text:
Tourism is a major contributor to Cheshire's economy - and it's still growing
PUBLISHED: 18:32 21 August 2012 | UPDATED: 21:46 20 February 2013
Cheshire has scores of popular tourist attractions and the industry plays a major part in the county's economy
Cheshires tourism industry is a major part of the countys economy, and a growing one the value of tourist business rose by an impressive five per cent from 2009 to 2010.
If you look at tourism it represents about 2 billion out of a 21-22 billion economy so around 10 per cent, so it is significant already, says Barrie Kelly, Marketing Director of Marketing Cheshire. But there is undoubtedly more to go at given the wealth of natural space the county enjoys, and the many fine attractions.
Probably the best-known tourist draw in the county is the city of Chester itself, famed for its Roman heritage, splendid city walls, and fantastic shopping even one of the great tourist sites, the Rows, is of course a shopping area.
The citys zoo is another attraction that those beyond the region will be aware of, and for good reason: it is the second most visited
attraction in Britain (after The Tower of London), with 1.4 million visitors in 2011 able to see its more than 7000 species.
Chester Zoo has a really rich heritage. We are just over 75 years old now; George Mottershead the founder and his family looked at creating a zoo without bars, so thats the vision behind what we do - people can come along and feel at one with nature, and see the animals in as close to a natural habitat as possible, says Managing Director Barbara Smith.
But as with so much in the county, there is no intention of sitting still: I think everyone in Chester knows we cannot rely on our past because there is a lot of competition out there, she continues.
The continual evolution of the zoo it is constantly being added to is one of the brilliant aspects about it. An immersive exhibit about the zoos hunting dogs has proved a big recent success; likewise an animatronic dinosaur exhibition Dinosaurs at Large. The Queen and Prince Philip opened the new Diamond Jubilee Quarter in May 2012,
allowing visitors to enjoy the retail and catering facilities without paying to enter the zoo.
Currently we are working on a fantastic 30 million project called The Islands, that is going to showcase our conservation work that we are really proud of in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, taking visitors on a conservation expedition though the islands to see these animals in close to their natural environment. With the market of those within an hours drive at saturation point Barbara and her team are aiming further afield.
A shuttle bus service bookable from Euston means London visitors can be in the zoo two-and-a-half hours after boarding their direct train to Chester. Increasing the number of international visitors is the next target, but the basic mission remains constant: When our visitors come to Chester Zoo they are not only having a great British day out - they know they are investing in a good cause in terms of conservation of animals and animal welfare, she says.
Along with the big names there are some less well-known gems including one until recently a secret: If you want a surprising attraction try Hack Green Secret Nuclear Bunker near Nantwich, says Barrie Kelly, Thats a quirky one.
Warrington Wolves
Thanks to their 2009 and 2010 back-to-back Challenge Cup successes Warrington Wolves have gained greater national attention, though for Rugby League fans this historic club, a fixture in the top-flight since the split with Rugby Union in 1895 (the only one to claim that record) is already a famous name.
The 2003 move to a new home The Halliwell Jones Stadium increased crowd capacity to 15,200 from the 9000 at the old Wilderspool ground. Warrington Wolves represent another facet of leisure in the county, and maybe the seam of true grit in its character.
Anyone who doesnt think of sport as a tourist activity should consider one recent and one upcoming event: In 2004-5 we hosted UEFA European Womens football here, one of five stadiums in the Northwest, and those games were transmitted to 57 countries worldwide, says Andy Gatcliffe, Chief Executive of Warrington Wolves:
Next year the Rugby League World Cup is being held in England and Wales and the Halliwell Jones stadium is hosting three games how good is that for the borough-wide community? It gives a 2.5 million boost to the local economy hotels, axis restaurants...
The Halliwell Jones Stadium is a major local resource too. Mr Gatcliffe says: You cant survive in a business on a game every fortnight. You have to sweat the asset, which means that a huge range of hospitality events are held there, working with Heathcotes who on matchdays have 153 staff on site; the Warrington Primary Care Trust rents space and locates 27 health services there, plus their training suite; another tenant, Physio First, provides further steady income. But in the end this is a rugby league club, and one now at the top of the tree: Fans want to be associated with success.
We were doing crowds of 7000, now it is averaging 12000 and 40 per cent of them are ladies, with growing numbers of kids, Andy says.
The club puts a huge amount back into the community, and not just in terms of its 638 full- and part-time employees. Its Foundation, with impressive facilities in the stadium, hosts and runs numerous community activities: work placements, volunteer programmes, outreach schemes, health projects... A new development is the planned Wolves New Business Day, to help those thinking of setting up on their own. And just eight years ago this was a brownfield site.
Tatton Park
In times past Cheshire was a wealthy corner of England, thanks to its mineral riches, agriculture, and leading place in the Industrial Revolution.
It has more than its share of millionaires still, the Golden Triangle whose points are Wilmslow, Alderley Edge and Prestbury, is home to a squad of Premier League players. Perhaps one day some footballers mansion will become a major visitor attraction in the county, but it is never likely to match the magnificence of Tatton Park.
Tatton Park is a 2000 acre estate, half of which is open to visitors, says the man who runs it, Brendan Flanagan: Within that there is a Grade I listed mansion house with all its original collections, about 50 acres of formal gardens including an Italian garden, Japanese garden the best in Europe according to the Japanese - a working rare breeds farm which is open to visitors, and a medieval hall.
Brendan is employed by Cheshire East Council as its Visitor Economy and Tatton Park Manager, though they dont own it: Tatton is owned by the National Trust but leased to Cheshire East Council who manage and finance it.
That relationship is important in terms of the facilities, style
and quality of the place but also how it is perceived by people because we do manage it to at least the standards of the National Trust in terms of conservation etc, but we have a slightly wider audience base and range of activities than some traditional National Trust properties - and yet it is perceived by some still as being National Trust so it does draw that audience as well, he continues.
Like Chester Zoo Tatton is nationally known: A number of things have helped that to happen, says Brendan: One of which is the annual RHS Flower Show, as it gets national press and television coverage. The arts biennial at the attraction reaches another national audience.
Not even a celebrated tourist spot like Tatton can afford to stand still. Like a larger Heligan its walled kitchen gardens were restored a decade ago; and there are plans for a major change: In terms of future developments we have one major one in planning application at the moment, a new woodland attraction called Bewilderwood, which is planned to bring in an additional 200000 visitors in its own right, says Mr Flanagan. If all goes well that will open in the spring of 2014.
Cheshire and Warrington Tourism Facts and Figures
(all figures 2010)
Visitor numbers: 44 million (41 million day visits, 3 million stays)
Estimated value to the economy: 2 billion
Estimated jobs supported by tourism: 30400
317000 stays by overseas visitors, with spend 170 million
This article appeared in Cheshire Business Life - click here to read the FREE digital edition


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Q: Accessing Mapper's counter in Reducer phase (before finishing the job) As it is quite obvious from title, my aim is to use the Mapper's counter in the reduce phase, before finishing the particular job.
I have come across a few questions which were highly related to this question, but non of them solved all my problems.
(Accessing a mapper's counter from a reducer,
Hadoop, MapReduce Custom Java Counters Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalStateException: Job in state DEFINE instead of RUNNING,
etc.)
    @Override
public void setup(Context context) throws IOException, InterruptedException{
    Configuration conf = context.getConfiguration();
    Cluster cluster = new Cluster(conf);
    Job currentJob = cluster.getJob(context.getJobID());
    mapperCounter = currentJob.getCounters().findCounter(COUNTER_NAME).getValue();
}

My problem is that the cluster does not contain any job history.

The way how I call the mapreduce job:
private void firstFrequents(String outpath) throws IOException,
        InterruptedException, ClassNotFoundException {
        Configuration conf = new Configuration();
        Cluster cluster = new Cluster(conf);
        conf.setInt("minFreq", MIN_FREQUENCY);
        Job job = Job.getInstance(conf, "APR");
        // Counters counters = job.getCounters();
        job.setJobName("TotalTransactions");
        job.setJarByClass(AssociationRules.class);
        job.setMapperClass(FirstFrequentsMapper.class);
        job.setReducerClass(CandidateReducer.class);

        job.setOutputKeyClass(Text.class);
        job.setOutputValueClass(IntWritable.class);

        FileInputFormat.addInputPath(job, new Path("input"));
        FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job, new Path(outpath));

        job.waitForCompletion(true);
    }

Mapper:
    import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.hadoop.io.IntWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;

public class FirstFrequentsMapper extends
        Mapper<Object, Text, Text, IntWritable> {
    public enum Counters {
        TotalTransactions
    }

    private IntWritable one = new IntWritable(1);

    public void map(Object key, Text value, Context context)
            throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        String[] line = value.toString().split("\\\t+|,+");
        int iter = 0;
        for (String string : line) {
            context.write(new Text(line[iter]), one);
            iter++;
        }
        context.getCounter(Counters.TotalTransactions).increment(1);

    }
    }

Reducer
    public class CandidateReducer extends Reducer<Text, IntWritable, Text, IntWritable>{
    private int minFrequency;
    private long totalTransactions;

