As another school year begins it's time to ask yourself, "How do I preview materials with students to help them be successful readers with unfamiliar text." It is no secret that many students struggle to comprehend informative text; learning from text, especially informative text, is the cornerstone of the curriculum. As experts in their content areas, teachers may fail to recognize how difficult specific text is to understand.
Quick Quiz to Test Your Knowledge!
What is the difference between text structure and text features?
How do narrative and informative text differ regarding text structure?
What are some common structures for informative and narrative text?
Text structure is the organizational pattern an author(s) uses. Text features refer to additional information and illustrated information, such as index, captions, maps, or headings to help readers understand the text. This Literacy Tip will focus on text structure and the November Literacy Tip will highlight text features.
How do narrative and informative text structures differ?
Prose writing consists of two major types: narrative and informative. Each type requires a different thinking process when reading. For example, what do you know about yourself as a reader when reading a Jody Picoult novel or Poe's "Tell Tale Heart" as compared to reading a DVD manual? Groundbreaking reading researcher Louise Rosenblatt (1978) distinguishes between narrative/literary and informative reading by explaining narrative reading as aesthetic, requiring a personal response, and informative reading as efferent, reading for information. Narrative reading (an assuming stance) involves experiencing the text through our senses—seeing, feeling, and thinking about the characters portrayed—as when reading a novel or short story. Efferent reading (meaning to carry away) focuses attention on ideas to be retained or information required to perform a task, such as reading a DVD manual. When people read for information, they may select parts of the text they need, rather than reading from beginning to end. An important point of distinction between an aesthetic read and an efferent read is that when reading a literary selection, the reader focuses attention on what is being experienced during the reading, whereas an informative read focuses on what will be retained after the reading (Rosenblatt, 1978).
Main ideas and supporting details provide the overarching structure of informative texts, whereas story grammar or elements constituting a beginning, middle, and end organize the writing of a narrative selection. Strategic readers recognize the difference between informative and narrative text and learn the characteristics of both in order to increase comprehension.
Authors of informative text (nonfiction) organize the main ideas and subordinate details into different organizational patterns to frame thinking when reading informative text. The most common frames are: cause/effect, compare/contrast, concept/definition, problem/solution, proposition/ support, and sequence. A graphic representation of the pattern, such as a Venn diagram for compare/contrast can assist the note-taking process for the reader. Specific guiding questions can be used to focus reading; authors use cue words or phrases that link one idea to another. These signal words serve as clues to the organizational pattern. Readers learn to identify cue words; they realize specific words alert them about what is to come. Organizational patterns are not only helpful for reading; they also organize thinking for writing.
Helping students learn how to navigate text – paper or digital is essential. Modeling and explicit instruction are needed to show students how narrative and especially informative texts work. Teaching students how to do an initial sweep through the text to set the stage for successful reading is key. Demonstrating how to use strategies and manipulatives (Post-it notes, highlighters) to mentally and physically work the material so the passage makes sense helps students become successful independent readers.
For more ideas and examples to help students understand the importance of teaching "text structure" check out Strategic Reading in the Content Areas – Practical Applications for Creating a Thinking Environment Chapter 5. For strategy ideas to teach "text structure" look into Strategies to Engage the Mind of the Learner – Building Strategic Learners. Books can be previewed at www.rachelbillmeyer.com. Please forward this email to other interested colleagues. Interested readers can go to www.rachelbillmeyer.com to sign up for future Literacy Tips.


text:
import isoParse from './util/isodate';
import { date as locale } from './locale';
import Ref from './Reference';
import type { AnyObject, Message } from './types';
import type {
  Defined,
  Flags,
  NotNull,
  SetFlag,
  Thunk,
  Maybe,
  ToggleDefault,
  UnsetFlag,
} from './util/types';
import Schema from './schema';

let invalidDate = new Date('');

let isDate = (obj: any): obj is Date =>
  Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) === '[object Date]';

export function create(): DateSchema;
export function create<
  T extends Date,
  TContext extends Maybe<AnyObject> = AnyObject,
>(): DateSchema<T | undefined, TContext>;
export function create() {
  return new DateSchema();
}

export default class DateSchema<
  TType extends Maybe<Date> = Date | undefined,
  TContext = AnyObject,
  TDefault = undefined,
  TFlags extends Flags = '',
> extends Schema<TType, TContext, TDefault, TFlags> {
  static INVALID_DATE = invalidDate;

  constructor() {
    super({
      type: 'date',
      check(v: any): v is NonNullable<TType> {
        return isDate(v) && !isNaN(v.getTime());
      },
    });

    this.withMutation(() => {
      this.transform((value, _raw, ctx) => {
        if (!ctx.spec.coerce || ctx.isType(value)) return value;

        value = isoParse(value);

