text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}

Sgr~A$^*$\ is identified with the $M_{\rm BH} \sim 3 \times 10^6 {\,{\rm M}_\odot}$
super-massive black hole (SMBH) in the centre of our Galaxy
\citep[e.g., ][]{Schoedel02,Ghez03b}. By virtue of its location, {
Sgr~A$^*$\ may play a key role in the understanding of Active Galactic }
Nuclei (AGN).  Indeed, this is the only AGN where recent observations
detail the origin of the gas in the immediate vicinity of the SMBH
capture radius \citep[e.g.,][]{Najarro97, Paumard01, Baganoff03a,
Genzel03a}. This information, missing for all other AGN because of too
great a distance to them, their large luminosity, or both, is
absolutely necessary if the accretion problem is to be modelled
self-consistently.

Arguably the most famous puzzle of Sgr~A$^*$\ is its low luminosity with respect
to estimates of the accretion rate at around the capture radius, i.e.~at
distances of order $1'' \sim 10^5 R_{\rm S} \sim 0.04$ pc, where $R_{\rm S}$ is the
Schwarzschild radius of Sgr~A$^*$. Two methods have been deployed to obtain these
estimates. From {\em Chandra} observations of the Galactic centre region,
one can measure the gas density and temperature around the inner arcsecond and
then infer an estimate of the Bondi accretion rate of $\dot M \sim 10^{-6}
{\,{\rm M}_\odot}$~year$^{-1}$\citep{Baganoff03a}.  However, unlike in the classical
textbook problem \citep{Bondi52}, hot gas is continuously created in shocked
winds expelled by tens of young massive stars near Sgr~A$^*$, and there is neither
a well defined concept of gas density and temperature at infinity, nor one for
the gas capture radius.

The other method addresses this problem by direct modelling of the gas
dynamics of stellar winds, assuming that the properties of the wind
sources are known. Three dimensional simulations of wind accretion
around Sgr~A$^*$\ were performed by \cite{Coker97},
{
who randomly positioned ten mass-loosing stars a few arc-seconds away
from Sgr~A$^*$. They presented two different runs in which the stars
were distributed in either a spherically isotropic or a flattened
system.
}
\cite{Rockefeller04} used a particle-based code with more detailed
information on stellar coordinates and wind properties. However, in
both cases the stars were at fixed locations, whereas in reality they
follow Keplerian orbits around the SMBH.
{
The accretion rate on to
Sgr~A$^*$\ predicted by both studies was estimated at $\sim \hbox{few}\;
\times 10^{-4} {\,{\rm M}_\odot}$~year$^{-1}$.
}
Finally, \cite{Quataert04} studied
the problem in the approximation that there is an infinite number of
wind sources distributed isotropically around Sgr~A$^*$\, in a range of
radii.
{
His model yields an accretion rate estimate of $\sim \hbox{few}\;
\times 10^{-5} {\,{\rm M}_\odot}$~year$^{-1}$.
}

Due to recent impressive progress in the observations of Sgr~A$^*$, we now know
much more about the origin of the gas feeding the SMBH.  Stellar wind sources
are locked into two rings that are roughly perpendicular to each other
\citep{Paumard01,Genzel03a}.  In addition, the wind velocities of several
important close stars were revised downward from $\sim 600$ km s$^{-1}$
\citep{Najarro97} to only $\sim 200$ km s$^{-1}$ \citep{Paumard01}, making the
Keplerian orbital motion much more important.

Motivated by these points, we performed numerical simulations of wind
accretion on to Sgr~A$^*$\ including optically thin radiative cooling and
allowing the wind-producing stars to be on Keplerian orbits. In this
Letter we report our most important findings: (i) the slow stellar
winds are susceptible to radiative cooling once they are shocked in
the hot bubble inflated by the fast winds; (ii) a disc/ring is formed
on $\sim$ arcsecond scale; (iii) cool gas blobs frequently enter the
inner arcsecond on low angular momentum orbits, are torn apart and
thermalized, and then mixed with the hot gas there. Gas is thus
distinctly two-phase in the inner region, with the cold phase being
invisible to {\em Chandra}. (iv) The resulting `accretion rate' (see
\S\ref{sec:results}) is of order several $\times 10^{-6}
{\,{\rm M}_\odot}$~year$^{-1}$, consistent with {\em Chandra} estimates, but is
highly variable. This warrants a somewhat worrying question: how
representative is the current low luminosity of Sgr~A$^*$? Summarising
these points, it appears that the accretion flow on to Sgr~A$^*$\ and other
low luminosity AGN cannot be fully understood based on observations of
hot X-ray emitting gas alone.

\section{Analytical estimates}\label{sec:estimates}

The density of hot gas $1.5''$ away from Sgr~A$^*$\ is about $n_{\rm e} =
130$ cm$^{-3}$ \citep{Baganoff03a}, and the gas temperature is $T_{\rm
g} \approx 2\,$keV. The pressure of the hot gas is thus $p_{\rm th} =
n_{\rm e} T_{\rm g} \approx 3 \times 10^9$ K cm$^{-3}$. The
temperature resulting from collisions of stellar winds with wind
velocity $v_{\rm w} = 10^8 v_8$~cm~s$^{-1}$ is
\begin{equation}
T = 1.2 \times 10^7 \mu_{0.5} v_8^2 \quad \hbox{Kelvin},
\label{twind}
\end{equation}
where $\mu_{0.5}$ is the mean molecular weight in units of half the
proton mass. This temperature is to a large degree compatible with the
$T_{\rm g} \simeq 1.2\,$keV measured by {\em Chandra} at slightly
larger radii. The optically thin cooling function, dominated by metal
line emission, is $\Lambda \approx 6.0 \times 10^{-23} T_7^{-0.7}
(Z/3)$, where $T_7 = T/10^7$~K, and $Z$ is the metal abundance relative
to Solar \citep{Sutherland93}. The cooling time is thus
\begin{equation}
t_{\rm cool} = \frac{3 kT}{\Lambda n}\approx 10^4\;
\mu_{0.5}^{1.7} \; v_8^{5.4} \; p_*^{-1} \quad
\hbox{years}\;,
\end{equation}
where $p_* = nT/p_{\rm th}$. The dynamical time near this location is
$t_{\rm dyn} = R/v_{\rm K} \simeq 60 \, (R'')^{3/2}$ years, where
$R''$ is the radial distance to Sgr~A$^*$\ in arc-seconds
{
and $v_{\rm K}$ is the Keplerian velocity at that distance.
}
This shows that cooling is of no importance for the gas originating in
the winds with outflow velocity $v_8\sim 1$.  However, if the wind
velocity is, say, $v_{\rm w}= 300$~km~s$^{-1}$, then $t_{\rm cool}$ is
only roughly 15 years, which is shorter than the dynamical
time. Therefore one could expect that slower winds may be susceptible
to radiative cooling in the high pressure environment of Sgr~A$^*$. In
reality the gas velocity is the sum of the wind velocity and the
stellar orbital motion. At a distance of $2''$, for example, the
Keplerian circular velocity is about 440 km~s$^{-1}$. With respect to
the ambient medium, the leading wind hemisphere will move with
velocity $v_8 \sim 1$, whereas the opposite one will move even slower
than $v_{\rm w}$. This shows that even for winds with velocities
$v_{\rm w} \lower.5ex\hbox{$\; \buildrel > \over \sim \;$} 500$ km s$^{-1}$, lagging regions of the wind may
still be affected by cooling.

\section{Method and initial conditions}\label{sec:method}

A full account of our numerical method along with  validation
tests will appear in \cite{Cuadra05}. Here we only briefly describe
the method.  We use the SPH/$N$-body code {\small GADGET-2}
\citep{Springel01,Springel02} to simulate the dynamics of
stars and gas in the gravitational field of the SMBH. This code,
developed for cosmological simulations, takes into account the
(Newtonian) {\em N}-body gravitational interactions of all particles
and also follows the hydrodynamics of the gas. We use the cooling
function cited in \S \ref{sec:estimates} with $Z=3$, and set the
minimum gas temperature to $10^4$ K.

We model the SMBH as a heavy `sink' particle \citep{Springel04,DiMatteo05},
with its mass set to $3.5 \times 10^6{\,{\rm M}_\odot}$. For scales of interest, the
black hole gravity completely dominates over that of the surrounding
stars and gas. The inner boundary condition is specified by requiring
the gas passing within the radius $R_{\rm in}$ from the SMBH to
disappear in the black hole. In addition, particles at distances
larger than the `outer radius' $R_{\rm out}$ are of little interest
for our problem and are simply eliminated.

Stars are modelled as collisionless particles moving in the potential
of Sgr~A$^*$. The stars emit new gas particles that are initialised with
the minimum temperature
{
 and a mass $m_{\rm SPH} = 5\times10^{-7} {\,{\rm M}_\odot}$.
}
 The initial particle velocity is the sum of the orbital
motion of the star, and a random component. The latter is equal in
magnitude to the wind velocity and its direction is chosen randomly to
simulate isotropic winds in the frame moving with the star.

Following results of \cite{Paumard01}, we assume that `narrow line
stars' produce winds with velocity $v_{\rm w} = 300$ km s$^{-1}$, whereas
the `broad line stars' produce winds with $v_{\rm w} = 1000$ km s$^{-1}$.
We refer to the former as LBV stars, and to the latter as WR stars.
The radial extent of the inner stellar ring is from $2''$ to $5''$,
and the inner and outer radii of the outer ring are $4''$ and $8''$,
respectively. The rings are perpendicular to each other for simplicity
\citep[][conclude that the rings are inclined at $i\approx74^\circ$ to
each other]{Genzel03a}. We argue that the total number of wind sources
is likely to be higher than those that have been resolved so far. On
average they would clearly have to be less powerful than estimated by
\cite{Najarro97}. We therefore use 20 wind sources in total, with each
star loosing mass at the rate of $\dot M_* = 4 \times 10^{-5} {\,{\rm M}_\odot}$
year$^{-1}$. Note that this is still a factor of $\sim 2-3$ below the
observationally estimated total mass loss rate from the Sgr~A$^*$\ star
cluster, but some of the wind sources are likely to be outside $R_{\rm
out}$ and thus should not be included here.
{
Typically, the time-step of the calculation is $\sim$ 0.18 years, so
the mass
loss rate above implies that $\sim$ 20 SPH particles are created
around each star per time-step.
}
The stars are distributed in rings uniformly in radius but randomly
along the azimuthal angle. Stars in the same ring rotate in the same
direction, of course, as they follow circular Keplerian orbits. We
populate the inner ring with 6 LBVs and 2 WRs, and the outer one with
3 LBVs and 9 WRs.

