text:
Q: Show $\int_o^\infty \frac{|sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}du$ Convergence for $a>0$ Show $\int_o^\infty \frac{|sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}du$ Convergence for $a>0$.
and show that for all $h\in R$:
$$\int_o^\infty \frac{|sin(\frac{hs}{2})|}{|h|^a(a+s^{a+1})}ds\le\int_o^\infty \frac{|sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}du$$
I know to show $\int_b^\infty \frac{|sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}du$ Convergence for any $b>0$. but how to show $\int_0^b \frac{|sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}du$ Convergence?

A: Note that
$$\int_0^\infty \frac{|\sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}du=\int_0^1 \frac{|\sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}du+\int_1^\infty \frac{|\sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}du$$
converges for $a\in(0,1)$.
Indeed
$$\int_0^1 \frac{|\sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}du$$
converges for $a\in(0,1)$ and diverges for $a\ge1$ for comparison test with $\frac{1}{u^{a}}$ since
$$u\to0 \quad \frac{\frac{|\sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}}{\frac{1}{u^a}}=\frac{|\sin(u)|}{u}\to1$$
And
$$\int_1^\infty \frac{|\sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}du$$
converges for $a> 0$ since
$$\int_1^\infty \frac{|\sin(u)|}{u^{1+a}}du<\int_1^\infty \frac{1}{u^{1+a}}du$$

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That by going to the theatre you will be led astray.
And has no inducement to lead the people astray.
While witnessing in a theatre a moral play.
On the minds of theatre-goers in every respect.
Such has been the case, so says Shakespeare.
That murderers will quake with fear on seeing murder in a play.
And he withdrew from the scene without delay.
On the minds of the people than religious precept.
And he had resolved to murder his uncle, but was stricken with dismay.
Because the play he saw enacted filled his heart with fear.
And hasn't the least tendency to lead to prodigality.
The use of a play in Hamlet to determine Claudius' guilt should need no further explanation; nor should Othello, though only the temperance-obsessed McGonagall could construe abstinence from alcohol as being its main theme.
Modern readers are less likely to have heard of George Barnwell, a morality play intended to serve the very purpose the McGonagall designates for the theatre. Written by George Lillo (1693-1739), it tells the tale of Barnwell, an apprentice who is seduced by the courtesan Sarah Millwood into stealing from his employer and murdering his uncle. By the end of the play, Barnwell and Millwood have both been sentenced to death. This play was still performed in McGonagall's day and was often put on for apprentices on their holidays to deter them from stealing from their masters. McGonagall probably attended such performances in his youth.
A man truly ahead of his time. A visionary.


