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N8.9bn rural electrification: Contractors sue commission, ministry
The Association of Rural Electrification Contractors of Nigeria (ARECON) has dragged the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) and the Ministry of Finance to court over unpaid N 8.9 billion debt. The association, in a statement of claim filed by Prof. Yemi Akinseye-George, SAN, at the Federal High Court Abuja, is praying for an order that…
Industrialists identify grey areas in PIB
The Lagos Chambers of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) has identified grey areas in the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB), advising the Federal Government against passing it in its present state. Meanwhile, the joint Senate Committee on Petroleum Upstream, Downstream, Gas, Judiciary and Legal Matters, on Wednesday concluded its public hearing on PIB with a promise that…
'PIB will affect gas venture agreement'
The Chairman, Oil Producers Trade Section of the Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Mr Mark Ward, has said if the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) is passed into law in its present form, it will affect the Joint Venture Gas Agreement between the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and the international oil companies (IOCs). Delivering…
The PIB oil workers want
As the clamour to expedite passage of the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) intensifies, oil workers under the umbrella of National Union of Petroleum and Natural Gas Workers (NUPENG) and Petroleum and Natural Gas Senior Staff Association (PENGASSAN) have listed key areas the National Assembly should tinker with to ensure it reproduces a bill that will…
Senate to boost oil exploration in the North
A bill for an Act to create the National Frontiers Basins Exploration Agency, yesterday scaled second reading in the Senate. The bill sponsored by Senator Smart Adeyemi, (Kogi West), received unanimous support as senators described the Bill as long over due. The lawmakers believe that the agency, when created, would create an avenue for opening…
Subsidy trial – Suspects urge court to hands off case
A N979.6 million subsidy case against two oil marketers, Oluwaseun Ogunbambo and Habila Theck suffered a setback yesterday before Justice Adeniyi Onigbanjo as a result of a pending application seeking its transfer to another judge. The marketers were asking the judge to hands off their case on the allegation that the court was biased against…
Experts see discretionary power to award oil licences in PIB as unprogressive
The inclusion of the right to discretionary power to award oil licences by the president, and on delegated basis, by the minister of petroleum resources, in the current Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) has been described as a lethal blow and unprogressive by industry analysts. According to them, if the provision is allowed to scale through,…
Joint Senate Committee on PIB concludes public hearing
The joint Senate Committee on Petroleum Upstream, Downstream, Gas, Judiciary and Legal Matters concluded its public hearing on the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) Wednesday with a promise that the bill will be eventually passed into law. But the oil and gas producing communities in the Niger Delta, who made various submission yesterday, during the third…
N855m fraud: How Keystone Bank officials, others defrauded Dozzy Oil – Witness
Justice Kudirat Jose of the Lagos High Court, in Ikeja yesterday heard how three officials of Keystone Bank Plc and one other defrauded Sir Daniel Chukwudozie of Dozzy Oil Limited of the sum of N855,000,000. Testifying as a first prosecution witness in the fraud case, Orji Chukuma, an investigative officer with the Economic and Financial…
Lagos, experts task NASS on PIB
Amid insinuations that the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) currently before the National Assembly has been doctored to favour foreign oil multinationals, Lagos State Government and experts in the nation's Petroleum and Gas sub-sector of the nation's economy have urged the National Assembly to live above board in the discharge of its responsibilities. The state government…


Apple TV Plus finally has a name and megawatt stars bragging about it. But with so much still under wraps, here's what we really know -- and what we don't.
After showering an estimated $2 billion all over Hollywood for more than a year, Apple finally revealed its slate of original TV shows and movies.
Last month at its headquarters in Cupertino, California, Apple officially announced Apple TV Plus, a subscription service for its exclusive original shows and films.
Apple trotted out some of Hollywood's biggest stars and heavy hitters to sing its praises: Oprah Winfrey, Steven Spielberg, Reese Witherspoon, J.J. Abrams, Jason Momoa and a who's who of other celebs appeared on stage or packed the crowd. And the company is still adding to its pipeline, weeks after the event. In April, it reportedly gave the green light to a third program from Abrams: an eight-episode adaption of Stephen King's horror-romance novel Lisey's Story, which stars Oscar-winner Julianne Moore as a woman trying to move on after her novelist husband's death.
J.J. Abrams, here at Apple's campus, added a third program to Apple TV Plus' roster; he's already producing a musical dramedy called Little Voice and a limited series called My Glory Was I Had Such Friends, which reunites him with Alias star Jennifer Garner.
But Apple left out some of the most important details that potential subscribers need to know. The company played coy on specifics including how much the Apple TV Plus will cost, how many programs will be available at launch and whether Apple will drop all episodes in a season all at once, a la Netflix.
Still, that didn't stop CEO Tim Cook from heralding Apple TV Plus as being "unlike anything that's been done before."
We have to wait more until we can judge for ourselves.
What will Apple's TV service look like?
Even after Apple's splashy unveiling, we still don't have much clarity. The event gave us some more details about specific programs Apple is producing (more on that below), and the company specified that Apple TV Plus won't have ads and will be available in more than 100 countries. It will also be part of Apple's family sharing feature, which allows you and up to five family members to share a plan.
But we still don't know exactly how all the pieces fit together.
We do know that Apple's new subscription service will live inside its revamped TV app. There, Apple TV Plus will sit next to other video subscriptions such as HBO or Starz. (Just don't expect Netflix there.) The TV app's refresh will go live this month, but we'll be waiting for Apple's TV Plus service until the fall.
Apple TV Plus will be a subscription launching in the fall to stream the company's original shows and movies.
Still, Apple didn't answer questions like: Will this service also have a library of licensed shows and movies, making it similar to Netflix? Will it stick to its own originals and release shows week to week, along the lines of a premium channel like HBO? Or will it focus on integrating its own subscription programming next to that from add-on channels and iTunes-like rental and purchase options, similar to Amazon Prime Video and its Channels?
We still don't know. Even people who are making shows for Apple have been kept in the dark about how those shows will be released.
But ahead of the March event, Apple was reportedly racing to finalize deals with networks to license catalogs of already released content that'll supplement its original shows. And it wasn't a shock when Netflix CEO Reed Hastings confirmed this week that the company wasn't participating in Apple's new TV app. For one, Netflix doesn't participate in bundles like Amazon's Channels. And Netflix doesn't even allow people to sign up for a new subscription in its iOS app because of the company's distaste for Apple's fees.
Apple hasn't specified price, but BTIG analyst Rich Greenfield believes Apple will give its $2 billion a year in programming for free.
If you own an Apple device, Greenfield anticipates Apple will provide free access to these productions in the TV app on iOS or Apple TV. "Think of Apple's strategy along the lines of [Amazon's] Prime Video," he said in a September note. Apple's hope is that viewers will come for Oprah or Abrams and then tack on other paid services to watch HBO, Starz or Showtime all in the same place. (Apple takes a cut of a service's subscription revenue when you sign up through one of its storefronts.) In this scenario, Apple could offer the service to people who don't own its gadget by charging a subscription fee to those who want to watch on competitors' products.
Apple may try to create its own kind of discounted bundle -- packaging a group of about 15 video services, including paid streaming networks and free digital channels such as Tastemade -- and throw in its short list of finished originals as a bonus, at least initially.
However, Apple offering a free trial period is a safe bet. The company launched Apple Music with an extended free trial, and it's the industry standard: Most streaming video services offer introductory free periods for new members. The duration of that free trial may differ whether you own an Apple device or not.
If Apple does decide to charge for its Apple TV Plus, there's a general price range it'll need to meet for it to be competitive.
Most streaming video services -- at least the ones with the kind of premium programming that Apple is cultivating -- range from about $5 to $15 a month. Netflix, as the world's biggest subscription streaming service, sets the benchmark: $13 in the US for its most popular plan. But Apple's catalog of shows will be much thinner than Netflix's, making it hard for consumers to swallow a price that matches or tops that. Disney, for example, has said it will price its forthcoming Disney Plus streaming subscription less than Netflix specifically because it won't have the same breadth of original exclusives as Netflix.
Reese Witherspoon and Jennifer Aniston revealed the name of their Apple TV Plus series, The Morning Show, at Apple's event.
Finally, a question Apple addressed. Apple TV Plus will launch in the fall of 2019.
Apple plans to launch the service in the US followed by an expansion to more than 100 countries, according to a report.
What devices will be able to stream it?
Apple's programming will be available on all Apple devices with the new Apple TV app.
In addition, Apple TV Plus will presumably be available on competitor's devices too. Apple said that the overhauled TV app will be available this year on Roku, Amazon's Fire TV devices and smart TVs from Samsung, Sony, LG and Vizio. Since that app is the home for the Apple TV Plus service, it's likely that you'll be able to stream Apple's shows on those devices too. But it's possible Apple could limit support for the TV Plus service only to its own devices.
What shows and movies will it have?
Period piece Dickinson and sci-fi epic See are two of Apple's shows that have finished shooting, making them more likely to be available when the service launches in the fall.
Apple's shows run the gamut of drama, comedy, documentary -- even undefined deals with a single big star attached. CNET keeps a tally of the more than 30 Apple shows known so far, and it has details on every program.
An Octavia Spencer mystery drama called Are You Sleeping?
A space drama from Outlander and Battlestar Galactica producer Ronald D. Moore called For All Mankind.
A thriller, Servant, from Sixth Sense director M. Night Shyamalan.
A comedy, Mythic Quest, from Rob McElhenney and Charlie Day, who created and star in It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia.
A comedy about reclusive poet Emily Dickinson, played by Hailee Steinfeld from True Grit and The Edge of Seventeen.
The Morning Show, a drama about a morning broadcast program starring Reese Witherspoon, Jennifer Aniston and Steve Carell.
Amazing Stories, an anthology series from Steven Spielberg's Amblin Television and NBC Universal.
See, a sci-fi drama starring Jason Momoa, who's part of the DC Justice League movie crew playing Aquaman and rose to prominence playing Daenarys Targaryen's first husband in early season of Game of Thrones.
Little America, the brainchild of husband-and-wife screenwriting team Kumail Nanjiani (you may know him as Dinesh on HBO's Silicon Valley) and Emily V. Gordon, whose The Big Sick was the toast of Sundance more than two years ago.
Central Park, a cartoon musical from the creator of Bob's Burgers and packed with the voices of stars such as Frozen's Josh Gad and Kristen Bell and Hamilton's Leslie Odom Jr. and Daveed Diggs.
A docuseries Home, which will go inside extraordinary houses and explore the minds of the people who built them.
The company's progress lining up movies for the service is less advanced, at least from what's publicly known. Apple has a partnership with film studio A24 -- known for such movies as Ex Machina, Moonlight and Room. Their partnership will include a film called On the Rocks starring Bill Murray and Rashida Jones and directed by Sofia Coppola.
Apple has also acquired a few films at festivals to distribute on the new service. It picked up Hala, produced by Jada Pinkett Smith, at Sundance and a documentary about elephants called The Elephant Queen at the Toronto Film Festival. The company also bought the rights to Wolfwalkers, an animated movie from Cartoon Saloon and Melusine Productions.
Apple has come under early scrutiny because of reports it's restricting its creators from making edgy content and aiming to keep all its programming family friendly. Family friendly programming isn't a liability to success -- Disney built one of the reigning media empires on it -- but edgy shows have led other streaming services to awards recognition that often drives new viewers to try a service and is frequently used as a barometer for a service's success. Apple's strategy could crimp it competitively on that front.
But that won't stop Apple from trying to score awards, apparently. The company is hiring strategists to help craft campaigns for awards like the Oscars and Emmys, according to a report.
Who will Apple battle to win subscribers?
Apple's forthcoming service would launch at a time when seemingly every major media property is putting out their own streaming option, from DC Universe's comic-flavored fare to a planned Disney offering, not to mention stalwarts like Netflix.
Brie Larson will star in an Apple drama series, but she's also working with Netflix, where her directorial debut Unicorn Store is streaming.
Clearly, an Apple service with $1 billion worth of premium video will compete with the likes of Netflix, Amazon Prime, Hulu and others that stream on-demand, high-quality productions.
Should Apple focus on bundling other digital networks, then Amazon Channels will be its key rival. But Apple is also going up against wireless companies such as AT&T that offer VRV, a co-op of niche genre streaming services.
The bundling model even brings Apple in competition with traditional cable. In the week before Apples event, Comcast announced a $5-a-month service called Xfinity Flex, which lumps together a streaming box, a voice remote and a digital interface to navigate all your video options in one place -- Netflix, Amazon Prime Video and HBO along with free ad-supported shows and options to rent or buy programming -- as well as throwing in controls for music services and connected security cameras in your home.
As Netflix likes to point out, video services don't just compete among themselves, they're going up against anything that's vying for your attention. Traditional television, YouTube, the parade of live-TV streaming services -- even gaming phenoms like Fortnite -- all pack Apple's new competitive field.
What's interesting is that Apple's dive into original programming comes as other giants are ramping up their own original video ambitions.
Disney is expected to launch a Netflix-like service next year. Called Disney Plus, the digital service will be a home base for streaming all of Disney's blockbuster movies, multiple Star Wars original series and other programming. It'll cost "substantially" less than Netflix, CEO Bob Iger has said.
Meanwhile, NBCUniversal and HBO-owner WarnerMedia are both building their own streaming services.
Basically, if you're interested in subscribing to all of these services, you may want to start saving up now.
Apple is a gadget giant. Why does it want to become Netflix?
Apple is taking aim at original video because it could be a crucial enticement for people to buy more iPhones and other gadgets. You can't overstate the importance of the iPhone to Apple. The phone, one of the most popular in the world, still accounts for more than half its sales and was critical to Apple's march to become the first US company worth $1 trillion.
But Apple is on a deadline to double its services revenue to $50 billion before 2021.
Apple quickly established its bona fides in subscriptions businesses with Apple Music. But the content on Apple Music is essentially the same as every other music service. They all have tens of millions of songs. Apple Music has been successful largely because of its presence on the iPhone, already in the pockets of millions of people. It hasn't been nearly as successful working the other direction, acting as a lure to buy the latest Apple gadget.
Original video from big-name stars and creators you can't watch anywhere else, however, could be different.
Apple clearly has a hunch it will be.
Originally published Sept. 8, 2018, and updated as new information is revealed.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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November 2018 ended a run of two consistently cold, dry and sunny November's. After a cold and frosty first few days after a cold spell in October the month was predominantly unsettled and mild with a few colder days. Although midmonth had a spell where it was dry and sunny and very mild which made it feel springlike. It was the warmest, wettest and dullest November since 2015.


