Slightly smaller than a standard guitar (7/8 size, 630mm scale length), the Córdoba Dolce is great guitar for anyone looking for a lightweight, comfortable, and easy playing instrument. It is built with the traditional Spanish fan bracing, a solid cedar top and mahogany back and sides. To adjust the string height on this guitar, use the truss rod that is included in the neck. All Cordoba guitars come with Savarez strings.


text:
The effect of competition between prey species on the evolution of their vulnerabilities to a shared predator
Peter A. Abrams* and Xin Chen
Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed.
e-mail: abrams@zoo.utoronto.ca
Here, we use some simple models to investigate the impact of between-prey competition on the nature of the indirect evolutionary interaction between prey species via shared predators. Sympatry with a second prey species is likely to alter the population size of the shared predator population(s) and thereby affect the adaptive evolution of anti-predator (vulnerability) traits in the first prey species. Such predation-driven character shift has been investigated previously in models that either assumed no resource-based competition between prey species, or complete overlap in resource use by prey. This study examines the intermediate situation in which prey species compete, but are able to co-exist in the absence of the predator. This scenario is capable of producing either of the two most common responses observed in the limiting cases: parallel change in anti-predator characteristics or divergent change in those characteristics. Parallel change characterizes situations with relatively low competition, and those with high competition when the asymmetry in competition coefficients is less extreme than the asymmetry in the ratio of values of the two prey to the predator. Divergent change occurs with high competition or with moderate competition given sufficient asymmetry in competition coefficients. The factors determining the magnitude of character shifts are explored. Potential examples of such evolutionary responses to sympatry with additional prey species are discussed.
Keywords: apparent competition, character displacement, competition, food web, predation.
© 2002 Peter A. Abrams. All EER articles are copyrighted by their authors. All authors endorse, permit and license Evolutionary Ecology Ltd. to grant its subscribing institutions/libraries the copying privileges specified below without additional consideration or payment to them or to Evolutionary Ecology, Ltd. These endorsements, in writing, are on file in the office of Evolutionary Ecology, Ltd. Consult authors for permission to use any portion of their work in derivative works, compilations or to distribute their work in any commercial manner.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


PAYDAY is a shameless parody of open world crime action games, primarily parodying PAYDAY but also making fun of GTA and others. This DLC adds a brand new large map with a big city and a small outskirt trailer park as well as a race track and many other secret references like a rocket league arena. You control one of four different animals, all of which have their own unique abilities and you can cycle between them during the game at any time like GTA V, and you must carry out pranks and bank heists. You can discover all the different parts of the city and even drive around in the cars to which there are a plethora of cars to drive in.
-- "Dolph Spagetti" A Dolphin in a wheelchair that can break physics but vertically rolling up walls and crawl across ceilings as well as extend and retract it's wheels to high above or below the map itself.
-- "Humprey Cibatta" A Camel that can bloat it's hump and spray out water, but if it's lady lumps are too big, it will spray air causing it to be launched across the map.
-- "Valentino Salami" A Flamingo that can fly gracefully across the skies as well as take hold of any NPC and mind control them.
-- "Don Pastrami" A Ram who is the more stronger and aggressive counterpart to the usual basic goat.


text:
Q: LNK2005 Error in CLR Windows Form I'm working on developing a Windows CLR form to create GUI interaction for some code I've been handling as a console program.
When I include the header in the console portion of the code, both of my headers play fine together, but when I try to include them in the form, they result in the following:

librarytest.obj: error LNK2005: _SeqWait already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _KillDLL already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _SetSinFreq2 already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _ConnectDirect already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _GetDevice already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _SetSinFreq_Fine2 already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _Connect already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _TacOnTimeForTAction already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _SetSinFreq1 already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _GetLastEAIError already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _SetGain already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _Disconnect already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _ReadFWVer already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _SetSinFreq_Fine1 already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _SetSigSrc already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _ClosePort already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _ShowDebugInfo already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _OpenPort already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _DiscoverDevices already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _TacOnTime already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _PulseOnTime already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
librarytest.obj : error LNK2005: _tactorhandle already defined in Gesture_Elicitor.obj
....

The interesting problem is that one of my headers ("wiimote.h", from the WiiYourself project) works fine if its the only one included. The problem lies with "tactor_cHeader.h", which connects to its .dll . The abbreviated code in question is as follows:
#ifndef TACTOR_H_
#define TACTOR_H_

using namespace std;

#include <windows.h>

...

typedef int (*ConnectDirectPtr)(char*name, int type);
typedef int (*TacOnTimePtr)(int cidx, int board, int tacNum, int durMilli, bool returnifprocessing);
typedef int (*SetFreqPtr)(int cidx, int board, int freq, bool returnifprocessing);
typedef int (*KillDLLptr)();
typedef int (*SeqWaitPtr)(int cidx, int board, int waitTime, bool returnifprocessing);
...

ConnectDirectPtr ConnectDirect;
TacOnTimePtr TacOnTimeForTaction;
SetFreqPtr SetSinFreq1;
SetFreqPtr SetSinFreq2;
KillDLLptr KillDLL;
SeqWaitPtr SeqWait;
...

HINSTANCE tactorhandle = NULL;

inline int InitTactorDLL()
{
    tactorhandle = LoadLibrary("Tactor_DLL.dll");
    if (tactorhandle == 0)
        return -1;
    SeqWait = (SeqWaitPtr)GetProcAddress(tactorhandle, "SeqWait");
    ConnectDirect = (ConnectDirectPtr)GetProcAddress(tactorhandle, "ConnectDirect");
    TacOnTime = (TacOnTimePtr)GetProcAddress(tactorhandle, "TacOnTime");
    SetSinFreq1 = (SetFreqPtr)GetProcAddress(tactorhandle, "SetSinFreq1");
    SetSinFreq2 = (SetFreqPtr)GetProcAddress(tactorhandle, "SetSinFreq2");
    KillDLL = (KillDLLptr)GetProcAddress(tactorhandle, "KillDLL");
}

#endif

So what is it about this header that isn't playing nice with my form?

A: Sorry for the late reply.
The problem is simple, you have variable definitions inside your header file. Generally, a header file should only contain declarations. Check [SO]: What is the difference between a definition and a declaration? to see the difference between the two.
To fix, you should move these:
ConnectDirectPtr ConnectDirect;
TacOnTimePtr TacOnTimeForTaction;
SetFreqPtr SetSinFreq1;
SetFreqPtr SetSinFreq2;
KillDLLptr KillDLL;
SeqWaitPtr SeqWait;
//...

HINSTANCE tactorhandle = NULL;

into the .c source file that really needs them, or make them extern ([MS.Docs]: extern (C++)).
Background
There are 3 phases when building C (C++) code into Portable Executable code (here I'm referring to .exe and .dll files). For more info, check [MS.Docs]: Peering Inside the PE: A Tour of the Win32 Portable Executable File Format:
1. Preprocess

*

*Done by the preprocessor (cl.exe: [MS.Docs]:
Compiler Options Listed Alphabetically) which is also the compiler (check next phase); this is by default a silent phase (you can see its output by specifying /E, /EP or /P flags)

*For every source (.c, .cpp, .cxx, c++, ...) file, it handles all the preprocessing directives ([MS.Docs]: Preprocessor Directives) (e.g.: #define, #if, #include, ...); the result is still a .c (.cpp, ...) file (different than the original, usually, significantly larger) also called compilation unit or translation unit

*When an #include directive is encountered, the line that contains the directive (there's only one file included per line of code) is simply replaced by the contents of the (.h or even .c (.cpp, ...)) file included. Note that this is done recursively (if the file included itself contains #include directives they are expanded as well, and so on). The original source file is much smaller than the preprocessed one, which is one of the preprocessor existence reasons
2. Compile

*

*Done by the compiler (check previous phase)

*Every translation unit generated at previous phase is converted from C (C++) code (human readable) to machine code (CPU "readable") or COFF format ([MS.Docs]: PE Format). This is the object (.obj) file (its content is gibberish - at least at 1st sight), that can be seen in the VC project's intermediary directory

*Note that for each source file included in the project, after this phase there will be a corresponding .obj file
3. Link

*

*Done by the linker (link.exe: [MS.Docs]: Linker Options)

*All the object files from the previous phase are merged together (with a bunch of .lib files whose content is similar to .obj file's, but those can only be used indirectly - when building an App) plus some additional operations (e.g. adding the PE sections and headers, relocating some of the code, removing unused code, ...) into the final artifact of the project (the exe or the dll)
Note: this is Win specific, for Nix the phases are (almost) the same, tools differ.
What happens in your code:

*

*The file tactor.h (I'm assuming this is its name, based on the include guard at the beginning) contains a bunch of variable definitions; I'm taking HINSTANCE tactorhandle as an example

*Files librarytest.c and Gesture_Elicitor.c (got their names from the linker error) both #include (directly or indirectly) tactor.h

*At Phase #1., tactor.h will be expanded in both .c files (independently). So, both translation units will have tactorhandle variable

*At Phase #2., the 2 translation units from previous step are compiled and turned into object files, since their code is syntactically correct

*At Phase #3., when combining the 2 object files, the linker sees that tactorhandle is present in both of them, and then spits the errors above
Notes:

