text:
2006-2007 Biomedical Engineering
Interdepartmental Program
e-mail: bme@ea.ucla.edu
http://www.bme.ucla.edu
Timothy J. Deming, Ph.D., Chair
Faculty Advisory Committee
Timothy J. Deming, Ph.D. (Bioengineering)
Bruce S. Dunn, Ph.D. (Materials Science and Engineering)
Chih-Ming Ho, Ph.D. (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)
Hooshang Kangarloo, M.D. (Pediatrics, Radiological Sciences)
John D. Mackenzie, Ph.D. (Materials Science and Engineering)
Ichiro Nishimura, D.D.S., D. M.Sc., D. M.D. (Dentistry)
James N. Weiss, M.D. (Cardiology)
Denise Aberle, M.D. (Bioengineering, Radiological Sciences)
Abeer A.H. Alwan, Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering)
Rajive Bagrodia, Ph.D. (Computer Science)
Francisco Bezanilla, Ph.D. (Physiology)
Arnold J. Berk, M.D. (Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics)
Sally Blower, Ph.D. (Biomathematics)
Angelo Caputo, Ph.D. (Dentistry)
Gregory P. Carman, Ph.D. (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)
Tony F.C. Chan, Ph.D. (Mathematics)
Peng-Shen Chen, Ph.D., in Residence (Medicine)
Yong Chen, Ph.D. (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)
Marie Françoise Chesselet, M.D., Ph.D. (Neurology)
Mark Cohen, Ph.D. (Neurology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Radiological Sciences)
Jean B. deKernion, M.D. (Urology)
Joseph L. Demer, M.D., Ph.D. (Neurology, Ophthalmology)
Linda L. Demer, M.D., Ph.D. (Cardiology, Physiology)
Vijay K. Dhir, Ph.D. (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)
Joseph J. DiStefano III, Ph.D. (Computer Science, Medicine)
Bruce H. Dobkin, M.D. (Neurology)
Gary Duckweiler, M.D., Ph.D. (Radiological Sciences)
V. Reggie Edgerton, Ph.D. (Physiological Science)
Jack L. Feldman, Ph.D. (Neurobiology, Physiological Science)
Harold R. Fetterman, Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering)
Gerald A. M. Finerman, M.D. (Orthopaedic Surgery)
C. Fred Fox, Ph.D. (Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics)
C.R. Gallistel, Ph.D. (Psychology)
Alan Garfinkel, Ph.D. (Cardiology, Physiological Science)
Robin L. Garrell, Ph.D. (Chemistry and Biochemistry)
Bruce R. Gerratt, Ph.D. (Head and Neck Surgery)
Warren S. Grundfest, M.D. FACS (Bioengineering, Electrical Engineering, Surgery)
Robert P. Gunsalus, Ph.D. (Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics)
Vijay Gupta, Ph.D. (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)
Chih-Ming Ho, Ph.D. (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ben Rich Lockheed Martin Professor of Aeronautics, Center for Micro Systems Director)
Edward J. Hoffman, Ph.D. (Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Radiological Sciences)
Henry S.C. Huang, D.Sc. (Biomathematics, Molecular and Medical Pharmacology)
Stephen E. Jacobsen, Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering)
J-Woody Ju, Ph.D . (Civil and Environmental Engineering)
William J. Kaiser, Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering)
Patricia A. Keating, Ph.D . (Linguistics)
Chang-Jin Kim, Ph.D. (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)
J. John Kim, Ph.D. (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)
Jess F. Kraus, Ph.D., M.P.H. (Epidemiology)
Jody E. Kreiman, Ph.D., in Residence (Surgery)
Elliot M. Landaw, M.D., Ph.D. (Biomathematics)
Andrew F. Leuchter, M.D. (Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences)
James C. Liao, Ph.D. (Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering)
Jia-Ming Liu, Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering)
Ajit K. Mal, Ph.D. (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)
Keith Markolf, Ph.D. (Orthopaedic Surgery)
Edward McCabe, M.D. (Pediatrics)
Harry McKellop, Ph.D., in Residence (Orthopaedic Surgery)
Istvan Mody, Ph.D. (Neurology, Physiology)
Harold G. Monbouquette, Ph.D. (Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering)
Sherie L. Morrison, Ph.D. (Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics)
Peter M. Narins, Ph.D. (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Physiological Science)
Stanley Nelson, M.D. (Human Genetics)
D. Stott Parker, Jr., Ph.D. (Computer Science)
Yahya Rahmat-Samii, Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering)
Shlomo Raz, M.D. (Urology)
Vwani Roychowdhury, Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering)
Michael Sofroniew, M.D., Ph.D. (Neurobiology)
James G. Tidball, Ph.D. (Physiological Science)
Arthur Toga, Ph.D. (Neurology)
Owen N. Witte, Ph.D. (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics)
Ming C. Wu, Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering)
Jenn-Ming Yang, Ph.D. (Materials Science and Engineering)
Kung Yao, Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering)
Carlo Zaniolo, Ph.D. (Computer Science)
Thelma Estrin, Ph.D. (Computer Science)
Allen Klinger, Ph.D. (Computer Science)
Jacques J. Vidal, Ph.D. (Computer Science)
Marvin Bergsneider, M.D. (Neurosurgery)
Susan Y. Bookheimer, Ph.D. (Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences)
Samson Chow, Ph.D. (Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
Jack W. Judy, Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering)
Dario Ringach, Ph.D. (Neurobiology, Psychology)
Shantanu Sinha, Ph.D. (Radiological Sciences)
Desmond Smith, Ph.D. (Molecular and Medical Pharmacology)
Igor Spigelman, Ph.D. (Dentistry)
Albert Thomas, Ph.D., in Residence (Radiological Sciences)
Paul M. Thompson, Ph.D., in Residence (Neurology)
Peter Tontonoz, M.D., Ph.D. (Pathology and Laboratory Medicine)
Jeffrey Wang, M.D. (Orthopaedic Surgery)
Benjamin M. Wu, D.D.S., Ph.D. (Bioengineering, Dentistry, Materials Science and Engineering)
Lily Wu, Ph.D. (Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Urology)
Ramin Beygui, M.D. (Surgery)
Arion Chattziioannou, Ph.D. (Molecular and Medical Pharmacology)
Thomas Chou, Ph.D. (Biomathematics)
Ian A. Cook, M.D. (Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences)
Katrina Dipple, M.D., Ph.D. (Human Genetics and Pediatrics)
James Dunn, M.D., Ph.D. (Bioengineering, Pediatric Surgery)
Lee Goodglick, Ph.D. (Pathology and Laboratory Medicine)
Susan Harkema, Ph.D. (Neurology)
George Huang, D.Sc., D.D.S. (Dentistry)
Yongho Ju, Ph.D. (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)
Daniel T. Kamei, Ph.D. (Bioengineering)
Andrea M. Kasko, Ph.D. (Bioengineering)
Pirouz Kavehpour, Ph.D. (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)
Irwin Kurland, Ph.D. (Medicine/Endocrinology)
Heather Maynard, Ph.D. (Chemistry and Biochemistry)
Sheila Nirenberg, Ph.D. (Neurology)
Matteo Pellegrini, Ph.D. (Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology)
Jacob Schmidt, Ph.D. (Bioengineering)
Felix Schweitzer, Ph.D. (Neurobiology)
Yi Tang, Ph.D. (Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering)
Kang Ting, D. M.D, D. M.Sc. (Dentistry)
Guido Germano, Ph.D. (Radiological Sciences)
John J. Gilman, Ph.D. (Materials Science and Engineering)
Boris Kogan, Ph.D. (Computer Science)
Adjunct Associate Professors
Vivek Dixit, Ph.D. (Medicine)
Marc Hedrick, M.D. (Surgery)
Valeriy I. Nenov, Ph.D. (Neurosurgery)
Usha Sinha, Ph.D. (Radiological Sciences)
Imke Schroeder, Ph.D. (Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics)
Ricky Taira, Ph.D. (Radiological Sciences)
Daniel J. Valentino, Ph.D. (Radiological Sciences)
Adjunct Assistant Professors
Alex Bui, Ph.D. (Radiological Sciences)
Robert Close, Ph.D. (Radiological Sciences)
Robert Goldberg, M.D., Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering)
The Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program trains specially qualified engineers and scientists to work on engineering applications in either medicine or biotechnology.
Graduates apply engineering principles to current needs and contribute to future advances in the fields of medicine and biotechnology. Fostering careers in industry or academia, the program offers students the choice of an M.S. or Ph.D. degree in seven distinct fields of biomedical engineering.
In addition to selected advanced engineering courses, students are required to take specially designed biomedical engineering courses to ensure a minimal knowledge of the appropriate biological sciences. Students receive practical training via an M.S. or Ph.D. research thesis or dissertation in biomedical engineering. Faculty members have principal appointments in departments across campus and well-equipped laboratories for graduate student research projects.
For information on graduate admission, see Graduate Programs, page 24.
The following introductory information is based on the 2006-07 edition of Program Requirements for UCLA Graduate Degrees. Complete annual editions of Program Requirements are available from the "Publications" link at http://www.gdnet.ucla.edu. Students are subject to the degree requirements as published in Program Requirements for the year in which they matriculate.
The Biomedical Engineering Program offers Master of Science (M.S.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degrees in Biomedical Engineering.
Biomedical Engineering M.S.
Students are expected to complete 42 units, which in most cases include Biomedical Engineering C201, CM202, CM203, and two courses from their area of study. The M.S. degree is offered under both the thesis plan and comprehensive examination plan. Under the thesis plan, 8 units of thesis work may be applied toward the unit requirements for the degree. The comprehensive examination plan consists entirely of coursework (12 courses) and a comprehensive examination on the written portion of the Ph.D. preliminary examination. Eight of the 12 courses must be graduate (200-level) courses, and students must maintain a grade-point average of B or better in both upper division and graduate courses. Three Biomedical Engineering 299 courses (6 units total) are also required.
Biomedical Engineering Ph.D.
The Ph.D. program prepares students for advanced study and research in biomedical engineering. The Ph.D. preliminary examination typically consists of both written and oral parts. To receive a pass on the examination, students must receive a pass on both parts. An oral qualifying/advancement to candidacy examination, coursework for two minor fields of study, and defense of the dissertation are also required. The major field consists of six courses, and each minor field consists of three 4-unit courses, of which two must be graduate (200-level) courses. One minor must be in another field of biomedical engineering. Students must maintain a grade-point average of 3.25 or better in all courses.
Bioacoustics, Speech, and Hearing
The bioacoustics, speech, and hearing field trains biomedical engineers to apply concepts and methods of engineering and physical and biological sciences to solve problems in speech and hearing. To meet this goal, the program combines a rigorous curriculum in quantitative methods for studying speech and hearing and an exposure to biomedical issues.
Core Courses (Required). Biomedical Engineering C201, CM202, CM203, M214A, 230.
Electives. Computer Science 276C, Electrical Engineering 214B, Linguistics 204, Neuroscience 274, Physics 114, Physiological Science 173, M290, Psychiatry 298.
Remedial courses are taken as necessary. For students without previous exposure to signal processing, Electrical Engineering 102 and 113 are recommended.
Biocybernetics
Graduate study in biocybernetics is intended for science or engineering students interested in biosystems or biomedical systems, with an emphasis on systems and integration. This encompasses the systems engineering/cybernetics-based integrative properties or behavior of living systems, including their regulation, control, integration, and intercommunication mechanisms, and their associated measurement, visualization, and mathematical and computer modeling.
The program provides directed interdisciplinary biosystem studies to establish a foundation in system and information science, mathematical modeling, measurement and integrative biosystem science, as well as related specialized life sciences domain studies. It fosters careers in research and teaching in engineering, medicine, and/or the biomedical sciences, or research and development in the biomedical or pharmaceutical industry. At the system and integration level, biocybernetics methodology is quite broadly applicable to a large spectrum of biomedical problems.
Typical research areas include basic and clinical problems in biomedical systems, systems biology, all types of biocontrol systems, imaging systems, pharmaceutical systems, biotechnology systems, bioinformatics, genomics, neuroscience, and remote sensing systems for the life sciences.
Faculty research areas include computational biology, computational biochemistry, and metabolism; computational cardiology and neuroendocrinology; biomodeling of diseases, cellular processes, metabolic control systems, and gene networks; modeling in genomics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics; vision, robotics, speech processing, neuroscience, artificial and real neural network modeling, normative expert systems, wireless remote sensing systems, telemedicine, visualization, and virtual clinical environments.
Biocybernetics can serve as a minor field for other Ph.D. majors if students complete the following courses with a grade-point average of B+: Biomedical Engineering CM186B, M296A, and one additional graduate-level elective from the additional foundations or electives list.
Core Courses (Required). Biomedical Engineering CM186B, C201, CM202, CM203, and either M296A or Biomathematics 220.
Electives. Biomathematics 206, CM208C, M230, Biomedical Engineering M248, CM286L, M296D, Computer Science 161, 267B, Electrical Engineering 113, 132A, 141, 142, 211A, 211B, M214A, 214B, 232E, CM250A, M250B, 260A, 260B, Mathematics 151A, 151B, 170A, Physics 210B, 231B, Statistics 100A, 100B.
Biomechanics, Biomaterials, and Tissue Engineering
Three subfields--biomechanics, biomaterials, and tissue engineering--encompass this broad field. The properties of bone, muscles, and tissues, the replacement of natural materials with artificial compatible and functional materials such as polymer composites, ceramics, and metals, and the complex interactions between implants and the body are studied.
Core Courses (Required). Biomedical Engineering C201, CM202, CM203, and two courses from CM240, CM280, C281, 282, C285.
Electives. Chemical Engineering 260, Chemistry and Biochemistry 153A, 153B, 153C, CM153G, CM155, M230B, CM253, CM255, M267A, Civil and Environmental Engineering 235B, Materials Science and Engineering 140, 150, 151, 160, 223, 243A, 244, 245C, 246A, 246D, 250A, 250B, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 150A, 156A, 166C, M256A, M256B, M256C, 262, 297, Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology CM220, Physiological Science M215, 250A, C250B.
Biomedical Instrumentation
The biomedical instrumentation field trains biomedical engineers in the applications and development of instrumentation used in medicine and biotechnology. Examples include the use of lasers in surgery and diagnostics, sensors for detection and monitoring of disease, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices for controlled drug delivery, surgery, or genetics. The principles underlying each instrument and the specific needs in medical applications are emphasized.
Core Courses (Required). Biomedical Engineering CM150, CM150L, C201, CM202, CM203, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 284.
Electives. Biomedical Engineering CM240, M250B, C270, C271, Electrical Engineering 221A, 221B, 221C, 223, 271, 272, Materials Science and Engineering 200, 201, 243A, 246D, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 157, 263A, 263D, CM280L, 281.
Biomedical Signal and Image Processing and Bioinformatics