Texas-based Rutter and Wilbanks are back at the Ahtna 1-19 well site near Glennallen in Alaska's Copper River basin to test a June 2007 gas find, using a Schlumberger coiled tubing unit.
"We've re-entered the well and we're now at our previous kickoff point," Bill Rutter Jr., the company's vice president, told Petroleum News today. Rutter said that drilling at Glennallen had started around Aug. 22 and that, if the drilling works out as planned, the drill bit should enter the gas reservoir in a few days time.
"By the end of the week or over the weekend we should be testing it," Rutter said.
The same coiled tubing unit that Rutter and Wilbanks is using for this latest drilling venture hit gas in upper Nelchina sands when drilling the Ahtna 1-19A sidetrack in 2007, but high pressure water flowing into the well bore above the gas reservoir stymied attempts to prove out the find. This time, the drilling team has attempted to plug the water source with cement under high pressure, before drilling a second sidetrack, the Ahtna 1-19B, to test the size of the gas pool.
Rutter said that he is fairly sure that there is 50 billion to 150 billion cubic feet of gas in the Ahtna prospect.


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You are here: Home / Featured / Start-Ups Take Library Jobs | Reinventing Libraries
Start-Ups Take Library Jobs | Reinventing Libraries
By The Digital Shift on September 4, 2013
Three years ago, I wrote here that "libraries are so valuable that they attract voracious new competition with every technological advance" (see "Libraries, Ebooks, and Competition," LJ 8/10, p. 22–23). At the time, I was thinking about Google, Apple, Amazon, and Wikipedia as the gluttonous innovators aiming to be hired for the jobs that libraries had been doing. I imagined Facebook and Twitter to be the sort of competitors most likely to be attracted by the flame of library value. But it's the new guys that surprise you. To review the last three years of change in the library world, I'd like to focus on some of the start-ups that have newly occupied digital niches in the reading ecosystem. It's these competitors that libraries will need to understand and integrate with to remain relevant. In order of maturity, from already exploded to just emerging:
Competitor: GoodReads
Reading Ecosystem Job: Find Out What Friends Are Reading
Success Tactic: Fill Everyone's Inbox
GoodReads may be at the top of its success arc, having just been acquired by Amazon, but its growth over the past three years has been astounding. Libraries often talk about how they build communities of readers and expose readers to new books, but GoodReads has done that and a whole lot more. As much as I find the emails annoying, I just can't resist finding out what people are reading, and the audience that GoodReads has attracted means that the discussions and groups there are populated with real people. Libraries now need to figure out how to leverage the infrastructure and virtual communities of GoodReads, and its less-annoying competitor LibraryThing, while still retaining the connections to their real-world communities.
Competitor: Wattpad
Reading Ecosystem Job: Make Everyone an Author and a Reader
Success Tactic: Appeal to Teenage Girls
Internet consumer start-ups obsess over "engagement," measured by the amount of time a typical user spends on a service. Wattpad's engagement numbers are off the charts, and the amount of content its users have contributed is staggering. Wattpad reports that its writing community contributes over ten million stories per month, and has contributed over 4.7 million in the fan fiction genre alone. Users are spending over three billion minutes on the service per month. That's roughly equivalent to the total usage of all the public libraries in the United States. If you don't think that Wattpad is taking users away from libraries, consider that "Library Love" by kpgcatlover features heroine "Dewey Decimal Daniels" and has been read 286,000 times on Wattpad.
In anticipation of LJ's free upcoming virtual event "The Digital Shift:" on October 16, LJ is featuring a series of essays that raise key questions about the new state of libraries. Eric Hellman's essay follows on from Joseph Janes's and Barbara Fister's in the August issue. Look for thoughts from Char Booth, instruction services manager and e-learning librarian, Claremont College Library, CA, in the October 1 issue, and for excerpts from Janes' Library 2020 collection.
Competitor: Readmill
Reading Ecosystem Job: Provide A Comfy Place To Read Ebooks
Success Tactic: Just Let People Read
The famous diagram showing the 17 "simple" steps needed to get an ebook from a library could have been Readmill's 16-step business plan. The company does a great job of providing a cross-platform cross-vendor open ebook reading environment with all the affordances needed by a serious or casual reader and none of the barriers. The library needs to figure out how to get readers out of Kindle, iBooks, and other closed environments and into Readmill.
Competitor: SIPX
Reading Ecosystem Job: License Content to Educators
Success Tactic: Gather All the Stuff
With MOOC innovators such as Coursera, edX, Udacity, and Khan Academy threatening to remake the world of higher education, you're probably wondering: Where are those students going to get their digital reading material? If you guessed "the library," try again. Just emerging from the Stanford University start-up umbrella is SIPX, which is building a huge academic content licensing database that's poised to be the key marketplace connecting publishers to course developers.
Competitor: Zola Books
Reading Ecosystem Job: Find Me a Book Curator
Success Tactic: Give Hope to Indie Bookstores
If Amazon is the A of ebookstores, Zola is the Z. Since Google Books dropped its bookseller program, small bookstores have flailed for another way to survive the Amazon onslaught. Zola may be their last hope. The ABC's of Zola start with connecting people to authors, booksellers, and curators; publishers and friends are also important. There's an obvious slot for libraries and their experience with readers' advisory to fit in to the Zola environment; time will tell if this mix of commerce and culture will work for libraries, too.
One thing you can be sure of, in three years there will be still another set of new companies taking advantage of new technologies to do some of the jobs that libraries are doing. And libraries will be responding to needs and filling roles that don't exist today.
And, yes, I'm hard at work on the second version of unglue.it, aimed at "ungluing" a lot more books in partnership with libraries. I hope you'll read about it in LJ real soon now!
Eric Hellman is President of Gluejar, which "unglues" in-copyright ebooks for distribution under a Creative Commons license. His first business, which developed OpenURL linking software and knowledgebases, was acquired by OCLC in 1996. He blogs at Go To Hellman, on the intersection of technology, libraries, and ebooks
Filed Under: Featured, LJ In Print, Uncategorized Tagged With: Goodreads, LJ_2013_Sep_1, the digital shift

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


QMP Archway Locker 8 Door - 1800H is a space saving solution for providing storage for up to eight staff. Featuring a unique archway design to accomodate a garment hanging rail for full length hanging which is included in the price. Each locker compartment is 450mm deep. Our archway lockers come with fitted camlocks or hasp locks as standard.
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E-Poets Society is an international publishing house. Founded in 2018, the company includes a team of design, internet, media, literature and education veterans who share a passion for helping authors bring their works to life in the most advanced way.
Based in Beirut, E-Poets Society is the newest platform for creating and publishing e-books, but also printed and illustrated forms of independent books for multinational authors all around the world.
Browse our growing selection of books from our society of authors.