        // 0 is a valid timestamp equivalent to 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z(unix epoch) or before.
        return !isNaN(value) ? new Date(value) : DateSchema.INVALID_DATE;
      });
    });
  }

  private prepareParam(
    ref: unknown | Ref<Date>,
    name: string,
  ): Date | Ref<Date> {
    let param: Date | Ref<Date>;

    if (!Ref.isRef(ref)) {
      let cast = this.cast(ref);
      if (!this._typeCheck(cast))
        throw new TypeError(
          `\`${name}\` must be a Date or a value that can be \`cast()\` to a Date`,
        );
      param = cast;
    } else {
      param = ref as Ref<Date>;
    }
    return param;
  }

  min(min: unknown | Ref<Date>, message = locale.min) {
    let limit = this.prepareParam(min, 'min');

    return this.test({
      message,
      name: 'min',
      exclusive: true,
      params: { min },
      skipAbsent: true,
      test(value) {
        return value! >= this.resolve(limit);
      },
    });
  }

  max(max: unknown | Ref, message = locale.max) {
    let limit = this.prepareParam(max, 'max');

    return this.test({
      message,
      name: 'max',
      exclusive: true,
      params: { max },
      skipAbsent: true,
      test(value) {
        return value! <= this.resolve(limit);
      },
    });
  }
}

create.prototype = DateSchema.prototype;
create.INVALID_DATE = invalidDate;

export default interface DateSchema<
  TType extends Maybe<Date>,
  TContext = AnyObject,
  TDefault = undefined,
  TFlags extends Flags = '',
> extends Schema<TType, TContext, TDefault, TFlags> {
  default<D extends Maybe<TType>>(
    def: Thunk<D>,
  ): DateSchema<TType, TContext, D, ToggleDefault<TFlags, D>>;

  concat<TOther extends DateSchema<any, any>>(schema: TOther): TOther;

  defined(
    msg?: Message,
  ): DateSchema<Defined<TType>, TContext, TDefault, TFlags>;
  optional(): DateSchema<TType | undefined, TContext, TDefault, TFlags>;

  required(
    msg?: Message,
  ): DateSchema<NonNullable<TType>, TContext, TDefault, TFlags>;
  notRequired(): DateSchema<Maybe<TType>, TContext, TDefault, TFlags>;

  nullable(msg?: Message): DateSchema<TType | null, TContext, TDefault, TFlags>;
  nonNullable(): DateSchema<NotNull<TType>, TContext, TDefault, TFlags>;

  strip(
    enabled: false,
  ): DateSchema<TType, TContext, TDefault, UnsetFlag<TFlags, 's'>>;
  strip(
    enabled?: true,
  ): DateSchema<TType, TContext, TDefault, SetFlag<TFlags, 's'>>;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


News platform Jinri Toutiao has launched an e-commerce app Zhidian to sell consumer goods, a move that experts said shows the company's desire to leverage its massive traffic and technology advantages into the lucrative internet retail industry.
The site was quietly launched in September, media reports said. Toutiao did not respond to an interview request by the Global Times, but public information showed that Toutiao owns 100 percents of Zhidian.
The Global Times accessed the app on Tuesday and saw that the platform offers clothes, food and beverages, household goods and kitchenware.
Liu Dingding, an industry analyst based in Beijing, told the Global Times on Tuesday that Toutiao has cooperated with a number of e-commerce players such as JD.com and Taobao in recent years. The start-up, through these partnerships, found a way to bring its huge traffic in the news app sector to the e-commerce business.
"Toutiao wants to generate more income, and it is not satisfied with merely being an advertiser," said Liu.
Toutiao has the money, the technology needed for big data and artificial intelligence, a large user base, and experience in promoting market hit products, and that's another reason why the company has the confidence to move into a new industry, Liu added.
"Toutiao has more than 200 million users, and launching an e-commerce site would help it capitalize on its huge traffic to expand its market space," Liu said.
Toutiao's sister app Douyin, a short-video sharing platform, has become one of China's top short-video apps since launching in September 2016. Douyin now is valued at around $10 billion, news website ifeng.com reported.
Despite the advantages, Liu said Zhidian's prospects are uncertain, as the general market in e-commerce is dominated by giants like Alibaba, JD.com and Suning. Pinduoduo also leads the retail model that targets bargain-hunters in smaller cities.
"It also depends on how Zhidian cultivates user habits and optimizes its supply chain. It's going to be another cut-throat competition," Liu said.