*

*You can also specify /FORCE:MULTIPLE option to the linker (by adding it to the VC Project Properties -> Linker -> Command Line -> Additional Options), but bear in mind that this might yield unexpected results (it doesn't even work for /clr compiled projects)

*Since the project involves .dlls and functions import / export, you could also check [SO]: Linker error when calling a C function from C++ code in different VS2010 project (@CristiFati's answer), for errors that might appear when using this .dll

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
→ For specific temples in the city of Rome,
see Platner and Ashby's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome.
p1104 Templum
Article by Leonhard Schmitz, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., Rector of the High School of Edinburgh; and Philip Smith, B.A., of the University of London
on pp1104‑1112 of
TEMPLUM is the same word as the Greek τέμενος, from τέμνω to cut off, for templum, according to Servius (ad Aen. I.446), was any place which was circumscribed and separated by the augurs from the rest of the land by a certain solemn formula. The technical terms for this act of the augurs are liberari and effari, and hence a templum itself is a locus liberatus et effatus. A place thus set apart and hallowed by the augurs was always intended to serve religious purposes, but chiefly for taking the auguria. ("Templum locus augurii aut auspicii causa quibusdam conceptis verbis finitus," Varro, de Ling. lat. VII. p81, Bip.). When Varro (de Ling. Lat. VI. p65, Bip.) says that a locus effatus was always outside the city, we must remember that this only means outside the pomoerium, for the whole space included within the pomoerium was itself a templum, i.e. a place in which auspices could be taken [Pomoerium]; but when they were to be taken in any place outside the pomoerium it was always necessary for such a place to be first circumscribed and sanctified by the augur (liberare et effari). The place in the heavens within which the observations were to be made was likewise called templum, as it was marked out and separated from the rest by the staff of the augur. When the augur had defined the templum within which he intended to make his observations, he fixed his tent in it (tabernaculum capere), and this tent was likewise called templum, or more accurately, templum minus. To this minus templum we must refer what Servius (ad Aen. IV.200) and Festus (s.v. minora templa) state, that a templum was enclosed with planks, curtains, &c., attached to posts fixed in the ground, and that it had only one door (exitus). The place chosen for a templum was generally an eminence, and in the city it was the arx, where the fixing of the tent does not appear to have been necessary, because here a place called auguraculum was once for all consecrated for this purpose (Paul Diac. s.v. Auguraculum; cf. Liv. I.18, IV.18; Cic. de Off. III.16).
Besides this meaning of the word templum in the language of the augurs, it also had that of a temple in the common acceptation. In this case too, however, the sacred precinct within which a temple was built, was always a locus liberatus et effatus by the augurs, that is, a templum or a fanum (Liv. X.37; Varro, de Ling. Lat. VI. p65, Bip.); the consecration was completed by the pontiffs, and not until inauguration and consecration had taken place, could sacra be performed or meetings of the senate be held in it (Servius, ad Aen. I.446). It was necessary then for a temple to be sanctioned by the gods, whose will was ascertained by the augurs, and to be consecrated or dedicated by the will of man (the pontiffs). Where the sanction of the gods had not been obtained, and where the mere act of man had consecrated a place to the gods, such a place was only a sacrum, sacrarium, or sacellum [Sacrarium; Sacellum]. Varro (ap. Gell. XIV.7 §7) justly considers the ceremony performed by the augurs as essential to a temple, as the consecration by the pontiffs took place also in other sanctuaries which were not templa, but mere sacra or aedes sacrae. Thus the sanctuary of Vesta was not a templum but an aedes sacra, and the various curiae (Hostilia, Pompeia, Julia) required to be made templa by the augurs before senatusconsulta could be made in them. In what manner a templum differed from a delubrum is more difficult to decide, and neither the ancient nor modern writers agree in their definitions. Some ancients believe that delubrum was originally the name given to a place before or at the entrance of a temple, which contained a font or a vessel with water, by which persons, before entering the temple, performed a symbolic purification (Serv. ad Aen. IV.56, II.225; Corn. Fronto, quoted by Dacier on Fest. s.v. Delubrum); others state that delubrum was originally the name for a wooden representation of a god (ξόανον), which derived its name from librum (the bark of a tree), which was taken off (delibrare) before the tree was worked into an image of the god, and that hence delubrum was applied to the place where this image was erected (Fest. s.v. Delubrum; Massur. Sab.º ap. Serv. ad Aen. II.225). Hartung (Die Rel. d. Röm. I. p143, &c.) derives the word delubrum from liber (anciently luber), and thinks that it originally meant a locus liberatus, or a place separated by the augur from the profane land, in which an image of a god might be erected, and sacred rites be performed. A delubrum would therefore be a sanctuary, whose chief characteristic was its being separated from the profane land. But nothing certain can be said on the subject (cf. Macrob. Sat. III.4).
After these preliminary remarks, we shall proceed to give a brief account of the ancient temples, their property, and their ministers, both in Greece and in Rome. We must, however, refer our readers for a more detailed description of the architectural structure of ancient temples to other works, such as Stieglitz, Archäologie der Baukunst, and others, especially as the structure of the temples varied according to the divinities to whom they were dedicated, and other circumstances.
Temples in Greece
Temples appear to have existed in Greece from the earliest times. They were separated from the profane land around them (τόπος βέβηλος, or τὰ βέβηλα), because every one was allowed to walk in the latter (Schol. ad Soph. Oed. Col. 10). This separation was in early times indicated by very simple means, such as a string or a rope (Paus. VIII.10 §2). Subsequently, however, they were surrounded by more efficient fences, or even by a wall (ἕρκος, περίβολος, Herod. VI.134; Pollux, 1.10; Paus. passim), the entrance to which was decorated, as architecture advanced, with magnificent Propylaea [Propylaea]. The whole space enclosed in such a περίβολος was called τέμενος, or sometimes ἱερόν (Herod. IX.36, VI.19, with Valckenaer's note; Thucyd. V.18); and contained, besides the temple itself, other sacred buildings, and sacred ground planted with groves, &c. Within the precincts of the sacred enclosure no dead were generally allowed to be buried, though there were some exceptions to this rule, and we have instances of persons being buried in or at least near certain temples. The religious laws of the island of Delos did not allow any p1105 corpses to be buried within the whole extent of the island (Thucyd. III.104: cf. Herod. I.64), and when this law had been violated, a part of the island was first purified by Peisistratus, and subsequently the whole island by the Athenian people.
The temple itself was called νεώς, and at its entrance fonts (περιῤῥαντήρια) were generally placed, that those who entered the sanctuary to pray or to offer sacrifices might first purify themselves (Pollux, 1.10; Herod. I.51). In the earliest times the Greek temples were either partly or wholly made of wood (Paus. V.20 §3; 16 §1, VIII.10 §2), and the simplest of all appear to have been the σηκοί, which were probably nothing but hollow trees in which the image of a god or a hero was placed as in a niche (Hesiod. Fragm. 54, ed. Göttling; Schol. ad Soph. Trach. 1169); for a temple was originally not intended as a receptacle for worshippers, but simply as an habitation for the deity. The act of consecration, by which a temple was dedicated to a god, was called ἵδρυσις. The character of the early Greek temples was dark and mysterious, for they had no windows, and they received light through the door, which was very large, or from lamps burning in them. Vitruvius (IV.5) states that the entrance of Greek temples was always towards the west, but most of the temples still extant in Attica, Ionia, and Sicily have their entrance towards the east. Architecture, however, in the construction of magnificent temples, made great progress even at an earlier time than either painting or statuary, and long before the Persian wars we hear of temples of extraordinary grandeur and beauty. All temples were built either in an oblong or a round form, and were mostly adorned with columns. Those of an oblong form had columns either in the front alone, in the fore and back fronts, or on all the four sides. Respecting the original use of these porticoes see Porticus. The classification of temples, according to the number and arrangement of their columns, will be described presently. The friezes and metopes were adorned with various sculptures, and no expense was spared in embellishing the abodes of the gods. The light which was formerly let in at the door, was now frequently let in from above through an opening in the middle, which was called ὑπαιθρον, and a temple thus constructed was called ὑπαιθρος (Vitruv. l.c.). Many of the great temples consisted of three parts: 1. the πρόναος or πρόδρομος, the vestibule; 2. the cella (ναός, σηκός); and 3. the ὀπισθόδομος. The cella• was the most important part, as it was, properly speaking, the temple, or the habitation of the deity whose statue it contained. In one and the same cella there were sometimes the statues of two or more divinities, as in the Erechtheum at Athens the statues of Poseidon, Hephaestus, and Butas. The statues always faced the entrance, which was in the centre of the prostylus, or front portico. The place where the statue stood was called ἕδος, and was surrounded by a balustrade or railings (ἴκρια, ἐρύματα, Paus. V.11 §2). Some temples also had more than one cella, in which case the one was generally behind the other, as in the temple of Athena Polias at Athens. In temples where oracles were given, or where the worship was connected with mysteries, the cella was called ἄδυτον, μέγαρον, or ἀνάκτορον, and to it only the priests and the initiated had access (Pollux, I.9; Paus. IX.8 §1, VIII.62; 37 §5; Herod. VIII.53, IX.65; Plut. Num. 13; Caes. de Bell. Civ. III.105). In some cases the cella was not accessible to any human being, and various stories were related of the calamities that had befallen persons who had ventured to cross the threshold (Paus. VIII.52 §3; 10 §2; 38 §2; Soph. Oed. Col. 37). The ὀπισθόδομος was a chamber which had its entrance in the back front of a temple, and served as a place in which the treasures of the temple were kept, and thus supplied the place of the θησαυροί which were attached to some temples (cf. Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 288; Stieglitz, Archäol. der Baukunst, vol. II § 1; Hirt, Lehre der Gebäude, § 1; Böckh, ad Corp. Inscript. pp264, &c.).
We now proceed to describe the classification of temples, both Greek and Roman, the latter being chiefly imitated from the former. They were either quadrangular or circular.
Quadrangular Temples were described by the following terms, according to the number and arrangement of the columns on the fronts and sides.
Ἄστυλος, astyle, without any columns (Leonidas Tarent. in Brunck, Anal. vol. I. p237; Plin. H. N. XXXIV.8).
Ἐν παραστάσι, in antis, with two columns in front between the antae (Pind. Ol. VI.1).
Πρόστυλος, prostyle, with four columns in front.
Ἀμφιπρόστυλος, amphiprostyle, with four columns at each end.
Περίπτερος or ἀμφικίων (Soph. Ant. 285), peripteral, with columns at each end and along each side.
Δίπτερος, dipteral, with two ranges of columns (πτερά) all round, the one within the other.
Ψευδοδίπτερος, pseudodipteral, with one range only, but at the same distance from the walls of the cella as the outer range of a δίπτερος.
To these must be added a sort of sham invented by the Roman architects, namely:
Ψευδοπερίπτερος, pseudoperipteral (Vitruv. IV.7), where the sides had only half-columns (at the angles three-quarter columns), attached to the walls of the cella, the object being to have the cella large without enlarging the whole building, and yet to keep up something of the splendour of a peripteral temple.
Names were also applied to the temples, as well as to the porticoes themselves, according to the number of columns in the portico at either end of the temple; namely, τετράστυλος, tetrastyle, when there were four columns in front, ἑξάστυλος, hexastyle, when there were six, ὀκτάστυλος, octastyle, when there were eight, δεκάστυλος, decastyle, when there were ten. There were never more than ten columns in the end portico of a temple; and when there were only two, they were always arranged in that peculiar form called in antis (ἐν παραστάσι). The number of columns in the end porticoes was never uneven, but the number along the sides of a temple was generally uneven. The number of the side columns varied: where the end portico was tetrastyle, there were never any columns at the sides, except false ones, attached to the walls, as in the temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome, which has a tetrastyle portico, with a column behind each corner column, and then five false columns along each side of the cella: where it was hexastyle or octastyle, there were generally 13 or 17 columns at the sides, counting in the corner columns: sometimes a hexastyle temple had only eleven columns p1106 on the sides. The last arrangement resulted from the rule adopted by the Roman architects, who counted by intercolumniations (the spaces between the columns), and whose rule was to have twice as many intercolumniations along the sides of the building as in front; another example of the rule is furnished by the above-mentioned temple of Fortuna Virilis, which has four columns in front and, altogether, seven on each side. The Greek architects, on the contrary, counted by columns, and their rule was to have twice as many columns along the sides as in front, and one more,1 counting the corner columns in each case: sometimes, however, they followed the other rule, as in the temple at Mylasa, where there are six columns in front and eleven at each side. Another set of terms, applied to temples and other buildings having porticoes, as well as to the porticoes themselves, was derived from the distances between the columns as compared with the lower diameters of the columns. They were the following:
Πυκνόστυλος, pycnostyle, the distance between the columns a diameter of a column and half a diameter.
Σύστυλος, systyle, the distance between the columns two diameters of a column.