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Many, many years ago I started reading comics. This grew into an obsession which evolved into a career as I worked in comic shops such as AKA Books and Comics in Glasgow, Comic Showcase in London and Comics and C.D's in Bristol. I've also worked in distribution & publishing with Trident Comics who published the first works of Mark Millar among a number of other British creators. My very first comic mart was sometime in the early 80's and having done thousands since I look forward to a few more having now relocated back to Glasgow.
At the moment I'll be doing cons based round the Glasgow area but will be making the trip further occasionally.
Selling new and old back issues art affordable prices; I'll also be offering to search out elusive back issues as well.
I hope to see you at a show soon!
© 2018 Neptune Comics and Books. Proudly Created with Wix.com


Hawaii is a popular destination for water sports enthusiast, obviously because the entire state is surrounded by water. Each island offers different water and weather conditions, making each island experience completely unique. The water temperature in Hawaii varies only between about 72 to 80 degrees year round making water sports ideal the entire year long. You will see an amazing array of sea life while snorkeling in Hawaii such as, sea turtles, manta rays, moray eels, and dolphins.
The Hawaiian Islands are the perfect place for a getaway. The islands offer a wide variety of activities, such as surfing, swimming snorkeling, and land activities such as island hopping. This is a must if visiting Hawaii. Each island is unique in its own way and has something special to offer. The island of Molokai is known as the mysterious island.


Home › What does health mean to girls and young women?
Janice Melanson of Breast Cancer Action Montreal will talk about Femme Toxic, a project aiming to educate young Canadian women about the potential dangers of cosmetics ingredients and their possible impact on health. The project provides people with the tools they need to create personal change and to influence national legislative reform.
Tatiana Fraser of Girls Action Foundation will talk about girls programs as a tool for health promotion. She will also share Girls Action methods and concrete examples that illustrate how girls and young women are agents for change in areas of health. Girls Action Foundation is a national organization that "leads and seeds" girls' programs across Canada, building girls' and young women's skills and confidence.


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Q: Integrating $\int_{1}^{\alpha} x^n(x^2-1)^{q-\frac{1}{2}}dx$ Let $\alpha>1$, $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and $q\geq0$. Which methods is possible to use to solve this integral?
$$\int_{1}^{\alpha} x^n(x^2-1)^{q-\frac{1}{2}}dx$$
I tried using the computer for especific values of $n$, but wolfram only calculate for $n=5$ giving the result
$$\frac{((α^2 - 1)^{q+\frac{1}{2}} (α^2 (2 q + 1) (α^2 (2 q + 3) + 4) + 8))}{((2 q + 1) (2 q + 3) (2 q + 5))}.$$
I think this integral is connected with some special function, but I don't know which one.
Thank you for the patience and the reading.

A: Let $t=\frac{1}{x^2},~~x=\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}},~~~dx=-\frac{1}{2}t^{-\frac{3}2}$, and plug in the substitution.
$$I=\frac{1}{2}\int_\frac{1}{\sqrt{\alpha}}^1 t^{-1-q-\frac{n}{2}}(1-t)^{q-\frac{1}{2}}dt=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\left(\text{B}(-q-\frac{n}{2},q+\frac{1}{2})-\text{B}(-q-\frac{n}{2},q+\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{\sqrt{\alpha}})\right)$$
where $\text{B}(-q-\frac{n}{2},q+\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{\sqrt{\alpha}})$ is incomplete beta function.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Women as Catalysts for Peace
Leymah Gbowee. / Photo: Michael Angelo
Leymah Gbowee won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011 for her efforts that led to ending the Liberian civil war. On Thursday, October 6, she will come to HDS to discuss her experiences and insights into peacebuilding as part of the Religions and the Practice of Peace monthly public dinner Colloquium Series.
Gbowee's talk, "Women as Catalysts for Local and Global Spiritually-Engaged Movements for Sustainable Peace," will take place at 6 pm in the Sperry Room. RSVP is required.
Gbowee is a Liberian peace activist, trained social worker, and women's rights advocate. Her leadership of the Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace, which brought together Christian and Muslim women in a nonviolent movement that played a pivotal role in ending Liberia's civil war in 2003, is chronicled in her memoir, Mighty Be Our Powers (2011), and in the award-winning documentary, Pray the Devil Back to Hell (2008). She is founder and current president of the Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, and is currently named a Distinguished Activist-in-Residence at Union Theological Seminary. She travels internationally to advocate for human rights and for peace and security.
HDS communications recently spoke with Gbowee about her work, how one can help bring about peace, and how her Nobel award has changed her life.
HDS: What made your efforts in Liberia successful? What challenges did you face there and how did you overcome them?
LG: I believe strongly that our efforts in Liberia were successful because of the interfaith, interethnic, and diverse political composition of our group. We came from different backgrounds, and we just came to that place where we made a commitment that we're going to move beyond the things that divide us and embrace the things that brought us together. The first thing we did was identify what brought us together, and it was the war—the consequences of war. And there were similar traits we held that sustained us being together, as well as our common humanity. It was very, very crucial for us to do the work that we did.
In our group the first thing we did was to hold three days of consultative meetings. The first day we brought only Christian women, and we went back into the Bible to find those things in the Bible that women did. We wanted to really show them (Christian women) that God had a way of using women and that there's a place for women in turning around the history of their nations. So, we took them to the Bible, and we used women of faith as examples—Esther, Deborah, Rahab the Prostitute—who had done great things to turn the tide. We used those women as the springboard for really mobilizing women.
The second thing we did was to bring the Muslim women together and go through he same process, but with the Qur'an. We used that as a means of mobilizing. We would talk and read some of the descriptions that talk about how to treat women better and live a nonviolent life, we also use Khadijah, the wife of the prophet Mohammed.
The third day was the most difficult. Trying to bring these women together as faith women to see where we had a common denominator to work together. Once we brought them together, we asked the groups of women to write all of the negative stereotypes and prejudices they had of each other and also all of the positive ones. We asked them to walk around the room and read what the other group had written about them. Each group recognized that they held a lot of misconceptions about each other, so we had to sit down and hash that out.
The second thing we wanted to do was to let them see that beyond faith there can be a relationship. I was fortunate to be in a place where my grandmother, who is still alive and now over 100 years old, had a friend in the neighborhood we grew up in who is Muslim. My grandmother is Christian. They were best friends through marriages, through divorce, through having children, losing children. We brought those two women together to sit and talk about their relationship and friendship. During the session, one of the women asked what role faith played in their relationship. And those two women just looked at each other [as if to say] "What?" The friend asked my grandmother, "When you see me, do you see a Muslim?" My grandmother said no. And my grandmother asked her, "When you see me, do you see a Christian?" The friend said no.
I think of all of the work that we did, that conversation was the turning point for the women. Each of the women went on thinking: Here were two women who never considered the way each other prayed, or whom they prayed to. It was about somebody being married to an alcoholic, abusive husband, and the other person being married to someone who didn't have any drive at all. In essence, what they were saying was that we forged a sisterhood because our pains were similar.
I'd be lying if I said there weren't other challenges. Even afterwards there were some Christian women who believed the process started in the church, that it should continue that way, that the Muslim women shouldn't be with them, and that the women couldn't pray together. All of the trivial things. At some point we had to say to people, if you can't work together you need to leave, and some people left, but the rest of the group stayed, and more people came.
The other challenge we had was funding. It was very difficult to get anyone to trust the work enough to want to fund us.
HDS: What were some of the religious and spiritual resources and practices that helped you and sustain you during this effort?
LG: Prayer. Regular time for prayer. The women who were my spiritual mentors were the older women in the movement. They were the ones who really inspired me.
As for spiritual practices, we spent a whole morning in prayer. There were times in the journey when I would get tired, and I thought maybe we needed to change the leadership. Those women would come, kneel down, and would pray and lay hands on me and ask God to give me strength.
I started to really develop a more intimate relationship with God as a result of that. I grew up in a Christian home, but I realized that in order for me to walk the walk with the willing, I had to beef up my prayer life and to be able to understand where God was taking me. When it came time for the prayer and the laying of hands, it wasn't just the Christian women who were doing it. Some of the older Muslim women we had asked to join them to do those things.
It's really strange that for all of the times I've talked about this work, this is the first time someone has brought me back in an interview to remember some of the spiritual things that we did.
HDS: What do you see as the biggest threat to peacebuilding?
LG: The misinterpretation of faith and different religions and religious practices and how people are using it as a means of mobilizing the rest of the world to hate. People take one event, one terror attack, and instead of seeing it as evil, because that's what it is, they try to pin that evil to a religious group.
What it is doing to the world, because we are all in line to some kind of faith practice, is divide us more and more, and a divided world can never achieve peace. It is only in interconnectedness, or coming together as united bodies, that we can find peace.
Unfortunately, if you use politics, you won't get everyone, because it's not everyone who is a practicing politician, or something like that. If you use education, you won't get everyone. If you use ethnicity, you will get the world mobilized in anger, but faith and religion is something that everyone has some feeling toward. People's beliefs are the core of their existence.
This misconception, misinterpretation, and the use of faith as a means of creating conflict, this is the biggest threat to global peace.
HDS: How do you see colleges and universities having a role in the peacemaking process?
LG: Let me give you an example. On June 12 you have the Orlando shooting and if you watched CNN or BBC, there were many commentaries about the Orlando shooting. The role of academic institutions is to say, let's stop for a moment. On June 12, you had this thing happen, but let's research and see what else happened in the world so we create an understanding with our students that this is not peculiar to America, or particular to France, or particular to the UK.
On June 12, during the Orlando shooting, there was a bomb blast in Libya, and Boko Haram attacked in Nigeria. In different parts of the world there were about eight attacks on that same day that claimed lives, too.
The thing is to educate students in a way that they are able to see that certain things are not unique to certain parts of the world. Educate them to see and understand that the Muslim community has suffered more than any other religious group in the world from ISIS attacks.
Educate for peace. Educate for compassion. Educate to awaken humanity for good. Don't educate a group of people to reinforce the things that make war or conflict.
HDS: What part does forgiveness play in the peacemaking process?
LG: Forgiveness is one of the crucial elements toward reconciliation. There is no way that a community that has suffered can heal itself if the people do not go through a process of admission and forgiveness. While forgiveness is crucial, I think having compassionate dialogue is a key factor because people, when they are traumatized, they are stuck at a place. It's very tough for either the offended or offender to move forward, and that kind of progress can only happen if there has been some level of forgiveness.
HDS: What's the most important tool you use when you try to negotiate peace or some resolution to a conflict?
LG: The first thing anyone can do in order to begin the process of peace is inclusiveness. Get everyone to understand that they have a stake in the process. For me, peacebuilding is a journey that people take and that journey can never be successful if you do not have a collective agreement on where you are going as a people.
You cannot start the journey with one group and leave another group out. Understanding that it is an all-inclusive process—everyone should be on this journey, not just a selected few. Once you have everyone's permission and they all agree to mobilize and take the journey, then you are on the best journey, but over time, in our world, what we've seen is people doing peace the way they do war. Leaving out certain groups of people and thinking that, if I leave out this group, then I will have gotten what I want, but it never works. It has to be everyone involved.
HDS: That's something that can be easier said than done. How do you bring people together who may not be willing participants, when having them at the table is crucial to making peace?
LG: Well, the one thing I can say is that when you talk about participants of war, is it just those who shoot, or is it those also who are in the community ensuring that things are stable, the ones who keep the communities together? As long as you live within a war zone, whether you are an active fighter or noncombatant, you are still crucial to the peace process because how do you talk peace if you don't bring the perspective of those who are observing?
Why do we have referees as crucial parts of matches? They aren't playing, but they are there. They are observing. Maybe it's not the right metaphor, but at the end of the day when the league has ended and the teams carry their trophies, the referees are commended, too, because they were there.
And you can say, oh they are active participants, the referees are the peacekeepers, but in the absence of the peacekeepers, there are those men and women in the communities who are not taking part, they are not fighting, they are on the sidelines, they are talking to fighters and the way they conduct themselves—helping to save people's lives in some instances, negotiating life, or negotiating for food or negotiating for safe passage—they are not just bystanders there.
I met a young man from Syria. He said to me, "I use my voice now. At my house I sit with the soldiers and listen to them talk, and I will find one person that's willing to listen to me. Gradually I get that person from being a notorious killer into someone who begins to ask questions before shooting." Is this man not crucial? Is this man not an active participant in this conflict to a certain extent? So who determines who is an active participant? Those who are being raped and abused, who are suffering from the blasts, are they not active participants?
What the world needs to do is to begin to redefine active participants in conflict.
HDS: The title of your talk here begins with "Women as Catalysts for Peace." What can women bring to the table in peacemaking efforts that may be overlooked or different from a process that only includes men?
LG: One of the things that I say in my work as an activist is that the peace processes that women are a part of, for them, it's not about the jobs, it's not about the evils, it's about really and truly bringing peace in the interest of the community. The women in peace processes will think about the need for schools to begin operating, the need for food, the need for medical supplies. For them it's bringing life to the center of the peace process. What they are looking for is just bringing the communities back to normal. That's a huge difference.
The women, they bring heart to the peace process. Hearts of flesh, not of stone.
HDS: There are religions and societies where women are not viewed as being equal to men. How do you involve women in the process in situations like that?
LG: Sometimes it's important for you to create an understanding. It's very difficult when you work in certain communities to get people to understand that the women are equal parts of everything they should aspire for.
There are simple exercises and very crucial exercises to do. For example, one year we had to do some work with some community leaders and have them understand gender equality and what was needed of them in terms of working with people.
One of the things I did for them in that course was to ask them what contributions women made, and 90 percent of them said nothing because for them as long as the women were not bringing in cash their being at home was useless. The exercise we did was put monetary value to women's contribution in the home against their pay, and most of the time the women's value was more than what the men made.
Most times there were these wide-eyed moments. Once you get them to understand it from that perspective, then you start to broaden their perspective on how women can engage at the national level and with the political order.
HDS: How has your Nobel award changed your life?
LG: I travel a lot. There's a lot of pressure for my time.
In terms of the way I live and the way I see myself, I think I've always maintained that where I am today is because of God's grace, and I don't ever want to take His grace lightly. So every day, I pray for humility because it's easy to lose your head when you've gotten a Nobel Peace Prize. Every day I ask Him to keep me humble and not let this get to my head.
RPP is grateful to the following donors for their generous support for this keynote RPP Colloquium: the Provostial Fund for the Arts and Humanities at Harvard University; the Susan Shallcross Swartz Endowment for Christian Studies; the El-Hibri Foundation; and the Rev. Karen Vickers Budney, MDiv '91, and Mr. Albert J. Budney, Jr., MBA '74.
To learn more about Religions and the Practice of Peace at Harvard Divinity School, visit the RPP website. To receive RPP event announcements, join the RPP Mailing List.
—by Michael Naughton
See also: Africa, Peace, Women and Gender in Religion, Conflict and Peace, Women, Gender, and Religion, Christianity, Islam