text:
Baker Institute Blog
Note: This blog is a not a Houston Chronicle staff blog. The Houston Chronicle is not responsible for the content contained in this blog.
President Reagan's tax legacy 25 years later
By James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy on October 18, 2011 at 1:26 PM
On Oct. 22, 1986, President Reagan signed into law the Tax Reform Act of 1986.
Twenty-five years ago this week, President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the last major effort to update the U.S. income tax system.
The legislation, also known as TRA86, lowered individual taxpayer rates by closing corporate loopholes and reflected more than two years of negotiations by Reagan, a Republican, with a Democratic-controlled House of Representatives.
"When I sign this bill into law, America will have the lowest marginal tax rates and the most modern tax code among major industrialized nations, one that encourages risk-taking, innovation and that old American spirit of enterprise," Reagan said at the time.
Today, the tax code is due for another overhaul, contends John Diamond, Ph.D., the Baker Institute's Edward A. and Hermena Hancock Kelly Fellow in Public Finance.
He cites the escalating U.S. debt and the complexity, inefficiency and cost of raising revenues to finance government expenditures as reasons for tax reform.
Diamond and George Zodrow, Ph.D., a Rice scholar at the Baker Institute, are the authors of "Fundamental Tax Reform: Then and Now," which examines the conditions leading up to the 1986 tax reform. The report concludes, "The conditions are right for another sweeping reform of the tax system and, indeed, the case for reform may be even stronger than it was prior to the passage of TRA86."
Earlier this month, the Baker Institute's Tax and Expenditure Policy Program organized "Defusing the Debt Bomb: Economic and Fiscal Reform," a two-day conference on the potential for spending and tax reform in resolving the nation's debt crisis.
The Honorable Alan Simpson, former U.S. senator and co-chairman of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, delivered a keynote address at the Baker Institute conference. The bipartisan commission issued a report earlier this year identifying policies to improve the nation's fiscal situation in the medium term and to achieve fiscal sustainability over the long run.
A video of Sen. Simpson's speech is below. Learn more about the "Defusing the Debt Bomb: Economic and Fiscal Reform Conference" and other speakers on the event page.
Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Astros third baseman Alex Bregman hasn't recorded a hit in the ALCS, although he almost spoiled Red Sox closer Craig Kimbrel's Game 2 save and does have six walks, which gives him a perverted .000/.700/.000 slashline for the series. Maybe the video Bregman posted Monday on Instagram served two purposes: to annoy the Red Sox and to motivate him to get a knock.
Bregman's "lil pregame video work" is a clip of former Rays starter Nathan Eovaldi—who was traded to the Red Sox and will start Game 3—serving up three consecutive gargantuan dongs to George Springer, Bregman, and Jose Altuve during the Astros' 5-1 win on June 20. Here's the high-quality version.
Those philosophies seem fair. It's harmless trash talk that doesn't get too personal, and Bregman's done a fine job of acting like a heel without being a total prick. Then again, Yankees outfielder Aaron Judge blared "New York, New York" from a speaker after his team won Game 2 of the ALDS against the Red Sox and the series moved back to the Bronx, and that turned out poorly for him. Even if the Red Sox claimed they didn't care about that, they still trounced the Yanks, 16-1, in Game 3 and closed out the series with a Game 4 win in New York. Astros starter Dallas Keuchel had better not leave anything over the plate tonight.


The host component for the dialog to add participants to an approval stage.
A Boolean flag based on which the roles check boxes are displayed.
The constructor for AddApprovalStageParticipant class.
[override] This method is invoked when a user clicks the OK button.
The skin part that defines the Panel where the content of ApprovalStageParticipant get pushed into and laid out.
A reference to the CheckBox object. If the check box is selected then the added participant is added as an approver.
This state displays roles check box, while adding participants.
This state does not display roles check box, while adding participants.
This method is invoked when a user clicks the OK button.
event:Event — Mouse click event received when a user clicks the OK button.
This method changes the state of the OK button. It enables and disables the OK button based on state of approver or moderator check box. This method is invoked if either of the check boxes are clicked or an item in the search result grid is selected.


Recently remolded 3 bed and 2 bath brick house on South Island RD. This large home has new carpet, refinished hardwood floors, fireplace. The master bedroom has it's own bathroom and two large walk-in closets. Outside there is a detached man cave that's over 240 sq. ft. Great for entertaining or just relaxing. This building also contains a garage for your boat or car. The backyard is large and fenced-in and would be great for pets. The house sits on a large .75 lot. From your new home you will be just minutes to downtown Georgetown with it's fine dining and great shopping and the boat landing is close by.