    @Override
    public void setup(Context context) throws IOException, InterruptedException{
        Configuration conf = context.getConfiguration();
        minFrequency = conf.getInt("minFreq", 1);
       Cluster cluster = new Cluster(conf);
        Job currentJob = cluster.getJob(context.getJobID());
        totalTransactions = currentJob.getCounters().findCounter(FirstFrequentsMapper.Counters.TotalTransactions).getValue();
        System.out.print(totalTransactions);
    }

    public void reduce(Text key, Iterable<IntWritable> values, Context context)throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        int counter = 0;
        for (IntWritable val : values) {
            counter+=val.get();
        }

        /* Item frequency calculated*/
        /* Write it to output if it is frequent */
        if (counter>= minFrequency) {
            context.write(key,new IntWritable(counter));
        }
    }

}

A: The correct setup(), or reduce() implementation, to get the value of a counter, is exactly the one shown in the post that you mention:
Counter counter = context.getCounter(CounterMapper.TestCounters.TEST);
long counterValue = counter.getValue();

where TEST is the name of the counter, which is declared in an enum TestCounters.
I don't see the reason why you declare a Cluster variable...
Also, in the code that you mention in your comments, you should store the returned result of the getValue() method in a variable, as the counterValue variable above.
Perhaps, you will find this post useful, as well.
UPDATE: Based on your edit, I believe that all you are looking for is the number of MAP_INPUT_RECORDS which is a default counter, so you don't need to re-implement it.
To get the value of a counter from the Driver class, you can use (taken from this post):
job.getCounters().findCounter(COUNTER_NAME).getValue();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Beautiful 2 bedroom cottage in the heart of Wiltshire with large garden and spectacular views. The cottage dates back to 18 hundreds. I have done a complete refurbishment bringing back some of the original features. Hens cottage is set in a very quiet location and comprises of kitchen, lounge, bathroom, 2 bedrooms. There is a large quiet garden and patio where you can enjoy beautiful sunsets. The cottage can accommodate 3-4 people (NB you have to go through one bedroom to get to the other).
Not safe or suitable for children (0-12) and pets - The garden in on different levels, so all children would need to be supervised.


Acta Inform Med. 2015 Dec;23(6):356-9. doi: 10.5455/aim.2015.23.356-359.
Shahraki AD1, Safdari R1, Gahfarokhi HH1, Tahmasebian S1.
Providing complete and high quality health care services has very important role to enable people to understand the factors related to personal and social health and to make decision regarding choice of suitable healthy behaviors in order to achieve healthy life. For this reason, demographic and clinical data of person are collecting, this huge volume of data can be known as a valuable resource for analyzing, exploring and discovering valuable information and communication. This study using forum rules techniques in the data mining has tried to identify the affecting factors on hearing loss after birth in Iran.
The survey is kind of data oriented study. The population of the study is contained questionnaires in several provinces of the country. First, all data of questionnaire was implemented in the form of information table in Software SQL Server and followed by Data Entry using written software of C # .Net, then algorithm Association in SQL Server Data Tools software and Clementine software was implemented to determine the rules and hidden patterns in the gathered data.
Two factors of number of deaf brothers and the degree of consanguinity of the parents have a significant impact on severity of deafness of individuals. Also, when the severity of hearing loss is greater than or equal to moderately severe hearing loss, people use hearing aids and Men are also less interested in the use of hearing aids.
In fact, it can be said that in families with consanguineous marriage of parents that are from first degree (girl/boy cousins) and 2(nd) degree relatives (girl/boy cousins) and especially from first degree, the number of people with severe hearing loss or deafness are more and in the use of hearing aids, gender of the patient is more important than the severity of the hearing loss.
Acta Inform Med. 2015 Dec;23(6):356-359.


NEW DELHI (AP) — Northern India's power grid crashed Monday, halting hundreds of trains, forcing hospitals and airports to use backup generators and leaving 370 million people — more than the population of the United States and Canada combined — sweltering in the summer heat.
The blackout, one of the worst to hit India in a decade, highlighted the nation's inability to feed a growing hunger for energy as it strives to become a regional economic power.
The country's northern grid crashed about 2:30 a.m. because it could no longer keep up with the huge demand for power in the hot summer, officials in the state of Uttar Pradesh said. However, Power Minister Sushil Kumar Shinde said he was not sure exactly what caused the collapse and had formed a committee to investigate it.
The grid feeds the nation's breadbasket in Punjab, the war-wracked region of Kashmir, the burgeoning capital of New Delhi, the Dalai Lama's Himalayan headquarters in Dharmsala and the world's most populous state, the poverty stricken Uttar Pradesh.
By late morning, 60 percent of the power had been restored in the eight northern states affected by the outage and the rest was expected to be back on line by the afternoon, Shinde said. The grid was drawing power from the neighboring Eastern and Western grids as well as getting hydroelectric power from the neighboring mountain kingdom of Bhutan.
Without electricity, residents were roused from sleep when their fans and air conditioners stopped, and came out of their homes in New Delhi's sweltering heat as the entire city turned dark. Temperatures in the city were in the mid 30s (90s Fahrenheit) with 89 percent humidity. New Delhi's renowned Metro transit system, with 1.8 million daily riders, was forced to shut down for hours during the morning commute. Some trains across the northern region were stranded when their electric engines failed. Others were delayed by hours as they were hooked to diesel engines.
While the outage Monday was unique in its reach, its impact was softened by Indians' familiarity with almost daily power outages of varying duration. Hospitals and major businesses have generators that kick in when during power cuts, and upscale homes run on backup systems powered by truck batteries.
"This will obviously get worse," said Subhash Chawla, a 65-year-old retiree who took the Metro once power was restored. "Unless the Metro has a separate power supply, it will be chaos in the future."
The failure was the first time since 2001 that the northern grid had collapsed. But India's demand for electricity has soared since then as its economy has grown sharply. The outage was a reminder of the country's long road ahead in upgrading its infrastructure to meet its aspirations of being an economic superpower.
India's Central Electricity Authority reports power deficits of about 8 percent in recent months. But any connection to the grid remains a luxury for many. One-third of India's households do not even have electricity to power a light bulb, according to last year's census.
Transmission and distribution losses in some states are as much as 50 percent because of theft and connivance of employees in the power industry.
The power deficit was worsened by a weak monsoon that lowered hydroelectric generation and kept temperatures higher, further increasing electricity usage as people seek to cool off. Shivpal Singh Yadav, the power minister in the state of Uttar Pradesh, home to 200 million people, said that while demand during peak hours hits 11,000 megawatts, the state can only provide 9,000 megawatts.
Earlier this month, angry crowds blocked traffic and clashed with police after blackouts in the Delhi suburb of Gurgaon that houses many high-rise apartment blocks and offices. With no power in some neighborhoods for more than 24 hours, people erected blockades that paralyzed traffic for several hours.
Associated Press writer Biswajeet Banerjee contributed to this report from Lucknow, India.


The Neil Armstrong biopic leads with three wins, 'Beautiful Boy' helps Timothee Chalamet win the Supporting Actor Award, while 'Black Panther' lands the coveted Film Award.
AceShowbiz - The 2018 awards season has been unofficially kicked off with the 22nd Hollywood Film Awards which was held at the Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills on Sunday, November 4. Actress and comedian Awkwafina, who stars in "Crazy Rich Asians" and "Ocean's 8", hosted the event, taking over the gig from three-time emcee James Corden.
It was a big night for "First Man", which bagged three awards, including Director Award for Damien Chazelle, Film Composer Award for Justin Hurwitz and Editor Award for Tom Cross. The Neil Armstrong biopic reunited Chazelle with Ryan Gosling, after they worked together in 2016 awards-winning musical film "La La Land".
"Beautiful Boy (2018)" trailed behind with two trophies. Timothee Chalamet was honored with Supporting Actor Award for his portrayal of Steve Carell's on-screen drug-addicted son in the drama based on a true story. The movie's helmer Felix Van Groeningen, meanwhile, nabbed the Breakthrough Director Award.
"Beautiful Boy" actor Timothee Chalamet and his "Call Me by Your Name" co-star Armie Hammer hit the red carpet of the 2018 Hollywood Film Awards.
Also taking home two trophies, "Green Book" won Screenwriter Award for Peter Farrelly, Nick Vallelonga and Brian Hayes Currie, while its cast was honored with Ensemble Award. Meanwhile, "Crazy Rich Asians" stars were presented with Breakout Ensemble Award.
Mahershala Ali's movie "Green Book" nabbed two awards at the November 4 event.
"Crazy Rich Asians" stars Constance Wu, Henry Golding and Michelle Yeoh attended the award-giving ceremony.
Hugh Jackman was named best actor for his performance in "The Front Runner", while Glenn Close won a trophy in the female category for her role in "The Wife". Amandla Stenberg ("The Hate U Give") and John David Washington ("BlacKkKlansman") took the Breakout Performance Actress and Actor Award respectively.
"The Front Runner" star Hugh Jackman won Hollywood Actor Award.
"Black Panther" landed the top honor, Film Award, with "Incredibles 2" being hailed as the best animated movie. Nicole Kidman, whose latest feature film acting credit is "Boy Erased", was also feted with Career Achievement Award that night.
Michael B. Jordan's movie "Black Panther" took home the top honor, Film Award.
Career Achievement Award honoree Nicole Kidman came with her husband Keith Urban.
Hollywood Supporting Actor Award: Timothee Chalamet, "Beautiful Boy"
Hollywood Breakout Ensemble Award: "Crazy Rich Asians"
Hollywood Breakout Performance Actress Award: Amandla Stenberg, "The Hate U Give"
Hollywood Breakout Performance Actor Award: John David Washington, "BlacKkKlansman"
Hollywood Breakthrough Director Award: Felix Van Groeningen, "Beautiful Boy"
New Hollywood Award: Yalitza Aparicio, "ROMA"
Hollywood Actress Award: Glenn Close, "The Wife"
Hollywood Actor Award: Hugh Jackman, "The Front Runner"
Hollywood Director Award: Damien Chazelle, "First Man"
Hollywood Screenwriter Award: Peter Farrelly, Nick Vallelonga and Brian Hayes Currie, "Green Book"
Hollywood Ensemble Award: "Green Book"
Hollywood Film Award: "Black Panther"
Hollywood Animation Award: "Incredibles 2"
Hollywood Cinematography Award: Matthew Libatique, "A Star Is Born"
Hollywood Film Composer Award: Justin Hurwitz, "First Man"
Hollywood Editor Award: Tom Cross, "First Man"
Hollywood Visual Effects Award: Dan Deleeuw, Kelly Port, Russel Earl and Dan Sudick, "Avengers: Infinity War"
Hollywood Costume Design Award: Sandy Powell, "The Favourite"
Hollywood Make-Up & Hair Styling Award: Jenny Schircore, Sarah Kelly and Hannah Edwards, "Mary Queen of Scots"
Hollywood Production Design Award: Hannah Beachler, "Black Panther"
Hollywood Sound Award: Erik Aadahl, Ethan Van der Ryn and Brandon Proctor, "A Quiet Place"