{
To increase the resolution in the inner region, we split the SPH
particles that get closer than $10\,R_{\rm in}$ to the SMBH. To
avoid numerical problems, the splitting is performed
at a randomly chosen time - of the order of the dynamical time at that
radius - after the particle entered the inner $10\,R_{\rm in}$. Then
the particle is divided into $N_{\rm split}=5$ new ones that
are placed randomly within the smoothing length of the original
one. The mass of the old particle is equally divided between the new
ones, while the temperature and velocity are kept constant. The rest
of the SPH properties are updated self-consistently by the code.  Other
simulations, without splitting, show the same overall results as the
one presented here \citep{Cuadra05}.
}

The values for the inner and outer boundary conditions are $R_{\rm in}
= 0.07''$ and $R_{\rm out} = 9''$. We start with a negligible gas
density inside the computational domain and then fill it up
self-consistently with stellar winds. We ran the simulation for about
4,000 years. Realistic longer simulations would have to include a
highly complex gas density field on larger scales around Sgr~A$^*$\ and
frequent supernovae (see below), which we leave for future
investigations. The total number of SPH particles, $N_{\rm SPH}$,
initially increases steeply with time until the hot winds fill up the
whole inner sphere. Later, the number of particles continues to
increase due to the fact that most of the slow wind particles are
bound.  By the end of the simulation we reach $N_{\rm SPH} = 1.7
\times 10^6$.

\section{Results}\label{sec:results}

\subsection{Gas morphology.} Figure \ref{fig:view} shows the column density of
gas and the stellar wind sources in the inner $6''$ of the
computational domain. The inner and outer rings are viewed at
{
inclination angles of 40$^\circ$ and 50$^\circ$ in the Figure, respectively.
The inner ring rotates clockwise in this projection, while the outer
one rotates in the opposite sense.\footnote{An animated movie of this
simulation is available at\\ {\tt
http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/$\sim$jcuadra/Winds} ~.}
}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\psfig{file=fig1.eps,width=.5\textwidth,angle=0}}
\caption{View of the gas column density and of the stars (overlayed)
in the inner $6''$ cube of the computational domain, after about 3,000
years. The `LBV' stars within the slice are marked as
{
stars,
while the `WR' stars are shown as diamonds.
}
Stars painted in
red and black belong to the inner and the outer rings, respectively.}
\label{fig:view}
\end{figure}

As fast stellar winds fill the available space, the slower ones are
shocked and cool radiatively. Dense shells are formed around the
shocks. These shells are torn into filaments and blobs. Different
parts of the shells have different velocities and thus angular
momenta, creating many cool gas blobs with different velocities. Some
are directed to outer radii and have velocities large enough to escape
from the computational domain. Others receive velocities directing
them inward. At smaller radii the density of blobs is higher, thus
they collide, and settle in the plane established by the inner
LBVs. The blobs are also sheared by the differential Keplerian
rotation, and a gas disc is born at radii somewhat smaller than that
of the stellar orbits.
{
The blobs typically consist of a few
hundred SPH particles, many more than the minimum 40 neighbours
used in the SPH kernel averaging for these simulations.
}

We find that the disc does not extend all the way inwards, as the
inner arcsecond or so is dominated by the hot X-ray emitting
gas. Surprisingly, the hot component originates from both fast and
slow winds. Cool filaments that enter the inner region appear to be
torn by differential rotation and then shock-heated to the ambient
temperature as they interact with the hot gas.  Since the disc mass is
miniscule by AGN standards, the disc is constantly violently affected
by the stars from the other ring. Streams and blobs of cool gas are
kicked high up above the disc midplane due to interactions with winds
from stars crossing the disc. These blobs rain down on to the disc, and
some are brought into the sub-arcsecond region of the flow.

\subsection{Accretion on to Sgr~A$^*$.} The `accretion rate', $\dot{M}_{\rm BH}$,
 on to Sgr~A$^*$\ is defined in our simulations as the rate at which SPH
particles enter the sphere with radius $R_{\rm in}$, and is plotted
versus time in Fig. \ref{fig:accrate}. Solid and dotted lines
correspond to time bins of 10 and 200 years, respectively. The latter
seems to be a reasonable estimate for the viscous time-scale of the
hot accretion flow at around $R_{\rm in}$.
{
The average rate we obtain,
a few $\times 10^{-6} {\,{\rm M}_\odot}$~year$^{-1}$, is in good agreement with
the Bondi estimate \citep{Baganoff03a}, and is one to two orders of magnitude
lower than what previous studies found (cf. \S\ref{intro}).
However, factors
}
of a few
variability in the accretion rate are immediately obvious. This
variability can be tracked down to the arrival of individual cool gas
blobs or filaments in the innermost region.  Since the density of the
hot gas in the vicinity of Sgr~A$^*$\ is never zero, the accretion rate
never decreases to zero.

It must be stressed that the real $\dot{M}_{\rm BH}$ further depends
on intricate physical details of the inner accretion flow that we
cannot resolve here. Some of the gas entering $R \leq R_{\rm in}$ is
unbound and some may become unbound later on as result of viscous
heating in the flow \citep{Blandford99}.  Therefore, the accretion
rate measured in our simulations is best understood to yield the outer
boundary conditions for the inner accretion flow, and as such should
be a more physically complete estimate of that than the commonly used
Bondi accretion rate based on {\em Chandra} observations of hot X-ray
emitting gas only.

{
The number of particles in the inner $1''$ (comparable to the Bondi
radius estimate for this problem) is about 70,000. This ensures that
we have enough resolution at the inner boundary. On average, $\sim$ 4 SPH
particles are accreted at each time-step.
}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\psfig{file=fig2.ps,width=.5\textwidth,angle=90}}
\caption{Accretion rate on to Sgr~A$^*$\ versus time, averaged in bins of
10 years (solid) and 200 years (dotted). Both are expected to be only
rough indicators of the actual accretion rate since much of the gas
captured may still be unbounded inside $R_{\rm in}$ and/or has to be
processed in the inner accretion flow that we do not resolve.}
\label{fig:accrate}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Existence of cold disc in sub-arcsecond region of Sgr~A$^*$.}

The cold `disc' found in our simulations is constantly being created
but it is also likely to be destroyed from time to time. Its mass can
be estimated as $M_{\rm disc} = \dot{M}_{\rm cw} t = 10 {\,{\rm M}_\odot}
\;(\dot{M}_{\rm cw}/10^{-3} {\,{\rm M}_\odot} \hbox{year}^{-1})\; t_4$, where $t_4
= t/10^4$~years and $\dot{M}_{\rm cw}$ is the mass outflow rate of
cool stellar winds. A supernova occurring within the inner $0.5$~pc of
the Galaxy would easily destroy such a disc. The number of young early
type stars in the Sgr~A$^*$\ cluster is likely to be in the hundreds, and
some have already reached the WR stage
\citep[e.g.][]{Paumard01,Genzel03a}.  Assuming that the most recent
star formation event occurred a few million years ago, one would then
estimate the SN rate in Sgr~A$^*$'s inner star cluster to be at least $\sim
10^{-4}$ per year. For comparison, the viscous time at a radius of $1''$
is $10^6-10^7$ years at best \citep[e.g. fig. 2 in][]{NC05}.
Furthermore, there is much more cold material on scales of several
arcseconds and beyond that may be plunging on to Sgr~A$^*$
\citep{Paumard04}. Arrival of this mass in the inner arcsecond could
also destroy the disc.

Therefore it is likely that the cool disc of $\sim$ arcsecond scales
does not smoothly extend inside the sub-arcsecond region of
Sgr~A$^*$. However, occasionally we observe cool gas blobs to directly
fall into the capture `sphere' in the simulation. It is also
conceivable that events started by a supernova shell passage, or by an
infall of additional cool material, could also leave a remnant in the
form of a cold disc.  Thermal conduction between the two phases could
lead to evaporation of a cold accretion disc via the \cite{Meyer94}
mechanism, which is unfortunately model dependent due to our poor knowledge
of the magnetic field geometry and strength.

\cite{NS03} suggested, mainly based on the presence of X-ray flares in
Sgr~A$^*$, that there is a cool disc at $\sim 0.01$--$0.1''$ scales and
beyond. The required mass of the disc was estimated to be smaller than
a Solar mass. However, observations of NIR flares \citep{Genzel03b}
put the flares at no more than a few milli-arcseconds away from the
radio position of Sgr~A$^*$, which is somewhat problematic for this
model. Also, the NIR flare spectra appear to strongly favour
a synchrotron (i.e. SMBH jet) origin. Further, no eclipses or star
`brightenings' expected when bright stars approach the disc
\citep{Cuadra04} have been observed so far. Summarising, there is currently
no observational motivation to favour the existence of such a disc in
Sgr~A$^*$, although it is also difficult to rule out its presence
\citep[unless the disc extends to the SMBH horizon;][]{Falcke97}.

Concluding, we suggest that there cannot be a smooth transition of the
larger scale cool disc into the inner sub-arcsecond regions of
Sgr~A$^*$. Nevertheless, the issue of the current existence of a cool disc
or its periodic appearance and disappearance is an open subject for
future work.

{

\subsection{Note on the importance of initial conditions.}

While this work appears to be the most detailed (to date) numerical
attempt to model the accretion of stellar winds on to Sgr~A$^*$,
observational uncertainties in the stellar orbits and wind mass loss
rates and velocities still leave a lot of room for uncertainties in
the final results. The latest observations (R. Genzel \& T. Paumard,
priv. comm.) reveal that the narrow emission line stars might be more
equally divided between the two discs than what we have assumed here.
In this case, the disc-like structure would form at a larger scale and
be probably not as conspicuous. Similarly, if the mass loss rate of
the `LBV' stars is smaller, the cool disc becomes obviously less
massive. In addition, mass-loss rates of LBV stars have been
observed to vary by more than an order of magnitude within a few years
\citep[e.g.,][]{Leitherer97}. This effect would
bring further variability and uncertainty to the results.

Another important ingredient, still missing in our approach, is the
inclusion of cooler gas filaments observed to be (possibly) infalling
on to Sgr~A$^*$\ on several to tens of arcsecond scales from Sgr~A$^*$.  These
structures, referred to as the `mini-spiral' \citep{Scoville03,
Paumard04}, would undoubtfully change some of our results.

