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The Wilson Quarterly
7 Billion: Reporting on Population and Environment
On Tuesday, November 1, 2011 at 3:00 – 5:00 ET
Reporting on Global Health: A Conversation With the International Reporting Project Fellows
Fresh off their assignments, four fellows from the International Reporting Project speak about their experiences researching underreported health issues in Haiti, Botswana, Mozambique, and Uganda.
3:00pm – 5:00pm ET
This event will be webcast
Stream will begin in approximately —:—:—
Refresh your browser window if stream does not start automatically.
"The story is the story, the information is the information, but you can frame it in very different ways," said freelance journalist Annie Murphy at a roundtable discussion on the current state of global health reporting. Fresh off their five-week assignments, Murphy and three other fellows from the International Reporting Project (IRP) – Jenny Asarnow, Jill Braden Balderas, and Ann S. Kim – spoke about their experiences researching underreported health issues in Haiti, Botswana, Mozambique, and Uganda.
Taking the Temperature of Global Health Reporting
Global health reporting, like many other forms of journalism, has felt the pinch from the global financial crisis, said Balderas, who edited a recent Kaiser Foundation report on the issue, "Taking the Temperature: The Future of Global Health Journalism." Other challenges that have led to less global health coverage in mainstream media include an increased focus on "hyper-local" news; "story fatigue" from years of HIV/AIDS coverage; greater focus on epidemics and disasters; and the increasing number of advocacy groups starting their own news services.
Placing global health stories is a big challenge, agreed all four panelists. Who will want to run the story? What form – radio, documentary, print, online – will the story take? According to Murphy, some creative thinking may be needed: "It is global health, but that doesn't mean we always have to frame it in this box of global health. It will be global health no matter what we do, so I think it's also important for us to feed it into other events and issues that are important."
(Re)building Maternal Healthcare in Haiti
With the worst maternal and infant mortality rates in the Western Hemisphere, Haiti needs medical providers of all kinds, said Asarnow, but especially skilled birth attendants. The devastating earthquake in 2010 destroyed Haiti's only midwifery school, located in Port-au-Prince, killing many students and instructors. The school is still struggling to graduate a class of 15 people, she said.
In the rural town of Hinche, located in Haiti's Central Plateau region, Asarnow frequently visited a public hospital that provided pregnant women with free obstetric care. Yet, she said, "even with free care, there [were] still a lot of barriers for women coming to the hospital to get care." For example, the family members of expectant mothers had to provide sheets, clothing, food, and a bucket for personal needs. In addition, some women were too poor to afford transportation to and from the hospital.
Most women in Haiti, though, give birth at home with the help of traditional birth attendants, called matrones, Asarnow said. These matrones, popular in rural areas, are not formally educated in midwifery, but the government, along with non-profits such as Midwives for Haiti, have provided the matrones with training in basic health care and emergency situations.
Simply reporting on childbirth turned out to be a challenge, said Asarnow. "It's hard to get people interested in something that just happens to most women," she said; other more unusual health problems, such as infectious diseases, tend to garner more interest.
Finding Health Sovereignty in Mozambique
Health sovereignty, explained Murphy, is "the idea that nations have the right to make decisions about health and about how people are going to be treated" – an issue that is particularly pointed in Mozambique, where 50 percent of the national budget and 70 percent of the annual health budget is tied to international aid.
Mozambique, said Murphy, has only 1,000 doctors to serve a population of 22 million. By contrast, the country has an estimated 50,000 traditional healers. As a result, she said, most Mozambicans use traditional healing for at least part of their regular health care.
While researching traditional healers in the northern province of Tete, Murphy investigated a large Brazilian-owned coal mine that had displaced 5,000 local people when it was built. Mining is a major economic activity in Mozambique, yet mining companies are taxed a mere three percent by the government, said Murphy.
Health reporting doesn't have to only cover traditional health issues, said Murphy. "The environment, natural resources, and how a country earns its money very much have to do with the health of the people who are living there," she said. "How can you talk about being sovereign and providing health to your citizens if you don't have the money to do that?"
Treating the Over-Treatment of Malaria in Uganda
"Malaria is quite over-treated" in Uganda, said Balderas. There's the "idea that if you have a fever, you have malaria." Consequently, the rate of misdiagnosis can reach alarming rates in some areas, she said.
Balderas said an estimated 50 percent of Ugandans get free treatment through the public sector. However, only donor-funded facilities are equipped with the rapid diagnosis test (or RDT), which takes only 20 minutes to determine the presence of malaria in a blood sample, she said. If these facilities were more widespread, misdiagnoses rates could easily be lowered.
Other challenges to the accurate diagnosis and treatment of malaria include faulty equipment, shortages of electricity and lab technicians, human error, corruption, bureaucratic entanglements, and presumptive diagnoses. For example, sometimes health workers do not know what is causing a patient's fever, Balderas said, but they prescribe malaria treatments anyway because "they want to be able to give someone a treatment; they want to feel like they're helping people."
"There are certainly a ton of issues that relate to health," Balderas said, such as poverty and corruption. Everyone she interviewed in Uganda – with the exception of government officials – identified the corruption in the country's drug sector as a key problem.
Helping "Africa" One Small Story at a Time
Inspired by a World Health Organization study, which found "at least a 60 percent reduction in HIV infection among men who were circumcised," Kim went to Botswana to investigate infant circumcision, a practice that is gaining popularity but is still alien. "I would meet people in the course of my day and they would ask me what I was doing there and I would talk about circumcision. They'd say, 'Oh, I really want to get my baby circumcised. How do I do that?'" she reported.
The most powerful moment of her trip, said Kim, came when she was researching cervical cancer – the number one cancer among women in Botswana. As she waited with a woman to receive her lab results, Kim asked her if she was nervous. The woman, who was HIV-positive, said, "Yeah, I'm really worried. To me, it would be worse to get cervical cancer than to have HIV." Even though Botswana is a middle-income country, said Kim, there are far more resources available to treat HIV than cancer.
Kim said that when presenting her work it was important for her to bring in the human element and not just the statistics: "I hope that, in whatever small way, even these small stories will help get issues in various countries on the map, especially in Africa where we tend to think of it as 'Africa' and not so much as different countries with different personalities and different situations."
Drafted by Christina Daggett and edited by Schuyler Null and Meaghan Parker
Geoff Dabelko, Environmental Change & Security Program, 202-691-4178
Reporting on Global Health: A Conversation With the International Reporting Project FellowsDownload
Jenny Asarnow
International Reporting Project Fellow
Annie Murphy
Jill Braden Balderas
Ann S. Kim
The Environmental Change and Security Program (ECSP) explores the connections between environmental change, health, and population dynamics and their links to conflict, human insecurity, and foreign policy. Read more
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Life and health are the most basic human rights, yet disparities between and within countries continue to grow. No single solution or institution can address the variety of health concerns the world faces. By leveraging, building on, and coordinating the Wilson Center's strong regional and cross-cutting programming, the Maternal Health Initiative (MHI) promotes dialogue and understanding among practitioners, scholars, community leaders, and policymakers. Read more
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The Future of Science and Environmental Journalism
On Thursday, February 12, 2009 at 9:00 – 11:00 ET
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text:
require File.expand_path('../resource_logstash_config', __FILE__)

class Chef
  class Resource
    class LogstashOutputNull < Chef::Resource::LogstashConfig

      def exclude_tags(arg=nil)
        set_or_return(:exclude_tags, arg, :kind_of => [Array])
      end

      def fields(arg=nil)
        set_or_return(:fields, arg, :kind_of => [Array])
      end

      def tags(arg=nil)
        set_or_return(:tags, arg, :kind_of => [Array])
      end

      def type(arg=nil)
        set_or_return(:type, arg, :kind_of => [String])
      end

    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Pitchup.com announces record New Year trading figures
Jan 8 2016 Posted by Jardine Howlett
Outdoor accommodation specialist Pitchup.com reports record growth in the first seven days of New Year trading, with overall bookings up 78% year-on-year.
The website, which features over 1,605 bookable camping, caravanning and glamping sites in the UK, Europe and USA, has seen huge demand for static caravans with bookings up 155% year-on-year.
UK regional bookings are also up across the board. Wales has seen the biggest increase of 138%, while the south east has grown by 92%.
Despite the flooding in Cumbria over the festive period, the north west saw a 40% growth in bookings during the first seven days of 2016 trading.
Bookings for continental Europe show that France is leading the way with a 159% increase year-on-year.
Dan Yates, Founder of Pitchup.com said: "We've had an exceptional start to the year, particuarly in the static caravan market, as customers book early to secure their preferred choice. Sites are releasing their allocation earlier in line with other sectors of the travel industry, which is widening the booking window significantly. We've seen a 60% increase in the number of sites that have already released their allocation on Pitchup.com compared to this time last year."
He continued: "The UK is performing well overall which indicates that the staycation trend is set to continue: Brits spent 10% more nights camping and caravanning in the UK last year than in 2014.*"
Yates concluded: "France has always been a popular choice with UK campers who spent 6.3 million nights there in 2015.** The strength of the pound against the euro is also a key factor behind the 159% growth."
*January - September 2015 compared to the same period in 2014, GBTS
**Insee
Contact Cass Helstrip or Jardine Howlett at White Tiger PR
jardine.howlett@whitetigerpr.com 07866 508737
Founded in 2009 by former lastminute.com man, Dan Yates, multi-award winning Pitchup.com lists over 1,500 outdoor accommodation locations in 18 countries, providing users with a simple platform where they can search for and book a holiday with ease.
In 2013 Pitchup.com became the first business of its type to launch a bookable mobile app and site, making the site easily accessible to users of mobile and tablet devices. The mobile site, m.pitchup.com, now accounts for 25% of bookings.
Pitchup.com enables users to search for all types of parks and sites from more than 60 chains right through to one-off campsites and unique outdoor accommodation options, which may have previously lacked a web presence.
Awards include Best UK Travel Website of the Year at the British Travel Press Awards 2011, Best Travel / Leisure / Sports / Mobile Strategy / Campaign at the Marketing on Mobile Awards 2014, and most recently 'Best Place to Stay – Budget' at The Independent Travel Awards 2015 ("a website that's doing wonders connecting us with the countryside in Britain and beyond").

