text:
Dylan Dreyer Net worth, Salary, Wiki, Bio, Married, Feet and Legs
Networthage
— Tuesday, August 23rd, 2016
Date of Birth : Aug 2nd, 1981
Net Worth : $ 1 million
Married : Brian Fichera
Dylan Dreyer is a prominent American television meteorologist who is currently working for NBC News. Dylan is best known for being a weather anchor in the Orange Room on Weekend Today as well as MSNBC on weekends. Dylan Dreyer net worth clearly depicts her hard work in attaining all the success and huge salary reaping out of her work in NBC news. The very talented and beautiful, Dylan Dreyer bio is given below.
Dylan Dreyer was born on August 2, 1981 Manalapan, New Jersey, United States to Jim Dreyer. Dylan spent most of her childhood days with her siblings, James Dreyer and Mike Dreyer. Dylan went on to graduate in 2003 from Rutgers University. She earned a bachelor's degree in meteorology. In high hopes of pursuing her dream of becoming a meteorologist and get into journalism, Dylan went on to apply at many places.
According to Dylan Dreyer wiki, she first worked in WICU based in Erie, Pennsylvania. After that, she began working for WJAR based in Providence, Rhode Island before she went on to work for WHDH based in Boston, Massachusetts. Dylan has been a hard working person and is hugely appreciated and respected for it. She even suffered a mild concussion during a car accident while going to The Today Show in February 2013. Dylan is currently working for NBC News. She works alongside Sheinelle Jones in the Orange Room as a weather anchor on Weekend Today. She is also seen in Today on weekdays as a fill-in weather correspondent. As on NBC, Dylan is seen in The Weather Channel and Nightly News. She has been in this arena of work since 2003 and has grown tremendously. She has been very successful in her work and is adored by her fans for her exceptional skills and jolly attitude. We
hope to see more of Dylan Dreyer in the years to come.
The most asked question regarding her is – is Dylan Dreyer married or who is Dylan Dreyer married to? Well, the answer is Brian Fichera. Dylan Dreyer husband, Brian and Dylan both live in New York. Dylan Dreyer married her husband in 2012. They have been together since. The wedding pictures of Brian and Dylan's and Brian's marriage are all over the internet. Dylan is not hesitant on talking about her personal life. Is Dylan Dreyer pregnant? Her pregnancy video diary that she publishes every week definitely says yes. Dylan Dreyer is definitely pregnant with the child of her husband, Brian. Dylan will give birth to a baby anytime soon. The answer to the question of Dylan Dreyer pregnancy is definitely revealed.
Dylan Dreyer is currently 35 years old but looks younger than her actual age. Dylan is very much concerned about her physique and does regular exercise. She looks very fit and attractive. Dylan Dreyer height is 5 feet 3 inches. Dylan Dreyer height perfectly matches her weight of 61 kgs. Dylan Dreyer feet size is known to be 6. Dylan Dreyer feet perfectly complement her slender and sexy legs. The Today show's Dylan Dreyer legs look slender and sexy in dresses but look equally alluring in casual wear. Dylan has perfect body measurements of 36-25-37 inches from bust-waist-hips. Her bra size is 34B. Dylan Dreyer measurements reveal an hourglass shaped body.
Dylan Dreyer net worth is estimated to be $ 1 million while Dylan Dreyer salary per year is estimated to be $ 117647. Dylan's huge salary comes from her successful career in The Today Show. The very gorgeous and brilliant Dylan Dreyer bio can be found on various social media sites like Wikipedia, Twitter and more.


text:
using System.Reflection;

namespace DataMiningSharp.Core.DataClassifier.Causal
{
    public class CausalDataClassifierResult : DataClassifierResult, ICausalDataClassifierResult
    {
        public CausalDataClassifierResult()
        {

        }

        public CausalDataClassifierResult(
            PropertyInfo causeVariable,
            object causeValue,
            PropertyInfo effectVariable,
            object effectValue,
            int occurrences,
            double precision,
            double recall)
        {
            CauseVariable = causeVariable;
            CauseValue = causeValue;
            EffectVariable = effectVariable;
            EffectValue = effectValue;
            Precision = precision;
            Recall = recall;
            Occurrences = occurrences;
        }

        public object CauseValue { get;  set; }

        public PropertyInfo CauseVariable { get;  set; }

        public PropertyInfo EffectVariable { get;  set; }

        public object EffectValue { get;  set; }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return string.Format(
                "{0} = {1} => {2} = {3}; with {4} occurrences, precision={5}, recall={6}, F-Score={7}",
                CauseVariable.Name,
                CauseValue,
                EffectVariable.Name,
                EffectValue,
                Occurrences,
                Precision,
                Recall,
                F1Score);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Helena Bonham Carter's Golden Globes!
Let's here it for the girl(s)!
Amongst all the fashion and flash of Saturday night's DGA awards, one of the evening's best comments made was from the perenially unique Helena Bonham Carter.
Donning a dark and daring black dress with a neckline down to there, Helena was hardly even phased by her award for her role in "The King's Speech". When asked by Us Magazine who she was wearing, the actress replied, " Today I'm wearing huge breasts….these are my Golden Globes!".
We have to agree that her corset gave her breast implant worthy cleavage and that her one of a kind style always leaves us wondering "what will she do next?".
Never mind the "King", this Queen and her ladies in waiting continue to rule!
Share Celebrity Plastic Surgery With Your Friends!
HSPS is introducing a new feature that lets you share the gift of High Society with all your friends!
Just look for the Share, Tweet, and Email icons right at the top of the sidebar, and start sharing HSPS on Facebook and Twitter. You can even send an email with a link to the HSPS home page!


If you're still young and want your skin to stay that way as long as possible, you owe it to yourself to know what's helpful and what's not. A smart anti-ageing regimen, good skincare habits and a few key ingredients will help set the course for bright, healthy, youthful skin.
It's never too early to start thinking about anti-ageing skincare. Which probably means you're reading this too late!!
Just because you don't see sun-damaged skin now, it doesn't mean it's not happening – you'll see the damage later in life. One of the most important habits for skincare in your 20s is using sunscreen. Of all the anti-ageing creams and treatments you can buy, sunscreen is the most inexpensive and effective route. So, you'll want to get in the habit of wearing SPF 30 every day.
It's important to use a gentle cleanser to remove dirt and oil that builds over the day. Don't use anything too harsh or abrasive. Facials cleansers that are free of fragrance, alcohol, and oil are always better. It's also important to match your skin type.
Eye cream really is worth buying. The skin around your eyes is the thinnest on the body, meaning that is where wrinkles will appear first. By your mid-20s, find an eye cream that will restore moisture to that area and ward off crow's-feet. Sunglasses that protect against UV rays are also a must have for your beach days.
Makeup can cover up a lot of imperfections, but that healthy glow from within comes from a diet packed with antioxidants. While you're in your 20s, get in the habit of noshing on berries, beans, and dark chocolate.
Avoid smoking at all costs. We know you might have taken a few puffs in your rebellious teen years, but smoking is a bad skin habit to break ASAP. It restricts the blood supply to the skin, making ageing more obvious, and each time you inhale, you're causing wrinkles around your lips.
Remember to stay active. Exercise increases the blood supply to your skin, making it healthier, and it will show.
Get used to lukewarm showers. While a steaming hot shower can be relaxing, the heat is actually drying to your hair and skin. Tone it down to a moderate temperature to lock in moisture.
You should also always remove your makeup before going to bed. Sleeping with it on can clog pores and lead to breakouts. Your skin repairs itself while you snooze so make sure it's clean before calling it a night, plus a good night's sleep will do wonders for your skin health.
Treat your skin to help: revitalise my skin. It is a tasty apple flavoured gel stick that is packed with CoEnzymeQ10 and Aloe Vera to combat the signs of ageing and will help your skin stay beautifully revitalised… and in tip-top condition.


Film and TV	Film and television have done for entertainment what mobile phones have done for communication! Without films and television, entertainment wouldn't be half as much fun. If you are a fan, or even if you are not that much of a fan of films and television, this forum is the space for you to talk about everything related to movies, actors, career as an actor, lifestyle, glamour, paparazzi, and everything else under the sun. So share your stories and discover a whole new world.
Does DU have a course on Film & TV??
No.. DU does not offer any course particular to Film and TV. Journalism courses are there.