With September being Childhood Cancer Awareness Month, Honest was inspired to support the cause, and it partnered with The MaxLove Project to provide empowering health resources to children and families who need it the most.
By utilizing social media and a microsite app, Honest sought to engage its community to help reach its goal of $30,000 for The MaxLove Project, a diverse group of parents, doctors, researchers, and more—all inspired to help children faced with childhood cancer not only thrive but go on to lead healthy, happy lives.
As part of this campaign, a microsite app was set up, and folks were asked to share who or what inspires them to live a healthy life. A custom photo overlay was created with the words "Inspired By _____" so everyone could fill in the blank and participate on a personal level. The audience was engaged via the hashtag #HonestLovesMax to create a community fighting for the same goal and to track engagement.
Throughout the month of September 2015, $1 was donated to The MaxLove Project for every Instagram post and tweet with the hashtag #HonestLovesMax, as well as comments posted through the HonestLovesMax microsite app at http://honestlovesmax.com. The campaign was promoted across Honest's social channels and utilized its corporate blog to delve deeper and explain in detail how the funds raised would support The MaxLove Project.
The goal of raising $30,000 was exceeded (the total was over $40,000), and 41,000 #HonestLovesMax hashtags garnered 104 million impressions. The #HonestLovesMax microsite had almost 11,000 page views and 4,550 users participating in the campaign, and the average time spent on the site per user was over two minutes.


Water springs are the origin of our streams and rivers. The creek turns into a river. The river flows into the sea. The water cycle closes again when in the end the water drops form a cloud.
Description Half minute waltz Water springs are the origin of our streams and rivers. The creek turns into a river. The river flows into the sea. The water cycle closes again when in the end the water drops form a cloud.


Understand how motivation works for different people, and how we can use that knowledge to bring out the best in our colleagues and ourselves.
Imagine this: You have a major tender report to submit before your year-end performance appraisal, and not one but two policies that you have offered to review. Still, you wish you could do more, if you were not already so stretched.
Meanwhile your perfectly capable colleague does only the minimum at work to get by. He could certainly contribute much more – if only he were motivated.
What makes some people self-starters, who seem like they can do it all, and others needing a push to do more? For the latter, it may not be laziness or a bad attitude, but a matter of brain chemistry.
Dopamine, a neurotransmitter or chemical that transmits signals in nerve cells, has long been associated with reward and pleasure.
More recent findings, however, show that it plays a bigger role in regulating motivation.
According to Dr John Salamone, psychology professor at the University of Connecticut, dopamine is what encourages us to start and persevere towards a goal.
Over 15 years, he studied motivation behaviour by adjusting dopamine levels in rats placed in a cage with two piles of food.
The rats with lower levels of dopamine always chose the easier, unobstructed path to a pile of food. Those with higher dopamine levels, however, would go for the other pile that was twice as large, despite having to first jump over a small fence to reach it.
"Low levels of dopamine make people and other animals less likely to work for things, so it has more to do with motivation and cost-benefit analyses than pleasure itself," Dr Salamone told his university newspaper after publishing his findings in 2012.
In humans, individuals naturally have different levels of dopamine, which also fluctuate. Too little of the stuff can cause a lack of will to do anything, or worse, lead to depression. On the other hand, too much dopamine could explain why some people pursue – and even get addicted to – harmful behaviour, as they are more compelled to act to seek sensation.
In another 2012 study, researchers at Vanderbilt University found that, during a challenging 20-minute task, dopamine showed up in different areas of the brain for individuals tackling the task differently.
The "go-getters" had more dopamine in parts of the brain known to play important roles in reward and motivation. The brains of "slackers", however, showed more dopamine in the area of the brain involved in emotion and perceiving risk.
Low levels of dopamine make people and other animals less likely to work for things.
This suggests that dopamine can have different effects when present in different parts of the brain. But there is no data yet to correlate this different behaviour to long-term achievement, explained researcher David Zald – and fortunately, it is possible to retrain the brain.
Other than what happens in the brain, people are also motivated by different factors. What works to motivate one person may backfire with another individual.
Motivation can be extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards, such as money, recognition or praise. Those who respond well to such rewards may be motivated by power and/or achievement, two of the motivational needs identified by Harvard psychology professor David McClelland. Those motivated by power want influence over others, either for personal gain or to advance a group's collective goals.
People are also motivated differently in different situations, says motivational speaker and author Tamara Lowe, who spent eight years studying motivation in 10,000 subjects. For example, someone might need variety to thrive in the workplace, but prefer stability at home or at leisure.
In her book, Get Motivated!, she encapsulates motivation in a simple model she calls "Motivational DNA": drivers, needs and awards. Everyone is to a certain extent driven by a connection with others (affiliation) or production (achievement), has needs for either variety or stability, and is best motivated by intrinsic (e.g., purpose) or extrinsic awards (e.g., money, fame).
Now that you know how motivation works differently in people's brains, find out whether some commonly held beliefs about what gets people going are true or false.
1. Money is the best motivator for everyone except Millennials, who prefer purpose and autonomy.
It is not just young people who seek more than monetary rewards from work. Studies have shown that for higher-order work, such as those requiring creativity or analysis, too many external rewards can backfire.
A London School of Economics study covering 51 corporate environments found that greater financial incentives can actually lead to a negative impact on overall performance. While bonuses and other financial reward schemes are helpful, they could also have serious negative effects. Increasing financial incentives as an extrinsic reward can turn out to reduce the intrinsic desire to do certain tasks and worsen performance.
Career analyst Daniel Pink has also warned against relying on money as a motivator in the modern workplace. His research finds other benefits, such as recognition, flexible hours and status, to be more motivating than money.
Short answer: Both money and other incentives, such as autonomy, are required – the key is finding the right balance for each employee.
2. Good leaders and bosses will always be able to motivate their staff.
Reward policies from management can help to motivate staff; however, this motivation cannot be created out of nothing. To build a motivated team, leaders must first recruit people who are motivated and then build on or channel that motivation correctly, says Susan Fowler, author of Why Motivating People Doesn't Work… and What Does. She argues that trying to create, rather than channel, motivation in others never works. That is why recruitment and human resources is so important to the success of an organisation.
Short answer: Yes, but only if you recruit the right people for your team.
3. Motivation can be directly measured.
Motivation, being qualitative, is tricky to observe. Studies tend to discuss motivation in terms of tangible performance, such as productivity. They may also see it as relative by comparing motivation levels over time or towards different goals. These definitions may be useful for tracking and comparing changes, but do not make the quality of personal motivation any clearer to us.
Then there is the Hawthorne effect, which describes the changing of behaviour by subjects of a study due to their awareness of being monitored. In a study at Hawthorne Works, an electrical works factory, certain factors such as the brightness of light were thought to boost workers' motivation. But further observation showed that it was actually the act of being studied that boosted their motivation, by giving them a sense of significance.
Trying to create, rather than channel, motivation in others never works. That is why the role of recruitment and human resources is so important to the success of an organisation.
4. Inspirational stories are useful for getting motivated.
Does the story of multibillionaire Bill Gates' success after dropping out of Harvard University inspire you? How about local swimmer Joseph Schooling's streak of gold medals at the South East Asian Games? Though such stories are always nice to hear, studies have shown that as a motivational tool they do not reliably produce tangible results.
In fact, these tales of triumph can result in a sort of inertia: they work to motivate individuals who are already making a tremendous effort to push on, but have an opposite effect on those who have not yet got going, intimidating and discouraging them instead.
Short answer: It depends on whether you have started on your goal or task.
5. Those wired to be slackers are doomed to underachieve.
Not necessarily. The brain is "plastic", a term brain scientists use to mean that it is malleable and can learn. Dopamine levels, and hence motivation, also fluctuate all the time. It is possible to train yourself to think and act differently to tap the link between dopamine and motivation – read Methods for more tips.
6. Write down your goals for a better shot at success.
In motivational speeches and books, a statistic often bandied about is that the 3% of Yale graduates in the class of 1953 who had set clear, written goals at graduation achieved greater financial success and wealth than all the other 97% graduates combined, 20 years after graduation. However, writers Lawrence Tabak and Paul Morin, who separately went digging for its origins, found no evidence that such a study ever took place.
While this particular example is indeed a myth, it does not mean that techniques of setting specific, measurable and timebound goals are ineffective. Writing down and displaying your goals can be useful as visual reminders, and serve as a way for others around you to hold you accountable.
Short answer: True, but you have to also act on your goals.
Readers on Cube share their advice.
"If staff are having difficulties, are we willing to go the extra mile to help them? … Our [public officers] have set an example for the government service. While [we] do more for our customers, I think that we should do more for [public officers too]," says Jonathan Lim, an engineer at the PUB, Singapore's national water agency.
Words like chapalang ("a random mix" in Singlish) – "How long do you want to do this chapalang work?" – can affect someone badly, says Ms Nurjasliana Ali from the Municipal Services Office, National Environment Agency.
Mr Jackson Yeo is a teacher at Coral Primary School who believes that motivation is important not only for students but for teachers too. He created a Facebook page to share motivational resources with teachers.
Practical advice to motivate yourself and others around you.
Taking care of your body also benefits your mental state. Meeting your basic needs for rest, food and fitness will improve your dopamine levels, making you feel better. A "runner's high", for example, is due to a spike in dopamine. Dr John Ratey, who wrote Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain, found that exercise raises dopamine levels by promoting the growth of new brain cell receptors.
Consuming nutritious food that contain the amino acid tyrosine, a protein that is a building block of dopamine, will also help. Such foods include cheese, soy, leafy vegetables, beet, avocado, most lean meats – and yes, dark chocolate (which contains tyramine, a similar substance).
The brain can be trained to feed off bursts of dopamine sparked by rewarding experiences, according to neurologist Judy Willis. Breaking a big task down into smaller steps is a way of "rewiring the brain" to attach a dopamine response to the task you want as a reward.
The secret behind an inspirational montage in any film is the music. Playing the right music is an easy way to set the mood if you need some motivation.
And if you want to power it up, hit the shuffle button. Randomness and unpredictability in music has been shown to increase dopamine levels and boost mental energy.
To keep your motivation going all day, and longer if you want, write down your goals on something you can keep on you. Many people have found success with "promise cards" offered by Because I Said I Would, a social movement and non-profit organisation. You can easily print the cards from their site or make your own.
Humans are emotional, and hence irrational creatures, by nature so rationalising a goal (i.e., "Get the project done early so there will be time for double-checking.") is not that effective in lighting a fire under us. Anyone feeling a work slump can attest that there is a gap between knowing something has to be done and taking action to get it done.
One way to get motivated quickly is to tap your emotions rather than fight them, says Chip Heath, in his book Switch: How to Change Things When Change Is Hard. For example, if you have just been reprimanded, channel your feelings of disappointment, sadness or anger into spurring motivation (e.g., "I will prove my boss wrong and show quality work!"). Trying to stay fully rational – say, by telling yourself to get over it and get back to focusing on a task – will only cause your negative emotions to intensify, possibly affecting your work.
A "runner's high", for example, is due to a spike in dopamine.
According to Neil Fiore, author of The Now Habit, it is not the nature of a task that creates resistance or procrastination, but our relationship with it. He suggests a simple way to change the way we talk to emphasise that we choose to work on a task or project. After all, the things we choose to do, such as our hobbies, rarely cause us to drag our feet. So rather than saying, "I will" or even "I must", try saying "I choose to…" instead.
At the Ministry of Transport, Permanent Secretary Pang Kin Keong emails his staff periodically and encourages them to take part in the ministry's half-yearly staff engagement surveys. Each division's scores are discussed among senior management and at ministry-wide townhall meetings. "That's my way of encouraging the directors to make sure they really spend a lot of time and attention on human resource... and they know that the greatest deliverable is really leadership and how they motivate their teams," Mr Pang told Challenge in 2014.
Quiz: What motivates you best?
David McClelland believed that everyone is motivated by affiliation, achievement and power. Find out which one is your primary motivating need with this quiz designed by Dr Lim Boon Leng from the Centre of Psychological Wellness.
I enjoy dealing with difficult challenges at work.
I believe everyone should keep to schedules and plans.
I like to share how I feel with my colleagues.
I set out to be a role model for others.
I try to exceed the targets set for me at work.
I always try to be friends with my colleagues.
I come up with new ideas and suggestions.
I like to innovate and try new ways to solve problems.
I know when my colleagues are experiencing difficulties and will respond to them.
It is important for me to put across my point in any discussion.
I seek feedback from colleagues to understand how I can improve.
Status symbols, such as the size of my office, are important to me.
I work well under the pressure of deadlines.
I am concerned about the personal lives of my colleagues.
The style for which you score highest is your predominant motivational style.
You like to set targets and have a strong need to achieve them. You like challenges at work and will take calculated risks in completing your tasks. You are open to regular feedback so you can improve your performance. However, you prefer to work alone or get things done by yourself.
You want to be liked by your fellow colleagues and want to belong in a group. You prefer to cooperate rather than to compete with your colleagues. You often go along with what the rest of the group decides on and may be averse to high risk and uncertainty.
You want to influence others and are conscious of status and recognition at work. You enjoy competition and like to win. You have a need to be heard and to win arguments. This motivator can be divided into personal and institutional power. People with an institutional power drive like to influence teams to further an organisation's goals, whereas those with a personal power drive want to have control over others – and may not be good team members.