Εὔστυλος, eustyle, the distance between the columns two diameters and a quarter, except in the centre of the front and back of the building, where each intercolumniation (intercolumnium) was three diameters; called eustyle, because it was best adapted both for beauty and convenience.
Διάστυλος, diastyle, the intercolumniation, or distance between the columns, three diameters.
Ἀραιόστυλος, araeostyle, the distances excessive, so that it was necessary to make the epistyle (ἐπιστύλιον), or architrave, not of stone, but of timber. [Epistylium]
These five kinds of intercolumniation are illustrated by the following diagram:
The following elevations and plans of temples will aid the reader in understanding the different terms descriptive of the number and arrangement of the columns. They are taken from the plates to Hirt's Geschichte der Baukunst; and although, for the sake of greater clearness and convenience, they are not all taken from actual buildings, but are general representations of each form, yet they are not merely imaginary, for they are founded on a careful comparison of existing remains with the descriptions of Vitruvius.
I. In Antis
An engraving of a temple of this form has been given under Antae.
II. Prostyle, Tetrastyle, of the Ionic order.
The above engraving exhibits clearly the prodomus or pronaos, or space enclosed by the portico and the side walls projecting beyond the front wall; and the cella, with the statue of the god opposite to the entrance.
III. Amphiprostyle, Tetrastyle.
Vitruvius (III.1) says that "the Amphiprostylos has every part which the Prostylos has, and moreover it has columns and a pediment in the posticum after the same manner." This posticum (the Greek opisthodomus) appears to have been of two kinds; either a mere portico attached to the back wall of the cella, or a larger space, as shown in the figure.
IV. Peripteral, Hexastyle, of the Doric order.
The above plan is that of a Roman Peripteros: to represent the Grecian Peripteros two columns should be added to each side, and the length thus gained thrown into the opisthodomus. In this form there were two columns between the antae terminating the projecting walls; and the three intercolumniations thus formed were fenced with marble railings (plutei, Vitruv. IV.4), with gates in them giving access to the prodromus, as shown by the lines in the figure.
This species of temple was not only more splendid than the former, but also more fully adapted for the performance of grand religious ceremonies, as the continuous portico all round it would give shelter and passage to a large number of people. Accordingly we find that several of the most celebrated Greek temples are of this form; such as that of Zeus Nemeus between Argos and Corinth, of Concord at Agrigentum, of Theseus at Athens, which has no pillars between the antae of the posticum.
p1108 V. Dipteral and Pseudodipteral, Octastyle, of the Ionic order.
To save space, the one side of the cut represents half of the dipteral temple, the other side half of the pseudodipteral.
The Dipteros may be considered as a Peripteros, increased in size and magnificence by the addition of another row of pillars along each side; the Pseudodipteros as a Peripteros with the side columns moved outwards over the space of one column and intercolumniation, so as to allow of eight columns in front. Vitruvius, who describes the latter first, assigns its invention to the architect Hermogenes. From the expense of such edifices, there were naturally very few examples of them. The far-famed temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and that of Quirinus at Rome, were dipteral. That of Artemis at Magnesia, built by Hermogenes, was pseudodipteral.
VI. Hypaethral, Decastyle, of the Corinthian order.
the statue of the god
entrances to the cella from the opisthodomus
apartments for the keeper of the temple
Every decastyle temple was also hypaethral, but there were also octastyle and even hexastyle hypaethral temples.
A question has lately been raised whether there ever were any hypaethral temples. The two sides of the question will be found discussed in the following works: Ross, Keine Hypäthraltempel mehr, in his Hellenika, pt. 1 pp1‑39, Halle, 1846, 4to., and Böttiger, Der Hypäthraltempel, auf Grund des Vitruvischen Zeugnisses, gegen Prof. D. L. Ross, erwiesen, Potsdam, 1847, 4to.
p1109 VII. Pseudoperipteral, Hexastyle, of the Ionic order.
These were the chief normal forms of quadrangular temples. The variations made upon them, especially by the union of two or more temples in one building, were very numerous (see Hirt, Stieglitz, and the other authorities). One form deserves particular notice, inasmuch as it was certainly very ancient, and some writers have supposed that it contained the germs of all the other forms; this was what Vitruvius called the Tuscan Temple (Vitruv. IV.7). The passage of Vitruvius is very difficult, and has been differently explained (comp. Stieglitz and Hirt). The following engraving is so constructed as to contain a representation of the three chief forms, real or supposed, of the Tuscan temple.
The above plan is divided by the lines a, b, into three portions, by completing each of which, we have three different plans. Thus, if the middle portion be retained as it is, and the part to the left of b be made like that to the left of a, we have one of the supposed forms. Again, if the middle portion be retained, and the two sides completed on the same plan, namely, like the portion to the left of a, but without the projecting side wall, and with a round column in place of the square pillar which terminates it, we have what others suppose to have been the true original form of the Tuscan temple. In either case, the characteristic feature is the union of three cellae in one temple, dedicated to three associated deities, the middle cella, which (as shown in the figure) was larger than the other two, being assigned to the chief of the three divinities; as in the great temple on the Capitol, the middle cella of which was dedicated to Jupiter, the cella on the right side of the middle one to Minerva, and the remaining one to Juno. Lastly, a later variation of the Tuscan temple, in which its chief peculiarity was lost, was made by retaining only the middle cella, and carrying a peristyle of columns p1110 along each side of it, as represented in the right-hand division of the plan and elevation.
Circular Temples, properly so called, were probably not used by the Greeks in early times. The round buildings of which we have notices were either tholi or mere monumental edifices. Several round buildings of this kind are mentioned by Pausanias; such as the tholus at Athens, in which there were several small silver statues; where the Prytaneis sacrificed (Paus. I.5), and where, according to Pollux (VIII.155) they also banquetted. There was another tholus at Epidaurus, in the sacred grove of Asclepios, which he describes as well worth seeing: it was built of white marble, after the design of Polycleitus, and adorned on the inside with paintings by Pausias (Paus. II.27). (See Stieglitz, vol. II pp38 ff.) Vitruvius (IV.8), however, recognizes two regular forms of circular temples, to which a third must be added.
I. The MONOPTEROS consisted of a single circle of columns, standing on a platform (tribunal), the outer wall of which formed a stylobate or continuous pedestal for the columns, and surmounted by a dome; but without any cella. For the proportions see Vitruvius. The remains of such a temple have been found at the ruins of Puteoli.
II. The PERIPTEROS had a circular cella surrounded by a single peristyle of columns, standing on three steps, and the whole surmounted by a dome. Specimens are preserved in the so‑called temples of Vesta at Rome (see wood-cut on p299) and at Tivoli.a
The proportions of the temples of this form were very carefully regulated. The existing specimens agree in most particulars with the rules laid down by Vitruvius, according to whom the distance of the wall of the cella from the edge of the substruction was one-fifth of the whole diameter of the substruction; and consequently the diameter of the cella (including its wall) was three-fifths of the whole: the internal diameter of the cella was equal to the height of the columns: the height of the dome was equal to a semi-diameter of the whole building: and the centre of the dome was surmounted by a pyramid (or cone), to support an ornament equal in height to the capitals of the columns. (For a full discussion of this passage, see Hirt, Lehre d. Gebäude, pp29, 30).
Both species of round temples are mentioned by Servius (ad Aen. IX.408), who says that they were peculiar to Vesta, Diana, Hercules, and Mercury; and he distinguishes the Monopteros by the following description: tectum sine parietibus columnis subnixum. p1111
III. Another form, of which we have the chief example in the Pantheon, besides some smaller specimens (see Hirt, § 19), consists of a circular cella surmounted by a dome, without a peristyle, but with an advanced portico. The following engraving represents such a temple, with a prostyle tetrastyle portico, of two slightly different kinds (compare the left and right sides of the portico in the plan); the niches are for the statues of three associated deities, such as Apollo, Diana, and Latona; and thus this form of temple may be regarded, in its religious design, as a variation of the old Tuscan temple.
The portico of such a temple might be hexastyle, or even octastyle, as in the Pantheon.
Respecting the more minute details of the construction of temples of both sorts, which our space does not permit us to enter into, the reader is referred to the works of Hirt and Stieglitz, as quoted above; and lists and brief descriptions of the chief Greek and Roman temples, with references to the works in which they are more fully described, will be found in Müller's Handbuch der Archäologie der Kunst, under the heads of the respective periods in the history of the art.
Besides the terms which have now been explained, temples were designated by the names of the deities to whom they were dedicated, as the Ὀλυμπεῖον or temple of Zeus Olympius; the Παρθενών, or temple of Athena Parthenos, &c.; and sometimes a name was given according to some peculiar feature of the structure, as in the case of the Parthenon at Athens, which was called Hecatompedon, because its front was exactly 100 feet wide.
Independently of the immense treasures contained in many of the Greek temples, which were either utensils or ornaments, and of the tithes of spoils, &c. (Herod. VII.132; Diodor. XI.3; Polyb. IV.33),º the property of temples, from which they derived a regular income, consisted of lands (τεμένη), either fields, pastures, or forests. In Attica we sometimes find that a demos is in possession of the estates of a particular temple: thus the Peiraeeus possessed the lands belonging to the Theseum: in what their right consisted is not known; but of whatever kind it may have been, the revenues accruing from such property were given to the temples, and served to defray the expenses for sacrifices, the maintenance of the buildings, &c. For this purpose all temple-property was generally let out to farm, unless it was, by some curse which lay on it, prevented from being taken into cultivation (Harpocrat. s.v. Ἀπὸ μισθωμάτων: cf. Isocrat. Areop. 11). The rent for such sacred domains was, according to Demosthenes (in Eubulid. p1318), received by the demarch, probably the demarch of the demos by which the sacred domain was occupied; for in other cases we find that the rents were paid to the authorities entrusted with the administration of the temples (Böckh, Staatsh. I. p327, &c., II p339). The supreme control over all property of temples belonged to the popular assembly (Demosth. in Neaer. p1380).
Respecting the persons entrusted with the superintendence, keeping, cleaning, etc., of temples, we scarcely possess any information. [Aeditui] We have mention of persons called κλειδοῦχοι, κλῃδοῦχοι, νεοφύλακες, who must have been employed as guards and porters (Aeschyl. Suppl. 294), although it is not certain whether these functions were not performed by priests who were occasionally called by names derived from some particular function. At Olympia φαιδρύνται were appointed who belonged to the family of Pheidias, and had to keep clean the statue of the Olympian Zeus (Paus. V.14 §5).
Temples at Rome
In the earliest times there appear to have been very few temples at Rome, and in many spots the worship of a certain divinity had been established from time immemorial, while we hear of the building of a temple for the same divinity at a comparatively late period. Thus the foundation of a temple to the old Italian divinity Saturnus, on the Capitoline, did not take place till p1112 498 B.C. (Liv. II.21; Dionys. VI.1; Plut. Publ. 12). In the same manner Quirinus and Mars had temples built to them at a late period. Jupiter also had no temple till the time of Ancus Martius, and the one then built was certainly very insignificant (Dionys. II.34; Liv. I.33). We may therefore suppose that the places of worship among the earliest Romans were in most cases simple altars or sacella. The Roman temples of later times were constructed in the Greek style. The cella was here, as in Greece, the inner spacious part of the temple which contained the statue or statues of the gods, and an altar before each statue (Vitruv. IV.5). The roof which covered the cella is called testudo, but it was in most cases not wholly covered, in order to let the light in from above (Varro, ap. Serv. ad Aen. I.505). The entrance of a Roman temple was, according to Vitruvius, if possible, towards the west, which side was at the same time faced by the image of the divinity, so that persons offering prayers or sacrifices at the altar looked towards the east (cf. Isidor. XV.4, 7; Hygin. de Limit. p153, ed. Goes). If it was not practicable to build a temple in such a position, it was placed in such a manner that the greater part of the city could be seen from it; and when a temple was erected by the side of a street or road, it was always so situated that those who passed by could look into it, and offer their salutations to the deity.
As regards the property of temples, it is stated that in early times lands were assigned to each temple, but these lands were probably intended for the maintenance of the priests alone. [Sacerdos] The sacra publica were performed at the expense of the treasury, and in like manner we must suppose, that whenever the regular income of a temple, arising from fees and fines, was not sufficient to keep a temple in repair, the state supplied the deficiency, unless an individual volunteered to do so.
The supreme superintendence of the temples of Rome, and of all things connected with them, belonged to the college of pontiffs. Those persons who had the immediate care of the temples were the Aeditui.
1 The Roman rule might also be stated according to the number of columns thus:— twice as many columns along the sides as in front, and one fewer.
Thayer's Note:
a For a near-perfect specimen of a peripteral circular temple at Rome, see my photos of the Tempietto di Diana in the Pincian Gardens; even if for our purposes, it has two flaws: it has no cella, and it does not date back to Antiquity.


text:
Availability Search for Paula Rego as Printmaker
Paula Rego as Printmaker
Paul Coldwell, Professor in Fine Art at the University of the Arts London, worked with Paula Rego on all her etchings between 1987-2001. In this talk, he will discuss her approach to printmaking and why it has played such a prominent role in her overall practice.
The Changing Places toilet is located in the rear car park of Modern One with accessible parking spaces located nearby. The unit is open 9am-5pm, every day, a key is not required.
A full accessibility guide is available at www.accessibilityguides.org for Modern One and Modern Two.
The Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art is located 15 minutes' walk from Princes Street. It includes two buildings, Modern One and Modern Two, set in a beautiful sculpture park.
In addition to the transport options below there are bike racks at each site and Just Eat Cycle Hire stations nearby.
enquiries@nationalgalleries.org
Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art One,
75 Belford Road,
EH4 3DR
11 Feb 2020 12:45pm-1:30pm


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text:
IS THE PROBLEM AT THE END OF YOUR FORK?
IS THE PROBLEM AT THE END OF YOUR FORK? by Cathy D. Slaght
The Chinese would say that all emotional problems result from a problem with an organ.
(The Western world says it's the other way around- emotional problems cause organ problems.)
So, the SRC, for several days now, has been working on stress related to emotions. The theme remains small intestine.
We're asking for another 18 hours.
We just don't know which came first, emotional or small intestine stress.
Meanwhile, the home medicine summit started on the 15th. Episode 1 was on nightshades.
Nightshades include tomatoes, white potatoes, eggplant, okra, tobacco, peppers, goji berries, belladonna, ashwagandha, curry powder, huckleberries...
And, an interesting synchronicity with our work- turns out that some of these foods, most notably tomatoes and white potatoes (along with grains) may interfere with the lining of the small and/or large intestine.
If you're having some digestive stress, try removing these foods for a week or so, and you'll have an idea if this is true in your case.
Also, certain nightshades are poisonous. Even tomatoes and white potatoes contain a small amount of poison for their own protection.
(Didn't seem to work out well for them. We eat a TON of tomatoes and potatoes. Are we poisoning ourselves?)
Preparation could be the big deal. In the case of tomatoes, for example, cooking helps liberate the GOOD nutritional energy.
It could be we're just eating too much of certain nightshades. Many, in small amounts, have medicinal effects.
Raw potatoes would be one example.
Another- nicotine, in small amounts is said to be good for one's health.
Then there's capsaicin. This is the compound in chili peppers that makes them hot. It's been researched for being of value in the treatment of 57 diseases.
It appears to help certain proteins fold properly. Unfolded properties are a major factor in cystic fibrosis, for example.
And Goji berries. They look like little red blood vessels and can send regeneration to bone marrow.
All this brings to mind a dream I had when I was 7 or 8 years old, In the dream- it was lucid- someone shot my father, and I picked a lime off a tree and healed him.
Even after all these years- don't ask how many - the dream remains vivid.
Maybe this is why the home medicine summit is striking a chord. The emphasis is on growing healing foods in your own yard.
Maybe it's time for a new hobby.