text:
A füsti fecske (Hirundo rustica) a verébalakúak rendjébe és a fecskefélék (Hirundinidae) családjába tartozó, apró testű, villámgyors röptű madár. A füsti fecske a fecskefélék villásfecskék nemének legelterjedtebb faja. Jellegzetes külsejű énekesmadár, testének felső részén kékesfekete tollazattal, villás farktollakkal és ívelt, hegyes szárnyakkal. Megtalálható Európában, Ázsiában, Afrikában és az amerikai kontinensen.

A füsti fecskéknek hat alfaja van, melyek szerte az északi féltekén költenek. Négy alfajuk vándorol délebbre telelni. Telelési területük a sarkvidéket leszámítva kiterjed Argentína középső és távolabbi déli vidékeire, Dél-Afrikára és az ausztrál kontinens északi vidékeire is. Nagy kiterjedésű élőhelye egyben azt is jelenti, hogy a füsti fecske nem veszélyeztetett madárfaj, ám helyi populációit megtizedelhetik bizonyos, az adott helyen bekövetkező kedvezőtlen folyamatok.

A füsti fecske a nyílt vidék madara, mely főleg ember alkotta szerkezetekre építi fészkét, és szinte mindenütt elterjedt, ahol emberek élnek. Csésze formájú fészkét sárgolyókból építi istállókban vagy azokhoz hasonló helyeken. Repülés közben rovarokkal táplálkozik. E madárfaj jelentős mértékben kötődik az emberekhez, és rovarevő mivolta miatt az ember elviseli jelenlétét, mely kapcsolatot megerősítették az idők során e madarakkal és fészkeikkel kapcsolatban kialakult babonák is. Számos irodalmi és vallási mű hivatkozik a füsti fecskékre.

Ausztria és Észtország hivatalos madara.

Előfordulása
Ausztrália és az Antarktisz kivételével minden kontinensen elterjedt vándormadár, csak a hideg éghajlati övet és a sivatagos területeket kerüli.
A füsti fecskét széles elterjedési terület jellemzi, fészkelő állományai Eurázsia, Észak-Afrika és Észak-Amerika nagy részén megtalálhatóak. Vonuló és telelő állományai Afrikában a Szaharától délre eső területeken, Ázsiában Pakisztántól egészen Új-Guineáig terjedő területeken, Ausztrália északi részein, valamint Közép- és Dél-Amerikában találhatóak.

A füsti fecske a Kárpát-medencében az áprilistól szeptemberig terjedő időszakban figyelhető meg. Rendkívül gyakori fészkelő.

Magyarországi becsült állománya az ezredfordulón 220-320 000 párra volt tehető, és stabilnak volt mondható. 2001 és 2006 között drasztikusan csökkent az állomány, ami miatt 2010 után már csupán 89-102 000 pár fészkel hazánkban. Legnagyobb sűrűségben az Alföldön és a Kisalföldön fordul elő, de egész Magyarországon találkozhatunk a fajjal. A legritkább a városi területeken.

Neve és rendszertani besorolása
A füsti fecskét először Carl von Linné írta le 1758-as kiadású Systema Naturae című művében Hirundo rustica néven. A Hirundo latin jelentése fecske, míg a rustica utótag azt jelenti: vidéki. E madárfaj csak az egyike mindazon fecskeféléknek, melyeknek élettere magában foglalja az amerikai kontinenst is, ugyanakkor a fecskék Afrikában őshonosak.
Az Oxford English Dictionary 1851-re teszi a barn swallow, az állat angol köznapi nevének megjelenését, ugyanakkor Gilbert White 1789-es kiadású, The Natural History of Selborne című művében így ír róla:
"A fecske, annak ellenére, hogy elnevezése kémény fecske, mégis semmiféle köze nincs a kéményekhez, ugyanakkor gyakran csűrökben, melléképületekben épít fészket a szarufák ellenében... Svédországban csűrökben költ, ezért ladusvala, azaz csűr-fecskének nevezik."

Emiatt úgy tartják, hogy a madár angol elnevezése a svéd elnevezés átvételével keletkezett.

A fecskefélék nemzetségén belül számos rendszertani besorolással kapcsolatos probléma merült fel, például a vörhenyes mellkasú fecske (Hirundo lucida) esetében, mely Nyugat-Afrikában, a Kongói-medencében és Etiópia területén él, és amelyet korábban a füsti fecskék alfajai közé soroltak be rendszertanilag. Vándorló rokonánál a Hirundo lucida némileg kisebb, keskenyebb kék mellkasi sávval rendelkezik, és a felnőtt egyedeknek rövidebb, villás farktolluk van. Repülés közben halványabb színűnek látszik testének alsó fele, mint a füsti fecskéké.

