherein the time of arrival is determined responsive to the time stamp and the common time reference.
, wherein the data packets are comprised of a packet header, and wherein the time frame associated with output and the position within the time frame for the respective output port are attached to become a part of the packet header.
wherein the scheduling controller is responsive to the time-frame of arrival (TOA) and within said time frame of arrival to provide an associated out-going time frame and the position in said out-going time frame for output from the output port.
, wherein the scheduling controller stores data packets in a random access memory buffer responsive to the out-going time frame and the position within said out-going time frame.
wherein all scheduled data packets that are transferred into the respective input port during the first predefined time frame are transferred out from the same output port out of the respective switch during the second predefined time frame.
wherein the scheduled data packets are data units without headers.
wherein the data unit is at least one of a SONET STS-1 frame, a SONET STS-N frame, a fraction of SONET STS-1 frame, a plurality of SONET STS-1 frames, a plurality of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells.
associating a predefined position within a first predefined time frame within which a scheduled data packet is transferred into the respective input port and an associated separate predefined position within a second predefined time frame within which the respective scheduled data packet is transferred from the output port out of the respective switch, for each of the input ports of each switch.
providing predefined positions within a predefined subset of the first predefined time frames during which the scheduled data packets are transferred into the input port of the switch, for each switch, and providing additional predefined positions within an additional predetermined subset of the second predefined time frames during which the scheduled data packets are transferred from the output port out of the switch, for each switch.
forwarding all the scheduled data packets over the same virtual pipe with an assigned pipe identification (PID) associated with that virtual pipe.
determining the PID responsive to the time frame associated with the input to the input port, and the position within said time frame.
determining the PID responsive to the time stamp.
transmitting "best effort" data packets when there are no scheduled data packets to be transmitted in a time frame.
mapping of the scheduled data packets into the start and out from the end, scheduled to occur within a predefined number of time frames.
transferring selected scheduled data packets into the respective input port during the first predefined time frame, and transferring the selected scheduled data packets out from the same output port out of the respective switch during the second predefined time frame.
wherein each of the data units is at least one of a SONET STS-1 frame, a SONET STS-N frame, a fraction of SONET STS-1 frame, a plurality of SONET STS-1 frames, a plurality of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells.
WO2006134540A1 (en) * 2005-06-13 2006-12-21 Nxp B.V. Electronic device, method for frame synchronization, and mobile device.


New Outfit from Gatherings Styles. Blue Snow Show Girl. It Contains appliers for Lush, VStrings, BBusty, Lolas Tangos and has numerous layers for Snow Tattoos fishnet.
This is a great present for the Christmas Holidays, or if you are hunting for a lot more costumes. Its accessible at both Gatherings principal retailer and Bewbapalooza. Phat Azz appliers are also supported.
The Feather fans you see right here in the image are not incorporated, its from one particular of my oldest costumes, "Diamond Dancer," from Mika. Sadly, the owner closed down her shop on the marketplace.


Jacobs & Cushman San Diego Food Bank.
This isn't your normal art walk.
featuring: slam poetry, graffiti, urban art, steampunk, cosplay contest, "Alley Art Man" sculpture installation, "hands on" art, and the chance for everyone to contribute to a live alley art mural painting.
Rancho La Puerta, the world-famous fitness resort and spa…1 hour from San Diego.
Slow Money SoCal is a non-profit network that connects farmers, entrepreneurs, investors, thought-leaders and everyday folks interested in developing alternative resources that help strengthen and diversify our local food system.
LEARN about keeping money local by investing in real food, places, and people close to home to build healthy enterprises, communities, and ecosystems. NETWORK with business leaders, entrepreneurs, and community organizations at the center of the local food and finance movement. CONNECT with resources to help build your local food network and support sustainable food and farming businesses.
"It's a Small Earth, After All." The 2014 EARTH Awards/Very Important Planet Reception will take place on Wednesday, June 11.
Start thinking of worthy individuals, groups and businesses to nominate.
As always if you are interested in doing something new for 2014, email or call us. If you're making end-of-year donations, please consider San Diego EarthWorks.
hosted by Stone Brewing World Bistro and Gardens, Liberty Station.
Stone generously donated the venue, light fare, and one free beer for all!
Raffle, Networking, Nibbling and Beer!


An original UK Odeon cinema hanging card poster (10"x 15") c' 1974-75, advertising a holiday programme, alternating showings of "Live & Let Die" & "Mary Poppins". The poster presents McGinnis's Quad poster illustration for the Bond film, the print quality on the card being particularly fine. The poster has the original hanging string affixed to the top.
Apart from slight undulation to the card, the poster remains in excellent condition. An unusual piece of original 1970's Bond memorabilia from Roger Moore's first outing as James Bond.


text:
Bethel Census Area is een borough in de Amerikaanse staat Alaska.

De borough heeft een landoppervlakte van 105.240 km² en telt 16.006 inwoners (volkstelling 2000).

Borough in Alaska

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Oh, sorry I didn't see that wording.
I guess it's the "Updates: 4347, 5246" part.
> suspect that there is not.
I know of no flaw in TLS 1.2.
>> table data structure that is O(1) in space and time.
> not from the draft.
Hmm, I wonder how many implementations actually do it that way?
negotiate and that modify PRF.
> extension data seemed like a better choice, yes?
Oh yes, I see the need for the proposal to specify the order.
bottleneck on entropy lies deeper in the protocol.