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text:
FOSTER RAIL
Welcome to ERRAC
The European Rail Research Advisory Council (ERRAC) was established in 2001 to serve as a much-needed single European body with both the competence and capability to help revitalise the EU's rail sector and make it more competitive by fostering increased innovation and guiding research efforts at European level. Since its conception, ERRAC has managed to gather all major rail stakeholders in its ranks. The council brings together representatives from the sector such as manufacturers, operators and infrastructure managers as well as the European Commission, the European Union Agency for Railways, Europe's Rail Joint Undertaking, EU Member States, academics and users' groups. ERRAC covers all forms of rail transport, ranging from conventional, high speed and freight applications to urban and regional services.
"ERRAC sets out a progressive view and agenda for how a fully technically transformed railway could become the backbone of mobility and play a much wider role in meeting the needs of European citizens and business as well as protect natural resources and the environment."
Roland Moser, chairman ERRAC
The European Rail Research Advisory Council's (ERRAC) primary objective is to communicate the railway sector's common Research & Innovation vision to the European institutions and other important stakeholders. By doing so, the council aims to help shape a favourable funding landscape for railway research initiatives that drive innovation via calls for projects and joint undertakings like the influential Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking and its successor programme Europe's Rail.
Railways are the first choice!
Rail Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda – December 2020
Rail 2030 – Research and innovation priorities
Rail 2030 – Research and innovation priorities – Brief version
RAIL 2050 VISION document
Regional and suburban railways – Market analysis update
Research and Innovation – Advancing the European Railway
Strategic Rail Research and Innovation Agenda
ERRAC opinion on the new SHIFT²RAIL Joint Undertaking
Rail Route 2050: the sustainable backbone of the Single European Transport Area
ERRAC Work Package 05: Strengthening Competitiveness
ERRAC Work Package 02: Encouraging Long-distance Modal Shift & De-congesting Transport Corridors: The passenger roadmap
ERRAC News
Let's make Multi-Modal transport easy for everyone!
ERRAC is launching its Ambassadors programme for steering rail research in Europe Interview with the new Ambassador and Technical Expert on Multi-Modality, Alessandra Berto In 2022 ERRAC, the European Rail Research Advisory Council, has launched its Manifesto...
Phase One of the Spanish Railway Foundation's 'conCiencia de Tren' project comes to an end
The Spanish Railway Foundation (Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles - FFE) has completed the first phase of its project 'conCiencia de Tren: Acercando la ciencia y la tecnología del ferrocarril a la ciudadanía', which aims to inform citizens about the railways'...
Railways are the first choice! ERRAC launches Manifesto of Future Mobility
Railways play a vital role in keeping our cities and regions moving. They enable economic development, create employment, and connect places and people. Besides providing a safe and sustainable mode of transport, rail can tackle some of the most pressing challenges of...
ERRAC highlights the essence of rail research at TRA Conference with Plenary meeting and booth
On 15 November 2022, the ERRAC Plenary Meeting brought together high-level representatives from the European Commission, Europe's Rail and the railway and public transport sector. They discussed rail research priorities, sector developments and challenges to be...
The Spanish Railways Technology Platform (PTFE) just published a position paper entitled: "Innovation in energy management: Contribution of railways to sustainable mobility". The document analyses the role of innovation in energy management in infrastructure, rolling...
Tweets by ERRAC_Rail
Mr. David Kupfer
Secretary ERRAC
Technical Affairs Manager
UNIFE – The European Rail Industry
221, Avenue Louise
Office: + 32 2 626 12 62
Email: david.kupfer@unife.org
The work leading to this invention has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 516424.
© ERRAC. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
amalay
Refresh Me
Microsoft's .NET Framework
Microsoft's .NET Framework is comprised of two main components - the Common Language Runtime (CLR) and the .NET Framework class libraries. The CLR is the real foundation of the .NET Framework. It is the execution engine (runtime environment) for all .NET applications. Every target computer requires the CLR to successfully run a .NET application that uses the .NET Framework. The main features of CLR include:
1. Automatic Memory Management.
2. Thread Management.
3. Code Compilation & Execution.
4. Code Verification.
5. High level of security.
6. Remoting.
7. Structured Exception Handling.
8. Interoperability between Managed and Unmanaged code.
9. Integration with Microsoft Office System
All .NET applications are compiled into Intermediate Language code (MSIL). When executed on the CLR, MSIL is converted into native machine code specific to the operating platform. This process is done by a Just In Time (JIT) compiler. The code executed by the CLR is called as Managed Code. This code is type safe and thoroughly checked by the CLR before being deployed.
The .NET runtime also provides a facility to incorporate existing COM components and DLL's into a .NET application. Code that is not controlled by the CLR is called Unmanaged Code.
One of the interesting points to note is that the CLR itself manages the life of objects. This is the effect of the Automatic Garbage Collection system built into it. When the CLR finds an object that is not being used, it destroys them and thus frees their memory allocation.
The .NET Framework is further comprised of Common Type System (CTS) and Common Language Specification (CLS). The CTS defines the common data types used by .NET programming languages. The CTS tells you how to represent characters and numbers in a program.
The CLS represents the guidelines defined by for the .NET Framework. These specifications are normally used by the compiler developers and are available for all languages, which target the .NET Framework.
Explain CLS and CTS?
CLS: Common Language specification is a set of rules that are to be followed by a language in order to be .NET complaint. This facilitates cross-language integration. Programs written in one .NET language can interoperate with programs written in another .NET language.
Common language specification defines the common types that are supported by the languages which are compatible with the .net framework. For example if u develop a web service with functions which are accepting unsigned integer values as parameter and u want to use that service in a language that won't supports unsigned integers then u will get a problem .So the languages which wants to be compatible with .net must support the types that are specified by CLS.
CTS: Common Type System
Common Type System (CTS) describes how types are declared, used and managed. CTS facilitate cross-language integration, type safety, and high performance code execution.
CTS are the service which is used by the CLR to manage the code. CTS can express the semantics of any programming language. CTS define a standard set of types and rules to create new types. The runtime understands how to create and execute these types. Compilers and interpreters use the runtime (CLR) services like CTS to define types, manage objects and make method calls instead of using tool or language specific methods. CTS goal is to enable multi language integration.
A short description about .Net Assembly
Generalization & Specialization in OOPS
Azure Service Fabric Mesh
Various .Net Tools
New features in C# 4.0
Page Life Cycle in ASP.NET
Page Directives in ASP.NET
Increasing request limit quota in WCF/REST Service
C# & Inheritance
Code compilation stages under .Net Framework
Sample of Various Design Patterns
C# & Encapsulation
C# & Polymorphism
What is Object Oriented Programming?
What is an Object?
Samples |


