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Indonesia and Malaysia
2018 - Community Networks
Roger Harris
Advisor to Forum Masyarakat Adat Dataran Tinggi Borneo (FORMADAT)
http://www.formadat.com
gw2018_indonesiaMalaysia_Smart partnerships and participatory engagement: A community network for indigenous Borneo 1.53 MB
Smart partnerships and participatory engagement: A community network for indigenous Borneo
Organisation: Advisor to Forum Masyarakat Adat Dataran Tinggi Borneo (FORMADAT) 1
Orthodox state-sponsored development often inadvertently damages the cultures and lifestyles of indigenous peoples, as well as plundering their natural resources, despoiling their environment and sometimes moving them into new forms of poverty where none previously existed. Opposition to such initiatives can be misinterpreted as opposition to development, which indigenous representatives counter with calls for development that is indigenised – addressing their needs as they express them and fulfilling their aspirations rather than those of outsiders.
Information and communications technologies (ICTs) have been convincingly demonstrated to offer opportunities for indigenised development when introduced within processes that take full account of the local socioeconomic context. The outcome is to empower indigenous communities to devise and implement development activities of their own design. Furthermore, many of the core characteristics of ICTs are conducive to the promotion and implementation of indigenised development. This report describes how a cash-strapped but resourceful grassroots indigenous organisation mobilised a diverse set of smart partnerships to create a cascading set of community networks and other information solutions at the local level. 2 It discusses how the organisation went on to deploy innovative participatory methods of public engagement to devise uses for the networks that address the specifics of the communities' development needs as people with unique cultures, traditions and lifestyles and as guardians of Asia's last great rainforest.
Policy, economic and political background
Borneo is divided into 73% Indonesia and 26% Malaysia, with the remainder comprising Brunei. While both Malaysia and Indonesia have ICT policies that target wider access to the internet – with Malaysia achieving 77% of households with internet access and Indonesia 25% – rural access lags well behind national averages and in the remote and isolated areas of Borneo it lags even further behind.3 However, the government of Malaysia is promoting high-speed internet, with particular attention to rural access through universal service provision initiatives. These include the establishment of "1Malaysia Internet Centres". Internet centres are common across Indonesia, and in rural villages are typically government or donor-funded. Mobile phone usage has expanded rapidly across Borneo and is now reaching even the most remote communities.
Against the background of state sponsorship of rural telecommunications, local ICT networks consisting of infrastructure that is owned by the community are rare. Among the barriers, especially in rural areas, are affordability, insufficient skills and awareness and cultural acceptance, as well as the lack of content and services in local languages. By promoting ICTs as fundamental tools for national development, both governments open themselves to questions about the implications for their rural, indigenous and other underserved populations. While the response has been to slowly roll out some form of shared subsidised access, this has not always been accompanied by robust measures to ensure that such access translates into socioeconomic inclusion or anything else that recipient communities would regard as development that is relevant to their needs.
FORMADAT and its community ICT networks
FORMADAT is a trans-boundary grassroots initiative that works to increase awareness and understanding of the communities of the highlands of Borneo – to maintain their cultural traditions, build local capacity, and encourage sustainable development in the Heart of Borneo without risking the degradation of the quality of the social and natural environment. The Heart of Borneo is a conservation area designated under an international agreement initiated by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) to protect a 220,000 km² forested region on Borneo island that is known as Asia's last great rainforest (see Figure 1). FORMADAT is a formally registered society in Indonesia and Malaysia, made up of the rural indigenous communities that occupy part of the Heart of Borneo.
Figure 1. The Heart of Borneo and FORMADAT communities
FORMADAT comprises members of the following marginalised ethnic groups: Lundayeh/Lun Bawang, Kelabit and Sa'ban residing in Bario, Ba'kelalan, Long Semadoh and Long Pasia in Malaysia, and the Krayan and Krayan Selatan districts of Indonesia. This population amounts to approximately 12,500 individuals. FORMADAT won the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP's) 2015 Equator Prize for reducing poverty through sustaining biodiversity, emphasising community empowerment and cultivating innovative partnerships for local climate solutions. 4
FORMADAT's community ICT networks have grown over the years with the growth of the organisation and with the expansion of its set of supportive partners (see Table 1). They began in 2005 with the multi-award-winning eBario telecentre project, which later expanded to incorporate a telecentre in Ba'kelalan and Malaysia's first community radio station in Bario. eBario project staff, supported by WWF, later assisted with the establishment of a telecentre in Long Bawan, Indonesia. The next expansion included a telecentre in Long Lamai, Malaysia, the home of a remote Penan community. Although not formally a member of FORMADAT, this telecentre and the community participate in a range of joint activities with FORMADAT that are supported by ICTs. Most recently, the government of Malaysia has established public telecentres in both Bario and Long Pasia which also provide access to ICTs for the resident members of FORMADAT.
FORMADAT is an indigenous community organisation that draws support from several partners. As a founding member, the Kelabit community of Bario promoted the use of ICTs towards the advancement of its and the organisation's goals based on their many years of experience with the eBario project. This was instituted by researchers at the Institute of Social Informatics and Technological Innovations (ISITI) at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), who also helped with the establishment of community-operated telecentres in Long Lamai and Ba'kelalan before they were handed to the community. Ultimately, FORMADAT and UNIMAS agreed on a memorandum to promote joint action research and project development that utilises the ICT networks to advance the goals of sustainable development and environmental protection in the Heart of Borneo. Alongside the growth of FORMADAT's ICT networks, the organisation conducts networking and knowledge-sharing activities to promote their use towards endogenous indigenised development – the animation of development along a bottom-up trajectory, involving the search for development resources and mechanisms that focus on the local territory and which address the specific needs of the indigenous residents.
The early components of what became the FORMADAT ICT networks were established before the organisation was formed but the initiative grew as the various stakeholders collaborated with each other in pursuit of the same goal of endogenous development in the highlands of the Heart of Borneo. The assertion by WWF that the lifestyles and knowledge of the indigenous residents of areas that are the most vulnerable to climate change – such as rainforests – are critical for a better understanding of both its impacts as well as possible mitigation measures increased the importance of efforts to preserve the lifestyles of the FORMADAT members and added impetus to their use of their ICT networks to achieve such outcomes.
As a result of the widely publicised successes of the eBario project, the other FORMADAT communities were alerted to the potential for positive outcomes from similar projects for themselves. Accordingly, they were highly motivated towards participating in the establishment and operation of their own ICT installations, which facilitated the recruitment of volunteers and also helped in mobilising community engagement towards the identification of suitable ICT applications that would be capable of contributing towards their wellbeing. Nevertheless, there were still significant challenges, not the least being the logistical aspects relating to the remoteness of the locations, but more significant was the imperative for establishing trust between the implementation teams and the communities.
Table 1. The FORMADAT ICT community networks
ICT components
Ownership and management
Status and impact
eBario, Sarawak, Malaysia
Telecentre: computers, VSAT5 internet access, telephone, solar power
1,000 Kelabit residents
eBario Sdn Bhd, a social enterprise promoting ICTs for community development. Run by volunteers.
UNIMAS6
IDRC7
MIMOS8
MCMC9
Opened by UNIMAS in 2001 and handed over to the community in 2005. Having achieved its objectives of raising awareness and skills and stimulating local development, rebranded in 2016 as a knowledge centre and community museum.