General Hospital fans were ecstatic earlier this month to see Laura Collins return to Port Charles. She and her portrayer, Genie Francis, exited the story canvas at the beginning of the year so Laura could take care of her grandson Spencer's (Nicolas Bechtel) broken legs.
TV Insider spoke to Francis about her exciting storyline in which her presumed dead, psychotic brother-in-law Ryan (Jon Lindstrom) has pulled an "Eva Grubb" and taken over the life of Laura's husband Kevin Collins (also played by Lindstrom).
Plus, showrunner Frank Valentini weighs in on the timeliness of Kiki's sexual harassment storyline.
Francis also weighs in on the gratitude she feels to her fans, which characters she had a hand in either bringing onto or back onto the canvas, and which story she wouldn't mind seeing retconned. Read on to get the scoop from the fan favorite and Emmy-winning actress.
Well, on behalf of GH fans everywhere, yay! Your return is great news!
How did you feel when there was an immediate outpouring of fan support on social media for you when you left the show in January?
I was shocked. I couldn't really believe that people still care that much. It's hard to tell when you're separated from your audience. I was very moved by it and I was shocked that the support is still there.
What kept you busy these last nine months?
I have a new home that I've been busy working on and doing major renovations. I went back doing something I love to do. I've been busy with painting, knitting, walking my dogs, visiting friends and doing regular life stuff, which I really do enjoy!
In a GH clip reel shown at a Creation Entertainment event in March, fans saw the scene in which Laura struck Valentin (James Patrick Stuart) at the pier. The crowd went wild. Fans love seeing that primal and maternal instinct.
It's who we all are. It's part of nature. It's primal, as you said. We know from nature to stay away from mama bears and their cubs in the woods. It makes sense to all of us. It's very relatable.
When you heard about Ryan taking over Kevin's identity what were your thoughts?
I thought it was going to be really interesting and give us some interesting things together. A story with a good sociopath can be so scary. People love those crime dramas. Look at how many there are. It makes for good television.
An initial theory had Kevin taking over Ryan's life before he and Laura wed.
Yes, I know. A lot of people were saying that to me.
What does Laura bring to Kevin's and what does he bring to hers?
They've both been through a lot. They're an older couple so they both know what they want. Sometimes when you get to a point in life you think you're going to be alone from here on in. To find each other and what you want in someone at this time is precious. It makes every day special. Laura gives him a stability that he never could have gotten from Lucy (Lynn Herring) because (laughs) Lucy was never stable!
It's a testament to Jon's ability as an actor that fans weren't initially sure when the switch had taken place.
It's a tough one to do. I like that he doesn't ham it up at all. There's a temptation there with each of these guys. Their hearts are different. He's not going [big]. I like that. It feels more real to me. Definitely, more real. I ask him all the time if he's having fun and he says he is. Nobody deserves it more than he does.
Spencer's (Nicolas Bechtel) upcoming return will be a contrast to the danger Ryan brings.
I know. This will be great, right? Nicolas is just as delightful off camera as he is on. He's just as much fun to be around. He's loving, sweet and kind. He got me a bunch of flowers when he came to work.
What's it like having immediate feedback to episodes via social media?
Oh, it's fantastic! I like to know right away how I'm doing, what's going on. I like working in theater when you know immediately where things are working, where people are laughing. That's how you know you're doing it right.
We were all sorry to hear of the passing of Susan Brown (ex-Gail), a gracious lady on-screen and off. What are your memories of her?
It was always fabulous working with her. She was an enormously kind person. She was, as you said, gracious. She possessed grace on-screen and off. Susan was the type of person you could confide in and know that it would go no further. I don't trust people that much. I trusted her. She was a good person.
Another favorite is your TV mom Denise Alexander who reprised her role as Lesley last year for Kevin and Laura's wedding.
I don't know if she's going to be back on soon. But I always love it when she does come back. I loved it that she was at the wedding, which wasn't that long ago. I'm glad you reminded me because I owe her a call.
Veteran GH fans know that Lesley taking the rap for Laura accidentally killing David Hamilton (Jerry Ayres) was instrumental in not only saving GH from cancellation but also propelling the show to its eventual position as the top-rated soap in the late '70s.
Yeah. It was. It was definitely a powerful story and it changed a lot and it put me [in the forefront of the show] and it went on from there.
One of the great things that GH does, as we're seeing with Ryan, is that it mines its history to tell current story. It's how we got the character of Nikolas on the canvas.
I'm going to stop you here and I'm going to tell you the truth. [When] they first brought both [Tony Geary, ex-Luke and me] back to the show, Tony had had some time talking to the writers alone. I had some time, too. I said Laura had been abducted [by the Cassadines] for [almost] two years [1982-83]. That's time enough for her to have had a baby and recovered. She had married into the Cassadine family. I take total credit for that. I'm sure Bob Guza [former head writer] would back me on that. It came from me. That one was mine. I said I really want Laura to have a secret to play, a huge secret, a painful secret. It came out of when they didn't know quite what to do with me. I said let's look into her past. Thank you for liking it!
Laura exited Port Charles earlier this year to tend to Spencer and his broken legs. When you left in 2002, the writers sent Laura away after revealing that her adoptive father Rick Webber (Chris Robinson) was revealed as this icky philanderer who drugged Laura after she walked in on him having an affair with a nurse named Theresa Carter. It was very tough for long time fans to see because it was a re-writing of Rick's character. Fans wouldn't mind seeing that story made right.
You know, I would love that, too. Nobody liked that. Nobody liked that Rick Webber was suddenly this horrible guy. But they were looking for a way to have Laura lose her mind so that's what they wrote. Nobody liked that. He was a beloved character and so is Lesley. Do you remember when Lesley was dead?
The darkest 12 years of the show? Yes.
Any message to the fans, who have and continued to support you?
My deepest, heartfelt thanks. I was completely shocked. It made me cry. I was sitting on my bed and someone told me I should look on Twitter. I saw this outpouring of support for me. I couldn't help but check back in. Did it die down? It didn't. I couldn't believe that people would do this for me. Words can't express my gratitude. I don't know what I can do in return for this outpouring of love from strangers other than to continue to deliver good shows.


Costochondritis is a topic covered in the 5-Minute Pediatric Consult.
Costochondritis is chest pain that emanates from a costal cartilage and is reproducible on compression of that cartilage.
Frequency of sternal wound infections following median sternotomy is 0.1–1.6%.
Costochondritis accounts for 10–31% of all pediatric chest pain.
Peak age for chest pain in children is 12 to 14 years.
Cabana, Michael D., editor. "Costochondritis." 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 8th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2019. Pediatrics Central, peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617108/all/Costochondritis.
Costochondritis. In: Cabana MD, ed. 5-Minute Pediatric Consult. 8th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2019. https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617108/all/Costochondritis. Accessed April 23, 2019.
Costochondritis [Internet]. In: Cabana MD, editors. 5-Minute Pediatric Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2019. [cited 2019 April 23]. Available from: https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617108/all/Costochondritis.


At the request of Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) a five-day Survey Metadata Production Workshop using Nesstar Publisher 4.0.9 was held in Nairobi on May 12 - 16, 2014. KNBS has been participating in ADP activities since 2007. A similar workshop was also done in 2011 and about forty-one surveys are available on KeNADA. The latest workshop was done as part of ADP support deigned to sustain the microdata management process at the NSO. The KNBS has expressed commitment to institutionalize the microdata documentation and dissemination activities in KNBS as a part of a complete survey procedure. Sixteen participants from different sections of KNBS participated in the workshop. Eleven new surveys were documented. The surveys will soon be available in KeNADA after the quality review of the documentation is completed.
The workshop was facilitated by ADP consultants Mrs. Aakinsanya Afusat Adepeju from Nigeria and Mr. Biniyam Tadesse Awoke from Central Statistics Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia. Mr. Biniyam, who is also a NADA expert, visited KNBS and trained its IT staff to upgrade and maintenance NADA. The KeNADA is now in Version 4.2 (http://statistics.knbs.or.ke/nada/index.php/catalog).


A Mediterranean-like region with seaside views and cooling breezes, there's an amazing array of easy drinking wine to discover in the Vale. On this small-group tour of up to 6 guests we'll help you uncork a range of varieties and styles, and help you better understand what goes on inside the bottle. With a focus on premium boutique producers it's a completely flexible itinerary and you'll help decide where we go.
An exciting region with loads to offer, a private tour in McLaren Vale is a great way to learn more about wine. Explore the McLaren Vale is a private wine tour with a flexible itinerary, where we tailor the wineries to suit your tastes. From Shiraz and Grenache, refreshing whites and Italian varietals, ports and muscats, even a cool climate nearby, there's a world of wine to explore in the Vale!


Cutting a miter joint that closes up perfectly and maintains a 90 degree angle is really satisfying. Unfortunately, it doesn't always happen. Here's a quick fix for a slightly open miter joint; rub the shank of a screwdriver along the miter at a steep angle, from both sides of the joint. Chances are, you'll be the only one that knows it wasn't perfect to begin with! Try this amazing miter project!