Alfajai
Óriási elterjedési területén a füsti fecskének mindössze hat alfaja alakult ki.

 európai füstifecske (Hirundo rustica rustica) – Egész Európában ez az alfaj él, előfordul Észak-Afrikában, a Közel-Kelet egy részén, Közép-Ázsiában és Szibériában a Jenyiszej folyóig. A madarak a telet Afrika nyugati és déli részén, az Arab-félszigeten vagy Indiában töltik.
 közel-keleti füstifecske (Hirundo rustica transitiva) – A Közel-Kelet nagy részén ez az alfaj él, előfordul Törökország déli részétől egészen Izraelig. Többnyire állandóan egy helyen élő faj, nem szokott telelni járni. Néhány madár olykor útra kél, és Afrika keleti részén tölti a telet. Narancssárgás hasa és élénkvörös torka van.
 egyiptomi füstifecske (Hirundo rustica savignii) – Egyiptomban élő alfaj, elsősorban a Nílus deltájában él nagyobb számban. Egész évben egy helyben élő alfaj.
 keleti füstifecske (Hirundo rustica gutturalis) – A Himalájától keletre fordul elő, Kínában és Japánban is költ. Vonuló alfaj, a telet Ázsia déli részén, Indiában, Srí Lankán vagy Indonéziában tölti. Sok madár Új-Guinea szigetén vagy Ausztrália trópusi területein telel.
 szibériai füstifecske (Hirundo rustica tytleri) – Szibéria java részén ez az alfaj él. Költ Mongólia északi részén is. Vonuló alfaj, a telet Ázsia déli területein tölti. Telelőterülete Nyugat-Bengáltól Thaiföldig és Malajziáig tart.
 észak-amerikai füstifecske (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) – A füstifecske amerikai alfaja. Költőterülete felöleli egész Észak-Amerikát Alaszkától egészen Mexikó déli részéig. Telelni a Karib-tenger szigeteire és Közép-Amerika országaiba jár. Olykor Dél-Amerika északi részére is eljut.

Megjelenése

A füsti fecske feje és háta kékesfekete, hasa világos, vöröses árnyalattal, mellénye és homloka élénkrozsdaszínű. A torokfoltot fekete torokszalag választja el a testaljtól. Farka villás, és ahogy idősödik a madár, úgy válik egyre hosszabbá és vékonyabbá, alsó részén pedig néhány fehér toll is megjelenik. A fiatal egyedek színei halványabbak, farkuk szélesebb. Lábuk csupasz.

A felnőtt hím füsti fecske a névadó H. r. rustica alfajból 17–19 cm testhosszal bír, beleértve 2-7 centiméteres farktollait is. Szárnyfesztávolsága 32-34,5 centiméter, testsúlya 16-22 gramm. Kékesfekete testének felső része, homloka, álla és torka vörös, amely élesen elüt fekete tollaitól és alsótestének piszkosfehér tollazatától, mely utóbbit egy kékesfekete sáv választja el. Farktollai megnyúltak és villát alkotnak. A tojó hasonló kinézetű, mint a hím, ám kevésbé fényes tollazatú és testének alsó részén is halványabb tollú. A fiatal egyedek barnás színezetűek és halványabb a csőrük körüli vörös tollazat és hiányoznak a megnyúlt villás farktollak.

A jól megkülönböztethető vörös pofájuk és kék mellkasuk megkönnyíti az afrikai fecskeféléktől, valamint az Ausztráliában és Új-Zélandon élő Hirundo neoxena egyedeitől való megkülönböztethetőségüket. Afrikában a fiatal egyedek fartollainak rövid villája könnyen összetéveszthetővé teszi a Hirundo lucida fiatal példányaival, bár ez utóbbiaknak keskenyebb a mellkasi sávjuk, és több a fehér szín a farktollaiknál.

Életmódja

A kecses, gyors füsti fecske hasznos madár: repülő rovarokkal, levéltetvekkel, kisebb lepkékkel táplálkozik. Ha már kevés a táplálék, pókokra és hernyókra is ráfanyalodik. Az ősz közeledtével mind kevesebb rovar repked a levegőben, így egyre inkább a vízpartok környékén keresgél. Amikor eső közeleg, a rovarok is földközelben maradnak, ezért jelzik az alacsonyan szálló fecskék az időjárásváltozást.

Augusztusban-szeptemberben a fecskék kisebb-nagyobb csoportokba verődnek a háztetők gerincén és a villanydrótokon, készülve az előttük álló hosszú utazásra. A vándorlást megelőző hetekben a fecskék rengeteg táplálékot fogyasztanak el azért, hogy testsúlyukat megnöveljék. Ilyenkor eredeti súlyuknak akár közel duplájára is hízhatnak. A szakemberek ezt nevezik hiperevésnek. A vándorlás előtt a Közép-Európában élő fecskék jelentős része a Balaton környéki nádasokban, a Hortobágyon, vagy a Baranya megyében fekvő Sumony település határában gyülekezik. A vedlés a többi költöző madártól eltérően a telelőhelyen történik meg, nem indulás előtt. A vándorlás során a csapatokban vonuló madarak óriási távolságokat képesek megtenni, és nagyobb nádasokban éjszakáznak.

A füsti fecske éneke csicsergő-fecsegő, hívóhangja "tszvit-tszvit-tszvit", veszély esetén pedig a veszély forrásától függően síró "tszink-tszink" hangot hallat. A füsti fecske éneke vidám trillázásból áll, mely gyakran egy szu-szíír befejezéssel ér véget, amelyből az utótag magasabb hangzású, ám gyorsan vége szakad. A hívójel lehet a vitt, vagy a vitt-vitt, valamint a hangos szplí-plink, amikor izgatottak, vagy valamilyen betolakodót el akarnak kergetni a fészek közeléből. Figyelmeztetőjelként az éles szifitt kiáltást használják, mikor macskát, valamint a fit-fitt jelet használják, ha ragadozó madár bukkan fel, például kabasólyom. E madárfaj egyedei telelőterületeiken meglehetősen csendesek.

Táplálkozása

A füsti fecskék szokásaikban hasonlítanak a többi rovarevő madárfajhoz, beleértve más fecskefajokat és a sarlósfecskeféléket is. A füsti fecske nem kimondottan gyorsan repül vadászat közben, repülési sebessége 11 és 20 m/s lehet, míg szárnycsapásait másodpercenként 5-9 alkalommal hajtja végre, ám jobb manőverezési képessége van, mint azon rovaroknak, melyeket röptében elfogyaszt. Gyakran látható, amint sík területek vagy nyílt vízfelületek fölött közvetlenül, kis magasságban repül.

A füsti fecskék jellemzően 7-8 méterrel a föld felett repülve táplálkoznak, miközben gyakran követnek állatcsordákat, embereket vagy mezőgazdasági gépeket, hogy elfogják az ezek által felzavart rovarokat, de esetenként a víz felszínén felbukkanó táplálékokat is felkapják alacsony röptük közben, vagy falak felületéről, növényekről szedik össze táplálékukat. Fészkelőhelyeiken a nagyobb legyek teszik ki táplálékuk 70%-át, miközben a levéltetvek szintén fontos összetevőjét képviselik élelmüknek. Ugyanakkor Európában a füsti fecskék kevesebb levéltetvet fogyasztanak, mint a molnárfecskék (Delichon urbicum) vagy a partifecskék (Riparia riparia). Telelőterületeiken a hártyásszárnyúak (Hymenoptera) képezik táplálékforrásuk jelentős részét, például a szárnyashangyák. A tojások lerakásának időszakában a fecskék párokban vadásznak, de gyakran vadásznak nagy csapatokban is. A fokozatosan, vagy esetenként hirtelen lehűlő levegő befolyásolja a fecskék táplálkozási lehetőségeit, mivel +15 °C körül már a repülő rovarok kevésbé jönnek elő búvóhelyeikről, míg +10 °C fok alatt már egyáltalán nem fordulnak elő. A hidegbetörések a fecskék vándorlásának ütemét is döntő módon befolyásolják. Ugyanakkor a magyarországi füsti fecskék őszi elvándorlása után is lehet még fecskékkel találkozni hazánkban, mivel a Magyarországtól északabbra élő populációk egyedei valamivel később érik el térségünket.

Izotópos vizsgálatok kimutatták, hogy a telelőterületeken lévő állomány más élelemszerző helyeket használ, míg a Brit-szigeteken lévő állomány javarészt füves területek felett szerzi be táplálékát, addig a svájci madarak inkább erdőségekben táplálkoznak. Egy másik tanulmányból kiderült, hogy egy Dániában fészkelő, önálló állomány két különböző telelőterületet vesz igénybe télen.

A füsti fecskék úgy jutnak vízhez, hogy közvetlenül a víz színe fölött repülnek, és kinyitják a csőrüket, majd belemártják repülés közben a vízbe. E madarak hasonló módon tisztálkodnak, melyet szintén repülés közben végeznek el.

A füsti fecskék néha többezres alvóhelyeken gyűlnek össze, főleg a költési időszakot követően. Alvóhely szempontjából kedvelik a nádasokat, és mielőtt nyugovóra térnének, azelőtt örvénylenek a növényzet felett. A nádasok fontos élelemforrást képeznek a vándorlásban lévő csapatok számára, jóllehet a fecskék csak nappal vándorolnak, ugyanakkor a nádasokból felzavart rovarokból elegendő tápanyagforráshoz jutnak, hogy fel tudjanak töltődni energiával az utazásuk következő szakaszának megtételéhez.

Élőhelye

A füsti fecskék által előnyben részesített területek elsősorban a nyílt vidékek, alacsony növényzettel borítva, mint például a legelők, mezők, mezőgazdasági területek, főleg szántók, lehetőleg víz közelében. A fecskék kerülik az sűrűn erdősült területeket, az olyan helyeket, ahol meredek lejtők vannak és a sűrűn beépített helyeket. Az elérhető és fészkelésre alkalmas nyitott oldalú épületek, mint például a csűrök, istállók és egyéb építmények jelenléte, valamint a faágak, vagy a vízszinthez közeli, ágakhoz hasonló felületek, mint amilyenek a villanyvezetékek, ereszek jelenléte és mennyisége is döntő szempont e madarak fészkelőhelyeinek megválasztásánál.
A füsti fecskék az északi féltekén a tengerszint közelétől, általában egészen 2700 méteres magasságig, míg a Kaukázus vidékén és Észak-Amerikában a 3000 méteres tengerszint feletti magasságig fészkelnek. A fecskék sivatagokban és a kontinensek hidegebb, északi részein nem telepedtek meg. Élőhelyének jelentős részén kerüli a városokat és Európában a városokban a molnárfecske veszi át helyét. Ugyanakkor Honsú szigetén, Japánban a füsti fecske inkább városi madár, mint például a vörhenyes fecske (Cecropis daurica).