text:
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National Grid can now send personalized power outage alerts by text, email, or even phone calls for the following events:
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We have 3 ways to enroll:
For a quick, easy way to enroll, simply text REG (for "register") to 64743 (Please have your ten digit account number ready to register).
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When an emergency occurs that meets the criteria for sending out an alert to the public, the Town of Tyngsborough's emergency dispatchers will gather the necessary information and push out an alert to the affected area. Alerts can be sent out city-wide to everyone who has opted-in to the system, or to a specific area or neighborhood for more localized events.
This service is provided by the Town of Tyngsborough at no cost to the public; however, message and data rates may apply depending on your provider and phone services.
Can you guarantee that I will receive notification if I register?
While Alerts powered by Smart911 is an excellent system, we cannot guarantee that you will receive notification in all cases. Disasters and emergencies are chaotic and unpredictable, and notification is dependent on external providers such as your wireless carrier or email delivery service outside the Town of Tyngsborough's control. Alerts powered by Smart911 will use several means of communications to try to ensure that should any one communications method, technology, or delivery option be unavailable to reach residents, other methods will be used to improve the likelihood that citizens will see the message.
How do I sign-up for Alerts powered by Smart911?
Signing up for Alerts powered by Smart911 is easy! Go to alerts.smart911.com and register your contact information.
To update your existing Alerts powered by Smart911 preferences, https://www.smart911.com/.
Who can sign-up for Alerts powered by Smart911?
Alerts powered by Smart911 is available to anyone who lives, works, travels through, or visits the Town of Tyngsborough. The address can be your home location, work location, or any other location you care about.
Will I receive alerts if I don't sign-up?
Town of Tyngsborough residents who have a landline phone may receive alerts. However, there are strict rules governing when Town of Tyngsborough can use this contact information to send out an alert. Only extremely critical alerts containing potentially life-saving information will be sent. In order to ensure that you are able to get all emergency alerts we recommend that you sign-up for Alerts powered by Smart911 online. If you do not sign-up and register your contact information, you will not receive alerts on your preferred devices, and may miss out on receiving important safety information.
I don't own a computer – who can help me sign-up for Alerts powered by Smart911?
You can visit your local library to sign up online for Alerts powered by Smart911. Those who do not have computer access are also welcome to attend one of the many scheduled opt-in events hosted by Town of Tyngsborough.
What types of alerts will I receive?
Emergency alerts are sent 24/7 when there is an immediate threat to life and/or property. In addition to emergency alerts, you can also choose to receive customizable community notifications. These include notifications about:
Safety risks
Transportation disruption
Special event information
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You are not able to reply to texts or emails sent by Alerts powered by Smart911. Voice messages provide a dial-back number to replay an alert message.
When will I start receiving alerts?
Once you have signed up online at alerts.smart911.com and confirmed your contact information within the system, you will begin receiving alerts
How do I update or remove my notification preferences and contact information used by Alerts powered by Smart911?
Follow the below steps to change your Alerts powered by Smart911 preferences (for example, to reduce the number of messages of a certain type, or to change the contacts used for each kind of message):
Go to the login page for Alerts powered by Smart911
Login using your Alerts powered by Smart911 username and password (If you've forgotten these, follow the instructions on the page under "Forgot Username or Password?")
Once signed in, click the 'Preferences' tab at the top
Under 'Notification Preferences', you can make changes to both the phone numbers and email addresses on which you want to receive Alerts powered by Smart911 messages by clicking or unclicking the checkboxes
You can also choose what alerts you want to receive and the method you wish to receive them by (text, voice, email)
For example, if you wish to turn off all messages regarding Transportation Disruptions, simply uncheck the box to the left of "Transportation Disruption"
If you wish instead only to receive emails for Transportation Disruption notifications, instead uncheck the "Text" and / or "Voice" choices, so that only "Email" remains checked
How often will I receive alerts?
The frequency for which you receive alerts depends on the addresses you provide and the types of alerts you select to receive as well as the frequency of actual emergencies. Emergency alerts will only be sent when there is an immediate threat to life and/or property. Community notifications will be sent when the criteria for sending an alert are met.
This system is not intended to bombard you with information. The City will only send you alerts about the information you select to receive. To change your alert settings, login to alerts.smart911.com and edit your preferences.
How does the Alerts powered by Smart911 system respond to busy signals or no-answer situations?
If a call completes and is sent to your answering machine or voice mail system, a message is left. If a phone call is not answered or busy, the system redials your number several times.
Privacy and Contact Information
Will my information be disclosed or shared?
No, your information is private and will not be used or distributed in any manner. The information that you provide is exempt from public disclosure and will be used for emergency purposes only.
What precautions are taken to protect personal contact information stored in the Alerts powered by Smart911 system?
Personal information provided to Alerts powered by Smart911 is private and only used to notify you for official Town of Tyngsborough communications and to support the Town of Tyngsborough's emergency services.
Your information is not used for marketing purposes and will not be sold to telemarketers or data-mining organizations. A variety of "opt-in" mechanisms are available to ensure you are getting just the messages you want to receive, delivered via the devices and communications modes that you choose.
Alerts powered by Smart911 utilizes the highest standards in physical and computer security technologies and conducts regular audits to ensure all information is kept secure. Privacy policies are also outlined in the Terms and Conditions you review when you sign up to receive Alerts powered by Smart911 notifications.
The Office of Emergency Planning and Response
Wes Russell, Emergency Management Director
Michael W. Cassella, Assistant Emergency Management Director
About The Office of Emergency Management:
The Office of Emergency Management coordinates the emergency preparedness and planning of all town departments, residents and businesses using the resources of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to avert or to combat the effects of disaster, either natural or man-made locally.
The Tyngsborough Emergency Management Department (EMD) coordinates the emergency preparedness and planning of all town departments, over 11,000 residents, and various businesses residing within our 18 square miles. During major emergencies and disasters, we coordinate the response, mitigation and recovery efforts.
Winter Emergency & Snow Information
The Town's Emergency Management team is activated during emergencies (major snowstorms, hurricanes, floods, or natural/made-made disasters) to provide information and service to Town residents for all storm-related problems, including plow requests, downed trees, and power outages. It is staffed by a knowledgeable team of Municipal departments. Please reference to this page and social media feeds for any official town updates.
Visit MassDOT for live camera feeds:
MassDOT
Winter Parking Ban
The Tyngsborough Highway Department is pleased to issue this information to the residents. The intent of this information is to advise Tyngsborough residents of the Highway Departments' winter snow plowing and sanding objectives and to obtain your assistance, so that town roads may be restored to "normal conditions" as promptly as possible after a winter storm.
Your cooperation is essential if the Highway Department is to achieve this objective. With your assistance and patience, we are better able to provide road services in a safe and timely fashion. Our main goal during winter maintenance operations is to keep traffic flowing and restore our roadways to safe traveling conditions as soon as possible.
We appreciate and thank you in advance for your cooperation.
Winter Parking Ban:
The Town of Tyngsborough requests residents to be mindful of parked vehicles impeding the removal of snow. Parked vehicles impeding the removal of snow may be towed at the resident's expense.
Illegally parked vehicles are the biggest hindrance in our effort to safely and effectively remove snow from the roadway. Questions regarding parking restrictions should be referred to either the Tyngsborough Police Department or to the Tyngsborough Highway Department.
Highway Department hours are Monday – Friday, 7:00 AM to 3:30 PM. Please feel free to call us at (978) 649-2310 or the Police Department, non-emergency line at (978) 649-7504.
Snow Plowing Operations:
The following is a general description of Tyngsborough's snow removal plan. As you are aware, each storm is different and the Highway Department makes every effort to follow the snow removal policy as closely as possible. The snow and ice removal policy entails 3 steps: beginning of the snow storm; during the snow storm; and following the snow storm.
Before and During Snow Storms
Step One – The beginning of the snow storm
When a snow storm begins, the Highway Department responds by sanding and salting the main roads, hills and bus routes. Sanding these roadways serves two purposes – to prevent the snow from bonding and compacting to the pavement and to keep traffic moving. The Town has 8 sanding trucks properly equipped with sanding materials for this operation.
Step Two – During the snow storm
Plowing operations begin when at least 2 – 3 inches of snow accumulates on the ground. 11 Highway Department vehicles are equipped for plowing and approximately 25 private contractors may be called in to assist with snow removal operations. Each vehicle is assigned to a pre-determined route and will remain in the assigned pattern until the storm subsides.
The main objective during any storm is to keep the roadways passable. At the end of the storm, the plows will begin to widen all roads by pushing back the amassed snow beyond the edge of the roadway. Residents may want to wait until the roads have been widened before clearing the entrance of their driveways.
Please be advised that snow must not be shoveled or plowed "back into the street" from a resident's driveway. As voted at a prior Annual Town Meeting, Tyngsborough Town By-Law, Article 38 states, "No person, other than an employee acting for or in behalf of the Town, shall by himself or herself or through his/her agents, servants or employees, in any manner place or deposit or cause to be placed or deposited any snow, other than incidental amounts thereof, on any public sidewalk, street or way which has been previously cleared of snow by the Town. Violations of this section may be enforced by the Highway Administrator, the Building Inspector, or the Police Department, by non-criminal disposition as provided in Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 40, Section 21D as the same now is or may hereafter amended. Penalties for such violations shall be $50 for the first offense and $100 for each subsequent offense."
The Highway Department staff is well trained and dedicated to plow around the clock, if necessary, to keep the roadways open and passable. If a plow truck is riding with its plow up, please do not be misled. They may be returning to the garage for fuel or repairs or might be headed to another section of town to assist with snow removal. Please be advised that Middlesex Road and Pawtucket Boulevard are maintained by Mass Highway Department.
Residents should not be concerned if they do not see their roadway plowed during the early part of a snow storm. The Highway Department follows an assigned route plan where main roads and hills are plowed first. Please be patient, all town owned roads will eventually be plowed.
Another area of concern is mailboxes. We do not "deliberately" knock over or damage mailboxes. Remember, an installation within the right-of-way (including mailboxes) is placed there at the owner's risk. Hence, residents are encouraged to place mailboxes at the maximum allowable distance from the pavement. Mailboxes should be inspected regularly to insure that they are secured properly and that wood posts are not rotted out.
After Snow Storms
Step Three – Following the storm
Once the snowfall has stopped and all roads are cleared of snow, post-storm sanding and salting commences. All roads are sanded and salted to improve traction and melt the remaining snow and ice.
Residents Can Help
Residents can assist the Highway Department during a snow storm by heeding these suggestions:
Be mindful of parking on roadways during an active storm.
Reduce your speed and drive cautiously.
Remain off the road during snow storms unless absolutely necessary.
Do not allow children to make snow forts at the edge of the road.
Do not plow, blow or throw snow back into the roadway.
Before final cleanup of your driveway, check the road. If it does not appear to be widened out, a plow will return to plow again, and may push snow back into the entrance of your driveway. Doing this might keep you from clearing your driveway more than once.
Finally, please have patience. Snow plowing is a time consuming and laborious job covering 80 plus miles of road. Some residents will have their roads plowed first and some will be last, but all town roads will be cleared.
The Highway Department is devoted to providing the residents with dependable snow removal in the shortest time possible. With your cooperation, we will all benefit during a snow storm.
**Residents may pick up free sand at the entrance of the Highway Garage.**
If you have any questions concerning the snow removal policy, please call (978) 649-2310. We will try to assist you in any way possible. Thank you for your continued cooperation!
General Winter Safety
In preparation for the heavy snow fall, the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency offers some key post-storm Safety Suggestions for all citizens to consider.
Continue to stay off streets and roads to allow plowing operations to proceed smoothly.
Help dig out fire hydrants and storm drains in your neighborhood.
Avoid parking too close to corners, allowing Public Safety vehicles and plows to maneuver safely.
Never run your automobile until exhaust pipe has been cleared of snow.
Make sure backup generators are well ventilated.
Take your time shoveling. Avoid over-exertion.
Use care around any downed power lines. Assume a down wire is a live wire.
The Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) is the state agency responsible for coordinating federal, state, local, voluntary and private resources during emergencies and disasters in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. MEMA provides leadership to: develop plans for effective response to all hazards, disasters or threats; train emergency personnel to protect the public; provide information to the citizenry; and assist individuals, families, businesses and communities to mitigate against, prepare for, and respond to and recover from emergencies, both natural and man made.
For additional information about MEMA and Winter Preparedness, go to the MEMA website at www.mass.gov/mema.
Winter Preparedness Tips From MEMA
MEMA's Winter Storm Safety Tips
MEMA Issues Tips to Ensure Safe Winter Driving
MEMA's Winter Preparedness Steps for Before the Storm
MEMA's Pet Safety Tips for the Winter Months
MEMA Issues Winter Power Outage Safety Tips
MEMA Offers Precautions for Extreme Cold Weather
MEMA Issues Ice Safety Precautions
MEMA Posts Roof Collapse & Storm Drain Safety Info
It's Tuesday 12:21 PM — Town Offices are open!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How long does a home purchase take?
The average time it takes to purchase a home is six to eight weeks from the date the contract pack is received by the buyer's conveyancer, but it can be less or much longer depending on the circumstances surrounding the purchase.
So how can you help to reduce delays when dealing with conveyancing?
It's often underestimated how long it can take to get a mortgage finalised. Mortgage offers are not the same thing as being pre-approved by the lender and unfortunately many mistake it as such.
Only when a full valuation of the property has been carried out will the process be finalised.
If you choose a house that is not part of a chain (i.e. the buyers/sellers aren't waiting on another property) this will significantly speed up the process.
When having a survey of your house carried out, upgrade to the homebuyers report (typically around £400) as this includes a valuation report and will mean that you don't have to wait for your mortgage lender to do one separately.
By securing your mortgage early in the transaction it will speed up the whole conveyancing process. Make sure you clearly state the timescale you're working with to your mortgage provider to try and minimise delays.
One of the main delays in conveyancing is a lack of a communication between parties. This can be between the seller, you, the estate agent, your solicitor, the surveyor, the mortgage provider or any other parties involved.
Make sure they all have each other's contact details so that appointments can be made and kept e.g. the surveyor and the seller/estate agent, and so that communication lines remain open.
Keep in touch with your agent and anyone involved in the process to ensure that you know what is happening.
You're bound to have a lot going on during the conveyancing process, but it is so important to keep on top of paperwork, to keep things moving.
Any delays in signatures from you could slow down the process considerably. Make sure you promptly complete and return any paperwork to your conveyancer.
In most cases of avoidable delays your solicitor can inform you of ways to get around the issues.
For example, if your local council is renowned for taking a long time to return the results of property searches, your solicitor may recommend alternatives such as indemnity insurance or a personal search.
Get in touch for a free chat about your individual requirements, and find out about our other property and conveyancing services.
Note: First4Lawyers offers this information as guidance, not advice. Before taking any action, you should seek professional assistance tailored to your personal circumstances and not rely on First4Lawyers' information alone.
All details and pricing are correct at time of last update. First4Lawyers and their partners are not tax advisors and we recommend you seek appropriate independent financial advice before making any decisions that relate to tax and property.