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Active filters: Tags: UNESCO World Heritage in Danger	Typology: 3D Object	Remove all
Temple Of Bel (Interactive 3D Experience)
The Temple of Bel (Arabic: معبد بل), was an ancient temple located in Palmyra, Syria. The temple, consecrated to the Mesopotamian god Bel, worshiped at Palmyra in triad with the lunar god Aglibol and the sun god Yarhibol, formed the center of religious life…
#architecture
#crowdsourced
#historic buildings
Escultura de Rodrigo de Bastidas y Rodriguez de Romera
Bronze statue of Don Rodrigo de Bastidas, first bishop of Coros, Venezuela in 1531 and interim governor of the Province of Venezuela from 1540-1542. Son of Conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas.
#public art
#statues
#UNESCO World Heritage in Danger
Monumental Arch of Palmyra (Interactive 3D Experience)
The Arch of Triumph was a Roman ornamental archway in Palmyra, Syria. Built in the 3rd century during the reign of emperor Septimius Severus, its ruins later became one of the main attractions of Palmyra until it was destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq…
#historic sites
Temple of Bel
#Palmyra
Cross of San Clemente (Santa Ana de Coro)
This model is a work in progress. Image donations to help complete this model can be made at https://digital-content-donation.arck-project.org/ St. Clement's Cross marks the spot where the first mass was officiated in South America in 1527. It is sheltered…
#historic monuments
Roman Theater at Palmyra (I)
This Roman Theater (Arabic: المسرح الروماني بتدمر) is located in the ancient city of Palmyra in Syria. It was constructed in the center of a semicircular colonnaded piazza which opens up to the South Gate of the ancient city. The unfinished theatre dates…
Fuente Alameda Club Bolivar
#fountains
#sculptures
Palmyra Castle (Syria)
Fakhr-al-Din al-Ma'ani Castle or Palmyra Castle is a castle in the province of Homs, Syria. Thought to have been built by the Mamluks in the 13th century on a high hill overlooking the historic site of Palmyra, it is named for the Druze emir Fakhr-al-Din II,…
#castles
UNESCO World Heritage Sites	architecture	Palmyra	historic sites	reconstruction	reconstructions	crowdsourced	historic buildings	interactive 3D experiences	public art	religious buildings	Syria	castles	fountains	historic monuments	monumental arches	monuments	sculptures	statues


text:
Boise State reopens campus to some employees
By: Kevin Richert, Idaho Education News
This article was written by Kevin Richert with Idaho Education News.
Some Boise State University employees can return to campus starting today, as the university begins to relax a coronavirus-driven shutdown.
The state's largest university has been closed to employees since June 22, after health officials linked eight coronavirus cases to the campus. On June 26, Boise State extended the closure through Sunday, amidst reports of at least 20 more campus cases.
On Monday, workers could begin returning to campus — as long as they had received approval to come back before the June 22 closure, and as long as they are not showing coronavirus symptoms and have not been exposed to anyone with the virus.
Reopening the workplace — at least partially — is a precursor to reopening Boise State to students in seven weeks.
Boise State hopes to begin face-to-face fall classes on Aug. 24. One challenge, among others, is the Treasure Valley's strained coronavirus testing capacity.
"The university still intends to require residential students to test negative before checking into housing this fall," Boise State Chief of Staff Alicia Shier Estey said in a June 26 memo to the university community. "At this time it is unclear whether employee testing will expand beyond those at high risk. The university is investigating alternative testing options and will provide additional information as it becomes available."


The second leg of a film festival featuring sexual diversity will be held in Kyoto on Oct. 19-21, focusing on disabled sexual minorities, for a pay-as-you-can-afford fee.
Including the first leg in Osaka last month, the 12th Kansai Queer Film Festival will show a total of 31 films that depict the lives of diverse sexual minorities beyond the literal concept of LGBT for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people.
Among the films on the screen during the three-day event at Kyoto University's West Auditorium are "Until Rainbow Dawn" (2018), a love story about two deaf girls told through sign language, and "To you at the age of 11: Many kinds of relations" (2017), a documentary about sexual minorities with hearing and speech impediments.
The festival will also shed light on racial discrimination with "The Silence" (2017), which digs up the experiences of former "comfort women" forced to work in Japanese wartime brothels.
The festival has introduced a unique "Support Pass" fee system, allowing audiences to decide on the amount they pay depending on their economic situation.
The pass, effective for all films at the festival, is priced at 2,000 yen or 4,000 yen -- half the level of normal tickets -- for people who "could not afford food or rent if they buy the pass" or who "have a monthly income of 100,000 yen or less." On the other hand, the price will rise to 10,000 yen for people who "are leading life without worrying about money" and 20,000 yen for those who "have the money to spare for leisure."
Makoto Hibino, head of the festival's organizing committee, says, "Films should be open to as many people as possible regardless of how much money they have."
"People who can afford it will be asked to pay more. We want to organize the festival based on mutual trust," Makoto said.


Searching for the perfect princess cut halo engagement rings style for your beloved can be tricky, but DiamondMansion.com's fantastic collection of beautiful settings and natural, untreated diamonds makes finding the perfect engagement ring easy! Gorgeous 14k White Gold is the foundation of this engagement ring ready to be set with your chosen center diamond, and is accented with 1.20ct diamonds in a Three-stone setting. The best choice for setting with your brilliant Emerald center diamond, the Traditional design of this setting makes it stand apart from the rest! This setting is also available in 14k Yellow Gold, 18k White/Yellow Gold and Platinum for the more particular. With Diamond Mansion's rings, you can Walk down the Aisle in Style!


text:
Year in brief Group President's review Highlights Financial statements Sustainability highlights 2018 Download Annual Review 2018
Download Annual Review 2018 Annual Review archive Presentations & brochures
General meeting Board of Directors CEO and Group Management Team Risk management Audit Code of Conduct Board of Directors' report 2018
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CEO and Deputy CEO
Fazer's Board of Directors appoints and dismisses, if needed, the CEO, who is also the Group President. Under the requirements of the Finnish Companies Act, the CEO is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the company, in line with the instructions of the Board of Directors, and for ensuring that the company's accounting is carried out in accordance with legal requirements and that the company's financial management is handled appropriately. The CEO reports to the Board of Directors and informs the Board of Fazer's operating environment, e.g. customers, competition and market situation and Fazer's financial position and development. The CEO is supported by the Group Management Team and the Deputy CEO, who is nominated by the Board of Directors when needed. Christoph Vitzthum is the CEO and President whereas Jouni Grönroos is the Deputy CEO.
The Group Management Team consists of the CEO (Chairman), the Managing Directors (MD) of the Business Areas and Heads of certain Group functions. The duties of the Group Management Team are to support the CEO in his/her tasks and to draft propositions to the Board. The Group Management Team also e.g. coordinates operations across the Group and secures efficient operations on Group level. The current Group Management Team comprises Christoph Vitzthum (CEO & President, Chairman), Andreas Berggren (MD Fazer Food Services), Nathalie Ahlström (MD Fazer Confectionery), Mats Liedholm (MD Fazer Lifestyle Foods), Jouni Grönroos (CFO & Deputy CEO), Sebastian Jägerhorn (EVP Legal & Compliance), Ulrika Romantschuk (EVP Communications & Branding) and Lara Saulo (EVP, People & Transformation).
Christoph Vitzthum
Master of Economic Sciences
Fazer Group Jouni Grönroos
CFO and Deputy CEO,
Fazer Group Nathalie Ahlström
Master of Science (Technology)
Managing Director, Fazer
Confectionery and Executive Vice
President, Fazer Group
Andreas Berggren
(Business and Economics)
Managing Director,
Fazer Food Services and
Fazer Group Sebastian Jägerhorn
Legal and Executive Vice President,
Fazer Group Mats Liedholm
Master of Sciences (Marketing and
International Business)
Fazer Lifestyle Foods and
Ulrika Romantschuk
Communications & Branding and
Fazer Group Lara Saulo
b.1972
People & Transformation and
Fazer Group also has a Fazer Leadership Team. In addition to the members of the Group Management Team, Fazer Leadership Team also includes the Managing Directors of: Fazer Bakery Baltics - Klavs Berzins, Fazer Bakery Finland – Markus Hellström, Fazer Bakery Russia - Vladimir Kalyavin, Fazer Bakery Sweden - Petri Kujala and Fazer Retail - Johan Rosenblom.


text:
Xi Serpentis (Nanhai, Nan Hae, 55 Serpentis) é uma estrela na direção da constelação de Serpens. Possui uma ascensão reta de 17h 37m 35.23s e uma declinação de −15° 23′ 54.3″. Sua magnitude aparente é igual a 3.54. Considerando sua distância de 105 anos-luz em relação à Terra, sua magnitude absoluta é igual a 0.99. Pertence à classe espectral F0IIIp.