Bario 1Malaysia Internet Centre
Computers, internet access and Wi-Fi
MCMC with a locally employed manager.
MCMC
Opened 2016. Raising ICT skills for e‑learning, social media, entrepreneurship, multimedia, and life-long learning.
Radio Bario, Sarawak, Malaysia
Low-power 50-watt FM transmitter
eBario Sdn Bhd. Run by female volunteers.
IFAD10
RadioActive (UK)
Went on-air October 2011 and still operational, broadcasting twice daily to residents living within a range of 15-25 km. Delivers local news in the Kelabit language.
VSAT for internet access and Wi-Fi.
1,000 Kelabit residents and 5,000+ diaspora
eBario Sdn Bhd
OmniAccess S.L. (Spain)
Provides internet access for ground-station testing to be used for data streaming and digital broadcasting of Radio Bario.
Ba'kelalan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Telecentre: computers, VSAT internet access, Wi-Fi, telephone, solar power
2,500 Lun Bawang residents
UNIMAS and the community. Run by volunteers.
UNIMAS
Opened by UNIMAS in December 2010. Raising awareness and skills and stimulating local development.
E-Krayan Telecentre, Long Bawan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Computers, VSAT internet access
3,800 Lundaye residents
Managed by FORMADAT Krayan.
eBario
WWF-Indonesia
German government (BMZ-FiT)
Opened in April, 2011. Provides ICT access for residents, local schools, government officials, visitors, and the health centre.
Supports promotion of local products and ecotourism.
eLamai, Long Lamai, Sarawak, Malaysia
Computers, VSAT internet access, Wi-Fi, telephone, solar power
600 Penan residents
Information Society Innovation Fund Asia
Opened in 2009. Raises awareness and skills promoting health, ecotourism, highlighting local development issues, and documenting aspects of local culture.
Long Pasia, 1Malaysia Internet Centre, Sabah, Malaysia
Computers, internet access and Wi-Fi.
500 Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh residents.
Opened in 2017. Raising ICT skills for e‑learning, social media, entrepreneurship, multimedia, and life-long learning.
The eBario telecentre research project has been widely acclaimed, winning multiple awards for its innovative approach to localised development for rural and remote communities. As a result, it is possible to claim considerable influence over Malaysian government policy for accelerating the provision of subsidised internet access to its underserved rural population. The application for a licence for Radio Bario lead directly to the government liberalising its policy to allow community broadcasting. With the formation of FORMADAT, WWF became aware of the impact of these initiatives and championed the establishment of the telecentre in Long Bawan, Indonesia. Subsequently, seeing the convergence of each other's goals, WWF-Malaysia and Indonesia have entered into a formal partnership with UNIMAS and FORMADAT to conduct joint action research around the theme of ICTs for endogenous and indigenised development among the communities in the Heart of Borneo. Simultaneously, the government has extended its 1Malaysia programme for public internet centres into the area, stimulated – it can be argued – by the achievements of the previous implementations. Additionally, Malaysian telecommunications operators have extended their mobile phone networks into the area, recognising the potential market among the now technology-aware communities and their desire for improved communications.
Against this background of technology diffusion, and arising from their studies of the impact it could have, UNIMAS researchers quickly understood that desirable results stem from how the technology is used and that communities would benefit from facilitated processes to define uses of technology that would contribute to their specific needs and aspirations. 11 By adopting a process of participatory engagement for mutual learning, they were able to jointly develop an agenda that defined applications capable of achieving this. One important component of this is the eBorneo Knowledge Fair (eBKF), which began in 2007 in Bario and has been held every other year since then, moving to Ba'kelalan in 2015. The fair is an immersive experience in rural telecommunications for local development – for researchers, government officials, policy makers, private sector representatives and development professionals. The event features the innovative use of technologies for localised development and it offers opportunities for knowledge exchange and sharing between community members and various other stakeholders. eBKF is organised as an "unconference" – structured and led by the people attending it. Instead of passive listening, all attendees are encouraged to participate. eBKF features open discussions, workshops and "walk-shops" (in which participants are taken on a walk around the village to illustrate the topic they are discussing) rather than individual speakers giving talks.
The result has been a range of implementations that demonstrate improvements in education, health, enterprise development, social interactions and cultural preservation, all of which are greatly welcomed by the participating communities. Women have benefited particularly from additional incomes through the promotion of community-based ecotourism, which has expanded considerably and which generates jobs that they typically perform. 12
Overall, research findings suggest that the community ICT networks and their associated activities for engagement with their users have empowered communities towards development that they welcome by giving them voice, stimulating involvement in public debates that affect them, and enabling more equal participation in the information age and digital economy policies that the respective governments are advancing. The major lessons are that i) smart partnerships can create win-win opportunities for communities to acquire otherwise unaffordable technology resources, and ii) while the technology is essential, alone it is insufficient, requiring associated activities for public engagement in order to generate positive outcomes that are relevant to local needs. Insofar as the networks have been able to stimulate locally derived development, they can be seen to have achieved positive results.
However, with regard to the wider context of regional and national development, the participating communities are still experiencing tension between what is regarded as development by them and how it is defined by national authorities and public bodies. Accordingly, there is now a pressing need to influence national policy making in both countries towards the concept of endogenous and indigenised development that can be fostered with ICTs in accordance with the principles of environmental protection and sustainable development. In this regard, despite the commitments to preserving the Heart of Borneo, it remains unclear that such policies have been internalised within national development programmes, and it is this that makes up the greatest challenge to ensuring that ICTs achieve their optimum contribution to development.
The following recommendations can be made when setting up a community network:
Find partners who are willing to learn and share their knowledge and resources.
Focus on turning access to technology into relevant use by communities by seeking answers from them.
Accelerate the diffusion of access to technologies and acknowledge the long-term necessity for subsidies.
Extend universal service provision fund eligibility to qualified community-based organisations.
Promote development policies that acknowledge the imperative for indigenised development.
1 The Alliance of the Indigenous Peoples of the Highlands of Borneo.
2 The term "community ICT network" is used in this report to distinguish it from other (non-physical) forms of network.
3 ITU. (2017). Measuring the Information Society Report 2017. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/misr2017/MISR2017_Volume2.pdf
4 WWF-Malaysia. (2015, 15 October). FORMADAT wins UNDP's Equator Prize 2015. www.wwf.org.my/?20465/FORMADAT-wins-UNDPs-Equator-Prize-2015
5 Very small aperture terminal.
6 Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
7 International Development Research Centre (Canada).
8 Agency of Malaysia's Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation for Applied Research and Development in ICTs.
9 Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission.
10 International Fund for Agricultural Development.
11 Bala, P., Harris, R. W., & Songan, P. (2004). eBario Project: In Search of a Methodology to Provide Access to Information Communications Technologies for Rural Communities in Malaysia. In S. Marshall, W. Taylor, & Y. Xinghuo (Eds.), Using Community Informatics to Transform Regions. IGI Publishing. https://www.igi-global.com/book/using-community-informatics-transform-regions/1022
12 Harris, R. W. (2009). Tourism in Bario, Sarawak, Malaysia: A Case Study of Pro-poor Community-based Tourism Integrated into Community Development. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 14(2), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660902847179
This report was originally published as part of a larger compilation: "Global Information Society Watch 2018: Community Networks"