Finally, like all previous numerical investigations
\citep{Coker97,Rockefeller04,Quataert04}, we have entirely neglected
the contribution of the wind producing stars on orbits inside the
central $2''$. While the most important wind sources are all located
outside of this region \citep{Najarro97,Paumard01}, the weaker OB
stellar winds inside the inner region may still contribute. For
example, if their wind loss rates are about the inferred accretion
rate, these stars \citep[that appear to be on more randomly oriented
orbits, see][]{Eisenhauer05} could potentially destroy the disc in the
inner arcsecond.\footnote{Note that an extreme case of this was already
studied analytically assuming a ballistic trajectory approximation by
\cite{Loeb04}. He showed that if the inner `S'-stars
\citep[e.g.,][]{Ghez05,Eisenhauer05} produce wind outflow rates as
strong as $\sim 10^{-6} {\,{\rm M}_\odot}$~year$^{-1}$, then their winds alone
could provide enough fuel for Sgr~A$^*$\ emission. However, most of the
`S'-stars now appear to be of intermediate to later B-type, suggesting
their winds could be orders of magnitude weaker than assumed by
\cite{Loeb04}.}

Future observations of the wind properties and stellar orbits near
Sgr~A$^*$\ are key to produce an increasingly more realistic model of the
accretion flow on to Sgr~A$^*$.}

\section{Discussion and Conclusions}\label{sec:conclusions}

AGN accretion discs are less well understood than discs in X-ray
binaries on comparable relative scales, because we do not have good
observational constraints on the origin of gas accreting on to the
SMBH. Sgr~A$^*$\ is becoming the only exception to this as observations
improve. In this paper we made an attempt to realistically simulate
the outer $\sim 0.1$--$10''$ region of the gas flow on to Sgr~A$^*$. The
resulting gas flow is far more complex than thought earlier based on
studies that included non-radiative fast stellar winds from stars
either fixed in space or distributed in a spherically-symmetric
fashion.  The presence of cool gas in the sub-arcsecond region, as
found here, may considerably complicate the interpretation of
observational constraints on the accretion of Sgr~A$^*$. { Although, as
discussed above, this does depend on still somewhat poorly known details
of stellar orbits and wind parameters.}

{ The average accretion rate in our simulation, a few $\times
10^{-6} {\,{\rm M}_\odot}$~year$^{-1}$, is consistent with the estimates of
\cite{Baganoff03a} and 1--2 orders of magnitude lower than what previous
models found \citep{Coker97,Rockefeller04,Quataert04}. However, this
accretion rate changes by factors of a few in time-scales shorter than
hundred years. Then how } representative is the current low luminosity
state of Sgr~A$^*$, if the feeding of the inner region is indeed so
turbulent and time-variable as our simulation suggests? { Afterall,
observations of X-ray/$\gamma$-ray echoes from nearby molecular clouds
indicate that Sgr~A$^*$\ might have been much more luminous some $\sim
300$ years ago \citep{Sunyaev93,Koyama96,Revnivtsev04}.}  Another
aspect of the same issue is that `accretion' of a cool blob in our
simulations is not yet a true accretion event. If the blob manages to
survive in the hot gas and settles to a disc or a ring at say $\sim
10^3 R_{\rm S}$, it may circle Sgr~A$^*$\ for a long time without being
noticed. Further uncertainty in these results is the interaction
between the hot and the cold gas via thermal conduction. If a cold
blob enters the inner region of the hot flow, and is evaporated there,
how will this affect the flow there? These and other related questions
are to be resolved in future work if we want to reach a full
understanding of the accretion process on to Sgr~A$^*$.

\bibliographystyle{mnras}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The video(s) brought to you by Global Virtual Opportunities are offered to the public for information and entertainment purposes only.
Any and all information perceived from these video(s) through either visual, verbal, or written means, should be considered the sole opinions of the Producers, the Writers and the Actors involved in the making of this video(s).
The Producers, Writers and Actors of these video(s) have used their best efforts in producing these video(s) but neither Producers, Writers nor Actors of these video(s) make any representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy, applicability, fitness, or completeness of the contents of this video. The information contained in these video(s) is strictly for entertainment and informational purposes. Therefore, if you wish to apply concepts or ideas contained in these video(s), you are taking full responsibility for your actions.
Neither the Producers, Writers or Actors, nor the copyright holder or assigned users of these video(s) shall in any event be held liable to any party for any direct, indirect, implied, punitive, special, incidental or other consequential damages arising directly or indirectly from any use of this material, which is provided as is, and without warranties.
As in all cases, viewers should never take any information perceived from these or any other video(s) at face value and should always do their own due diligence on any viewed material to form their own opinions and best judgments. And where applicable, the advice of a competent legal, tax, accounting or other professional should be always sought before taking action of any kind.
The author and publisher do not warrant the performance, effectiveness or applicability of any sites listed or linked to in these video(s).
These video(s) are © copyrighted by Global Virtual Opportunities and is protected under the US Copyright Act of 1976 and all other applicable international, federal, state and local laws, with ALL rights reserved. No part of this may be copied, or changed in any format, sold, or used in any way other than what is outlined within this under any circumstances without express permission from Global Virtual Opportunities.
Copyright © Law Office of Michael E. Young, LLC, and licensed for use by the owner of this website at https://GoGVO.com. All Rights Reserved. No portion of this document may be copied or used by anyone other than the licensee without the express written permission of the copyright owner.
© Copyright Global Virtual Opportunities Inc.


I want to ask, how to migrate mailbox from ISP Config (postfix) to zimbra without resetting all user's password?
I only know the administrator username and password to login to ISP Config.
How many domains and accounts are you talking about ?


A couple of days ago, a blog post titled "First employee of startup? You are probably getting screwed!" has made to the Hacker News front page and has spawned some great discussion and debate.
Since I had just been screwed recently, I thought it might be a good opportunity for me to share what I've learnt.
After my story got picked up by Hacker News and some other sites, I was contacted by my client. It was a very interesting and surreal experience which included keywords such as sue, settle, donation and disappearance. I am however going to spare you the details and instead, going to focus on the things I have learnt.
The biggest mistake I made, was being too emotional - not in the sense of being emotionally attached to the project, but in the sense of being emotionally attached to the opportunity.
Despite having detected some negative signs (which I will cover later), I willingly chose to continue on with the project because I wanted it to work out. I wanted to be involved early in a startup, I wanted to create a product that will have large impact, I wanted to have uncertainties and excitement, and I wanted to force myself to be busy.
I was blindsided because of my desires - even though deep in my heart, I already felt the failure approaching.
My client, who was referred to me by a strong and reputable PHP developer, is well educated, has an MBA, and has worked as a VP of a major US corporation before he decided to start his own startup.
But didn't that just prove doing background-checking is useless, you might wonder? No. It is still a useful exercise - it proves the fact that, even legit clients can do dodgy things. Therefore you would want to pay more attention to picking up negative signs rather than being impressed by their reputation and/or portfolio.
He often emphasise the importance of communication, but he communicated poorly via emails.
He was overly optimistic about the success of his startup.
He tried to lower my compensation expectation by using poor arguments.
He would call me up and talk for 20+ minutes when he was fully aware that I was at work (at my day job).
He was not being transparent and upfront about the VC side of things.
No one is perfect, of course. A minor tell or two might just be considered quirks, but half a dozen or more - you run.
Before negotiating my rates, I had done quite a lot of research online - it provided me with context.
An hourly rate that is equivalent to 50% of my full time salary, or 30% of my contract/freelance rate.
2% of the company, after the seed round.
In return, a 20-40 hours per week sweat investment was expected from me. To me, it was not a bad deal since I don't rely on the success of the startup in order to feed myself - I still have my day job.
An hourly rate that is equivalent to 90%+ of my full time salary, or 50% of my contract/freelance rate.
1% of the company, after the seed round.
See what I did there? I was emotional enough to trade immediate return for potential future return.
One of the best advices I got from more experienced people in this field is that, always treat equities (or employee options) as a bonus that is likely to never happen.
Until written on paper and signed, any information you were told should be taken with a grain of salt. Often than not, people would say things to favour and/or support their cases.
The $2mil seed around valuation figure that was told (but was never proved) by my client has indeed influenced my decision of trading my hourly rate for equity.
Positive thinking - one of the most powerful attitudes to ensure your happiness, is the key and morale of the story. You see, even though I went through a lot of stressful days and nights, I still consider the whole experience being positive.
Why? Because I learnt a lot. I learnt many things that I would not have learnt from working at my day job or freelancing. It gives me more confidence for my next startup adventure (whether it's for someone else, or for myself).
Don't be scared by other people's experience. Steve Jobs once said something along the line of - they started Apple because they didn't know any better.


, we selects the top choices along with ideal image resolution just for you, and this photos is one among photos series in your finest graphics gallery about Awesome Collection Of Doctor who Wedding Dress. I'm hoping you can as it.
placed by Sarah Newman from 2018-07-14 17:00:12. To determine most photos within Awesome Collection Of Doctor who Wedding Dress images gallery remember to abide by that link.


Adult B'nei Mitzvah – Class of 2018, Beginning Fall 2016!
I am excited to announce the start of our next Adult B'nei Mitzvah program, starting this Fall. The program is a two-year commitment to studying Hebrew, texts, and Jewish concepts and perspectives. Adult B'nei Mitzvah is more than just a class—it is a community that builds and creates special bonds along the journey. You can ask anyone in the congregation who has been a part of this special niche community and they will echo their warm memories of their experiences and their transformation through the knowledge that they gained.
The program has two components—a Hebrew component, which begins with the basics. Thus, you need only the determination to learn and practice Hebrew and not a previous background in the language (For those who have a previous background in Hebrew, this component can be a review. Students who desire to pass out of the Hebrew component can meet with me to determine if they qualify). The Hebrew component expands within the first year and into the second year to focus more on reading of prayer and, eventually, Torah. The second component is the Beit Midrash we create within our community—our own House of Study. We study Jewish texts, ideas, philosophy, history, and we have a great time reading a couple of books together as the "adult b'nei mitzvah book club." Our discussions are spirited and enlightening.
Students in the Adult B'nei Mitzvah program often find themselves getting together outside of class to study and practice their Hebrew, attend services and Saturday morning Torah study together, and build what is a special chavurah.
The Adult B'nei Mitzvah program will culminate after two years in a group service, led by all students in the program. The service will happen on Saturday, June 9, 2018.
This year, the program will meet on select Sunday mornings (9:30-11:30 am) and Tuesday evenings (7:00-9:00 pm) beginning September 18, 2016. Two special Shabbat morning services are also scheduled in 2017 as times to learn and practice the service elements. A full calendar is listed below.
Class space is limited to provide all students with the best experience possible. If you would like to save your space in the program, you may now register. Program fees are $360 for the two-year program. Please contact Marla Vaughter to save your place now at mvaughter@tbsoc.com or 714-628-4620.
If you have questions about the program, please feel free to be in contact with me. I am incredibly excited for our new cohort of adult b'nei mitzvah to gather, study, and become leaders of prayer.