text:
module.exports = function aggregate_properties_by_list (obj, class_name, properties_list, exclude) {
  // http://kevin.vanzonneveld.net
  // +   original by: Brett Zamir (http://brett-zamir.me)
  // %          note 1: We can't copy instance properties, as those require instantiation (with potential side-effects when called)
  // %          note 1: We've chosen not to assign to or create a prototype object on the destination object even if the original object had the properties on its prototype
  // *     example 1: var A = module.exports = function () {};
  // *     example 1: A.prototype.prop = 10;
  // *     example 1: var b = {};
  // *     example 1: aggregate_properties_by_list(b, 'A', ['prop'], false);
  // *     returns 1: undefined

  var p = '',
    i = 0,
    record = {},
    pos = -1,
    indexOf = module.exports = function (value) {
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          return i;
        }
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      return -1;
    };

  if (!properties_list.indexOf) {
    properties_list.indexOf = indexOf;
  }

  if (typeof class_name === 'string') { // PHP behavior
    class_name = this.window[class_name];
  }

  // BEGIN REDUNDANT
  this.php_js = this.php_js || {};
  this.php_js.aggregateKeys = this.php_js.aggregateKeys || [];
  this.php_js.aggregateRecords = this.php_js.aggregateRecords || []; // Needed to allow deaggregate() and aggregate_info()
  this.php_js.aggregateClasses = this.php_js.aggregateClasses || [];
  var getFuncName = module.exports = function (fn) {
    var name = (/\W*function\s+([\w\$]+)\s*\(/).exec(fn);
    if (!name) {
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    }
    return name[1];
  };
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  this.php_js.aggregateClasses.push(getFuncName(class_name));

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        obj[p] = class_name[p];
        record[p] = class_name[p];
      }
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    for (p in class_name.prototype) {
      if (!(p in obj) && typeof class_name.prototype[p] !== 'function' && p[0] !== '_' && properties_list.indexOf(p) === -1) { // Prototype (non-private) default properties
        obj[p] = class_name.prototype[p];
        record[p] = class_name.prototype[p];
      }
    }
  } else {
    for (i = 0; i < properties_list.length; i++) {
      p = properties_list[i];
      if (!(p in obj) && p in class_name && p[0] !== '_' && typeof class_name.prototype[p] !== 'function') { // Static (non-private) class properties
        obj[p] = class_name[p];
        record[p] = class_name[p];
      } else if (!(p in obj) && p in class_name.prototype && p[0] !== '_' && typeof class_name.prototype[p] !== 'function') { // Prototype (non-private) default properties
        obj[p] = class_name.prototype[p];
        record[p] = class_name.prototype[p];
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  } else {
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    this.php_js.aggregateRecords.push([record]);
    this.php_js.aggregateClasses[0] = [];
    this.php_js.aggregateClasses[0].push(getFuncName(class_name));
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Towards a better governance in the EU?
8 April 2014 in Europe (en)
By Catherine Mathieu and Henri Sterdyniak
The 10th EUROFRAME Conference on economic policy issues in the European Union was held on 24 May 2013 in Warsaw on the topic, "Towards a better governance in the EU?" Revised versions of twelve of the papers presented at the Conference are included in issue 132 of the "Debates and Policies" collection of the Revue de l'OFCE entitled "Towards a better governance in the EU?". The papers are organized around four themes: fiscal governance, analysis of fiscal policy, bank governance, and macroeconomic issues.
The global financial crisis of 2007 and the sovereign debt crisis in the euro area that begin in 2009 have highlighted shortcomings in EU governance. The intense debate that has been going on among economists over how to analyze these shortcomings and proposals for improved governance also marked the EUROFRAME Conference.
How can the Economic and Monetary Union be strengthened between countries that are still fundamentally different? How can we get out of the financial and economic crisis, the sovereign debt crisis, fiscal austerity and depression? Is it possible to develop a governance of the euro area that ensures the strength of the single currency, that avoids widening the disparities between Member States, and that gives the Members the flexibility needed, while forbidding non-cooperative policies, whether that means the excessive pursuit of competitiveness and trade surpluses or the irresponsible swelling of their public or foreign debt?
The articles in this issue provide readers with various viewpoints on possible pathways that Europe could take:
– Some authors think that we should stick to the original Treaty, abolish solidarity mechanisms, prohibit the Central Bank from buying the debt of member countries, and make it compulsory for them to find financing on the financial markets, which, stung by the Greek experience, will now be more vigilant and impose risk premiums on countries they consider lax. But is this compatible with the single currency? Are the markets really competent in macroeconomic matters? And will the euro zone members accept being reduced to the rank of countries without monetary sovereignty, whose public debt is considered risky and who do not control their interest rates?
– Other authors believe that we should gradually move towards a federal Europe, where the European authorities would be responsible for the fiscal policy of each MemberState; this would need to be accompanied by a democratization of EU institutions, perhaps including even some form of political union. But can there be centralized management of countries in different economic circumstances with different economic and social structures, and which thus need differentiated strategies? Isn't the euro zone just too heterogeneous for this? Would every country agree to submit its social and economic choices to European trade-offs?
– Other authors believe that such heterogeneous countries cannot share a single currency; that the Northern countries will refuse to give an unconditional guarantee of public debt, even though this is a prerequisite for maintaining the euro zone's unity; that Europe is incapable of organizing a common but differentiated strategy; and that the differentials accumulated in terms of competitiveness require large exchange rate adjustments in Europe. Exchange rates need to be allowed to reflect the Members' different situations, i.e. sharp exchange rate falls in the Southern countries, and sharp rises in the Northern countries, by returning to the European Monetary System, or even to flexible exchange rates. Each country would then have to face up to its responsibilities: the Northern countries will have to boost domestic demand, while the Southern ones will have to use their gains in competitiveness to rebuild their export sectors. But no country is demanding this leap into the unknown – the financial consequences could be terrible.
– Finally, some authors, including ourselves, believe that public debts should once again be risk-free assets, guaranteed by the ECB, as part of a process of genuine coordination of economic policy by the Member States, while explicitly targeting full employment and the coordinated reduction of imbalances in the zone. But isn't such coordination a myth? Is a country going to agree to change its economic policy objectives to help the situation of its partners? Don't the European countries today mistrust each other too much to agree to guarantee the public debt of their partners?
These are the questions addressed in this issue, which, as the European elections draw near, we hope will make a useful contribution to the debate on EU governance.
[1] EUROFRAME is a network of European economic institutes, which includes: the DIW and IFW (Germany), WIFO (Austria), ETLA (Finland), OFCE (France), ESRI (Ireland), PROMETEIA (Italy), CPB (Netherlands), CASE (Poland) and NIESR (United Kingdom).
[2] This issue is published in English.
Henri Sterdyniak
← Europe's control of public aid: good or bad for industry?
The ECB – or how to become less conventional →