Ver também
Designação de Bayer
Designação de Flamsteed
Catálogo Henry Draper
Catálogo Hipparcos

Estrelas
Objetos de Bayer
Constelação de Serpens

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Crisis is an historical novel published in 1901 by the American novelist Winston Churchill.  It was the best-selling book in the United States in 1901.  The novel is set in the years leading up to the first battles of the American Civil War, mostly in the divided state of Missouri.  It follows the fortunes of young Stephen Brice, a man with Union and abolitionist sympathies, and his involvement with a Southern family.

Story

Set in the author's home town of St. Louis, Missouri, the site of pivotal events in the western theater of the Civil War, with historically prominent citizens having both Northern and Southern sympathies.  St. Louis was also the pre-war home of both Ulysses Grant and William T. Sherman, each of whom is depicted in the book.

Romantic tension develops between the four main characters: one, Virginia "Jinny" Carvel, the fashionable daughter of Comyn Carvel, a southern gentleman of the old school; another, Clarence Maxwell Colfax, her n'er-do-well cousin who becomes a stalwart cavalier in the Southern cause in an effort to win Jinny's approval; the third, Stephen A. Brice, an earnest young lawyer from Boston who antagonizes Virginia by his zeal for Abraham Lincoln's cause; and the fourth, Eliphalet Hopper, a hard-working clerk with ambitions to advance himself both financially and socially.

The crisis of the title is provoked by Abraham Lincoln's opposition to the extension of slavery, and the power of his personal integrity to win people to his cause, including the young lawyer Brice, who becomes a devoted admirer and proponent following a personal interview on the eve of the Freeport debate between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas.  This meeting depicts Lincoln's determination to advance the cause of freedom through the possible (and likely) sacrifice of his own political ambitions, and is related with a very believable combination of rustic humor and political acumen on Lincoln's part.

The events prior to Lincoln's nomination and his eventual election to the Presidency elicit different reactions among the citizens of St. Louis, from the determined antipathy of the Southern sympathizers, to the equally determined patriotism of the population of German immigrants who have fled from their homeland and whose devotion to liberty has caused them to transfer their allegiance to the ideal of American democracy.  One of them is Stephen's fellow lawyer, Carl Richter, who bears the scar of a duel fought with broadswords between himself and an arrogant German noble; a duel based on an actual incident in Berlin.

Although the personal rivalries follow an almost soap opera style formula, the overall events of the war from the perspective of St. Louis and the Western theater of war are dramatically depicted with well-researched authenticity, and both Grant and Sherman are depicted as having a personal involvement in the lives of the main characters.  A pivotal moment in the heroine's life is presented through her transformation from being self-centered and self-absorbed to becoming self-sacrificing and dedicated to easing the suffering of those around her.  This is represented as a Christian metaphor for the way that God uses challenges to mould a person's character.

In the end, Virginia and the young lawyer find themselves meeting Lincoln together to try to save her cousin's life after Clarence is condemned as a Southern spy, and together they experience Lincoln's power to bring about a reconciliation between them, just before the national reconciliation which Lincoln proposed between the North and the South would be aborted by John Wilkes Booth's bullet.

This novel is a story about Abraham Lincoln in the same sense that the novel Ben Hur is "a tale of the Christ," in that Lincoln only appears twice, for a total of about two dozen pages, but his philosophy is a dynamic presence throughout the story.  The author portrays Lincoln as being the sacrifice America had to pay to redeem it from the sin of slavery.  In his post-script, the author offers this justification for supporting Lincoln's point of view, "Lincoln loved both the South and the North".

Reception
The book received good reviews, and was the best-selling book in the United States for 1901, according to The Bookman magazine.

Adaptations

Stage

The author adapted the novel into a play of four acts in 1902. James K. Hackett produced, directed and starred in the play, appearing in numerous cities, and at Wallack's Theater on Broadway on November 11, 1902, for 50 performances.  The scenes were set entirely in St. Louis, with only the fictitious characters as the cast. Historical personages and events are talked about, not shown. The play begins with Brice's arrival in 1857, and ends at the reception room of Judge Whipple's office after the Judge's death and Brice threatens Eliphalet Hopper with exposure of his crooked dealings if he exposes Col. Carvel to the authorities.

Film
The book was adapted into a silent film of the same name in 1916.

References

External links
The Crisis at Project Gutenberg
The Crisis, full book scan of 1901 edition at Google books

American historical novels
1901 American novels
Novels set during the American Civil War
Novels set in St. Louis
Novels by Winston Churchill (novelist)
American novels adapted into films


Happy Monday Friends. Hope you had a fabulous weekend full of all things you wanted to do. I know we certainly did. Fun filled weekend full of birthdays and family time. If you're following along on Instagram, you saw that I even started to tackle a De-Toy project for the house. Yeah, hit a few bumps in the road, but in the end, both kids were great at giving up toys to give to other kids that may not be as fortunate. Heart Swell. Last week, I was at an appointment that "just happened" to be located right next to Michaels. Do you see me grinning from ear to ear? Literally it was right next store, and so it couldn't hurt to just walk through right? Oh boy. Well I got a ton of great things that I'm excited to share with you soon. I was combing through the dollar bin section and came across these super cute flower clips.
They have fun little clothes pins on the back. Well I brought them home and thought, how great would these be for DNH Girl's Cork Board?
Both DNH Girl and I are kind of koo-koo for flowers as I'm sure you've already guessed, so she was super excited to get them up and on her board. What I'm loving about them too is that the clothes pin makes it so you don't have to make a pin hole through your pictures in order to hang them. Mom Win!
Just remember when digging through the dollar bin, that there are always ways to re-purpose items. Especially when its cute little flowers 🙂 Happy Crafting!
What a wonderful blog, Ali! It's beautiful here! Love all the ideas and creative projects I saw on your blog. Keep doing it for all of us who are not as gifted as you are in this department. Enjoy!
That is such a cute idea and it has the spirit of springtime all over it!


Hello guys, hope you are doing good. This is our eight posts in series of RxJava2 Android [ part1, part2, part3, part4, part5, part6, part7 ]. In this part, we are going to discuss Subjects in Rx.
First, if you guys have the same issue related to Subjects just like me (that is Observer + Observable )then please try to forget that concept. Now I am going to revise little bit about Observable and Observer.
For Observable I will recommend you to revise Dialogue between Rx Observable and a Developer (Me) [ Android RxJava2 ] ( What the hell is this ) Part5 and for Observer I will recommend you to revise Continuation (Observable Marriage Proposal to Observer) of Dialogue between Rx Observable and a Developer (Me) [ Android RxJava2 ] ( What the hell is this ) Part7 . Then you can easily understand my this post. Now I am going to share with you Observable and Observer API below.
This is Observable code. Total lines are around 3000 as shown above. As we know Observable always used to change our data into streams by using its different API's. Below I am giving a simple example.
Next, we need the Observer to get benefit from the Observable. Now I am going to show you first Observer API below.
As we can see Observer is really simple. Only 4 methods. Now it's time to use this Observer for our example.
* Created by waleed on 09/07/2017.
Its output is simple. Now we successfully revised the Observable and Observer API's. Observable basically call our Observer API's when we do the subscription.
Any time when Observable want to give a data. That always called Observer onNext(data) method.
Any time when error occur Observable called onError(e) of Observer method.
Any time when a stream is complete Observable called onComplete() of Observer.
That is a simple relationship between these two API's.
Now I am going to start our today's topic. If you guys again have any confusion related to Observable and Observer. Please try to read above-mentioned part of my posts or maybe ask a question in comments.
I think a definition of Rx Subject we will discuss in the end. Now I am going to explain you a one more simple example which will make our concept more strong to grasp the concept of Subjects in Rx.
This is Observable which will generate an Event String.
This is a consumer which will subscribe with Observable.
This code will generate an event after every one second.
For ease of a reader, I am copying all working code below.
This is a really simple example. I think there is no need to explain more. Now interesting part. I am going to make a new example which will give us the same output but using a different technique.
Before going into deep. Try to read a code.
class ObservableObserver extends Observable<String> implements Observer<String>.
That is really simple. I am going to create a new class with name ObservableObserver. Which extend from Observable and implementing Observer. So its mean that will work as an Observable plus as an Observer. I don't think there is any confusion. So as we already know Observable always generate streams. So this class also has this capability because that extending from Observable. Then we know Observer can observe any stream of Observable by subscribing to that Observable. Our new class also can do that work because that is implementing Observer. BOOM.
Now I am going to show you whole code. Which is only for a concept I am not saying that is a MATURE code.
Again very simple class. We already worked with above all methods. Only here we have one difference and that is, we are using both Observable and Observer related methods together in the same class.
In above code, there are two important lines. Which I am going to explain.
Here I am getting Observable from my ObservableObserver class and subscribing to an observer.
Here I am using observer API call when an event is generated.
That is a RxJava2 Subject class code. Now maybe you can say why people used to say Subject is an Observable plus Observer because that is using both API's.
Now there is a different type of Subjects are available in RxJava. Which we are going to discuss now.
In RxJava you will get 4 types of Subjects.
Basically, if you run above code you will get the same output for all above Subjects except AsyncSubject. Now it's time to differentiate between these Subject types.
In this type of Subjects. We will get the real-time data. Like one of my Publish Subject emitting data of some sensor. Now if I subscribe to that Subject I will get the latest values only just like as shown below.
So here basically publish subject start emitting data from 0 but I am subscribing at the time when that already emitted up to 10. As you can see in output we are getting values from Event 11.
In this type of Subjects. We will get the last emitted value + new values which will be emitted by this Subject. For simplicity please check the below code.
As you can see in the output. I am also getting 'Event 10' value. Which is basically already emitted by that Subject before I subscribe. Its mean if I want the last value or maybe last change before subscribing. I can use this Subject.
In this type of Subjects. We will get all emitted values without taking tension of when I am subscribing. For simplicity please check code.
Now again I am subscribing to event 10 but I am getting all history. So that is simple.
In this type of Subject. We will get the last emitted value, which is emitted by a Subject before completion or termination. For simplicity check below example.
Here as you can see I completed my subject at value 10 and after that program is finished but before exiting the program I got output value Event 10. So its mean any time where I want to get last emitted value of a Subject I will use Async Subject.
Publish Subject: I don't care about the previous history of emissions. Only I care about new or latest values.
Behaviour Subject: I care for the last value which is emitted by this Subject and the new values.
Replay Subject: I care about all the history of emissions with new values.
Async Subject: I care only the last value which will be emitted by the subject before going to complete or terminate.
Hello Friends. Hope everything is clear up to this point. Only try your best to do a hands-on practice of all these concepts. For now, I want to say Bye and have a nice weekend.
Reactive Programming (What the hell is this )[Rx | Java | Android ] Season 2 is available now.
thanks, a great help to me!!!
This is one of the best tutorials out there. Apart from some funny sounding sentences, it is excellent. I highly recommend you to revise these errors, and "re-advertise" it. This will be a hit.
Again loved it. Thanks a lot.
Thank you for your appreciation & suggestion.
I am working on my writing skills but will take time :).