Field PTO: Island Fest is Thursday, April 21! Order tickets now!
Download free pdf files, ebooks and documents about Costume.
Your sale will end 7 days before your delivery date.
Credit Application Template — Printable Business Form Templates.


Larry Sultan & Mike Mandel. Photographs by Larry Sultan & Mike Mandel.
Published by Distributed Art Publishers, 2012.
Distributed Art Publishers, 2012. Hardbound. 264 pp., 190 color illustrations, 10x11-1/2".
I was immensely saddened by Larry Sultan's death in 2009. I had only encountered him once or twice in person, for brief exchanges after lectures and over books being signed. I regret that his passing deprived me of further exchanges with a man I realized was extraordinarily eloquent about his own work and about the work of photography in general. I hold his Pictures from Home series (and the 1992 Harry N. Abrams publication of that work) in high regard, even though it had long puzzled me; once I heard Sultan speak about it, the accomplishment rose several notches, though the ambiguity was still grandly present.
Larry Sultan & Mike Mandel, by Larry Sultan & Mike Mandel. Published by Distributed Art Publishers, 2012.
I must further confess that I came to know Mandel during my time in Boston; I arranged to exhibit the project he did with his wife Chantal Zakari about the power of political iconography in Turkey (which resulted in the 2010 book The State of Ata) at the Photographic Resource Center at Boston University. In getting to know Mandel I came to understand even more acutely what I had missed in not knowing Sultan; there was, and is, a trickster brilliance to both men that emerges simultaneously in the works they contrived together.
This book does not try to separate their achievements or assess what each brought to the numerous projects that bear their names. There is room given to each man's work as an independent artist—like Lennon and McCartney's solo projects apart from the Beatles—though this is background to a chronicle and an investigation dedicated to the partnership.
On the strength of the research and interpretation accomplished here, not only does Evidence emerge as perhaps the formative stylebook for understanding the shape of photographic art in the late 20th and early 21st centuries (I mean it. I defy anyone to look at that collection of anonymous images and not see templates, or at least discernible precedents, for work by known contemporary image-makers.), but Sultan and Mandel prove themselves to be pioneers of public art, having recognized that meaning and context engage in a subtle, nuanced dance played out by images in front of barely aware eyes. Looking twice, or thrice, is an advisable strategy in considering the wide range of projects opened up for examination in this book.