The Pakistani Taliban has named a native from the Himalayan region of Gilgit-Baltistan as its new spokesperson.
Khalid Balti, a resident of Gilgit-Baltistan, has been chosen as the new spokesperson of Pakistan's Taliban (TTP). He was selected to replace Shahidullah Shahid, who left to join the Pakistan based affiliates of the Islamic State in Iraq and Levant (ISIS). Naming a local is evidence of the Taliban's growing interest in the strategically located Gilgit-Baltistan region.
Khalid Balti, who identifies himself as Mohammad Al-Khorasani, was born in Thogmus Village in the Gangche district in Gilgit-Baltistan. He left for Karachi in 1994 after studying at a local religious school, though his wife and four children continue to live in Baltistan. Balti is considered a religious scholar whose previous affiliations with several madrassas in Karachi include Jamiat-ul-Rasheed, Jamia Banoria, and Jamia Farooqia. His expertise in publishing and association with the Taliban's Umer media led to his prominence and his appointment is a diplomatic move by the Taliban to use cultural competency to fortify their stronghold in a disputed region that is claimed by both India and Pakistan. Moving forward, it is expected that his understanding of local sectarian dynamics between Shia, Sunni, and Sufi Nurbakhshia will serve in recruitment efforts.
Defense and political analysts who are familiar with Gilgit-Baltistan's connections with Afghan and Kashmir Jihad are not surprised by the Taliban's attempt to put this region on the international terror map. Given the geopolitical dynamics and Gilgit-Baltistan's shared borders with China's Xinjiang Province, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and the Indian region of Ladakh, it was not a matter of if it was going to happen but how soon. In the last two years, the Taliban has been involved in sporadic attacks in Gilgit-Baltistan, killing dozens, including local minorities, military officials, and tourists. The group has also attacked and bombed local girls' schools to show its opposition to female education.
Like the Taliban, ISIS also stands to gain in Gilgit-Baltistan, a potential point of convergence between affiliated militant groups from Central Asia, Afghanistan, Xinjiang, Kashmir, and Pakistan. The rugged mountainous terrain and sparse population of Gilgit-Baltistan is conducive to the staging of militant forays into India, which the plains of Punjab lack. Control over Gilgit-Baltistan also allows critical access to the minerals and precious gems of the region as well as trans-Asian trade between Pakistan, China, and Central Asia. This access to financing and leverage represents a game changer in the Taliban and ISIS's mission to establish viable states.
The Taliban and ISIS stand to benefit from an existing terror infrastructure and residual local sympathy for the Kashmiri and Afghan mujahideen. Despite opposition from local Shias, Pakistan employed religious extremism as a tactic to counter Indian control in Kashmir which led to militants from across the nation rushing in to establish training camps and seminaries in Gilgit-Baltistan. They further mushroomed during the Afghan-Soviet War when China-funded Uighur fighters and Afghans used Gilgit-Baltistan as a staging ground. Ideology, loyalty to the Pakistani military and poverty persuaded many local youth to participate, creating a critical mass.
This historical context is important in understanding why ISIS, in order to grow its influence in South Asia, is interested in establishing relationships with Pakistani terrorist organizations such as the Taliban and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and political organizations such as Ahl-e-Sunnat Wal Jamaat (ASWJ) and Jamat-e-Islami. These organizations, as well as the Ikhwanul Muslimoon (Muslim Brotherhood), share the ideology of Maududi, Hasan al-Bana, and Syed Qutub that is best summarized by Jamat-e-Islami's statement, "It is very necessary to welcome the announcement of the establishment of Islamic caliphate by the ISIS because Islamic caliphate is the aspiration of every Muslim and there has never been a disagreement on the issue among the Muslims in any period of history." This statement is an indication of widespread political support for ISIS in South Asia.
The recent reconciliation between Al-Qaeda and ISIS in the Middle East will further consolidate their South Asian affiliates. According to an official report, ISIS's recently formed 10-member strategic planning committee is negotiating with local militant organizations including Mullah Omar's loyalists. The report also warns of plans to target military installations, government buildings, and the Shia community – and there is a strong indication that a Taliban-ISIS crescent of control is emerging with its epicenter in Northern Pakistan. As Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and ASWJ have a strong presence in Gilgit-Baltistan, their potential collaboration with ISIS is a concern for the region where the majority Shias are their prime target.
Collaboration between the Taliban and ISIS in establishing a stronghold in the Northern Areas of Pakistan and Gilgit-Baltistan is a concern not only for locals but for the political stability and growth throughout the entire region. Given increased linkages occurring among terror networks, so too must India, China, Pakistan, and Afghanistan set aside chronic territorial disputes and engage in greater collaboration based on common interests and threats.
How Can Islamabad Further Isolate the Pakistani Taliban?
Pakistan has a chance to isolate the militant group if the country decides to completely support the Afghan peace process.
The Islamic State's Support Base in Pakistan Continues to GrowTrump's Afghanistan Plan: Old Wine in a New BottleWill US Sanctions on Hizbul Mujahideen Make Pakistan Reconsider Its 'Good Taliban'?What's Driving Russia-Pakistan Cooperation on Afghanistan?Would India Support a Post-ISIS Independence Push by the Kurds?
What Are China's Plans for its Airborne Corps?
What the reshuffling of top leadership tells us about the future development of PLA aviation.
Sihanoukville: A Cambodian City Losing Its 'Cambodian-ness'Why is China Developing a New J-11 Variant?Afghanistan: Prospects and Challenges to Regional ConnectivityIsrael Balancing US-China Relations: Geostrategic ContextIs Vietnam Creeping Into a Succession Crisis?