text:
Stress-induced plastic responses in Drosophila simulans following exposure to combinations of temperature and humidity levels
Oleg A. Bubliy, Torsten N. Kristensen, Volker Loeschcke
Oleg A. Bubliy
Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Torsten N. Kristensen
Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkNordGen – Nordic Genetic Resource Center, Raveien 9, 1431 Ås, Norway
Volker Loeschcke
For correspondence: volker.loeschcke@biology.au.dk
Plastic responses to heat and desiccation stress in insects have been studied in many laboratory experiments on Drosophila. However, in these studies the possible interaction between the corresponding stress factors in natural environments has not been taken into consideration. We investigated changes in heat and desiccation resistance of adult Drosophila simulans after short-term exposures to different temperatures (35, 31 and 18°C) in combination with high and low relative humidity (ca. 90 and 20%, respectively). Hardening under extreme conditions (35 or 31°C and low relative humidity) commonly resulted in higher resistance to heat and desiccation as compared with other less stressful combinations of temperature and humidity levels. The concentration of the heat-shock protein Hsp70 in the experimental flies increased following almost all applied treatments. Life span of the hardened flies under non-stressful conditions was reduced irrespective of the stress dose, indicating a fitness cost for the plastic responses. The results of the study show that hardening using combined heat and desiccation stress can be very efficient with regard to induction of plastic responses improving tolerance to both types of stress. This may favour adaptation to hot and dry climatic conditions, though the negative effects on fitness are likely to constrain evolution of such plastic responses.
The abundance and distributional patterns of terrestrial arthropods are strongly dependent on the ability of these organisms to tolerate thermal extremes and the loss of water (Hoffmann and Blows, 1994; Addo-Bediako et al., 2000; Chown and Nicolson, 2004; Chown et al., 2011). Therefore, thermal and desiccation resistance can be considered as important physiological traits affecting the adaptation of insects to their environments. A common form of adaptation is a plastic response induced by preliminary exposures to new and/or stressful conditions that allows an organism to enhance its stress resistance. In physiology, long-term exposures (days and weeks) to new conditions that are within normal viable limits are usually termed 'acclimation', whereas short-term exposures (minutes and hours) to sub-lethal conditions are referred to as 'hardening' (Hoffmann et al., 2003; Bowler, 2005).
Plastic responses to thermal and desiccation stresses have been considered in various taxa of terrestrial arthropods such as springtails, locusts, ants, whiteflies, beetles, moths, parasitic wasps, and fruit and flesh flies (for reviews, see Hoffmann et al., 2003; Sinclair et al., 2003; Chown and Nicolson, 2004; Chown and Terblanche, 2006). To explain the observed effects, a few physiological mechanisms have been suggested, including induction of heat-shock proteins (Hsps), changes in membrane lipid composition, sugar or polyol concentration and metabolic rate. A large number of studies on thermal acclimation and hardening have been conducted within the Drosophila genus, particularly on the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. This species has been most extensively used in studies of Hsps, which are known for their role as molecular chaperones in the cellular stress response in diverse organisms from bacteria to humans (Lindquist, 1986; Feder and Hofmann, 1999). It has been well established that increased thermotolerance after heat hardening in D. melanogaster is associated with Hsps, specifically the major heat shock protein, Hsp70 (Solomon et al., 1991; Feder and Krebs, 1997; Feder and Hofmann, 1999).
The effects of acclimation and hardening by desiccation stress received primarily less attention in Drosophila studies, but the situation has changed in the last few years. Evidence on enhanced tolerance to water loss after dehydration treatments has been obtained for several species of Drosophila, though not all tested species showed such a plastic response (Hoffmann, 1990; Hoffmann, 1991; Bazinet et al., 2010; Bubliy et al., 2012a; Parkash et al., 2012a; Parkash et al., 2012b; Aggarwal et al., 2013). At the same time, data on possible physiological mechanisms for desiccation acclimation/hardening in these fruit flies remain scarce. It was recently reported that low humidity treatments lead to a reduction in cuticular water loss rate (Bazinet et al., 2010) and an increase in the level of carbohydrates (Parkash et al., 2012a).
Studies on Drosophila and other insects have commonly examined high temperature hardening under non-stressful humidity conditions, whereas dehydration treatments have been performed in the absence of heat stress. It is obvious, however, that for many widespread species the amount of water in the environment varies across climates with different temperature regime. Consequently, such species can face the combined effect of high temperature and desiccation stress, and their physiological plastic responses can be determined by the interaction of the corresponding environmental factors. Investigating these responses is of strong ecological importance as insects depend upon them to survive and reproduce.
Here we explored the effects of hardening on heat and desiccation tolerance in Drosophila simulans Sturtevant 1919, applying different temperature levels under low and high humidity conditions. Drosophila simulans is a close relative of D. melanogaster, with both species originating from the Afrotropical region (Lachaise and Silvain, 2004). Because of their exceptional colonizing ability, these two human commensals spread all over the world and can be found today in different regions from the Equator to temperate latitudes. Comparative studies on physiological traits have shown that D. simulans is generally more sensitive to environmental stresses, including high temperature and low humidity conditions, than D. melanogaster (for a review, see David et al., 2004).
In three independent experiments, we considered the following stressful treatments: (1) 35°C at low versus high relative humidity (RH), (2) 31°C at low versus high RH, and (3) 31°C versus 18°C at low RH. The low and high humidity conditions were represented by RH values close to 20 and 90%, respectively. Whereas extremely high humidity is typical for wet tropical climates, in many arid subtropical and temperate regions it often falls below 20% (climatic maps can be found at http://www.intellicast.com). The use of temperatures of 31 and 35°C allows testing for plastic responses, which may be associated with different physiological mechanisms. It has been shown that short-term exposures of adult D. simulans to temperatures of 33–37°C result in an increase in Hsp70 expression with a peak at 36°C (Krebs, 1999). However, 31°C is at the upper boundary of the normal temperature range for this species (Cohet et al., 1980; David et al., 2004) where one can expect a relatively weak Hsp70 synthesis because of a low stress level. Comparing the 31 and 18°C low humidity treatments can provide information on the efficiency of desiccation hardening at mildly stressful versus non-stressful temperatures.
To test for association between hardening and induction of Hsps, we assayed the level of Hsp70 expression after all treatments. Although the heat-induced Hsp70 expression in Drosophila has been reported in a number of studies, there is no evidence on its upregulation by desiccation stress. However, it might be expected based on the results of other insect studies (Tammariello et al., 1999; Hayward et al., 2004; Benoit et al., 2009; Lopez-Martinez et al., 2009; Benoit et al., 2010). Finally, in the first and third experiments we estimated longevity of flies from all treatments under non-stressful conditions. It has been recently shown that both heat and desiccation hardening negatively affect this life-history parameter in D. melanogaster (Bubliy et al., 2012a). Costs of hardening to heat stress have also been revealed in Drosophila for life-history traits related to reproductive functions (Krebs and Loeschcke, 1994; Tatar, 1999; Hercus et al., 2003). In contrast, some authors found hormetic effects of heat treatments on longevity (Khazaeli et al., 1997; Le Bourg et al., 2001; Hercus et al., 2003; Scannapieco et al., 2007). However, none of the above-mentioned studies considered the combined effect of temperature and desiccation stress.
Experimental flies
Drosophila simulans were obtained from eggs collected in August 2012 near Vergato (Bologna region, Italy) using traps baited with banana and peaches. After eclosion of all flies from the eggs in the laboratory, 450 non-virgin females were placed in individual vials to start the first laboratory generation. For the second generation, 2250 pairs of their progenies (five pairs from a vial) were mixed and transferred to culture bottles. The flies were reared at 23°C under 16 h:8 h light:dark cycles on a standard oatmeal–sugar–yeast–agar Drosophila medium. In the third generation, ca. 500 pairs of young flies were sampled to establish a new mass-bred population, which was subsequently used in the present experiments. This population was maintained at 25°C under 12 h:12 h light:dark cycles as discrete generations with mixing of adults among bottles in each generation. We used 600 pairs of flies as parents for every new generation. They were reared on a standard oatmeal–sugar–yeast–agar Drosophila medium in plastic round-bottom bottles (60×130 mm) under uncontrolled but low larval density conditions.
All experiments were performed with virgin females from the third generation of the mass-bred population. These females were collected from the culture bottles under CO2 anaesthesia, whereas subsequent transfers between vials were performed using aspiration without anaesthesia. The flies were kept in a constant-temperature room at 23°C and 50% RH. They were placed in plastic vials containing the standard Drosophila medium without live yeast. The dimension of the vials was 25×95 mm and the number of flies per vial was 20. The same type of vials was used in all treatments as well as for recovery of stressed flies and in the longevity assays. The number of individuals in the vials was always equal to 20 (but it decreased over time in the longevity assays as flies started to die). As heat and desiccation tolerance in Drosophila is known to decline with age (Gibbs and Markow, 2001; Sørensen and Loeschcke, 2002; Bowler and Terblanche, 2008), this parameter was strongly controlled in all our experiments.
We conducted three independent experiments, in which different combinations of temperature and humidity levels were applied (Table 1). In the first and second experiments, the flies were exposed to temperature regimes with maximum values of 35 and 31°C, respectively, using both low and high RH (35LH and 35HH, 31LH and 31HH). In the third experiment, low RH was combined with two temperatures, 31 and 18°C (31LH and 18LH). The experimental design is explained by the fact that we employed two environmental chambers (cabinets) with temperature and humidity control (model Termaks KB8000F, Termaks AS, Bergen, Norway) that allowed working with only two samples of flies at a time.
Stressful treatments applied to Drosophila simulans females in three experiments
For the treatments, 5.5- to 6-day-old flies were placed in empty vials covered with gauze. Racks with the vials were quickly put into the environmental chambers with the appropriate temperature and humidity settings. The variation in temperature and RH values in the experimental vials during the treatments is shown in Table 1. The data were obtained using DS1923 iButton loggers (Maxim Integrated, San Jose, CA, USA), which have a measurement accuracy (with software correction) of ±0.5°C and ±5% for temperature and RH, respectively. The temperature inside vials was also visually monitored with alcohol thermometers through glass windows in the doors of climatic chambers (data not presented). The duration of treatments (Table 1) was chosen such that in a few hours after the most stressful hardenings (recovery period) the mortality rate did not exceed 10%. The flies that were able to walk on the side of a vial when held vertical were scored as living.
After each treatment, one part of the flies was immediately frozen using liquid nitrogen and put into a freezer at −80°C. Another part was transferred to fresh vials containing standard Drosophila medium without live yeast. They were allowed to recover at 23°C and 50% RH before being used in the stress resistance and longevity tests. The recovery times are given in Table 2.
Stress resistance
In each experiment, flies from the stressful treatments were tested together with control flies. The resistance assays were performed using small glass vials (45×15 mm) without Drosophila medium under the temperature and humidity conditions shown in Table 2). Each vial contained only one fly and was attached to a metal rack placed in a 70×35×35 cm fish tank (aquarium). For the heat resistance test, the vials were tightly closed with screw plastic caps and the corresponding tank was filled with heated water. Its temperature was maintained with two thermostats (Hetto HMT200, Holm & Halby A/S, Brøndby, Denmark). Desiccation resistance was assayed in a tank containing 3 kg of SORBSIL CHAMELEON silica gel (Oker-Chemie GmbH, Goslar, Germany) and sealed using a masking tape. The testing vials were covered with gauze. In both of the above-mentioned assays, resistance was estimated as knockdown time, the time until flies inside a tank went into a coma, i.e. were unable to move any body part. The flies were checked for knockdown every minute and every hour in the heat and desiccation resistance tests, respectively. The number of flies for which we recorded knockdown times ranged from 60 to 64 per treatment.
The level of Hsp70 expression was estimated with the ELISA technique following the protocol of Sørensen et al. (Sørensen et al., 1999). The flies previously stored at −80°C were homogenized on ice. For each experiment, one microwell ELISA plate with 15 samples was prepared. Each treatment and control were represented on the plate by five replicates, and each replicate consisted of 12–13 homogenized flies. The samples were adjusted to equal amounts of total protein content by BCA analysis and the Hsp70 level was determined using the monoclonal antibody 7.FB, which is specific for this protein in several Drosophila species, including D. simulans (Velazquez and Lindquist, 1984; Welte et al., 1993; Krebs, 1999). The amount of Hsp70 in each sample was quantified from the intensity of an enzymatic reaction and measured as absorbance with a spectrophotometer.
Longevity was assayed in the first and third experiments under non-stressful conditions (Table 2). After a recovery period of 18 h, the flies from the stressful treatments (see Table 1) were placed in a constant-temperature room together with non-stressed control flies of the same age. The number of flies per vial (in the beginning of the assay) and the number of vials per treatment within experiment was equal to 20. Every third day the flies were transferred into new vials containing fresh standard Drosophila medium without live yeast. Mortality was recorded every third day until all flies had died. For each fly, longevity was calculated as the time interval from the day of eclosion to the day when it was found dead.
Data analysis was based on standard statistical methods implemented in STATISTICA 7.0 (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA). Comparisons between samples of flies from different treatments were carried out within each experiment using the Mann–Whitney U-test and the obtained probability values were corrected for the number of comparisons following the sequential Bonferroni procedure (Rice, 1989).
Hardening at low humidity at 35 or 31°C was more stressful than other treatments, resulting in significantly higher mortality rate (comparisons with 2×2 contingency χ2-test, data not presented). For 35LH, the proportion of dead individuals after the recovery period was 4.4% and for 31LH it was 8.0 and 9.8% in the second and third experiments, respectively. For 35HH, 31HH and 18LH the respective values were 0.1, 0.2 and 0%.
Fig. 1 shows mean values and their 95% confidence intervals for all considered traits after stressful treatments in the three experiments. In Table 3 we present results of statistical tests for comparison of these values within experiments. In all cases, more stressful conditions (35 or 31°C in combination with low humidity) resulted in increased resistance as compared with the control flies (Fig. 1A,B, Table 3). Milder stress affected only heat resistance: heat knockdown time in the 35HH and 18LH treatments was greater than in the respective controls. In all comparisons except 35LH versus 35HH for heat resistance, we found that flies hardened at highly stressful conditions were more resistant both to heat and desiccation. The level of Hsp70 was increased as compared with the controls by all stressful treatments except 18LH, and the increase was more pronounced in the first experiment, where the flies were exposed to 35°C (Fig. 1C; Table 3). At this temperature, there was no statistically significant difference between the low and high humidity conditions, whereas at 31°C the desiccation-stressed flies showed a higher level of Hsp70 than those exposed to high RH. Under low humidity conditions, the Hsp70 level was higher at 31°C than at 18°C. The longevity assays, performed in the first and third experiments, showed that the hardened flies had a shorter life span than the control flies and there was no difference between the hardening treatments within experiments (Fig. 1D, Table 3).