text:
Craft Freemasonry | Article about Craft Freemasonry by The Free Dictionary
https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Craft+Freemasonry
(redirected from Craft Freemasonry)
Related to Craft Freemasonry: Freemasons
Freemasonry,
teachings and practices of the secret fraternal order officially known as the Free and Accepted Masons, or Ancient Free and Accepted Masons.
There are approximately 5 million members worldwide, mostly in the United States and other English-speaking countries. With adherents in almost every nation where Freemasonry is not officially banned, it forms the largest secret society in the world. There is no central Masonic authority; jurisdiction is divided among autonomous national authorities, called grand lodges, and many concordant organizations of higher-degree Masons. In the United States and Canada the highest authority rests with state and provincial grand lodges. Custom is the supreme authority of the order, and there are elaborate symbolic rites and ceremonies, most of which utilize the instruments of the stonemason—the plumb, the square, the level, and compasses—and apocryphal events concerning the building of King Solomon's Temple for allegorical purposes.
The principles of Freemasonry have traditionally been liberal and democratic. Anderson's Constitutions (1723), the bylaws of the Grand Lodge of England, which is Freemasonry's oldest extant lodge, cites religious toleration, loyalty to local government, and political compromise as basic to the Masonic ideal. Masons are expected to believe in a Supreme Being, use a holy book appropriate to the religion of the lodge's members, and maintain a vow of secrecy concerning the order's ceremonies.
The basic unit of Freemasonry is the local Blue lodge, generally housed in a Masonic temple. The lodge consists of three Craft, Symbolic, or Blue Degrees: Entered Apprentice (First Degree), Fellow Craft (Second Degree), and Master Mason (Third Degree). These gradations are meant to correspond to the three levels—apprentice, journeyman, and master—of the medieval stonemasons' guilds. The average Mason does not rise above Master Mason.
If he does, however, he has the choice of advancing through about 100 different rites, encompassing some 1,000 higher degrees, throughout the world. In the United States, the two most popular rites are the Scottish and the York. The Scottish Rite awards 30 higher degrees, from Secret Master (Fourth Degree) to Sovereign Grand Inspector General (Thirty-third Degree). The York Rite awards ten degrees, from Mark Master to Order of Knights Templar, the latter being similar to a Thirty-third Degree Scottish Rite Mason.
Other important Masonic groups are the Prince Hall Grand Lodge, to which many African-American Masons belong; the Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm (the "fraternal fun order for Blue Lodge Masons"); and the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (Thirty-second degree Masons who, as the Shriners, are noted for their colorful parades and support of children's hospitals; they were established as a Masonic social organization in 1872). There are also many subsidiary Masonic groups, including the Order of the Eastern Star, limited to Master Masons and their female relatives; De Molay, an organization for boys; and Job's Daughters and Rainbow, two organizations for girls. Many of the orders maintain homes for aged members.
Development of the Order
The order is thought to have arisen from the English and Scottish fraternities of practicing stonemasons and cathedral builders in the early Middle Ages; traces of the society have been found as early as the 14th cent. Because, however, some documents of the order trace the sciences of masonry and geometry from Egypt, Babylon, and Palestine to England and France, some historians of Masonry claim that the order has roots in antiquity.
The formation of the English Grand Lodge in London (1717) was the beginning of the widespread dissemination of speculative Freemasonry, the present-day fraternal order, whose membership is not limited to working stonemasons. The six lodges in England in 1700 grew to about 30 by 1723. There was a parallel development in Scotland and Ireland, although some lodges remained unaffiliated and open only to practicing masons. By the end of the 18th cent. there were Masonic lodges in all European countries and in many other parts of the world as well.
The first lodge in the United States was founded in Philadelphia (1730); Benjamin Franklin was a member. Many of the leaders of the American Revolution, including John Hancock and Paul Revere, were members of St. Andrew's Lodge in Boston. George Washington became a Mason in 1752. At the time of the Revolution most of the American lodges broke away from their English and Scottish antecedents. Freemasonry has continued to be important in politics; 13 Presidents have been Masons, and at any given time quite a large number of the members of Congress have belonged to Masonic lodges. Notable European Masons included Voltaire, Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Franz Joseph Haydn, Johann von Goethe, Johann von Schiller, and many leaders of Russia's Decembrist revolt (1825).
Opposition to Freemasonry
Because of its identification with 19th-century bourgeois liberalism, there has been much opposition to Freemasonry. The most violent in the United States was that of the Anti-Masonic partyAnti-Masonic party,
American political organization that rose after the disappearance in W New York state in 1826 of William Morgan. A former Mason, Morgan had written a book purporting to reveal Masonic secrets.
..... Click the link for more information. . Freemasonry's anticlerical attitude has also led to strong opposition from the Roman Catholic Church, which first expressed its anti-Masonic attitude in a bull of Pope Clement XII (1738). The Catholic Church still discourages its members from joining the order. Totalitarian states have always suppressed Freemasonry; the lodges in Italy, Austria, and Germany were forcibly eradicated under fascism and Nazism, and there are now no lodges in China.
See R. F. Gould, History of Freemasonry throughout the World (rev. ed., 6 vol., 1936); A. G. Mackey, Encyclopedia of Freemasonry (rev. ed., 3 vol., 1946); F. L. Pick and G. N. Knight, The Pocket History of Freemasonry (4th ed. 1963); C. Kephart, Concise History of Freemasonry (2d ed. 1964); E. Bebe, The Landmarks of Free Masonry (1980); J. Ankerberg and J. Weldon, The Facts on the Masonic Lodge (1988).
Freemasonry
Abraham Lincoln, Assassination of
Aleksandr Nikolaevich Pypin
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Apollon Aleksandrovich Grigorev
Apollon Grigorev
Cagliostro, Conte di Alessandro
Christian Reformed Church
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Grigorev, Apollon
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Masonic orders
Crackit, Toby
cracovian
-cracy
Craddock, Charles Egbert
cradle dump
cradle printing
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Cradle-to-cradle
Cradle-to-cradle certification
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cradling
craft apprenticeship
Craft Freemasonry
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Craig House State Historic Site
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Craig, Edward Gordon
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Craft unionism


Yes, finally mastering that one song you've worked so hard at really does feel that good.
You're thinking about taking lessons. Maybe you've always wanted to play or sing, or maybe you used to as a child and you miss it.
Look, you're busy! It's a given. You're worried you won't even have time to practice.
There's no stage fright like adult music student stage fright.
Playing "Jingle Bells" just won't excite you the way it would excite a kid.
Take comfort in the fact that you're all in the same boat with those same worries.
But…take heart! You also have some unique advantages.
You know how to work toward a goal and accomplish it. You've done it before.
You know what you want to learn and why you want to learn it.
So how do lessons work, given all that?
My adult students have a great deal of "say" over the trajectory of their lessons. I know that adults don't usually come to music lessons on a whim—they usually have a good idea of their goals and musical preferences, and I respect the time and financial commitment they make to lessons in the midst of their busy lives.
When I teach students whose primary musical interests don't fall under the classical umbrella, I make sure that we work in both genres. Almost all such students find that they actually enjoy the classical music we do, and appreciate having their horizons broadened. In fact, being exposed to a variety of music usually helps students escape the trap of imitating their favorite singers and instead develop their own unique sound.
I always make it a priority to give my adult students opportunities to gather–not just to perform for each other, but also just to talk! You know who "gets it," those struggles and insecurities that come with studying music? Other music students. You can support each other in a really unique way.
Our performance opportunities are nothing like you might guess. We've done an open mic night, a Wine & Cheese & Music night, and more. Collaboration is always fun too! Once, a trio of students sang a Sinead O'Connor song, a cappella, in 3 part harmony! Another time, two students did "Space Oddity" accompanied by a double bass.


You can detect magic at greater range.
Benefit Your witchsight reaches to a 60′ radius.
You are better at detecting magic.
Benefit When you use your witchsight, your attention is not entirely focused on the ethereal plane. You are no longer blind or flatfooted when using this feat, but are limited to one standard action per round and still provoke an attack of opportunity when you activate this feat.
Benefit You can shift your senses to the ethereal plane and detect magic in a 30′ radius. This requires a great deal of concentration.
As a full-round action, you can shift your senses to the etheral plane and detect magic around you in a 30′ radius. While using this feat you are flatfooted, blind (senses are projected into another plane), and provoke an attack of opportunity each round.
This ability can penetrate barriers, but 1 foot of stone, 1 inch of common metal, a thin sheet of lead, or 3 feet of wood or dirt blocks it.
This feat does not use any magic points, but does require you to have at least one magic point available. If you have no magic points available you cannot use this feat.
Unlike the detect magic spell (which this feat replaces) you get no information about the type of magic or its strength, only its presence or absence. You can still pinpoint individual sources of magic.