The biomedical signal and image processing and bioinformatics field encompasses techniques for the acquisition, processing, classification, and analysis of digital biomedical signals, images, and related information, classification and analysis of biomedical data, and decision support of clinical processes. Sample applications include (1) digital imaging research utilizing modalities such as X-ray imaging, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR), positron emission tomography (PET) and SPECT, optical microscopy, and combinations such as PET/MR, (2) signal processing research on hearing to voice recognition to wireless sensors, and (3) bioinformatics research ranging from image segmentation for content-based retrieval from databases to correlating clinical findings with genomic markers. Graduates of the program integrate advanced digital processing and artificial intelligence technologies with healthcare activities and biomedical research. They are prepared for careers involving innovation in the fields of signal processing, medical imaging, and medical-related informatics in either industry or academia.
Students selecting biomedical signal and image processing and bioinformatics as a minor field must take three courses, of which at least two must be graduate (200-level) courses.
Core Courses (Required). Biomedical Engineering C201, CM202, CM203, M214A, Electrical Engineering 113, 211A.
Electives. Biomedical Engineering M248, Biomedical Physics 200A, 200B, 219, 222, Biostatistics 420, Computer Science 143, 161, Electrical Engineering 211B, 214B.
Remedial Courses. Electrical Engineering 102, Program in Computing 10A, 10B.
Medical Imaging Informatics
The objective of the medical imaging informatics field is to train students in imaging-based medical informatics. Specifically, the program's aims are to enable (1) students from engineering backgrounds to become familiar with aspects of clinical and medical environments, such that they are able to appropriately apply their skills and knowledge in these domains, (2) students from medical backgrounds to learn sufficient expertise in current information and engineering technologies to address specific problems within clinical environments, (3) all students to be experts within the field of imaging-based medical informatics, becoming experienced in dealing with diverse biomedical data (imaging and text), and (4) all students to learn to work in a multidisciplinary group of researchers and individuals, enabling new developments within the field.
The underlying goal is to foster a community for students and faculty members from multiple disciplines (represented by individuals from the Schools of Engineering, Education and Information Studies, Medicine, and Public Health) to participate in the growing area of medical imaging informatics.
Core Courses (Required). Biomedical Engineering 220, 221, 222, 223A, 223B, 223C, 224A, 224B, 226, 227, 228.
Electives. Biomedical Physics 210, 214, Biostatistics 213, M234, 276, Computer Science 217B, 240A, 240B, 241A, 241B, 244A, 245A, 246, 262A, 262B, M262C, 263A, 263B, 265A, 268, M276A, 276B, Electrical Engineering M202B, 211A, 211B, M217, Information Studies 228, 246, 272, 277, Linguistics 218, 232, Neuroscience CM272.
Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering
The field of molecular and cellular bioengineering encompasses the engineering of enzymes, cellular metabolism, biological signal transduction, and cell-cell interactions. Research emphasizes the fundamental basis for diagnosis, disease treatment, and redesign of cellular functions at the molecular level. The field interacts closely with the fields of bioinstrumentation (MEMS), tissue engineering, and neuroengineering. Graduates of the program are targeted principally for employment in academia, in government research laboratories, and in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries.
Core Courses (Required). Biomedical Engineering C201, CM202, CM203, and two courses from M215, M225, CM245.
Electives. Biomathematics 220, M270, Biomedical Engineering CM186B, M296A, Chemistry and Biochemistry M230B, CM253, CM255, C259A, C259B, 262, M263, C265, M267A, Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics C233, CM248, 261, Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology CM220, M234.
Neuroengineering
The neuroengineering field is a joint endeavor between the Neuroscience Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program in the Geffen School of Medicine and the Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Graduate Program in HSSEAS, with the active involvement of scientists and technologies from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
The objectives of the neuroengineering field are to enable (1) students with a background in engineering to develop and execute projects that address problems that have a neuroscientific base, including locomotion and pattern generation, central control of movement, and the processing of sensory information; (2) students with a background in biological sciences to develop and execute projects that make use of state-of-the-art technology, including MEMS, signal processing, and photonics. In preparing students to use new technology, the program also introduces them to basic concepts in engineering that are applicable to the study of systems neuroscience, including signal processing, communication, and information theory; and (3) all trainees to develop the capacity for the multidisciplinary teamwork that is necessary for new scientific insights and dramatic technological progress. Courses and research projects are cosponsored by faculty members in both HSSEAS and the Brain Research Institute (BRI).
Requisites for Admission. Students entering the neuroengineering program have graduated with undergraduate degrees in engineering, physics, chemistry, or one of the life sciences (for example, biology, microbiology, immunology, and molecular genetics, molecular, cell, and developmental biology, neuroscience, physiology, or psychology). Engineering students must have taken at least one undergraduate course in biology, one course in chemistry, and a year of physics. Students from nonengineering backgrounds are required to have taken courses in undergraduate calculus, differential equations, and linear algebra, in addition to at least a year of undergraduate courses in each of the following: organic chemistry and biochemistry, physics, and biology. Students lacking one or more requisite courses, if they are otherwise admissible, are provided an opportunity for appropriate coursework or tutorial during the summer before they enter the neuroengineering program.
Written Preliminary Examination. The Ph.D. preliminary examination typically consists of two written parts--one in neuroscience and one in neuroengineering. To receive a pass on the examination, students must receive a pass on both parts. Students who fail the examination may repeat it only once, subject to approval of the faculty examination committee.
Students who are in a field other than neuroengineering and who select neuroengineering as a minor must take Biomedical Engineering M260 and at least one course from two of the following sets of courses: (1) Biomedical Engineering M214A, Electrical Engineering 210A, (2) Biomedical Engineering CM250A, M250B, (3) Biomedical Engineering M263, Neuroscience M202.
Required Courses. Biomedical Engineering M260, M263, Neuroscience M202. For MEMS emphasis, required courses are Biomedical Engineering CM150L, CM250A, M250B (course CM150L is optional if the requisite for course CM250A is met). For signal processing and informatics theory emphasis, required courses are Biomedical Engineering M214A and Electrical Engineering 210A, or two other graduate-level engineering courses approved by the adviser and the neuroengineering field chair. In addition, students are required to take a research seminar and problem-based approaches to neuroengineering seminar.
Recommended Electives. During the first and second years, students take at least three courses selected from a menu of new and existing courses.
Biomedical engineering category: Biomedical Engineering C201.
MEMS category: Biomedical Engineering CM150L, CM250A, M250B, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering CM280L, 284.
Neuroscience category: Neuroscience M201, M263, M273, 274.
Signal processing category: Electrical Engineering 210A, M214A, M217. Remedial courses taken as necessary.
Students without previous exposure to MEMS should take Biomedical Engineering CM150L; those without previous exposure to neuroscience should take Physiological Science 111A; those without previous exposure to signal processing should take Electrical Engineering 102 and113. Both courses are offered every quarter.
Seminars (First-Year). Two seminars in problem-based approaches to neuroengineering are required. All first-year students take a new graduate seminar series in Winter and Spring Quarters which is co-taught each quarter by one instructor from HSSEAS and one from the Brain Research Institute. Each seminar introduces students to a single area of neuroengineering and challenges them to develop critical skills in evaluating primary research papers and to design new approaches to current problems. Topics include pattern generation, sensory signal processing, initiation and control of movement, microsensors, neural networks, photonics, and robotics.
Research Seminars. In addition to the formal coursework listed above, all students attend a series of weekly research seminars that allow both students and faculty members to become more conversant with the broad range of subjects in neuroengineering. In Fall Quarter, a series called "Meet the Professors" consists of informal talks by UCLA faculty members and collaborative researchers from the surrounding area. The series introduces the faculty to the students and vice versa, and helps faculty in neuroscience and engineering discover opportunities for collaboration that engage students in the neuroengineering program. In Winter and Spring Quarters, seminar speakers are selected from commercial, academic, and government organizations.
Seminars (Second-Year). All second-year students take a seminar course each quarter specifically designed for the neuroengineering program. Each course is co-taught by one faculty member from the Brain Research Institute and one from HSSEAS and often include outside UCLA faculty speakers or members of the Industrial Advisory Board.
Lower Division Courses
19. Fiat Lux Freshman Seminars. (1)
Seminar, one hour. Discussion of and critical thinking about topics of current intellectual importance, taught by faculty members in their areas of expertise and illuminating many paths of discovery at UCLA. P/NP grading.
99. Student Research Program. (1 to 2)
Tutorial (supervised research or other scholarly work), three hours per week per unit. Entry-level research for lower division students under guidance of faculty mentor. Students must be in good academic standing and enrolled in minimum of 12 units (excluding this course). Individual contract required; consult Undergraduate Research Center. May be repeated. P/NP grading.
Upper Division Courses
C101. Introduction to Biomedical Engineering. (4)
Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours; outside study, six hours. Designed for physical sciences, life sciences, and engineering students. Introduction to wide scope of biomedical engineering via treatment of selected important individual topics by small team of specialists. Concurrently scheduled with course C201. Letter grading.	Mr. Kamei (F)
CM102. Basic Human Biology for Biomedical Engineers I. (4)
(Same as Physiological Science CM102.) Lecture, three hours; laboratory, two hours. Preparation: human molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology. Not open for credit to Physiological Science majors. Broad overview of basic biological activities and organization of human body in system (organ/tissue) to system basis, with particular emphasis on molecular basis. Modeling/simulation of functional aspect of biological system included. Actual demonstration of biomedical instruments, as well as visits to biomedical facilities. Concurrently scheduled with course CM202. Letter grading. Mr. Grundfest (F)
CM103. Basic Human Biology for Biomedical Engineers II. (4)
(Same as Physiological Science CM103.) Lecture, three hours; laboratory, two hours. Preparation: human molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology. Not open for credit to Physiological Science majors. Molecular-level understanding of human anatomy and physiology in selected organ systems (digestive, skin, musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, urinary, reproductive). System-specific modeling/simulations (immune regulation, wound healing, muscle mechanics and energetics, acid-base balance, excretion). Functional basis of biomedical instrumentation (dialysis, artificial skin, pathogen detectors, ultrasound, birth-control drug delivery). Concurrently scheduled with course CM203. Letter grading. Mr. Grundfest (W)
CM140. Introduction to Biomechanics. (4)
(Same as Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering CM140.) Lecture, four hours; discussion, two hours; outside study, six hours. Requisites: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 101, 102, 156A. Introduction to mechanical functions of human body; skeletal adaptations to optimize load transfer, mobility, and function. Dynamics and kinematics. Fluid mechanics applications. Heat and mass transfer. Power generation. Laboratory simulations and tests. Concurrently scheduled with course CM240. Letter grading. Mr. Gupta (W)
C141L. Biomechanics Laboratory. (4)
Lecture, one hour; laboratory, three hours; outside study, eight hours. Requisite: course CM140 or Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 156A. Hands-on laboratory pertaining to mechanical testing and analysis of long bone specimens. Students, working in pairs, engage in all aspects of procedures. Fundamentals include design and fabrication of signal processing circuitry for use in data acquisition process, including bridge completion circuits, amplifiers, and passive filters; computerized data acquisition using Lab View and A/D input/output (I/O) board; strain measurements on metallic and bone specimens. Finite element analysis of structure under investigation; comparison of experimental, theoretical, and computational results. Concurrently scheduled with course C241L. Letter grading.
CM145. Molecular Biotechnology for Engineers. (4)
(Same as Chemical Engineering CM145.) Lecture, four hours; discussion, one hour; outside study, eight hours. Selected topics in molecular biology that form foundation of biotechnology and biomedical industry today. Topics include recombinant DNA technology, molecular research tools, manipulation of gene expression, directed mutagenesis and protein engineering, DNA-based diagnostics and DNA microarrays, antibody and protein-based diagnostics, genomics and bioinformatics, isolation of human genes, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. Concurrently scheduled with course CM245. Letter grading. Mr. Liao (F)
CM150. Introduction to Micromachining and Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS). (4)
(Formerly numbered M150.) (Same as Electrical Engineering CM150 and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering CM180.) Lecture, four hours; discussion, one hour; outside study, seven hours. Requisites: Chemistry 20A, 20L, Physics 1A, 1B, 1C, 4AL, 4BL. Corequisite: course CM150L. Introduction to micromachining technologies and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Methods of micromachining and how these methods can be used to produce variety of MEMS, including microstructures, microsensors, and microactuators. Students design microfabrication processes capable of achieving desired MEMS device. Concurrently scheduled with course CM250A. Letter grading.	Mr. Judy (F)
CM150L. Introduction to Micromachining and Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Laboratory. (2)