In this show, we explore health, fitness, nutrition, lifestyle and more importantly – YOUR FEELINGS! Now, why do we need to explore our emotions in order to better ourselves and our lifestyles? Why can't we just learn more about the science of food and fitness?


Working with the turtle shell design, I had to manipulate the wood of the chairs to gain the curvature of the shell in a geometric form. I wanted all the pieces to line up initially, but as the project went on I found this increasingly hard to do, and found that the imperfections within the shell were much more interesting. I was able to cut and sand the wood into the angles needed for the shell, joining each piece together with a nail gun and wood glue. For the smaller, second piece at the bottom of the shell, I was able to use all of the off-cuts and pieces that I wasn't able to use anywhere else to preserve wood and create a unique pattern. The blue wood of the seat of the chair was used as the partition between each section as a clear break.
The wood workshop was only used after an introduction to the equipment, whereupon I was able to use most of it to my advantage within the project.


04/05/19 @ 8:00PM OPENING NIGHT!
The primary goal of The Onomatopoeia Theatre Company is to create theatre with sound. Any and all types of sound! Whether it is music, noise or symphony of emotions pouring from an actor's soul we aim to create theatre that must be heard to really be seen!
Our second goal is to use sound and technology to help push the boundaries of what live theatre can do. We aim to carry on the Off Off Broadway tradition of pushing boundaries and experimentation!
The third and most important goal of The Onomatopoeia Theatre Company is to create theatre that fights for a positive view of race, religion, gender, sexual orientation and "the underdog". We don't want our audience to just talk about what they heard after one of our shows. We want them to think about how they can make a difference in the world! We hope that our stories and our words cause action in the real world!