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This dream symbol suggests that you may be experiencing inhibition and powerlessness in some areas of your life. Additionally, you may be feeling restricted and have concerns about your personal freedom. (Who holds the key to the cage in your dream?) Consider all of the details in the dream and look for its possible source (i.e. family life, relationships, thoughts and/or feelings, or work life).
It may symbolize the sweet and pleasurable parts of life. The dream may be interpreted according to your interaction with the cake in the dream.
See: Numbers, Machinery, Money
Dreams are symbolic and not literal — most of the time. Cancer tumors in dreams represent a variety of unprocessed psychological and emotional materials that the dreamer may be obsessing on. They represent all of those things that bother, disturb, anger, or hurt us and that we never directly deal with or let go of. The dreamer's mental, psychic or emotional problems may be proliferating and infecting many areas of thought and function. You may be experiencing anxiety and fear as a result of a bad habit or a certain situation in your daily life. However, if you are very worried and cannot get it out of your mind, go for a physical. When is the last time you did that anyway? In more superstitious interpretations, dreaming of cancer may be considered a dream of the contrary, but also of warning!
They symbolize light and where there is light, there is hope. A lit candle suggests that you are unconsciously seeking comfort and some sort of spiritual enlightenment. An unlit candle suggests that you may be feeling rejection and disappointment or can't see anything positive or "light" in a situation or in yourself. If in your dream you watch the candle burn down to nothing, it suggests that you may have fears of getting older and dying. For men it may connote a fear about waning sexual abilities.
Anyone who has ever raised teenagers knows all about cannibalism. (Just kidding!) This dream may reflect dark, destructive and forbidden desires or obsessions. Cannibals literally consume other people's lives and, along with it, their energy. When interpreting this dream, consider those things which consistently drain you and take away from your enthusiasm and the general quality of your life. It may be any number of things, such as career or a relationship. However, realize that you are not a victim of life, but rather its creator. Thus, make changes which will increase your energies, but not take away from others. Some believe that dreaming about cannibalism is a dream warning the dreamer to stay away from things that are destructive and less than honorable.
The car in your dream may symbolize the physical self or ego development and ego function. In that, it represents the way that you travel through your life's journey. Consider all of the details in the dream, including its emotional content (e.g. difficulty of the road, identity of the driver, direction of the incline). Recurring car dreams usually deal with life's major themes that may include issues of control and sensibility. By carefully examining this dream, you may gain insight into important areas of life, including to how well you are navigating from one stage of your life to another, if you are assertive and take charge or are passive. Dreaming about traveling in a car is a very, very common dream theme that provides valuable information in regard to a specific part of or long-standing theme in your life's journey. See also: Journey, Road
See: Amusement Park
Seeing a cartoon world in your dreams or seeing cartoon-like people suggests that your unconscious is sending up messages which are telling you something about the way you perceive the world. The cartoon people, or cartoon characters, suggest that you may perceive yourself and those around you as comical or as not having much validity or seriousness. Your perceptions may be somewhat off due to your inability to look at the way things really are. Your mind's eye distorts things so that you are more comfortable with what is going on around you. If your world is full of stress and this dream made you laugh, consider the compensatory nature of it. In your dream you may be able to obtain moments of lightheartedness and fun.
A castle in a dream may be symbolic of the "cavern of the heart." It represents the home of the human spirit (yours) and the natural self. Dreams with castles in them may come from deeper levels of the unconscious, or the collective unconscious. They may represent spiritual transcendence and the mysterious and intangible force that seems to quietly, but firmly, direct our lives. A castle in a dream may also represent feelings of security, protection, isolation or remoteness. You may have a castle dream when you have realized a desire or accomplished a goal. Darkened castles may be symbolic of unconscious or unfocused desires, at times, black castles represent our failures and white, or lighted castles, symbolize achievement and awareness.
Cats have both positive and negative connotations. You need to consider all of the details in the dream in order to obtain accurate interpretation. The cat can be a symbol of sexuality, femininity, prosperity and power. A cat is also an independent animal, and in your dream you may be associating yourself or someone else with these characteristics. Usually the dream is telling you about yourself and not others. Historically black cats have been symbols of evil and bad luck. If you are a cat lover and have one as a pet, the symbolism may not apply to your dream. Old, superstition-based dream interpretations say that a cat is a bad omen and that you can expect deceit from those that you trust.
This bug may represent a stage in your own personal growth and development. The butterfly is a symbol of transformation; it represents a level of individual achievement. The caterpillar, on the other hand, may indicate that you are on your way but have not reached your goal. You may be in earlier stages of accomplishing a real-life goal, a relationship goal, or even a spiritual goal. The caterpillar may represent a specific area of your life or may be symbolic of the larger you.
Caves are rich and thought-provoking dream symbols. At times, a woman with reproductive issues may have a cave dream, in which case it represents the womb. The cave, as the womb, can represent new life, creativity, warmth and safety. The cave can be a general symbol of a safe place, a sanctuary or a refuge. If you are experiencing much anxiety in daily life, in your dream state you may retreat to a warm cave where you cannot be disturbed by worldly demands. The cave could also represent the mysterious and unexplored parts of ourselves. It could be symbolic of the unconscious mind, which could be a pleasant or a frightening experience. Your personal associations and experiences with caves, as well as the details and the emotional content of this dream, need to be carefully considered before making an interpretation.
See: Actor
A cemetery is a collection of dead organic matter. It is a sad and depressing place that doesn't reflect any joy, and reflects even less hope. Dreaming about cemeteries may be a reflection of your mood or unresolved grief. It may literally represent sadness that comes from losing someone that you love, or it could represent your past and long-gone experiences. See also: Grave/Graveyard
Folklore interpretations say that if you are looking at a chase or participating in it, you will have a comfortable old age. Although this may be comforting, there is a more realistic understanding of this activity in a dream. If you are being chased, maybe you are running away from or trying to escape those things that are frightening and unpleasant (possibly your own habits and negative behaviors). If you are doing the chasing, it may be that you are expressing some aggressive feelings toward others or are pursuing a very difficult goal. On the deepest level, if a stranger is chasing you it may represent your chasing a part of yourself, the unconscious attempts to catch up with the conscious in order for you to become more aware of yourself and your own multidimensional nature.
For several years now, I have been receiving similar dreams from people all over the world. The dreams are almost exactly the same and involve the dreamers' inability to get rid of chewing gum. The more they attempt to remove it from their mouths the larger and more unmanageable it becomes. In the dream they become frustrated and panicky because the harder they try to pull, the larger the mass becomes in their mouths. This dream suggests that the dreamer may experience frustration in daily life due to a large scale or standing insolvable problem that leaves them feeling powerless. The dream represents an inability to digest or to process information or a dilemma. It also suggests that the dreamer is not able to express him or herself effectively and that repetitive and ineffective verbal expressions are typically used. Chewing gum in dreams may be a sign of childlike behaviors, vulnerability, powerlessness, and a need for nourishment.
This flightless bird may be pointing to personal characteristics and needs that you may not necessarily want to look at. Consider the activities in the dream, as well as the mood, and then attempt to make a good interpretation. Chickens can represent cowardliness, gossip, excessive talking, and powerlessness. They are not known for their intelligence or beauty, and their presence in your dream could be an invitation to get more serious and better focused. The more positive suggestion in this dream is in that chickens lay eggs. Eggs are symbolic of something new and fragile. They represent life and development in its earliest forms and as such, their possibilities are limitless.
Some people have reoccurring dreams about a small child, while others, from time to time, dream about unfamiliar children. The child in your dream could represent your inner self, or the child within. The dream could be based on childhood memories, and it may carry a specific message or bring up long-buried issues. On the other hand, the dream could simply be a pleasant memory. Children in dreams could symbolize a need and an eagerness to learn, simplicity, intuition, new endeavors and many other positive attributes of childhood. Occasionally, the child in your dreams may be pointing to your own childish ways. Therefore, consider all of the details and the tone of the dream before making an interpretation.
See: Smothering
Dreaming about being in a church is more common than most people realize. Each week I get several requests to add church to the dictionary. This may be so due to the fact that most of us went to church as children. From a very early age we had to go to church and were taught that there was a God. This was important in our life and to our families. Dreaming about churches, cathedrals, synagogues, or any other place of worship may represent our childhood associations with religion. At times, the dream may be a muddled childhood memory. The church could represent a need for greater spirituality in the dreamer's life. It may express religious beliefs, everyday occurrences, issues of safety, security and strength through community and religious expression. None of us can escape the age-old questions, "Who am I?" and, "What is the meaning of life?". Coping with our own physical mortality is a very big deal. Both our conscious, and unconscious minds are continually working and bringing issues of relevance and concern into our awareness. Think about the details of your dream and make an attempt to honestly understand its meaning.
The interpretation of this symbol, as with all others, depends on your relationship with cigarettes. If you are a smoker or are surrounded by smokers, cigarettes may be a regular part of your daily life which has been brought into your dream state. Cigarettes could represent anything from phallic symbols and symbols of pleasure to tools of destruction. Generally, the cigarette is an object which carries social and emotional significance. When we are teenagers, we associate them with being "cool," daring, and defiant. For some adults they become a way of life where all emotions seem to be punctuated with cigarettes. Finally, as adults come into touch with their own physical mortality, cigarettes become dreadful objects, and smoking becomes a terrible burden and curse. When interpreting the dream with cigarettes in it, ask yourself what cigarettes mean to you. See also: Smoking
The circle symbolizes infinity, the circle of life and the eternal unknown. You, the dreamer, may have come to a greater degree of spiritual awareness, so the dream could be spiritual in nature. Carl Jung called all circular images a "mandala." It is one of the most important dream symbols which represent the psychic center of personality. It is symbolic of wholeness, completeness and unity of the self. However, as always, examine all of the details in the dream, as well as its tone and mood, and rule out the possibility of "going in circles" as the primary message in the dream.
Standing on the edge of a cliff could be a frightening, but at the same time an exhilarating experience. Dreaming about cliffs generally indicates that the dreamer has come to a point of heightened understanding and awareness. An increase in the level of consciousness may have occurred. Through hard work and perseverance, the dreamer may have reached a vantage or plateau of understanding.
Going upward, or ascending, is always a positive dream symbol. Whether you are struggling on a difficult rope or ladder or walking up an easy slope, this dream suggests that you are moving in the right direction. If the climb in your dream is extremely difficult, it may be pointing to some obstacles that you need to overcome before reaching your goals. Consider all of the details in your dream, and if you recently completed a difficult task, achieved a goal (e.g. graduating), this dream may be reflective in nature. See also: Cliff
Carl Jung called all circular images a "mandala." It is one of the most important dream symbols which represent the psychic center of personality. It is symbolic of wholeness, completeness, and unity of the self. The clock is a mandala that revolves and it may represent immortality. On the lighter side, when you are dreaming about a clock, time is an obvious issue. You may be currently experiencing anxiety in regard to a time-sensitive situation. For example, people worry about their "biological clock" running out, or they are concerned about not being "on top of things." In general, however, this dream may be a reminder that you need to speed up your actions and that time is an important factor. Old dream interpretations say that if you hear a clock strike, (or alarm go off), positive things will happen to you, and if you are winding a clock, you will fall in love! When interpreting this dream, try to remember the time and then attempt to understand how those numbers are meaningful to you.
The closet in your dream may have emotional, psychological, or physical connotations. Closets are used to store good things that we need as well as useless stuff. Emotionally they hold memories, secrets, precious emotions and valuable thoughts. Consider all of the details in your dream and try to see the message clearly. Do you need to clean out the closet, come out of the closet, or share the things that you have stored in that closet?
Clothing generally represent our worldly appearance or status. At times, it may represent our attitudes toward ourselves and others. Mostly, it represent the way that we appear to the world. Clothes are not symbolic of our private self, but rather of our public self. A poor man wears different clothes than a rich man. A doctor's attire is different from that of a carpenter. The type of clothing that we wear varies from situation to situation. The type of clothes that you are wearing in the dream will give you clues to the meaning of the dream and to your unconscious ideas about yourself and others.
Clouds are made of air and water, two of the four basic elements. Some would say that the soul is represented by air and spirit by water. Your positive energy and idealism could be represented by white clouds and your more negative personal characteristics, and private thoughts, by dark storm clouds.
Seeing and at times just thinking about cockroaches makes a person feel squeamish and repulsed. When dreaming about these dreaded insects, the unconscious mind may be hinting to the dreamer that he needs to reevaluate and reassess a major part of his life. There is never just one roach; thus, the areas of life that need cleansing and renewal may be deep and wide. The negativity or contamination that is represented by the roaches may affect a great deal of your life. Thus, this may be a call to clean your psychological, emotional, and spiritual self. (Also, examine your motives!) On a less dramatic note, cockroaches in our dreams may be associated with food and uncleanliness, so don't leave the dishes for tomorrow!
This dream symbol most likely evokes fear, but before making quick interpretations, carefully consider all of the details in this dream. The coffin could symbolize a lack of energy or vitality in the dreamer. It could represent the death of one stage of life and movement into another. (Not necessarily physical death! In fact, some cultures believe that if you see a person dead and in a coffin, he will most likely live a long and healthy life!) When dreaming about coffins, we may be contemplating the nature of the death experience and may access the state of consciousness that is attuned to the spiritual world. Most simply, and most likely, the coffin in your dreams may represent feelings of confinement and lack of freedom. See also: Burial, Death
Most people dream in colors, but at times some stand out more than others. Colors are symbolic and their symbolism is part of culture. We communicate with color and relate ideas with them. For example, a bride wears white and black is worn at funerals. Colors also represent energy. The meaning that you give to the colors in your dreams depends on the meaning that you give to those colors in daily life. If you "see red" when you are angry, then red symbolizes anger and not passion for you. Some generalizations have been made as to the meaning of colors in dreams. They are as follows
Black: depression, sadness, despair. Some believe it symbolizes hidden sexual desires.
Blue: spirituality, optimism, positive thoughts, communication. Some believe that when you see it in your dreams, you may be in the presence of your spiritual guide.
Green: money, jealousy, health concerns, love.
Red: passion, sexuality, anger, warning.
White: purity, transformation, cleanliness, dignity.
See also: Pink, Yellow, Brown, Purple, Orange
Dreaming about a couch could mean that you may have a need for some rest and relaxation. The couch also has other symbolism. For example, it could be an object that brings up warm memories, such as those of your first love, whom you snuggled and first kissed. Additionally, look at all the details of your dream and try to determine if your couch is symbolic of an analyst's "couch," such as Freud had. Old dream interpretation books offer a somewhat strange but curious meaning. They say that the couch may be symbolic of a false sense of security and that you should listen to the advice of those that love you!
In our dreams, this simple domestic animal can represent a variety of very important and deeply-felt issues. In some cultures the cow is a sacred symbol, representing divine qualities of fertility, nourishment and motherhood. Consider the details in your dream and make attempts to identify the individual, (it could be yourself), to whom the symbolism applies. Additional characteristics to consider when interpreting a dream with cows as one of the primary symbols are passivity, docility and general contentment with life. The cow is mostly a positive dream symbol, and superstition-based dream interpretation say that grazing cows are symbols of prosperity, contentment and happiness. See also: Animals
At first glance a crab seems to be a very negative dream symbol. It could represent a "crabby" or unpleasant personality. The claws could be symbolic of a clinging and hurtful person, or a side of your own personality. There may be too much dependence, clinging and forcefulness in your life. The crab may also symbolize your inability to effectively move forward and address your own difficulties. (Remember the crab often moves sideways or backwards.) Some folklore interpretations say that the crab is an omen of poor health. However, there is a more positive interpretation for the crab in your dream. In some areas of metaphysics, the crab is a representative of the sea and the sky. It represents physical nourishment which can be obtained from the sea and also intellectual nourishment. As with all water dwelling animals, the crab could also represent something in the unconscious and the emotions. See also: Animals, Cancer
A crown made of gold and jewels symbolizes power, honor, and status. It could also symbolize an accomplishment or a passage into higher levels of consciousness or spiritual awareness. When interpreting this dream, pay attention to what kind of crown it is and who is wearing it. This dream may be congratulatory, (i.e. esteem for a job well done). Different types of crowns may have varying meanings (e.g. Jesus had a crown of thorns and was a martyr). All crowns are circular and in that way they bring up issues of completeness and wholeness and point to the center of personality.
Crucifix (cross)
A cross can have several seemingly varying connotations, or the interpretation may be multifaceted. It may represent your spirituality and the coming together of all different parts of your personality. It is a Christian symbol and you can think about what it means to you. The other interpretation may be less spiritual and more of a reflection of how you are feeling. A cross is a symbol of pain and suffering. Think if you are feeling as though you are being "crucified" by something that is going on in your life.
In our dreams we experience a variety of emotions. Crying in the dream state generally has the same meaning as crying in daily life. It is a release of negative emotion, frustration, or fear. On the other hand, you could be experiencing the tears of joy. Due to repression or denial, sometimes people are unable to express their feelings. In the dream state some of our defense mechanisms may relax and an emotional release occurs. Some emotional dreams may be compensatory in nature. Thus, if you never cry in daily life, you may cry in your dreams.