Recovery periods for heat- and/or desiccation-stressed flies before three tests, and testing conditions
Mean values and their 95% confidence intervals for heat knockdown time (A), desiccation knockdown time (B), Hsp70 level (C) and longevity (D) in Drosophila simulans females following treatments with different combinations of temperature and humidity levels. For treatment abbreviations, see Table 1.
Results of the present study demonstrate that treatments using combined heat and desiccation stress can be more efficient with regard to improving stress resistance in adult D. simulans than exposure to each of the two stress factors alone. We observed this in all three experiments when testing our flies for desiccation resistance and in two of three experiments when testing them for heat resistance. The only exception was for heat hardening at 35°C. Although heat resistance increased here as compared with the non-hardened control both under low and high humidity conditions, it did not differ between the two treatments (35LH=35HH>control). Such a pattern may indicate that the plastic response resulting in improved thermotolerance is determined by a heat shock. Taking into account the data on Hsp70, one can also suggest that this response is associated with enhanced Hsp70 expression. The flies hardened at 35°C showed a markedly higher Hsp70 level than those stressed at lower temperatures irrespective of humidity conditions, and there was no difference in the amount of Hsp70 between 35LH and 35HH. Similarly, Krebs (Krebs, 1999) revealed in D. simulans at 35°C a positive effect of hardening on heat resistance as well as an increased level of Hsp70 expression. However, he found no hardening effect at a temperature of 36°C, which maximized the Hsp70 level, and concluded that large quantities of this Hsp in advance of stress are not required to achieve high thermotolerance.
In contrast to 35°C, the 31°C treatments improved heat resistance only in combination with low RH: the corresponding flies had higher knockdown time than those exposed to high RH and the control flies (31LH>31HH=control). The absence of a difference between 31HH and its control suggests that a temperature of 31°C does not change heat resistance substantially without desiccation stress, at least during the relatively short treatment time used in our experiment. This temperature is at the upper border of the normal temperature range for D. simulans (Cohet et al., 1980; David et al., 2004) and thus can be considered as mildly stressful. However, Krebs (Krebs, 1999) previously reported that heat resistance in D. simulans was increased after a preliminary exposure to 31°C under high humidity conditions. It is possible that there is some variation in this type of plastic response between different populations and laboratory strains of D. simulans.
We detected a higher Hsp70 concentration in all 31°C treatments as compared with the non-stressed control. At this temperature, the Hsp70 level was higher at low than at high RH (31LH>31HH), indicating an enhanced Hsp70 synthesis under combined heat and desiccation stress. Such an effect has not been found in earlier Drosophila studies. At the same time, the results of heat resistance assays in the second experiment suggest that the heat-induced stress response associated with Hsp70 expression does not alone explain the pattern of heat resistance. However, the absence of a difference in Hsp70 level between 18LH and its control (third experiment) implies that Hsp70 level is not altered by low humidity at 18°C. This is in agreement with data by Sinclair et al. (Sinclair et al., 2007), who did not find increased Hsp70 expression in response to desiccation at room temperature in D. melanogaster. Thus, the situation with Hsp70 expression following only desiccation stress seems to be different in different insects. In contrast to Drosophila, such an expression has been previously reported for the flesh fly (Tammariello et al., 1999; Hayward et al., 2004), the bed bug (Benoit et al., 2009), the Antarctic midge (Lopez-Martinez et al., 2009) and some mosquito species (Benoit et al., 2010).
Comparisons between treatments within each experiment for four traits based on results of the Mann–Whitney U-test
Whereas the exposure to 31°C in our study did not affect tolerance to heat without desiccation stress, low RH even at relatively low temperature resulted in increased heat resistance. This was observed in the third experiment, where the flies had a longer knockdown time at 31°C than at 18°C, but flies at the latter temperature were more heat resistant than the controls (31LH>18LH>control). The improved heat resistance after desiccation stress at 18°C indicates a cross-protection effect of desiccation hardening. Cross-protection effects appear as increased tolerance to some stress or a range of stresses after a treatment by a different stressor. In D. melanogaster, these effects were recently investigated by Bubliy et al. (Bubliy et al., 2012a), who found that acclimation and/or hardening to one stress commonly tends to decrease tolerance to other stresses. However, in the above-mentioned study, a desiccation hardening at a temperature of 21–23°C resulted in increased heat resistance, in agreement with our present results. The fact that tolerance to heat in 18LH was positively affected by desiccation hardening without changes in the Hsp70 level suggests that underlying physiological mechanisms are not explained by induction of this Hsp.
The desiccation resistance tests demonstrated increased tolerance to water loss after exposure to low humidity in combination with both 35 and 31°C (35LH>35HH=control, 31LH>31HH=control, 31LH>18LH=control), but no hardening effect was detected for low RH at 18°C. Apparently, the level of desiccation stress at 18°C was not high enough to induce a protective plastic response. It is known that drying power of the air, which is measured as vapour pressure deficit (VPD), rises rapidly with temperature. For RH of 20%, the VPD value is substantially (more than two times) higher at 31 than at 18°C. Thus, our case may illustrate the advantage of VPD over RH as a formal index of desiccation stress when different temperatures are compared. Previously, Hoffmann (Hoffmann, 1991) found that desiccation resistance in adult D. simulans was enhanced by low humidity hardening for 3, 4, 5 and 6 h at a relatively low temperature, being gradually increased with treatment duration. However, all of the treatments were performed at lower RH values than in our study and at a higher temperature of 25°C, which could provide more stressful conditions.
Finally, results from the desiccation resistance assays did not show increased tolerance to low humidity conditions after prior exposures to heat at high RH, i.e. unlike desiccation hardening, the applied heat stress did not reveal a cross-protection effect. Bubliy et al. (Bubliy et al., 2012a) found that heat hardening at 36°C and high RH in adult D. melanogaster even reduced desiccation resistance as compared with the non-hardened controls. In contrast, Hoffmann (Hoffmann, 1990) observed an increase in desiccation tolerance for this species after a heat shock at 35°C. However, the humidity level was not reported in his paper and it is possible that the flies were also exposed to some desiccation stress.
The physiological mechanisms underlying the plastic response to desiccation hardening in Drosophila remain unclear. Though dehydration has been shown to boost Hsp70 expression in some insects (see references above) and the same probably occurred at 31°C in our second experiment, a close association between Hsp70 and desiccation resistance seems unlikely: we did not find changes in desiccation resistance in the flies with increased Hsp70 levels exposed to high humidity (35HH and 31HH). The pattern of cross-resistance in our previous study (Bubliy et al., 2012a) indirectly indicated that a reduced metabolism might be responsible for increased desiccation tolerance in D. melanogaster after hardening at low RH. It is known that terrestrial animals lose water in the process of respiration (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1997), and some recent findings demonstrate a strong correlation between the water loss rate and the rate of exchange for metabolic gases (Woods and Smith, 2010). However, the contribution of respiratory transpiration to overall water loss is not always evident in insect studies, including those performed on Drosophila (for reviews, see Chown, 2002; Chown and Nicolson, 2004). For D. melanogaster, Bazinet et al. (Bazinet et al., 2010) reported that a desiccation pre-treatment did not affect metabolic rate, and the reduction in water loss rate found in their experiment was most likely based on a change in cuticular permeability. There is evidence that Drosophila may respond to low humidity treatments using other protective mechanisms. For example, Parkash et al. (Parkash et al., 2012a) detected an increased level of carbohydrates, particularly trehalose, after a successful hardening to dehydration stress in D. immigrans. Trehalose is known to be one of the most commonly stored sugars in insects (Chapman, 1998) and it might bind extra water, thereby restricting its loss under low humidity conditions.
In the context of adaptation to survival in unfavourable environments, the observed plastic responses induced by combined heat and desiccation stress can be viewed as beneficial for D. simulans. Because this cosmopolitan species occurs in a wide range of habitats, such stress seems to be common, particularly in regions with dry and hot climates. The effect of combined hardening might be even more important for cactophilic desert species of Drosophila, which can be exposed to extremely high diurnal temperatures and low humidities both inside and outside cactus rots (Gibbs et al., 2003). It is probably no coincidence that the most heat-resistant species in this genus were found among desert endemics (Stratman and Markow, 1998). A large-scale among-species comparison performed by Kellerman et al. (Kellerman et al., 2013) demonstrated a strong association between heat and desiccation resistance in Drosophila from hot and dry climates, suggesting correlated selection for these traits under combined heat and desiccation stress. Recent data also indicate a significant role of desiccation stress in thermal adaptation of Drosophila across different climates. Kellermann et al. (Kellermann et al., 2012) found a weak positive correlation between heat resistance of species and average as well as maximal temperature at the central point of their distribution. In contrast, there was a rather strong negative correlation with annual precipitation, implying that factors related to water in the environment are more important in determining the distribution of species than high temperature alone. At the intraspecific level, evidence on importance of desiccation stress for evolutionary adaptation to high temperatures was obtained by Bubliy et al. (Bubliy et al., 2012b), who investigated the effect of extremely low humidity on genetic variation for heat resistance in D. melanogaster.
In our longevity assays, we revealed that exposures to combined temperature and desiccation stress as well as treatments using only one of these stress factors can negatively affect fitness. Both highly and mildly stressed flies (35LH, 35HH, 31LH, 18LH) had a reduced life span under non-stressful conditions compared with their controls. At the same time, no difference in longevity was found between the hardening treatments within experiments (35LH=35HH, 31LH=18LH). Taking into account the mortality values, it is reasonable to suggest that some individuals with low fitness and potentially shorter life span might die immediately after the highly stressful treatments. In this case, the corresponding longevity estimates might be slightly inflated. Our results are in agreement with those of Bubliy et al. (Bubliy et al., 2012a), who found a decrease in life span for heat- and desiccation-hardened D. melanogaster under non-stressful conditions. However, there is evidence of beneficial (hormetic) effects of high temperature treatments on longevity in Drosophila (Khazaeli et al., 1997; Le Bourg et al., 2001; Hercus et al., 2003; Scannapieco et al., 2007). It is likely that the stress doses applied in our experiments to maximize the beneficial effect of treatments on stress resistance could be larger than those used by the above-mentioned authors.
From an evolutionary point of view, the cost and benefit of the plastic response to hardening and acclimation is covered by a trade-off between increased resistance, enabling immediate survival, and reduced reproduction and longevity. The negative effects on fitness imply that in stressful environments selection for such plastic response is constrained and genotypes with increased basal tolerance levels may be preferred. Genes responsible for costly plastic changes should not be favoured by natural selection in populations that are never or rarely exposed to extreme conditions. It has been suggested (see Hoffmann and Parsons, 1991) that the highest levels of phenotypic plasticity for physiological traits occur in species and populations from stressful fluctuating environments. Because many widespread Drosophila species, including D. simulans, occupy a range of different habitats, one might expect interpopulation variation in plastic responses to environmental stresses. However, evidence on such variation for heat and desiccation resistance traits in Drosophila is still scarce and sometimes controversial (Levins 1969; Hoffmann 1991; Hoffmann and Watson 1993; Parkash et al., 2012a).
It is apparent that more extensive population studies as well as among-species comparisons are needed for a better understanding of the evolution of the above-mentioned physiological plastic responses in Drosophila. Laboratory experiments, where possible, should be complemented with field observations to take into account various factors affecting fitness under natural conditions. It is known, for instance, that adult Drosophila try to avoid uncomfortably thermal extremes by micro-habitat selection (Junge-Berberovic, 1996; Feder et al., 2000), which is a kind of behavioural adaptation. Though currently there is no doubt that stress-induced physiological responses contribute to adaptation of insects to extreme environments, their importance may be somewhat overestimated. Future studies should shed light on this issue.
We are grateful to Doth Andersen for technical assistance and to Tommaso Manenti and Sandro Cavicchi for catching the flies used to establish the experimental population.
O.A.B., T.N.K. and V.L. designed the research; O.A.B. performed the research and analyzed the data; and O.A.B., T.N.K. and V.L. wrote the paper.
No competing interests declared.
This research was supported by grants from the Danish Natural Sciences Research Council to V.L. and T.N.K. Aarhus University's Research Foundation supported the stay of O.A.B. at Aarhus University.
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This is it, i have to finish this game in November. I'm getting a little sick of working on it lol, it has been pretty much 1 full year since the idea of making a 2D game popped into my mind. The first few months I only worked a little at a time, but 6 months in i really started working hard on the app. I learned AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT while working on this project, not just actual knowledge but also kind of the ebb and flow of the whole process. I do my best not to overwhelm myself with work and take it a step at a time and it works. I have backups of the game going back months and months. Looking at the game in june for example, it has clearly come a long way. The game itself is very simple, but the feel of it has drastically improved over months of work. I'm now doing some final optimizations, then i will balance the game, improve the controls, fix up the social networking stuff, add banner and that's it pretty much! ONWARDS!
Major bug fixed, i was determined not to go home after work until i solved it, it was driving me absolutely crazy, thank god that's over now. Didn't do anything over my 2 day weekend though.
Haven't done anything, this has been a bad 2 weeks. Don't know why, i've just been feeling tired all the time. Maybe it's my sugar withdrawal, i've cut it out of my diet.
Work has been draining me lately, I am almost done with optimizing my app though.
I think i've figured out how to solve my app optimization issues once and for all. If it works out then the biggest hurdle will be in the past.