(Formerly numbered M150L.) (Same as Electrical Engineering CM150L and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering CM180L.) Lecture, one hour; laboratory, four hours; outside study, one hour. Requisites: Chemistry 20A, 20L, Physics 1A, 1B, 1C, 4AL, 4BL. Corequisite: course CM150. Hands-on introduction to micromachining technologies and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) laboratory. Methods of micromachining and how these methods can be used to produce variety of MEMS, including microstructures, microsensors, and microactuators. Students go through process of fabricating MEMS device. Concurrently scheduled with course CM250L. Letter grading.	Mr. Judy (F)
C151. Nanofabrication of Biomedical Systems Using Nonconventional Materials. (4)
Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Requisite: course M150L (or Electrical Engineering M150L). Use of nontraditional substrates and materials in fabrication of biomedical nanosystems. Materials and fabrication issues, post-processing integration, compatibility with standard processes, and standard fabrication environment. Packaging concerns. Imaging and diagnostics techniques. Reliability issues. Concurrently scheduled with course C251. Letter grading.
C170. Energy-Tissue Interactions. (4)
Lecture, three hours; outside study, nine hours. Requisites: Electrical Engineering 172, 175, Life Sciences 3, Physics 17. Corequisite: course C170L. Introduction to therapeutic and diagnostic use of energy delivery devices in medical and dental applications, with emphasis on understanding fundamental mechanisms underlying various types of energy-tissue interactions. Concurrently scheduled with course C270. Letter grading.	Mr. Grundfest (F)
C170L. Introduction to Techniques in Studying Laser-Tissue Interaction. (2)
Laboratory, four hours; outside study, two hours. Corequisite: course C170. Introduction to simulation and experimental techniques used in studying laser-tissue interactions. Topics include computer simulations of light propagation in tissue, measuring absorption spectra of tissue/tissue phantoms, making tissue phantoms, determination of optical properties of different tissues, techniques of temperature distribution measurements. Concurrently scheduled with course C270L. Letter grading.
C171. Laser-Tissue Interaction II: Biologic Spectroscopy. (4)
Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Requisite: course C170. Designed for physical sciences, life sciences, and engineering majors. Introduction to optical spectroscopy principles, design of spectroscopic measurement devices, optical properties of tissues, and fluorescence spectroscopy biologic media. Concurrently scheduled with course C271. Letter grading.	Mr. Grundfest (W)
CM180. Introduction to Biomaterials. (4)
(Same as Materials Science CM180.) Lecture, three hours; discussion, two hours; outside study, seven hours. Requisites: Chemistry 20A, 20B, and 20L, or Materials Science 104. Engineering materials used in medicine and dentistry for repair and/or restoration of damaged natural tissues. Topics include relationships between material properties, suitability to task, surface chemistry, processing and treatment methods, and biocompatibility. Concurrently scheduled with course CM280. Letter grading.	Mr. Wu (W)
C181. Biomaterials-Tissue Interactions. (4)
Lecture, three hours; outside study, nine hours. Requisite: course CM180. In-depth exploration of host cellular response to biomaterials: vascular response, interface, and clotting, biocompatibility, animal models, inflammation, infection, extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and role of mechanical forces. Concurrently scheduled with course C281. Letter grading. Mr. Wu (Sp)
C185. Introduction to Tissue Engineering. (4)
Lecture, three hours; outside study, nine hours. Requisites: course CM102 or CM202, Chemistry 20A, 20B, 20L. Tissue engineering applies principles of biology and physical sciences with engineering approach to regenerate tissues and organs. Guiding principles for proper selection of three basic components for tissue engineering: cells, scaffolds, and molecular signals. Concurrently scheduled with course C285. Letter grading.	Mr. Wu (Sp)
M186A. Introduction to Cybernetics, Biomodeling, and Biomedical Computing. (2)
(Formerly numbered M196A.) (Same as Computational and Systems Biology M186A and Computer Science M186A.) Lecture, two hours. Requisites: Mathematics 31A, 31B, Program in Computing 10A. Strongly recommended for students with potential interest in biomedical engineering/biocomputing fields or in Computational and Systems Biology as a major. Introduction and survey of topics in cybernetics, biomodeling, biocomputing, and related bioengineering disciplines. Lectures presented by faculty currently performing research in one of the areas; some sessions include laboratory tours. P/NP grading. Mr. DiStefano (W)
CM186B. Computational Systems Biology: Modeling and Simulation of Biological Systems. (5)
(Formerly numbered M186B.) (Same as Computational and Systems Biology M186B and Computer Science CM186B.) Lecture, four hours; laboratory, three hours. Corequisite: Electrical Engineering 102. Dynamic biosystems modeling and computer simulation methods for studying biological/biomedical processes and systems at multiple levels of organization. Control system, multicompartmental, predator-prey, pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and other structural modeling methods applied to life sciences problems at molecular, cellular (biochemical pathways/networks), organ, and organismic levels. Both theory- and data-driven modeling, with focus on translating biomodeling goals and data into mathematics models and implementing them for simulation and analysis. Basics of numerical simulation algorithms, with modeling software exercises in class and PC laboratory assignments. Concurrently scheduled with course CM286B. Letter grading. Mr. DiStefano (F)
CM186L. Biomedical Systems/Biocybernetics Research Laboratory. (2 to 4)
(Formerly numbered CM196L.) (Same as Computational and Systems Biology M186L and Computer Science CM186L.) Laboratory, four hours. Requisite: course CM186B. Special laboratory techniques and experience in biocybernetics research. Laboratory instruments, their use, design, and/or modification for research in life sciences. Special research hardware, firmware, software. Use of simulation in experimental laboratory. Laboratory automation and safety. Comprehensive experiment design. Radioactive isotopes and kinetic studies. Experimental animals, controls. Concurrently scheduled with course CM286L. Letter grading. Mr. DiStefano (Sp)
C187. Applied Tissue Engineering: Clinical and Industrial Perspectives. (4)
Lecture, three hours; discussion, two hours; outside study, seven hours. Requisites: course CM102, Chemistry 20A, 20B, 20L, Life Sciences 1 or 2. Overview of central topics of tissue engineering, with focus on how to build artificial tissues into regulated clinically viable products. Topics include biomaterials selection, cell source, delivery methods, FDA approval processes, and physical/chemical and biological testing. Case studies include skin and artificial skin, bone and cartilage, blood vessels, neurotissue engineering, and liver, kidney, and other organs. Clinical and industrial perspectives of tissue engineering products. Manufacturing constraints, clinical limitations, and regulatory challenges in design and development of tissue-engineering devices. Concurrently scheduled with course C287. Letter grading.	Mr. Wu (F)
188. Special Courses in Biomedical Engineering. (4)
(Formerly numbered 198.) Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Special topics in biomedical engineering for undergraduate students that are taught on experimental or temporary basis, such as those taught by resident and visiting faculty members. Letter grading.
M214A. Digital Speech Processing. (4)
(Same as Electrical Engineering M214A.) Lecture, three hours; laboratory, two hours; outside study, seven hours. Requisite: Electrical Engineering 113. Theory and applications of digital processing of speech signals. Mathematical models of human speech production and perception mechanisms, speech analysis/synthesis. Techniques include linear prediction, filter-bank models, and homomorphic filtering. Applications to speech synthesis, automatic recognition, and hearing aids. Letter grading.	Ms. Alwan (W)
M215. Biochemical Reaction Engineering. (4)
(Same as Chemical Engineering CM215.) Lecture, four hours; discussion, one hour; outside study, seven hours. Requisites: Chemical Engineering 101C and 106, or Chemistry 156. Use of previously learned concepts of biophysical chemistry, thermodynamics, transport phenomena, and reaction kinetics to develop tools needed for technical design and economic analysis of biological reactors. Letter grading. Mr. Liao (Sp)
M217. Biomedical Imaging. (4)
(Same as Electrical Engineering M217.) Lecture, three hours; laboratory, two hours; outside study, seven hours. Requisite: Electrical Engineering 114D or 211A. Mathematical principles of medical imaging modalities: X-ray, computed tomography, positron-emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging. Topics include basic principles of each imaging system, image reconstruction algorithms, system configurations and their effects on reconstruction algorithms, specialized imaging techniques for specific applications such as flow imaging. Letter grading.
220. Introduction to Medical Informatics. (2)
Lecture, two hours; outside study, four hours. Designed for graduate students. Introduction to research topics and issues in medical informatics for students new to field. Definition of this emerging field of study, current research efforts, and future directions in research. Key issues in medical informatics to expose students to different application domains, such as information system architectures, data and process modeling, information extraction and representations, information retrieval and visualization, health services research, telemedicine. Emphasis on current research endeavors and applications. S/U grading.	Mr. Kangarloo (F)
221. Human Anatomy and Physiology for Medical Informatics. (4)
Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Corequisite: course 222. Designed for graduate students. Introduction to basic human anatomy and physiology, with particular emphasis on visualization of anatomy and physiology from imaging perspective. Topics include chest, cardiac, neurology, gastrointestinal/genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems. Examination of basic imaging physics (magnetic resonance, computed tomography, ultrasound, computed radiography) to provide context for imaging modalities predominantly used to view human anatomy. Geared toward nonphysicians who require more formal understanding of human anatomy/physiology. Letter grading.	Mr. El-Saden (F)
222. Clinical Rotation Medical Informatics. (2)
Lecture, two hours; laboratory, four hours. Corequisite: course 221. Designed for graduate students. Clinical rotation through medical imaging modalities and clinical environments. Exposure to challenges of medical practice today and clinical usage of imaging, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and other traditional forms of image acquisition. Designed to provide students with real-world exposure to practical applications of imaging and to reinforce human anatomy and physiology concepts from other courses. Four hours per week in clinical environments, observing clinicians in different medical environments to gain appreciation of current practices, imaging, and information systems. Participation in clinical noon conferences to further broaden exposure and understanding of medical problems. S/U grading. Mr. Kangarloo (F)
223A-223B-223C. Programming Laboratories for Medical Informatics I, II, III. (4-4-4)
Lecture, two hours; laboratory, two hours. Designed for graduate students. Programming laboratories to support coursework in other medical informatics core curriculum courses. Exposure to programming concepts for medical applications, with focus on basic abstraction techniques used in image processing and medical information system infrastructures (HL7, DICOM). Letter grading. 223A. Integrated with course 226 to reinforce concepts presented with practical experience. Projects focus on understanding medical networking issues and implementation of basic protocols for healthcare environment, with emphasis on use of DICOM. 223B. Requisite: course 223A. Integrated with courses 224A and 227 to reinforce concepts presented with practical experience. Projects focus on medical image manipulation and decision support systems. 223C. Requisite: course 223B. Integrated with courses 224B and 225 to reinforce concepts presented with practical experience. Projects focus on medical image storage and retrieval.	Mr. Meng (F,W,Sp)
224A. Physics and Informatics of Medical Imaging. (4)
Lecture, four hours; laboratory, eight hours. Requisites: Mathematics 33A, 33B. Designed for graduate students. Introduction to principles of medical imaging and imaging informatics for nonphysicists. Overview of core imaging modalities: computed radiography (CR), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and ultrasound (US). Emphasis on physics of image formation and image reconstruction methods. Overview of DICOM data models, basic medical image processing, content-based image retrieval, PACS, and image data management. Current research efforts, with focus on clinical applications and new types of information available. Geared toward nonphysicists to provide basic understanding of issues related to basic medical image acquisition. Letter grading.	Mr. Sinha (W)
224B. Advanced Imaging for Informatics. (4)
Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Requisite: course 224A. Additional modalities and current research in imaging. Topics include nuclear medicine, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), MR diffusion/perfusion, and optical imaging, with focus on image analysis and visualization tools. Basic physics principles behind these newer imaging concepts, with exposure to seminal works. Current research efforts, with focus on clinical applications and new types of information available. Geared toward nonphysicists to provide basic understanding of issues related to advanced medical image acquisition and to understand functionality of imaging databases and image models facilitating sharing of imaging data for clinical and research purposes. Letter grading. Mr. Sinha (Sp)
M225. Bioseparations and Bioprocess Engineering. (4)
(Same as Chemical Engineering CM225.) Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Requisites: Chemical Engineering 101C and 103, or Chemistry 156. Separation strategies, unit operations, and economic factors used to design processes for isolating and purifying materials like whole cells, enzymes, food additives, or pharmaceuticals that are products of biological reactors. Letter grading. Mr. Monbouquette (W)
226. Medical Knowledge Representation. (4)
Seminar, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Designed for graduate students. Issues related to medical knowledge representation and its application in healthcare processes. Topics include data structures used for representing knowledge (conceptual graphs, frame-based models), different data models for representing spatio-temporal information, rule-based implementations, current statistical methods for discovery of knowledge (data mining, statistical classifiers, and hierarchical classification), and basic information retrieval. Review of work in constructing ontologies, with focus on problems in implementation and definition. Common medical ontologies, coding schemes, and standardized indices/terminologies (SNOMEF, UMLS, MeSH, LOINC). Letter grading.	Mr. Taira (Sp)
227. Medical Information Infrastructures and Internet Technologies. (4)
Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Designed for graduate students. Introduction to networking, communications, and information infrastructures in medical environment. Exposure to basic concepts related to networking at several levels: low-level (TCP/IP, services), medium-level (network topologies), and high-level (distributed computing, Web-based services) implementations. Commonly used medical communication protocols (HL7, DICOM) and current medical information systems (HIS, RIS, PACS). Advances in networking, such as wireless, Internet2/gigabit networks, peer-to-peer topologies. Introduction to security and encryption in networked environments. Letter grading. Mr. Bui (F)
228. Medical Decision Making. (4)
Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Designed for graduate students. Overview of issues related to medical decision making. Introduction to concept of evidence-based medicine and decision processes related to process of care and outcomes. Basic probability and statistics to understand research results and evaluations, and algorithmic methods for decision-making processes (Bayes theorem, decision trees). Study design, hypothesis testing, and estimation. Focus on technical advances in medical decision support systems and expert systems, with review of classic and current research. Introduction to common statistical and decision-making software packages to familiarize students with current tools. Letter grading. Mr. Kangarloo (W)
230. Engineering Principles of Ultrasound. (4)
Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour; outside study, eight hours. Introduction to science and technology of acoustics in biological systems, starting with physical acoustics, acoustic wave (Helmholtz) equation, acoustic propagation and scattering in homogeneous and inhomogeneous media, and acoustic attentuation and davitation phenomena. Acoustic impedance, equivalent circuits, and network models. Electroacoustic transducers (piezoelectric and MEMS) and radiators. Acoustic generation, modulation, and pulse forming. Acoustic noise mechanisms. Receiving and processing of acoustic waves in presence of noise. Letter grading.	Mr. Brown (F)
M248. Introduction to Biological Imaging. (4)
(Same as Biomedical Physics M248 and Pharmacology M248.) Lecture, three hours; laboratory, one hour; outside study, seven hours. Exploration of role of biological imaging in modern biology and medicine, including imaging physics, instrumentation, image processing, and applications of imaging for a range of modalities. Practical experience provided through a series of imaging laboratories. Letter grading.
CM250A. Introduction to Micromachining and Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS). (4)
(Formerly numbered M250A.) (Same as Electrical Engineering CM250A and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering CM280A.) Lecture, four hours; discussion, one hour; outside study, seven hours. Requisites: Chemistry 20A, 20L, Physics 1A, 1B, 1C, 4AL, 4BL. Corequisite: course CM250L. Introduction to micromachining technologies and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Methods of micromachining and how these methods can be used to produce variety of MEMS, including microstructures, microsensors, and microactuators. Students design microfabrication processes capable of achieving desired MEMS device. Concurrently scheduled with course CM150. Letter grading.	Mr. Judy (W)
M250B. Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Device Physics and Design. (4)
(Same as Electrical Engineering M250B and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering M282.) Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour; outside study, eight hours. Requisite: course M250A. Introduction to MEMS design. Design methods, design rules, sensing and actuation mechanisms, microsensors, and microactuators. Designing MEMS to be produced with both foundry and nonfoundry processes. Computer-aided design for MEMS. Design project required. Letter grading. Mr. Wu (Sp)
(Same as Electrical Engineering CM250L and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering CM280L.) Lecture, one hour; laboratory, four hours; outside study, one hour. Requisites: Chemistry 20A, 20L, Physics 1A, 1B, 1C, 4AL, 4BL. Corequisite: course CM250A. Hands-on introduction to micromachining technologies and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) laboratory. Methods of micromachining and how these methods can be used to produce variety of MEMS, including microstructures, microsensors, and microactuators. Students go through process of fabricating MEMS device. Concurrently scheduled with course CM150L. Letter grading.	Mr. Judy (F)
Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Requisites: course M150L (or Electrical Engineering M150L), M250B. Use of nontraditional substrates and materials in fabrication of biomedical nanosystems. Materials and fabrication issues, post-processing integration, compatibility with standard processes, and standard fabrication environment. Packaging concerns. Imaging and diagnostics techniques. Reliability issues. Concurrently scheduled with course C151. Letter grading.
257. Engineering Mechanics of Motor Proteins and Cytoskeleton. (4)
Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Requisites: Mathematics 32A, 32B, 33A, 33B, Life Sciences 3, Physics 1A, 1B, 1C. Introduction to physics of motor proteins and cytoskeleton: mass, stiffness and damping of proteins, thermal forces and diffusion, chemical forces, polymer mechanics, structures of cytoskeletal filaments, mechanics of cytoskeleton, polymerization of cytoskeletal filaments, force generation by cytoskeletal filaments, active polymerization, motor protein structure and operation. Emphasis on engineering perspective. Letter grading.
M259H. Biomechanics of Traumatic Injury. (4)
(Same as Environmental Health Sciences M259H.) Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Designed for graduate students. Introduction to applied biomechanics of accidental injury causation and prevention; discussion of mechanisms of injury that result in bone and soft tissue trauma; discussion of mechanisms of healing for effective rehabilitation after traumatic injury. Letter grading.	Mr. Liu (W)
M260. Neuroengineering. (4)
(Formerly numbered 260.) (Same as Neuroscience M206.) Lecture, four hours; laboratory, three hours. Requisites: Mathematics 32A, Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology 100, 171. Introduction to principles and technologies of neural recording and stimulation. Neurophysiology; clinical electrophysiology (EEG, evoked potentials, inverse problem, preoperative brain recording), extracellular microelectrodes and recording (field potentials and single units), chronic recording with extracellular electrodes; electrode biocompatibility, tissue damage, electrode and cable survival; intracellular recording and glass pipettes electrodes, iontophoresis; imaging neural activity (Ca imaging, voltage-sensitive dyes), intrinsic optical imaging; MRI, fMRI. Letter grading.	Mr. Judy (Sp)
M261A-M261B-M261C. Evaluation of Research Literature in Neuroengineering. (2-2-2)
(Same as Neuroscience M212A-M212B-M212C.) Discussion, two hours. Critical discussion and analysis of current literature related to neuroengineering research. S/U grading.
M263. Neuroanatomy: Structure and Function of Nervous System. (4)
(Formerly numbered M263A-M263B.) (Same as Neuroscience M203.) Lecture, three hours; discussion/laboratory, three hours. Anatomy of central and peripheral nervous system at cellular histological and regional systems level, with emphasis on contemporary experimental approaches to morphological study of nervous system in discussions of circuitry and neurochemical anatomy of major brain regions. Consideration of representative vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. Letter grading.
Lecture, three hours; outside study, nine hours. Requisites: Electrical Engineering 172, 175, Life Sciences 3, Physics 17. Introduction to therapeutic and diagnostic use of energy delivery devices in medical and dental applications, with emphasis on understanding fundamental mechanisms underlying various types of energy-tissue interactions. Concurrently scheduled with course C170. Letter grading.	Mr. Grundfest (F)
282. Biomaterial Interfaces. (4)
Lecture, four hours; laboratory, eight hours. Requisite: course CM180 or CM280. Function, utility, and biocompatibility of biomaterials depend critically on their surface and interfacial properties. Discussion of morphology and composition of biomaterials and nanoscales, mesoscales, and macroscales, techniques for characterizing structure and properties of biomaterial interfaces, and methods for designing and fabricating biomaterials with prescribed structure and properties in vitro and in vivo. Letter grading.	Ms. Maynard (W)
(Same as Computer Science CM286B.) Lecture, four hours; laboratory, three hours. Corequisite: Electrical Engineering 102. Dynamic biosystems modeling and computer simulation methods for studying biological/biomedical processes and systems at multiple levels of organization. Control system, multicompartmental, predator-prey, pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and other structural modeling methods applied to life sciences problems at molecular, cellular (biochemical pathways/networks), organ, and organismic levels. Both theory- and data-driven modeling, with focus on translating biomodeling goals and data into mathematics models and implementing them for simulation and analysis. Basics of numerical simulation algorithms, with modeling software exercises in class and PC laboratory assignments. Concurrently scheduled with course CM186B. Letter grading. Mr. DiStefano (F)
(Formerly numbered CM296L.) (Same as Computer Science CM286L.) Laboratory, four hours. Requisite: course CM286B. Special laboratory techniques and experience in biocybernetics research. Laboratory instruments, their use, design, and/or modification for research in life sciences. Special research hardware, firmware, software. Use of simulation in experimental laboratory. Laboratory automation and safety. Comprehensive experiment design. Radioactive isotopes and kinetic studies. Experimental animals, controls. Concurrently scheduled with course CM186L. Letter grading. Mr. DiStefano (Sp)
295A-295Z. Seminars: Research Topics in Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering. (1 to 4)
Seminar, one to four hours. Limited to biomedical engineering graduate students. Advanced study and analysis of current topics in bioengineering. Discussion of current research and literature in research specialty of faculty member teaching course. Student presentation of projects in research specialty. May be repeated for credit. S/U grading:
295A. Nanotechnology Research.
295B. Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research.
295C. Minimally Invasive and Laser Research.
295D. Hybrid Device Research.
295E. Molecular Cell Bioengineering Research.
295F. Biopolymer Materials and Chemistry.
M296A. Advanced Modeling Methodology for Dynamic Biomedical Systems. (4)
(Same as Computer Science M296A and Medicine M270C.) Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Requisite: Electrical Engineering 141 or 142 or Mathematics 115A or Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 171A. Development of dynamic systems modeling methodology for physiological, biomedical, pharmacological, chemical, and related systems. Control system, multicompartmental, noncompartmental, and input/output models, linear and nonlinear. Emphasis on model applications, limitations, and relevance in biomedical sciences and other limited data environments. Problem solving in PC laboratory. Letter grading. Mr. DiStefano (F)
M296B. Optimal Parameter Estimation and Experiment Design for Biomedical Systems. (4)
(Same as Biomathematics M270, Computer Science M296B, and Medicine M270D.) Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Requisite: course M296A or Biomathematics 220. Estimation methodology and model parameter estimation algorithms for fitting dynamic system models to biomedical data. Model discrimination methods. Theory and algorithms for designing optimal experiments for developing and quantifying models, with special focus on optimal sampling schedule design for kinetic models. Exploration of PC software for model building and optimal experiment design via applications in physiology and pharmacology. Letter grading.	Mr. DiStefano (W)
M296C. Advanced Topics and Research in Biomedical Systems Modeling and Computing. (4)
(Same as Computer Science M296C and Medicine M270E.) Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Requisite: course M296A. Recommended: course M296B. Research techniques and experience on special topics involving models, modeling methods, and model/computing in biological and medical sciences. Review and critique of literature. Research problem searching and formulation. Approaches to solutions. Individual M.S.- and Ph.D.-level project training. Letter grading.	Mr. DiStefano (Sp)
M296D. Introduction to Computational Cardiology. (4)
(Same as Computer Science M296D.) Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Requisite: course CM186B. Introduction to mathematical modeling and computer simulation of cardiac electrophysiological process. Ionic models of action potential (AP). Theory of AP propagation in one-dimensional and two-dimensional cardiac tissue. Simulation on sequential and parallel supercomputers, choice of numerical algorithms, to optimize accuracy and to provide computational stability. Letter grading. Mr. Kogan (F,Sp)
298. Special Studies in Biomedical Engineering. (4)
Lecture, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Study of selected topics in biomedical engineering taught by resident and visiting faculty members. Letter grading.
299. Seminar: Biomedical Engineering Topics. (2)
Seminar, two hours; outside study, four hours. Designed for graduate biomedical engineering students. Seminar by leading academic and industrial biomedical engineers from UCLA, other universities, and biomedical engineering companies such as Baxter, Amgen, Medtronics, and Guidant on development and application of recent technological advances in the discipline. Exploration of cutting-edge developments and challenges in wound healing models, stem cell biology, angiogenesis, signal transduction, gene therapy, cDNA microarray technology, bioartificial cultivation, nano- and micro-hybrid devices, scaffold engineering, and bioinformatics. S/U grading. Mr. Wu (F,W,Sp)
375. Teaching Apprentice Practicum. (4)
Seminar, to be arranged. Preparation: apprentice personnel employment as teaching assistant, associate, or fellow. Teaching apprenticeship under active guidance and supervision of regular faculty member responsible for curriculum and instruction at the University. May be repeated for credit. S/U grading.
596. Directed Individual or Tutorial Studies. (2 to 8)
Tutorial, to be arranged. Limited to graduate biomedical engineering students. Petition forms to request enrollment may be obtained from program office. Supervised investigation of advanced technical problems. S/U grading.
597A. Preparation for M.S. Comprehensive Examination. (2 to 12)
Tutorial, to be arranged. Limited to graduate biomedical engineering students. Reading and preparation for M.S. comprehensive examination. S/U grading.
597B. Preparation for Ph.D. Preliminary Examinations. (2 to 16)
Tutorial, to be arranged. Limited to graduate biomedical engineering students. S/U grading.
597C. Preparation for Ph.D. Oral Qualifying Examination. (2 to 16)
Tutorial, to be arranged. Limited to graduate biomedical engineering students. Preparation for oral qualifying examination, including preliminary research on dissertation. S/U grading.
598. Research for and Preparation of M.S. Thesis. (2 to 12)
Tutorial, to be arranged. Limited to graduate biomedical engineering students. Supervised independent research for M.S. candidates, including thesis prospectus. S/U grading.
599. Research for and Preparation of Ph.D. Dissertation. (2 to 16)
Tutorial, to be arranged. Limited to graduate biomedical engineering students. Usually taken after students have been advanced to candidacy. S/U grading.