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The Bilaspur–Rewa Express is an Express train belonging to South East Central Railway zone that runs between  and Rewa Terminal in India. It is currently being operated with 18247/18248 train numbers on a daily basis. The updated link form wag-5 is wap-7 bhilai shed.

Service

The 18247/Bilaspur–Rewa Express has an average speed of 41 km/hr and covers 467 km in 11h 15m. The 18248/Rewa–Bilaspur Express has an average speed of 40 km/hr and covers 467 km in 11h 40m.

Route and halts

The important halts of the train are:

Coach composition

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 14 coaches :

 4 Sleeper coaches
1 AC 3 Tier Coach (recently added)
 7 General Unreserved
 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

Traction

Both trains were hauled by a Bhilai Electric Loco Shed-based WAG-5 or WAM-4 electric locomotive from Bilaspur to Katni before! Now the new link up to Katni for the train is WAP-7 of Bhilai Electric Loco Shed. From Katni, trains are hauled by a Katni Diesel Loco Shed-based WDM-3A or WDG-3A locomotive up til Rewa.

See also

 Bilaspur Junction railway station
 Rewa Terminal railway station

Notes

References

External links

 18247/Bilaspur - Rewa Express
 18248/Rewa - Bilaspur Express

Transport in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh
Transport in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh
Express trains in India
Rail transport in Chhattisgarh
Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh
Railway services introduced in 2017

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia