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How activists in eastern Europe are resisting attempts to block out refugees
Deadly border fences are going up across eastern Europe as its governments whip up Islamophobia. Dave Sewell spoke to activists there about how the refugee crisis is spreading in the east—and what people are doing to fight back
Syrian refugees at the platform of Budapest Keleti railway station (Pic: Mstyslav Chernov)
Twenty five years after the Iron Curtain fell, eastern European states are once again building walls to stop people fleeing westward.
But this time they are blocking African and Middle Eastern refugees fleeing wars and dictatorships. And the European Union (EU) is using regional governments as its frontline border cops.
But refugees have been forcing their way through. Thousands travelled through Croatia last week, after Hungary locked down its border with Serbia.
A new wall the border. It was constructed just in time for new anti-migrant laws coming into force on Monday of last week.
Migrant Solidarity (Migszol) activist Karmen Kollar went to the newly?blocked border at Roszke, southern Hungary on the Tuesday morning.
She told Socialist Worker, "Hundreds of people were stuck on the border—within hours it became thousands. People started desperately camping on the empty motorway."
Refugees chanted, "We want the gate open." The state responded with terror. Karmen said, "By Wednesday afternoon, people were gathering at one of the old border crossings. Then the anti-terror police turned up.
"Somehow the people had got hold of a loudspeaker and tried to negotiate with the police.
"In the end they started throwing empty bottles, and then two or three stones. I heard one of the cops say "finally"—and without warning they started pepper-spraying everyone.
Refugees in Hungary (Pic: Mstyslav Chernov)
"People tried to run, but the crowd was too dense. I saw people crying, throwing up. Some migrants pushed back, setting fire to T-shirts and throwing them at the police. The police answered with tear gas and water cannon."
Serbian ambulance workers ended up hospitalised themselves after a tear gas grenade hit their ambulance.
The lockdown follows six months of racist scaremongering across the region. Jan Majicek, a revolutionary socialist in the Czech capital Prague, told Socialist Worker, "A refugee boat sinking in 2013 was reported as a tragedy. Now the media talk about a 'migration crisis'.
"They talk of an 'uncontrollable wave' or a 'threat to our security'. Along with Islamophobia, this created a toxic cocktail that's helped the far right.
"The Czech, Slovak, Polish and Hungarian governments are all repressing refugees—and using this to raise military and police budgets. The most serious situation is in Hungary."
Karmen said, "The new law is the culmination of a xenophobic campaign. The government put up
billboards in spring telling migrants, 'If you come to Hungary, don't steal Hungarian jobs'. But they were written in Hungarian, so the aim was obviously to create hatred.
"There's opposition, but in this political atmosphere it can be hard to get a hearing.
"And the far right party Jobbik organises dangerous anti-migrant rallies—one of them forced refugees to be evacuated from Budapest's Keleti train station."
Hungary's government in particular is also virulently Eurosceptic.
Both Jan and Karmen say the politicians are using the EU as an "alibi". But Karmen added, "The problem is that there is some truth to it too."
The EU's Dublin Regulation say refugees have to apply for asylum in the first country they reach—and can be turned away elsewhere.
Karmen said, "These rules should be completely replaced. They are one reason the situation is so extreme."
Both Germany and Denmark closed their borders before Croatia did. The authorities in France and Austria have tried to criminalise helping migrants—though resistance has stood its ground.
Meanwhile, Britain's border at Calais is increasingly fortified. Cops pepper spray refugees there too.
EU politicians have criticised Hungary's fence, but it was a condition of EU membership.
This follows a pattern already seen in Greece. The EU demanded a wall along the river Evros at its Turkey border. Hundreds of Syrian refugees held a sit-in protest there last week.
They rightly argued that this land blockade forces people onto the dangerous sea crossing. It has also given an alibi to any Greek politician who tries to use racism to shore up support.
Now EU border policies are poisoning the politics of newer eastern Europe members states in the same way. But here they are harder to resist.
For Those building a genuine left, the legacy of Stalinist dictorships remains an obstacle. And social crisis followed the fall of those regimes—with only glimpses of the kind of working class resistance that has shaped Greece.
Jan said, "We should demand our governments open the borders and stop their war games. But that's only one part of our task. The other is to fight for better jobs, wages and welfare—to undercut the Nazis and racists' claims that refugees are the problem."
Much of the debate about how to stop the violence at the EU's border has revolved around the need to "share the burden".
But this reinforces the idea that refugees are a problem—and the repressive system that tries to control them.
It's a contradiction Karmen struggles with. "It's a big question and I don't know what to do about borders," she said.