More and more people are renting as opposed to buying, as renters have now outnumbered buyers in most large American cities.
Renting offers the tenant a number of advantages of renting compared to buying that align with many contemporary values, like the flexibility to move. It's also a much cheaper option than owning given how expensive the real estate market has become and the property taxes you are required to pay.
However, a rental lease comes with its own set of problems. The relationship between landlord and tenant can be a combative one, so make sure you brush up on your rights before you sign any rental lease.
Tenant rights do tend to vary from state to state so make sure and check that these apply to your state.
Depending on your state, your landlord is required to give their tenant either 24 or 48-hour notice before entering the property for any reason.
Many times a landlord will want to spring an impromptu maintenance check in order to make sure everything is in working order. This may seem harmless enough but it can be a severe invasion of privacy.
Landlords also use these checks to see if the tenant is doing anything that would break your rental lease, like keeping an undisclosed pet or having one too many roommates.
Make sure the landlord issues you a Landlord's Notice to Enter form before they try and schedule a visit.
A rental lease will usually include a provision that puts the onus on the property owner to make any repairs that might endanger the health of the tenant.
However, if a landlord refuses to make these repairs or ignores your request, the tenant has the right to withhold their rent until the repairs are made.
If all of these conditions are met, you are in your legal rights to withhold rent until the repairs are made.
A typical rental lease will have a security deposit attached wherein an additional sum of money is paid to the landlord with the understanding that it will be returned to the tenant when they move out.
Security deposits are usually used to motivate tenants from moving out before paying rent or to damage the property while living there.
However, the tenant has a right to a receipt for the deposit. This document will help you to establish what you are owed in the event the landlord forgets.
If the tenant wishes to break the rental lease early, they can do so if that tenant has found someone else who can take over the rest of the tenancy. The tenant can do this even if the landlord refuses to let the lease be reassigned.
In this case, the tenant can issue a Tenant's Notice to Terminate the Tenancy no later than thirty days after the tenant first asked if the lease can be assigned.
As long as thirty days notice is given and the landlord has no substantial reason to refuse to lease to the suggested assigned tenant, the tenant is legally allowed to break the rental agreement.
Landlords must give their tenants a written seven-day notice of eviction and they must state in writing the reason for the eviction.
Most evictions are due to a material breached of a lease wherein the tenant has violated one of the key conditions in the lease.
However, even after the seven days are up, a landlord is not legally allowed to kick a tenant out of the property, change the locks, or shut off the utilities. Landlords must first go to court and request a hearing.
This gives the tenant an opportunity to present their case in court. A landlord is unable to legally evict a tenant without this court order.
When the living space is shared between the landlord and the tenant, such as through a roommate arrangement, things can become a little more personal and thus more complicated.
However, the landlord is not allowed to restrict access to common areas like the living room. Furthermore, landlords must abide by the rules established in the lease.
These rules cannot be altered or created based on how the tenant is behaving.
If the tenant is diagnosed with a physical or mental impairment that will interfere with major life activity for a period of six months or more they are considered to possess a disability.
In some cases, a health care provider will prescribe a service animal as a means of medication. If the tenant is in need of this service animal, a landlord must waive their no pets policy or any additional fee for having a pet.
If the lease does not specify a specific late fee, the landlord is not allowed to impose one.
Some states will even restrict the amount a landlord can legally charge for a late fee. If the late fee is over five percent of the total rent, the landlord can be in murky legal waters.
If the landlord has agreed to pay for utilities or include them in the rent, the house must be kept cool or warm enough as not to endanger the tenant.
For example, it is illegal for the heating system to not be able to heat the house to at least 68 degrees when it is 20 degrees or colder outside.
If the heating system or any of the other utilities covered in the rent fail to work properly, the tenant could be allowed to withhold rent until the issues are resolved.
Remember that tenant rights vary from state to state so it would be wise to conduct some extra research.
And above all, make sure that a rental lease with clearly defined parameters is established in writing and signed by both parties.