Unichip Q4 also has built in Throttle Control/Booster function, a must for any modern drive by wire vehicle! With the throttle control function, Unichip Q4 can drastically lessen and almost eliminate the delay that all modern cars suffer from.
And unlike cheap simple universal throttle controllers, Unichip Q4 insures that the correct amount of fuel and timing are also present with the faster throttle response, giving you the best drivability while giving good economical fuel gains.
Unichip Q4 is a must if you're planning to install aftermarket turbocharger and supercharger systems, with its ability to control additional fueling (extra injector setup), boost levels, timing retard and more! All this with the simplest wiring solution on the planet! You don't have to deal with a spaghetti's worth of wiring when compared to DIY standalone systems, Unichip Q4 allows does what it does best, make power, and lets the stock ECU handle all the rest.
Q: What's the difference between this and the regular Unichip?
A: The short and easy to understand answer is that the Q4 can control/boost throttle sensitivity, which simply means the car immediately moves when you step on the gas pedal instead of having to wait for the delay.
Q: Will I really feel the difference?
Q: Will I get more power too?
A: Yes you will! More power, more torque and better fuel economy.
Q: Can I add additional/bigger injectors?
Q: What do you mean Nitrous control? Is it like Fast and the Furious where I press a button on the steering wheel?
A: That's just in the movies. Unichip Q4 can automate the injection and cut off of any nitrous system. There will be a master arm switch and Unichip will activate the nitrous at a preset rpm, example 3000rpm, and automatically shut it off before redline, say 6000rpm. All you have to do is drive and keep your eyes on the road.
A: For turbocharged cars, raising the boost is achieved with a boost solenoid, which Unichip controls to raise the turbo boost level, and with the correct amount of corresponding fuel enrichment.
Q: Is this plug and play?
A: Nope, it's wired into the ECU harness.