Motion Control System in a manufacturing process calls for either a Rigid Automation System (servomotors, drives, linear actuators, etc) or else a Flexible Automation System (robot). Selection of a cost optimal and reliable Motion control system for any specific product requires complete understanding of Product Type, Product Geometry, Production Volume Demand, Cost Incurred and various other factors.
As part of the complete turnkey solution, we have executed Multiple Robotic Solutions like SCARA, Multi axis, to various industry applications. Our installations of robot solutions in assembly lines include applications such as Pick and Place, Welding, Palletizing Automation, Precision Alignment, Grease/Oil Dispensing with increased repeatability.


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Lil Wayne :: Tha Carter II
Steve 'Flash' Juon December 6, 2005
Wayne. Weezy. Birdman J.R. Whatever name you choose, it doesn't matter. The fans choose Dwayne Carter as their representative. Even when this admittedly sometimes overcritical writer didn't think he was the hottest of the Hot Boys on albums like "Lights Out" and "500 Degreez," those who appreciated his voice and lyrical style stuck to their guns and the loyal fanbase ensured continued albums to come. Eventually by 2004's "Tha Carter" even I had been won over. I don't necessarily agree with Wayne's assertion that he's the "Best Rapper Alive" since Jigga retired, despite the fact he and Hova share the same last name, but I do accept that he has matured into a rapper whose work I can respect and appreciate. By the same token I have higher expectations for Weezy than to be Baby's protege, so I hope the allusions to being his Junior only mean that Carter balls like him when it comes to wealth. In this case his namesake might be a better protege, because by all accounts Shawn Carter is the most successful businessman in hip-hop since a couple of kids named Russell and Rick started a record label in their college dorm rooms, which makes it all the more apt that Jigga is now the President and CEO of Def Jam. One wonders if Baby or Slim would ever do the same for Wayne with Cash Money Records.
Intertwining pop culture and business culture do make for a heady mix, no matter which way you spin it. Besides being a reference to his real last name, "Tha Carter" also played on the fact that the Cash Money Brothers took over an apartment building by the same name in the movie "New Jack City" to solidify and expand their criminal enterprise. Cash Money – just like Wayne's record label. I honestly can't say if this is intentional or coincidental – the movie and the founding of the record label both came around the same time. Still it's a sign of Wayne's desire to not only be more clever in marketing his raps but to be as famous and notorious as that apartment building, perhaps even the kingpin who ran it and the CMB's – Nino Brown (Wesley Snipes). There's only one problem – there was never a "New Jack City II." The film stands alone, as it rightly should. A sequel would unnecessarily corrupt the original. Fortunately for Wayne that's not the case on "Tha Carter II," although you will find Kurupt cameoing on "Lock and Load." It's Wayne who shines though:
"Get 'em get 'em Weezy hit 'em where you kill 'em
Easy sit 'em in a river leave 'em they find 'em tomorrow evening
Sinkin I'm probably drinkin that syrup, thinkin I won't slip
Even though I'm leanin like a broke hip"
Wayne has little need to worry about his aim, leaning or otherwise. He's already hit the charts with the Doe Boys produced smash "Fireman":
"Ain't nobody fuckin with me man, Heatman
Ski mask spending next week's cash, he fast
And I don't even need a G pass, I'm past that
I'm passin 'em out now, and you can't help that
And my chain Toucan Sam
That tropical colors you can't match that – gotta be abstract
You catch my gal legs open betta smash that
Don't be surprise if she ask where the cash at
I see she wearin them jeans that show her butt crack
My girls can't wear that, why? That's where my stash at
I put my mack down, that's where you lack at
She need her candle lit, and I'ma wax that"
And if you're wondering what motivates Weezy to shine, he'll answer that question AND provide social commentary on "Feel Me" at the same time:
"I got a chip, I'm tryin get the whole cookie
Used to make a thousand dollars every time I played hooky
Dwayne Carter – absent – keep lookin
I'm present on the block, I'm a legend on the block
Ice so bright like heaven on the watch
Yeah nigga I done dropped one-eleven on the watch
So waaatch, and see what I do
Breeze by you so fast got you sneezin haa-choo!
They got the shivers, man I got the fever
I got to bring the hood back after Katrina
Weezy F baby, now the F is for FEMA"
It's only a shame that Wayne doesn't apply those lyrical skills in a topical matter more often. Wayne has taken his once seemingly lackluster flow and turned it into art, making the way he lazily draws out syllables a form of emphasis for key words and punchlines in his flow. His voice varies from bass to baritone, depending on how fast he's speaking and how amped up he is, but it's in the very consistancy that you can find the subtle nuances that make his flow fat, like the always underrated Guru. The difference between the two is that Guru will spread the wealth out on a variety of themes, from keeping it real on "Mass Appeal" to street cinema on "Code of the Streets" to braggadociousness on "You Know My Steez." Wayne really does take after Baby a little too much at times. He flosses, then he flosses some more, and then he flosses some more after that. Song titles like "Money on My Mind" and "Hustler Musik" are pretty obvious, but dig into "Mo Fire" and it's the same thing: "I'm kickin back, I'm gettin stacks." What about "Hit Em Up?" He's still on the grind: "Honest, you niggaz is harlmess/I'm calm as a Don is supposed to be, cosa nostra." How about "Shooter?" It's a pretty pimp track with a hot jazzy Robin Thicke production, but Wayne is still thinking about his flossing between gunshots: "I'm just tryin to be the great, tryin to get a piece of cake/take it off of your plate, eat it right in your face."
The production on this almost 78 minute long album is by and large correct, with the Doe Boys and the Crime Family handling most of the work. It must be true that Mannie Fresh has severed ties with the label, because he is suspiciously absent in the liner notes, although that doesn't hurt "Tha Carter II" as much as one might expect. The only thing that holds the sequel back from exceeding the original is that Wayne shows excellent evolution in his technical ability but is not reaching out to grab that next level as a writer with it. All of the great ballers stop flossing once in a while to go deeper – Nas, Jigga, Scarface, Ice-T, et cetera. Wayne's already a legend to his fans, and "Tha Carter II" won't dissapoint them, especially given it comes with an extensive bonus disc of Screwed & Chopped hits from his lengthy catalogue of hits. Whether or not Wayne takes the next step to cement his "Carter" legacy after this is anyone's guess, and I have to say "Tha Carter III" won't do it. The references to Hurricane Katrina shows that Wayne is thinking beyond his dick and his bank statement, but if he'd show us a little more of that on the mic he'd truly achieve the potential this album merely hints at.
7.5Overall Score
Hot BoysLil Wayne
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Which team generates more value on social media?
What are some of the winning branded activations on social media for each of the teams?
Which team has a higher engagement rate—focusing on the quality of the post?
MVPindex analyzed tens of thousands of social posts on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube from the 2018-2019 season to find these answers. The infographic below shares those insights that were surfaced from social data between September 6, 2018 – January 21, 2019.