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text:
League of Ireland
MINIMUM'S THE WORD
PFAI will push for a League of Ireland minimum wage from 2019
Players' body general secretary Stephen McGuinness claims they will push for a collective bargaining agreement to rectify low pay
Owen Cowzer
THE PFAI will push for a League of Ireland minimum wage from 2019.
It is 11 years since the union — then led by current FAI competitions director Fran Gavin — negotiated the standard player contract with the association.
The PFAI will push for a League of Ireland minimum wage from 2019
There has been no change since but players' body general secretary Stephen McGuinness claims they will push for a collective bargaining agreement to rectify low pay.
He said: "The key ones would be minimum wage, we still have players on 50 quid a week in the First Division and 100 in the Premier Division, which is not acceptable. I think the desired wage is slightly above that."
Back in 2006, most top teams were giving players 52-week contracts, though it switched to 40 weeks in most instances during the recession.
WELCOME VAK!
Anti-vax Novak has hero's welcome back in Serbia after three-YEAR Oz ban
It is only in the last 12 months that full-year deals have returned at three clubs — Shamrock Rovers, Cork City and Dundalk.
McGuinness added: No money was owed at the end of last season to our members.
"From the start of last season, you can gradually see it getting better."


text:
Welcome to our news section "Gazette"
The word Gazette embodies many of our attributes: a compelling combination of storytelling, journalism, and context.
Gazzetta was Italian for a 16th-century coin that happened to be the price of the first Venetian newspaper. The French gave the word a Gallic twist in the 17th century as a label for the first newspapers in Paris.
Iconic Landmarks
Opera Garnier, from the depths to the stars
From the hidden lake to the rarely visited roof, unlock the mysteries of Paris's illustrious Opera house.
Notre Dame de Paris: A history of construction, destruction and renewal
The cathedral — considered the geographical center of France — has evolved throughout its existence.
Meeting a maestro of masterpieces who crossed Leonardo Da Vinci's path
Patrick de Bayser presides over a private gallery that continues to present and discover master works of drawing.
At Vaux-le-Vicomte, history is a family affair
The largest privately owned château in France is a monument to the family that built it, and another that has saved it from ruins.
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text:
SA orthop. j. vol.19 no.3 Centurion Ago./Set. 2020
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-8309/2020/v19n3a4
Outcomes of primary fusion in high-energy Lisfranc injuries at a tertiary state hospital
Panchoo PI; Wiegerinck JlII; Boskovic VIII; Laubscher MIV; Maqungo SV; McCollum GVI; Dey RVII
IMBChB; Orthopaedic Registrar, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
IIMD, PhD; Consultant, Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Research, OlVG Hospital Amsterdam, The Netherlands
IIIMBChB; Orthopaedic Registrar, Department of Orthopaedics, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
IVMBChB(UFS), Dip PEC, FC Orth(SA), MMed(Orth)(UCT); Consultant, Department of Orthopaedics, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
VMBChB(Natal), FC Orth(SA), MMed(Orth)(UCT); Consultant, Department of Orthopaedics, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
VIMBChB, MMed(UCT), FC Orth(SA); Consultant, Department of Orthopaedics, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
VIIPhD; Post-doctoral Fellow, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
BACKGROUND: High-energy Lisfranc injuries are relatively uncommon but can lead to severe disability and morbidity. Primary fusion is a treatment option that can improve outcomes and reduce the reoperation rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate our series of primary fusions for high-energy Lisfranc injuries, looking specifically at type of fusion, time to union, non-union rates, reoperation rates and quality of reduction
METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for Lisfranc injuries were identified from the REDCap surgical database and then retrieved from records. Only cases of primary fusion in adults were included. We excluded low-energy sprains and athletic injuries, ipsilateral lower limb injuries and cases where reduction and fixation were done. Radiographs were analysed from the iSite Enterprise PACS system (Philips®
RESULTS: Between 2013 and 2018, 12 cases of high-energy Lisfranc injuries were identified where primary fusion was done. Seven patients (58%) underwent fusion of the first, second and third tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints. The first and second TMT joints were fused in only one case (8%), and the second and third TMT joints were fused in four cases (33%). Only one patient (8%) had removal of implants. Compression plating was the technique of choice used for fusion. There was l0o% union rate and average time to union was 84 days. Acceptable reduction was observed in nine cases (75%). Three cases (25%) of malreduction were found, among which one patient had pre-existing hallux valgus
CONCLUSION: The majority of patients who underwent primary fusion of at least one TMT joint had good radiological outcome. Further studies with better clinical follow-up are needed
Level of evidence: Level 4
Keywords: Lisfranc, tarsometatarsal, outcome, fusion
Lisfranc fracture dislocations also known as tarsometatarsal (TMT) fracture dislocation, consist of injuries to the bases of the Ave metatarsals, their articulations with the four distal tarsal bones, and disruption of the Lisfranc ligamentous complex.1-4 The main stabilising ligament of the midfoot (the Lisfranc ligament) runs on the plantar aspect of the foot from the lateral aspect of the medial cuneiform to the medial aspect of the base of the second metatarsal.1,3 It functions to stabilise the TMT articulation of the foot. Injury to the ligament and the TMT complex can lead to chronic pain, midfoot arthritis, decreased function, and loss of quality of life.1,5-7 These injuries include any combination of bony and ligament disruption to this complex, hence classifying the pattern of injury can be difficult. Computer tomography (CT) scans are therefore invaluable and virtually mandatory for all Lisfranc injuries. This is a relatively uncommon injury with an incidence of approximately 0.2% of all fractures.1,6,8 Often Lisfranc injuries are missed in a polytraumatised patient, or in low-energy athletic injuries leading to poor functional outcomes.
Historically they have been associated with high-energy mechanisms such as motor vehicle accidents, falls or crush injuries.4,6,8 The treatment of these high-energy injuries has evolved over time with authors now agreeing that an anatomic reduction through open surgery is of critical importance.1-8 Recently, more research on Lisfranc injuries has focused on relatively low-energy mechanisms and Lisfranc injuries in athletes.7
Anatomic reduction and rigid stabilisation are known to be the standard of care.1-8 Both open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and primary fusion have been evaluated as treatment options. With ORIF there is a high reoperation rate to remove the internal fixation or to perform a fusion of the midfoot due to ongoing midfoot arthritis.1-6 This has led some authors to believe that a primary fusion should be performed in the first setting. In a systematic review in 2012, Sheibani-Rad et al.9concluded that both methods were acceptable, but no consensus was reached as to which is superior.
The aim of this study is to evaluate our series of primary fusions for high-energy Lisfranc injuries, looking specifically at time to union, non-union rates, reoperation rates and quality of reduction.
After local institution review board approval, patients who underwent primary fusion for Lisfranc injuries at Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH) between January 2013 and December 2018 were identified. Post-operative radiographs at six weeks, three months and six months were reviewed by two independent reviewers, JIW and PP assessing quality of reduction, union rate and removal of implants. All radiographs were taken weight bearing and according to international standards. JIW is an orthopaedic surgeon from the Netherlands with two years of consultant experience. PP is a third-year orthopaedic registrar at GSH. All measurements were further verified by the supervisor GM who is head of the foot and ankle department.
Cases of high-energy Lisfranc injuries were retrieved from the orthopaedic surgery database REDCap®, and corresponding radiographs were analysed from our local picture archiving and communication system, iSite Intellispace® software.
Injuries were classified using the Myerson classification of Lisfranc injuries.10 Union was assessed by the formation of cross-trabeculation and the absence of fracture line on two views. Quality of reduction was assessed by measuring the following parameters11,12 on AP view: first intermetatarsal angle (IMA), medial cuneiform-first metatarsal angle, coronal shift. On lateral view: talus-first metatarsal angle (lateral Meary's angle), sagittal shift (Figure 1). Any value outside of the normal range11,12(Table I) was qualified as a malreduction/malunion. Cases of implant removal and reoperation were obtained from patients' files.
Surgical technique
A CT scan was performed prior to surgery in all patients to assess fracture displacement and intra-articular comminution. The surgical technique used is a dorsal two-incision approach to gain access to the medial and middle columns. The medial column incision is placed dorsally over the first TMT joint just medial to the extensor hallucis longus tendon. The lateral incision is centred between the second and third metatarsal to gain access to the second and third TMT joints and maintain an adequate soft tissue bridge. A third incision between the fourth and fifth metatarsal is used in case open reduction of the fourth and fifth TMT is needed. A single incision over the first TMT joint or between the second and third TMT joints is used in cases where the first and second, or second and third, TMT joints are fused. Our method of primary fusion was careful preparation of the joint by debriding the cartilage layer, reduction of the fracture dislocation, bone grafting of the defect with autograft taken from ipsilateral calcaneus followed by dorsal compression plating. The number of TMT joints fused depended on its involvement in the fracture pattern and its congruency. The first, second and third TMT joints were considered for fusion in the case of intra-articular comminution and joint incongruency. Fourth and fifth TMT joints were never considered for fusion; no cases of intra-articular fractures involving these joints were identified. Subluxation of the fourth and fifth TMT joints were addressed with temporary Kirschner wires removed at six weeks. All surgeries were performed by the foot-and-ankle consultant as primary surgeon. Patients were immobilised in a below-knee circular cast for six weeks and kept non-weight bearing for at least 12 weeks until radiological evidence of union.
Between 2013 and 2018, 17 cases of Lisfranc injuries were identified. Twelve of them underwent primary fusion and five cases were excluded (in one case the file could not be retrieved, two were cases of closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation, and two underwent open reduction and internal fixation). The study group comprised ten male and two female patients (Figure 2a), with a mean age of 38.9 years (range 18-60) (Figure 2b). All patients were involved in high-energy injury mechanisms, the commonest being fall from height, followed by pedestrian vehicle accident (Figure 3).