text:
"Let them burn money."
California/Newsletter
by Indivisible Ventura
Maya Angelou stated: "When people show you who they are, believe them."
Although the quotes above are fictional, Trump's first response to coronavirus, a disease that started halfway around the world, was essentially "Let poor Americans freeze." Dogwhistling to wealthy cronies and his true believers, the administration's initial proposal for containment included taking $37 million from LIHEAP, a program that funds low-income home heating assistance, rather than sacrificing a handful of his own golf weekends. (latest estimate – $130 million, an item not covered in his 2021 budget "Stopping Wasteful and Unnecessary Spending.")
So far, he's been rescued from publicly facing the true malignity of his proposed budget cuts by Democrats stepping in and reversing them (**See Sen. Schumer's $8.5 proposal here) along with the public's short memory. But not before his messaging has reached the audience it was intended for…
(**Note: The House just passed an $8.3 billion coronavirus response package which, amongst other provisions, includes funding to reimburse programs the administration had tapped for initial COVID-19 response efforts, including LIHEAP.)
Action #1 – Redirect money being wasted on the border wall to "Prioritizing Pandemic Prevention Act."
Our racist and destructive border wall, in a tragicomic hat tip to reality, now needs hundreds of large storm gates left open for months to prevent devastating floods. Combine that with drones, $100 saws and the traditional medieval enemies of walls – ladders, tunnels, and catapults, we've wasted $11 billion dollars on a construction grift that personally profits Trump's re-election campaign
Senator Elizabeth Warren's still unnumbered bill would redirect wall funding to coronavirus efforts. States Sen. Warren: "The coronavirus outbreak poses serious health, diplomatic, and economic threats to the United States, and we must be prepared to confront it head-on. Rather than use taxpayer dollars to pay for a monument to hate and division, my bill will help ensure that the federal government has the resources it needs to adequately respond to this emergency."
Minimal script: I'm calling from [zip code] and I want Senator [___] to support Sen. Warren's "Prioritizing Pandemic Prevention Act."
Contacts: See below.
Action #2 – Let's have a dry run of "Medicare-for-all" and start waiving all fees for coronavirus testing and treatment.
Here's a clip of our drug company executive and pharmaceutical lobbyist Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar stating that many Americans may be priced out of a coronavirus vaccine. In Trump's America, our health in the face of a pandemic is ultimately not the government's responsibility, but just another consumer demand.
Azar refuses to promise a coronavirus vaccine will be affordable for anyone:
"We would want to ensure that we work to make it affordable, but we can't control that price, because we need the private sector to invest.. Price controls won't get us there."
— Michael McAuliff (@mmcauliff) February 26, 2020
Q: Word problem: Which of the following statements would encourage citizens to participate in nationwide testing and treatment for coronavirus, or any other pandemic that comes along?
Nearly 40% of American adults do not have ready cash to deal with a $400 emergency.
In 2018, 27.5 million Americans had no health insurance, an increase from 25.2 million the year before.
Nearly half of the 160 million Americans with health insurance through their jobs have high deductibles, at least $1,400 for an individual or $2,800 for a family, with total yearly out-of-pocket expenses (including deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance) maxing out at $6,900 for an individual or $13,800 for a family. (This limit doesn't apply to out-of-network services.). See Note #1 about $400.
A 2018 national poll found that 44% of Americans declined to see a doctor due to cost.
Nearly a third of Americans polled didn't get their prescriptions filled due to the high cost of their medicine
Stories have gone viral about people getting multi-thousand dollar bills for routine flu tests. The new "junk plans" in the health insurance market are often useless. (Chart from Businessinsider)
Nearly one third of all workers do not get paid sick days
Nearly two-thirds of all low-income workers do not get paid sick days.
A: As you suspected, TRICK! There was no right answer. Americans' lack of affordable access to healthcare and our lax social safety network is a perfect system to spread disease, not to prevent or stop it.
Rep. Ruben Gallego (D-AZ) announced Tuesday he would introduce a bill that would make Medicaid cover testing for and treatment of COVID-19 for every American, no matter how they get their insurance in case of a "national emergency." This would be an important change to US health care: The federal government would assume responsibility for medical care for every American under these particular circumstances.
We'd like it to go further. Those who are affected by a communicable disease still have to pay rent and feed their families. Two weeks of required isolation would be financially devastating to many moderate and low-income Americans. Compensation for lost pay should be part of the package.
Minimal Script: I'm calling from [zip code] and I want Rep./Sen. [___] to support Rep. Ruben Gallego's bill for Medicaid coverage of all costs of coronavirus testing and treatment. I also want him/her to add compensation for those of low or moderate means without paid sick leave, for whom staying in isolation for the recommended two weeks is an extreme financial hardship.
More Script if you want it: If the coronavirus is serious enough to ban people from coming to the US, the federal government should have already declared it a national emergency.
Rep. Julia Brownley: email, (CA-26): DC (202) 225-5811, Oxnard (805) 379-1779, T.O. (805) 379-1779
or Rep. Salud Carbajal: email.(CA-24): DC (202) 225-3601, SB (805) 730-1710 SLO (805) 546-8348
Senator Feinstein: email, DC (202) 224-3841, LA (310) 914-7300, SF (415) 393-0707, SD (619) 231-9712, Fresno (559) 485-7430
and Senator Harris: email, DC (202) 224-3553, LA (213) 894-5000, SAC (916) 448-2787, Fresno (559) 497-5109, SF (415) 355-9041, SD (619) 239-3884
Who is my representative/senator?:https://whoismyrepresentative.com
Originally posted on Indivisible Ventura. Re-posted with permission.
The Forward Five – Tuesday, 1/19/21
Invitation: Missouri Dems – Kansas Dems Inauguration Reception @ Wed Jan 20, 2021 7:30pm
Help President Biden By Flipping This Seat Blue
Florida Democrats Honor Sen. Bill Nelson, Naming New Headquarters The Senator Bill Nelson Florida Democratic Party Headquarters
Rogan's List for 03/05/2020
Latest from California
Hi everyone! Biden has fired 3 toxic agency heads (https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/01/biden-michael-pack-kathleen-kraninger-peter-robb.html) and has
Enjoy this victory — you earned this sacred Inauguration Day. We're filled
DONATE We thought our prior action newsletter would be the last one
Convict Trump and Expel His Enablers
Hi Indivisibles, Events continue to occur at a breath-taking pace, with the
Hi everyone! Today, we're going light on current politics and instead, concentrate
Beshear update, Support for Covid Restrictions, QAnon grappling with doubt,
Brought to you by — Publisher's Note — Good

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
mdigital » Rock » Ohio Express - Bubblegum Days
Ohio Express - Bubblegum Days download mp3 album
Ohio_Express Garage_Rock Pop_Rock 2012
Ohio Express
Bubblegum Days
Garage Rock, Pop Rock
TTA DMF ASF MMF WAV DTS VOX
The Ohio Express is an American bubblegum pop band, formed in Mansfield, Ohio in 1967. Though marketed as a band, it would be more accurate to say that the name "Ohio Express" served as a brand name used by Jerry Kasenetz's and Jeffry Katz's Super K Productions to release the music of a number of different musicians and acts
The Ohio Express was a bubblegum pop and garage rock band that fronted for Kasenetz and Katz's Super K Productions. The band is strongly associated with fellow upbeat pop group 1910 Fruitgum Company. The Ohio Express was a bubblegum pop and garage rock band that fronted for Kasenetz and Katz's Super K Productions.
Bubblegum pop (also known as bubblegum music or simply bubblegum) is a genre of pop music with an upbeat sound contrived and marketed to appeal to pre-teens and teenagers, which may be produced in an assembly-line process, driven by producers and often using unknown singers. Bubblegum's classic period ran from 1967 to 1972. A second wave of bubblegum began two years later and ran until 1977 when disco took over. In May 1968, The Ohio Express (who had also undergone an enforced name change under the Super K team's tutelage, from Sir Timothy and the Royals) also scored a No. 4 hit with "Yummy Yummy Yummy".
Complete your Ohio Express collection. The Ohio Express (LP, Album, Mono, Promo). Buddah Records, Buddah Records. The Ohio Express (LP, Album, Ter).
Ohio Express - Beg, Borrow & Steal Lyrics. Artist: Ohio Express. Album: Bubblegum Days. Heyo! SONGLYRICS just got interactive. You threw me out the night before last and now you want me back in your arms again you think i'm a fool, you treat me like dirt, you pull the string and hope i will be your friend but i know what's on your mind, and i'd rather be out in the street, without a dime And i'd.
Artist: The Ohio Express. Album: Live in Concert. The Ohio Express - Mercy Mercy 02:45. The Ohio Express: best 2 tracks. The Ohio Express - Firebird Live in Concert, 2014 02:50. The Ohio Express - Mercy Mercy Live in Concert, 2014 02:45. Artist: The Ohio Express.
Ohio Express, Category: Artist, Albums: The Best Ever, The Very Best Of, Bubblegum Days, Yummy Yummy – The Best Of, The Best Of 40 Years, Singles: Boom Boom (Rebeling Song), Jodeli Yippie Heidi, Catchy, Catchy Groove, Scooby-Doo, Scooby-Doo, Biography: Formed from the ashes of Rare Breed, Mansfield Ohio's the Ohio Express came together in 1967 and enjoyed some of the largest successes of the bubblegum rock craze of the late '60s. Monthly Listeners: 58620, Where People Listen: Mexico City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Toronto, London. Formed from the ashes of Rare Breed, Mansfield Ohio's the Ohio Express came together in 1967 and enjoyed some of the largest successes of the bubblegum rock craze of the late '60s.
Ohio Express-Yummy Yummy Yummy 1 guitar tab, guitar tabs, bass tabs, chords and guitar pro tabs. Download1,27 Kb. Artist Related tabs and Sheet Music. Ohio Express-Beg Borrow And Steal (chords). Yummy yummy yummy - The Archies well, I saw that there weren't this song's chords in the site so with the help of a few i tried to make it
1 Yumy Yummy Yummy 2:36
2 Goody Goody
Marketed By – Cleopatra Records
Copyright (c) – The Original Ohio Express, Inc.
Recorded At – Hitmakers Studios
Recorded By – Ohio Express
Similar to Ohio Express - Bubblegum Days
Ohio Express - Love Equals Love album mp3
Ohio Express - Mercy album mp3
Ohio Express - Chewy Chewy / Firebird album mp3
1910 Fruitgum Company / Ohio Express - Simon Says / Yummy Yummy Yummy album mp3
Various - Rhino Teen Magazine - The Best Of The Ohio Express And Other Bubblegum Smashes album mp3
Ohio Express - Ohio Express album mp3
Various - Best Of The Bubble Gum Years album mp3
Various - Buddah's Hit Explosion Volume 2 album mp3
The Ohio Express - Yummy Yummy Yummy album mp3
Ohio Express - Sweeter Than Sugar / Nothing Sweeter Than My Baby album mp3


text:
package beacon_example

import (
	"os"
	"time"