text:
Peacekeepers Hunt for Top Bosnian-Serb War Crimes Suspect - 2004-01-11
NATO-led peacekeepers in Bosnia-Herzegovina have been conducting a manhunt for one of the most-wanted war crimes suspects. Hundreds of NATO forces spent the weekend searching for Radovan Karadzic, the former Bosnian-Serb president, linked to Europe's bloodiest massacre since World War II.
NATO officials say the intense two-day search was a massive attempt to locate the fugitive who has been hiding for seven years to avoid prosecution by the U.N. war crimes tribunal in The Hague.
NATO Spokesman Lieutenant Matthew Brock told reporters that peacekeepers searched the Karadzic house. The officer said Mr. Karadzic's wife, Ljiljana, was "co-operative" and accompanied the soldiers during their search.
NATO has been criticized by the U.N. tribunal for failing to capture Mr. Karadzic and hand him over.
U.N. prosecutors have linked Mr. Karadzic to a massacre in the Bosnian town of Srebrenica in the summer of 1995. Up to 8,000 Muslim men and boys are believed to have been killed by Serb forces who overran the town, after Dutch U.N. forces were forced to abandon the enclave they were supposed to protect.
Survivors have launched a multi-million-dollar lawsuit against The Netherlands. They say it failed to prevent what has been described as Europe's worst single atrocity since World War II.
Peacekeepers began their latest search for Mr. Karadzic on Saturday in the eastern town of Pale, about 16 kilometers east of the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo.
Pale was the seat of the Bosnian-Serb government during the 1992-1995 war, which pitted the country's Muslims, Croats and Serbs against each other, and resulted in the deaths of an estimated quarter-million people.
The NATO spokesman said the troops were also searching for another most-wanted suspect, Ratko Mladic, the Bosnian Serb wartime military commander.
U.N. prosecutors have suggested that General Mladic may be hiding in Serbia, with the backing of the Serbian army and authorities. Belgrade denies the charge.
Peacekeepers and local police, apparently operating on information that Mr. Karadzic might have been injured, searched all medical facilities in Pale. They also set up checkpoints and searched vehicles.
There have been many fruitless searches for the two fugitives, who still have a large following among nationalists who view the U.N. tribunal as biased against Serbs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
June 2015: Newsletter
1) Weekly networking at its best!
Help your business and favorite charity:
a)l Led by Cicardi Bruce (314-941-0779) & Rich Pisani (314-952-2640).
You and a guest are invited to attend a very casual networking session that's been going on weekly since March of 2007. About 20 of us have been meeting every non-holiday Monday morning and we now gather in a private room at Mimi's Café located in Chesterfield Valley directly in front of Sam's Club (40 at Boones Crossing). We have no name, no agenda, no dress code, no dues and no attendance requirement. Simply buy your own coffee or breakfast and leave a tip for Shelly.
Attendees arrive between 8 and 8:30 am and depart between 9:30 and 10 am…announcements by all at 9 am. Many stay for private meetings afterwards to conduct business or charity, as well as get a weekly update on our three all-volunteer group's events and projects. It's a great way to make new friends, prospect for new clients and help your favorite non-profit!
Thanks and stop by with a guest anytime you can...no RSVP required!
NOTE: Call Rich Pisani at 314-952-2640 with any questions.
2) Updates and references:
Websites for our volunteers use to get information:
a) Save these 4 'complimentary' digital sites below as a 'favorite'!
http://www.SaintLouisAmbassadors.com …volunteering since 1965!
http://www.US-SmallBusinessInstitute.com …volunteering since 1985!
http://www.1904WorldsFairCharitableFoundation.com …volunteering since 2002!
http://www.SaintLouisSun.com ...this will take you to over 50 'free' digital sites!
a) This portal goes to our 3 internet radio stations with a 'voice around the world'.
1) WFRG: Ferguson/USA 'Hot Talk Radio'
2) WSUN: 'Oldies But Goodies'
3) ROCK: 'Radio for Everyone'
NOTE: Contact Mark Kasen at 314-609-0666 to volunteer your time as a show host.
b) This portal also goes to our 3 internet newspapers, which posts to 967K e-contacts daily.
Plus, Brandon Twitty is building an 'APP' for our newspapers…stay tuned!
1) Saint Louis Sun newspaper
2) St. Louis Globe-Democrat newspaper
3) The Trinity Tribune newspaper
NOTE: Contact John Parker at 314-363-1102 to volunteer your time as a columnist.
c) This portal also goes to our 50+ digital sites for your convenience…at no charge!
NOTE: contact Rich Pisani at 314-952-2640 with questions or to add a website.
3) Our 3 all-volunteer group's history.
Our history…and unification:
a) Led by the Saint Louis Ambassadors: (call Rich Pisani at 314-952-2640)
On October 28, 1965 the Mayor of St. Louis, A.J. Cervantes, hosted a ceremony to simultaneously announce three milestones in St. Louis' history. First, he proclaimed that the construction of the outside stainless steel shell of the St. Louis Arch was complete. Second, he declared that the St. Louis Region was now officially ordained as the 'Gateway to the West' And third, the Mayor launched the Saint Louis Ambassadors as an all-volunteer organization comprised of diverse individuals who were civic leaders that would promote volunteerism, community pride and goodwill on behalf of the City of St. Louis.
The Saint Louis Ambassadors then sponsored the initial debut of the U.S. Small Business Institute on November 5, 1985 in a campaign effort to 'Help Keep the SBA Alive.' Our mission is 'to give continued support to small businesses and charities with consulting, coaching and mentoring…at no charge.'
The Saint Louis Ambassadors also ignited the launch of the 1904 World's Fair Charitable Foundation on March 14, 2002. It's original goal was to host celebratory events throughout 2004 in Forest Park with grass roots support from a diverse group of volunteers in order to celebrate the '100 Year Anniversary' of the 1904 World's Fair & III Olympics, which was a complete success. Effective January 1, 2005 our mission is 'to have our 501 (c)(3) all-volunteer public charity help plan events to support the Forest Park 'beautification program,' the St. Louis Zoo 'special projects' and other local charities.'
Effective 2015 the Saint Louis Ambassadors our mission statement will be 'to continue as an all-volunteer group of diverse individuals, move forward as a symbolic group of civic leaders and promote volunteerism, community pride and goodwill throughout the entire St. Louis Region, which is the 19th largest economic engine in the U.S. with 2.8M residents and 193K businesses that support over 10K charities.'
On January 3, 2015 at our Saint Louis Ambassadors '50 Year Golden Gala' we saluted St. Louis Mayor, A.J. Cervantes, as our founder in 1965. Also, we formed a partnering effort with our two related organizations, which are the U.S. Small Business Institute and the 1904 World's Fair Charitable Foundation. The 3 groups collectively have 1,249 volunteers that will support three projects together. First, they will work with the Ferguson Commission on their plan to ease racial tensions and promote the St. Louis Region as a great place to live, be educated and conduct business. Next, the groups will operate their 3 new Saint Louis Sun, The Trinity Tribune and St. Louis Globe-Democrat online newspapers and post 'fresh news twice daily' to 967K e-contacts. Plus, the organizations will establish a new internet radio station named Ferguson USA 'Hot Talk' Radio and all three entities will have a satellite office in Ferguson. Finally, they will co-host events to celebrate the '50th Anniversary' of the St. Louis Arch and the Saint Louis Ambassadors.
4) Special event for board members and one guest…RSVP Required!
Special event at a very special venue:
a) Led by John Parker as Event Chairman (314-363-1102)
We host six combined 'Cocktail Receptions & Board Meetings' for the Saint Louis Ambassadors, the U.S. Small Business Institute and the 1904 World's Fair Charitable Foundation every other month.
This next one will be on 7-13-15 and be held at the beautiful 43K s/f mansion of our new Honorary Board Members, Harold & Jill Lewis. This 'one of a kind' residence is one of the biggest in the U.S., is the largest of its type in the St. Louis Metro Region and is a spectacular venue for this special gathering. Their home overlooks Lake Saint Louis and is located at #5 Lake View Ct., Lake Saint Louis, MO 63367.
VIEW MANSION AT: http://www.trulia.com/homes/Missouri/Lake_Saint_Louis/sold/1000160700-5-Lakeview-Ct-Lake-Saint-Louis-MO-63367
If you are an officer or board member you and one guest are invited. An RSVP is mandatory by June 9 at noon for a headcount to Joanie Bengston at [email protected] or call her at 314-401-6423 if you want to help on her committee to meet, greet, set up and/or tear down…it's truly an unbelievable venue!
We will start at 6:30 pm with appetizers and drinks, hold a brief meeting and install new board members from 7:30 to 8:15…then continue networking until 9:30. Again, if you are an officer or board member of the 1904 World's Fair Charitable Foundation, the U.S. Small Business Institute or the Saint Louis Ambassadors you are welcome to bring one guest and a appetizer to share...beverage is provided. No entry fee, but tips are welcome for our servers.
The purpose of these six bi-monthly events is to host 'fun and enjoyable gatherings' for our board members and their guests in order to build relationships, establish committee chairs /co-chairs /members, create team spirit, give deserved recognition, update all board members and their guests on events /projects /proposals, etc., as well as announce upcoming events /projects and answer all questions. In 2005 we stopped hosting our 'standard board meetings' at the Cabanne' House conference room and decided to move to our Chairman's beautiful home or another special venue to 'network, eat, drink, have fun and get the job done…with a smile on everyone's face!'
5) WFRG: Ferguson/USA 'Hot Talk Radio' meetings and tours!
Launching 'live, call-in, talk radio':
a) Led by WFRG Station Manager, Mark Kasen ([email protected]).
Our new internet based radio station launched March 1, 2015 with Radio Host, Robert Namer from New Orleans. We go 'live with call-in talk radio' with Mark Kasen and his very own media team in St. Louis in July of 2015 at the Greater St. Mark Community Church in Ferguson 9950 Glen Owen Dr. Saint Louis, MO 63136 or call 314-388-1180 for directions.
July & August 2015 tours: You are welcome to attend the church services of Pastor Pierson on any Sunday from 10 am to noon, meet MO State Rep & Pastor Tommie Pierson and take a tour of our new WFRG satellite radio station. If you want a personal tour, be a regular guest on a specific topic, a co-host of a show or host of your very own show please call Mark Kasen at 314-609-0666.
NOTE: On June 1, 2015 our 16 member 'Media Team' toured the new Saint Louis Ambassadors WFRG: Ferguson 'Hot Talk Radio' station, which had been headquartered since March 1 with the Rock Radio at 1345 St. Albans Rd, St. Albans MO 63073 [636-675-6275]. Our new board member and Rock Radio Station owner, Mark Moebius, is a 30 year veteran of radio and owns this internet based station, which is now #1 in St. Louis on Facebook with 'likes' from 186K followers. The tour ended with a lunch meeting at Pappy's Smokehouse Restaurant down the street from the stations. Our team will open the WFRG satellite radio studio in Ferguson in July of 2015, which will be 'live, call-in, talk radio' with a 'voice to the world!
6) Community Through Unity' meeting.
Helping the Ferguson Commission:
a) Led by Event Chairman, Rich Pisani ([email protected]).
The Saint Luis Ambassadors 'core group' meeting with a several Ferguson Commissioners and officials will be held at Brookes Bible College located at 10257 St Charles Rock Rd, St Ann, MO 63074 [(314) 773-0083] on a Saturday in August (to be determined) from 8:30 to noon…stay tuned in to your email. We will get an update from Dr. TR Carr, who is both a St. Louis County Police Commissioner and Ferguson Commissioner, regarding their STL Positive Change plan that will be unveiled to the public in its final format on 9-15-15. There is limited seating, so an RSVP is required to Rich Pisani at 314-952-2640.
7) The show goes on!
Annual 'Car & Motorcycle Show':
a) Led by Sr. VP & Event Chairman, Doc Logan ([email protected]).
July 19, 2015: Dr. Jim Logan will again be the Event Chair for our 12th Annual 'Car & Motorcycle Show' at the World's Fair Pavilion in Forest Park across the street from the Bird Cage at the St. Louis Zoo. Registration starts at 9 am, the show starts at noon, and trophies are awarded starting at 4 pm. Call Doc Logan at 314-276-7822 if you want to enter your vehicle or volunteer your time. The proceeds benefit the 'Racing to Read Children's Foundation' to improve literacy in disadvantaged children.
8) Serving Veteran's and children!
Annual 'Golf Tournament':
a) Led by our Board Member & Event Chairman, Wayne Kaufman ([email protected]).
September 3, 2015: We are again supporting the Kaufman Fund golf tournament at Whitmoor Country Club, which starts at 10 am for registration and ends at 8 pm after the auction and dinner have concluded. If you want to volunteer or play in the tournament please call our board member and their President, Wayne Kaufman, at 314-753-8355 or email him at [email protected]
9) St. Louis Arch turns 50!
'50th Anniversary' Golden Gala:
a) Led by our Sr. VP & Special Event Chairman, Fran Capra ([email protected]).
October 28, 2015: This is a once in a lifetime 'by invitation only' very special gathering of our officers, board members and guests at the Old Court House in the City of St. Louis...overlooking the Arch. 200 of us will celebrate the '50th Anniversary of both the St. Louis Gateway Arch and the launch of the Saint Louis Ambassadors. Tickets will be $95 (Bronze), $145 (Silver) and $195 (Gold). Our emcee for the event will be Y98 radio personality, Guy Phillips, with Congressman Lacey Clay and Congresswoman Ann Wagner as our Event Honorary Chairs. If you want to volunteer or attend please contact our Golden Gala Event Chair, Fran Capra, at 314-579-9111 or [email protected]
10) History being documented!
Documentary 'Sneak Preview(s)':
a) Led by Documentarian, Ann Morrison ([email protected]).
Date(s) to be determined: '50th Anniversary' of the St. Louis Arch [10-28-15] documentary showing will be hosted by Documentarian and owner of Ann's Films, Ann Morrison. Stay tuned for the time, date and place for this 'one of a kind' historical presentation about the '50th Anniversary' of the St. Louis Gateway Arch and the Saint Louis Ambassadors…both turn 50 on October 28, 2015!
As you've heard both our president, Rich Pisani, and Executive Board Member, Ann Morrison, state at all of our 'Cocktail Receptions & Board Meetings' since August 18, 2014 and the Documentary Team meetings a 'partnering effort' was established by and between Ann's Films (a for profit company) and the 1904 World's Fair Charitable Foundation (a 501 (c) (3 non-profit public charity). In return for help from Rich Pisani and support from our foundations volunteers Ann's Film's would donate fifty percent of the net proceeds (profits after cost of goods) from the sale of DVD's and other marketing revenues from the film to the 1904 World's Fair Charitable Foundation. Thereafter, those continued funds received from Ann's Film's (for the sales of the '50th Anniversary of the St. Louis Arch & the Saint Louis Ambassador documentary) by the charity will be donated to the Forest Park 'beautification program', the St. Louis Zoo and other local charities. Both the Saint Louis Ambassadors and the U.S. Small Business Institute, which are related organizations to the 1904 World's Fair Charitable Foundation, are eagerly supporting this important historical film that Ann is producing…thank you Ann Morrison!
11) Annual 'Board Member & Guest Holiday Party':
Holiday cheers and thank-you's:
a) Led by Sr. VP of Events, Joanie Bengston ([email protected]).
December 5, 2015 (tentative): We host this black-tie-optional gathering as a combined event for the board members of the Saint Louis Ambassadors, the U.S. Small Business Institute and the 1904 World's Fair Charitable Foundation annually at the beautiful home of our Chairman and his wife, Cicardi & Susan Bruce, at 207 Tuma Lance, Chesterfield MO, 63005 (314-941-0779) We start at 7 pm with appetizers and drinks, hold a brief meeting and hand out recognition awards from 8:30 to 9 pm, and continue our holiday partying until 11 pm. Everyone is welcome to bring a guest and a their favorite hors d' oeuvres to share. The donation at the door is $25 per person, which includes all of your food, beverage, entertainment and lots of holiday spirit!
12) 3 organizations with 37 committees to join!
Help us help others:
a) Led by our President, Rich Pisani ([email protected]).
Visit http://www.saintlouisambassadors.com/committees-chairs to view one of the 37 Committees to see if you have any interest in joining that team to help our three groups help others in the St. Louis Region.


❇YUCAIPA Tequila CRAZE 🥃❇ Lets Celebrate Tequila!!
Jose and Martha Jara started their journey together in Los Angeles in 1974 with the aspiration of one day living the American Dream. After being a housewife for 15 years Martha wanted to open a restaurant with her family recipes.


text:
Home About Us Conferences Contact
In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TED has created a program called TEDx. TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. Our event is called TEDxMontaVista, where x = independently organized TED events. At our TEDxMontaVista event, TEDTalks video and live speakers will combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events, including ours, are self-organized.
About TEDx (x = independently organized event)
In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TED Talks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events are self-organized. (Subject to certain rules and regulations.)
TED is a nonprofit organization devoted to Ideas Worth Spreading. Started as a conference in California 1984, TED has grown to support those world-changing ideas with many initiatives.
At a TED conference, the world's leading thinkers and doers are asked to give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes or less. TED speakers have included Roger Ebert, Sheryl Sandberg, Bill Gates, Elizabeth Gilbert, Benoit Mandelbrot, Philippe Starck, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Brian Greene, Isabel Allende and former UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown.
On TED.com, talks from TED conferences are shared with the world for free as TED Talks videos. A new TED Talk is posted every weekday. Through the Open Translation Project, TED Talks are subtitled by volunteers worldwide. Through our distribution networks, TED Talks are shared on TV, radio, Netflix and many websites.
The TEDx initiative grants free licenses to people around the world to organize TED-style events in their communities with TED Talks and live speakers. Selected talks from these events are also turned into TED Talks videos.
The annual TED Prize grants $1 million to an exceptional individual with a wish to change the world. The TED Fellows program helps world-changing innovators from around the globe to become part of the TED community and, with its help, amplify the impact of their remarkable projects and activities. TED-Ed creates short video lessons by pairing master teachers with animators, for use in classroom instruction or independent learning.
For information about TED's upcoming conferences, visit here. Follow TED on Twitter at here, or on Facebook at here.
Monta Vista Tedx
21840 McClellan Rd, Cupertino, CA 95014