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Home International America cannot lecture Africans on human rights
America cannot lecture Africans on human rights
Police in riot gear prepare to advance on protesters rallying after the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, US on May 30, 2020 [AP/John Minchillo]
By Tafi Mhaka, Aljazeera for Lolwe digital
George Floyd's death demonstrates just how little America cares about Black lives at home and abroad.
Seated in the unenviable squalor of my modest, sparsely furnished living room, deep in the southern end of "shithole" Africa, as American President Donald Trump casually described it in January 2018, I have come to the firm conclusion that America is not qualified to lecture my continent on human rights and democracy. I have watched the video of the tragic, untimely death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota and have remained appalled at the brazen inhumanity demonstrated by the police in a "first world" democracy.
I have read in horror countless social media posts, penned by pained Black, brown and white folks on the latest controversial death of a Black man in America, which came on the heels of the killing of Ahmaud Arbery in Brunswick, Georgia and Breonna Taylor in Louisville, Kentucky.
Each post has been inundated with an obvious abundance of silent, peaceful rage and despondency at the violent racism permeating every aspect of life in the world's leading democracy. Utterly shocked at what I have been seeing, I have had to repeatedly remind myself that this is America.
This is the same country that reacts with immediate moral outrage whenever something goes terribly amiss and somebody dies at the hands of the police and in full view of the public in Africa.
Whenever the spectre of governmental injustice lords over Africa, America always makes its boisterous, unapologetic voice heard on a continent purportedly starved of human rights.
America is always proud to condemn the "brutal violence by cowardly and vicious armed groups" and the "disproportionate use of force" by security forces in Africa. In fact, a predictable stream of condescending diplomatic self-righteousness is certainly the lifeblood of America's ubiquitous presence in Africa's young and still-developing democracies.
However, it is not just America that is forever indulging in this made-for-TV moralisingcrusade, whenever a life is regrettably stolen. The rest of the West also chimes in with a chorus of splendid, choreographed integrity.
So, since Monday, when news of Floyd's death first surfaced, I have been anxiously waiting to hear a deluge of condemnations from these highly respectable Western nations.
I have hoped to see France's President Emmanuel Macron hold a news conference, imploring the American authorities to uphold democracy and put an end to the spate of tragic deaths of Black people.
I have hoped to catch a reassuring soundbite from Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, expressing disapproval of America's systemic abuse of African-Americans.
I have hoped to watch Germany's Angel Merkel declare her profound unease with America's long and shameful record of violating the human rights of its Black citizens.
But I have heard nothing: not a statement, not a tweet has come out of the world's "leading democrats" and human rights proponents.
The truth is the West does not really care about human rights, especially the human rights of African-Americans and Africans; it just cares about preaching about human rights and striding the world stage with hypocritical pride and a pompous air. For, if it really did care, at all, America would not be witnessing nationwide protests today and its fellow "first world" nations would not be so silent about it.
George Floyd's tragic death is not an isolated incident, not a mistake or an exception. It is a sign of a systemic failure in upholding the human rights of minorities and migrants in America.
Minority and migrant communities face more socioeconomic precarity, inadequate healthcare, shorter life spans, and higher incarceration rates than white Americans. Yet the response of the US government to these systemic problems has been to increase policing, not to try to resolve them.
Large numbers of minority voters, particularly African-Americans and Latinos, have also struggled to participate in national elections and have their voice heard on the political scene. Voter suppression in these communities is rife and certain political forces have continued block efforts to enfranchise these voters.
Yet the American megaphone diplomacy in Africa has always insisted on free and fair elections and brandished the American system as a model to follow.
That America is facing such a human rights crisis at home perhaps should not come as a surprise. For decades, despite what it has been preaching, it has purposefully undermined international law and the establishment of a robust international human rights regime which would have pressed governments around the world (including the US one) to uphold human rights at home and abroad.
This has served America well, as it has ensured immunity for its soldiers and political agents committing violent crimes abroad and supporting and abetting dictatorial regimes which have victimised their own citizens. America has done nothing to prosecute grave human rights violations and killings by its soldiers in Iraq and has gone as far as threatening the International Criminal Court, which has opened an investigation into US crimes in Afghanistan. It has also consistently overlooked grave human rights violations by its closest allies – Israel and Saudi Arabia.
Indeed, the leading nation of the "free world" has no moral high ground from which to lecture Africans on human rights.
Yet as disappointed as I am with America's dubious modus operandi and deplorable human rights record, I have found Africa's strong and unequivocal condemnation of Floyd's agonising death a truly welcome and positive development. Without a shadow of doubt, Africans are increasingly convinced that the way forward for their countries does not uphold the American system as a model but as a cautionary tale.
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Let's bless our community by donating cleaning supplies for MICA to distribute to families who could benefit from these items. Bring in dryer sheets, laundry soap, all-purpose cleaning wipes and dish soap to PLC on April 19! For ways you can regularly invest in MICA, check out the Influence Community Partner booklet available at the Connection Desk.