Is anyone in the blooming stage??? I was looking forward to this but dont seem to be getting it. I have really spotty skin, my nails keep breaking and my hair is just the same. Maybe I am having a girl and she is taking all my prettiness!!!!
My hair has thickened up, and although I go through bouts of spots, touch wood, I'm not too bad now. People keep commenting that I look well, but I can't say I feel like I'm blooming either.
I may feel more like blooming once I get a 'proper' bump, rather than just a 'podge' that I have at the moment.


text:
Senate Confirms First Woman as Intelligence Director
FIRST TO THE PUNCH
Haines is Biden's first Cabinet member to be confirmed.
Guru Arrested for Rape
Updated Apr. 20, 2017 4:57PM ET / Published Sep. 01, 2013 10:21AM ET
A spiritual leader in India has been arrested on charges that he raped a 16-year-old girl when she visited his Jodhpur retreat weeks ago. Asaram Bapu has hundreds of thousands of followers, among them the girl's family who has followed him for over a decade. Asaram denies the charges, calling the girl "mentally unstable." The guru recently angered many Indians when he said that that the victim of the Dehli bus gang rape might not have been brutally attacked and killed if she had called them brothers and begged them to spare her.
Read it at Times of India


text:
Poverty and unemployment-competoid.com
Competoid.com
Unemployment refers to a situation when a person is without a job (an activity undertaken in return for an income in cash or kind) and is looking for one.
Types of Unemployment
Open Unemployment: The labourers do not find a work to do. Unskilled labour unemployment is included in this category of unemployment.
Educated Unemployment: Even an educated or skilled person fails to get suitable employment. This is one of the major problems for developing countries like India.
Seasonal Unemployment: This arises because demand for labour changes with seasons and workers get employment only in the peak season like harvesting and sowing seasons in agriculture.
Frictional Unemployment: The unemployment results due to changes in demand and supply conditions in the market. It results when workers are shifting over from one job to another.
Voluntary Unemployment: There are jobs and people are not ready to take job at the prevailing wage rate. This generally exists in advanced countries at large.
Involuntary Unemployment: This type of unemployment exists in developing countries, in which people want to do job, but they do not get the job.
Technical Unemployment: Unemployment caused due to change in technology. Under new technique, more production can be done with less number of workers. Its immediate effect is retrenchment of workers. But, it is important to note that technological unemployment is temporary.
Functional Unemployment occurs when people change from one job to another and there is an interval. This can happen even in a situation of full employment.
Structural Unemployment happens when jobs exist for qualified persons but the unemployed do not have the matching qualifications. Structural unemployment can also occur when labour is available in plenty but other factors of production (land, capital and enterprise) are not there to employ the labour.
Cyclical Unemployment refers to a situation where people are thrown out of job due to a recession. This is also known as demand deficiency unemployment, as the root cause for this type of unemployment is lack of aggregate demand.
Disguised Unemployment is when people are apparently employed but their marginal product is zero. Even if they are removed from the activity, there will be no decline in production. According to the 10th Plan document, this type of unemployment accounts for 9% of the labour force and 13% of the youth.
Magnitude Of Unemployment
In view of the diversity in the forms of unemployment it has been found that no single measure can adequately capture the magnitude of unemployment in India. In addition to the decadal Census figures, the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducts more detailed sample surveys every five years on employment and unemployment.
The NSSO uses three different tests to measure the % of employment :
Usual Status(US) concept, which has a reference period of one year and classifies a person as employed or unemployed on the basis of his activity for the major part of the year.
Current Weekly Status(CWS) includes a person if he has not worked even for one hour during the week, though available for work.
Current Daily Status (CDS) measures all the days of employment/unemployment as well as underemployment during the week.
Chronic unemployment can be measured by US and CWS data. However, for policy formation, all the three sets of data are used in conjunction. It is belived that the CDS data gives more realistic estimate.
Concept Of Poverty
Poverty according to the Human Development Report is the denial of opportunities to lead a long, healthy, creative life and enjoy a decent standard of living, freedom, dignity, self-respect and respect of others.
Measurement Of Poverty
One of the first attempt to define and measure poverty was done by the working group of the Planning Commission which defined poverty in terms of minimum level of living .
Poverty Line
The amounts required to buy the minimum calorific requirements is quantified in terms of money. It is fixed as 2250 calories for urban and 2500 calories for rural people.
Price Policy and Inflation
Definition and Measurement
Inflation is an economy-wide increase in the general level of prices. Changes in price levels are measured by the following :
Wholesale Price Index, Consumer Price Index, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Deflator.
Wholesale Price Index
WPI is a weighted average of indices covering 447 commodities which are traded in primary, manufacturing and fuel and
power sectors. A revived WPI with 2004-05 as the base year is being worked out.
CPI is the retail price average of a basket of goods and services directly consumed by the people.
This is arrived at by dividing GDP at current prices by GDP at constant prices in terms of base year prices (i.e 2004-05).
Poverty Alleviation Programmes In India
Poverty Alleviation
Poverty alleviation was explicitly adopted as one of the main objectives of economic planning in the 5th plan and in the seventies a number of special programmes for rural poor were undertaken like Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA), Food for Work Programme, Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Awergency (MFAL) etc.