Telente a fecskék a fél világot bejárják vándorútjuk során, ám a sűrű erdőségeket és a sivatagokat ilyenkor is kerülik. A szavannákon és a többi nyílt területen, például a farmokon, tanyákon gyakran előfordul, ám Venezuelában, Dél-Afrikában és Trinidad és Tobago szigetein kedvelik a cukornádültetvények felégetett területeit is. Megfelelő alvóhelyek hiányában alvóhelyként használja a légvezetékeket, ám itt jobban ki van téve a ragadozó madarak támadásainak. Az egyes példányok törekednek arra, hogy ugyanazokon a telelőhelyeiken töltsék a hideg évszakot, ahol már korábban teleltek. Alvóhelynek nádasokat is használhatnak, ahol nagyobb távolságokból is összegyűlhetnek. Ezen alvóhelyeken igen nagy létszámban is összegyűlhetnek, például Nigériában megfigyeltek másfél millió egyedet számláló csapatot is. Úgy tartják, hogy a közös alvóhelyeken való nagy számú összegyűlésük a ragadozók elleni védekezést szolgálja és az alvóhelyekre való megérkezés az afrikai kabasólymok nagy számú megjelenésével van szinkronban. Feljegyeztek olyan füsti fecskéket, amelyek telelési területeik mérsékeltebb vidékein költöttek, például Thaiföld hegyvidéki részein és Argentína középső vidékein.

A füsti fecskék nagy távolságokba való vándorlására először 1912. december 23-án derült fény, amikor is egy az angliai Staffordshireben, James Masefield által meggyűrűzött egyedet a dél-afrikai Natalban fogtak be. Mint hosszú távolságokra vándorló madár, e faj egyedeivel találkoztak már Hawaiin, Bermuda szigetén, Grönlandon, Tristan da Cunhán és a Falkland-szigeteken is.

Szaporodása

A délről megérkezett füsti fecskék számára májusban érkezik el a költési időszak kezdete. Az amúgy társas madarak ekkor párokat alkotnak, és közösen fészket kezdenek építeni. A csésze alakú fészket szinte kizárólag emberi környezetben, épületek (istállók, pajták) fedett részeiben cseppenként és szálanként tapasztják össze a pocsolyák sarából és különféle növényi részekből. Sokszor előző évi fészkeket foglalnak el újra és bővítenek ki. A füsti fecske nem kimondottan telepes fészkelő, ám gyakran előfordul, hogy meglehetős közelségben épül fel több költőhely.

A füsti fecske évente többnyire két – bőséges időben három – fészekaljat nevel fel, bár elterjedése északi részén általában csak egyet. Egy alkalommal 4-6 fehér alapon kékes-barnás pettyekkel tarkított tojást rak, amelyek 14-16 nap múlva kelnek ki. A fiókák kezdetben csupaszok és vakok, mintegy 18-23 napon belül válnak röpképessé. Csillapíthatatlan étvágyukat addig mindkét szülő igyekszik kielégíteni. Ilyenkor egy nagyobb fészekaljhoz akár naponta 400 alkalommal hoznak a torkukban eledelt.

Időnként a molnárfecskével kereszteződik.

A hím füsti fecskék előbb érkeznek vissza a fészkelőhelyeikre, mint a tojók és kiválasztják a fészeképítésre alkalmas helyeket, melyekre a nőstények számára körözéssel és énekléssel hívják fel a figyelmet. A hímek szaporodásának sikeressége összefüggésben van villás farktollaik hosszával, mivel a hosszabb farktollak jóval vonzóbbak a nőstények számára. A hosszabb farktollakkal rendelkező hím egyedek hosszabb élettartammal és a betegségekkel szembeni nagyobb ellenálló-képességgel rendelkeznek, emiatt a tojók a farktollak hosszából képesek némi útmutatót kapni az adott hím egészségi állapotáról és fizikai fittségéről. A hosszabb farktollú egyedektől nagyobb eséllyel számíthatnak erősebb és ellenállóbb fészekaljra. Az Európa északabbi vidékein élő hímek farktollai hosszabbak, mint délebben élő társaik farktollai, továbbá míg Spanyolországban a hímek villás farktollai csupán mintegy 5 százalékkal hosszabbak a nőstény egyedek farktollainál, addig a Finnország területén élő hím egyedek több, mint 20 százalékkal hosszabb farktollakkal rendelkeznek, mint az ugyanott élő tojók. Dániában 1984 és 2004 között mintegy 9 százalékkal vált hosszabbá a hímek farktollainak hossza, de elképzelhető, hogy mindez az éghajlati viszonyok változásának köszönhetően egyre forróbbá és szárazabbá váló nyarak miatt rövidebb farktollak kialakulását fogja majd eredményezni.

A hosszabb farktollakkal rendelkező hímeknek nagyobb fehér színű foltok vannak a farkukon és, bár a tollakat pusztító atkák javarészt a fehér tollakat fogyasztják előszeretettel, ugyanakkor a nagyobb fehér foltok ismételten az állat szaporodási képességének minőségét mutatják. Megfigyelhető, hogy a nagyobb fehér foltokkal rendelkező egyedek sikeresebben és többször párosodnak, amely miatt több utódjuk születik minden egyes költési időszakban.

A fészek védelmezésében mindkét nem részt vesz, bár a hímek viselkedése ilyenkor jóval agresszívebb és jobban védelmezik területüket. Bár a párok egy életre együtt maradnak, ugyanakkor nem ritka az sem, hogy nem csak egymással párosodnak, amely miatt a genetikai sokféleség fennmaradása biztosított e madárfaj számára, szemben a kizárólag monogám életet élő madárfajokkal. A hímek vigyáznak arra, hogy nehogy felszarvazzák őket. Amennyiben azonban a felszarvazás mégis megtörténik és a hímek rajtakapják párjukat közösülés közben, akkor megtévesztő vészjeleket kezdenek el hangoztatni, hogy megzavarják a párzást és párjukat ilyen módon próbálják meg elválasztani az ott talált hímtől.

A füsti fecskék fészkeiket csűrökben, ereszek alatt, istállókban, hidak alján építik. A csésze alakú fészek helyét úgy választják ki, hogy a fészek hátsó falát lehetőleg függőleges felületek adják, amelyeknek a félgömb, vagy gömbcikk formájú fészek szerkezete nekitámaszkodik. A fészek építésében mindkét nem részt vesz, bár a nőstények némileg többet foglalkoznak az építéssel a hímeknél. A fecskék sarat vesznek a csőrükbe, amely nem ritkán fűszálakat is tartalmaz, melyet kis golyókká formálnak és nyálukkal előbb a falhoz, vagy fához tapasztják e golyókat, majd az építés előrehaladtával fokozatosan egymáshoz tapasztják a sárgolyókat. A fészket belülről puha anyagokkal borítják, például tollakkal, fűszálakkal, algákkal bélelik ki. Ahol lehetőségük nyílik rá, ott szívesen fészkelnek kolóniában. Ugyanakkor a fészek körüli területet hevesen védelmezik és így tartják távol az Európában például 4-8 négyzetméternyi területüktől fajtársaikat. A madárkolóniák létszáma Észak-Amerikában nagyobb.

Észak-Amerikában a füsti fecskék gyakran kölcsönös kapcsolatot alakítanak ki a halászsasokkal (Pandion haliaetus). A fecskék fészkeiket egy-egy halászsas fészke alá építik, amelynek köszönhetően védelmet kapnak a többi ragadozó madártól, jól lehet a halászsasok leginkább halakkal táplálkoznak. A halászsasok figyelmét a fecskék ragadozó madarak megjelenésekor adott hangjelzései riasztják.

Mielőtt az ember alkotta fészkelőhelyek általánosan elterjedtté váltak volna, azelőtt a füsti fecskék sziklafalakon, barlangokban fészkeltek, de napjainkban ez már ritkán fordul elő. A tojó kettő-hét, ám átlagosan öt tojást tojik, melyek fehér alapon vöröses pettyekkel díszítettek. A tojások hússzor tizennégy milliméteresek és 1,9 gramm súlyúak, melyből mintegy 5 százalékot a tojás héja teszi ki. A keltetés időszaka 14-19 napot vesz igénybe, melyet további 18-23 nap követ, amíg a fiókák tollazata kifejlődik. A megtollasodott fiókák további egy hétig szüleikkel maradnak, akik etetik őket, mielőtt kirepülnének a fészekből. Időnként előfordul, hogy a legelső fészekaljban felcseperedett ifjak részt vesznek a második fészekalj fiókáinak táplálásában.

A füsti fecskék rárontanak a fészkük közelében ólálkodó macskákra, vagy ragadozó madarakra, gyakran igen közel repülve a betolakodóhoz. A felnőtt füsti fecskéknek viszonylag kevés természetes ellensége van, ám a Falco állatnem tagjai és a bagolyalakúak időnként elejtenek egy-egy példányt közülük. A fészekparaziták, mint amilyenek a kakukkfélék Európában csak ritkán fordul elő.

A füsti fecskék évente átlagosan két fészekaljat nevelnek fel, mely során a régi fészket használják fel ismét, valamint előfordul, hogy évről évre ugyanazt a fészket használják, ám ilyenkor költés előtt rendbe teszik fészküket, hogy ismét alkalmas legyen a fiókák felnevelésére. A tojásokból a fiókák kikelési esélyei 90 százalékosak és a megtollasodás időszakának túlélési aránya 70-90 százalék közt mozog. Az átlagos elhalálozási arány 70-80 százalék az első éves egyedeknél, míg a felnőtt példányok körében 40 és 70 százalék közt mozog. Bár a legidősebb fecske több, mint 11 évig élt, a legtöbb egyed csak kevesebb, mint 4 évig él. A fecskefiókák nagyra tátják szájukat, jelezvén szüleiknek, hogy éhesek.

A füsti fecskékről feljegyezték, hogy időnként kereszteződik a sziklafecskékkel (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) és a barlangi fecskével (Petrochelidon fulva) Észak-Amerikában, míg Európában a molnárfecskékkel (Delichon urbicum).

Fertőzései és természetes ellenségei

Európai kutatók különösen sokat foglalkoztak a fecskék evező- és farktollain látható apró toll-lyukakkal, melyeket tetvek rágásnyomainak tartanak. A rágottabb tollazatú fecskék tavasszal később érkeznek, rosszabb a röpképességük és kevesebbet énekelnek.