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Another federal judge rules against Trump move to end DACA
A federal judge Tuesday gave the Department of Homeland Security 90 days to respond.
Another federal judge rules against Trump move to end DACA A federal judge Tuesday gave the Department of Homeland Security 90 days to respond. Check out this story on app.com: https://usat.ly/2qVM928
Carolyn McAtee Cerbin, USA Today Published 10:33 p.m. ET April 24, 2018 | Updated 2:46 p.m. ET April 25, 2018
President Donald Trump(Photo: Shawn Thew, EPA-EFE)
A third federal judge Tuesday rejected the Trump administration's reasoning for ending the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program.
In a scathing 60-page ruling, Judge John Bates of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia wrote that administration moves to cancel DACA were "arbitrary" and "capricious" because the Department of Homeland Security "failed adequately to explain its conclusion the program was unlawful."
The court gave the Trump administration 90 days to challenge the ruling before reinstating DACA in its entirety.
Bates joined judges in Brooklyn and San Francisco in ruling against the Trump administration.
The U.S. Supreme Court announced in February that it wouldn't immediately take up President Trump's appeal of a lower-court opinion keeping the DACA programs in place.
The dispute dates back to 2012, when then-president Barack Obama established the program without congressional action. The goal was to protect from deportation undocumented immigrants who were brought to the country as children, but many Republicans called it executive overreach and have remained opposed to the program.
Trump vowed to end the program on the campaign trail, but seemed to change his mind after winning election. He went back and forth over the future of DACA during his first months in office but made his decision in September: He announced that the program would end, but not until March 5, giving Congress six months to find a solution.
Democrats and Republicans have continued to squabble over the fate of those "DREAMers" and failed to find a solution by Trump's stated March 5 deadline.
Democrats want the program left alone or made permanent through a new law; Republicans, with Trump's backing, have demanded other immigration enforcement and border security enhancements in exchange, including an expansion of the wall along the Mexican border.
The negotiations led to a three-day government shutdown in January as Democrats briefly demanded a DACA solution as part of a spending bill.
Once the Supreme Court decided not to fast-track the legal battle, the program continued to allow DACA recipients to renew their protections.
The justices could have agreed to hear the case this spring, leapfrogging a federal appeals court based in California that has been sympathetic to the cause of immigrants. They also could have overruled federal District Judge William Alsup without a hearing.
Instead, they simply allowed the case to run its normal course through the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit.
"It is assumed that the Court of Appeals will proceed expeditiously to decide this case," the justices said in denying the Trump administration's petition. The case still could come to the high court in the future.
In his January ruling, Alsup granted a request by California, the University of California system, and several California cities to block Trump's decision to end the DACA program while their lawsuit challenging the program's termination plays out in court. He said those already approved for protection and work permits must be allowed to renew them before they expire.
Alsup said the challengers were likely to succeed by claiming that the Trump administration's decision to end the program was "arbitrary and capricious" and based on a flawed legal premise. He said the plaintiffs would be harmed, in part through economic disruptions and the loss of tax revenue caused by the DREAMers' change in status.
In March, federal District Judge Nicholas Garaufis issued a similar ruling in New York. He said the administration was wrong for several reasons, such as its premise that Obama's creation of the program was unconstitutional and illegal in the first place.
"Any of these flaws would support invalidating the DACA rescission as arbitrary and capricious," Garaufis ruled.
More: Supreme Court snubs Trump, keeps DACA immigration program in place for now
More: Arizona Supreme Court strikes down in-state tuition for 'dreamers'
Contributing: Richard Wolf and Alan Gomez
DACA supporters march for permanent protection
Wearing custom butterfly wings, supporters of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program hold a tarp with an image of President Donald Trump as they march in support of DACA on March 5, 2018, on Capitol Hill in Washington. The program that temporarily shields hundreds of thousands of young people from deportation was scheduled to end Monday by order of President Donald Trump but court orders have delayed the end date, possibly by as much as a year. Jacquelyn Martin, AP
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients and other young immigrants march with supporters as they arrive at the Capitol in Washington on March 5, 2018. J. Scott Applewhite, AP
Ivon Meneses, of Las Vegas, had written "we need a permanent legislative solution for Dreamers," on her arm as she and other supporters of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program attended an action in support of DACA recipients on March 5, 2018, on Capitol Hill in Washington. Jacquelyn Martin, AP
A woman holds up a sign that says, "resist," as supporters of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) block an intersection near the U.S. Capitol as an act of civil disobedience in support of DACA recipients on March 5, 2018 in Washington. Jacquelyn Martin, AP
U.S. Capitol Police use bolt cutters to break chains locking together supporters of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, as the protesters cheer in support of DACA on March 5, 2018, on Capitol Hill in Washington. Jacquelyn Martin, AP
Veronica Paute, right, of Westchester, N.Y., wears a shirt with a photo her brother, Cristobal Paute, as she holds up paper flowers with other supporters of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program on March 5, 2018, on Capitol Hill in Washington. Her brother, she says, would be eligible for DACA but has been detained by immigration. Jacquelyn Martin, AP
Immigration activists hold signs during a protest on March 5, 2018 on Capitol Hill in Washington. Alex Wong, Getty Images
Supporters of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program place paper flowers on the ground in a pattern that spells out the word "unafraid" as they rally in support of DACA recipients on March 5, 2018, on Capitol Hill in Washington. Jacquelyn Martin, AP
Immigration activists stage a civil disobedience to shut down Independence Avenue on March 5, 2018 on Capitol Hill in Washington. Alex Wong, Getty Images
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NJ millionaire Stephen Mell sentenced for sex with minor
Multiple vehicle crashes reported throughout Ocean County
NJ cop pleads guilty to heroin possession, driving intoxicated on duty
Manchester man charged with elderly mom's murder "wasn't right,'' neighbors say
Deal and Ocean Township cops linked to drug trafficking allegations
Boy killed, woman fighting for her life after NJ crash