I've been having such fun sharing our cross-country journey with you all on Instagram, and am thankful for a new opportunity to bring the wonders of creation to you! This week, on Catholic Mom, I'm sharing the start of our journey, how it came to be, and the sites we've seen in California. The article "Exploring California" is the first in a series of photo journals complete with a bit of history, local information, and – of course – images of the natural beauty that makes our country so beautiful.
I invite you to read the article on Catholic Mom, and join us for our year long journey. It makes it so much more fun to have friends along for the ride!


text:
Royce Christyn
Walid Azami
Royce Christyn is an actor, speaker, writer, and documentary film director. He has appeared in film and television shows, including Drake and Josh, Zoey 101, and Disney Channel's Wizards of Waverly Place with Selena Gomez. His bylines have appeared in national and international publications including Paste Magazine, In Touch, Life & Style, Closer, and others. He has appeared on BBC World News, NBC News, CBS's The Couch, Fox's MORE Entertainment, TMZ Live, and hundreds of radio and news shows across the globe. He lives in Los Angeles.
Get updates about Royce Christyn and recommended reads from Simon & Schuster.
Books by Royce Christyn

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.dankeroni.dankbot.models;

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Variable {

    String get(String message, String sender, TwitchTags tags);
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


FIRST NEW FABRIC - NOW AVAILABLE IN PILLOWS. FABRIC NAME HORIZON.
PILLOWS HAND MADE IN NEW FABRIC HORIZON.
Horizon is a new modern hand painted designed fabric created to accent some of our florals like Antique rose. Not everyone loves just florals. This fabric is both feminine and masculine, so everyone shoud be attracted to it.
Mix and match with our Antique Rose.
 so stop into see whats new.


Abstract This case study constitutes an example of capacity building for the commercialization of RE in China. The overall objective of the project is to support the accelerated commercialization of key renewable energy technologies in promising market sectors. To achieve this objective, the project design integrated the following two main priorities throughout all project components:Capacity building - to develop the institutional capabilities to support commercial renewable energy development, and Commercialization - through lowering of technical, institutional, and policy barriers and introduction of international best practices for market-ready renewable energy technologies.


Before I left for New York I did an epic closet purge. I'm donating everything I don't wear. I have a habit of holding on to items that in theory could be cool, but they actually don't fit and flatter the way they should. My new rule is, if I put something on and I don't feel awesome in it, BYE!
I decided to invest in a few staple shoes for summer. I needed something flat to wear casually with denim shorts and a chunky heel for when I need to dress up. I found both of these beauties at Barneys New York!


The DUP and ERG have consistently voted confidence in May when Corbyn has tabled votes of no confidence. They are terrified of a general election right now.
All indicative votes supporting a second referendum have been defeated in the HOC. That is why the EP elections will effectively become one by default, despite all efforts by the Tories to prevent it or pretend it isn't happening.
The "white out" is due to fact that the HOC is in recess.


text:
Home » Reads » In defence of Sita
In defence of Sita
October 15, 2020 / Reads
The festival of light fast approaches, which of course reminds us of the legend behind the pomp and its heroine, Sita. Queen, Goddess, icon, Sita is a woman exemplar, revered for her beauty, grace and loyalty. But in modern times, Sita has had to pass frequent tests of feminist fire. If she is denigrated, it's the fault of several popular depictions that cast her into female subservience and self-sacrifice. And to accept this banal version is to deny the true values she espouses of pacifism, pluralism and even individualism. She is insolent when her husband tells her she cannot accompany him in exile. She is not a delicate lady who cannot rough it out in the forest. She is not meek, she is constantly challenging her usurper.
As we, at Sarmaya, go deeper into the art that originates from what's believed to be Sita's birthplace, Mithila, we're drawn in by reiterations that give us her mind. It's her perspective, when carefully told that provides us a lesson in resilience, courage and even defiance. It's her side that ultimately elevates this 3,000-year-old story to an epic.
The Forest of Enchantments – Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
After The Palace of Illusions, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni proves again that mythical women were real people. Her Sitayana is a love story, where Sita and Rama are equals. The reader is privy to her thoughts and feelings, and so we're given a private tour of the lives of Srimati and Sri Ramchandra Raghuvansi. This Sita is completely rational and maternal. As the daughter of the Earth, she is excited to go to the forest, which is full of intrigue and freedom and when their exile is over, she brings back the forest's wisdom to her people. It's her idea to bring the vanars and the rakshasas back to the Ram rajya for peaceful coexistence. Her slip up in wanting the golden deer is thoroughly justified. The golden deer comes to represent the infant she longs for but cannot have as it is decided that the forest is too harsh a place for a child. Ultimately, it's in Valmiki's ashram in the forest that she gives birth after she is banished from the kingdom. In this ending, Sita refuses to undergo a second agni pariksha to prove her innocence, choosing to abandon her dear sons rather than disappointing the generations of girls who would have to follow her example.
Sita Sings the Blues – Nina Paley
In this animated musical rom-com, Sita bursts into Annette Hanshaw's woeful songs and looks an awful lot like a sexy Betty Boop. When she dances, her curvaceous hips sway like a pendulum, one hand rests dramatically on her geometric head. The moon tap dances, the trees and buildings in the background shrink and distort or stretch out fantastically, the rakshasas fall apart like skittles when shot by Rama's sure arrows. These scenes cut to transitions showing scenes from a Mughal miniature or Indonesian shadow puppet narrators trying to get the story straight, giving us a flash of the wealth of visual traditions that are linked to the epic.
Seemingly, this is a fun take but it also serves as a parable reifying rejection, and examining heartbreak. This Sitayana rests comfortably in the ambiguity of people's choices. Why do people mistreat their partners, and why do their partners go back to them? There is no right answer, only human suffering.
Sita's Ramayana – Samhita Arni, Moyna Chitrakar
Sieved from the hundreds of retellings, while still being representative of those many, is the graphic novel, Sita's Ramayana written by Samhita Arni and illustrated in the patua style by Moyna Chitrakar. The story begins with Sita banished from the world of men, wandering the forest of Dandaka, which hitherto had been asleep for a thousand years and awakened to listen to Sita's tale. Nature has such a big part to play in the epic, as highlighted by Moyna Chitrakar's curves and stripes. The archetype of the forest distills it into a realm that is conscious and alive. The scenes of the Ramayana are supposed to be watched in between leaves, from the bushes. It's the Ashok Vana, where Sita is imprisoned – from where she cannot see the war, which the novel says is more merciful to men than women. War makes victors and heroes out of men, or if they are vanquished they don't see their homes taken and their women widowed. "But if you are a woman – you must live through defeat…"
In the difficult wait through the war, Sita is supported by Trijatha, Vibhishana's daughter, who fills her in with the details. This book gives you a slice of female relationships through Sita's equation with other women like Trijatha, Kaikeyi and Surpanaka, and in that sense feels like a complete reorientation.
Chandrabati Ramayana translated by Nabaneeta Dev Sen
Chandrabati was one of the first women to retell the Ramayana in the regional tongue. In the 16th century, Chandrabati composed a Bengali version solely focused on Sita's story, herself choosing to stay unmarried to become a professional poet. Chandrabati's poem was ripped apart as weak and incomplete but she didn't care!
Indian women have held their own separate view of Indian civilization. They have not looked up to Sita because she saved her husband from disgrace but because she braved injustice. They have always sung for themselves. In folk traditions, women don't mind calling Rama names and telling him "Ram, tomar buddhi hoilo nash!" (Rama, you've lost your mind). And Chandrabati Ramayana speaks from the Indian village woman's heart. It ignores the war, instead we have it described through a Baromaasi, a woman's song about everyday sorrows which is narrated by Sita. The war is over in two couplets since Sita only saw it in a dream. There's no customary dedication to Rama in the beginning or the end. The poem evades the spiritual benefits of listening to the Ramayana and it's never silent about the tragedy and sorrow of Sita.
Kanchana Sita – G. Aravindan
What are the consequences of sticking to a code of honour and sacrificing love? This 1977 minimalistic Malayalam movie celebrates Sita as prakriti (nature). Not once is she shown in human form, but her thoughts and feelings are communicated to us through nature and the changing forest. The title is a reference to the stand-in golden statue of Sita that is necessary to complete the yagna as Rama refuses to take another wife. All this serves to enhance her tragedy, for how can an actual person be treated so harshly?
And while Sita is personified, Rama has a potbelly, Lakshmana's got acne scars. This Ramayana narrated is a comment on the mercilessness of sovereign power and cruelty of patriarchal duty, where men too are victims of masculinity. Rama is a sad figure, who dies by suicide. This is his true salvation.
Tags: Diwali, Hanuman, Hindu epic, Lord Ram, Ramayana, Sita, Sitayana
Behind Painted Walls: The Story of Baua Devi & Mithila Painting
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WATCH: Performances of Bengal Patua, Phad & Tholubommalaata
Talapattachitra: Ramayana and Krishna's Story
Modern Temple at the Humpee
'Goddess Category' & 'Non-Goddess Category'
The mythical origins of shadow puppets
"Our books are like a room out of a museum"
Warli: Threshing
Lankadhipati Ravana