	"github.com/muka/go-bluetooth/api/beacon"
	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
)

func Run(beaconType, eddystoneBeaconType, adapterID string) error {

	var b *beacon.Beacon
	if beaconType == "ibeacon" {
		b1, err := beacon.CreateIBeacon("AAAABBBBCCCCDDDDAAAABBBBCCCCDDDD", 111, 999, 89)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		b = b1
	} else {

		if eddystoneBeaconType == "URL" {
			log.Infof("Exposing eddystone URL")
			b1, err := beacon.CreateEddystoneURL("https://bit.ly/2OCrFK2", 99)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			b = b1
		} else {
			// UID
			log.Infof("Exposing eddystone UID")
			b1, err := beacon.CreateEddystoneUID("AAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBB", "123456123456", -59)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			b = b1
		}
	}

	// A timeout of 0 cause an immediate timeout and advertisement deregistration
	// see https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-bluetooth/msg79915.html
	// In seconds
	timeout := uint16(60 * 60 * 18)

	cancel, err := b.Expose(adapterID, timeout)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	defer cancel()

	log.Debugf("%s ready", beaconType)

	go func() {
		time.Sleep(time.Duration(timeout) * time.Second)
		os.Exit(0)
	}()

	select {}
}


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E-cadherin gene polymorphisms in asthma patients using inhaled corticosteroids
D. Ierodiakonou, D.S. Postma, G.H. Koppelman, H.M. Boezen, J. Gerritsen, N. ten Hacken, W. Timens, J.M. Vonk
European Respiratory Journal 2011 38: 1044-1052; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00194710
D. Ierodiakonou
D.S. Postma
G.H. Koppelman
H.M. Boezen
J. Gerritsen
N. ten Hacken
W. Timens
J.M. Vonk
For correspondence: j.m.vonk@umcg.nl
E-cadherins form intercellular junctions that maintain epithelial integrity. Epithelial integrity is impaired in asthma and can be restored by inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). Our aim was to investigate the association of CDH1 gene polymorphisms (single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) with airway remodelling, inflammation and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) decline in asthma patients and assess whether ICSs modulate these effects.
Bronchial biopsies of 138 asthmatics were available (population 1). Associations of 17 haplotype-tagging SNPs with epithelial E-cadherin expression, biopsy parameters and FEV1/vital capacity (VC) ratio were tested. FEV1 and VC data were collected in 281 asthmatics with 30-yr follow-up (population 2). Linear mixed-effect models were used to assess associations of SNPs with FEV1 decline.
Seven out of the 17 SNPs were associated with airway remodelling, three with CD8+ T-cell counts, two with eosinophil counts and seven with FEV1 decline. All associations occurred only in patients using ICS. In general, alleles associated with less remodelling correlated with less FEV1 decline and higher FEV1/VC. Decreased epithelial E-cadherin expression was associated with five SNPs in non-ICS users.
In conclusion, our data show that CDH1 polymorphisms are associated with epithelial E-cadherin expression and suggest that epithelial adhesion is an important contributor to airway remodelling and lung function in asthma. These effects are modified by the use of inhaled corticosteroids.
Airway remodelling
epithelial cadherin
glucocorticosteroids
polymorphisms
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterised by bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), and pathological changes in the epithelium and submucosal area of the bronchi. Histological studies indicate that the epithelium is interrupted and fragile in bronchial biopsies from asthmatics [1, 2]. Both genetic and environmental factors as well as their interactions are involved in asthma development and its course during lifetime. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma have pointed towards a prominent role of the airway epithelium in asthma development and severity [3, 4].
Airway epithelium is the natural barrier between the environment and underlying tissue. Its integrity is important for protecting the airways against noxious inhalants, such as environmental tobacco smoke, particles and biological agents. Regulation of cell–cell junction stability and dynamics is crucial to maintaining tissue integrity and allowing tissue remodelling throughout development [5, 6]. E-cadherin, the major cadherin expressed in epithelial cells, is an adhesion molecule that is able to establish and stabilise cellular junctions between adjacent cells in the presence of Ca2+ [7] and is coded by the CDH1 gene on chromosome 16q22.1. Hirosako et al. [8] suggested that human bronchial intraepithelial lymphocytes have roles distinct from subsets of other lymphocytes, and that CD8+ cells and CD103+ (ligand of E-cadherin) cells have potentially important functions in the bronchial epithelium.
Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that some asthma patients develop irreversible airway obstruction and progressive loss of lung function [9]. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) have been widely used for suppressing inflammation and asthma symptoms. Early use of ICSs has been found to be associated with less accelerated forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) decline [10], and with improvement of BHR and airway remodelling [11]. Furthermore, corticosteroids are thought to modulate epithelial repair [12] and there is evidence that they upregulate epithelial E-cadherin expression [13].
We hypothesised that loss of epithelial integrity resulting from loss of epithelial E-cadherin expression or disruption of E-cadherin-mediated cell–cell contacts predisposes airways to abnormal responses to inhaled substances. Subsequent remodelling processes and airway inflammation may lead to airway narrowing and accelerated lung function decline.
Therefore, we investigated the associations between CDH1 polymorphisms and airway remodelling (basement membrane (BM) thickness and subepithelial vasculature), inflammation and annual FEV1 decline in asthma patients and assessed whether ICS use modulates these associations.
Population 1 consisted of 138 asthmatics who had participated in cohort studies conducted by our research group in previous years. They were re-examined for lung function and BHR, and underwent bronchoscopy with biopsy collection [14, 15]. The main exclusion criteria were: FEV1 <1.2 L; bronchiectasis; upper respiratory tract infection (e.g. colds); and/or use of antibiotics or oral corticosteroids within the 2 months before inclusion. DNA samples and biopsy data were available in 137 subjects.
Population 2 consisted of 281 asthma patients who had been referred to the asthma clinic at Beatrixoord Hospital in Haren, the Netherlands, over the period 1966–1975. Patients who, at their first visit, were <45 yrs of age, had ≥20% fall in FEV1 during a histamine challenge test (provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV1 ≤32 mg·mL−1) and were symptomatic according to current American Thoracic Society criteria [16] were re-examined during the period 1991–1999 [9]. At both visits, patients filled in a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms and underwent lung function, histamine challenge and skin-prick tests. The clinical assessment was performed as previously described [10]. Before testing, participants had to be in a stable condition without any exacerbation in the previous 6 weeks. After their first visit, subjects had annual routine check-ups for their asthma. Their medical records provided information on lung function and corticosteroid use during these check-ups. DNA samples have been collected from 253 subjects. 32 subjects in population 1 were derived from population 2. All participants originated from the northern region of the Netherlands. The study was approved by the medical ethics committee of the University Medical Center Groningen (Groningen, the Netherlands), and all participants gave signed, informed consent.
Biopsy collection and processing
Bronchoscopy, collection and processing of the bronchial biopsies were performed as previously described [14]. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 3-μm, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens that were deparaffinised with xylene, dehydrated in ethanol and after antigen retrieval, incubated with the primary antibodies: anti-E-cadherin antibody (#610181; BD Bioscience, Breda, the Netherlands) for epithelial E-cadherin expression; anti-eosinophilic peroxidase antibody for eosinophil detection (laboratories of N.A. Lee and J.J. Lee, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA); anti-CD8 (DAKO, Heverlee, the Netherlands) antibody for T-cells; and anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody for vessel endothelial cells. BM thickness was calculated by dividing the BM surface area by BM length (μm). The number of positively stained inflammatory cells was counted in a total area of 0.1 mm2 in the submucosa, 100 μm beneath the BM. The number of CD31+ vessels in the submucosal area was counted in the whole section (excluding epithelium, muscle and mucous gland areas); therefore, we measured the number of vessels per area (0.1 mm2). Finally, E-cadherin expression was determined as the percentage of BM covered with E-cadherin-positive intact epithelium (fig. 1). Further details on the immunochemistry and quantification procedures used are presented in the online supplementary material.
Immunostaining of airway wall biopsies of asthma patients. Representative images of a) strong and b) weak CD31 staining of vessels, and c) strong, d) moderate and e) weak epithelial E-cadherin staining. Magnification: objective 20×. Scale bars = 150 μm.
Genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms
We genotyped 17 haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CDH1 according to HapMap CEU (Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry) genotype data (r2<0.8; minor allele frequency >10%). 12 of the SNPs were genotyped by KBioscience Ltd (Hoddesdon, UK) using their competitive allele-specific PCR system (KASPar), and five SNPs were derived from a genome-wide association study on asthma using the 370-kb Illumina chip (Illumina, Eindhoven, the Netherlands) (see figure 2 for the genotyped SNPs).
Linkage disequilibrium plot and correlation coefficients (100r2) of 17 genotyped CDH1 gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in population 2 (n=281). The location of SNPs is given for the HapMap (www.hapmap.org).