Dec 31st is the end of quarter three; this means your manager will be busy traveling to meet quarterly targets or planning to take the well-deserved winter break, after finishing the tasks that are behind schedule. Your chance of getting a reflective recommendation letter in his unique voice is minimal. Get all your recommendation letters by last week of November or first week of December. If they can't commit to your application, early enough, at least start the process by the first week of December. Meet the recommender and guide them through the narrative that you have covered and include examples that complement your story or strengthen your unique career path or value proposition.
By the second week of November you will receive admission decision for most Round 1 applications, and if you were shortlisted for an interview, the decisions would be released by December 2nd week. You will have a 2-week window to come up with new schools if you were rejected or waitlisted. Most Round 1 applicants will not consider the scenario after they get an interview call. Many in a last-minute effort to keep the chances alive choose the wrong school or wait for the waitlist cycle in Round 2.
Even if you have confidence in your interview performance, be prepared to shortlist a few more schools. The Round 2 list that was in the backburner might have to be re-evaluated. As a safe bet, apply to two more schools from your list even if you have given a great interview. This will hedge the bets against an unexpected outcome. Adjust the narrative according to the schools you are targeting. For any help, Download Winning MBA Essay Guide and Subscribe to our Essay Review Service.
The majority of applicants in round two are international since schools have reiterated in most of their communication that the chance for funding goes down after round 2. If you are a local applicant, bring narratives that are unique to the host country. This way, your essay will stand out in a heap of essays that highlight international travel as a unique value proposition.
If you are an international applicant, instead of parroting International travel experience, highlight your problem-solving skills at a Global level. More than working with diverse cultures, what you can bring is an ability to see problems and their impact on Global and local markets. Share the unique perspective on how decisions made at each international office and board level can have an impact on the future of the company.
An applicant who can bring a strategic insight is rare. Most applicants will go on and on about leadership, communication, and problem-solving skills at a project level. You should do that too, but bring a purpose to your action with insight, and the admission team will know that you will be a good candidate for post-MBA Consulting and General Management roles.
The first casualty for Round 2 applications is your vacation. Be prepared to spend a lot of time writing, re-writing, uploading documents, calling recommenders, throughout December and the first week of January. Postpone your vacation to the second week of January. It is tough to focus on your application when your colleagues and family is in their 'leisure' zone. For motivation to keep writing, listen to the 8 Hour Study Mix by Delta Notch; no words or tunes that will take you away from the writing process; pure trance to keep you in the zone.
Repeating the same mistake as in Round 1 can deter your admission chances. This is, however, tricky. Just changing directions by 180 degrees without evaluating the reasons for your dings can lead to completely revamping your MBA application in the wrong direction.
This is the most common reason for rejection. You were unsuccessful with your narrative to bring out the uniqueness in your profile or despite your best effort; your profile does not find the appeal for a top MBA program. Round 2 Schools might be entirely different from Round 1. Applicants shortlist 2nd tier and schools not in the top 10 ranking for Round 2. The idea to be unique often pushes applicants to create narratives that on reading looks like outliers. Don't overdo it. Change narratives after understanding what the school stands for. Sometimes a narrative that didn't work for a top MBA program might be perfect for your Round 2 Schools.
When we reviewed essays of round 1 applicants, even the most qualified candidate have a poor grasp of why narratives matter in MBA Admissions.
Once we demonstrate the difference between a standard essay with clichéd narrative and an essay that immediately grasp the attention of the admission team, they are sold on the idea. Applicants who have failed to understand the power of narrative have not read our Winning MBA Essay Guide. Don't write a novel but your words have a direct influence on your future. Choose them carefully, fully understanding the audience you are targeting.
Another common reason for Round 1 rejection is poor recommendation letter. The Admission team has given some consideration for grammatical errors in recommendation letters if the supervisor's first language is not English but choosing the wrong recommender can jeopardize your admission chances.
Most qualified supervisors are not naturally inclined to write recommendation letters. They are used to writing letters for job recommendations not for MBA Admissions. The rules are completely different. For jobs, the supervisor is focusing on a functional skill and affirming that the candidate would be a good fit.
In MBA Admissions, the supervisor has to highlight personal and professional traits in equal measure. A mismanaged schedule can often lead to a poor final version for the recommendation letter. Don't repeat the same mistake for Round 2. Pick the right recommender and manage the writing process.
Despite good narratives and strong credential of the recommenders, you might have been rejected because of your post-MBA goals and what the MBA program can offer is completely different. We recommended using the Employment report strategically in Winning MBA Essay Guide. Don't state post-MBA goals that have not been fulfilled by less than 10% of the previous class. You can be an outlier, but Business School is a conduit for consulting, finance, and technology jobs. Bring diversity to your narrative within the three spheres. If you are too out of the box, the admission team would be hesitant to pick you.
Despite the best narratives, recommendation letters, and right post-MBA goals, the competition might have killed your chances. There were too many applicants from your pre-MBA experience. Perhaps, your GMAT Score and GPA was on the borderline.
You might not need to revamp the application that you used for Round 1.
Share your profile and application strategy with us. We will evaluate why you were rejected and whether applying again with the same strategy is a good idea.


Encourage the community to adopt a healthy lifestyle by installing these attractive Orion™ bike racks in convenient locations throughout the city. These bike racks are capable of holding two bikes with the option to mount at front and rear wheel. The lean bar keeps the bike aligned vertically by providing extra support for the front wheel.
The 2-3/8" round tubing bike racks are available in a Galvanized, Powder-Coated, and Electro Polished Stainless Steel finish. Powder-Coated color options are available as shown. Available with round flanges. Drop In Anchors available for concrete installation.


The FDIC must effectively manage and utilize a number of critical strategic resources in order to carry out its mission successfully, particularly its human, financial, and information technology (IT) resources. Major accomplishments in improving the Corporation's operational efficiency and effectiveness are outlined below. Although the FDIC is not subject to the President's Management Agenda, many of these efforts are consistent with that agenda.
The FDIC's employees are its most important strategic resource. For that reason, it seeks to continue to be the employer of choice within the financial regulatory community and to operate a human resources program that attracts, develops, evaluates, rewards and retains a high quality, results-oriented workforce. This was a difficult challenge over the past 12 years because the Corporation was in a continuous downsizing mode as it completed the residual workload from the banking and thrift crises of the late 1980s and early 1990s. FDIC staffing declined from approximately 23,000 (including employees assigned to the Resolution Trust Corporation) in 1992 to fewer than 5,100 at year-end 2004.
At the President's Quality Award Ceremony (l to r): Deputy OMB Director Clay Johnson, FDIC CFO Steve App, DRR's Sharon Allen, Kevin Sheehan, Director Mitchell Glassman, Dan Walker, Nancy Champagne, Richard Salmon, OPM Director Kay Coles James, and FDIC Deputy to the Chairman John Brennan.
During 2004, the Corporation undertook a comprehensive analysis of its future staffing needs and formulated a human capital strategy to guide the FDIC through the rest of this decade. This strategy is based upon the implementation of a new Corporate Employee Program that will become the foundation for the establishment of a smaller more adaptable permanent workforce that reflects a more collaborative and corporate approach to meeting critical mission functions. This workforce will be capable of adapting quickly to significant unexpected events or changes in workload priorities in the future. The FDIC's future workforce will also require a somewhat different mix of skill sets than are available in the current workforce. The Corporation initiated steps in late 2004 to begin reshaping its workforce to be consistent with these concepts, including changes to current training programs administered by its Corporate University. The Corporation also began the development of a new human capital framework that, when implemented, will provide a methodology for future workforce planning and succession management.
The FDIC will require more flexibility in its management of human resources in order to realize its vision of its future workforce. To that end, the Corporation worked with the Office of Personnel Management to obtain expanded delegations of administrative authority. It also submitted to the Congress in late 2004 proposed legislation that would provide the FDIC with additional personnel authorities that are tied directly to the FDIC's unique mission responsibilities. These included independent hiring authority, greater flexibility in the use of term appointments, the ability to re-employ annuitants and waive dual compensation restrictions, authority to establish a separate appeals process for disciplinary actions, and the ability to hire experts and consultants in the same manner as other federal agencies.
During the past year, the Corporation continued to emphasize the linkage of individual pay to concrete accomplishment and contributions. Approximately 400 managers and supervisors were converted to a new Corporate Manager Program in April 2004. This program is similar to the Executive Manager classification and pay program instituted in 2002 and replaces the old program of fixed annual pay increases with a new pay and bonus program in which pay increases and bonuses vary by individual and are not guaranteed. More than 1,000 non-bargaining unit employees were also converted to a new Contributions-Based Compensation Program that provides a wider range of possible rewards than the Corporate Success Award program established in 2002.
The Corporation also initiated a new buyout and early retirement program in late 2004. This program is targeted to reduce identified staffing surpluses and to support the realignment of the current workforce, consistent with identified future workforce needs. The Corporation also announced planned reductions-in-force in 2005 and 2006, if necessary, to eliminate employee surpluses and support realignment of the FDIC workforce.
The FDIC's operating expenses are largely paid from the insurance funds, and the Corporation continuously seeks to improve its operational efficiency in fulfillment of its fiduciary responsibilities to the funds. To that end, the Corporation engages annually in a rigorous planning and budgeting process to ensure that budgeted resources are properly aligned with workload. That is particularly true with respect to staffing, since personnel costs constitute well over 60 percent of the Corporation's annual administrative expenses. In late 2004, the FDIC Board of Directors approved management recommendations to reduce authorized staffing by 674 positions, to 4,750, by year-end 2005.
Authorized year-end 2005 staffing is substantially lower than previous authorized staffing levels for the resolutions and receivership business line as well as the IT and administrative support functions. Staffing reductions were approved for the Division of Resolutions and Receiverships and the Legal Division following a lengthy analysis of current and projected future workload in the resolutions and receivership management area and reflect the smaller number of financial institution failures for the past several years. Staffing reductions in the Division of Information Resources Management and the Division of Administration reflect improved business processes, savings from contract consolidation, and outsourcing of functions where cost effective.
The FDIC adopted significant changes in 2004 to the sourcing strategy for obtaining contractor support for its IT functions. These changes incorporate the concept of partnering with the private sector and other federal agencies; the use of performance-based, results-driven contracts; the consolidation of nearly 100 support contracts into several large multi-year, all-encompassing contracts; and the appointment of full-time professional oversight managers to manage and administer these contracts. The structure of the new contracts places the emphasis on contractor performance and links contractor compensation to results achieved rather than costs incurred. The Board of Directors approved the consolidation of contracts supporting both the IT infrastructure and applications support.
Several years ago, the Corporation separated its investment expenses from its annual operating budget in order to ensure a more rigorous approach to the approval and management of major investment initiatives. The single most significant current initiative is the construction of additional FDIC office and multipurpose buildings adjacent to the existing facilities at Virginia Square. This project will eliminate the need for the Corporation to lease commercial space in downtown Washington, DC, and will substantially reduce future facility costs. The project remains on target for occupancy in the first quarter of 2006. Management processes have been implemented to ensure adherence to the project budget and schedule. Construction of the new building will provide estimated cost savings of approximately $78 million (net present value) over 20 years, when compared to the projected costs associated with the current headquarters leasing arrangements.
The Corporation established a new Chief Information Office (CIO) Council in February 2004. The overall mission of the Council is to serve as an executive-level advisory group to the CIO, and to help shape Corporate IT strategy and activities. Establishing the CIO Council is part of a multipronged approach to re-engineering the Corporation's IT program. The CIO Council advises the CIO on all aspects of adoption and use of IT at the FDIC. Accomplishing the Corporation's strategic goals and business objectives depends on achieving successful results from IT initiatives. One of the first initiatives of the Council was to conduct an analysis of FDIC's current applications portfolio. An estimated 30 existing applications were retired in 2004, with a larger number of retirements expected to occur over the next year.
Members of the CIO Council (l to r): Seated, CIO Council Chair Mike Bartell and Sandra Thompson. Standing: (l to r): Jerry Russomano, Eric Spitler, Gail Verley, Rus Rau, Ann Bridges Steely and Doug Jones. Not shown: Ron Bieker, Maureen Sweeney, Janet Roberson, and Gail Patelunas.
The FDIC also greatly expanded its use of its e-government portal, FDICconnect (a secure Web site that allows FDIC-insured institutions to conduct business and exchange information with the FDIC, other federal regulatory agencies and various state banking departments), in 2004. FDICconnect will enable the FDIC to comply with the Government Paperwork Elimination Act of 1998 (GPEA) and address Presidential guidelines that direct government agencies to establish electronic alternatives to current paper processes where feasible. Nearly 44 percent of FDIC-insured institutions have registered to use FDICconnect.
In 2004, the FDIC expanded the capabilities of FDICconnect to allow institutions to submit applications seeking extensions of time for completing a transaction or condition related to previously approved applications; prior FDIC consent to reduce or retire capital stock or capital notes or debentures; and approval to make golden parachute payments or excess non-discriminatory severance plan payments. In November, the FDIC Board approved use of FDICconnect as the vehicle for all insured financial institutions to receive their quarterly insurance assessment invoices and eliminated the requirement for institutions to sign and return correct certified statements, thus eliminating burden on the institutions.