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Cutting a swath through Houston's Third Ward, the Columbia Tap Trail is a 4-mile rail-trail connecting parts of southeastern Houston with offices, a convention center and a ballpark near...
The Continental Avenue Bridge, which opened in 2014 for pedestrians and bicyclists, crosses the Trinity River in downtown Dallas. Originally built as a road bridge in 1933, it now features such...
Coombs Creek Trail is a multiuse hard surface trail matching along Kessler Parkway between Stevens Park Golf Course and Kessler Parkway Park. The 1.5-mile hike and bike path provides access to the...
TX 1.25 mi Asphalt
The Corpus Christi Bay Trail connects many of Corpus Christi's tourist attractions along its nearly 9 mile waterfront route, including the Art Museum of South Texas, Museum of Science and History, and...
The Cotton Belt Trail follows the former St. Louis Southwestern Railway, nicknamed the Cotton Belt line, which began running in the late 1800s and was discontinued in the 1970s. Today, it is part of...
Waco's Cotton Belt Trail—not to be confused with the trail of the same name in the Dallas/Fort Worth area—opened in 2013 on an abandoned St. Louis Southwestern Railway corridor. The railroad,...
The Cottonwood Creek Greenbelt is a part of the City of Plano trails system. This trail is comprised of two unconnected segments. The north segment extends from Coldwater Creek Ln to Oxbow Creek Ln.,...
The Cottonwood Creek Trail provides a north-south route through Allen, a northern suburb of Dallas, spanning 7.5 miles in two disconnected segments. The northern section begins at Ridgeview Drive,...
The Cottonwood Creek Trail is a 3-mile paved trail that connects several schools and parks. From Fritz Park on its northern end, the first half of the trail follows Cottonwood Creek through Creekside...
The Cottonwood Trail is a part of the city of Dallas's trail system. It runs from a parking lot just south of Spring Valley Road south to meet up with the White Rock Creek Trail (North) where the two...
At 2.18 miles, the County Line Memorial Trail is relatively short, but it offers an engaging experience throughout. The tree-lined pathway sits on 3 acres of land, stretching from FM 1044 to FM 725....
TX 2.18 mi Asphalt, Concrete
The Coyote Creek Park Trail is a part of the City of Plano trails system. This trail consists of a loop around Coyote Creek Park, with a number of short spurs, for just under one mile of total trail...
The Crawford Memorial Park Loop Trail is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This loop trail is entirely within the Crawford Memorial Park and links the various playing grounds, facilities,...
Although just shy of a mile, the Crestview/Highland Urban Trail offers an important commuter connection between two MetroRail stations (Crestview and Highland) in north Austin. The paved pathway,...
In the northwest corner of San Antonio, the Culebra Creek - Helotes Greenway Trail offers a pleasant pathway along the Helotes and Culebra creeks for which it is named. The trailhead is located across...
TX 2 mi Asphalt, Concrete, Crushed Stone
DeKalb Trace offers a rustic route through northeastern Texas, not far from the state's border with Arkansas. The nearly 28 mile rail-trail stretches from Annona, east through Avery and DeKalb, and on...
TX 27.9 mi Gravel
The Duck Creek Trail, sometimes referred to as the Duck Creek Greenbelt, follows its namesake waterway between the northeastern Dallas suburbs of Richardson and Garland. Duck Creek Linear Park,...
On El Paso's east side, just south of the city's airport, Edgemere Median Linear Trail stretches for nearly a mile and a half along Edgemere Boulevard. The route is fully paved and dotted with trees....
The FM 2305 Hike & Bike Trail travels east from St. Andrews Place along its namesake roadway to its end at West Loop 363 on the western outskirts of Temple. Mid-trail, you'll come to West Temple...
TX 4 mi Asphalt, Concrete
The Fall Creek Trail provides a short, east-west route across southern Keller, a growing city in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. The trail begins at Tarrant Parkway and travels east through residential...
The Fish Creek Trail travels east-west through city neighborhoods along its namesake waterway, connecting Grand Prairie and Arlington. Where the two meet, a medallion featuring the logos of both...
The Fish Trap Lake Park Loop Trail is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This loop trail is within the Fish Trap Lake Park, with a portion of the trail following the shoreline around Fish...
The Five Mile Creek Trail is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This trail currently consists of two disconnected segments. The first extends a short distace through part of Peacan Grove...
This trail stretches about a mile, closing the gap between White Rock Creek Trail in the east, and the Sopac Trail in the west. It runs parallel to State Route 12, starting at Flag Pole Hill Park.
TX 1.4 mi Asphalt, Concrete
The Fort Worth Branch (Trinity Trails) System forms a spider web of multi-use paths throughout the city of Fort Worth, Texas, and its suburbs. The trails form a network of more than 40 miles for...
TX 47.9 mi Asphalt, Concrete, Gravel
The Friar's Creek Trail begins in South Temple Park, perhaps best known for the adjacent Lions Junction Family Water Park. From there, it travels north about a mile following the creek and S. 5th...
Furneaux Creek Blue Trail offers a picturesque 4.5-mile route through Carrollton, a northern suburb of Dallas. The paved pathway offers views of ponds, lakes, and fields of wildflowers with several...
Less than two miles in length, Furneaux Creek Orange Trail is a short paved paradise that proves everything doesn't have to be bigger in Texas. The Furneaux Creek Orange Trail's smooth concrete...
The Gaylord Texan Trail offers woodland views as it loops around the southern tip of Grapevine Lake, a popular camping, fishing and boating destination. Also adjacent to the trail is the Gaylord Texan...
The George Bush Park Hike and Bike Trail, in western Houston, starts at the west end of the Terry Hershey Park Hike and Bike Trail and, together, they offer a continuous 22-mile ride. The park...
The Glendale Park Loop Trail is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This loop trail is entirely within Glendale Park, connected by a pedestrian bidge over Five Mile Creek. The trail connects...
Richardson, Texas is home to the Glenville Trail, multi-use trail connecting schools, parks and a senior living facility along over 2.0 miles of concrete track. The trail begins on Bowser Road heading...
The Good Link Trail is a 4.8-mile multiuse pathway in Grand Prairie, Texas. The trail is anchored by two parks on either end: Mike Lewis Park in the north and C.P. Waggoner Park in the south. While...
The Greens Bayou Greenway threads a green corridor, tracing both banks of its namesake bayou in northern Houston. The paved pathway is bordered by residential neighborhoods and connects Tom Wussow...
The Haggard Park Trail is a part of the City of Plano trails system. This short loop-and-spur trail winds its way though Haggard Park within the city of Plano. The total trail length is approxmately...
The Halls Bayou Trail runs for 3 miles between Hirsch Road and Bretshire Drive near Woodwick Street. The trail links neighborhoods with Tidwell Park and Forest Brook High School, passing through...
The Harrisburg-Sunset Trail is a rails-to-trails project offering bicyclists and pedestrians over 5 miles of trail and on-street bikeways just east of downtown Houston. The 10-foot asphalt trail is...
The Hike and Bike Trail runs just over 3 miles through the heart of Taylor, a suburb of Austin. The pathway connects neighborhoods, schools, and several parks, including Robinson Park, Murphy Park,...
TX 3.4 mi Asphalt, Concrete, Crushed Stone
Get your fill of American history at the Historic Battlefield Trail in Brownsville, Texas. This unique 8.5 mile rail-trail runs from the heart of Brownsville in the south to the Palo Alto Battlefield...
The Hoblitzelle Park Trail is a part of the City of Plano trails system. This trail consists of small network of loops and spurs around Hoblitzelle Park in Plano. The trail offers a total of 3.6 miles...
San Antonio's former mayor Howard Peak was a proponent of trails, whose enthusiasm and vision came to be shared by the city as a whole. This is why the city's network of trails and greenways is named...
The Huesta Creek Greenway branches off from the longer Leon Creek Greenway, one of the brightest stars in the city of San Antonio's developing network of greenway trails. Running at just over a mile...
The Hutton Branch Trail follows a creek and active rail corridor through Carrollton, Texas, a northern suburb of Dallas. The trail, portions of which are also known as the Purple Trail and Green...
The Independence Hike and Bike Trail is a 14-foot wide asphalt trail just short of a mile. The trail provdes a recreational space for local residents while connecting them to J.P. Shawver Park and the...
The JoAnn Johnson Trail, named in honor of a former city councilwoman for her many years of service, stretches nearly two miles east to west across the city through the TXU Easement between Suncrest...
The John Barfield Trail offers a paved route through the wooded Little Bear Creek corridor of North Richland Hills. The trail is named for an important local developer who dedicated many acres of land...
The John C. Phelps Trail is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This trail acts as a connection between Wonderview Park, Boren-Hilseweck Park and John C. Phelps Park. The trail is planned to...
The Katy Trail in Dallas is a premier urban trail, linking the business district with recreational opportunities, shopping, and residential neighborhoods. The corridor is the perfect non-motorized...