Normalisation of the distribution of the variables was performed by natural logarithm transformation where necessary. Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for sex, age and smoking was used to assess the effect of the SNPs on airway remodelling parameters (BM thickness and submucosal vessel numbers) and inflammatory cells (eosinophils and CD8+T-cells) in population 1. Additionally, we used FEV1/vital capacity (VC) ratio post-bronchodilation (BD) adjusted for sex, age, height and smoking as a marker of remodelling in both populations [17]. Since E-cadherin expression is known to be upregulated by ICSs [13, 18, 19], we tested for interaction between ICS and genotypes by introducing interaction terms into the models. General (heterozygotes versus wild types and homozygous mutants versus wild types) genetic models were used. When the number of subjects with the homozygote mutant genotype was less than five, only dominant (heterozygotes and homozygous mutants pooled versus wild types) models were used. Association between epithelial E-cadherin expression (percentage of BM covered with intact epithelium positive for E-cadherin) and genotypes was assessed with nonparametric tests using dominant genetic models. The association between denuded epithelium (percentage BM covered with denuded epithelium) and epithelial E-cadherin expression was tested with multiple linear regression adjusted for sex and age. In population 2, FEV1 decline was analysed with linear mixed-effect (LME) models as described previously [10]. Only FEV1 measurements after the age of 30 yrs were included, since this is the age where the lung function is in a plateau phase or decline begins in normal subjects [20]. LME models were adjusted for sex, age, first FEV1 after age 30 yrs, height, pack-years of smoking and use of oral corticosteroids. Inclusion criteria required subjects having FEV1 measurements before and after the introduction of ICS, with a minimum of three FEV1 measurements over a period of ≥2 yrs. Subjects who never used ICSs were excluded. FEV1 levels and annual FEV1 declines were estimated for the two periods (without and with ICS use) by introducing the following variables: time; genotype; ICS use; and their interactions. LME models were conducted in S-plus 7.0 (Insightful Corp., Seattle, WA, USA). All other analyses were conducted with SPSS (version 16; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Two-tailed p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Clinical characteristics and genotype distribution
Clinical characteristics of both populations are presented in table 1. All subjects were atopic and hyperresponsive at first clinical assessment. Population 1 had a higher mean lung function and 57 (41.3%) subjects used ICS, while 146 (52%) subjects were on ICS treatment in population 2. For the analysis on FEV1 decline 125 subjects met the inclusion criteria. Table 2 presents details on corticosteroid use in populations 1 and 2. Genotype distributions in the two asthmatic populations are presented in table E1 in the online supplementary material. All SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). The linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot of the SNPs in population 2 is shown in figure 2.
Table 1– Characteristics of populations 1 and 2
Table 2– Characteristics of corticosteroid use in populations 1 and 2
Epithelial E-cadherin expression
Five CDH1 SNPs were significantly associated with epithelial E-cadherin expression (rs8056633, rs16958383, rs2276330, rs3785078 and rs7203904). The minor alleles of these SNPs were significantly associated with lower expression of E-cadherin in individuals without ICS and generally with similar expression as the wild types in those with ICS use (table 3 and fig. 3; table E2 in the online supplementary material). There were no significant differences in epithelial E-cadherin expression between never- and ever- (ex- and current pooled) smokers or among the three smoking categories (data not shown). The association between denuded epithelium with epithelial E-cadherin expression was very close to significance (b=-0.003; p=0.05; natural logarithm scale).
Table 3– Summary table of CDH1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with airway remodelling and lung function decline in the presence of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), and their associations with post-bronchodilation (BD) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/vital capacity (VC) and epithelial E-cadherin expression
CDH1 rs16958383 associations with epithelial E-cadherin expression, airway remodelling, inflammation and lung function decline in adult asthma patients. CDH1 rs16958383 represents single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with airway remodelling (rs7188750, rs8056633, rs16958383, rs2276330, rs3785878, rs7203904 and rs17690554). General linear models were used to estimate the means of each dependent variable adjusted for sex, age and smoking. a) Epithelial E-cadherin expression, expressed as % basement membrane (BM) covered with E-cadherin-positive intact epithelium. •: subjects; —: median. b) CD31+ vessels per 0.1 mm2 submucosal area. c) BM thickness. d) Post-bronchodilation (BD) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/vital capacity (VC) ratio. e) Annual change in FEV1. f) CD8+ T-cells per 0.1 mm2 submucosal area. g) Eosinophils per 0.1 mm2 submucosal area. •: mean; whiskers: 95% CI. ICS: inhaled corticosteroid. Bold indicates significance.
Airway remodelling: BM thickness and subepithelial vasculature
In population 1, seven out of 17 SNPs were associated with BM thickness and subepithelial vasculature in the presence of ICS (rs7188750, rs8056633, rs16958383, rs2276630, rs3785078, rs7203904 and rs17690554). The minor alleles of these polymorphisms were all associated with thinner BM and/or a lower number of vessels in the submucosal area (table 3 and fig. 3). Without ICS use, these effects of the minor alleles were less prominent or even reversed, but not significantly so. Interactions between these SNPs and ICSs with respect to airway remodelling were significant for rs2276330 and rs3785078 (tables E3.1 and E3.2 in the online supplementary material).
Airway inflammation: submucosal CD8+ T-cell and eosinophil counts
With ICS use, rs11075699, rs2276630 and rs1125557 were significantly associated with CD8+ T-cell counts in the submucosal area. CD8+ T-cell counts were higher in subjects heterozygous for rs11075699 and in carriers of the minor C-allele of rs2276330, while subjects with a homozygous mutant genotype for rs1125557 had lower CD8+T-cell counts compared with wild-types. Minor alleles of rs2902185 and rs10431924 were associated with higher eosinophil counts. These associations were absent in asthmatics without ICS. Interactions between SNPs and ICSs on inflammatory cell counts (CD8+ T-cells and eosinophils) were statistically significant for three out of five SNPs (rs1125557, rs10431924 and rs2276330) and for rs7188750, respectively (fig. 3; tables E4.1 and E4.2 in the online supplementary material).
FEV1 decline and FEV1/VC
Seven out of 17 SNPs were significantly associated with FEV1 decline in the presence of ICSs. The minor alleles for rs8056633, rs16958383, rs7203904 and rs17690554 were associated with less FEV1 decline. For example, during ICS use, FEV1 decline was 20.4 mL·yr−1 for subjects with the wild-type genotype of rs16958383, while it was 36.6 mL·yr−1 less in homozygous carriers of the minor allele (p=0.004; fig. 3). The minor alleles for rs1125557, rs7199991 and rs7186053 were associated with accelerated FEV1 decline. A significant interaction of ICS with CDH1 SNPs on FEV1 decline was present only for rs7199991 and rs3785078. There were no associations with lung function decline in the absence of ICS use (table 3; table E5 in the online supplementary material).
In population 2, SNPs that were associated with less FEV1 decline were also associated with higher post-BD FEV1/VC with ICS use. Additionally, rs4783573, rs7188750 and rs3785078 were associated with higher post-BD FEV1/VC (table 3 and fig. 3). Interactions of these SNPs with ICSs on post-BD FEV1/VC were significant. In population 1, these SNPs had the same direction of association with post-BD FEV1/VC, but only the interaction with rs7203904 was significant (tables E6.1 and E6.2 in the online supplementary material).
Our results indicate that E-cadherin (CDH1) gene polymorphisms are associated with airway remodelling, inflammation and lung function decline in individuals with asthma. In summary, with ICS use, seven out of the 17 SNPs were associated with airway remodelling, three with CD8+ T-cells counts and two with eosinophil counts in the submucosa, and seven with FEV1 decline. Consistently, alleles associated with less airway remodelling correlated with less FEV1 decline and higher post-BD FEV1/VC. While all associations occurred during ICS use, associations with epithelial E-cadherin expression were significant for five SNPs in the absence of ICSs. These results may indicate that ICSs may influence the way these polymorphisms express their effect and are consistent with in vitro results showing that administration of glucocorticosteroids can upregulate cadherin expression, improve cell–cell contact and strengthen the epithelial barrier [19, 21, 22].
Altered expression of epithelial junction proteins on bronchial epithelium may contribute to a defective epithelial barrier [1, 23] with subsequent functional and clinical manifestations. In our longitudinal study (population 2), the minor alleles of three SNPs (rs1125557, rs7199991 and rs7186053) were associated with accelerated FEV1 decline during ICS use. rs7199991 is in complete LD (r2 = 1 according to www.hapmap.org, version 4.0) with a promoter-region SNP (rs16260), suggesting that this may have functional significance. To date, E-cadherin gene polymorphisms have not been studied in asthma, but recent findings have shown associations of CDH1 SNPs with Crohn's disease [24], another impaired epithelial barrier disorder, which may share pathways with asthma [25, 26]. Moreover, in genome-wide association studies, CDH1 has recently been associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis [27] and colorectal cancer [28]. The new associations suggest that changes in the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier may contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases; hence, CDH1 polymorphisms are important for understanding the pathogenesis of impaired epithelial barrier diseases.
Additionally, our study showed that the minor alleles of four other SNPs (rs8056633, rs16958383, rs7203904 and rs17690554) were associated with less FEV1 decline. The latter four alleles were also associated with less airway remodelling in biopsies of asthmatics using ICSs in population 1. The fact that we observed a significant decrease in BM thickness in the presence of ICSs is consistent with the findings of Broekema et al. [15], who previously showed that symptomatic asthmatics using ICS in our population 1 had significantly thinner BMs than asymptomatic asthmatics who did not use ICSs (5.7 and 6.5 μm, respectively; p<0.05). However, our results highlight that this decrease in BM thickness is probably not present in all asthmatics using ICSs, but only in those with a specific CDH1 genotype.