This is our inventory of High Voltage Dry Type Transformers in stock and ready for immediate shipment. For a detailed view, choose one of the options below.
What is a high voltage dry type transformer?
MIDWEST sells and rents new and reconditioned used transformers. We can often find repaired, overhauled, or obsolete transformers and offer substantial savings over new units. We can recondition and repair a transformer so that is looks and performs like new.
What are some common uses of transformers over 112.5 KVA?
Transformers of this size are usually used for distribution or general purpose applications. These power transformers have electrical properties that allow them to be used in wide and varied applications.
Can we connect another transformer, in parallel, to an existing transformer that is too small to serve the load all by itself?
Yes but obtaining a larger transformer would be a better long-term solution. Transformers that are truly in parallel have their primary windings connected together and their secondary windings connected together. If you used a matched pair from a given manufacturer, ABC Serial number #128 and #129 and set them on the same high side tap and hooked the units in parallel, they would act like a transformer twice as big as seen from the load. Both transformers would share the load equally assuming all wire distances were equal, etc. The result of the transformers in parallel would provide a higher level of available fault current than what a transformer, alone, could deliver. If this is done with dissimilar transformers (different voltages, different tap ranges, different impedance, different sizes) you can get circulating currents between the two transformers in addition to the current flowing to the load. The circulating currents can be destructive and can lead to premature failure of one or both of the transformers. If either of the transformers fails while carrying the load, the remaining transformer will see the entire load. This we already know was too large for the first transformer and the reason the question was asked about connecting two transformers in parallel. The arrangement of parallel transformers to serve a much larger load is poor because neither transformer can be taken out of service with the load energized. Such an arrangement can lead to an extended period when routine maintenance is missed or skipped and minor issues are left unresolved which can progress further and lead to eventual transformer failure of one or both transformers. Generally, if a transformer is too small to serve a load it should be replaced by a unit that is large enough to serve the load without any additional help.


Family Psychological Associates operates a residential treatment facility for children and adolescents who will benefit from therapeutic out-of-home placements. The residences are located in the community of Butler to offer a warm, home-like setting with easy access to the community's resources.
The average length of stay in our program is six months. Families are encouraged to frequently visit and call their children through our open door policy. Therapeutic day and weekend leaves are available so that you and your child can practice the skills that are necessary to have your child return home successfully.
Intense Family Therapy and Aftercare components, which are unique to Kids Count Family Psychological's program.
Crisis Intervention Services are available 24-hours a day during therapeutic visits.


Energy Audit - Energy Conservation | Energy Resources Group Tech. Energy Audit - Energy Conservation | Energy Resources Group Tech.
How did you hear about the HES or HES-IE program?
Have you participated in any in-home utility conservation programs within the past 36 months?


United States of Tara - What TV series to begin? | TV Tips – Which tv Series should I watch next? series – TV Tips – Which tv Series should I watch next?
Tara, a professional woman, artist, wife and mother, diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly referred to as MPD - Multiple Personality Disorder) stops taking her medication and struggles to unite her "alters" (alternate personalities.) As the seemingly disparate portions of her psyche seek to combine and peaceably co-exist, Tara, her husband, their kids, family and friends deal with the fallout, life and various morons who do not know their schizophrenia from their MPD.


text:
Posted in NONPROFIT
York nonprofit explores risk of producing citywide digicam community
Individuals in York are seeking into creating a citywide surveillance digicam network.Gun violence has been an ongoing problem, but some say cameras may possibly make a distinction and defend witnesses."Having it on camera and currently being capable to fix these crimes," Montez Parker reported.Parker was employed by the nonprofit group Far better York to identify if a digital camera method would work in York."We are focusing on creating this metropolis far better and earning it safer," Parker claimed.In accordance to Parker, the surveillance network would be modeled soon after 1 in Lancaster. It would be constructed, owned and operated by a nonprofit business with a neighborhood board. The firm would get the job done with legislation enforcement, but the system would not be monitored by York law enforcement. Cameras would be set up at 55 areas throughout York at an estimated price tag of $3.7 million, which would be lined by grants and fundraising."We have men and women that experienced traumatic experiences with gun violence, have seen it proper in entrance of their doorstep and they want anything accomplished," Parker explained.Parker said an on line study reveals most men and women assist a digicam network, but the NAACP and ACLU have some concerns."We want to ensure that they are not just in Black and brown neighborhoods," Parker mentioned.Police Commissioner Michael Muldrow explained it is really significant to established up the cameras all over the metropolis and not just substantial criminal offense parts.The information and facts about the cameras has now been handed on to the mayor and city council. It truly is up to them to make the future move.
YORK, Pa. —
Folks in York are looking into making a citywide surveillance camera network.
Gun violence has been an ongoing challenge, but some say cameras may make a variation and safeguard witnesses.
"Getting it on digicam and being in a position to clear up these crimes," Montez Parker claimed.
Parker was hired by the nonprofit team Much better York to decide if a digicam technique would perform in York.
"We're focusing on creating this city far better and making it safer," Parker claimed.
In accordance to Parker, the surveillance network would be modeled immediately after a single in Lancaster. It would be constructed, owned and operated by a nonprofit organization with a group board. The group would perform with regulation enforcement, but the method would not be monitored by York police.
Cameras would be set up at 55 spots across York at an believed price of $3.7 million, which would be covered by grants and fundraising.
"We have people today that had traumatic activities with gun violence, have noticed it suitable in entrance of their doorstep and they want anything completed," Parker explained.
Parker stated an on line study exhibits most persons aid a camera community, but the NAACP and ACLU have some problems.
"We want to make sure that they are not just in Black and brown neighborhoods," Parker stated.
Police Commissioner Michael Muldrow said it truly is essential to established up the cameras through the city and not just higher crime parts.
The information and facts about the cameras has now been handed on to the mayor and city council. It is up to them to make the subsequent move.
Tagged citywide, Community, digicam, explores, Nonprofit, Producing, Risk, York
Engquist planning to establish Atwater, contingent on rezoning →
← Income might impact your other finances


text:
Citation. Bouabid, R.; Nater, E. A.; Barak, P. 1992. Measurement of pore size distribution in a lamellar Bt horizon using epiflourescence microscopy and image analysis. Geoderma 53:309-328. [1013 LTER]
Abstract. A staining technique suitable for epifluorescence microscopy of polished block surfaces was developed using proprietary dyes (Sanford Co.). The dyes greatly enhanced the contrast between panicles and pores, thereby allowing, with only minimal processing, the production of images suitable for automated pore and panicle size measurements. An algorithm, the "multi-directional minimum chord" (MDMC) method, was developed for measurement of pore size as it relates to the hydraulic properties of soils. Pore chord lengths were measured in two or more directions through a set of points on a grid. The smallest dimension was retained as being most representative of the effective capillary diameter, or hydraulic diameter, of the pore. Chord length distributions measured by the MDMC method were compared to those obtained by the unidirectional chord intercept method. These techniques were applied to a study of lamellar Bt horizon formation in sandy glacial outwash in the Anoka Sand Plain, Minnesota, U.S.A. The lamellae are nearly horizontal, occur from 0.6 to > 2 m depth, and vary in thickness from 0.5 to 6 cm. It was hypothesized that differences in pore size distribution initially present in the sands caused changes in soil hydraulic properties that may have been responsible for the initial formation of lamellae. Undisturbed samples containing lamellae and the underlying interlamellar horizons were collected using Kubiena boxes, oven-dried at low temperature, cast in resin, sawed in half, polished, and stained. Digitized images of lamellae and the upper-most part of the interlamellar horizons were taken using epifluorescence microscopy and then edited to remove clays to simulate conditions present before the formation of the lamellae. Pore and particle size distributions measured on the images by the MDMC method showed that significant differences existed between the lamellae and the uppermost part of the underlying interlamellar horizons. In all cases a coarse over finer pore size discontinuity existed at the bottom of the lamellar horizon, in support of the proposed mechanism for the initiation of lamellae formation.


text:
Percy Cummings (born 5 September 1946) is a former Australian rules football player who played five games for Hawthorn Football Club.