The Kiest Park Loop Trail is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This loop trail is located within Kiest Park in southwest Dallas. The trail connects the playing fields, gardens, nature areas,...
The Lake Mineral Wells State Trailway is a North Texas treasure, connecting the communities of Mineral Wells and Weatherford just west of Fort Worth. Beginning in downtown Mineral Wells, the trail is...
TX 20 mi Asphalt, Crushed Stone
At nearly 4 miles, the Lakefront trail connects Beard Park to McCord Park via scenic lakeshore route. The trail is a combination of crushed granite and boardwalk over wetlands. It was officially...
TX 4 mi Boardwalk, Concrete, Crushed Stone
The Lanana Creek Trail is approximately 3.5 miles long from E. Austin Street into the youth soccer complex just south of Main Street. The trail is an ongoing project of the Sesquicentennial...
TX 3.5 mi Asphalt, Dirt
So far 4.6 miles of the Lance Armstrong Bikeway (Crosstown Bicycle Greenway) is complete, with additional sections planned. The trail, which is largely on-road biking, links Town Lake trails, the Town...
The Legacy Trail is a part of the City of Plano trail system. This trail consists of three disconnected segments. The northern most segment connects to the Preston Ridge Trail.
Leon Creek Greenway is a tranquil oasis through western San Antonio. The main pathway begins at Loop 1604 and winds its way south for 18 miles along the creek. It's fairly flat with some gentle slopes...
Westchase District's Library Loop Trail is the perfect combination of fitness and fun. A decade in the making and with the assistance of Several groups within the community coming together to fund the...
The Lick Creek Greenway Trail is a multi-use pathway in College Station, Texas. The trail follows the winding course of Lick Creek, providing opportunities for a natural reprieve within a dense...
The Little Bear Creek Linear Park is a popular community amenity in the northern Texas town of Keller. The trail begins by paralleling Rapp Road before veering south as it approaches Willis Lane. The...
The Little White Oak Bayou trail is a short trail located in North Houston. This short trail is just one small part of the emerging Houston trails system.
The Lone Star Ranch Trail runs through the tree-dotted greenway between the upscale houses that flank Blazing Star Road and Hidden Creek Lane in Frisco, a northern suburb of Dallas. Near its...
This is a U-shaped multiple use pathway in Grand Prairie, Dallas County. Trail travelers should begin at the Grand Prairie Tourist Information Center in Lone Star Park, then travel south parallel to N...
The Lost Creek Reservoir State Trailway offers a scenic route along the shoreline of its namesake lake, the eastern side of Lake Jacksboro, and Lost Creek. The waterways offer numerous opportunities...
TX 9 mi Asphalt, Concrete, Dirt, Gravel
The MKT/SP Rails to Trails forms a dogleg through urban Houston, with one leg running north–south between W 26th Street and W 7th Street and the east–west leg running between Shepherd Drive and Hogan...
Located just south of Cedar Hill State Park and east of Joe Pool Lake, the Mansfield Road Hike & Bike Trail will take you through some of the most scenic views in Dallas-Fort Worth area. The...
The Martinez Creek is part of the Westside creek system of San Antonio undergoing a ecosystem restoration effort. The greenway is one of the measures to bring residents of the adjacent neighborhoods...
Part of San Antonio's fantastic Howard W. Peak Greenway Trails System, which provides dozens of miles of multi-use trails throughout some of San Antonio's most beautiful natural spaces, the Medina...
The Mesquite Heritage Trail is billed as the city's "largest recreation facility". The multi-use path encourages residents to get out and get active – whether walking, rolling or riding. Trail users...
Mills Run Trail provides a short, easy and well-shaded route with glimpses of the creek on one side and neighborhood views on the other. It skirts the Grapevine Golf Course and ends at the Grapevine...
Mission Hike and Bike Trail in southern Texas is anchored by the Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park. Within its 760 acres, more than 300 bird species have been found and its World Birding Center is...
The trail starts in downtown King William area and meanders south to the historic Missions area, ending at Mission Espada, the oldest mission in Texas, built in 1690. The route follows the San Antonio...
In 2017, the South MoPac Bridges opened, providing a safe conduit between southwest Austin and downtown, safely separated from the harried pace of the MoPac Expressway. The South MoPac Bridges...
The Moments-In-Time Bike Trail takes you on a journey through Granbury's favorite green spaces. The 8-ft wide concrete trail is easily identifiable by the yellow centerline stripe that runs the length...
Allen is a city just north of Plano, Texas within the Dallas-Fort Worth metro footprint. The city is home to over 60 miles of paved share-use pathways. The Mustang Creek Trail is one of these, a trail...
Nolan Creek Hike and Bike Trail is a beautiful amenity right in the heart of Belton, connecting several parks and the University of Mary Hardin-Baylor. Beginning at Confederate Park, the paved trail...
The North Electric Trail is a family-friendly trail, beginning near the Richland High School and Holiday Lane Athletic Fields and ending at the popular NRH2O Water Park. On its eastern end, travelers...
The Northaven Trail (NHT) is a 2.5 mile-long paved commuting and recreational trail in North Dallas. Completed in 2012 with funding from the City of Dallas, the NHT runs east-west along an Oncor...
The Oak Point Park & Nature Preserve Trail is a jewel in Plano's park system, offering more than 800 acres to explore and many recreational amenities, including a recreation center, amphitheater, a...
As the name suggests Oak Valley Trail is a trail slightly over two miles tucked within a valley of Oak trees. These wonderful trees provide not only incredible scenery, but the perfect shade for those...
The Old No. 9 Trail cuts right through the heart of Boerne along part of what was once an early walking path used by Native Americans to cross Texas Hill Country. Much later the San Antonio and...
The Old Shepard Place Trail is a part of the City of Plano trails system. This trail parallels Park Blvd. and Winding Hollow Ln. for much of its length and includes a short loop around Old Shephards...
The Old Soncy Trail outside of Amarillo is what remains of Old Soncy Road, which the Texas Department of Transportation replaced with the wider Loop 335. The 3-mile segment of the roadway was turned...
The Owens Trail, located in the heart of Richardson (a northern suburb of Dallas), is comprised of two segments: a northern stretch through Lookout Park and a southern section that reaches Duck Creek...
The Paseo de la Resaca Community Trail is a 7-mile meandering multiuse path in Brownsville, Texas. Surrounded by residential neighborhoods, the scenic concrete trail runs along a network of tranquil...
The Paul G. Boorman Trail, named after a long-serving city employee, is one of the longest walking trails in Longview. It runs nearly 3 miles through the Grace Creek corridor, including Lois Jackson...
The Pepper Creek Trail, located in the western outskirts of Temple, is considered to be one of the city's most scenic and iconic pathways. It begins at State Highway 36 and travels south for just over...
The Pfairways Trail is perfectly placed for morning jogs, daytime bike rides and evening walks with Fido for residents of the Austin suburb of Pflugerville. The concrete trail sits in a creek bed in...
Residents of Pflugerville are blessed with nearly 40 miles of trail spread across the city. The Plfugerville Parkway Trail allows to cross from the east side of the Austin suburb, to the west without...
If you're looking for a good spot to exercise in the Lower Valley, consider the Playa Drain Trail. The recreational trail is paved, making it easy for trail users ranging from older users to families...
One of the newest additions to Cedar Hill's growing network of hiking and biking facilities, is this one-mile neighborhood trail in the east of the city. Located just east of N Joe Wilson Rd on E...
The Pool Road Trail begins in Grapevine, a small Texas town known for its mustang grapes and wineries. The trail travels south along its busy namesake roadway and provides an important connection to...
The Prairie Creek Trail follows an open corridor through suburban back yards in Lewisville. The trail passes through a linear greenway, offering access among neighborhoods and parks.
The Preston Meadow Trail is a part of the City of Plano trail system. This short trail system loops around Preston Meadow Park, and connects to the Preston Ridge Trail, as well as Daffron...
The Preston Ridge Trail is a part of the City of Plano trail system. This north-south trail though the City of Plano connects a number of other trails, including the Bluebonnet Trail, the Preston...
The Preston Ridge Trail (Dallas) is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This 6.3 mile trail extends through north Dallas and connects the City of Plano with the City of Richardson, as well as...
The Randy Morrow Trail was formerly known as the North San Gabriel River Trail as it parallels the north bank of the waterway for much of its route. In 2013, it was renamed after city's first Parks...
The Rawhide Park Trail begins and end on the border of Oran Good Park, where you can stop to refresh yourself with its picnic area, water fountains and restrooms. From Tom Field Road, the trail...
Note: Per the Ray Roberts Lake State Park website, "Due to prior flood damage, the FM 380 section of the Greenbelt Corridor is closed. The hard surface trail of the Greenbelt Corridor between Hwy 428...