Rasmussen et al. [17] used post-BD FEV1/VC as an indirect measure of airway remodelling, and our results point in the same direction, i.e. alleles associated with less airway remodelling (rs7188750, rs8056633, rs16958383, rs3785078, rs7203904 and rs17690554) were also associated with higher post-BD FEV1/VC and less FEV1 decline in population 2. In population 1, only rs7203904 showed a significant association with FEV1/VC, which is probably due to lower power: lower number of ICS users (57 (41%) versus 146 (52%) subjects) and less post-BD FEV1/VC variance (sd 6.5 versus 13.5) compared with population 2. In contrast, Kosciuch et al. [29] concluded that there is no relationship between BM thickness and lung function tests, such as FEV1, FEV1/VC, residual volume % predicted and total lung capacity % predicted, but they included only asthmatic patients who never used ICS or who were withdrawn from ICSs for ≥3 months. Our study suggests that discrepant findings may, at least partially, be due to a modulating effect of both ICSs and CDH1 SNPs on airway remodelling and lung function. As previous studies have shown, treatment with ICSs may reduce or control the intensity of airway remodelling, improve FEV1 and reduce loss of lung function [30–32]. It has yet to be elucidated how ICSs prevent these adverse effects. Based on our findings and on evidence that corticosteroids upregulate cadherin expression [18, 33], we speculate that ICS interaction with CDH1 SNPs might be one possible explanation.
The fact that we do not observe significant differences in epithelial E-cadherin expression between the mutant and wild-type alleles during ICS use could be attributed to the fact that the mutant alleles interact with ICSs and promote E-cadherin upregulation to a similar level as the wild-types. However, in the absence of ICS the mutant alleles are not capable of producing the same amount of protein compared to wild types. The nearly significant, inverse association we found between damaged/denuded epithelium and epithelial E-cadherin expression indicates that E-cadherin is involved in epithelial integrity, and it is probable that epithelial damage is increased in subjects with lower E-cadherin expression.
In our study, we also observed that specific CDH1 polymorphisms, in the presence of ICSs, tended to be associated with recruitment of CD8+ T-cells in the submucosa. Previously, Sont et al. [34] found that despite ICS treatment, CD8+ T-cell infiltration might persist in asthma patients and that CD8+, but not CD4+, cells are associated with BHR [34] and lung function decline [35], and recently, Hirosako et al. [8] showed that CD8 and CD103 (ligand for E-cadherin) are highly expressed in asthmatic bronchial intraepithelial lymphocytes. In that study, the percentage of CD8+ cells was higher than the percentage of CD4+ cells in intraepithelial lymphocytes in asthma. The expression of CD103 was significantly higher in CD8+ cells compared with CD4+ cells, suggesting that the interaction between E-cadherin (CD103) and CD8+ cells is the reason for the higher percentage of CD8+ cells in asthmatic intraepithelial lymphocytes [8]. Furthermore, Cepek et al. [36] demonstrated that T-cells express a member of the cadherin superfamily and this may contribute to T-cell-mediated immune surveillance via heterotypic adhesions with mucosal epithelial cells. Combining these findings, we could speculate that there might be a link between specific CDH1 polymorphisms and expression or binding of E-cadherin on T-cells, a finding that needs further investigation.
One could suggest that the lack of multiple testing correction is responsible for the current results. We decided not to apply a sequential (classical) Bonferroni correction for a number of reasons. First, our choice for the current study was explicitly driven by previous observations suggesting E-cadherin expression is related to epithelial integrity, airway remodelling and disease progression. Secondly, the independent variables in our analyses (e.g. airway remodelling and FEV1 decline) are mutually related, indicating that a rigid statistical procedure, such as Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, would not do justice to their biologically linked nature. Finally, although adjustment for multiple testing will decrease the chance of a type I error, it will also increase the chance of a type II error, so that a true association is not found. This is especially possible in a relatively small study such as ours. Thus, we followed the advice given by Perneger [37]: "Simply describing what was done and why, and discussing the possible interpretations of each result, should enable the reader to reach a reasonable conclusion without the help of Bonferroni adjustments".
In our study, the associations between the SNPs and the biopsy parameters in population 1 were confirmed in population 2, where the same risk alleles were associated with FEV1 decline. This is called a loose replication [38]. The observed interaction of CDH1 SNPs with ICS use makes it difficult to find another study that is suitable for replication of our results. First, no other study on adult asthma patients exists with longitudinal data on lung function both with and without ICS use during such a long follow-up period. Secondly, bronchial biopsy studies in asthmatics usually investigate fewer patients than our study, which decreases the power to find associations.
In conclusion, our data show that CDH1 SNPs are associated with epithelial E-cadherin expression and suggest that epithelial adhesion is an important contributor to airway remodelling and lung function in asthma. These effects are modified by the use of ICSs.
We thank F. Volbeda and A. Dijkstra (Dept of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands) for collecting the biopsies, M. Broekema and M. Lodewijk (Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, UMCG) for processing and staining of the biopsies, and M. Olivier (Dept of Genetics, UMCG) for her help with genotyping.
This article has supplementary material available from www.erj.ersjournals.com
Support Statement
This study was supported, in part, by a grant from the Netherlands Asthma Foundation (AF 3.2.07.15).
Statement of Interest
Statements of interest for D.S. Postma and G.H. Koppelman can be found at www.erj.ersjournals.com/site/misc/statements.xhtml
Received December 16, 2010.
Accepted April 6, 2011.
©ERS 2011
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This paper deals with the roles of archbishops and bishops of Dalmatia who were either Hungarian or had close connections with the Hungarian royal court. The analysis covers a relatively long period, beginning with the coronation of Coloman as king of Croatia and Dalmatia (1102) and concluding with the end of the Árpád dynasty (1301). The length of this period not only enables me to examine the general characteristics of the policies of the court and the roles of the prelates in a changing society, but also allows for an analysis of the roles of the bishopric in different spheres of social and political life. I examine the roles of bishops and archbishops in the social context of Dalmatia and clarify the importance of their activities for the royal court of Hungary. Since the archbishops and bishops had influential positions in their cities, I also highlight the contradiction between their commitments to the cities on the one hand and the royal court on the other, and I examine the ways in which they managed to negotiate these dual loyalties.
First, I describe the roles of the bishops in Dalmatian cities before the rule of the Árpád dynasty. Second, I present information regarding the careers of the bishops and archbishops in question. I also address aspects of the position of archbishop that were connected to the royal court. I focus on the role of the prelates in the royal entourage in Dalmatia, their importance in the emergence of the cult of the dynastic saints, and their role in shaping royal policy in Dalmatia. I concentrate on the aforementioned bishops, but in certain cases, such as the examination of the royal entourage or the spread of cults, I deal with other, non-Hungarian bishops of territories that were under Hungarian rule. This general analysis is important because it provides an opportunity for a more nuanced understanding of the bishopric role and helps highlight the importance of the Hungarian bishops, who constitute the main subject of this essay.
A key element in the history of the missions that departed from Rome as of the middle of the sixteenth century is the functioning of the mediating structures that ensured the maintenance of the relationship between Rome as the center of the Holy Roman Empire and the territories where the missionaries did their work. On the Dalmatian coast of the Adriatic Sea, Ragusa, which today is the city of Dubrovnik, was the most important bridgehead, but Cattaro, today Kotor, also played a significant role as a point of mediation between Rome and the Ottoman Empire. My intention in this essay is to present the many roles of Cattaro in the region, focusing in particular on its role in the maintenance of communication between Rome and missions to the Balkans. Cattaro never lost its Balkan orientation, even following the weakening of economic ties and the loss of its episcopal jurisdiction, which had extended over parishes in Serbia in the Middle Ages. Rather, in the sixteenth century it grew with the addition of a completely new element. From 1535 to 1786 Cattaro was the most important center of the postal service between Venice and Istanbul. As of 1578, the management of the Istanbul post became the responsibility of the Bolizza family. Thus the family came to establish a wide network of connections in the Balkans. I examine these connections and then offer an analysis of the plans concerning the settlement of the Jesuits in Cattaro. As was true in the case of Ragusa, the primary appeal of the city from the perspective of members of the Jesuit order was the promise of missions to the Balkans. In the last section of the essay I focus on the role Cattaro played in the organization of missions for a good half-century following the foundation of the Propaganda Fide Congregation in 1622. Four members of the Bolizza family worked in the Balkans as representatives of the Propaganda Congregation in the seventeenth century: Francesco, Vincenzo, Nicolo and Giovanni. I provide a detailed examination of the work of the first three, including the circumstances of their appointments, their efforts to unite the Orthodox Serbs with the Catholic Church and protect the Franciscan mission to Albania, their roles as mediators between Rome and the areas to which missionaries traveled, the services they rendered involving the coordination of missions, their influence on personal decisions and the appointments of pontiffs, and their political and military roles during the Venetian–Ottoman war.