A tollazatukban lévő lyukakért legtöbbször a tetvek felelősek, ezek közül is két faj, a Machaerilaemus malleus és a Myrsidea rustica, bár más tanulmányok szerint a Brueelia nemzetségbe tartozó tetvek az okozói a tollazatukon lévő lyukaknak. Számos más tetűfélét is hordozhatnak a füsti fecskék, mint például a Brueelia domestica és a Philopterus microsomaticus. Texasban az általában sziklafecskéket megfertőző Oeciacus vicariusról ismert, hogy a füsti fecskéken is megtelepedik.

A ragadozó denevérfélék közül a nagy álvámpírról (Megaderma lyra) köztudott, hogy füsti fecskékre is vadászik. A fecskék közös alvóhelyeiken összegyűlő nagyobb csapatai számos sólyomfajt csábítanak vadászatra. Többek közt a vándorsólyom (Falco peregrinus) és az afrikai kabasólyom (Falco cuvierii) vadászik rájuk.

Védettsége
A füsti fecskék élőhelye hatalmas területen húzódik. Kiterjedése világszerte összesen 51 700 000 négyzetkilométernyi területet foglal magába. Globális egyedszámuk mintegy 190 millió példány. A Természetvédelmi Világszövetség meghatározása szerint a füsti fecskék a nem veszélyeztetett madárfajok közé tartoznak.

Ez az a madárfaj, amelynek leginkább sikerült hasznot húznia az erdővel borított területek ritkulásából, mivel az erdőterületek eltűnésével olyan nyílt élőhelyek jöttek létre, melyeket a füsti fecskék előnyben részesítenek. Egyedszámára számos helyi sajátosság jelent és jelentett veszélyt, például Izraelben az 1950-es években a DDT nevű rovarirtó szer káros hatásai miatt népessége fogyatkozni kezdett, a 19. században az Egyesült Államokban a házi verebekkel kellett versenyeznie a fészkelőhelyekért, melynek következtében csökkenni kezdett állománya. Európában és Ázsiában állományának csökkenése napjainkban is tartó folyamat, főleg az intenzív mezőgazdasági termelés következtében, amely csökkenti a rovarok számát, amelyek e madarak legfőbb táplálékforrása. Ugyanakkor Észak-Amerikában létszáma növekedésnek indult a 20. század során a fészkelőhelyek számának növekedése, a folyamatos területi terjeszkedés folytán, mely során Albertáig is elért élőhelyének határa.
Az egyre gyakoribbá váló kémiai rovarirtás következtében Magyarországon is lecsökkent a táplálékul szolgáló rovarok mennyisége.

Az éghajlatváltozás hatással lehet a füsti fecskék állományára, mivel a szárazságok idején súlyt veszítenek e madarak és a kevesebb táplálék miatt tollazatuk lassabban növekedik, valamint a Szahara kiterjedésének növekedése egyre komolyabb akadályt képez az Európából származó egyedek vándorlása során. A forró és száraz nyarak során kevesebb rovar fejlődik ki, amely csökkenti a fiókák megfelelő táplálásához szükséges élelem mennyiségét. Ugyanakkor az enyhébb tavaszi időjárás megnyújtja a költési időszakot, amely miatt több fiókát tudnak felnevelni.

A füsti fecske Magyarországon védett madár, természetvédelmi értéke 50 000 forint. SPEC értékelése 3-as, azaz az európai populációk kedvezőtlen helyzetben vannak, de a teljes állomány zöme nem Európában fordul elő. Elsősorban táplálékának vegyszeres pusztítása jelent veszélyt e fajra.

Kapcsolata az emberekkel
A füsti fecskék étrendjét elsősorban repülő rovarok fogyasztása jellemzi, amely miatt azokon a helyeken, ahol osztoznia kell az emberek által használt épületeken, ott általában szívesen látják. Mivel az év viszonylag korai időszakában tér vissza telelőterületeiről számos helyen e madár megjelenéséhez kötik a nyári időszak megérkeztét.
Az óvilágban a fecskék emberemlékezet óta használják fészeképítési célokra az ember alkotta épített környezet elemeit. Publius Vergilius Maro Georgikonjában így említi meg e madarakat: Ante garrula quam tignis nidum suspendat hirundo, azaz "Mielőtt a csivitelő fecskék fészkei lógnának a szarufákról."

Számos állattartó gondolja úgy, hogy a fecskék felelősek a szalmonella baktérium terjesztéséért, ugyanakkor egy svéd tanulmány megvizsgálta ennek az állításnak az igazságtartalmát és kiderült, hogy nem mutatható ki semmiféle összefüggés a fecskék és a baktérium terjedése között.

Bizonyos, a fecskéket nem kellően ismerő emberek gyakran fészkének elpusztítását választják, ha az állatok ürülékének szennyezésével, a potyogtatással találkoznak. Ennek bekövetkezését a fészek alatt elhelyezett, a mennyezethez rögzített, kellő méretű deszkalap azonban meg tudja akadályozni. Bizonyos emberek a fecskéket túl hangosnak, vagy emberek közelében való röpködését ijesztőnek találják és ezért pusztítják el e madarak fészkeit. A népnyelv a fecskék csivitelését egyebek mellett fecsferikélésnek nevezi.

A füsti fecskéről egy utcát neveztek el Budapest XVII. kerületében, a Madárdombon.

Fekete István állatnevei közt a fecskéket Csí néven nevezi.

Képek

Jegyzetek

Források
 Hermann Heinzel – Richard Fitter – John Parslow: Európa madarai ()

 Kárpátkert

További információk
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 A faj hangja
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 Gaál Gaszton: Adalékok a madárvonulás kutatásához A füsti fecske 1898. évi magyarországi nagy tavaszi megfigyelése alapján (MEK)

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: flask-login using UserMixin - no 'id' attribute error despite being implemented I have been trying to use flask-login for authentication in my flask app. While trying to implement the user_loader like this:
@login_manager.user_loader
def load_user(id):
    return User.get_id(id)

i get the error

NotImplementedError: No id attribute - override get_id

My User class is defined like this:
class User(Base, UserMixin):
    __tablename__ = 'users'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = Column(String(70), unique=True)
    userName = Column(String(40), unique=True)
    password = Column(String(150))

    #def get_id(self):
    #    return (self.id)

i tried overriding the get_id method, as you can see in the User class. It just got me the error

AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'id'

What am i missing? Why is the id attribute not found?

A: You are correctly implementing a getter for the id variable in your override, but I think that you are misinterpreting how to use the function in the code to load a user by id. In your overridden function, get_id takes in no parameters besides self, because the function simply returns the id of a user. However you are trying to use this as a function to load a user from their id. The reason we are getting this specific error is because by calling User.get_id(id), you are calling get_id with self=id and since id is a str, we get the AttributeError from trying to get the id property of id, which doesn't exist.

A: Try using get instead of get_id (as shown in this tutorial).
This way the returned value is an instance of User with the desired id
@login_manager.user_loader
def load_user(id):
    return User.query.get(int(id))


text:
package gov.va.cpe.odc;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonView;
import gov.va.cpe.vpr.pom.AbstractPOMObject;
import gov.va.cpe.vpr.pom.jds.JdsCollectionName;
import gov.va.hmp.vista.util.VistaStringUtils;

import java.util.Map;

import static gov.va.cpe.vpr.pom.JSONViews.JDBView;
import static gov.va.cpe.vpr.pom.JSONViews.WSView;

@JdsCollectionName("user")
public class Person extends AbstractPOMObject {

    private String localId;
    private String name;
    private String displayName;
    private String ssn;
    private String service;
    private String displayService;
    private String title;
    private String displayTitle;
    private String genderCode;
    private String genderName;
    private String digitalPager;
    private String officePhone;
    private String fax;
    private String voicePager;
    private String commercialPhone;

    public Person() {
        super(null);
    }

    public Person(Map<String, Object> vals) {
        super(vals);
    }

    @JsonView(JDBView.class)
    public String getLocalId() {
        return localId;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public String getDisplayName() {
        if (displayName == null) {
            displayName = VistaStringUtils.nameCase(getName());
        }
        return displayName;
    }

    public String getSsn() {
        return ssn;
    }

    public String getService() {
        return service;
    }

    public String getDisplayService() {
        if (displayService == null) {
            displayService = VistaStringUtils.nameCase(getService());
        }
        return displayService;
    }

    public String getDigitalPager() {
		return digitalPager;
	}

	public String getOfficePhone() {
		return officePhone;
	}

	public String getFax() {
		return fax;
	}

	public String getVoicePager() {
		return voicePager;
	}

	public String getCommercialPhone() {
		return commercialPhone;
	}

	public String getTitle() {
        return title;
    }

    public String getDisplayTitle() {
        if (displayTitle == null) {
            displayTitle = VistaStringUtils.nameCase(getTitle());
        }
        return displayTitle;
    }

    public String getGenderCode() {
        return genderCode;
    }

    public String getGenderName() {
        return genderName;
    }

    @Override
    public String getSummary() {
        return getDisplayName();
    }

    // it feels weird decorating domain objects with WS specific info - maybe implement in separate marshaller?
    @JsonView(WSView.class)
    public String getPhotoHRef() {
        return "/person/v1/" + getUid() + "/photo";
    }
}


Drama serial Kaun Hai is produced by Colors TV . You can watch Kaun Hai online for free. Watch current episode Kaun Hai 22nd July 2018 Full Video Episode today. Full episodes / videos of Kaun Hai are updated daily. Please share latest episode of Kaun Hai with your friends to watch online.


Auto Recording when Live DJ is on.
Not much to say really when the live dj becomes active the bot will record the stream, and place the mp3 files as instructed in the conf file.
Not sure if it can do this but would be super dooper.
wheres the wiki for this?


HOLLY Willoughby is famed for her fashionable wardrobe choices – but the 36-year-old This Morning host looks set to lose her style queen crown to Emma Willis.
Emma, 41, launched the new series of Celebrity Big Brother in style last night by giving viewers fashion envy with her eye-catching hot pink coat.
The TV presenter wowed the crowds in the £650 MSGM double-breasted outerwear, which she paired with fuchsia Christian Louboutin stilettos, a pair of black tailored trousers by Lanvin and a lace camisole.
Emma, who has two children, Isabelle, eight, and six-year-old Ace, six, with her Busted husband Matt Willis, 34, works with London-based fashion stylist Hannah Macleod to achieve her on-trend screen looks.
She regularly mixes high-end labels, such as Victoria Beckham, Jimmy Choo and Prada, with affordable pieces from Topshop and Office.
Emma added: "My main thing is being comfortable and looking like myself.
"But to be honest, what I wear is pretty much the last thing I think about."
Meanwhile, CBB launched the Year Of The Woman theme with all-female cast, featuring Ann Widdecombe, Malika Haqq and Rachel Johnson.
And, Emma left fans in stitches with accidental innuendo on CBBBOTS.