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Ethics, Part 6
December 29, 2005 | Sandra Cyr
By Todd Cohen
The growing focus on nonprofit ethics has spawned a broad range of voluntary initiatives and services, including training seminars and workshops, and ethical codes and standards adopted by membership organizations and individual nonprofits.
Some of those codes and standards draw from the federal Sarbanes-Oxley corporate-disclosure law.
Some experts like Naomi Levine of the George H. Heyman Jr. Center for Philanthropy and Fundraising at New York University say Sarbanes-Oxley includes provisions that should built into laws governing nonprofits, while others said laws and codes alone cannot protect organizations from people who exercise bad judgment, or worse.
"Ultimately, there is a degree of common sense that needs to rule and govern the organization, that gets relied upon as your guide in building and manifesting ethical practices," says Doug Kridler, president and CEO of the Columbus Foundation in Columbus, Ohio.
The Association of Fundraising Professionals requires that each of its local chapters devote one meeting a year to ethics, says Tempel, who chairs the association's ethics committee and is executive director on the Center for Philanthropy at Indiana University.
"People understand the importance of trust to develop and build philanthropy," he says, "and ethical behavior is an important aspect of this."
The Council on Foundations in Washington, D.C., recently distributed to its members a new statement of ethical principles that members will have to subscribe to when they submit their dues statements for 2006, says Dorothy Ridings, its former president.
The council also has been attracting big crowds at a series of regional training sessions on ethics and accountability, and now has created separate sessions for professional advisers and for board and staff, she says.
That demand reflects 10 years of explosive growth in the foundation world, particularly among family foundations, growth that was poorly served because of inadequate ethical training and education, particularly among professional advisers, she says.
"There was not a sufficient amount of well-trained, well-educated, well-informed professional advising," she says. "Mainly, people did not have the tools."
With 560 members, the Pennsylvania Association of Nonprofit Organizations requires nonprofits on becoming members to agree in principle to its 56 standards for excellence, and offers members a process to become certified in the standards, says Joe Geiger, executive director of the Harrisburg-based group.
Nearly 200 members have taken clinics as part of that process, he says, and 18 of them have achieved the certification, a process that can take six months to several years.
"There are going to be some people who think they can take advantage of the charitable intentions of most Americans, and make a quick dollar," Geiger says. "The best way to guard against that is to make sure the organization gets its policies and systems into a condition that minimizes the chances for that knucklehead to succeed."
The Institute for Global Ethics in Camden, Me., markets ethical-training modules in CD-ROM format to nonprofits, a program that aims to fill a gap in knowledge and awareness of ethics, says Graham Phaup, executive director.
"While most foundations and nonprofits tend to see themselves as ethical organizations, they rarely talk about ethics," he says.
Levine, who raised more than $2.2 billion for NYU in 22 years as senior vice president for external affairs, founded the Center for Philanthropy and Fundraising five years ago to fill what she saw as a big gap in training for professionals in fundraising and grantsmanship.
The center, which offers a certificate degree and will begin offering a master's degree in fall 2006, focuses on a broad range of professional practices, including ethics.
And for each of the past two years, Levine has actively supported a bill in the state legislature to require all professional fundraisers to take at least one course in the law and ethics of fundraising, a requirement that is needed "if fundraising is to be viewed as a profession," she says.
"In most organizations, the goal of the fundraisers is to meet the financial goals set for them by the organization, and very little time is spent in discussing the details of state and federal laws and the ethical issues involved in fundraising," she says. "Only when there is a crisis issue will the board and staff come together to talk about it."
Other stories in the series:
Part 1: Nonprofits wrestle with ethics
Part 2: Growth, pressure, lack of awareness fuel focus on ethics.
Part 3: Nonprofits face challenge of knowing the rules.
Part 4: Accountability urged for governance, operations.
Part 5: Nonprofit sector panel aims to boost transparency.
Research Triangle Park, NC, North Carolina