Learn about the features and benefits of becoming a member of Club Penguin.
Take Club Penguin with you. From clothes to books, games and toys – Visit the Club Penguin Shop Online for all your penguin gear.
Find answers to the most frequent questions about Club Penguin. Updated weekly.
Learn more about Club Penguin in this section designed for parents of penguins.
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text:
Free Genealogy » Colorado » Biography of Robert Ernest Cullison
Biography of Robert Ernest Cullison
Leave a Comment	/ Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Ohio
Robert Ernest Cullison. The senior member of the well-known law firm of Cullison, Forrest & Clifford, Robert Ernest Cullison had long been a prominent figure in many of the legal controversies of Allen County, in which his unerring judgment and ability to provide the solution of many complexities have proven his right to be numbered among the distinguished members of the bar of his part of the state. Since the beginning of his career he had practiced at Iola, where he had on several occasions been the incumbent of official positions of importance. Mr. Cullison as a lawyer, conducting cases from their earliest consultation through their preparations in his office and conflicts at the bar, to the final engrossment after the last decree of the final tribunal, is systematic, patient, vigorous and powerful, and is recognized as a most valuable associate and dangerous opponent.
Robert E. Cullison was born October 13, 1878, at Bloomfield, Greene County, Indiana, a member of a family which came from Ireland to America during the colonial period of this country's history, and a son of Robert M. and Eleanor J. (Stalleup) Cullison. His grandfather was born in 1811, in Ohio, and became a pioneer into Greene County, Indiana, where he passed the remainder of his life in agricultural pursuits and died in 1882. He married Elizabeth Lynch, also of Irish descent, who was born in Ohio, in 1817, and died in Montgomery County, Kansas, in 1898.
Robert M. Cullison was born May 22, 1845, in Knox County, Ohio, and was a lad when taken by his parents to the southern part of Indiana, where he was reared and educated. He was married in Greene County, that state, and not long thereafter entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He filled various charges in Indiana for some years, and in 1884 came to Southeastern Kansas, where for thirty years he preached the gospel, filling many pulpits in this part of the state. He became greatly beloved among his people, for whom he labored unselfishly and untiringly, and only gave up his work when advancing years convinced him that he should give up his responsibilities and allow them to be shouldered by younger ministers. In 1914 he retired, and now is living at Iola. He is a republican. Reverend Cullison is a veteran of the great Civil war, having enlisted in 1861 in the Forty-third Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which he served three years. Later for seven months he fought as a private in the One Hundred and Forty-seventh Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He took part in all the battles participated in by his commands and was never wounded. He was captured at Mock's Mills, Coldwater, Kansas, having been captured in the daytime and the same night escaped and marched 150 miles before he got back to his forces at Pine Bluff, Arkansas. He established a splendid record for bravery and faithfulness. He married Eleanor J. Stallcup, who was born in 1848, in Greene County, Indiana, and who also survives and resided at Iola. They became the parents of five children, as follows: O. L., who is editor of the Greeley Graphic, of Greeley, Kansas; Homer E., who is a Methodist Episcopal minister, with a charge at Union, Oregon; Cora L., who is the wife of Dr. James L. Hibbard, a practicing physician and surgeon of Cherokee, Oklahoma; Robert Ernest, of this review; and Ethel H., who is the wife of John Liljegren, manager of the Robert Burns Engineering Company, of San Francisco, California.
Robert Ernest Cullison was educated in the public schools of Mound Valley and Emporia, Kansas, and in 1896 was graduated from the high school at the latter place. He then entered the College of Emporia, from which he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1899, and in 1902 was granted the degree of Master of Arts by the same institution. In 1899 and 1900 he attended the law department of the Kansas University, was given his degree of Bachelor of Laws in the latter year, and in September commenced practice at Iola, where he had continued to the present time in the enjoyment of an ever-increasing professional business in civil and criminal law. The offices of the firm of Cullison, Forrest & Clifford are located in the McCall Building.
Mr. Cullison is a republican. He served as police judge for four years, or two terms, was city attorney for a like period, and was one of the most vigilant officials to ever occupy these positions. Mr. Cullison belongs to the various organizations of his calling and occupies an enviable place in the esteem of his fellow practitioners. Fraternally, he belongs to Iola Lodge No. 21, Independent Order of Odd Fellows; Iola Camp No. 961, Modern Woodmen of America; and Iola Camp No. 101, Woodmen of the World. He also holds membership in the Phi Delta Theta and Phi Delta Phi Greek letter fraternities, Kansas University. Mr. Cullison's home, located at No. 518 Jackson Avenue, was remodeled by him in 1906 and is one of the attractive residences of Iola, where he is also the owner of a dwelling on South State Street.
On January 1, 1901, at Fort Collins, Colorado, Mr. Cullison was united in marriage with Miss Ethel M. Huston, daughter of the Rev. John W. and Mary (Carpenter) Huston, residents of Bishop, California, where Mr. Huston is minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Four children have come to Mr. and Mrs. Cullison, namely: Margaret, born October 24, 1901, a freshman in the Iola High School; Robert E., born December 7, 1903, attending the graded schools of Iola; Frederick H., born January 6, 1910, who is also a public school student; and Richard, born January 19, 1916.
Cullison,
Biography, Civil War,
Allen County KS, Bloomfield Indiana, Emporia Kansas, Fort Collins Colorado, Greene County IN, Knox County OH, Labette County KS, Larimer County CO, Lyon County KS, Mound Valley Kansas,


text:
\section{Introduction}

The afterglows of several Short Gamma Ray Bursts (SGRBs)
have recently  been localised on the sky with {\it Swift} (Gehrels et al.
2004) and {\it HETE-II} (Lamb et al. 2004), allowing for the
determination of
their redshift and host galaxy (Nakar 2007; Berger et al. 2007a, and
references therein).
For SGRBs, the data give  mean redshift $z\sim 0.6,$ and
early as well as late type galaxy hosts.

The current idea on the nature of the SGRBs is that they arise
from gravitational wave  driven mergers of neutron star-neutron star
and/or neutron star-black hole binaries (Belczynski et al. 2006;  Nakar 2007).
Double neutron star binaries (DNSs) are observed in the field of
the Milky Way and in globular clusters, so  they can form through
two different channels: (i) evolution of primordial massive star
binaries, formed in the galactic field (field scenario; Narayan,
Paczynski \& Piran 1992), and (ii) dynamical formation\footnote{Formation
of primordial DNSs may not be efficient in globular clusters (Ivanova et al 2008). },
through
three-body interactions in globular clusters (GCs) involving the exchange of
a light star companion of a neutron star with an incoming isolated
neutron star (GC scenario; Grindlay, Portegies Zwart \& Mc Millan
2006).

In this Letter, we derive the local SGRB formation rate and luminosity
function by fitting the peak flux distribution of the large sample of BATSE
SGRBs (Paciesas et al. 1999) exploring both formation scenarios.
We compare the model results with
the redshift distribution of the sample of {\it Swift}
SGRBs in the first two years of operation,
with the aim of disentangling the relative importance of the
two SGRB populations at different cosmic epochs.

\section{SGRB formation models}

In this section we compute the intrinsic formation history of SGRBs
for the two scenarios: the field scenario, where DNSs
correlate with the overall star formation and the dynamical one inside GCs.

In the field scenario, the intrinsic formation rate, defined as the
number of bursts per unit time and unit comoving volume at redshift
$z$, $\Psi_{\rm SGRB}(z),$ is given by the convolution of the massive
star binary formation rate and a delay time distribution function
$f_{\rm F}(t)$. The delay is the time interval between the formation
of the massive star binary and the merging of the DNSs due to
gravitational wave  emission.  The formation rate is assumed to be
proportional to the cosmic star formation rate, $\dot{\rho}_\star$,
parametrized as in Hopkins \& Beacom (2006). $\Psi_{\rm
SGRB}(z)$ is given by

\begin{equation}
\Psi_{\rm SGRB}(z) \propto \int_z^{\infty}dz' \frac{dt}{dz'}(z')
\dot{\rho}_\star(z') f_{\rm F}[t(z)-t(z')],
\end{equation}
where $t(z)$ is the age of the Universe at redshift $z$.
For the delay time distribution function $f_{\rm F}(t)$, we adopt the
following simple expression: $f_{\rm F}(t) \propto 1/t$, as suggested
from an updated analysis of double compact object mergers
performed using population synthesis methods (Portegies Zwart \& Yungeson
1998, Schneider et al. 2001, Belczynski et al. 2006, O'Shaughnessy et al. 2008).
Moreover this form seems to be supported
by the distribution of the orbital parameters of six DNSs observed
in our Galaxy (Champion et al. 2004).
Characteristic delay times vary from $\sim 20$ Myr to $\sim 10$ Gyr.

Similarly, in the GC scenario, $\Psi_{\rm SGRB}(z)$ is given by convolution
of the GC formation rate, $\dot{\rho}_{\rm GC}(z)$, with a delay function
$f_{\rm GC}(t):$

\begin{equation}
\Psi_{\rm SGRB}(z) \propto \int_z^{\infty}dz' \frac{dt}{dz'}(z') \dot{\rho}_{\rm GC}(z')
f_{\rm GC}[t(z)-t(z')].
\end{equation}

Hopman et al. (2006) considered $\dot{\rho}_{GC}$  proportional
to the observed star formation rate. Here we explore here three different
possibilities for $\dot{\rho}_{GC}$:
\begin{itemize}
\item model GC1: constant between $z=3$ and $z=5$ and null outside this interval,
as suggested from studies of GC formation in the
cosmological context (Kravtsov \& Gnedin 2005);
\item model GC2: obtained from the GC age distribution of the spiral galaxy M31
(Fan et al. 2006);
\item model GC3: obtained from the GC age distribution of the elliptical galaxy
M87 (Cohen, Blakeslee \& Ryzhov 1998).
\end{itemize}

For a comparison with Hopman et al. (2006) we explore a model
where $\dot{\rho}_{GC}$ follows the star formation rate, here computed
following Hopkins \& Beacom (2006), and referred as model GC4.

As regard to the function $f_{\rm GC}$, the delay time is the sum of
the interval between the formation of the GC and the dynamical
formation of the DNS, plus the DNS coalescence time due to gravitational
wave emission.
The first time interval is set equal to the core-collapse time since,
only after the GC has experienced core-collapse, the rate of DNS
formation due to gravitational encounters becomes relevant (Hopman et
al. 2006). So the delay function $f_{\rm GC}(t)$ is the convolution of
the core--collapse time distribution and the
gravitational wave coalescence time
distribution.  Following Hopman et al. (2006), the former is computed
from the compilation of the half-mass relaxation times and
concentrations of the observed GCs in our Galaxy by Harris (1996) \footnote{We
implicitly assume that the properties of GCs in Harris's catalogue are
representative of the population of GCs also in external galaxies.}
combined with the core-collapse time distribution from Quinlan (1996).

The latter is obtained from three-body simulations of encounters
between single neutron stars and target binaries
in GCs. The resulting distribution
of eccentricities and orbital periods of the simulated DNS binaries
yields a delay function $\propto t^{-1.06}$ (Cerutti 2007) in close agreement with
Hopman et al. (2006). Characteristic delay times
are longer than in the field case ($>3$ Gyr), and determined mainly by the
extent of the core--collapse time.

\section{The SGRB luminosity function}

For a comparison with data, we here compute the observed distribution of
SGRBs for the different DNS formation scenarios.

The observed photon flux, $P$, in the energy band
$E_{\rm min}<E<E_{\rm max}$, emitted by an isotropically radiating source
at redshift $z$ is

\begin{equation}
P=\frac{(1+z)\int^{(1+z)E_{\rm max}}_{(1+z)E_{\rm min}} S(E) dE}{4\pi d_L^2(z)},
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $S(E)$ is the differential rest--frame photon luminosity of the
source, and $d_L(z)$ is the luminosity distance.  To describe the
typical burst spectrum we adopt a single power--law with
an exponential cut--off with index  $-0.58$
and
rest-frame break energy  $E_{\rm b}\sim 400$ keV (Ghirlanda, Ghisellini \& Celotti 2004)
where we assume a mean
redshift of $\sim 0.6$ for SGRBs.
We define the isotropic equivalent intrinsic
burst luminosity as
$L=\int^{2000\,\rm{keV}}_{30\,\rm{keV}} S(E)\, E\, dE$.

Given a normalized SGRB luminosity function, $\phi(L)$, the observed rate of
bursts with peak flux between $P_1$ and $P_2$ is

\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dN}{dt}(P_1<P<P_2)&=&\int_0^{\infty} dz \frac{dV(z)}{dz}
\frac{\Delta \Omega_s}{4\pi} \frac{k_{\rm SGRB} \Psi_{\rm SGRB}(z)}{1+z}
\nonumber \\ & \times & \int^{L(P_2,z)}_{L(P_1,z)} dL^\prime
\phi(L^\prime),
\end{eqnarray}

\noindent
where $dV(z)/dz=4\pi c\, d_L^2(z)/[H(z)(1+z)^2]$ is the comoving volume
element\footnote{We adopted the concordance model values for the
cosmological parameters: $h=0.7$, $\Omega_M=0.3$, and
$\Omega_\Lambda=0.7$.}, and $H(z)=H_0 [\Omega_M
(1+z)^3+\Omega_\Lambda+(1-\Omega_M-\Omega_\Lambda)(1+z)^2]^{1/2}$.
$\Delta \Omega_s$ is the solid angle covered on the sky by the survey,
and the factor $(1+z)^{-1}$ accounts for cosmological time dilation.
$\Psi_{\rm SGRB}(z)$ is the comoving burst formation rate normalized to
unity at $z=0$ as computed in Section~2 and $k_{\rm SGRB}$ is the SGRB
formation rate at $z=0$.

In  this work, we assume a luminosity function described by a double power-law

\begin{equation}
\phi(L)\propto
\left\{
\begin{array}{rr}
(L/L_0)^{-\alpha} & \mbox{for } L<L_0 \\
(L/L_0)^{-\beta} & \mbox{for } L>L_0, \\
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}

\noindent
with $\alpha=1.6$ (Schmidt 2001) in order to reduce the number of
model free parameters.  The power index $\beta$ is a free parameter
of the model. The values obtained by fitting BATSE data are listed in
Table~1.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\hline
\hline
Model & $k_{\rm SGRB}$ & $L_0/10^{50}$ & $\beta$ & $\chi^2_r$ \\
      & [Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$] & erg s$^{-1}$ & & \\
\hline
field & 12.7$\pm$4.6 & 1.16$\pm$0.01 & 1.41$\pm$0.22 & 1.1 \\
\hline
GC1 & 23.9$\pm$2.5 & 8.26$\pm$0.01 & 2.68$\pm$0.31 & 1.2 \\
GC2 &  90.2$\pm$11.6 & 3.22$\pm$0.01 & 2.72$\pm$0.37 & 1.2 \\
GC3 &  22.3$\pm$2.5 & 8.93$\pm$0.02 & 2.76$\pm$0.37 & 1.3 \\
GC4 & 37.6$\pm$2.3 & 6.81$\pm$0.01 & 2.80$\pm$0.29 & 1.3 \\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Best--fit parameters for the different DNS scenarios.
Errors are at 1$\sigma$ level. The value of $k_{\rm SGRB}$ is obtained
in the hypothesis that the emission is isotropic (see Nakar 2007
for a discussion of the beaming factor).}
\end{table}

\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lccccl}
\hline
\hline
SGRB & $T_{90}$ & $P(64 {\rm ms})$ & $z$ & Used & References\\
    & [s] & [ph s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$] & & & \\
\hline
050202 & $0.27$ & $4.0\pm0.4$ & & Y & 1\\
050509B & $0.073$ & $1.3\pm0.2$ & 0.226 & N & 2,3,4,5\\
050724 & $\sim 3^*$ &  $11.0\pm0.8$ & 0.257 & Y & 6,7,8,9,10,1,5\\
050813 & 0.45  & $2.1\pm0.21$ & 0.72 or 1.8 & Y & 11,1,5 \\
050906 & 0.258 & $1.7\pm0.3$ &  & N & 1\\
050925 & 0.07 & $10.8\pm1.0$ & & Y & 5\\
051105A & 0.093 & $2.7\pm0.5$ & & Y & 1\\
051210 & 1.3 & $1.0\pm0.2$ &  & N & 12,1,13,5\\
051221A & 1.4 & $40.7\pm1.5$ & 0.547 & Y & 14,1,13,5\\
060313 & 0.74 & $30.9\pm0.9$ & & Y & 15,1,16,13,5\\
060502B & 0.131 & $3.4\pm0.2$ & 0.287& Y & 17,1,13,5 \\
060801 & 0.49 & $2.1\pm0.2$ & 1.1304 & Y & 13\\
061006 & $\sim 0.42^*$ & $12.9\pm0.4$ & 0.4377 & Y & 13\\
061201 & 0.76 & $8.0\pm1.0$ & 0.111  & Y & 5\\
061210 & $\sim 0.19^*$ & $38.5\pm1.1$ & 0.41  & Y & 18 \\
061217 & 0.21 & $2.0\pm0.2$ & 0.827 & Y & 5\\
070209 & 0.09  & $2.8\pm0.4$ &   & Y & 19 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{{\it Swift} SGRBs. $T_{90}$ from Sakamoto et al. (2007) apart from
the SGRBs denoted with $^*$ where we refer to the duration of the main pulse.
In the column `Used', we indicate with Y (N) the burst that we (don't) use
in our analysis.
References (1), (3), (5), (9), (10), (12), (13), (15), (16), (19) are on the
short nature of the burst, whereas others refer to host and/or redshift
determination.
References: (1) Donaghy et al. (2006), (2) Gehrels et al. (2005), (3) Lee
et al. (2005), (4) Bloom et al. (2006b),
(5) Berger (2007), (6) Barthelmy et al. (2005),
(7) Berger et al. (2005), (8) Prochaska et al. (2006), (9) Campana et al.
(2006), (10) Grupe et al. (2006), (11) Berger (2005), (12) La Parola et al.
(2006), (13) Berger et al. (2007a), (14) Soderberg et al.
(2006), (15) Roming et al. (2006), (16) Postigo et al. (2006), (17) Bloom et al.
(2006a), (18) Berger (2006), (19) Sato et al. (2007)}
\end{table*}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=SHB_fig01_rev2.ps,height=8cm}}
\caption{Shaded area:
observed cumulative redshift distribution of {\it Swift} SGRBs
with $P_{64}>2$ ph s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2},$
taking into account uncertainties due the lack of a secure redshift
determination for some SGRBs. Model results are overplotted for
different DNS formation channels: solid line refers to field scenario,
dot-short dashed to GC1, dotted to GC2, short dashed to GC3, and dot-long
dashed to GC4.
In the bottom panel we plot the residuals to enhance the difference
between the model results and the observed distribution.
}
\label{low}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We fit the differential photon flux distribution of SGRBs  with $T_{90}<2$ s
detected by BATSE in the 50-300 keV band (Paciesas et al. 1999). We
consider the observed photon fluxes in the 64 ms timing window,
restrict our fitting procedure to $P_{64}\ge 1$ ph s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$
for which the detector response is efficient, and adopt a effective field of
view for BATSE, defined as $(\Delta \Omega_s/4\pi) t_{\rm obs},$
of 1.8 yr. The best fit parameters are given in Table~1.
We obtain a reasonable fit to BATSE data in all formation scenarios
by adjusting the free parameters of the model.
In this work
we neglect the presence of
a possible contamination from Soft Gamma-Ray Repeaters at low redshifts (Hurley
et al. 2005) which is still difficult to quantify (see Chapman et al. 2008).

We then compute the expected SGRB rate in the 15--150 keV band of
{\it Swift} adopting a field of view  $\Delta \Omega_s=1.4$ sr, and a 2-year mission.
For a correct comparison between model results and {\it Swift}
data, we calculate the photon peak flux for {\it Swift} SGRBs in a
timing window similar to the one used on BATSE.
Peak fluxes of Swift GRBs are calculated on
different integration times, spanning from 64 to 448 ms,
in order to match common significance criteria
and compatibly with the duration of the peak itself.
These are consistent within uncertainties with the
corresponding values integrated on a fixed 64-ms window.
This makes the comparison with BATSE well grounded.
The photon fluxes $P_{64}$
for the SGRBs observed with {\it Swift} are collected in Table~2.

The few {\it Swift} detections do not allow to construct a reliable
differential peak flux distribution. However,
we expect $\sim 9-10$ SGRBs
per year with $P_{64}\ge 2$ ph s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ for all our
models, in agreement with the 7 SGRBs per year detected by {\it Swift}
at the same flux limit. Note that this is a lower limit
since we do not consider here
SGRBs that are identified in the ground analysis (e.g., GRB~051114)
and those long GRBs that could be
tentatively ascribed to the short category (e.g., GRB~060614, and 060505).
Lowering the {\it Swift} photon
flux threshold down to 1 ph s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$, the expected SGRB detections largely
exceed the number of identified SGRBs.
This fact may be related to a different energy band and trigger procedure
of {\it Swift} and BATSE.
We thus choose the threshold of 2 ph
s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ as measured in a 64 ms timing window as reliable detection
limit for {\it Swift}.

\section{Redshift distribution}

In Table~2 we list all SGRBs detected by {\it Swift} until march  2007 with, when
present, the redshift. We note that GRB~050509B, 050906, and 051210
are not included in our analysis being their photon flux in the 64 ms
timing window below the threshold limit we adopted.  To be
conservative, we assume that GRB~050813 lies at $z=0.72$ instead of
$z=1.8$. The shaded area in Fig.~1 accounts for the observed
cumulative $z$--distribution including the uncertainties due the lack
of a secure redshift determination for some SGRBs.  Model results
computed for the different DNS formation channels are shown in
Fig.~1: solid line refers to the field scenario, dot--short dashed for GC1,
dotted for GC2, dashed for GC3, and dot--long dashed for GC4. For the field
scenario our fit is close to model (ii) of Guetta \& Piran (2007).
For the GC scenario, we note that in spite of the
different assumptions of the GC formation rate, the expected SGRB
$z$--distributions are not remarkably different.
The key result is that DNSs from dynamical interactions in
GC may account only for the lowest redshift SGRBs, i.e. $z<0.2-0.3$.
We find that only 4--12\% of SGRBs in GC should lie above $z=0.6$\footnote{
NS-NS binaries in young and dense star clusters
may form
dynamically and enhance
the rate of dynamical channel, at high redshifts
in star forming galaxies.}. This
result is expected owing to the longer delay times in the formation
and coalescence of DNSs in GCs relative to the field.  Field DNSs form
earlier and for this reason they can account for the SGRB distribution
above $z=0.8.$ Instead, the field scenario results inconsistent with
{\it Swift} data below this redshift. This appears to
be little affected by our choice of $\alpha$ in the luminosity function,
although the best--fit parameters in Table 1 may vary significantly.