Most of our cases were Myerson10 type A lateral, representing 66%. The remaining were one case each of type A medial, B1, B2 and C2 respectively.
Seven patients (58%) underwent fusion of the first, second and third TMT joints; the first and second TMT joints were fused in only one case (8%) and the second and third TMT joints fused in four cases (33%). Acceptable reduction was observed in nine cases (75%); three cases (25%) of malreduction were noted, among which one patient had pre-existing hallux valgus which can give false negative values in measuring the IMA. Our measured reduction parameters for all the patients is shown in Table II. Average reduction parameters in the well-reduced group were as follows (Table III): IMA of 8.05°, medial cuneiform-first metatarsal angle of 16.9°, lateral Meary's angle 5.9°, coronal shift 0.7 mm. Only one patient had a sagittal shift of 1.6 mm; the remaining radiographs had no sagittal shift. Average time to union in our series was 84 days, and no case of non-union was identified (100% union rate). We also compared the number of TMT joints fused to the quality of reduction (Table IV). We found better results in cases where either the first, second and third metatarsals (86%) or second and third metatarsals were fused (75%). There was one case of fusion of only first and second metatarsals which was malreduced. One patient (8%) had removal of implants for prominent hardware.
The most common complication following ORIF is post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) with rates estimated between 20% and 50%.13 Teng et al.14performed gait analysis on patients following ORIF and demonstrated, despite restoration of normal anatomy and gait mechanics, patients still had poor American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) midfoot scores. In the setting of PTOA and continued pain, secondary arthrodesis was used as a salvage procedure. In a prospective randomised study, Ly and Coetzee15 compared ORIF versus primary fusion in primarily ligamentous Lisfranc injuries. Seventy-five per cent of patients who underwent ORIF had some loss of correction and degenerative joint changes at the final follow-up visit at a mean of 42.5 months post-operatively. They concluded that primary fusion provides better short- and medium-term outcomes than ORIF for primarily ligamentous injuries. Sheibani-Rad et al.9performed a qualitative, systematic review comparing primary fusion and ORIF and found six reports with a combined total of 193 patients. The one-year follow-up AOFAS score for the ORIF group was 72.5 versus 88.0 for the primary fusion group. They concluded that both procedures yield satisfactory results, but primary fusion might have a slight advantage in clinical outcomes.9,16 In most of these studies, the complexity and energy of the injury has not been stated. Low-energy athletic injuries have been grouped with high-energy injuries, which we believe have a different prognosis if a primary fusion is not performed.
Our study did not compare outcome of ORIF versus primary fusion, but we analysed the results of patients who had primary fusion in high-energy Lisfranc fractures. As described in the literature, our series of patients showed good results in terms of reduction (75%) and reasonable time to union (84 days). Twenty-five per cent of malreduction was observed but this figure did not necessarily correlate with a poor clinical result. Despite much effort to trace the patients, only two responded and came for follow-up. We calculated the AOFAS scores for these two patients and both scored 90/100. The remaining patients were untraceable. Only one case of implant removal (8%) was identified due to symptomatic hardware. The latter correlated with the low revision or repeat surgery described in literature. Better quality of reduction was observed with fusion of the first, second and third TMT and second and third TMT joints (86% and 75% respectively). The first TMT joint frequently involves primarily ligamentous injury with minimal fractures of the first metatarsal base and medial cuneiform. Fusion of the first TMT joint stabilises the medial column and acts as a buttress to further stabilise adjacent fracture-dislocation injuries.16 A reason for the 25% malreduction rate can be attributed to significant comminution, bone loss and gross instability. There may have been some cases where the medial column was unstable but not included in the fusion leading to worsening of the reduction parameters mentioned. Figure 4 illustrates a case of high-energy Lisfranc injury operated at GSH with fusion of the first, second and third TMT joints appropriately reduced.
In conclusion, our data suggests that primary fusion may be a viable option in these high-energy Lisfranc injuries with good radiological outcome, 100% union and low reoperation rate. The malreduction rate may be improved by including the medial column in the fusion construct. Our study was limited by a small population size and the lack of clinical parameters to compare with the radiological results. However, this is a short-term study and the long-term consequences of arthrodesis in young, athletic patients remain unknown. Long-term, prospective studies of high-energy injuries with adequate clinical follow-up would be beneficial to establish and evaluate indications for primary fusion in this population.
This submission is in accordance with the principles laid down by the Responsible Research Publication Position Statements as developed at the 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity in Singapore, 2010. Prior to commencement of the study, ethical approval was obtained from the following ethical review board: Human Research Ethics Committee, HREC REF: 446/2019. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
The authors declare authorship of this article and that they have followed sound scientific research practice. This research is original and does not transgress plagiarism policies.
PP: Study conceptualisation, manuscript preparation, data capturing, data analysis,
manuscript revision
JIW: Data capture, manuscript revision
VB: Study conceptualisation, manuscript revision
ML: Data capture, manuscript preparation
SM: Data capture, manuscript revision
GM: Study conceptualisation, data capture, manuscript revision
RD: Data analysis, manuscript revisions
Panchoo P https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1688-9214
Boskovic https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-2151
Laubscher M https://orcid.org./0000-0002-5989-8383
Maqungo S https://orcid.org./0000-0002-8735-8341
McCollum G https://orcid.org./0000-0002-1982-4654
Dey R https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-1995
1. Kirzner N, Zotov P, Goldbloom D, Curry H, Bedi H. Dorsal bridge plating or transarticular screws for Lisfranc fracture dislocations a retrospective study comparing functional and radiological outcomes. Bone Joint J. 2018;100-B:468-74. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.100B4.BJJ-2017-0899.R2. [ Links ]
2. Ponkilainen VT, Laine HJ, Mäenpää HM, Mattila VM, Haapasalo HH. Incidence and characteristics of midfoot injuries. Foot & Ankle International. 2019;40(1):105-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100718799741. [ Links ]
3. Knijnenberg LM, Dingemans SA, Terra MP, et al. Radiographic anatomy of the pediatric Lisfranc joint. J Pediatr Orthop. 2018;38(10):510-13. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000000864. [ Links ]
4. Cochran G, Renninger C, Tompane T, Bellamy J, Kuhn K. Primary arthrodesis versus open reduction and internal fixation for low-energy Lisfranc injuries in a young athletic population. Foot & Ankle International. 2017;38(9):957-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100717711483. [ Links ]
5. Diacon AL, Kimmel LA, Hau RC, Gabbe BJ, Edwards ER. Outcomes of midfoot and hindfoot fractures in multitrauma patients. Injury. 2019;50(2):558-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2018.11.021. [ Links ]
6. Pigott MT, Shah R, Chan J, et al. Initial displacement does not affect loss of reduction after Lisfranc fracture dislocations. Foot & Ankle Specialist. 2019;12(6):535-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938640018823067. [ Links ]
7. Hong CC, Pearce CJ, Ballal MS, Calder JD. Management of sports injuries of the foot and ankle. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B(10):1299-311. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.98B10.37896. [ Links ]
8. Hawkinson MP, Tennent DJ, Belisle J, Osborn P. Outcomes of Lisfranc injuries in an active duty military population. Foot & Ankle International. 2017;38(10):1115-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100717719532. [ Links ]
9. Sheibani-Rad S, Coetzee JC, Giveans MR, DiGiovanni C. Arthrodesis versus ORIF for Lisfranc fractures. Orthopedics. 2012;35(6):868-73. https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20120525-26. [ Links ]
10. Stavlas P, Roberts CS, Xypnitos FN, Giannoudis PV. The role of reduction and internal fixation of Lisfranc fracture-dislocations: a systematic review of the literature. Int Orthop. 2010;34(8):1083-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-010-1101-x. [ Links ]
11. Hatch DJ, Smith A, Fowler T. Radiographic relevance of the distal medial cuneiform angle in hallux valgus assessment. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;55(1):85-89. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2015.06.026. [ Links ]
12. Gibboney MD, LaPorta GA, Dreyer MA. Interobserver analysis of standard foot and ankle radiographic angles. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2019;58(6):1085-90. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2018.12.037. [ Links ]
13. Schepers T, Oprel PP, Van Lieshout EM. Influence of approach and implant on reduction accuracy and stability in Lisfranc fracture-dislocation at the tarsometatarsal joint. Foot & Ankle Int. 2013;34(5):705-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100712468581. [ Links ]
14. Teng AL, Pinzur MS, Lomasney L, Mahoney L, Havey R. Functional outcome following anatomic restoration of tarsal-metatarsal fracture dislocation. Foot & Ankle Int. 2002;23(10):922-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070202301006. [ Links ]
15. Ly TV, Coetzee JC. Treatment of primary ligamentous Lisfranc joint injuries: primary arthrodesis compared with open reduction internal fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(3):514-20. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.E.00228. [ Links ]
16. Boffeli TJ, Collier RC, Schnell KR. Combined medial column arthrodesis with open reduction internal fixation of central column for treatment of Lisfranc fracture-dislocation: a review of consecutive cases. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2018;57(6):1059-66. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2018.03.026. [ Links ]
Dr P Panchoo
Department of Orthopaedics, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital
Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
tel: +27 (82) 815 0238; email: praveshpanchoo@gmail.com
Received: October 2019
Accepted: March 2020
Editor: Prof. NP Saragas, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Funding: No external funding was received for this study.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest that are directly or indirectly related to the research.