Fantastic theme - Once i am up and running I will donate!
I have a question - as it has not been raised its probably obvious, I have installed via connect manager then added the f001 1.4 apps and skins downloaded from templemaster, followed instructions.
Hello Jadelynn, we are planning to publish additional theme colors after this theme will be tested and all bugs will be fixed.
First of all thanks for your magnificent theme.
1- How can I remove "best free Magento theme" text, next to logo?
2- Also, how can I add featured products?
#2 You have to create featured attribute and add it to your attributes set. After that you will be able to set products featured.
Nice theme, thank you very much. Is there a way to limit the looping of the slider to just one time? I see frequency, duration, and auto glide, but not a loop control.
Hello Don, sorry but we don't have this option right now.
I loved the last theme, and this one is just as slick. It is amazing that your two themes blow away any free crap on the internet.
Quite frankly, the only reason why I can't go back to osCommerce, is that NONE of those installs look like your themes.
Theme is great , But how do you set up slider , Or product preview.
how can i update the products view page, I want the additional info to show next to the product image bellow price.
any word on when the extra colors will be available?
Hello Rene, what is your store url? Probably you have some missing close tag .
Can you provide a few details, for example how to add items to the dropdown menu?
Also, are most bugs fixed? I want to make sure it's safe to use this theme in production. If so I will definitely consider the commercial license.
Also, are most bugs fixed? I want to make sure it's safe to use this theme in production. If so I will definitely consider the commercial license.
How is it possible to add the product name to the "Featured Products" section? Many of my products look alike, so the name would help.
#1 Do you want to add static pages as dropdown?
Yes, I do want to add static pages to the menu too.
This is a great theme, thank you. I will definitely come back and purchase a theme for future projects.
Would you please tell me how I can set the products as Featured? I had created Featured attribute, and then added it to the Attribute set. But when I create the products I cannot find the place that lets me choose whether to add that product to featured or not.
I have already resolved the issue!