The Red Arroyo Trail is 14-foot wide trail connecting two of San Angelo's major thoroughfares, Knickerbocker Road in the east, and Sherwood way in the west. The trail is an important community asset,...
Red Oak Creek Trail stretches out in four directions, a concrete cross-shaped trail in the City of Cedar Hills, Texas. Running a total of 3 miles, this connective trail provides access from the...
This east-west connector trail links the University Trail in the west to Spring Creek and Central Trails to the east of the city of Richardson. It passes residential areas, parks, schools and...
Reno Rail Trail offers a paved route between the communities of Paris, Reno, and Blossom in northeastern Texas. On its western end, it connects to the Trail de Paris. Both rail-trails are part of a...
The Ridgewood Trail is a 3-mile northern extension of the Katy Trail, connecting downtown Dallas with the White Rock Lake. The trail begins just west of Worcola Street, and is linked to the main Katy...
A 10.5-mile stretch of the developing Rio Grande River Trail begins near the Texas/New Mexico border and continues south, connecting the Texas communities of Anthony, Vinton, Canutillo and El Paso....
NM, TX 11.9 mi Concrete
River Legacy Park is a 1,300 acre park sitting on both sides of the Trinity River. It serves as a multi-use destination point for picnics, walking, biking, and private events. The trail within the...
For much of its route, the Rock Island Rail Trail in Amarillo parallels Plains Boulevard, stretching 4 miles between Coulter Street and 7th Avenue at Crockett Street. The trail follows an old rail...
The Rowlett Creek Trail matches the course of its namesake waterway. The trail starts at Bolin Park and head west, the begins to meander north before coming to a fork. The west branch winds along West...
The tree-lined Roy Orr Trail meanders through the heart of DeSoto, one of the oldest settlements in North Texas. Mid-way along the trail is the DeSoto Town Center, an urban village offering hip...
The Rudman Loop Trail, located within Rose Rudman Park on the southern end of Tyler, is part of a larger trail system called the Rose Rudman Recreational Trail. The paved trail meanders for just over...
The Russell Creek Greenbelt is a part of the City of Plano trail system. This greenbelt trail has two courses parallel to Russell Creek for a total of 2.5 miles of trail, and connects to Andrews...
The Russell Creek Park Trail is a part of the City of Plano trail system. This loop trail within Russell Creek Park consists of both a short inner loop and a longer outer loop for a total of 3.4 miles...
Note: Per the city of San Antonio's website, "The Salado Creek Greenway shall be closed for all purposes each day at sunset and will reopen each day at sunrise." Additional park curfews can be viewed...
The beauty of the San Antonio River Walk Hike & Bike Path is matched only by its utility. The 30-mile trail winds along both sides of the river, connecting parks, schools, workplaces, shopping,...
San Gabriel Park is a recreational gem for residents and visitors to Georgetown. A granite trail loops through the 180-acre park, offering access to its many amenities, including baseball and soccer...
TX 1.6 mi Crushed Stone
The Santa Fe Trail is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This 4.2 mile concrete surface trail connects multiple parks throughout lower east Dallas and lies on a a former railroad right of...
The Santa Fe Trail is a part of the City of Plano trails system. This linear trail extends west of Bob Woodruff Park to Avenue P. It connects to the Bob Woodruff Park Trail, as well as Schell Park,...
The Santa Fe Trail is located in the small city of Wharton, Texas, approximately 60 miles southwest of Houston. The trail's route was originally a portion of the Cane Belt Railroad, which once...
The Santa Fe Trestle Trail—the first off-road trail in Dallas to cross the Trinity River—opened for use in late 2011. The centerpiece of the trail is a steel rail trestle that was originally built for...
Opened in 2016, the Schanen Hike and Bike Trail knits is a 1.3-mile concrete and gravel trail in Corpus Christi, Texas. The trail extends from Saratoga Boulevard in the north to Yorktown Boulevard,...
TX 1.25 mi Concrete, Grass
The parkway is a Schertz landmark, and the trails on either side allow walkers and cyclists to experience it in safety. The 3.1 mile is popular with Schertz residents of all ages. It has also been...
The Serenity Park Hike and Bike Trail winds through western McKinney, a fast-growing community about 30 miles north of Dallas. The trail begins in its namesake park and follows a tree-lined route...
This trail is part of the City of Wichita Falls' "Circle Trail" system. This segment follows Seymour Highway (U.S. 277A Business) for 1.76 miles. The best parking is on the east end at the Wichita...
The Shady Brook Trail is a part of the City of Plano trails system. This system of trails connects to the western end of the Bluebonnet Trail.
The Shawne Park Trail is a part of the City of Plano trail system. This short trail consists of a loop a two spurs for a total of just under one mile of trails within Shawnee Park. The trail also...
Although located in the heart of Austin, the Shoal Creek Trail shelters trail-goers from the bustle of the city as it meanders along the creek under a canopy of old oak trees. Built in the early...
TX 3.7 mi Concrete, Dirt, Gravel
The Sims Bayou Greenway, sometimes referred to as the Sims Bayou Hike and Bike Trail, is a developing trail through the neighborhoods of southern Houston, connecting residents with parks and...
The SoPac Trail is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This trail is currently only 0.8 miles long, but is planned for 6.5 miles along an unused railroad corridor owned by DART. The trail...
The Southern Walnut Creek Trail winds along Austin's east side, traveling north from Govalle Park towards US 290. Following Walnut Creek, the paved trail travels mainly through forests as it traverses...
The Southmost Nature Trail is a concrete multi-use path in Brownsville, Texas. The first phase of the eventual 7-mile trail was opened in May 2017 and extends 1.75 miles, connecting to Porter High...
The heavily wooded Spring Creek Trail offers a natural retreat through Richardson, a northern suburb of Dallas, as it winds along the picturesque creek for which it's named. The eastern half of the...
The Steeplechase Park Trail is a part of the City of Plano trails system. This short 1/2 mile trail in Steeplechase Park connects to the White Rock Park Trail just outside of the park.
The Suncreek Trail is a part of the City of Plano trail system. This neighborhood trail extends from Alma Drive to north to Roma Lane, and west to Rollins Drive in the northeast part of the city. The...
The scenic Sunset Lake Park Trail runs on a former rail line—abandoned in 1965—on the edge of Portland, Texas. Originally part of the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway, this short section was along...
The Taychas Trail is located in Frisco, a fast-growing suburb of Dallas named after the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway that was built here in the early 1900s. The trail begins at Rolater Road and...
The Terry Hershey Park Hike & Bike Trail is an east-west route along the banks of the Buffalo Bayou in western Houston. It provides more than 10 miles of trail from Barker Dam (near State Highway 6)...
TX 10.7 mi Asphalt, Dirt, Grass
The Colony Shoreline Trail (TCST) Come experience more than 250 acres of wildlife habitat and park along the scenic shore of Lewisville Lake. The Colony Shoreline Trail offers more than three miles...
TX 4 mi Concrete, Crushed Stone
The Greenline, located in San Antonio's Brooks neighborhood just to the east of the San Antonio River, is a spacious and beautiful park with plenty of space and recreational amenities, including over...
The Thi Ho Memorial Trail is a mile-and-a-half of concrete trail in Pflugerville, a suburb of Austin. The trail begins at the Pflugerville High School, at the corner of the baseball diamond, and...
As the Town Creek Hike and Bike Trail meanders through the heart of Weatherford, travelers will enjoy the natural woodland setting along the creek. One highlight of the pathway is its stop in Holland...
The Trail de Paris runs for just over 3 miles from the town of Paris east into the countryside. The paved route follows a lovely corridor of shade trees, crossing bridges as it heads along a former...
The Tribute Shoreline Nature Trail is truly one of the most unique trails in all of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. Once you get past the Old American Golf Club practice facilities and farther on the...
TX 3.11 mi Dirt
The Trinity Levee Trail is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This gravel leveetop trails doubles as a maintenece road for the levee. Access is available from Westmoreland Road. A...
TX 8.2 mi Gravel
The Trinity Skyline Trail allows residents and visitors to explore the Trinity River in downtown Dallas. The paved trail currently connects to a pedestrian bridge and park known as the Continental...
When complete, the Trinity Strand Trail will be a 7.8-mile link between the Katy Trail and the Trinity River. Today, however, 2.5 miles of the concrete trail have been completed. The walking and...
The 1.08-mile hike & bike trail features a 10-foot wide concrete path with a painted center line. It winds through a Live Oak Forest, running parallel to Tule Creek, and ending at Enterprise Boulevard...
The Turtle Creek Trail is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This trails runs adjacent to Turtle Creek. The trails roughly parallels the southern portion of the Katy Trail. Although the two...