Hopman et al. (2006) first noticed that SGRBs at low--$z$
may come from dynamical formation of DNSs in GCs
and possibly ascribed all the SGRBs in the
{\it Swift} catalogue to this formation channels. We
find here that {\it Swift} 2-year data
seem favour a bimodal origin of SGRBs:
the nearby, low--$z$ bursts resulting preferentially
from dynamical forming DNSs, whereas distant, high-$z$
bursts resulting from the coalescence of primordial DNSs
following the cosmic star formation history.

Although current uncertainties are very large and the
data sample poor, we can try to quantify the relative weight of the two
channels. In order to reproduce the observed limits on the redshift
distribution of SGRBs, almost 30\%--70\% of SGRBs detected by {\it Swift}
should come
from primordial NS-NS binary mergers if models GC1 or GC3 are considered.
For model GC2 this fraction increases up to 50--80\%.
We can rewrite these results
in terms of the ratio between the intrinsic formation rates at $z=0$
in the two channels, i.e.
$\eta=k_{\rm SGRB,F}/k_{\rm SGRB,GC}$. We find that $\eta=0.22-1.24$ for
model GC1 and GC3, and $\eta=0.14-0.56$ for GC2. A large sample of SGRB
detection and host identifications are needed in order to confirm these
findings.

\section{Conclusions}

We have shown that current {\it Swift} data seem to point towards a
dual nature of SGRB formation: low--$z$ SGRBs may arise from the
coalescence of DNSs forming in GCs through dynamical collisions,
whereas high--$z$ bursts can represent the end--result of DNS mergers
born in the field from primordial massive binary stars. A way to
falsify this bimodality is by considering the correlation between SGRBs
and the host galaxy type (Gam-Yam et al. 2005; Zheng \& Ramirez-Ruiz 2007;
Berger et al. 2007b; Shin \& Berger 2007).  We expect that SGRBs from the GC channel
should be found preferentially in early type galaxies where the bulk
of GCs resides, although we can not completely exclude a few in
spirals.  On the contrary, field SGRBs can be hosted in both early and
late type galaxies given the wide distribution of delay times (Section
2). Since the dynamical channel produces SGRBs at low--$z$, we expect
to find a excess of SGRBs in early type galaxies below $z<0.3$.  At
present it is still premature to exploit this issue in a statistically
meaningful manner and we may just confine ourselves to the analysis of
SGRBs in the current limited sample. Up to now, four SGRBs have been
localised in early-type galaxies (GRB~050509B, 050724, 050813, and
060502B), whereas six have secure late-type hosts (GRB~051221A,
060801, 061006, 061210, and 061217, Berger 2007; {\it HETE-II}
GRB~050709 at $z=0.161$; Fox et al. 2005; Covino et al. 2006).
Fig.~2 shows the
fraction of SGRB hosts in early (shaded area) and late (white area)
below $z=0.3$ and above, respectively. We note indeed that low--$z$
SGRBs are associated preferentially to early-type galaxies while the
high--$z$ ones are located in late-type.  The large off--set of
GRB~050509B and 060502B may support further the association of these
SGRBs with DNSs formed dynamically in GCs.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=host.ps,height=8cm}}
\caption{Fraction of SGRBs hosted in early--type
(shaded area) and late--type (white area) galaxies
below $z=0.3$ and above.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

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text:
Women's Swimming
Top Times (PDF)
Match Challenge
All-Time Top-Five (PDF)
Coach Clark Campbell
Jayhawks360 Tour
House divided, swimming and diving set for intrasquad
Crimson Squad
Hannah Driscoll
T.J. Duckett
Nadia Khechfe
Yulduz Kuchkarova
Amanda Maser
Pia Pavlic
Leah Pfitzer
Gretchen Pocisk
Lydia Pocisk
Katy Schlies
Sammie Schurig
Carly Straight
Zoya Wahlstrom
Blue Squad
Elizabeth Amato-Hanner
Hannah Angell
Brie Balsbough
Breonna Barker
Haley Bishop
Peri Charapich
Haley Downey
Nika Fellows
Madison Hutchison
Lindsay Manning
Jenny Nusbaum
Cassaundra Pino
Taylor Sieperda
Madison Straight
LAWRENCE, Kan. – The only way to divide a close-knit team is to literally divide the team and the lines have been drawn for Kansas swimming and diving. After a draft by the team captains split the unified group into two, faux tensions have bubbled up throughout the week and came to a head Wednesday inside the DeBruce Center. Members of the Blue team heckled members of the Crimson team briefly during lunch, then the two sides ate peacefully together.
There will be no sustained peace until the end of competition Friday, when the two teams square off inside Robinson Natatorium at 4 p.m., an event which is free and open to the public and student body.
"There was some back-and-forth between Crimson and Blue," Blue team captain Hannah Angell said of the DeBruce incident. "We're very spirited and it's going to be fun."
Angell and Lindsay Manning drafted against fellow senior captains Amanda Maser and Sammie Schurig at a captains meeting last Friday in head coach Clark Campbell's office and two evenly-matched but distinctly different teams were formed.
"We did a projected score of this meet, the first team to 48 wins," said Campbell, who will get his first glimpse of his 2016-17 squad in competition. "Right now one team is 48 the other is 47. They did a good job of drafting their teams and putting them into events. I'm sure they're going to be very well-coached. It's going to be a much different meet than last year."
In last year's intrasquad, then-KU freshman Haley Bishop stormed to a pair of individual event wins – then won just about every race she swam the rest of the year – while the Blue team rolled to a 59-35 win. Angell and Manning have retained Bishop and are employing a similar freshman-focused strategy by nabbing four of the seven available newbies, including Haley Downey and Jenny Nusbaum, who each competed at the US Olympic Trials over the summer.
"I'm very excited about the freshmen," Angell said. "Lindsay and I purposely had the majority of our team be freshmen because we're extremely excited to see what they can do. I think they have a ton of potential and it will just be fun to see them race for the first time."
Conversely, the Crimson squad will counter with experience as Maser and Schurig snapped up all the available remaining seniors – six total – including Yulya Kuchkarova, who sits second on KU's all-time leaderboard in both the 100- and 200-yard backstroke, Pia Pavlic, Leah Pfitzer and Gretchen Pocisk. The Crimson team also drafted Kansas sophomore Libby Walker, another 2016 Olympic Trials participant who recently tied with Bishop for the inaugural CSCAA National Collegiate Open Water Championship at Lone Star Lake.
"I'm really excited to compete," Maser, one of four divers, including three on the Crimson side, said. "We're having fun with it. When we see each other walking to class we're like, 'You're not on my team, we're going to win.' I think it's good to get in competition mode."
Similar to years prior, the event will feature one heat of each race and should last less than an hour. Diving will consist of one-meter competition only and each competitor will have three dives. Though abbreviated, it will provide the first look at the 2016-17 squad and offer the freshman class an introduction to live competition inside Robinson Natatorium.
"I did my first intrasquad meet in 1984, I still remember it," Campbell, a former KU swimmer himself, said. "It's their first college meet, so to speak. You get to show your stuff in front of your teammates and it's a very low-key, low-risk meet. It's an easy to start the collegiate season but the racing is going to be very intense. I know the freshmen are very excited to show what they're made out of."
The team will re-unify following the meet and turn its focus to the season opener against Missouri State and North Dakota (Oct. 21-22), much to the relief of those close to the program, and those uncomfortable facing off with their closest friends.
"We've been trash-talking each other," Angell said, "in nice ways."
KUAthletics.com: The official online source for Kansas Athletics, Williams Education Fund contributions, tickets, merchandise, multimedia, photos and much, much more.


text:
El año 148 a. C. fue un año del calendario romano prejuliano. En el Imperio romano, fue conocido como el año 606 Ab Urbe condita.