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Yoda in the Pentagon
By Bradley Peniston
Andrew Marshall's lessons for strategic forecasting
There are numbers that count, and numbers that don't. Andrew Marshall has spent a lifetime trying to assess which ones are which. In October 1973, Arab states attacked Israel with overwhelming numerical dominance. The Egyptians deployed some 650,000 soldiers — a massive military force in its own right. Syria, Iraq and other Arab states added another quarter of a million troops. Against these 900,000 enemies Israel could muster no more than 375,000 soldiers, and 240,000 of those were from the reserves. But the war was really a battle of tanks, and on this score, the numbers looked even more daunting. Israel's 2,100 tanks confronted a combined Arab fleet of 4,500. On the northern front when the war began, Syria massed 1,400 tanks against 177 Israeli vehicles — a crushing ratio of 8 to 1. Given the extraordinary disparity of force, after Israel recovered from initial losses and decisively won the war, most Western observers interpreted the conflict as proof of Israel's unbreakable will to survive. Yet when Marshall analyzed the numbers, he saw something else entirely.
Tucked into a nondescript section deep within the Pentagon's labyrinthine rings, the Office of Net Assessment had been created just months before. As ONA's director, Marshall, a mathematical whiz kid from Rand, quickly set about his mission: to assess the military balance between competing militaries. Studying the war's less-glamorous details and drawing on the substantial research of others, Marshall and his team discovered an Egyptian army with a Soviet-style flaw. The entire military was astonishingly short on maintenance capabilities. When one of its tanks became damaged in battle, Egypt had no effective means for repairing it. Israel, in contrast, had well-trained technicians able to make rapid repairs. It turned out that on average Israeli tanks returned to battle three times, but Egyptian tanks were used only until damaged. In other words, the initial number of tanks was not the number that mattered.
Superior force, by standard measures, did not win. The number that truly counted was the one that revealed a tank's likely longevity. Counting tanks before the war was a necessary but insufficient exercise. It didn't tell you what you needed to know for assessing the net strength of each side in the conflict.
"What impressed me about the '73 war," Marshall explains, "was how asymmetric it was. Israel was not only much better prepared to recover and repair its tanks, it also dominated the battlefield, making recovery possible."
When Marshall and his analysts next looked at the Soviet Union's capacity for repairs, they found that the U.S. had a distinct and meaningful advantage. The bulk of the Soviet forces were composed of conscripts, young men compelled to serve for two years in the army or three in the navy. Most were poorly trained and lacking technical know-how. American soldiers conversely were given better, longer and more specialized training. Each U.S. unit working on ships or aircraft contained men able to perform some repairs when necessary. The Soviet military didn't work that way. Most of the time, when an engine or other critical part of an aircraft, tank or ship malfunctioned, the Soviets had to send that part back to a depot or factory for repair. The Soviet Air Force, for example, purchased six engines for each engine position on its aircraft. The U.S. bought only 1¼ — a dramatic cost-saving measure when multiplied by thousands of planes. Those costs, of course, counted not just in rubles, but in time. The Soviet delays in servicing aircraft parts meant that American planes would be available more of the time when needed most.
The simple and seemingly insignificant difference in repair capabilities meant that Soviet forces would come under extreme pressure during a protracted fight. Ensuring that America could continue to strike and engage the Soviets in a prolonged military conflict meant that the U.S. would ultimately have the advantage. It was this type of thinking that contributed to America's Cold War strategy. In Marshall's case, the insight derived not from sophisticated technology but from a probing of the enemy's underlying strategic constraints.
Most of today's so-called "futurists" are handsomely compensated consultants paid to pontificate on unknowable events. Marshall, in sharp contrast, has spent decades focused largely on the factors that shape the comparative performances of military forces. His success in the Cold War came in large part from careful attention to the numbers and patterns that mattered most — the ones that constrained enemy behavior. Many credit him with contributing to the policy of spending the Soviet Union into bankruptcy. He allegedly encouraged shifting U.S. defense expenditures to long-range bombers, which forced the Soviets to invest in costly air-defense systems, though Marshall would not confirm this. Perhaps it was this seeming inscrutability, maybe his political longevity, or simply his age that earned him the affectionate nickname "Yoda."
Few other Washington insiders have such a swirl of legend surrounding them. At age 90, Marshall is deeply engaged in running ONA's affairs. The office churns out countless reports analyzing military and strategic issues ranging across the globe, examining everything from advances in neuropharmacology to Swedish innovations in submarine design to the future of micro-robot warriors, always with an eye to their impact on American national security. ONA's reports, most of them highly classified, would be written for the highest level decision-makers: the secretary of defense and his deputies. The fact that Marshall has remained ONA's sole director since its inception, serving eight presidents and 11 defense secretaries over the past 38 years, suggests that he either is exceedingly astute at political survival, or provides a product of substantial value, or both.
In 1972, Marshall was serving on the National Security Council under Henry Kissinger when President Nixon ordered the creation of a new group within the NSC, one that Marshall would later lead. This group would be charged with an entirely different mission; it would look ahead to the strategic environment that the military would likely face in a decade's time. It would assess the trends affecting America's position vis-à-vis its peer competitor, scrutinizing the relative strengths and weaknesses of each military competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, as well as those of their allies. Understanding the net balance in these competitions enabled strategists to ask what opportunities were being missed, which strengths needed to be bolstered and which weaknesses could be exploited. It also helped strategic planners envision how adversaries might assess and attack America's vulnerabilities. In November 1973, the group moved into the Pentagon to become the Office of Net Assessment. Marshall has remained its director ever since.
From 1976 to 1978, ONA's attention focused on Soviet strategy in northern Europe. In contemplating the Soviets' likely moves in a European war, U.S. experts assumed that part of Soviet strategy would involve an attack down through Norway. The Barents Sea port at Murmansk represented Russia's westernmost border of northern Europe. If Soviet forces did move aggressively at any point along the borders between NATO and Warsaw Pact states, the U.S. was committed to a rapid deployment of 10 American divisions to reinforce the central front of NATO — a massive and costly undertaking. Most analysts assumed that the Soviets would send their attack submarines into the Atlantic to disrupt American deployments, but some military observers had noticed a surprising anomaly in Soviet naval operations. Although U.S. attack submarines were positioned to intercept Soviet subs if they moved out from the Barents Sea, the Soviets were holding their subs back. They were not conducting operations as expected. Something didn't add up.
"One of the things that happens from time to time," Marshall says, "is that you have to revise your entire notion of how your opponent sees things." After reviewing fresh analysis of Soviet doctrine and intentions, Marshall concluded that the Soviets actually saw this whole region in largely defensive terms. "I remembered something that Norwegian military officials had said to me a decade earlier in 1964. They realized that the Soviets must have viewed that sea region as essential to their air-defense perimeter and they would want to push their air defenses out." The Soviets, Marshall concluded, wanted to create and protect a bastion for their strategic missile submarines as well.
"Your view of what the enemy is up to and what he is thinking can shift very rapidly," Marshall says. "New data can surprise you and cause you to revise both your assessment of the enemy and the appropriateness of your strategy."
No high-tech surveillance or cloak-and-dagger spies were needed to change the U.S. perceptions of Soviet behavior. Years of studying Soviet strategy was necessary but not sufficient. This shift in understanding required a careful study of the key drivers motivating enemy behavior.
In 1988, America's foremost strategic thinkers met at Harvard to cast their eyes just 20 years ahead. Marshall presided over the gathering, and many of his protégés contributed their expertise. In a studious final report summarizing their discussions, the experts soberly concluded that by 2008 the Soviet economy would have probably declined. They were right.
If in-depth analysis of a society's underlying trends truly aids prediction, many people have asked why those who were most invested in predicting international affairs — experts in government like Marshall or scholars of international relations theory — failed so stunningly to foresee the Soviet Union's demise. Marshall maintains that his office came closer than others in seeing the decline of the Soviet Union, though it did not predict the collapse.
According to Marshall, in 1988 the CIA estimated that the Soviet economy stood at about 60 percent of the U.S. economy. ONA, in contrast, recognized it as not more than one-third or one-quarter the size of the U.S. economy. Experts at the time underestimated the percentage of the Soviet gross domestic product devoted to military spending. Most thought it was only around 12 percent. ONA believed correctly, Marshall says, that it was actually 30 percent to 35 percent. Nonetheless, he admits that he was surprised by the events just one year after the Harvard conference. He told Wired magazine: "I thought they were in trouble, but the rapidity and completeness of the withdrawal were really striking."
On the epic event of the Cold War's end, ONA and everyone else was caught off guard. Of course, the aim of ONA's futurism is not to predict precise occurrences on specific dates. Instead, it is to gain insights into how long-term trends will likely affect the relative position of U.S. military forces. This raises the question of why the U.S. has seemed so ill-equipped to confront the type of asymmetric warfare it has faced in Iraq and Afghanistan. For the past decade the U.S. military has found itself engaged against AK47-wielding, improvised-explosive-device-planting insurgents in developing countries, rather than confronting a genuine peer competitor. Marshall does not speak about those conflicts. ONA remains wedded to its mission: to prepare for the farther future.
The China conflict
Today Marshall's office thinks about new types of warfare, such as with robotics, and changing warfare areas such as in the deep seas or outer space. Now that many more nations have access to space, ONA asks if America's advantage there is eroding. ONA also contemplates where countries such as China will be by midcentury. Some worry that a fixation on China as a peer competitor will act as a self-fulfilling prophecy. By anticipating future conflict, they argue, the U.S. military builds the weapons systems specifically appropriate for combating the Chinese state. China, aware of these U.S. plans, the argument continues, prepares to counter an American threat, and before long a conflict becomes unavoidable, or at least more likely. It's a classic security dilemma, where as one side perceives a threat and prepares to defend against it, the other side perceives the first side's defensive preparations as offensive and in turn it prepares for war. An arms race ensues that could, some believe, destabilize relations, making war more likely.
Marshall is optimistic about U.S.-China relations. "In the end," he predicts, "I don't think we will revert to the kind of relations with China that we had with the Soviets." Although he does not foresee another Cold War coming, Marshall points out that the Chinese are facing serious long-term challenges, from water shortages to demographic troubles, which will likely constrict its economic growth rate. Nonetheless, the Chinese military is focused on the U.S. as a potential future competitor. And China's ambition is clearly to rise in military, not just economic power. So Marshall perceives the Chinese military as focused on America as a future competitor, and in turn he and no doubt many others in the defense establishment think it best to see China the same way.
A study of the work performed by Marshall and his colleagues at ONA offers two important lessons for strategic planners.
• Focus on small-scale predictions.
Everyone knows that governments have little choice but to plan for the future, and that requires estimates of long-term trends. Yet Marshall's experience suggests that predicting individual or small-group behavior is not simply more manageable, it is also more fruitful, than forecasting large-scale societal transformations. Just as ONA's experts on Soviet behavior missed the Soviet Union's collapse, no one in today's intelligence community appears to have foreseen the transformations occurring across the Arab world. These kinds of predictions are rarely possible. The more useful predictions restrict themselves to the actions that an enemy can control.
• We can learn to think like the enemy.
The stories above also indicate that knowing one's enemy is a skill, but it is an ability we can learn to improve. It takes a keen focus on the other side's less obvious, underlying drivers and constraints — which are significantly different from intentions and capabilities. Marshall achieved this during the Cold War by combining expertise with a willingness to engage alternative sources and ideas. Using the Yom Kippur War analysis to view Soviet constraints in the Cold War was a thoughtful way of applying insights across contexts. Naturally, one can easily go awry by applying lessons to nonanalogous cases. The aim is not to take a lesson from one experience and graft it capriciously onto another. It is instead to use new ways of thinking about conflicts based on a range of approaches. In the Barents Sea incident, for example, Marshall drew on insights from the Norwegian military to reconceptualize American perspectives on Soviet behavior. The Norwegians could just as easily have been wrong about Soviet intentions. The point is that adopting a foreign perspective enabled ONA to reconsider its assumptions. Once it did, the picture of Soviet behavior looked completely different: transforming from offensive to defensive in nature. And with that perspective, the puzzle pieces fit more sensibly in place.
ZACHARY SHORE is an associate professor at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, Calif., and is currently a fellow at Stanford University's Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.
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Q: Display, Edit and Save PDF's in the Browser using PDF I am trying to create an interface to allow easy editing of PDFs like VuePDF in an application I am building. This is not core to the application and will only be used by the admin.
I was wondering if there was a per-built stack for editing PDFs in the browser window?
Basically the admin user needs to black-out private data, like names and addresses.
If there is not currently a solution I was thinking of some like:

*

*Using ImageMagik to create JPEG version of each page

*Using the canvas element to add black marks to the image

*Recording the location of top-left and bottom right of each black mark

*Sending back the coordinates and adding black rectangles to the original PDF

Is that correct?

A: If you draw over the PDF, the data will still be there in the PDF and easy to extract. I wrote a blog article explaining the issue at http://www.jpedal.org/PDFblog/?p=553
You need to replace the text in the PDF command stream as well.