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The Penguin Jazz Guide
The History of the Music in the 1000 Best Albums
By Brian Morton and Richard Cook
Category: Music | Reference
Dec 28, 2010 | ISBN 9780141048314
About The Penguin Jazz Guide
Richard Cook and Brian Morton's Penguin Jazz Guide: The History of the Music in 1001 Best Albums is an indispensible guide to the recordings that every fan should know. Richard Cook and Brian Morton's Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings is firmly established as the world's leading guide to the music. In this book, Brian Morton has picked out 1001 essential recordings from their acclaimed guide, adding new information, revising and reassessing each entry, and showing how these key pieces tell the history of the music – and with it the history of the twentieth century. These are the essential albums that that all true jazz fans should own, or – at the very least – have listened to, from Kind of Blue to lesser-known classics and more surprising choices. Full of fascinating updated biographical information, new quotes and interviews and, of course, highly opinionated and wittily trenchant critical reviews, the result is an endlessly browsable companion that will prove required reading for aficionados and jazz novices alike. 'One of the great books of recorded jazz; the other guides don't come close'
Irish Times 'It's the kind of book that you'll yank off the shelf to look up a quick fact and still be reading two hours later'
Fortune 'The leader in its field … If you own only one book on jazz, it really should be this one'
International Record Review 'Indispensable and incomparable'
NME Brian Morton is a freelance writer and broadcaster who for many years presented Radio 3's jazz magazine Impressions and In Tune. Richard Cook (1957-2007) was formerly editor of The Wire and edited Jazz Review. He contributed to many other publications, including the New Statesman and his books included Richard Cook's Jazz Encyclopaedia and It's About That Time: Miles Davis on Record.
About Brian Morton
Brian Morton is the author of the novel The Dylanist. He is the executive editor of Dissent magazine. He lives… More about Brian Morton
About Richard Cook
Richard Cook is the former editor of the Wire and is currently the editor of the leading UK jazz magazine,… More about Richard Cook
Published by Penguin Books
Dec 28, 2010 | 768 Pages | ISBN 9780141048314
Gimme Something Better
Jack Boulware
The New Songwriter's Guide to Music Publishing
Randy Poe
Reading Lyrics
Cinderella and Company
Manuela Hoelterhoff
Stardust Melodies
Will Friedwald
A Natural History of the Piano
Stuart Isacoff
Richard Neer
2011 Songwriter's Market
The B Side


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Q: Integer into char array I need to convert integer value into char array on bit layer. Let's say int has 4 bytes and I need to split it into 4 chunks of length 1 byte as char array.
Example:
int a = 22445;
// this is in binary 00000000 00000000 1010111 10101101
...
//and the result I expect
char b[4];
b[0] = 0; //first chunk
b[1] = 0; //second chunk
b[2] = 87; //third chunk - in binary 1010111
b[3] = 173; //fourth chunk - 10101101

I need this conversion make really fast, if possible without any loops (some tricks with bit operations perhaps). The goal is thousands of such conversions in one second.

A: int a = 22445;
char *b = (char *)&a;
char b2 = *(b+2); // = 87
char b3 = *(b+3); // = 173

A: I'm not sure if I recommend this, but you can #include <stddef.h> and <sys/types.h> and write:
*(u32_t *)b = htonl((u32_t)a);

(The htonl is to ensure that the integer is in big-endian order before you store it.)

A: Depending on how you want negative numbers represented, you can simply convert to unsigned and then use masks and shifts:
unsigned char b[4];
unsigned ua = a;

b[0] = (ua >> 24) & 0xff;
b[1] = (ua >> 16) & 0xff;
b[2] = (ua >> 8) & 0xff
b[3] = ua & 0xff;

(Due to the C rules for converting negative numbers to unsigned, this will produce the twos complement representation for negative numbers, which is almost certainly what you want).

A: To access the binary representation of any type, you can cast a pointer to a char-pointer:
T x;  // anything at all!

// In C++
unsigned char const * const p = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char const *>(&x);

/* In C */
unsigned char const * const p = (unsigned char const *)(&x);

// Example usage:
for (std::size_t i = 0; i != sizeof(T); ++i)
    std::printf("Byte %u is 0x%02X.\n", p[i]);

That is, you can treat p as the pointer to the first element of an array unsigned char[sizeof(T)]. (In your case, T = int.)
I used unsigned char here so that you don't get any sign extension problems when printing the binary value (e.g. through printf in my example). If you want to write the data to a file, you'd use char instead.

A: You have already accepted an answer, but I will still give mine, which might suit you better (or the same...). This is what I tested with:
int a[3] = {22445, 13, 1208132};

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
    unsigned char * c = (unsigned char *)&a[i];
    cout << (unsigned int)c[0] << endl;
    cout << (unsigned int)c[1] << endl;

    cout << (unsigned int)c[2] << endl;
    cout << (unsigned int)c[3] << endl;
    cout << "---" << endl;
}

...and it works for me. Now I know you requested a char array, but this is equivalent. You also requested that c[0] == 0, c[1] == 0, c[2] == 87, c[3] == 173 for the first case, here the order is reversed.
Basically, you use the SAME value, you only access it differently.
Why haven't I used htonl(), you might ask?
Well since performance is an issue, I think you're better off not using it because it seems like a waste of (precious?) cycles to call a function which ensures that bytes will be in some order, when they could have been in that order already on some systems, and when you could have modified your code to use a different order if that was not the case.
So instead, you could have checked the order before, and then used different loops (more code, but improved performance) based on what the result of the test was.
Also, if you don't know if your system uses a 2 or 4 byte int, you could check that before, and again use different loops based on the result.
Point is: you will have more code, but you will not waste cycles in a critical area, which is inside the loop.
If you still have performance issues, you could unroll the loop (duplicate code inside the loop, and reduce loop counts) as this will also save you a couple of cycles.
Note that using c[0], c[1] etc.. is equivalent to *(c), *(c+1) as far as C++ is concerned.

A: typedef union{
  byte intAsBytes[4];
  int int32;
}U_INTtoBYTE;

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text:
Chipotle Stock Upgraded on New Menu Prices
Raymond James believes raising menu prices will raise the stock's price
Raymond James upgraded the stock to "buy" from "outperform"
The shares of Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. (NYSE:CMG) are up 2.7% to trade at $1,404.38 at last check, after the stock was upgraded by Raymond James to "strong buy" from "outperform." The firm cited the company's recent menu price increases, believing that beyond covering the higher wages -- which will go into effect by the end of June -- it will also increase profits for the second half of the year.
The equity is also brushing off a price-target cut from Wells Fargo to $1,720 from $1,818 this morning. On the charts, today's pop has CMG breaking out above the 30-day moving average, which kept a cap on last session's gains, as well as the stock's year-to-date breakeven.
Meanwhile, shorts have been building their positions. Short interest is up 25.3% during the last two reporting periods to make up 2.9% of Chipotle stock's available float, or nearly three days' worth of pent-up buying power.
Options are attractively priced at the moment, too, per the stock's Schaeffer's Volatility Index (SVI) of 23%, which stands higher than just 1% of all other readings in its annual range. This implies that options players are pricing in extremely low volatility expectations.