If you have visited here or live here you probably already know that Lake Tahoe is arguably one of the most beautiful places in the world. It is also one of the worlds greatest outdoor playgrounds! But, before the creation of numerous ski resorts, hiking and biking trails, the north shore was home to the Sierra Nevada Wood and Lumber Company (SNW&L). In the late 1800s, they provided timber during the mining boom to the nearby Comstock Lode in Virginia City. The SNW&L transported its raw lumber via a wooden flume located 1600 vertical feet above the shores of Lake Tahoe. The path used for the wooden flume is now the setting for one of the most scenic and spectacular trails in the world. While the wooden flume has long since been disassembled, remnants can still be seen today along the trail. Max Jones, a two time National Mountain Bike Champion and Mountain Bike Hall of Fame Member, aware of its history, cleared and opened the Flume Trail for mountain biking and hiking in 1983. Since that time, the Flume Trail has become world renown for its jaw dropping views of Tahoe.


Empire Français Early 1933 The Legacy of Napoléon "The French Empire stands among the premiere powers of Europe and the world. Its legacy is one of triumph in the face of hardship. From the revival of the Empire under my father, Napoléon III, France has held its position as true military titan, boasting one of the largest and most technologically advanced armies in the world..." "It is with these words, that I announce my abdication…," declares Emperor Napoléon IV, aged 77 years. "Though some may see my abdication as the end of an of era, I say with the closing of this door, a new chapter of French history opens up to us. Vive La France!" Within a week, the imperial court had gathered at Versailles' iconic hall of mirrors to mark the coronation of a new Emperor, Louis-Napoléon V. The grandson of Napoléon IV, he is the youngest emperor took take the role, at 26. He retains his late father's charm, and the towering intellect of his grandfather. Truly a product of the modern world, he is ready to take on the duty of leading France and the broader Entente into modernity. France remains a limited constitutional monarchy, with the sovereign (the emperor) retaining an influential position within the government, able to influence policy. The National Assembly is responsible for the confirmation of the Emperor's agenda and represents the will of the people. H.I.M Louis-Napoléon V Armed Forces: To say the least, France possesses one the most powerful land armies to ever exist. The standing professional force is supplemented by a comprehensive reserve system dating back to Napoléon I. In the current system, every man upon reaching the age of 18 must undertake two years of mandatory military service, where they are pressed through rigorous military training. They are taken on operational duty for their second year of training in the colonies, providing security services and gaining experience in the field. These men are discharged when they turn 20, but remain in the reserves until they turn 45, during which they report to their local garrison to be refreshed, twice a year. France also fields a strong foreign legion, comprised of the many peoples of its overseas Empire. Additional effort is placed into recruiting local soldiers in Algeria, Morocco, and the Sub-Saharan colonies. (mod) General de Gaulle inspects second year reservists who have completed a minor tour of duty in the colonies. A New Doctrine: A bright new star of the French General command has taken the spotlight. Lieutenant General Charles de Gaulle, a veteran of the colonial campaigns, published a series of treatises on his vision of the French Army. "A highly professional, mobile force," writes de Gaulle, "is key to success in a modern battlefield." The French General Staff has taken note of what is being called the Gaulle Doctrine and many are eager to push forward through with these tactics. (additional details redacted) Charles de Gaule c. 1933 Under the supervision of de Gaulle's protege, Colonel Jacque-Pierre Marchand, work begins on training additional armored and mechanized batallions. (mod) To support this doctrine, it is clear that a nation must build a foundation in its industry. The Imperial government will invest $300 million into expanding its industrial base, to be able to produce guns, planes, tanks, and other war material. This should also provide ample employment. (mod) The French Arms industry Contracts have been reached with several countries o supply them with French made weapons. These contracts should be lucrative to the French arms industry, providing them with additional revenues to facilitate the French arms expansion. Weapons are sold or lend leased to: The Syndicates of America The KMT government of China The Sultanate of Egypt The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Poland France announces that its arms are open for business, and that any country can request from the French government to buy arms. Mod for arms sales French Foreign Policy: The Treaty of Amsterdam Following productive talks, the Dutch have agreed to extend the French Maginot line up to the North Sea, guaranteeing the protection of the Benelux. France and the Netherlands pledge mutual cooperation in defense against any who would do them harm. The French foreign minister meets with his Dutch counterpart "It is my hope that mutual cooperation between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the French Empire will extend far beyond what we have accomplished here today. We stand together, as stalwart allies," declares foreign minister Stephen Pinchon. Summary: Extending the Maginot Line Recruiting more troops into Foreign Legion Creating additional tank battalions Investments into arms production: tanks, planes, guns, etc. Impact of weapons sales.
The Global Times SUMMER AUSTRIAN OFFENSIVE ANNOUNCED VIENNA, July 20th 1916 - Breaking News from our war correspondents in the East as reports of a massive Austrian advance emerge. A press release by the Austrian Central Command boasts of the participation of millions of soldiers across a nearly 700km front. In this photo obtained by the Global Times, the Emperor himself is shown inspecting Guard regiments hours before the offensive. The most potent zone of this conflict is in the Galician city of Lviv, where Austrian commanders opted for a "ordinance over men" style of fighting. In the Siege of Lviv, many of our analysts point out the great successes the Austrian army had in forcing the Russian forces back while minimizing casualties. But the costs are great for this form of assault. Much of the city and its countryside lay in ruins. A once thriving industrial hub now lays decimated by Austrian guns, and its once proud population dispersed into refugee groups. Aerial footage, taken with the latest form of airborne camera-photography depicts the destruction suffered in the Lviv city center. The offensive comes at a time of strenuous discussions of peace in Geneva. Will this new offensive break the fragile peace process? Or is it a careful tactic by the central powers to apply pressure on the Entente to secure more favorable terms? Stay tuned until the next edition.
with people like @dibliusmaximus sticking their hands in organized human rp, we can never expect any change in quality of the empire.
This is so sad can we hit 50 likes?
The Kingdom of Mercia Information: AP - 15/turn 4 (Base) + 4 (Capital) + 2(From Cities) + 1 (From Pop) + 4 (trade) Trade Relations: The Empire, Somerset, Denmark, Thomond, Saxony Population: 578,760 (Growth at 6% per annum) = 613,480 Technology Level: B 702 A.D. - Turn 3 While soldiers clash with weapons just north of the Kingdom, a great battle of words rages in the halls of King Æthelred. Local nobles are outraged at King's policy of "appeasement" towards the sea kings occupying English land. Some threaten to pull support from the King while current policies stand. Years of bitter fighting and lost sons have made these noble men bitter and lustful for revenge. At last the King stands up. "We shall avenge our fallen kin on the western shores. They shall not have died in vain. RAISE THE LEVIES," booms the King. Mercian armies take to the west. Military Strength in Review: 7,000 Basic Infantry 1,000 light infantry 3,000 medium infantry 3,000 Bowmen 500 light cavalry 3 catapults 4 ladders The King's Decree - 702 A.D. Internal: Retraining 2 of Basic infantry into medium infantry - 4 AP Recruitment of 1 longbowmen - 5 AP Recruitment of 1 Basic Infantry - 2 AP Construction of 12 ballistas - 2 AP The Crown continues its investments in London - 2 AP (10/25 AP into Business) Research continues on heavy cavalry - (6/35 RP) External: The Campaign for Norwich and York. The Mercian army splits into two groups, one army makes for Norwich, the capital of the Danish occupation in England. The army makes its way across the rolling plains of east Anglia. The second army makes a beeline for York, the capital of the Swedish occupation. Local English nobility, repressed by their Nordic occupiers, are sent messengers from the King of Mercia, requesting their assistance in this struggle for English independence.