Acontecimientos

Por lugar

Irlanda
 Se construye el camino de Corlea construido en el condado de Longford

Roma
 Con la derrota de Andrisco en la batalla de Pidna por Quinto Cecilio Metelo, Macedonia se reorganiza como una provincia romana para el 146 a. C.
 Construcción de la Vía Postumia, que une Aquileia con Genua.
 Publio Cornelio Escipión Emiliano divide Numidia entre los tres hijos del recientemente fallecido Masinissa.

Nacimientos
 Antíoco VI Dioniso

Fallecimientos
 Masinissa, rey de Numidia (nacido alrededor del 238 a. C.)
 Yuan Ang, hombre de estado chino de la dinastía Han

Enlaces externos


Anxiety weighs down the heart.
So then, banish anxiety from your heart and cast off the troubles of your body. … What do people get for all the toil and anxious striving with which they labor under the sun? All their days their work is grief and pain; even at night their minds do not rest. This too is meaningless.
Martha, Martha, you are worried and upset about many things, but few things are needed—or indeed only one. … Have faith in God. … Do not let your hearts be troubled. You believe in God; believe also in me. … Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. … You will keep in perfect peace those whose minds are steadfast, because they trust in you.
Can any one of you by worrying add a single hour to your life? … So do not worry, saying, "What shall we eat?" or "What shall we drink?" or "What shall we wear?" For the pagans run after all these things, and your heavenly Father knows that you need them. But seek first his kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well.
When anxiety was great within me, your consolation brought me joy. … Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you. … Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid.
This entry was posted in 1 Peter, Ecclesiastes, Isaiah, John, Luke, Mark, Matthew, Philippians, Proverbs, Psalms. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
BACK TO ALL ARTICLES05/2/2022
LCOR and DivcoWest Launch Leasing at Park 151, Cambridge Crossing's First Trophy Multifamily Building
PUBLICATION: THE REGISTRY
LCOR, a fully integrated real estate investment, development, and management firm and DivcoWest, a national and vertically integrated, real estate investment firm today announced the launch of leasing at Park 151, a highly amenitized, 20-story, 468-unit, mixed-income residential property located at 151 North First Street in East Cambridge, MA in the heart of the new Cambridge Crossing neighborhood.
With an expected completion date of September 2022, Park 151 will be comprised of 468 residences ranging in size from studios to three-bedroom apartments, inclusive of 392 at market-rate, 22 penthouse homes and affordable units with an additional 19,000 square feet of ground-floor retail space. The building additionally includes in-unit washers and dryers, panelized appliances with LED downlighting throughout, an outdoor pool and living room, inclusive of a TV and lounge area, grilling spaces, a fitness center, indoor and outdoor yoga spaces, a sunset terrace, co-working and micro-office spaces and ample parking and bike storage.
Additionally, Park 151 benefits from its proximity to two MBTA lines with the new Lechmere green line station one minute away and the Community College Orange line just a quick 7-minute walk. Right outside the front door, cafes, restaurants, and a brewery connect residents to the community through local flavors and restauranteurs.11 acres of activated open space sits adjacent to the residence, providing unmatched connectivity and the ability to bring the indoors out. The open spaces at CX feature a central 5-acre common with a waterway where concerts and fitness classes are held, outdoor seating in the Picnic Grove and Maria Baldwin Park, and a recently opened dog park.
"As one of the country's most desirable submarkets, inclusive of world-class academic institutions and leading technology and life sciences companies, Park 151 serves as a prime housing option for the existing base of top talent, as well as the influx that this new neighborhood will bring," said David Sigman, Executive Vice President and Principal at LCOR. "We're excited to officially deliver these premier residences to the community alongside our partner DivcoWest and look forward to welcoming future residents to their new home at Park 151."
"Park 151 carries the Cambridge Crossing brand centered around innovation, connectivity, and health and wellness, and we are thrilled to offer a place that focuses on creating holistic experiences for today's forward-thinking residences," said DivcoWest Senior Development Executive John Weigel. "Our team is proud to have collaborated with LCOR to deliver this state-of-the-art residential building that combines superior location, unique amenities, and modern and distinctive units."
Park 151's neighborhood, Cambridge Crossing, is located at the intersection of Cambridge, Boston, and Somerville, and is part of Kendall Square, one of the most innovative square miles in the country. As one of the most sought-after life science, research, and technology markets (inclusive of Sanofi, Bristol Myers Squibb, Google, and Amazon) and the nation's leading academic institutions such as Harvard and MIT, Cambridge boasts intellectual work and education avenues, while simultaneously providing top-tier bars, restaurants, arts and cultural offerings. Cambridge Crossing is centrally located with immediate access to multiple modes of transportation including two MBTA stations, a bus station hub, public & private shuttle services, shared bicycle stations, and various cycle and walking paths.
Park 151 is a joint venture between LCOR and DivcoWest and is part of the 43-acre and 4.5 million square-foot Cambridge Crossing master development plan by DivcoWest. The partnership is dedicated to bringing top quality residential to this dynamic new neighborhood. Cambridge Crossing includes commercial, residential, retail and an abundance of open green spaces. Park 151 will be a collaborative product of LCOR's residential and management expertise, and DivcoWest's development experience within the local Boston/Cambridge market.
Potential residents can schedule a visit to the Park 151 marketing suite to tour the model units and reserve units for fall occupancy. For more information and to apply, please visit www.park151.com. READ MORE.


text:
MLA Brings Bollywood Stars For Birthday
mla	zameer ahmed khan,
Zameer Ahman Khan, his son Image
Rebel JDS MLA Zameer Ahmed Khan is known for his links with Bollywood. He is getting his son ready to make his debut in films including a Kannada film. But it is not Kannada actors he has invited. Every year he celebrates his birthday by bringing Bollywood stars to Benglauru.
Last year it was Sanjay Dutt. This year he is bringing Sonu Sood, Gulshan Grover, Arbaaz Khan and Sohail Khan and Telugu actor Ali for his birthday. The Bollywood stars will be seen celebrating the MLA's birthday at "Sangam Circle, Goripalya, off Mysuru Road". There is no mention of any Sandalwood actor being invited for the birthday.


text:
Q: Schema-less AND relational database I have thousands of documents of different types and therefore different fields. My task is to find pairs or a group of documents, with specific relations:
A.race='dwarf' and B.race='elfe' and C.profession='thief'
A.haircolor = C.haircolor and B.favorite_meal = C.favorite_meal

Is there a database which is schema-less and relational?

A: Having a schema is part of the definition of a relational database, so a database can not be both schemaless and relational.
But when you are searching for a database which is good for modeling and analyzing relations between entities without enforcing a consistent schema, you could take a look at graph databases like Neo4j. These databases focus on defining entities mostly by their relation to other entities. They make it really easy to find entities which have common relations to other entities.

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