Cummings is the grandson of Joe Johnson, the first recognised Indigenous Australian to play in the VFL/AFL.

References

External links

1946 births
Living people
Hawthorn Football Club players
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Place of birth missing (living people)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home→Blog→Prejudice and Discrimination against Indonesian Chinese
Prejudice and Discrimination against Indonesian Chinese
In: Custom essay samples
This is one of the samples provided by our custom essays writing website to give you an example to use while writing your own essay.
Indonesia is a republic that officially promotes racial and ethnic tolerance. During the year 2004, Indonesian government made a progress in the transition from repressive rule to representative democracy. Despite the open promotion of equality for all, ethnic Chinese experience cruel discrimination on an every-day basis. Ethnic Chinese account for 3 percent of the population and are the largest minority group in Indonesia. Chinese played an important role in economic development of the country, nevertheless, because of discrimination and harassment instances, Chinese Indonesians tend to leave the country. Ethnic Chinese citizens are asked for the Republic of Indonesia Citizenship Certificate, even though this document is not required of non-Chinese citizens. The research conducted by the certified term papers writers, has shown that more than 50 articles of law and regulation violate the human rights of Indonesian Chinese. Despite the numerous revolts and protests, instances of open discrimination and hatred towards Indonesian Chinese continue to increase and the government does nothing to prevent it.
More than 60 ethnic Chinese families organized a protest in front of the Council building in Tangerang against the sale of land used as Chinese cemetery. Four years have passed since the city councilors agreed to review the case; however, no developments have been done so far. The cemetery is actively used for commercial developments while Chinese Indonesians are not able to bury their dead relatives. Notably, Indonesian government views all citizens as indigenous, except ethnic Chinese. According to the report released by the Bureau of Democracy, and used by the experts from custom essay help site, Indonesian government recognizes the existence of isolated communities; nevertheless, no progress is made to stop widespread discrimination and disrespectful attitude towards their traditional values (2005).
Admission Essay Topics
College Personal Essay
Good Admission Essay
Help on Coursework
It is worth to mention that Indonesia is the only country in the world with 95 percent of the whole population being Muslims (Chinese are mostly Catholic). Discrimination against Chinese is based not only on their race but also on religious ethnicity. The region of Central Sulawesi has equal populations of Christians and Muslims. The economic and political tensions between two groups cause severe violence. In 2003, 22 individuals died in communal violence in the result of unlawful killings. Reverend Freddy Wuisan, prosecutor Fery Silalahi, and Reverand Susianti Tinulele were killed near churches while leaving religious services with their families. The district court has found 11 guilties; nevertheless, the most severe sentence was 4 years (Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2005)! This is how the murder of Chinese Christians is punished by Indonesia government!
You are welcome to place an order on custom essay writing website to get a perfect paper!
Effect on Society
Open discrimination and prejudice towards Indonesian Chinese effect not only social life of the country but also political and economic spheres. Recalling the Asian Crisis of 1998, Chinese retailers were accused of the rise of rice and cooking oil prices. Ethnic Chinese were attacked because the government failed to explain that food storage and that high prices were not caused by Chinese retailers (Fiddle, 1998). Nine years later, the themes that Chinese are alien and disloyal, that they are anti-Muslims, and that they are selfish rich remain the dominating discrimination causes of discrimination towards ethnic Chinese.
Want to get a similar custom plagiarism-free paper? Contact us any time of night and day!
Racism in Indonesia is not based on skin color like in South Africa or in the United States. It is based on ethnicity and religion which gives rise to the violation of human rights in social, legal, cultural, and political spheres. Since the times of colonization, ethnic Chinese were forced to live in ghettos, they were required to wear a specific pass, and had no economic and political interaction with Indonesian population. Racial segregation has divided the society into three classes each of which had different regulations. Racism was controlled and even promoted by government and army (Indonesia: Discrimination against ethnic Chinese, 2000).
Check another essay example: http://custom-essay-writing-service.org/blog/college-diversity
Discrimination against Chinese in Indonesia fulfills several objectives. Segregation leads to social jealousy and hostility within the society and blindness of people justifies the failure of the government to provide social welfare. During the political unrest, prejudiced Chinese become a safety valve. Racism manifests in diverse forms ranging from discriminatory actions to abuses of human rights. The Asian Crisis of 1998 has led to killings, rape, and torture of ethnic Chinese. Their house was burned and cultural values were destroyed. Indonesian racism is carried out by the government and the prejudice towards Chinese has been nurtured for decades.
Let us remind you that we are always ready to help with your assignment writing.
The horror of reality
Recalling the year of 1965, thousands of Chinese were killed because of political unrest – Chinese were accused in support of Communist party. Suharto, the President of Indonesia, understood that Chinese made a significant contribution to the development of Indonesian economy and he worked hard to retain Chinese in the country. Nevertheless, the following laws actively participated: the Chinese language was prohibited in public, Chinese were restricted from entering state universities, Chinese were not able to enter military, political participation was not allowed, all Chinese symbols and celebration of Chinese New Year were banned, and Chinese were forced to change their names to Indonesian. Even though today these laws are no longer active, Indonesians are not willing to change their attitude towards ethnic Chinese.
If you want to get a detailed essay on this topic, you're welcome to contact our English essay writing company!
The terrifying massive discrimination took place in May 1998, when more than 60 ethnic Chinese women were raped by a group of Indonesians. Sally, a young Indonesian Chinese woman working as a financial consultant, was one of the victims and shared her experience with the global community:
I saw many men on the street. Their faces dreadful, shouting, "Kill Chinese", "Chinese are dogs", "Pigs", and other swearings. I was so afraid I was trembling in fear. Suddenly the crowd stopped my bus... They started to make non-Chinese to leave the bus, while Chinese ones were told to stay…After a few minutes, I heard people laughing. Then some men returned to the bus and began to strip us naked. I struggled with all might, but they were too many…Then we were told to leave the bus naked without a shred of cloth. Outside I saw the horrifying view, many bodies of Indonesian Chinese men were lying on the street…Under fading consciousness, I saw some Chinese women forced to dance around naked on the street. Then I felt my lower body hurt very much and then I remembered nothing... (Sally's Testimony, 1998).
Don't hesitate to ask us for custom essay help!
It is hard to understand the logic behind the cruel actions of Indonesian people towards Chinese citizens. It is even harder to understand why the government does nothing to prevent the incidents of aggressiveness against Indonesian Chinese.
Living in the world when the global community is proud to announce the protection of humans rights equally for all, most of the people are blind to the open discrimination occurring in neighboring countries. From the early history, Chinese contributed to the development of Indonesian economy, while Indonesian people pay back with killings, rape, and social exclusion. Discrimination in a violation of human rights and humiliation of dignity. Indonesian government does not protect Chinese citizens from attacks based on race and ethnicity; moreover, Indonesian people do not understand the horrors of their own actions.
Please, read this post if you need more essay examples: http://custom-essay-writing-service.org/blog/essays-on-altering-environment.html
Custom Essay Format
Essays Sale
Professional Essays Writers
Essays on Social Research


My hand-painted wall art can transform a bare room into that enjoyable, vibrant and joyful place.
Sweet Dream Murals creates custom wall murals and canvas wall art for nurseries, children's rooms, playrooms, game rooms and more.
Senior living in St. Louis South County Missouri offers independent living facilities on beautifully landscaped grounds, assisted living options, a nursing home facility, and a secure Alzheimer care area.
Hello! Thank you for stopping by! My name is Aja Blue Sullivan, and I am the owner of Kid Kave Decor, LLC. It seems that all roads, whether directly or indirectly, have led me to discover, develop, and embrace my passion for interior decorating and crafts. I have a B.S. in Psychology, I have been a stockbroker, training manager a restaurant chain, and a retail executive at Target. I am also pursuing my second B.S. in Nursing. Believe it or not, these experiences have served me just as well in my new business as much as my courses in decorating, design, home improvement, etc. However, you can have all the training, experience and talent in the world, but if you do not have the passion for what you do, it will show. Being the mother of two year old twin boys has been the biggest inspiration in my custom decor business. It helps me to not only be in tune with design and decor for children, but the value added aspects as well. The balance of form and function are key. At Kid Kave Decor, we believe that home decor should not only be about current trends, but a reflection of who we are or aspire to be. This is why the majority of the items you will find will be customized to you needs and styles. We will do our best to provide the color and fabric items to match any nursery, playroom, or family/multipurpose room style and decor. After you make your selections, we will work together to make your piece truly yours. Our favorite saying is, "Dress your home to fit your life. You can find us on Pinterest, Houzz, Facebook, Twitter, and at our website: www.KidKaveDecor.com. (coming soon) You can also contact me with any questions about the products listed, or a special creation. We also offer gift certificates! You can give the gift of decor for baby showers, births, housewarmings, etc. Again, thank you for taking the time to stop by. We look forward to working with you!
We are a local online store in business of selling a variety of things needed for personal and home. When shopping with us you are giving back to the community and earning a little extra on the side.
What does a Town and Country kids room and nursery designer do?
Most designers who specialize in decor for kids' rooms and nurseries will tell you that a child's room isn't just for sleeping in. Little ones need a space where they can learn, play and sleep safely. Furniture, blinds and even lighting have to work safely for both you and your little one. Whether you're hunting for small or large brands, make sure you chat with your Town and Country, MO designer to make sure that what you buy meets safety requirements.
To choose kids' furniture that will stand up to the rigors of active play, look for high-quality furniture that meets Missouri standards. Make sure that each designer and manufacturer you work with is aware of any product recalls, dangerous materials and structural requirements. If you're planning a larger project that goes beyond products, you might need to reach out to other qualified professionals for help. Here are some related professionals and vendors to complement the work of kids & nursery: Artists & Artisans, Furniture & Accessories, Interior Designers & Decorators.
Find kids' room and nursery professionals on Houzz. Narrow your search in the Professionals section of the website to Town and Country, MO kids' room and nursery designers. You can also look through Town and Country, MO photos to find a room you like, then contact the designer who worked on it.