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text:
Sasha (Alexandra) Soreff, (Nueva York) es una coreógrafa y bailarina estadounidense, directora creativa de la Sasha Soreff Dance Theater y miembro de la facultad New Amsterdam Dance donde imparte clases de danza moderna.

Estudios
Nacida en Maine, recibió su licenciatura con el grado summa cum laude en Artes en el Barnard College en 1994.  Mientras estaba en el Barnard College, fue seleccionada para el Programa Académico del Centenario y admitida en Phi Beta Kappa. Recibió su diploma de escuela secundaria en la Escuela de Artes de Carolina del Norte.

Trabajos realizados
Las obras de Soreff, "The Dancer Who Wore Sneakers and Other Tales" ("el bailarín que usaba zapatillas y otros cuentos") y su secuela "The Other Shoe" ("El otro zapato") se han representado en el Teatro Ailey Citigroup y en Soundance. Ella ha realizado coreografías para el proyecto "60 x 60" del Tompkins Park Dance Parade.

Sus coreografías se han presentado en MetroArts WNET, en la American Living Room Series en HERE, en Arclight Theatre, en Portland, Maine's Casco Bay Movers Theater, en la Universidad de Long Island, el 92nd Street Y, PS 122, White Wave (John Ryan Theater), Dance Space Center, One Arm Red, Portland Dances!, Chester College y en el Cunningham Studio Theater.

Soreff ha bailado con Isabel Gotzkowsky and friends en 1998-2004 y actuó en obras de Sean Curran, Laurie DeVito, Rachel Thorne Germond, Stephen Koplowitz, Holly Twining y Kevin Wynn.

Enlaces externos
 Sasha Soreff Dance Theater
 Dance New Amsterdam
 The New York Times  ,
 Isabel Gotzkowsky and Friends
 Barnard College Centennial Scholars ,

Referencias

Coreógrafas de Estados Unidos
Bailarinas de Estados Unidos


text:
Q: What is Extend-protocol in a Jepsen context? I'm new to clojure and I am trying to figure out what Jepsen does, a software used to check consistency of distributed system.

*

*My questions are:

*

*What does extend-protocol do?

*To be more specific, In Jepsen.Generator, what is op in the Protocol.

*What does mix mean in the context

Kind Regards

A:
What does extend-protocol do?

A protocol is an abstract thing that looks like an interface in Java. It does nothing, but some other entities may implement it. In Java, you declare a class that implements an interface. In Clojure, you extend a
particular protocol with a custom type declared either with deftype or defrecord calling extend-protocol on it.
When extending a protocol with a type, you need to specify implementation for signatures mentioned in that protocol.
A good example might be JSON serialization. Say, the protocol would look like as follows:
(defprotocol JSON
  (to-json [obj]))

If you call (to-json ...) on any value, you'll have an error saying that there is no to-json implementation for that type. You need to extend it:
(extend-protocol JSON

  Integer
  (to-json [obj] (str obj))

  Boolean
  (to-json [obj]
    (if obj "true" "false")))

Now that, calling (to-json 42) and (to-json false) will work. You may extend that protocol for the rest of types: floats, array, maps and so on.

what is op in the Protocol

Protocols do not have implementations, only signatures. os is a signature of some function that just takes three arguments: [gen test process]. It's up to what should it return. As an example, you may refer the line #46 where its behavior is implemented for the clojure.lang.AFunction type. Since I'm not familiar with jepsen, I cannot say more on that.

What does mix mean in the context

I think its docstring is pretty clear as well as the code is. I takes a collection of gens. If it's empty, the result would be a special Generator instance named void. It's an anonymous type that extends Generator protocol returning just nil when calling op without any computations.
It the gens are not empty, the code returns an instance of Generator type with such op implementation that takes a random gen when executing op.
Hope that will help.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Amyntas IV (Amintas IV) (Grieks:Αμύντας), was koning van Macedonië in 359 v.Chr. , uit de dynastie van de Argeaden.

Hij was een zoon van koning Perdiccas III van Macedonië en een kleinzoon van Amyntas III van Macedonië en Eurydice. Hij was ook een neef van Philippos II van Macedonië en Alexander III de Grote. Toen zijn vader stierf in een gevecht tegen de Illyriërs onder Bardylis, waarbij de Macedoniërs verpletterend verslagen werden, besteeg hij op nog zeer jonge leeftijd de troon. Zijn oom en de broer van Perdiccas III, Philippos werd aangesteld tot zijn regent. Datzelfde jaar later riep Philippos zichzelf uit tot koning van Macedonië; en zo werd Amyntas IV dus van de troon gestoten. Philippos werd vrijwel meteen erkend door de Macedonische volksvergadering en tot koning gekroond onder de titel Philippos II. Hij zag Amyntas kennelijk niet als een bedreiging en gaf hem zelfs zijn dochter ten huwelijk om hem tevreden te houden. Toen twintig jaar later Philippos II stierf en Alexander III de Grote hem opvolgde, was Amyntas uiteraard al ruim meerderjarig geworden en zag Alexander III hem dus wel als een bedreiging. Alexander III beschuldigde hem van samenzwering en liet hem daarom op traditionele wijze veroordelen en executeren.

Koning van Macedonië
Persoon in de 4e eeuw v.Chr.


"We aim to find out quality disfigurement from the production and supply the best service to domestic and overseas customers wholeheartedly for Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Forks , heavy duty stainless steel forks , Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Sauce Pot , We've developed large markets in many countries such as Europe and the United States, Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia. Meanwhile with the powerful predominance in persons with ability strict production management and business concept.we constantly carry on self-innovation technological innovation managing innovation and business concept innovation. To follow the world markets fashion new solutions are kept on researching and providing to guarantee our competitive advantage in styles quality price and service.


text:
Full details at this link (album hosted by the Free Music Archive):
1. Top Deck (written by Andy; played by Andy, Bob & Luke)
2. Technicolor Universe (written by Bob & Andy; played by Bob, Andy & Luke)
3. Shelved (written by Luke; played by Luke, Bob & Andy)
4. Architecture Weekly (written by Andy; played by Andy, Bob & Luke)
5. Departure Lounge (written by Andy & Bob; played by Bob, Andy & Luke)
6. Long Road To Castle Acre (written by Bob; played by Bob, Luke & Andy)
7. Like Home (written by Luke; played by Luke, Andy & Bob)
8. Wiped (written by Andy; played by Andy & Luke)
You can download the whole release, including artwork, as a .zip file, at this link (again, kindly provided by the Free Music Archive)
Our third EP for our Swedish friends at 23 Seconds, with eight tracks that saw the light in 2011. There's a fair blend of psychedelic folk and scratchy electronica this time. Recording was shared between Korg 8-track, Tascam and Fostex 4-tracks and Goldwave, with final mixing in Jeskola Buzz. I'd like to direct you to a fine blog article about the making of this EP.