In the later phase comprehensive programmes for increasing employment and reducing poverty like Integrated Rural Development Programme (1978-79), National Rural Employment Programme (1980), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (1983), TRYSEM (1979) etc., were started. NREP, RLEGP and Jawaharlal Nehru Rozgar Yojana were combined in April 1989 to form Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) for rural employment.
In April 1999, JRY was restructured to form Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana with 75:25 cost sharing between centre and state.
National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)
NREP was started in 1980 and was continued under the seventh plan.
It was meant to help that segment of rural population which largely depends on wage employment and has virtually no source of income during the lean agricultural period.
Its financial burden was shared between Central and State Governments on 50:50.
On April 1, 1989 it was merged into the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.
Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)
RLEGP was started in August 1983, with the objective of expanding employment opportunities for the rural landless.
The programme aimed at providing guarantee of employment to atleast one member of the landless household for about 100 days in a year.
Though the programme was to be fully financed by the Central Government, the implementation of the programme was entrusted to the states.
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
IRDP launched in 1978-79 and extended all over the country in 1980-81 was essentially conceived as an anti-poverty programme under the 6th plan.
Through a programme of asset endowment it would provide self-employment in a variety of activities in the Primary, Secondary and the Tertiary sector. It aimed at endowing the poor with productive assests or skills so that they can employ themselves usefully to earn greater incomes and thus cross the poverty line.
Most studies in respect of the IRDP noted various limitations of the programme. Wrong identification of the families, outright leakages through corruption and malpractices were identified as the major weaknesses.
With effect from April, 1999 it was merged into the Swama Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana.
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY)
In February 1989, the government announced a new wage employment scheme, the Jawaharlal Nehru Rozgar Yojana for intensive employment creation in 120 backward districts.
Later on, however, it was felt that there was no need to have separate NREP, RLEGP and Jawahar Lal Nehru Rozgar Yojana. These wage employment programmes were merged into a single rural employment programme on April 1, 1989 and was called Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.
It was administered by village panchayats and was specially targeted to help people below the poverty line.
With effect from April 1999 JRY has been restructured and streamlined and it has been renamed as Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana.
Training Rural Youth for Self-employment (TRYSEM)
TRYSEM was initiated in 1979 with the objective of tackling unemployments problem among the rural youth.
It aimed at training about 2 lakh rural youths every year to enable them it to become self-employed.
Under this scheme 40 youths were to be selected from each block and for being eligible for selection the person should belong to a rural family having an income of less than Rs. 3500 per year.
With effect from April, 1999 TRYSEM was merged into Swama Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana.
Prime Ministers Rozgar Yojana
Prime Ministers Rozgar Yojana for educated unemployed youth was introduced on 2nd October 1993.
It was designed to provide self-employment to more than a million educated unemployed youth by setting up of seven lakh microenterprises under the 8th plan and it continues in the 9th plan.
Under this scheme every selected educated unemployed youth in the age group of 18-35 years and having family income below Rs. 24,000 is provided a loan upto Rs. 1 lakh for opening his own enterprise.
Five % of equity is to be invested by the beneficiary himself and the remaining cost of the project is financed by the concerned bank.
Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY)
NRY was launched on October, 1989 for creating employment opportunities for the urban poor.
It consists of three sub-schemes: scheme of urban microenterprise, scheme of urban wage employment and scheme of housing and shelter upgradation.
Its target was to provide employment to 10 lakh urban people every year, with one-third reserved for the women, and special attention was given to people of SCs and STs.
Since December, 1997 NRY was merged with Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana.
Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)
EAS was introduced in October 1993. It aims at providing 100 days of unskilled manual work on demand to two members of a rural family in the age group of 18-60 years in the lean agricultural season to all the rural blocks of the country.
So the primary objective of EAS is creation of additional wage employment opportunities for the rural poor during the period of acute shortage of wage employment and the secondary objective is creation of durable community, social and economic assets to sustain future employment and development.
It is implemented as a centrally sponsored scheme on a cost sharing ratio of 75:25.
With effect from April 1,2002 EAS and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana would be fully integrated with the Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana.
Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP)
UBSP was started in 1990-91 with the objective to introduce absolute improvement in the lives of the people living in the slums.
The government accepted it for the period of 8th plan.
The expenditure made on this plan was shared by the Central and the State Governments in the ratio of 60:40.
Since December, 1977 it was merged with Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana.
Prime Ministers Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (PMIUPEP)
PMIUPEP was launched on November, 1995 with the objective to attack the several root causes of urban poverty simultaneously.