Doing military service to protect the borders of a state and the security and safety of its citizens is a clear indicator of loyalty. Furthermore, military service is a measure of the extent to which a citizen identifies with the norms and values of a state. When Austria–Hungary, as a leading European power, was granted the right at the Congress of Berlin to occupy and administer Bosnia, the Muslim Bosniaks, who once had been the guardians of the westernmost border of the Ottoman Empire, suddenly had to deal with non-Muslim rulers and found themselves a religious minority in Austria–Hungary, an overwhelmingly Christian empire. A key occasion to demonstrate allegiance to their new state came in 1881 with the issue of the Conscription law. Bosniak Muslim soldiers had to serve in an army led by non-Muslims. An insurrection occurred and a heated discussion was initiated to find an acceptable answer to the question of whether or not it was permissible for a Muslim to live under non-Muslim rule and whether a Muslim could serve in the military under a non-Islamic flag. Thus, modernist and reformist thought became an important force in assessments and reassessments of traditional concepts of Islam. Contemporary fatwas, newspapers, witness reports, and archival documents offer crucial insights into the discourses and reasoning of the Bosniaks at the time when these changes were taking place. Many important political decisions concerning Bosnia and Hercegovina were discussed in the Gemeinsamer Ministerrat. However, its proceedings during the years in question have not yet been edited and remain inaccessible. Nonetheless, the accessible sources in Sarajevo shed light on the efforts of the Bosniaks to accommodate themselves to the new ruler and adapt to and identify with "Western" norms and values. Furthermore, these sources demonstrate that as long as the territorial integrity of Bosnia and the religious rights of the Muslim communities were respected, Bosniaks displayed loyalty, military courage, and devotion to the state.
In this essay I investigate Carigradski glasnik (Constantinople's Messenger), an Istanbul-based periodical written by Ottoman Serbs between 1895 and 1909. This journal was a direct product of Serbian diplomatic circles in Istanbul aimed at audiences in Ottoman Macedonia, a region which was claimed by Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian countries as their own national territory and which soon became a political arena for the spread of national propaganda intended to persuade the Slavic-speaking Orthodox population of its respective Greek, Serbian, or Bulgarian national roots. Carigradski glasnik propagated the idea of Serbian nationhood and fought for the establishment of a Serbian Millet. Essentially, it was an attempt to create nationhood from above, propagating "Serbianness" as envisioned by its editors and Serbian diplomats. It was engaged in the dispute over Ottoman Macedonia, which in the historiography is known as the Macedonian question.
In 1903, the Macedonian Question was at the roots of the first concerted European international intervention. The Mürzsteg Agreement, which was signed by the six great powers and the Ottoman Empire, was an attempt at common European diplomacy.
The Mürzsteg Agreement, which was reached following the failure of the Illinden uprising launched by the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, placed the three vilayets of Macedonia under the collective control of the great powers. Drawing on diplomatic reports, in this essay I emphasize the "spirit of Mürzsteg" and trace the process of the establishment of an international military and civil administration. The Mürzsteg Agreement gave a substantial peace-keeping role to a large group, including diplomats, military missions, two Civil Agents and their Ottoman counterparts. The paper studies the implementation of the Agreement. How did the ill-defined document lead to the emergence of new maps of Macedonia? In addition to the existing Ottoman administrative map, two others appeared as the three vilayets were divided into five international sectors, each of which was under the control of one of the great powers, and a "religious or mental map" of the region the site of bitter, violent religious-civil conflict began to emerge in 1904, when the two Orthodox churches of the Patriarchate and the Exarchate launched a campaign to convince the populations to declare themselves either Greek or Bulgarian.
In conclusion, the paper assesses the legacy of the Mürzsteg Agreement. This short but meaningful episode represented an innovative approach in the policy of the great powers that was based on emerging concepts such as negotiation, collective action, and dialogue in a recognized international mandate. The concerted intervention of the six great European powers in Macedonia belongs to a broader process of evolution in the history of European international relations, a process that yielded more palpable results after 1918 with the establishment of the League of Nations and the emergence of a new, if short-lived, international order.
The present study aims to identify certain social dividing lines, fractures and motivations that accelerated the rise in political murders and everyday violence after the Ilinden Uprising. The contribution of foreign intervention (including both the attempts of the great powers to settle the question and the propagandistic activity of neighboring small states) and local traditions (customs) to the nature and extent of violence are also investigated. The authors will also consider the shift in the support policy of neighboring small states from construction to destruction—including the issues of economic benefit and local acceptance at a time when selection of an identity no longer entailed only advantages, but imposed threats as well. During this period the boundaries between the various types of violent action triggered either by religious and school conflict or customs gradually faded, while Chetas became highly organized and self-subsistent through cultivation and smuggling of opium and tobacco and expropriation of state and private property. In order to trace the territorial and cultural patterns of violence as well as specific and general motives, the authors conducted a statistical analysis of quantitative data regarding victims and perpetrators.
The study is based on the comparison of Austro–Hungarian and Bulgarian archival sources in order to check the reliability of data. The study area—the Sanjak of Skopje in Kosovo Vilayet—is suitable for examining problems related to the birth of modern nations: the ethnic and religious diversity of this sanjak makes it possible to investigate both the tensions that existed within and between the Eastern Orthodox and Muslim religious communities as well as the impact of small states with territorial pretensions on this region.
In this article, I analyze practices of defining and applying concepts of ethnicity, loyalty and state security in Greater Romania. While state policies were based on a basic assumption of the equation of ethnic belonging and loyalty (Romanians being loyal, non-Romanians disloyal), the complexity of the very administrative apparatus and the problems of unification opened up a space in which the concepts of loyalty and ethnicity were contested. The case studies of the use of the term irredentist and the language exams of minority officials in the mid-1930s shed light on a related but different question. The basic equation of loyalty and ethnicity resulted in the use of an otherwise empty concept of irredentism as a term to denote little more than ethnic "otherness," a vagueness that enabled local authorities to apply it deliberately, either to restrict or to permit members of minorities to engage in activities that had some bearing on questions of identity. The ways in which the language exams were administered indicate the existence of a large group of non-Romanian public officials who were treated by their colleagues and immediate superiors as equal members of a public body serving the nation state, people who in exchange redefined their loyalty and identity as one based primarily on this professional group membership while still preserving their ethnic belonging. These deviations from the basic equation also reveal how the layered and geographically diverse nature of the state administration influenced the contested nature of the ethnic categories.
The present study aims to contribute to the clarification of the question of the spread of literacy in East Central Europe and the Balkans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by offering an examination of Bulgarian migrant diasporas in Austria–Hungary and, in particular, in Hungary, i.e. the Eastern part of the Empire. The study of literacy among migrants is important because immigrants represent a possible resource for the larger societies in which they live, so comparisons of the levels of education among migrants (for instance with the levels of education among the majority community, but also with the levels of education among the communities of their homelands) may shed light on how the different groups benefited from interaction with each other. In this essay I analyze data on literacy, illiteracy and semi-literacy rates among migrants on the basis of the Hungarian censuses of 1890, 1900 and 1910. I present trends and tendencies in levels of literacy or illiteracy in the context of the social aspects of literacy and its relationship to birthplace, gender, age, confession, migration, selected destinations and ethnicity. I also compare literacy rates among Bulgarians in Austria–Hungary with the literacy rates among other communities in the Dual Monarchy and Bulgaria and investigate the role of literacy in the preservation of identity. My comparisons and analyses are based primarily (but not exclusively) on data regarding the population that had reached the age at which school attendance was compulsory, as this data more accurately reflect levels of literacy than the data regarding the population as a whole.
Земята и хората през ХVІІ – първите десетилетия на ХVІІІ век. Овладяване и организация на аграрното и социалното пространство на Централните и Южните Балкани под османска власт, Академично издателство [Land and People – in the Seventeenth Century and the First Decades of the Eighteenth Century. Reclamation and Organization of the Agrarian and Social Space in the Central and Southern Balkans under Ottoman Rule]. By Stefka Parveva.
Hungarian–Yugoslav Relations, 1918–1927. By Árpád Hornyák.