These four values represent to our Museum the fundamental elements required in order for social cohesion to thrive. Through all of our work we strengthen these values, so we can strengthen our communities.
We believe in the freedom to choose and to be different. We believe in freedom of religion, and freedom for women, children and minorities.
We believe in freedom of expression and the freedom to have an alternative view. We believe in the equal rights of all people, and their freedom to be who they choose to be. We believe in Freedom From and Freedom To.
Tolerance recognises the universal right and fundamental freedom of others. People are naturally diverse, only tolerance can ensure the survival of mixed communities in ever region of the globe.
Education for tolerance should aim at countering influences that lead to fear and exclusion of others, and help young people develop capacities for independent judgement, critical thinking and ethical reasoning.
Attitude and behaviour towards and regard for all people regardless of religion, race and ethnicity.
Equal treatment for all people, without favouritism or discrimination, particularly discrimination related to race and religion. There is no place for inequality.


text:
Netflix Portugal Today All New Releases Get American Netflix
How to watch The Green Mile (1999) on Netflix Portugal!
Sorry, The Green Mile is not available on Portuguese Netflix, but you can unlock it right now in Portugal and start watching! With a few simple steps you can change your Netflix region to a country like India and start watching Indian Netflix, which includes The Green Mile.
We'll keep checking Netflix Portugal for The Green Mile, and this page will be updated with any changes.
on Netflix Portugal?
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The Green Mile is not available in Portugal BUT it can be unlocked and viewed!
Crime Movies, Movies Based on Books, Dramas, US Movies, Crime Dramas
Director(s): Frank Darabont
When a prison guard discovers that a death row inmate possesses mysterious powers, he tries desperately to prevent the condemned man's execution. A murderer awaiting execution performs wonders from his prison cell. Even death row can't snuff out all hope.
Tom Hanks, Michael Clarke Duncan, David Morse, Bonnie Hunt, James Cromwell, Michael Jeter, Graham Greene, Doug Hutchison, Sam Rockwell, Barry Pepper, Jeffrey DeMunn, Patricia Clarkson, Harry Dean Stanton, Gary Sinise
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Hefei Research Institute made progress in research on two-dimensional ferroelectric tunnel junction
[ Instrument Network Instrument Development ] Recently, Zheng Xiaohong, a researcher at the Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institute of Material Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, made new progress in the study of quantum transport of two-dimensional ferroelectric tunnel junctions, using density functional theory + non-equilibrium Green's function. Methods The transport properties of two-dimensional ferroelectric tunnel junctions of graphene/BiP van der Waals heterostructures were calculated, and the electro-resistance ratio of 623% was achieved. The results were published on Nanoscale under the title of Realizing giant tunneling electroresistance in two-dimensional graphene/BiP ferroelectric tunnel junction.
Ferroelectric tunnel junctions have important application potentials in non-volatile memories due to the presence of electro-resistance effects. The most researches are currently using metal or semiconductor as the two-terminal electrodes, and the ferroelectric layer with perovskite structure as the central scattering. The three-dimensional ferroelectric tunnel junction of the area. In such a tunnel junction, the ferroelectric layer cannot be made too thin due to the depolarization effect caused by the accumulation of charges at the interface between the electrodes at the both ends and the central region, which makes it difficult for the three-dimensional ferroelectric tunnel junction to meet the requirements for minimizing the size of the device. Since the two-dimensional material has only the thickness of the atomic layer itself, the construction of the ferroelectric tunnel junction by using the two-dimensional ferroelectric material can greatly reduce the size of the ferroelectric tunnel junction memory, and thus has been widely concerned. Theorists have predicted a large number of two-dimensional ferroelectric materials, such as: the fourth main group of sulfides (SnS, SnSe), the fifth main group of elements of the black phosphorus-like structure (BiP) and the silylene-like structure (SbN) Etc., even two-dimensional ferroelectric material In2Se3 with vertical in-plane polarization has been experimentally prepared. However, how the electro-resistance effect of the two-dimensional ferroelectric tunnel junction is better than the three-dimensional ferroelectric tunnel junction needs further study.
To this end, Zheng Xiaohong's group used the first-principles density functional theory combined with the non-equilibrium Green's function method to calculate the transport properties of two-dimensional ferroelectric tunnel junctions with two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures (graphene/BiP). . As a result, it was found that by incorporating B atoms in the graphene layer of the left electrode and N atoms in the graphite layer of the right electrode, an electro-resistance ratio (TER) of 623% can be obtained, and a three-dimensional ferroelectric tunnel junction is obtained. Resistivity ratio. According to previous research work, the electrical resistance ratio of the three-dimensional ferroelectric tunnel junction is approximately in the range of 300% to 800%. It was found that the resulting high electro-resistance ratio was derived from the significantly different shielding effects of the left and right electrodes and the resulting significant change in the tunneling barrier height before and after the ferroelectric reversal. The results show that the two-dimensional ferroelectric materials have important application potential in constructing two-dimensional ferroelectric tunnel junctions, achieving giant electric resistance effects and ferroelectric storage.
The work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and all calculations were completed at the Hefei Sub-center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Supercomputing Center.
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The Best and Most Hilarious Quotes in Netflix's 'Death to 2020'
A recap of what a shitshow the previous year was is the last thing we all need. We wanna move on already, for God's sake, not relive the trauma. Yet, the world's leading streaming service thought it would be a good idea to take us on a ride back to 2020. Together with Black […]
https://i2.wp.com/udou.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/The-Best-Death-to-2020-Quotes-copy.jpg?fit=788%2C443&ssl=1
Which one is your favorite?
A recap of what a shitshow the previous year was is the last thing we all need. We wanna move on already, for God's sake, not relive the trauma. Yet, the world's leading streaming service thought it would be a good idea to take us on a ride back to 2020.
Together with Black Mirror creators Charlie Brooker and Annabel Jones, Netflix released 'Death to 2020,' a comedy event summarizing the most significant and depressing events at the forefront of what was arguably the worst year ever. It's a star-studded documentary joined by A-list Hollywood celebrities who portray various fictional personalities, from science experts, to a billionaire CEO, to average citizens, giving their own take on the events of the last 12 months.
To name a few, there's Dash Bracket, a reporter for the New Yorkerly News played by Samuel L. Jackson; Tennyson Foss, a historian played by Hugh Grant; Jeanetta Grace Susan, a non-official conservative spokesperson played by Friends' Lisa Kudrow; and Dr. Maggie Gravel, a behavioral psychologist played by Leslie Jones.
The film was executed in a mockumentary style, which combines true and false, satirical information. Events tackled in it include the Australian bushfires, the global COVID-19 pandemic, the US election, the killing of George Floyd and the protests that ensued, among many others.
Here are some of the most hilarious (sometimes depressing) quotes in 'Death to 2020.'
"They had Greta Thunberg headlining. She's this teenage girl who'd become famous even though everything she says is depressing. Kind of like Billie Eilish." -Dash Bracket
"In a desperate bid for attention, the virus infects beloved Hollywood everyman, and occasional CGI cowboy, Tom Hanks,providing new networks with an irresistible celebrity angle to the otherwise boring deadly pandemic." -Narrator, voiced by Laurence Fishburne
"Don't people call you selfish?" -Director
"I don't know. It's soundproof." -Bark Multiverse, CEO of a fictional technological company named Shreekr, played by Kumail Nanjiani
"They said there were more mail ballots than ever, what about female ballots?" -Kathy Flowers, a stereotypical Karen portrayed by Cristin Milioti, who is labeled in the film as "a self-described soccer mom"
"There is no such place as Ukraine." -Jeanetta Grace Susan
"Across the USA, masks, which unlike guns, cannot be cheaply and easily manufactured, run low while critics describe the lack of ventilators as "breathtaking." -Narrator
"I f*cking hate the virus. But at least it doesn't pretend it's here to help. It doesn't drive around the neighborhood with 'Protect and Serve' painted on its side before it kills you." -Dash Bracket
What other Death to 2020 quote is the most memorable to you? Tell us in the comments below! Also, for the latest happenings in music, gaming, and entertainment, follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram @udouph. And if you liked this article, make sure to stay tuned with us on udou.ph.
Death to 2020
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Smart Girl at the Party
Meredith Walker, C'91
From Saturday Night Live to the White House, from Texas to Malawi, producer, activist, and humanitarian Meredith Walker, C'91, is changing the world by being herself.
BY WILL BOSTWICK, C'10
I t all started with a question: "When do girls stop being a Scout and start trying to fit in?"
The "Scout" in that question was, of course, Scout Finch, the plucky, straight-talking six-year-old protagonist of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird. And the two women pondering the problem were close friends who had met while working at the late-night sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live. Meredith Walker, C'91, and Amy Poehler were drinking wine and talking in Poehler's New York apartment as they lamented the inevitability of this critical transition that takes place in so many girls' lives.
It was a conversation they had started during downtime at SNL about the pressure that society puts on girls to conform. As accomplished women who had succeeded, in part, because of their nonconformity, they were sensitive to the consequences of this change in young girls. They also both cherished the fact that when they were young, they had women in their lives who encouraged their more unique, expressive character traits.
Walker is co-founder and executive director of Amy Poehler's Smart Girls, an online community primarily for girls, but with features for boys and anyone else who identifies with its advocacy. In that capacity, she has taken advantage of technology not available when she was a young girl to create a community as wide-reaching as the internet, and has traveled tirelessly to spots beyond the reach of the internet to make a case for the community's values.
In the last year, Walker has spoken at the White House on six occasions and traveled to a Syrian refugee camp in Jordan, remote primary-care clinics in Haiti, and rural villages in Malawi. She has rallied with politicians and partied with celebrities. She has been on countless panels, given distinguished lectures, and has documented the status of women and girls around the world with global aid delegations, all while mentoring girls in Austin, Texas, and running an advocacy organization based in social media.
In her memoir, Amy Poehler, new to SNL when she met Walker and not at all a household name, remembers being struck by her new acquaintance. "She was tall and from Texas and had already met Sting and Tupac," she writes. Of course, Poehler went on to host "Weekend Update," rap to Sarah Palin while nine months pregnant, and produce, star in, and win a Golden Globe for the comedy series Parks and Recreation.
Poehler was hired at SNL and met Walker in August 2001, when Walker had already been at the show for several years as head of the talent department, charged with managing guest hosts and musicians. The season's first read-through was scheduled for Sept. 11, 2001. The events of that day shook the world, and left the people working at 30 Rockefeller Plaza stunned and unsure how to proceed. "It felt like America might not ever smile, never mind laugh, again," Poehler says.
"When I was at Saturday Night Live, I loved it, because I had found my tribe," Walker remembers. "I was raised in a sharp, funny family, so I really fit in there and I loved it, but after 9/11, we all had an existential crisis."
Walker and her colleagues at SNL were shaken by tragedy, but they didn't lose their sense of humor, and for Walker it was an opportunity to reconsider how she wanted to spend her time. "We were like, 'What are we doing?'"
At Sewanee, where her family has deep roots, Walker studied religion. She says she received a single A-plus as a Sewanee student in a class that combined her zeal for activism with her newly recognized love of media. It was a film class taught by iconic Sewanee professor and civil rights activist Scott Bates. In it, Walker learned about the Highlander Folk School, in Monteagle, where the likes of Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks had trained in social activism. It was at Sewanee, she says, that she really understood the power of activism. "That's when I thought: This is why I'm here," she says.
After SNL, Walker moved on to a couple other jobs in New York, then, looking for a change, she moved to Austin. After spending a year trying to find her footing in her home state, Walker got a job working for a digital media company.
Around this time, in 2007, Walker went to New York to visit Poehler, and remembers enthusiastically revisiting the idea the two had batted back and forth for several years. "Let's do camps and conferences, and all the … And then we both said, 'Oh wait, we don't have any experience with that. But we do have experience in shows and producing things, so why don't we try a show?'"
Walker's experience at the digital media company helped her understand there was a market for a low-budget project, especially given her and Poehler's combined credentials in media and production. "I just would go up to Amy's every chance I could get, and it was one of those weekends. We were just talking and I said, I think we could probably do something with this place where I work. And she was like, 'Let's do it.'"
Poehler wasn't the A-list celebrity she is now, but Walker took the idea to her boss at the media company, and was given the go-ahead.
The result was a series called Smart Girls at the Party, an earnest and funny interview show featuring girls and women from all kinds of backgrounds. Walker is a regular character, usually shown sitting in a producer's chair and dancing through the show's sendoff. The show takes ordinary girls with unique skills and asks them some serious and some silly questions. At the end of each show the girls have a dance party with the show's cast and crew, and an array of recognizable comedic celebrities.
The success of Smart Girls at the Party enabled Poehler and Walker to expand their operation. Walker quit her job at the digital media company when her work at Smart Girls became a full-time job. Smart Girls reaches roughly 3 million people a week through the various aspects of its digital platform.
It's important to Walker to provide "this forum, this community, to show we can't fix your problems, but we can show you that you're not alone in them. And that's helpful." But she says what's most important to her is creating a community for girls outside of any digital platform. "Really, what's more important to me are the day camps and the actual activities. I go into high schools and middle schools, and I do something called the Smart Girls roadshow. Because there is nothing like that intimacy, that real connection of face-to-face human contact."
When asked to elaborate on experiences in her recent travels, Walker's eyes light up, and she leans forward in her chair. She talks about empowering women with livestock from Heifer International in Malawi. She talks about educating girls about health and family planning in Haiti. She mentions a young Syrian woman who, despite unthinkable misfortune, seemed to access a higher plane of compassion and optimism.
Walker mentions another moment from the Syrian refugee camp, where she joined gold-medal-winning members of past American women's soccer teams to go off with the girls and women of the camp to play sports because men and women didn't play together. One day, during downtime for the delegation, men in the camp started an impromptu soccer game. "So the women from our delegation just jumped in. And they just started playing soccer with these men. I swear I watched gender norms shift right in front of my eyes."
Becca Stevens, C'85, a priest and social entrepreneur recently named Humanitarian of the Year by the Small Business Council of America, was part of the aid delegation to Haiti with Walker, and she vouches for Walker's sense humor. She remembers sitting on the delegation's bus and laughing with Walker "despite the many tears we shed for the violence and vulnerability of poverty we witnessed. Meredith is what this world needs," she says straightforwardly, "a champion for the underdog who will laugh and cry with equal passion."
Walker appreciates that girls and women have made progress in the two decades since she began advocating on their behalf at the Peabody and Emmy Award-winning Nickelodeon news show hosted by Walker's mentor, Linda Ellerbee. (Walker earned a Cable Ace Award for her work on the show.) But she also knows there's a long way to go. With comments deriding women regularly flowing from U.S. political discourse and with women and girls around the world deprived of basic rights and care, Walker wonders: "What's that going to do to the women, to the girls we've been trying to build up this whole time? I mean, our work is cut out for us."
Walker has created a niche for herself at the intersection of her skills and passions and has been uniquely successful in living the Smart Girls motto of "changing the world by being yourself." But she insists that it hasn't always been this way. "I have no shame in saying when I got to Austin in 2006, I could not find a production job … I was working in catering kitchens. I was sleeping on couches. I had gone back to what felt like point zero sometimes. But then it ended up being the gateway to the thing I care about the most. So I like talking about that with girls, because everyone thinks you have these plot points and you hit them and then everything's fine. It's not like that as you find your way through life."