The first phase of Tyler's Legacy Trails consists of 4.2 miles of 10-foot-wide concrete trails with portions running on the eastern and western sides of Old Jacksonville Highway. The eastern...
The Veloway Trail is a 3.1-mile, 23-foot-wide loop trail, paved, through a quiet and secluded area of the Circle C Ranch Metropolitan Park on the outskirts of Austin. The trail offers a mix of...
The Waco Riverwalk winds for 5 miles along both banks of the Brazos River, connecting several downtown attractions. At its north end is the sprawling 400-acre Cameron Park with many natural features...
Walker's Creek Trail begins on Emerald Hills Way and travels north past the softball fields of Walker's Creek Park, the popular NRH20 Family Water Park, and Home Town Lakes. The trail ends at Dick...
The Walnut Creek Linear Park is 1.9 miles of sun-dappled asphalt threading through five neighborhood parks, three residential communities and two schools. Anchored by Town Park to the east and the...
The Watters Branch Trail travels through upscale neighborhoods and wooded riparian areas. The main segment It begins at Ridgewood Drive near a parcel of undeveloped parkland, and travels south more...
The Waxahachie Creek Hike & Bike Trail stretches 6 miles from Lion's Park to Getzendaner Park in Waxahachie. For most of its length, the trail runs along or very near Waxahachie Creek. The trail...
The West White Oak Bayou Trail extends between north of Antoine Drive and the Buffalo Bayou Greenway Trail, running parallel with the bayou and T. C. Jester Boulevard. From the trail you can...
The White Rock Creek Trail (North) is part of the city of Dallas's trail system. The trail travels between W. Lawther Drive at Mockingbird near White Rock Lake Park north to Valley View Park on...
The White Rock Lake Park Loop Trail is a part of the City of Dallas trails system. This loop trail is one of Dallas' most popular trails. The trail follows the shoreline of White Rock Lake and...
The White Rock Park Trail is a part of the City of Plano trail system. This short trail connects the Steeplechase Trail to the Old Shepard Place Trail within the city of Plano. The trail also connects...
The Wichita River Trail follows the Big Wichita River, a tributary of the Red River. The trail begins in beautifully wooded Lucy Park, making a loop. The park has shelters, playgrounds, a log cabin...
TX 14.88 mi Concrete
The Wichita Valley Rail-Trail travels from the southwestern end of Wichita Falls to the eastern edge of Holliday, spanning a travel of seven miles. The trail was once part of the Wichita Valley...
TX 5.6 mi Cinder, Gravel
The Willow Creek Trail is a part of the City of Plano trail system. This short trail system consists of 1.3 miles of loops and spurs within Willow Creek Park in the eastern part of the City of Plano....
The Windhaven Park Trail is a part of the City of Plano trails system. This small trail system makes for 1.3 miles of trail in and arround Windhaven Park in the western part of the City of Plano. The...
Just slightly longer than a mile, the Winfred H. Bonner Trail offers a paved, pleasant walk or bike ride through the north end of Georgetown along the tree-lined San Gabriel River. About mid-trail,...
The 5.4-mile paved pathway which traverses Zacate Creek Linear Park offers a pleasant transportation route connecting several parks in the heart of Laredo. The southern end of the trail begins at a...
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January, 2020 by randy86
Thanks City of Dallas and all those on the SoPac Trail neighborhood planning teams. The SoPac Trail is getting more active by the day and will really come to life this spring (2020) when the sod greens up and with the planting of a Butterfly Garden, just past the Mockingbird overpass. Surface is clean, flat and perfect for runners, walkers and cyclists. Neighbors have also been planting trees, agave, wildflowers and keeping the trail tidy. A creative plan to paint over graffiti is also in the works. More info at Friends of the SoPac Trail on Facebook.
Protected trail in SPI area
January, 2020 by jkhiser
This may not be the most "scenic" trail, but the scenery does match the area. Well protected & separated from traffic. One single overpass to cross at north end, otherwise totally flat.
Starter and access to other trails
January, 2020 by kimberly.livingston14
Great trail to explore connections to more rigorous trails. Safe for beginning walkers.
Great place for kids!
January, 2020 by slrange00
Went with the kids today. They are ages 13, 12 and 10. They had a blast. The majority of the trail also has a forested trail we took instead. That was a lot more fun than staying on the paved trail. As an extra bonus, we doing 2 of the 6 geocaches hidden close by!
great change of pace
December, 2019 by eugene.r.schwanbeck
Riding under the roads above with rolling hills is a stark contrast to trees and parks on Allen parkway. This trail has it all, always a fun ride as short or as long as needed. The pedestrian bridges are a nice touch too!
Best trail in Houston
I ride this trail as much as possible, very nice, scenic, and clean. Going through the heights is always fun and the views leaving and entering the city area are really great!
pleasant ride
Yes some parts are missing or under construction but overall it was a nice ride passing by the medical center and the zoo. Some sections seem newer than others so it's getting better all the time.
passes through questionable neighborhoods
Starting in the warehouse district by BBVA stadium is not bad, going through the neighborhoods towards Brays Bayou is questionable at beat. So much garbage on the trail made it feel like riding though a landfill. Lots of people loitering, we did not feel safe. My son asked if we could take a different route back. Travel at your own risk.
great trail that is a solid distance.
December, 2019 by texas0341
My son and I (14 yr old) went to ride this trail. One of the things I love most about it, is that its a huge loop. So you park and start to ride and 14.5 miles later your back where you started. There are ways to shorten the ride if you don't want to go the distance but I personally feel the distance is perfect. The scenery is amazing as the entire ride circles lady bird lake. There is some fun down hill portions to gain some speed and some good climbs to feel the burn in your legs but overall it's a pretty straight forward trail that isn't technical at all. I did have to check the map a few time to make sure I was staying on the right path but it wasn't hard at all to navigate. Highly recommend!
Biking Mansfield trail
December, 2019 by jmcfadden69
Extra wide lanes and steep hill on Mansfield Rd. Turn onto Lake Ridge Pwky and the trail continues through a residential area with beautiful scenery and wide bike trails all the way to Hwy 67.
Too many busy main roads to cross
December, 2019 by cookiwafer
I really had high expectations for this trail ... I really did. After looking at the photos posted here, I thought, wow, up my alley! They forgot to post the two huge dumps you pass, the industrial sections. The smell from both dumps .. shaking head here. We chose this because it was a longer trail, just rained and a paved trail would be perfect. However .... right off ... you have to cross multiple major busy intersections, also, quite a smaller intersecting streets where vehicles may come from either a curve or a hill and it's difficult to see them. I almost got hit, within a foot of the car, it really rattled me. There are some nice stretched, you get your momentum going and then ... then you have to cross another busy street. Waiting almost 5 mins at Hwy 121. I wish I would've been able to just ride the entire way without these inconveniences, it was rather annoying ... not to mention a bit more detrimental to your health due to high traffic areas.
Great for speed in the early AM; by noon it is toddler city
November, 2019 by hwoodatty
Not much by way of elevation, no appreciable mountain biking, otherwise very nice.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The North Mountain Park Nature Center is a division of APRC, located at 620 N Mountain Avenue in Ashland.
Learn about fundraising efforts for our future Nature Play Area!
Registration for WinterSpring is underway! Programs in our WinterSpring 2019 PlayGuide run December, 2018 through May, 2019. View the current digital guide by clicking on the image. (You may also view in PDF format) Direct registration links are available for all applicable programs in the digital PlayGuides.
North Mountain Park, located next to Bear Creek in beautiful Ashland Oregon, encompasses a Nature Center, Demonstration Gardens, playing fields and several acres of wildlife-friendly open space and trails. The mission of the Nature Center, which is part of the Ashland Parks & Recreation Department, is "to promote greater community awareness, understanding and enjoyment of the local natural environment, and to foster stewardship through educational programs and activities." While the majority of programs and activities described on this website take place at North Mountain Park, many others are offered at outlying park and school locations throughout Ashland.
The idea of having a Nature Center at North Mountain Park arose from citizen input during the early planning phase of the park in 1995. After over a year of well-attended public meetings, the Ashland Parks Commission approved the idea of restoring the floodplain portion of the 40-acre park and developing a Nature Center on the site. Since 1997, APRC has funded the planning and the implementation of the community-led vision for the Nature Center and its associated programs.
To learn more visit 620 N Mountain Ave in Ashland or call 541.488.6606.
You may also visit the APRC home page or call 541.488.5340 for more information.