An Anonymous donor is remembering the good works of Keewatin charities, by matching a recent gift of $15,000 made by the Keewatin Legion, to the Keewatin Forever endowment fund, held with the Kenora and Lake of the Woods Regional Community Foundation.
"This anonymous gift is being made to match the recent $15,000 donation by the Keewatin Legion. It is made to honour the good works of Keewatin charities and also at this particular time, a day before Remembrance Day, to signify that Keewatin is still alive and vibrant and means so much to many residents here and away.", said Darlene MacGillivray, Community Foundation Executive Director.
"The donor is also hoping that this gift will inspire others to remember Keewatin, by making a gift to the endowment fund. All gifts over $10 are eligible to receive a charitable receipt.", MacGillivray added.


A budget is also known as a spending plan. With a budget, one is able to see in advance if s/he will have the money needed to do things/purchase goods in the future as a result of his/her current spending habits. If the future seems bleak, a budget can help one prioritize spending and ensure that there will be enough money in the bank to meet future goals. Budgeting applies to individuals of all income backgrounds, and can extend from a lone person to a corporation. As a budget focuses on cash inflows and outflows, it can help stabilize savings and expenditures. Moreover, it also helps plan for short, intermediate, and long-term goals, and can help prevent monetary crises if they appear. Following a budget can also help individuals get out of debt.
Simply explained, a budget consists of a detailed summary of ones net income and expenses over a given period of time. Typically done on a spreadsheet, the individual is able to identify unnecessary expenditures, cut back on them, and direct the saved money into their future goals.
There are many aspects to consider when establishing a budget. Net income (after taxes) does not only include ones wages in addition to wages, other forms of income such as pensions, commissions, and child/spousal support is also considered to be money is coming into the household. Similarly, when it comes to expenditures, budgeting does not only focus on visible payments (e.g. Bills, groceries, entertainment) it also includes setting aside money for expenses that might be needed in the month emergency money, deposited cash in a childs bank account, and so forth.
Budgeting stresses needs over wants. In terms of expenditures, individuals are encouraged to separate their spending into these two categories. Needed expenditures (e.g. Bills, rent, mortgages) have priority, and after setting aside money for these purposes, the remaining money can be divided into savings and into personal expenditure. The amount set aside/remaining after all expenditures is meant to contribute to ones savings and in building up financial wealth. This amount of money can and should be deposited into an interest-bearing savings account, as the amount deposited will collect interest over time and provide addition financial security. This savings balance can be used for various things, be it a college fund, insurance fund, or a retirement plan. It can also double as an emergency fund, to be used whenever a sudden need for money (e.g. Health care) appears. Using the money for investment in bonds, stocks, and real estate can also generate more wealth and financial security in the future.
Having established a budget is only the beginning after establishing a budget, monitoring the progress and effectiveness of the budget is crucial to the success of the budget, and changes should be made to any section (e.g. Further reductions in a certain expenditure category) whenever necessary. If one experiences an increase or a decrease in net income, an increase or decrease in the amount of debt, unexpected events such as a natural disaster, accidents, or health issues, or an expansion of the family unit through marriages and/or births, a change to the budget is necessary. Budgets will change as ones financial situation and circumstances change.
If successful, a budget will help one achieve various goals and help plan for major life changes. A budget allows one to look ahead and see if making a big purchase will be possible, or if changing a certain aspect of life will lead to a positive or negative impact on ones finances. It also helps one keep track of financial decisions and generate a solid financial foundation.
1) Forgetting to write down certain expenses, as certain payments are easily forgettable (parking fees, a cup of coffee). A good way to stay up to date with expenses is to update your log at the end of each day, or to carry about a small notebook that you can write in every time you spend money.
2) Impulsive spending: small purchases may not seem like a big hit to ones budget, but it adds up over time. Make sure to include all expenses, even the purchase of a pack of gum.
3) Unwilling to indulge. Budgeting does not mean never being able to indulge. Allow yourself occasional splurges, as long as youre keeping to within your spending limits. If one is constantly deprived, it is like s/he will engage in a spending frenzy at a certain point and spend all the money s/he has saved since starting on a budget plan.
Budgeting is one of the key components to lasting financial success. It allows for short to long-term projections based on ones financial situation, helps prevent unexpected monetary crises, plan for important purchases, and more. If starting from scratch seems daunting, there are various budgeting tools available to use, such as Mint, BudgetSimple, and GnuCash.


On Monday, I sat in the Philadelphia courtroom where abortionist Kermit Gosnell was being tried for murder. I was there as a representative of Americans United for Life (AUL), a pro-life group.
Gosnell is accused of snapping the spinal cords of four babies who survived botched abortions. He's also on the hook for the 2009 overdose of a woman at his clinic.
In light of the facts revealed during the trial, it was a legitimate question. Gosnell responded with laughter.
The defense didn't try to dispute the allegation that Gosnell snipped the babies' spinal cords. The evidence was too clear — there were photographs, babies' bodies, and several incidents described in testimony. Gosnell's attorney simply argued that the babies were already dead when the snipping occurred.
This raises an obvious question: Why would Gosnell and his staff snip the necks of dead babies? Gosnell's attorney suggested they were trying to alleviate some sort of pain. But how can dead babies feel pain?
Ultimately, Gosnell's fate hinges on one question: Did he kill these third-trimester, fully formed infants while they were still inside their mothers' wombs, or did he wait until they were delivered hours or moments later? The court's answer to that question will determine whether Gosnell is guilty of murder.
Illogical? Yes. Incomprehensible? Absolutely. But our nation's laws are radically pro-abortion. Only North Korea, China, and Canada regulate late-term abortion as loosely as the United States.
And then there's what happened to Karnamaya Mongar, the wife and mother of four who had survived 20 years in a refugee camp in Bhutan only to die, surrounded by filth, in Gosnell's clinic from a drug overdose administered by Gosnell's staff under his supervision. Karnamaya could not be revived by the clinic's broken defibrillator.
According to the grand jury report, the emergency entrance was locked and chained, and the hallways were too narrow to fit a stretcher. Tragically, it took emergency personnel over 20 minutes to simply get Karnamaya out of the building.
But, as shown in the Gosnell case, it's important to regulate the width of medical facilities' hallways to guarantee that emergency workers with life-saving gear and equipment can easily access the people inside. Such regulations do not single out abortion clinics — though the abortion industry frequently chooses inadequate venues out of greed and a general unwillingness to conform to medical standards.
The Gosnell case resonates because of the questions it raises. Do we believe that those inside abortion clinics, the women and the babies, are worthy of the same dignity and care afforded to other human beings? Or do we reject that notion in favor of expediency and arbitrary decision-making about whether a person's life is worthy of another day?
Of course, given the radicalism of the American abortion lobby, treating women and babies in abortion clinics with the respect they deserve won't be easy. But there are a few steps states can take to get started.
Every state should enact AUL's model Abortion Patients' Enhanced Safety Act to ensure that women in abortion clinics receive the same basic standard of care required of any other outpatient surgical center. States should also enact AUL's Women's Health Defense Act, which prohibits late-term abortions based on increasing evidence that such abortions harm women's health, as well as concerns about the pain felt by the children. All states should enact AUL's Born Alive Infant Protection Act to create a specific affirmative duty for abortionists to provide medical care and treatment to infants born alive after botched abortions.
Surely the abortion industry should protect women, girls and infants born in its facilities. This should be an area of bipartisan agreement.
Critics of our largely unregulated abortion industry shouldn't lose hope. In 2011 and 2012 alone, we saw the enactment of over 130 common-sense state-level abortion restrictions. The Gosnell trial is awakening even more Americans to the power of the abortion lobby and to the dangers faced by women and girls in abortion clinics.
The time for smart regulation and monitoring of the abortion industry is now. The need is great, because women deserve better than Gosnell. Refusing to act will endanger the unsuspecting and innocent. In the end, we must act in order to protect the humanity of us all.


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With weight reduction and the growing consciousness about looks and physique turning out to be the biggest resolution for every youngster, a right combination of exercises and nutritious food can be a game changer.
Lack of enough proteins, iron and other dietary supplements in the human body can cause hair loss. Inadequacy of such nutrients makes our hair thirsty and deprived from their desired nourishment which eventually makes them fall.
Intake of ample proteins like red meat, fish and beans are a good practice. Proteins help in structuring hair follicles and supplement a healthy diet. Thus, intake of proteins is advisable.
Eggs, spinach, citrus fruits, nuts, carrots, avocado and whole grains must be incorporated in your diet for a healthy contribution to your body.
Always ensure consumption of plentiful calories, which are vital for proper functioning of the human body system. It is essential to confine calories for weight loss but excessive restriction results in hair loss as lack of nutrition does not supplement hair growth.
Hair loss after weight loss is usually associated with a condition called Telogen Effluvium. Fluctuation in the Body Mass Index causes physical stress, which signals the hair follicles to move into an inactive stage. Hence, the weight loss must be gradual.
Some other vital supplements for hair growth are vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E, iron and zinc. These vitamins have been seen as significant contributors to weight loss and hair growth.
Brisk walking, yoga and light workout aids effective weight loss as there are no shortcuts to effective results.
Hair loss from sudden decline in the body weight is not permanent. There are several ways to resume healthy hair growth.
People who lose weight often restrict their calorie consumption. For proper functioning of human body, it is important that our body receives the necessary nutrients for ideal operations. Lack of optimum calorie intake, leads to deficiencies in the body system. Just like our body needs food, similarly our hair also require intake of nutrients for their healthy growth.
Hair loss is not a hassle anymore. It does get difficult for our body to cope with sudden changes and takes time to adapt to them. Proper diet and a healthy lifestyle are always effective.


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