Death had suddenly come to me.
From an unexpected place and time.
In front of a large truck.
Time had moved slowly. Things that I had left undone appeared on my mind one by one and disappears.
And lastly everyone from the orphanage.
I don't think they would end up thanking me for my life insurance.
I still wanted to live with more thrills in my life if possible.
When I though so, I heard a voice of a kid laughing, and every bone in my body was broken.
I looked around and towards the sky.
The moon, which I felt was bigger than the moon that I knew, was shining in the sky.
The trees that were illuminated by the moonlight were very big. I wonder how many times taller the trees had grown compared to me?
There was a story about a flower garden and the Sanzu River, but I didn't catch a sight of it.
This was a shabby afterlife.
Where the hell am I……?
Suddenly, I felt something bitter in my mouth.
It was some grass when I spat it out.
Why did I eat some grass?
And then I realized that I was famished.
Dizziness, fatigue and the general feeling of malaise assailed my whole body.
I must look for something that I can possibly eat.
Acorn, mushrooms too, anything is okay.
I need something I'm able to eat.
Suddenly, a big centipede entered my field of vision.
Usually, I would scream and run away from that place, but I just stared it for some reason.
Looking at it carefully, I think I could clearly see it had so much muscles.
I'm certain the poison was on the mouth, aside from the mouth, will I able to eat it……?
For the first time, I ate an unappetizing centipede.
After the centipede settled in my stomach, I became worried.
Will I become stupid if I don't have enough nourishment?
However, I don't now how to start a fire. Oh well, might as well eat it raw since I need to survive.
Since I chewed it well, it's going to be all right, going to be all right. Probably.
If my brain worked half as much and hesitated, I might die from starvation.
I just wished that there wasn't any parasites present.
I began to walk to look for water.
I want to wash out the aftertaste of the centipede in my mouth quickly.
I felt it was ten minutes of walking when I found a brook.
The words that came to my mind was to not drink the water, but there's no way around since I don't know how to start a fire to boil it.
Water was important after all.
Because the water looks clear, I think I'm safe from parasites. Probably.
I looked at the water surface on the brook.
An emaciated gray-haired kid was reflected on the surface of the water.
Wait, wait, surely the reflection on the water was wrong. Even the reflection of the light may sometimes go wrong.
I rejected the reality before me because I don't understand what this means in my mind.
I touched my cheeks timidly.
I could see that my cheek bones were visible.
I was not fat, but I'm not that skinny for my cheek bones to be visible.
Next, I tried pulling my hair. My hair was gray.
I looked up at the night sky.
The size of the moon that was shining in the sky was twice as big as the moon from Earth.
If you want to know how centipede taste, centipede texture is chewy with bitter tangy taste.
I wonder if all these stories are from the same cursed truck, that has a the ability to teleport and hit random people who all reincarnate.
Its mostly trucks/car who kill reincarnationers…(or explotions) lile what are they doin??? Playing pokémon go???
I hope the author reads our comments because Im hoping this will continue and become better.
Hes hungry and decides to go Bear Grylls and eat a centipede? would you do that? really would you do that? If I was transported into another world through whatever means, no matter how starving I was touching let alone eating a centipede would be the farthest thing from my mind, although its probably a safer option than eating some random mushroom which can kill you straight up.
What surprises him is strange, not the fact he just ate a centipede hes worried about parasites? why? if you took the time to catch chew and eat a centipede why would u worry about parasites now? then hes surprised by his appearance and the moon, Im like well, theres plenty of other surprising things to consider at the start dont you think? Like eating a gdamn centipede?
Again? Truck again… how sinfull truck… i will find you and let you kill me sinfull truck!! Just wait me!!!