text:
Church Slavonic extensions for LibreOffice

Includes Church Slavic (Church Slavonic) hyphenation and spelling dictionaries for LibreOffice.

## Requirements

- LibreOffice 5.0 or greater (while the dictionary will install in earlier versions,
  you will not be able to use it since the earlier versions do not have
  Church Slavic as an available locale)

## Installation

You can get the extension from the
[Extensions website](https://extensions.libreoffice.org/extensions/church-slavonic-dictionary).
Use this repository only if you want to change something
and rebuild from source.

## Compilation Requirements

To build from source, you will need
- An Internet connection
- Perl 5 installed

## Quick Start

To build LibreOffice extension, just do this:
```
make
```
Result should be a file `cu-LO.oxt` which you can then install into LibreOffice

## Documentation

The hyphenation dictionary is based on the TeX hyphenation patterns for Church Slavonic.
See [cu-tex package hyphenation README](https://github.com/slavonic/cu-tex/tree/master/hyphenation) for more information.

The spelling dictionary is based on the Hunspell spelling dictionary for Church Slavonic.
Morphological analysis is not (yet) supported. See
See [hunspell-cu package README](https://github.com/slavonic/hunspell-cu)
for more information.

## Bugs

Report in issue tracker. Be sure to specify version of LO and platform.
There are bugs with case folding and word boundary recognition for Cyrillic
in LibreOffice. It is hoped that these will be fixed in version 6.0.
See the [issue tracker for LO](https://bugs.documentfoundation.org/show_bug.cgi?id=96343).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Be part of the photography community and show your pride with this adjustable Photogrfr Snapback hat for photographers. Represent our movement and wear your pride on your noggin. Suitable for everyday casual wear. Also makes a great gift idea for a photographer friend or anyone who enjoys the art of photography.
SHOW YOUR PRIDE - It's time to make a bold statement, Photogrfr. Strap up and look fresh during your next photoshoot and join a tribe of photographers around the world who come together through a culture of lifestyle and clothing.
CLEAN, LONG LASTING BUILD - Structured, 6-panel design with a grey under visor to block out the strongest sun rays. Thick embroidered puffed letters that make a bold statement in rain or shine. Constructed with 85% acrylic/15% wool to withstand all weather conditions and keep you moving.
DURABLE STRAP DESIGN - Double stitched, adjustable plastic snapback system to fit your noggin comfortably and easily. Locking design made to prevent unwanted separation and a comfortable smooth inner backing that won't dig or scratch to keep you focused on your mission all day.
YOUR SATISFACTION GUARANTEED - If you're not totally thrilled with your snapback, contact us within 14 days of delivery for a full refund or free replacement. No questions asked.


BURLINGTON, Mass.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Apr. 12, 2019– CIRCOR International, Inc.(NYSE: CIR) today announced that it plans to release its first-quarter 2019 financial results after the close of the New York Stock Exchange on Thursday, April 25, 2019. At 9:00 a.m. ETFriday, April 26, 2019, the Company will conduct a conference call hosted by Scott Buckhout, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Chadi Chahine, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.
To listen to the live conference call and view the accompanying presentation slides, please visit "Webcasts & Presentations" in the "Investors" portion of CIRCOR's website. The live call also can be accessed by dialing (877) 407-5790 or (201) 689-8328. The webcast will be archived on the Company's website for one year.
CIRCOR International, Inc. designs, manufactures and markets differentiated technology products and sub-systems for markets including oil & gas, industrial, aerospace & defense and commercial marine. CIRCOR has a diversified flow and motion control product portfolio with recognized, market-leading brands that fulfill its customers' mission critical needs. The Company's strategy is to grow organically and through complementary acquisitions; simplify CIRCOR's operations; achieve world class operational excellence; and attract and retain top talent. For more information, visit the Company's investor relations website at http://investors.circor.com.


text:
Big Tech's Crackdown on Donald Trump and Parler Won't Fix the Real Problem With Social Media
US President Donald Trump on the South Lawn of the White House on January 12, 2021
By Billy Perrigo
If democracy is a river, or a forest, or a pristine meadow, then social media platforms are a factory spewing toxic pollutants into it. Even if you block the new effluent, the pollution that has already escaped won't just go away. It needs to be cleaned up.
That's the analogy used by Whitney Phillips, one of the world's leading experts on the rise of the far right online.
Twitter and Facebook's ban of President Trump last week, and the deplatforming of the rightwing social network Parler by Apple, Google and Amazon on Monday, are crucial first steps in stemming the flow of pollution, says Phillips, who is an assistant professor at the Syracuse University department of communication and rhetorical studies. But more is still spilling out, and that's before you even get to the question of how to clean up what's already escaped.
Read More: Why Facebook and Twitter Suspended Trump's Accounts After Capitol Riots
"The real thing that we have to deal with long term is how these platforms didn't just allow, but actively incentivize the spreading of this pollution. For years and years and years and years, it was allowed to build up in the environment for so long, such that you now have this enormous percentage of the population that has really internalized so much of this pollution," she says. "You can take away Parler. But that's not going to take away the belief in tens of millions of people that the election was stolen."
Phillips and others who research extremism on social media say the core algorithms and business models of the biggest social platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Google-owned YouTube are in large part to blame for the series of events which led eventually to a violent insurrectionist mob of President Trump's supporters storming the seat of American democracy on January 6. Those platforms amplify content that provokes emotional reactions above all else, Phillips says. That means "historically, the platforms have actually done more to benefit and embolden the right" than any other political grouping.
Trump supporters near the U.S Capitol, on January 06, 2021 in Washington, DC.
NurPhoto via Getty Images—Shay Horse/NurPhoto
On Monday, Amazon pulled Parler's web hosting, which was provided through Amazon Web Services (AWS), forcing it offline. Google and Apple each suspended Parler from their app stores over the weekend, citing its lax moderation practices and the danger that violence was being planned on the platform. "We cannot provide services to a customer that is unable to effectively identify and remove content that encourages or incites violence against others," Amazon said in a letter to Parler. In response, Parler filed a lawsuit against Amazon on Monday.
The cutting off of Parler came shortly after President Trump himself was banned permanently from Twitter two days after the storming of the Capitol. He was also suspended from Facebook until Joe Biden's inauguration at the earliest. Justifying Trump's suspensions, Twitter and Facebook said the President's continued presence would have increased the risk of violence and potentially undermine the peaceful transition of power. Trump's YouTube channel remains online, though YouTube deleted a video in which he praised rioters who stormed the Capitol.
Parler has risen in popularity over the past year, as mainstream social networks like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube have slowly built up their guardrails against misinformation and conspiracy theories like QAnon and election fraud, and banning users who violate their policies the most egregiously. Despite those efforts, those mainstream platforms remain hotbeds of misinformation. Still, the rise of Parler (and now, the movement of many Parler users to the messaging app Telegram) is a sign that even if Facebook, YouTube and Twitter manage to eradicate the pollution from their platforms entirely, it will still exist, swilling around American democracy in the form of radicalized users and exploited by opportunistic politicians and unscrupulous media.
Read More: White Supremacism Is a Domestic Terror Threat That Will Outlast Trump
Researchers who study disinformation and the far-right online say that deplatforming can be successful. They point to when the main platforms banned Alex Jones, the founder of conspiracy theory site InfoWars and Milo Yiannopolous, a far right former Breitbart editor, and to the shutting down of Reddit forums catering to incels or the most toxic of Trump supporters, as examples of successfully reducing the number of people such messages can reach. However, researchers point out, deplatforming may do nothing to deradicalize the most devoted users—or reduce the risk of violent attacks. (The FBI says that armed protests are being planned at all 50 state capitols and the U.S. Capitol in the days leading up to, and the day of, Biden's inauguration.)
At this late stage, when so many people are already radicalized, the solutions have to be more complex than simply deplatforming people, says Phillips. "I think that they made the right call," she tells TIME of the platforms' decisions to deplatform Trump and Parler. But up until this point, she says, they have "continually made the wrong calls, or opaque calls, or inconsistent calls, or calls that ultimately allowed this to happen for so long."
The tech companies' eventual decisions to deplatform Trump have quickly fed into conspiracy theories about Silicon Valley unfairly censoring conservatives, a narrative pushed by Republicans and online conservatives over the past several years. Now, politicians like Trump are galvanizing their supporters with claims they are unfairly having their freedom of speech restricted by a cabal of companies bent on overturning Trump's supposed election victory.
Trump supporters take the steps on the east side of the US Capitol building on January 06, 2021 in Washington, DC.
Experts in the field also remain troubled by the problem of big corporations like Facebook, Google and Amazon having the sole power to decide who can and can't have an online voice. In Vietnam, Facebook has complied with requests from the authoritarian government to remove accounts of dissidents. In India, it has evaded banning ruling party lawmakers even when they've broken its rules. Experts are troubled by the timing of the decision in the U.S.: neither Facebook or Twitter decided to suspend Trump until after the Democrats won control of the Senate on Jan. 6 and Biden was confirmed by lawmakers as the next President. "It is hard to view this decision, and the timing, as anything other than trying to cozy up to power, as opposed to some form of responsible stewardship of our democracy," said Yael Eisenstat, a former Global Head of Elections Integrity Operations for political advertising at Facebook, in a statement.
Facebook and Twitter did not immediately respond to TIME requests for comment. In his statement announcing Trump's suspension, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said: "Over the last several years, we have allowed President Trump to use our platform consistent with our own rules, at times removing content or labeling his posts when they violate our policies." This is true, but only because Facebook wrote an exemption into its own rules that allowed posts by public figures like Trump to remain on the platform even if they broke some rules.
In Russia, where a rightwing autocrat is in power, dissidents viewed Twitter's decision to ban President Trump with extreme skepticism. "In my opinion, the decision to ban Trump was based on emotions and personal political preferences," tweeted Russia's main opposition leader, Alexey Navalny. "Of course, Twitter is a private company, but we have seen many examples in Russian and China of such private companies becoming the state's best friends and enablers when it comes to censorship." German Chancellor Angela Merkel also raised concerns about the move's implications for free speech.
Read More: How Ashli Babbitt Is Being Turned Into a Far-Right Recruiting Tool
While the Biden Administration is mulling reform of Section 230, the law that allows platforms legal protection from accountability for what is posted on them, tech policy experts say that it is low on the incoming President's list of priorities. His tech policy pointman, Bruce Reed, has expressed a desire to reform Section 230 in the past. In December, Senator Mark Warner, a leading Democrat critic of Facebook, told TIME that Biden's approach could include invoking civil rights laws to bring stricter penalties for people spreading hate speech or racist activity online. But the incoming team is also stacked with former employees of big tech companies, which has left many activists prepared for a fight ahead over the shape of Biden's tech policy. "Quite frankly, if people in the Biden Administration want to spend their time and energy fighting to help Mark Zuckerberg make more money, then that's a fight I will take up," says Rashad Robinson, President of Color of Change, one of the first civil rights groups to call for Trump to be deplatformed back in 2017.
On Monday, nine days before President Joe Biden is set to be inaugurated, and after years of ignoring calls from civil society to appoint a senior executive with civil rights expertise, Facebook announced that a former Obama Administration official, Roy Austin Jr., would be its first ever vice president for civil rights, with a responsibility of overseeing the company's accountability for racial discrimination and hatred. He starts the day before Biden's inauguration.
It may be inevitable that political pressure will always have some bearing on the way platforms moderate themselves. In this case, the platforms are finally pivoting their enforcement to respond to Democratic pressure—which happens to align somewhat with civil society—after years of largely ignoring those calls under the Trump Administration. But still, experts say, the core problem remains. "The underlying problem here is not the [platform] rules themselves," writes technology columnist Will Oremus for OneZero, "but the fact that just a few, for-profit entities have such power over global speech and politics in the first place."
Write to Billy Perrigo at billy.perrigo@time.com.
Twitter Suspends Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene


text:
require 'minitest/spec'

describe_recipe 'apache2::mod_php5' do
  include MiniTest::Chef::Resources
  include MiniTest::Chef::Assertions

  it 'installs dependencies' do
    case node[:platform]
    when 'debian','ubuntu'
      package('libapache2-mod-php5').must_be_installed
    when 'centos','redhat','fedora','amazon'
      package('php').must_be_installed
    end
  end

  it 'enables mod_php5' do
    link("#{node[:apache][:dir]}/mods-enabled/php5.load").must_exist.with(
         :link_type, :symbolic).and(:to, "#{node[:apache][:dir]}/mods-available/php5.load")
  end
end


text:
Silent Farewell
Genre : Rock/Punk
http://www.myspace.com/silentfarewell
Silent Farewell is a friendly rock band from Jakarta. Formed in 2003 and continuously hitting the stages ever since, these five talented rockers kept on making and never stopped dedicating themselves to music. With their emotionally speaking and guitar-driven songs such as TV Shows and Glory, they wanted to share their voice of expression and put them into act through inspiring music.
Within several years of teamwork, Silent Farewell has experienced it all�from transitions of formation to various kinds of hard times. All the journey through time has led these five young men from different music backgrounds with a variation in music influencessuch as post-punk, post-hardcore, metal, to various sub genre of rock music and metalresult in a genre we simply call rock ala Silent Farewell. This formation of Harya Sekar Giwangkara (Iwang), Yosaviano Santoso (Yosa), Viza Mahasa (Viza), Arya Irvandy Maulana (Arya), and Adhitya Nugraha Pulukadang (Gogo) became solid until today.
Silent Farewell consists of two words; silent and farewell, for which each has its own independent meaning. Silent stands for a phase in a man's life where they find themself in the highest consciousness level that we believe to be the perfect momentum of creation, while Farewell represents an act of leave-taking. Therefore, Silent Farewell is the fulfillment of stepping forward from the present towards a better and meaningful creation.


India' s first High Powered Electric scooter with the Longest wheel base of 1460mm for better riding comfort and healthy drive. Tested and Certified by ARAI as per CMVR Act. Lithium Ion powered by 72V 2*21Ah.
*Range and speed differs depending on load carrying capacity, road conditions and driving conditions of the rider.


text:
All posts tagged "Black children"
Black History3 weeks ago
While Some Minority Students and Teachers Thrive in Distant Learning, Others Struggle Daily
NNPA NEWSWIRE — "There's a bunch of research about the value add of Black teachers in school. It turns out that Black teachers help all students...
#NNPA BlackPress1 year ago
Group Fights Normalization of Violence Amid Rise in Child-Related Shootings
WASHINGTON INFORMER — On average, about 19 children are shot daily in America and about 1,300 youths under age 18 die yearly from firearms, with about 6,000...
Profile in Education Equity: Sharif El-Mekki
NNPA NEWSWIRE — El-Mekki is answering his own "nation building" call. In May, he announced that after 11 years as Shoemaker's principal and 26 years of...
Entrepreneur Creates Flashcards That Teach Children About Black Millionaires And Billionaires
CHICAGO DEFENDER — New Orleans-based media company, Raising Black Millionaires, has just released the first volume in their series of Raising Black Millionaires Flashcards, to empower...
The Human and Economic Toll of Gun Violence is Staggering
NNPA NEWSWIRE — The September 18 state-by-state examination of the economic costs of gun violence, reveals numbers that the committee called "staggering." For instance, in 2017,...
West Memphis mayor talks jobs, economic boom and inspiring children
NNPA NEWSWIRE — "Our priorities are to bring economic opportunities to this city for our people, public safety, creating a quality school system, a cleaner city,...
Chicago Defender2 years ago
The Importance of Exposing Underprivileged Youth to Travel
CHICAGO DEFENDER — In a city like Chicago — particularly in black and brown areas — children live in segregated "bubbles." These bubbles — in addition to...
Commentary2 years ago
COMMENTARY: For Black Children, Attending School Is an Act of Racial Justice
NNPA NEWSWIRE — In the 2015-16 school year, Black boys made up 8 percent of public school enrollment, but they were 25 percent of the boys...
California Voice - San Francisco Bay View2 years ago
COMMENTARY: Building power for California's kids
SAN FRANCISCO BAY VIEW — Whether you ask a parent, a teacher or even a college student like me, creating a better world for kids is...
Op-Ed5 years ago
Child Watch: 10 Rules to Help Black Boys Survive
By Marian Wright Edelman NNPA Columnist Like so many, I have been deeply disturbed by the senseless loss of Black male lives at the hands...