What is An E-cigarette Of E Cigarette?
When this vapor is inhaled, the user get the identical feeling as smoking a standard cigarette, however doesn't expertise any of the unintended effects or poisonous toxins. It will possibly take a few days to get used to the differences between vaping and smoking, but it's worth sticking it out. E-liquid in tobacco flavors tastes as that of actual tobacco cigarettes and so, you possibly can easily make switch over to vaping. Give a try to e-liquid in coki cola, Portello, vankola, orange phantum and raging bull flavors to engross your senses. Having a fixed date for once you want to be finished with smoking can give you one thing to concentrate on. To present folks an alternative of smoking cigarettes an e cigarette has been developed that is just like an everyday cigarette with very less or near to no well being damages in any respect. Electric cigarettes are a phenomenon sweeping the world.
So, ma petite cigarette are you ready to undertake the system on your quitting classes? Chargers are additionally out there in the type of automobile chargers that can be utilized to charge the gadget out of your automobile. Publicly, President Obama has even famous how tough it can usually be to rid oneself of a nicotine addiction. If you beloved this write-up and you would like to get a lot more data regarding site e cigarette (pop over to this website) kindly pay a visit to our page. You could say that your nicotine addiction would not have any affect on your pain. While these cigarettes could look and style much like actual cigarettes, their functioning is totally completely different, as e-cigarettes don't burn any tobacco at all. Whereas an digital cigarette might have many forms, they generally encompass the same primary parts: a mouthpiece, a heating aspect, a rechargeable battery and numerous digital circuits. The battery power and liquid component are contained in the e cigarette kits and this provides the user a simple time when refilling. Refilling the nicotine liquid could be very easy, and retains your bills very low. Comfort Reputable Chinese shops is that the cigarette that has nicotine dissolved in propylene glycerin or glycol, nitrosamines in addition to elderly people. In part 2 of this article, I will discuss extra specifics that show how nicotine isn't a real addictive substance and how the Psychological Smoking Mechanism is the actual energy behind smoking.
The exceptional thing that attracts cigarette smokers is that they will definitely never miss out on the true smoking sensation with this digital reproduce. Your physique will start to really feel good, not as fatigued as before. Individuals scent cigarette smoke, some start to cough—whether it's from an allergic response to smoke or just an automated response they have whenever they odor cigarette smoke—and others just stare at you as if you have carried out one thing incorrect. Nevertheless, they have gotten these days what most smokers consider better alternate options to tobacco cigars which many individuals proceed to indulge themselves in. A pulmonary and demanding care physician and scientist with the VA San Diego Healthcare System, she exposed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, higher often known as MRSA, to e-cigarette vapors. Your reward has a greater utility that it can be used wherever without fearing any unfavourable effects of smoking or authorized obligations. But though you're in public you may nonetheless trouble others especially the general public has lot of individuals. The vital thing is that the kits are suitable with one another so irrespective of which package you get, you possibly can at all times swap to a different one and still keep the equipment from the previous equipment.
Many individuals can't believe though that the price of the electronic cigarette package is so inexpensive. As of late, every major cigarette producer throughout the globe has menthol cigarettes of their product strains. Pregnant ladies who smoke cigarettes run an elevated risk of miscarriage, stillborn or premature infants, or infants with low birth weight. There are some information that many customers have give up smoking after utilizing electronic cigarettes for sure length of time. They don't contain lots of the dangerous substances that are in a regular cigar, such because the tar or the carbon monoxide. Ecigs can be found in a wide range of kinds akin to mini, pen type, cigar style, conventional cigarette and rather more. One could be cautious about transitioning to an e cigarette because of the impression it gives to others. If you adored this write-up and you would such as to get more facts concerning prix nouvelle cigarette electronique kindly see our web page. Mix one cup of lemon juice with four cups of water and pour the mixture in an empty spray bottle.


As I was inspecting my hives today, I came across the above frame. I have been experimenting this summer with foundationless frames. I decided earlier i the season to aggressively replace old, darkened brood comb. Old wax harbors disease and chemical residues. Its thickness alters its vibrational qualities, and the dark color makes it hard for this beekeeper to accurately see eggs. So how to replace it?
Commercially produced foundation is produced largely from wax sold as by-product from commercial beekeepers, whose hives are often exposed to chemicals I'd rather avoid in my hives, especially in the brood area. While bees pay a high price for making comb (wax "costs" them about 5 pounds of honey per pound of wax), I am wondering if the benefits might be worth it. So far, my bees have made good progress on the few frames I inserted in their hive about three weeks ago. The queen seems to avoid laying in the cells along the lower support wire; the upper one apparently didn't bother her much. This is far better in my opinion than their chewing away the vertical supports in my wired foundation, leaving strips of near-useless half-drawn comb hanging from the top bar and making me wonder why I went to the trouble and expense!


Q: All are true about randomized control trial except?
Q: Quantity of water available per capita considered adequate to meet the needs of all urban domestic purposes?
Q: Safe yield of a water supply source is the yield that is adequate for?
Q: Modes of disease transmission by vectors are all except?


Designed for maximum versatility, the Berghaus Kid's Carrock 3 in 1 Jacket is a layering system in its' own right. A fully waterproof outer layer provides reliable protection from rain and wet weather, with a super warm fleece interior that can be added and removed depending on the conditions. The anti-pill finish and brushed fabric guarantee long lasting internal luxury, with a level of protection that is ideal for any adventure.


SITL is the perfect event for those in the transport and logistics sector to meet, greet, and exchange ideas.
But it's also a great opportunity to get news and views on the logistics industry and the future of the supply chain and to stimulate discussion about breaking technologies in this area.
This is why we are proud to bring you a keynote speech by the leading expert in The Internet of Things in the logistics industries, Mr Eric Ballot of MINES, ParisTech. He will be speaking at SITL, 2016 on the future of the supply chain industry and we would encourage you to come along and take part in what is sure to be an interesting and informative look at how the supply chain will evolve.
If you are interested in how the revolutionary developments in business information systems and Information Communications Technology (ICT) will impact your Supply Chain and logistics operations, don't miss out and sign up here today.


To search for a Division list of Radiation Oncology and Developmental Radiotherapeutics or individual Faculty / Staff please click here.
BC Cancer operates six regional cancer centres in Abbotsford, Kelowna, Prince George, Surrey, Vancouver, and Victoria, with over 80 radiation oncologists who have academic affiliations with UBC. Radiation Oncologists across BC are heavily involved in medical student teaching, as many students rotate through radiation oncology as a selective during their surgery clerkship. If you are a medical student wanting to come to do an elective but having trouble accessing time, please connect with any of the contacts above and we will try to accommodate you. The radiation oncology residency program is housed at the centre in Vancouver, though residents have the opportunity to rotate through all six BC Cancer centres. All six BC Cancer centres have a fellowship program which is provincially coordinated through the Division-Head.
Research within the provincial radiation oncology program is diverse and ranges from basic, translation, clinical, and population based epidemiological studies. The BC Cancer radiotherapy program is internationally recognized for its work on population-based outcome units, including research that has come from the Breast Cancer Outcomes Unit and the Prostate Brachytherapy program. Current clinical trials focus on the use of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in several scenarios, including curative intent for prostate cancer, symptom control for metastatic disease, and potentially long term control or cure in the setting of oligometastatic disease.


Mayoral candidate Barbara Bry: Vote for me, because I'm a woman.
To pay for the campaign Bry has inaugurated a series of fundraisers, including a January 22 gathering mustered by real estate financier Sarah Kruer Jager, daughter of Bry's ex-husband, developer Patrick Kruer. On February 10, the well-heeled family of La Jolla billionaire and Qualcomm co-founder Andrew Viterbi is set to host an event. Ten days later head hunter and self-styled "conservative Republican" candidate for Congress in 2008 Bob Watkins, stages a pro-Bry reception, per the candidate's website.
Councilwoman Jen Campbell owns a big chunk of Big Oil.
As some San Diego candidates advertise on Facebook, others have invested in the company. Newly-elected city council Democrat Jen Campbell owns between $10,000 and $100,000 worth of stock in the social media firm, according to her personal financial disclosure report, filed January 9. In addition, the physician owns a like amount of Gilead Sciences, and Apple stock valued in the same range. Also listed is a holding in Chevron between $10,000 and $100,000, and between $2000 and $10,000 of AXA Insurance...Steve Whitburn, a 2010 re-election challenger to then-supervisor Ron Roberts and a city council candidate against now Assemblyman Todd Gloria, has again set his sights on the council's District 3 seat, now held by Chris Ward, who is running for state Assembly... The San Diego Regional Chamber of Commerce Political Action Committee is out with its financial disclosure filing for the period from October 21 through the end of last year, showing that the business group took a $355,000 hit in 2018 on its support for the failed reelection bid of Second District city council Republican Lorie Zapf against Jen Campbell. Donors to the fund included Sempra Energy ($10,000 on October 29); city ambulance provider AMR Holdco ($2500 October 25); and Planned Parenthood of the Pacific Southwest ($105 on December 31).
Jan. 24, 2019 @ 7:19 a.m.
Jan. 25, 2019 @ 10:09 a.m.
How about arguing policies and ideas rather than stooping to the level of our a President?
Jan. 24, 2019 @ 10:37 a.m.
Pass. We don't need any more multi-millionaire hobby politicians. We need leaders.
Jan. 24, 2019 @ 2:44 p.m.
Guessing his announcement was after this story's deadline, but the only person I'm keen on is Cory Briggs. If he wins, we get a mayor who isn't beholden to any of the powers that be. And if he loses, we still get to see him make Bry and especially Gloria squirm.
Jan. 24, 2019 @ 10:18 p.m.
As for U-T/LAT publisher Dr. Patrick's investing in an esportswriter as well as an esports gambling enterprise, well, that just doesn't sound sober and straight-arrow to me. Keep us posted. Late LAT sports dean JIm Murray must be turning in his grave.
Jan. 29, 2019 @ 11:32 a.m.
What exactly is Bry doing to "Empower Women?"