Besides the objective of employment generation and skill development, the PMIUPEP also aims at effective achievements of social sector goals, community empowerment, environment improvement and shelter upgradation.
The programme was applicable to all urban agglomerations with a population ranging between 50,000 and 1,00,000 as per census 1991, subject to condition that elections to local bodies have been held.
Since Dec, 1997 this scheme has been merged with Swama Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana.
Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana was introduced in 2000-01 with the objective of focussing on village level development in five critical areas i.e. health, primary education, drinking water, housing and rural roads, with overall air of improving the quality of life of people in rural areas.
Within it Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana launched on 25th December, 2000 aims to provide road connectivity through good weather roads to all rural habitations with a population of more than 1000 persons by 2003 and those with population of more than 500 persons by 2007.
Similarly Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana was started in December, 1997 for alleviation of urban poverty by providing wage as well as self-employment.
Samagra Awaas Yojana
Samagra Awaas Yojana was launched in 1999-2000 with a view to ensuring integrated provision of shelter, sanitation and drinking water.
Food for Work Programme was started in February 2001 to augment food security through wage employment in drought affected rural areas of eight States.
Wages by the State Government can be paid partly in kind (Upto 5 kgs of foodgrains per man-day) and partly in cash.
Drought Prone Areas Program (DPAP), Desert Development Program (DDP) and Integrated Wasteland Development Program (IWDP) are being implemented for the development of wastelands / degraded lands.
DPAP was launched in 1973-74 to tackle the special problems faced by those areas constantly affected by drought conditions.
DDP was launched in 1977-78 to mitigate the adverse effects of desertification. IWDP has been under implementation since 1989-90.
These programs were implemented on a sectoral basis till 1994-95. Since April 1995, these programs are being implemented on watershed basis. The cost norms for all the three schemes have been revised to Rs. 6,000 per hectare.
Under DPAP and DDP, the cost is shared between the Centre and the States in the ratio of 75:25, while in the case of IWDP, Rs. 5,500 is borne by the Central Government and Rs. 500 is shared by the States.
Valmiki Ambedkar Awaas Yojana (VAMBAY)
VAMBAY was launched in December 2001 to ameliorate the conditions of the urban slum dwellers living below the poverty line without adequate shelter.
The scheme has the primary objective of facilitating the construction and upgradation of dwelling units for slum dwellers.
It also aims at providing a healthy and enabling urban environment through community toilets under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan , a component of the scheme.
The Central Government provides a subsidy of 50%, the balance 50% being arranged by the state government.
Poverty and unemployment
This quiz has been prepared with questions related to Indian economy-Poverty and unemployment. These question were asked in various competitive exams across India. You can practice these questions to gain more knowledge.
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text:
"After an astonished audience applauded for Ken Post, an American bard living in Antwerp, Billy Bragg began...."
Het nieuwsblad March 23, 1992, Belgium
Maybe all wasn't meant to be perfect. Maybe Ken Post's intent, like poet Arthur Rimbaud's, is the very "derangement of all the senses". I believe that is the case. And I believe Mr. Post is successful in this brave endeavor. With Ken Post and his passionate cast, 'Say A Prayer For NYC'.
Theaterreview from Fringe festival about Tightrope, August 29, 1999
Post moves among the crowd like a real ballet dancer. He simultaneously sings loudly while he accompanies himself on his guitar. With light, frivolous dance steps and the serious expression on his face, Ken is definitely different from the cliche picture of the rough and tough rock star.
With his combination dance performance, Ken Post is for now unique in the world of street theatre.
Gazet van Antwerpen Aug. 1998
This man fears nothing. Alone on the stage ,with just his guitar, he plays intensely, subtle and colorfully(Quote: "Fetzig, fein und farbig").Those who have heard his infamous and not always very seriously meant rap interpretations of Beatles and Stones hits certainly would have remembered them. Those who have seen will have known what kind of condensed mass of eccentricity and humor await them.
LNN Oct 1992
"This letter is to thank you for sharing your gift of the CDs-your tribute to Officer John Perry with us. What a moving memorial to the courageous lives lost on Sept.11. Rest assured that your recordings were distributed to firehouses and among the many firefighters and officers who visit our offices every day, as well as firefighters from across the country and around the world that have come here since last September to share their support."
From the Uniformed Firefighters Association Scholarship Fund about 'Beyond the call of Duty'.
The single 'Beyond' got the "Heatseeker" award .
"Woody Allen meets Woody Guthrie" - Dave Robertson
Unburied artifact-Guy Cannistra - San Francisco
"Unburied relic of a time when troubadours had more influence than newscasters. Sage of madness, seer of much and storyteller par excellence. His life has been a sojourn into the realm of infinite shading and mind bending brilliance.
His energy boundless, his mastery of language and phrasing both unique and bewitching, he stands to suffer the possible fate of those few who choose to feel completely. Everyone should hear him. He is a link between our misunderstood past and our unspoken future.
More powerful than a thirty minute sitcom, able to leap tall metaphors with a single slip of the tongue.
Look, up on the stage, it's ……………………Ken Post"
Panorama/De post - September 1990
Ken Post's band 'Atomic Bomb' Babies was selected as a semi-finalists in the Musician magazine's "1990 Best unsigned band contest". 'Baseball & Rock & Roll', one of the songs submitted to the contest, was played all seasons at the home games of the Oklahoma City 89ers.
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