Josanne has over two decades working in the industry and is a Fellow of CPA Australia and a Certified Practicing Marketer (CPM) with the Australian Marketing Institute. Her extensive media industry experience has been from her early start as an accountant for the Nine Network to transitioning to media sales through to audience research and marketing within Australia's largest publishing groups.
Now heading up the AMAA, the industry body for media verification and audit, she has come full circle to utilising her CPA skills, along with her extensive media experience to supporting the continued development of industry best practice and governance.
The AMAA's goal is to provide services that empower publishers, advertisers and their agencies to transact with the trust and confidence needed to support a robust and thriving media and advertising industry.
Heather looks after marketing, member services and the AMAA's working committees. She is an experience media professional with more than 20 years' experience in one of Australia's largest business to business and specialist publishers across the many facets of publishing and circulation.
To find out how the AMAA can assist your organisation contact Heather on 02 9954 9800 or by email.
Vicki has worked with Digital media companies, Ad tech providers, Ad Agencies, start up's and emerging technologies to get established, advocate for digital media, navigate the complex ecosystem and create commercial go to market opportunities.
She is a passionate advocate of the AdTech and Start up industry. Vicky's work with the AMAA is to focus on building trust, accountability and brand safety across the advertising trading ecosystem. Contact Vicki by email.
Arry joined the AMAA in 2004. He manages the auditing of over 1,500 print and event media while leading the Media Audit Division (MAD) team. He holds a business & accounting finance degree and an MBA in professional accounting. A Fellow of CPA Australia, Arry is the go to person for information on any auditing solution.
Lisa joined the AMAA in 2005. She holds a business and accounting finance degree and is CPA qualified. Lisa holds a dual role as company accountant and also as a media auditor. With over ten years of audit experience she will be able to solve any audit problem.
Joining the AMAA in early 2012, Noverina works with the audit team assists in completing event and print audits. Holding a commerce and accounting degree, Noverina also supports our company accountant.
Joining the AMAA in late 2017, Iris supports the audit team while also managing the organisation's database. Iris is the go-to person if you require any assistance with your access to our members' area or with anything audit related.


text:
Nu Tower2
Nu Tower 2
Jalan Tun Sambanthan,KL Sentral, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
Level 23, Nu Tower 2
Office Space at Nu Tower 2
About Nu Tower 2
Nu Towers is comprises of two adjoining office buildings (Tower 1 & 2), and are attached to the renowned 4-star Aloft Hotel and the Nu Sentral shopping mall. The two towers are set to be another landmark building within the KL Sentral development.
Nu Tower 2 is of course the major tenant and other notable tenants are major players in the Recruitment Industry which makes it a great location for Businesses working in the industry.
Nu Tower 2 is located just beside the KL Sentral Station, which merges all the public transport system in Klang Valley into a single hub. KL Sentral's business and transportation hub appeal has been very attractive to a lot of the multi-national companies.
Nu Towers will be another hotspot for international ICT companies to locate their home here as it is awarded with MSC Cybercentre status.
Call us on +603 2727 1888 to arrange to visit today!
How to get to Nu Tower 2
28 minute train by KLIA Express from Kuala Lumpur International Airport and one hour drive from Kuala Lumpur International Airport
LRT : 13 minutes train service from Menara Citibank Ampang Park Station
20 minutes drive (Off Peak hour) from Kuala Lumpur Golden Triangle
Situated just 2km away from the city centre, KL Sentral houses an impressive array of luxury hotes, local and international eateries with easy access to Malaysia's largest rail transport hub.KL Sentral is also within walking distance from the laidback residential neighbourhood of Brickfields where numerous quaint Buddhist temples and colourful shops with a strong South Indian presence can be found. Easily accessible via LRT, KTM and Monorail, Kuala Lumpur's massive shopping malls are also situated just several train stops away from KL Sentral Station.
Stesen Sentral, KL's largest transport hub
NU Sentral Shopping Mall
Hilton KL Hotel
Le Meridien Hotel
St. Regis Hotel
Majestic Hotel
Ascott Sentral KL
Aloft KL Hotel
Premium Coworking
Dedicated receptionist
Break-out Lounge
Your workspace
Stunning boardroom
Meet other professionals
MSC building status in KL Sentral and the business address of many multi-national companies
Excellent transportation- access to Stesen Sentral, Kuala Lumpur largest transport hub
Closeness to luxury hotels and major shopping districts
State-of-the-art business centre located in KL Sentral area which is a destination with endless opportunities for people to exchange new ideas and information for business, explore new living and lifestyle options,and be entertained by rich leisure and cultural experiences


Trump says "Black people are too stupid to vote for me", Called someone "Black F*g" and more about Black people.
Trump has been reported to have said a number of racist things about Black people.
Michael Cohen, Trumps former lawyer, is known for having recorded multiple Trump conversations, as the FBI currently have around 12 secretly recorded conversations trump had, some about his taxes, among other incriminating things.
Michael Cohen has now revealed that Trump has said multiple racist things about Black people in their conversations.
Michael Cohen said that during the 2016 election, Cohen told trump that one of his rally crowds was mostly white.
Cohen also told the publication about what old said about Kwame Jackson, when they were having a conversation about the season one of the Apprentice.
We were going from the airport to the hotel, and we drove through what looked like a rougher neighborhood.


text:
package testing

import (
	"reflect"
	"testing"

	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/meta"
	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/schema"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api/legacyscheme"
)

var _ metav1.Object = &metav1.ObjectMeta{}

func TestAccessorImplementations(t *testing.T) {
	for _, gv := range legacyscheme.Scheme.PrioritizedVersionsAllGroups() {
		internalGV := schema.GroupVersion{Group: gv.Group, Version: runtime.APIVersionInternal}
		for _, gv := range []schema.GroupVersion{gv, internalGV} {
			for kind, knownType := range legacyscheme.Scheme.KnownTypes(gv) {
				value := reflect.New(knownType)
				obj := value.Interface()
				if _, ok := obj.(runtime.Object); !ok {
					t.Errorf("%v (%v) does not implement runtime.Object", gv.WithKind(kind), knownType)
				}
				lm, isLM := obj.(meta.ListMetaAccessor)
				om, isOM := obj.(metav1.ObjectMetaAccessor)
				switch {
				case isLM && isOM:
					t.Errorf("%v (%v) implements ListMetaAccessor and ObjectMetaAccessor", gv.WithKind(kind), knownType)
					continue
				case isLM:
					m := lm.GetListMeta()
					if m == nil {
						t.Errorf("%v (%v) returns nil ListMeta", gv.WithKind(kind), knownType)
						continue
					}
					m.SetResourceVersion("102030")
					if m.GetResourceVersion() != "102030" {
						t.Errorf("%v (%v) did not preserve resource version", gv.WithKind(kind), knownType)
						continue
					}
				case isOM:
					m := om.GetObjectMeta()
					if m == nil {
						t.Errorf("%v (%v) returns nil ObjectMeta", gv.WithKind(kind), knownType)
						continue
					}
					m.SetResourceVersion("102030")
					if m.GetResourceVersion() != "102030" {
						t.Errorf("%v (%v) did not preserve resource version", gv.WithKind(kind), knownType)
						continue
					}
					labels := map[string]string{"a": "b"}
					m.SetLabels(labels)
					if !reflect.DeepEqual(m.GetLabels(), labels) {
						t.Errorf("%v (%v) did not preserve labels", gv.WithKind(kind), knownType)
						continue
					}
				default:
					if _, ok := obj.(metav1.ListMetaAccessor); ok {
						continue
					}
					if _, ok := value.Elem().Type().FieldByName("ObjectMeta"); ok {
						t.Errorf("%v (%v) has ObjectMeta but does not implement ObjectMetaAccessor", gv.WithKind(kind), knownType)
						continue
					}
					if _, ok := value.Elem().Type().FieldByName("ListMeta"); ok {
						t.Errorf("%v (%v) has ListMeta but does not implement ListMetaAccessor", gv.WithKind(kind), knownType)
						continue
					}
					t.Logf("%v (%v) does not implement ListMetaAccessor or ObjectMetaAccessor", gv.WithKind(kind), knownType)
				}
			}
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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