text:
Bouverie
Wyjup
Plantagenet People
Royal Club
Menu 12-3pm
Plantagenet's total 126 hectares of vineyard have been carved out of the region's distinctive Marri soils named after the massive native Marri, or Red Gum trees that grow here. The soils are gravelly loams with good drainage over a base of clay, sand or the ironstone rock, ensuring that the vines are not over-watered or over-fertilised, thus allowing for optimal fruit concentration.
The climate is cool-temperate and strongly influenced by the proximity of the Southern Ocean. Rainfall is plentiful and even during the hottest Australian summer, daytime temperatures are moderated by cooling evening sea breezes. The warm days and cool nights of the Great Southern allow maximum retention of the varietal flavours and aromas required for complex wines.
The combination of these ancient soils and cool maritime climate offers an environment perfect for growing premium wine grapes and making wines that are expressive of the place from which they come.
Named after Helen Pleydell –Bouverie, the mother of Plantagenet Wines' founder Tony Smith, Bouverie was the first vineyard to be planted. Established in 1968 these old vines now produce the exceptional fruit required for our signature Plantagenet Range of Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Pinot and Chardonnay.
+ Learn more
This was the second vineyard to be planted in 1971 by Plantagenet Wines' founder Tony Smith. Wyjup is the aboriginal name for the area which is some 40 km south west of Mount Barker. Originally one of 42 War Service Land Settlement Farms it had been used solely for sheep and cattle grazing until purchased by Tony in 1970. The vineyard is still the backbone of the Plantagenet Range with consistently exceptional fruit being produced each vintage.
Located 15 km south of Mount Barker, Rocky Horror vineyard was planted in 1997. It first took two years to clear the intended vineyard of the massive subsurface boulders, some of which were the size of small cars! Once removed, many of the boulders were transported to nearby port town of Albany and used for the construction of a breakwater in King George Sound.
Crystal Brook is located 4 km from Rocky Horror 1 and was planted in 1988. Like Rocky Horror 1, the site was also dotted with massive subsurface boulders. This time the rocks were crushed, mixed with organic matter and fertiliser and added back to the soil. The vines thrived in this fertile environment, and within five years the fruit was already full of flavour.
Rosetta, originally a farming property, was purchased and planted by Plantagenet Wines in 1999. Being 15 km west of Mount Barker the site offers a slightly warmer and drier site than our other vineyards and was chosen for the different growing conditions it offered.
View our latest releases >
Explore our vineyards >
Join our Royal Club >
© Copyright 2019 Plantagenet Wines . All rights Reserved. Winery Ecommerce by WineDirect . Site design by Clever Starfish
WARNING: Under the Liquor Control Act 1988, it is an offence to sell or supply liquor to a person under the age of 18 years on licensed or regulated premises; or for a person under the age of 18 years to purchase, or attempt to purchase, liquor on licensed or regulated premises. Licence number; 618002062 - class of licence ; Producers licence – the name of licensee; Plantagenet wines pty ltd – Lot 45 Albany Hwy, Mount Barker, Western Australia, 6324. Phone: 9851 3111. ABN: 34059236412


text:
What Other Say
Conflict, violence and turmoil have been the main reasons Afghanistan has made headlines in recent years. Amid a war lasting almost two decades, moments of national joy and excitement have been few and far between. But with the Afghanistan cricket team facing England on Tuesday in only its second Word Cup appearance, we should celebrate the opportunity to show the world the progress the country has made. As one of the national sports of Afghanistan, cricket has become synonymous with the country's culture and ethos. Yet it was only 20 years ago that a cricket board was established in the country. In this short space of time, the Afghan national side has made an impressive and dogged rise to a position where it is able to compete with the best at an international level. In 2009, Afghanistan was competing in Division Five, the lowest tier of the World Cricket league. Six years later it secured a place in its first World Cup. This success story is remarkable considering that for almost the entire 1990s there was no safe space to practice or play in Afghanistan. Under Taliban rule, sports were banned. There was no cricket team, no pitches and no talk of entering into world competition. Under the shadow of enduring conflict, the current team has grown up facing challenges that would be unimaginable to many. Terror attacks, displacement and conflict continue to affect the country. However, throughout the turmoil, the game has been a source of positivity and strength. Afghanistan is up against well-established teams, such as Australia, India and England, all of which have access to funding and resources that are out of reach for most. In this context, we must celebrate the success of the nation in standing alongside these international titans. It is testament to the Afghan people's resilience, tenacity and spirit in the face of adversity. For members of the Afghan diaspora in this country, it is a moment of pride to see Afghanistan meet England on the same pitch. England has been a long-standing supporter and advocate of cricket in Afghanistan. During the 2003 national trials in Afghanistan, England donated kit and British diplomats attended to show their support. ---Arab News


When butter makes its way from food to fabric, it's time to take action. Find out how to remove butter stains from clothes and upholstery here.
These steps explain how to get butter out of clothes – to find out how to deal with upholstery, read the full article.
Scape off any remaining butter with a spoon.
Pre-treat the stain with a liquid laundry detergent like Persil small & mighty, or a liquid hand wash.
Place in the wash as usual, on the hottest setting allowed on the garment label.
Check if the stain is removed. If so, dry naturally. If not, repeat the steps above.
From toast, to your fingers, to your outfit or chair – it's easy for butter to sneak onto clothes and upholstery. Butter may look more appetising than other sources of grease stains, but that doesn't mean it isn't just as liable to stain. Luckily, it's pretty easy to remove butter stain marks, so you don't have to lurk near the tap every time you make some toast or crumpets.
Before you get started on that butter stain, check the label on your clothing to see if the steps below will work with the fabric. 'Dry Clean Only' and delicate fabrics like silk and wool will require a different approach, so move on to the next section.
Whatever method you use, test on a small unnoticeable area first to be safe.
Step 1. Scape off any remaining butter with a spoon or blunt knife.
Be careful not to smear the stain onto a wider surface area.
Step 2. Pre-treat the butter stain with a liquid laundry detergent, like Persil.
If you're doing this on-the-go, liquid hand soap will work in a pinch. But take care not to let hand soap dry onto the fabric, as some brands will quietly bleach your clothing as you go about your business.
Step 3. Place in the wash as usual, on the hottest setting allowed on the clothing label.
If you're washing white fabric, you might consider adding in a little oxygen bleach, alongside your chosen laundry detergent.
Step 4. Check if the stain is removed. If so, dry naturally. If not, repeat the steps above.
A hot tumble dryer could set a stain like butter, so even if the stain seems to have disappeared it is best to be safe than sorry.
Some washable delicates will weather the steps above just fine – just wash on the temperature indicated on the label, and use a detergent designed for delicates.
For 'Dry Clean Only' fabrics, the best plan of action is to very gently scrape or blot up the butter stain as indicated above. Once you've lifted most of it off, place baking powder on the stain in a small heap and leave for around 15 minutes – don't rub it in. This should draw some of the butter up and out of the fabric. After 15 minutes have passed, gently hoover up the powder with a vacuum. If a mark remains, it's best to take it to a professional.
If your furniture covers are removable and washable, then the 4-step method should be fine – once again, there should be a label on the inside seam to indicate this.
If they're not washable or removable, scape up the butter with a spoon and (as with 'Dry Clean Only' fabrics) apply baking powder in a small pile for 15 minutes. If the butter stain remains after the time is up, take a clean cloth and lightly blot it with a dry-cleaning solvent until it sinks in. As with any stain removal solution, it's important to check the label on the solvent and follow instructions carefully. Test on a small, inconspicuous area first too.
If you're prone to the odd spill or smudge when buttering your toast in the morning, a reliable stain-removing liquid detergent (we like Persil small & mighty) is a great household asset – You can use it as a pre-treat solution as well as in the machine.


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While the 18-24 year old demographic is almost entirely on one social network or another according to a study by the Participatory Media Network — 99 percent to be exact — only a little over a fifth of this group is using Twitter.
Of this group, 85 percent follow their friends, 54 percent follow celebrities, and 29 percent follow both family and companies. PMN says that this highlights that there is room to grow Twitter as a "marketing vehicle," but as Caroline McCarthy at Cnet seems to argue on the flipside companies have already been using the microblogging service for marketing purposes for quite awhile.
She seems to say that this isn't the best news for these folks, and I'd tend to agree. Maybe companies have overestimated the desire for a deeper connection to their customers, and the demand isn't there. In any case, its all still fairly new so it might be too early to judge just yet.
Regardless, Twitter seems to have quite the untapped potential customer base in this ever increasingly connected demographic. It will be interesting to see what this means for its future. It's clear the company is going to have to continue to invest in infrastructure as these folks come online — it also could mean Mr. Failwhale may become an ever more increasing visitor to us already dealing with Twitter's not-so-stellar record of uptime.
I am a young adult and i've gotta say… twitter never got to me. I don't really see the point behind it! Facebook on the other hand i understand and love spending time on it!


text:
Q: Woocommerce Programmatically Set Price Showing as $0.00 in Cart So basically what I have done is programmatically changed the price such that if a level 1 customer comes in, it automatically pulls the level 1 price from the custom field put in and then trims the dollar sign. Once this is done it changes the price for the individual logged in without changing the database. However, i get the error "unable to purchase" when I try to purchase the product. I changed the product to make it purchasable and I find out the price shows as $0.00 in the cart.
Here is my code:
add_filter('woocommerce_get_price', 'custom_price_wanted', 10, 2);
function custom_price_wanted($price, $product) {
    if (!is_user_logged_in()) return $price;
    if (has_role_wanted('level_1_customers')){
        $new_price = get_post_meta( get_the_ID(), '_level_1', true );
        $new_price = trim($new_price,'$');
        $price = $new_price;
    }
    if (has_role_wanted('level_2_customers')){
        $new_price = get_post_meta( get_the_ID(), '_level_2', true );
        $new_price = trim($new_price,'$');
        $price = $new_price;
    }
    if (has_role_wanted('level_3_customers')){
        $new_price = get_post_meta( get_the_ID(), '_level_3', true );
        $new_price = trim($new_price,'$');
        $price = $new_price;
    }
    return $price;
}

function has_role_wanted($role = '',$user_id = null){
    if ( is_numeric( $user_id )){
        $user = get_user_by( 'id',$user_id );
    }
    else {
        $user = wp_get_current_user();
    }
    if ( empty( $user ) ) {
        return false;
    }
    return in_array( $role, (array) $user->roles );
}

EDIT: FOUND THE ISSUE!! The problem lies in get_post_meta( get_the_ID() ). It ends up getting the cart id as opposed to the product id which is why it shows as free.