TigerStop TS350 | Compact, automatic pusher system and cross-cut saw.
The TigerSaw TS350 is a fully automated push feed, saw system. Simply enter your lengths and quantities, load and unload - That's about it! Save money on material, labor and rework.
BeamWorks software makes it easy to design and cut custom compound miters and bevels. Just enter your parts and angles into BeamWorks, and let TigerStop®s powerful Dynamic Optimization™ nest the parts so that you will receive the maximum possible yield!
Beamworks can easily handle your data, even BIM files can be imported with ease.
Easy to attach to the flip away stop. Positions the material to Zero Point. Used for Set Point and Push Feed functions. Other lengths available on request.
Lengths from 1m to 5,4m. When ordering tables without a Tigerstop the side fence is not included.
Send TigerStop to location, build parts lists and even download parts lists with a simple scan of a code 39 bar code.
Print length and quantity information for each part cut. You can also print custom part labels when used with the TigerLink 6 downloading software upgrade.
Save money on material, labor and rework. With rising raw material costs, being able to efficiently cut and optimize your material can be your secret competitive weapon. The optional Dynamic Optimization will save on material costs. Being fully automated, the TS350 will increase productivity which saves on labor. No more setting stops manually, simply enter your cut list, and place material on the infeed. The optional Handy Opt or Crayon marking the TS350 will scan the length of the board and where the defects are and automatically push into the saw. This saves on labor and reduces errors with a repeatable accuracy of +/- 0.2 mm.
Optimizes around defects using TigerStop's Dynamic Optimization software, giving you the maximum possible yield while cutting only what you need.
TigerSaw TS350 can print a label for each cut part !
Your operators can put away their paper crammed clipboards and get a new level of productivity and visibility with TigerTouch, TigerStop's innovative touch screen software. Operator can select up to 3 different grades or cutlists on the fly allowing them to cut multiple widths at the same time.
A unique feature of the TigerSaw 1000 automated crosscut saw system is our panel layup feature. Just enter the panel height and the total width of panel material required and TigerSaw 1000 will cut only what's needed. No more over cutting or counting and measuring on the back end.
From a simple push feed system cutting multiple pieces at a time to a fully automated defect optimizing system, TS350 is your crosscutting solution. Can be configured to optimize between defects or cut on the mark for applications such as flooring or finger jointing.
TigerSaw's Dynamic Optimizing will cut the parts you need while achieving the maximum possible yield. If your buying high grade lumber, TS350 with its ability to optimize around defects will allow you to buy a grade lower and still achieve approximately the same fiber yield. This could be as much as a 40% savings in material cost!
Simply mark the beginning and end of your defects and the TS350 does the rest. All defects will be removed and TS350 will optimize all the material in between so you get the best yield.
The TS350 can be equipped with a label printer that will print a label with customized part information on each finished piece. This will allow you to batch like jobs and easily sort the parts on the back end.
TigerSaw TS350 uses TigerStop positioning technology to ensure you get an accurate part the first time…every time.
From design to done, download your parts files to TigerSaw TS350 right from your design software. Any data such as job name or part# contained in your design file can be printed on a label for each part.


INTRODUCTION 1. At about 2158 hours on 24th Dec., 1954, a Boeing Stratocruiser Aircraft G-ALSC (hereinafter called "Sugar Charlie") owned and operated by British Overseas Airways Corp. (hereinafter called "BOAC") took off from London Airport on a flight to Prestwick.
Russia's next generation of fighters, with planned speeds approximating Mach 2, will feature long, thin fuselages, straight wings and turbojet power, according to a three-way look at tomorrow prepared for the Russian publication, Literary Gazette, and published just before the recent Tushino displays.
Avionic equipment mounted in quickly-detachable external pods slung from the belly or wings of fighters may make it possible within the near future to convert such planes into navigational bombers, radar search planes or photographic ships almost at will and as the tactical situation demands.
Acceleration of bomber, fighter production, feeder certification, airport aid, highlight first session.
National, PanAm, Panagra routes linked to offer DC-7B, DC-6B through-service to Buenos Aires.
Rotterdam—Sabena Belgian Airlines wants to join other western companies in the establishment of an extensive and united European helicopter line for short-haul service. A. V. J. Vernieuwe, director of operations for Sabena, which already operates helicopter routes in its own country and into Germany and France, assured the 200 delegates from 14 countries at the July 29-30 Helicopter Congress that such a plan—receiving support from a number of individual airlines—would lead to a "money-making" operation.
"No one has claimed that the Geneva meeting resulted in specific agreements on concrete questions. "For years we have said that air power is peace power. This truth has been demonstrated, and no one can deny that the shadow of air power fell across the conference table at Geneva.


This top can be styled infinitely. With a tie dyed body and contrasting black sleeves, this relaxed fit top with an asymmetrical cut work pairs nicely with any Limeapple bottoms or jacket. Enjoy cool outfits aplenty with this versatile top.
Paired with our fun new printed leggings this look is sure to be a hit!!


text:
Home VR Esports How ProxiMat Evolved to Meet the Needs of VR Gamers and Esports...
How ProxiMat Evolved to Meet the Needs of VR Gamers and Esports Athletes
Sonya Haskins
Tony Price still remembers the precise date and time of his first virtual reality experience – Thursday, May 12 at 7:00 pm. Oculus had just launched Rift demos at 48 Best Buy stores a week earlier and Price wanted to check out the new tech. What he didn't know then was that the experience would change his life and inspire a fantastic product for VR gamers.
As a child growing up in Akron, Ohio, Price spent a lot of time mowing yards, delivering newspapers, and plowing driveways to save money for videogames. He recalls that Sears Telegames were around $60 each, a lot of money for a 12-year-old, but he put in the work to reap big rewards.
"My brother and I loved video games," he states. "He was a natural who could pick up any game and play it as if he has played for years whereas I've never been very good."
When the TRS-80 Color Computer came out, Price and his brother talked their father into buying a used one they found in the Akron Beacon Journal classifieds for $350. They convinced him that they wanted to learn programming, but they actually wanted access to a library of less expensive games.
"There have been a few breakthroughs in videogames over the years," says Price, referring to Pong, Atari, Nintendo, and Playstation. "Virtual reality always seemed like an unattainable goal, always waiting for technology to catch up enough to make it possible."
When the Oculus DK1 launched a Kickstarter campaign in 2012, Price was hesitant because there had been other products that didn't quite live up to the promises of a realistic immersive environment. But by 2016, when Oculus announced the Best Buy demos, Price was ready.
As he waited in line for a man and his daughter to finish their experience, Price says he was ultra-hyped because he knew he was going to see what was in store for the future.
When it was finally his turn, the Oculus representative went through some pre-awareness training and reminded Price that he needed to stay in one place so he wouldn't pull cables out of the computer, run into the desk, hit any passersby who walked too close, etc. He was listening to the representative, but like a kid awaiting his turn on an amusement ride, Price was anxious to begin the experience.
"The demo went off without a hitch and I was hooked," he says. "Oculus had accomplished what I thought was impossible. I knew that we had reached a new level in gaming and computer use and that new potentials would be realized with VR now a reality."
After a "forever" wait of about two weeks for the Rift CV1 to come back in stock, Price moved everything out of his home office that wasn't absolutely necessary. A playspace of about 6 ft x 8 ft remained and he began to experience the immersive environments of games like Google's Tilt Brush that would allow him to draw in thin air.
"At the time, I was on my hardwood floor in an open space environment," Price explains. "I had the digital chaperone system in place and it gave me an indication as to when I was getting close to the boundaries, but beyond that I had no idea where I was in the room or which direction I was facing. I would take the headset off and I was amazed at how I had lost orientation – being way off from where I thought I was – even being tethered with the cord."
Price works at a company that sells industrial supplies such as hydraulic hose and sheet rubber. It dawned on him to make a round mat and stick it in the middle of his room so he'd know where he was. He cut some anti-fatigue foam rubber in a large round circle, but he discovered that he was getting lost on the mat.
This was not a problem. In the spirit of a true inventor, Price began to experiment with different versions of the mat. Eventually he added a forward button on the mat, which he says gave it personality and made it look like a mat with a purpose. The button also helped him retain a forward-facing position, which is necessary for certain sensor set-ups.
Around the time he was working on the mat project, Price introduced a friend to virtual reality. When this friend asked about the mat and discovered that Price had made it, the friend encouraged him to do a patent check to see if anyone else was making something like it.
Fortunately Price took his friend's advice, contacted a patent attorney, and began the time-consuming process of obtaining US Patent number 10350488. He says it took about three years that involved a lot of financial and time investment, but it was a learning experience as he found solutions to problems and continued to improve the mats.
They also came up with the name ProxiMat, which is short for Proximity Mat.
I had the pleasure of meeting Tony Price at E3 in June 2019 and began to work with him on a VR esports version of the mats. Since most VR esports games limit playspace to 4 ft x 4 ft, it was important to have a mat that provided athletes with those playspace parameters. With input from VR esports players in games like Ready At Dawn's Echo Arena, Downpour Interactive's Onward, and others, we began to discuss ways to make the best possible mat for athletes who want to stay focused on gameplay and not on whether they're getting ready to smash their hand into a wall or computer screen.
"The Leaderboard mat is approximately 48" x 48" with a nice curve and we've incorporated buttons into the four corners, as well as center and forward awareness," Price explains. "It is our goal to make the best positional awareness mat for the VR esports industry and to support that community as best as we can."
The ProxiMat team continues to find ways to improve their products. They've been focusing on mats for specific audiences and they can print league or team logos on the mats as well. They're currently working on a design-it-yourself version.
The ProxiMat Fitness Edition is designed specifically for use in fitness games like Beat Saber and Cloudhead Games' Pistol Whip.
In addition to visibility with VR esports teams, YouTube creators, casual gamers, developers, etc., you're also likely to see a ProxiMat in the upcoming Space Jam 2 starring Lebron James. Set to be released in July 2021, James' son in the movie is a VR programmer with a VR space in their mansion. Although the movie's release is still over a year away, it's exciting to know that it'll feature virtual reality.
Although the first seeds for ProxiMat were planted when the Oculus representative at Best Buy was telling Price to be careful not to move outside the playspace, the ideas for a practical, comfortable solution that would help VR gamers continued to develop and grew into a useful product.
You can purchase ProxiMat through the website or you can participate in the VR Fitness Challenge, sponsored by VR Fitness Insider and YUR, for an opportunity to win a ProxiMat.
Echo Arena
playspace mat
proximity mat
Tilt Brush
VR Fitness challenge
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Sonya Haskins is VR Esports Editor at VR Fitness Insider and encourages positive, inclusive environments in VR and beyond. She was the first female player to qualify for the VR League North American Regional Championships, as well as the first seated player in the league. Sonya has 5 grown children, has written 8 books and lives in Southeast TN.
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