"There needs to be some control. But the more I hear from the migrants, the more I think the EU shouldn't get to decide where they stay.
"People might enter in one country, but have family in another.
"Why should we tell someone they have to stay in Hungary if they want to go to Sweden, for example? I believe they should have this freedom of movement."
Abandoned in Belgrade
Refugee child in Belgrade (Pic: Tom Ullman)
Hungary's new law states that Serbia is a "safe country". That allows the government to deport anyone coming through there—or jail them for several years if they enter Hungary.
Just a few dozen metres from Roszke's closed motorway checkpoint is one the two remaining legal crossings. Karmen described a small, unmarked prefab building where a small group of people are allowed inside every 15 minutes.
"A Syrian man told me they'd let him in, kept him in a room for 30 minutes, then handed him some forms he couldn't read.
"A translator told him to sign them. The forms said he had been returned to Serbia and wouldn't be coming to Hungary."
But Serbia is not a place where many refugees expect to find a future. British campaigner Tom Ullman went to the camp in its capital Belgrade.
Many stay at the camp because Serbia's new laws mean refugees are kicked out of hotels after three nights. Tom said, "Over the past week refugees have had to face abrupt downpours.
"Heavy rains are followed by a flurry of activity as those without storm-worthy tents head for what shelter they can find."
Muthanna told Tom he fled Syria after dictator Bashar al Assad's secret police tortured him. But after a year in Turkey he pushed on to Greece in an overloaded boat.
Tom said, "Sombre stories are told, and affect the mood of the camp. A ship sank the previous week, its passengers only rescued because one of them happened to have a flare.
"But for all the suffering there's a peculiar festival spirit where strangers become friends.
"The most joyous moment came when a local organisation brought supplies to make tea and music. Syrians, Iraqis and Afghans danced to familiar songs.
"We should be thankful to welcome such people into our countries."
Racism helps our rulers
Our rulers' biggest lie about border controls is that they protect the working class.
Even a piece in the supposedly liberal Guardian newspaper argued that letting in refugees would "hit the UK's working class areas hardest".
And some trade unionists argue that immigration harms workers' wages and conditions.
But pressure on services comes from politicians slashing funding. Bosses push down wages and conditions.
There is plenty of wealth in our society. Workers produce it—and when we stand together we have the power to reclaim it.
The racism and repression we are seeing at borders from Roszke to Calais only help our rulers divide us.
The Communist Manifesto famously ends with a call for international solidarity. "Workers of all countries unite—you have a world to win, and nothing to lose but your chains."
David Cameron understands this. That's why he wants to extend the border controls we are seeing in Hungary throughout the EU.
Our side must understand that we can only win if we smash them.
Topics Refugee
History of hypocrisy over refugees
Thousands join marches for refugees in Europe
European rulers close borders as more drown
Crackdown exposes EU leaders' lies on refugees
Refugees in Calais march to demand the border is opened
Racist propaganda falls short in Hungary's anti-refugee referendum


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§ 138. "No Adult Person."
§ 139. "Has or Acquires."
§ 140. "Oath or Affirmation."
§ 141. "A Member of the Other House."
§ 142. "Disqualification."
§ 143. "Allegiance, Obedience, or Adherence."
§ 144. "A Subject or a Citizen."
§ 145. "Attainted of Treason."
§ 146. "Or has been Convicted, and is Under Sentence for any Offence."
§ 147. "Office of Profit under the Crown."
§ 148. "Pension."
§ 149. "Interest in any Agreement."
§ 150. "The Queen's Ministers of State for the Commonwealth."
§ 151. "The Queen's Ministers for a State."
§ 152. "Officer or Member of the Queen's Navy or Army."
§ 153. "If a Senator or Member."
§ 154. "To any Person who Sues for it."
§ 155. "Qualification .. Vacancy .. a Disputed Election."
§ 156. "Allowance."
§ 157. "Powers, Privileges, and Immunities."
§ 158. "Such as are Declared by the Parliament."
§ 159. "Rules and Orders."
Voting in House of Representatives.
40. Questions arising in the House of Representatives shall be determined by a majority of votes other than that of the Speaker. The Speaker shall not vote unless the numbers are equal, and then he shall have a casting vote.
CANADA.—Questions arising in the House of Commons shall be decided by a majority of voices other than that of the Speaker, and when the voices are equal, but not otherwise, the Speaker shall have a vote.—B.N.A. Act, 1867, sec. 49.
HISTORICAL NOTE.—In the Commonwealth Bill of 1891, and in the Adelaide draft of 1897, the clause was in substantially the same form. At the Sydney session, a suggestion by the Parliament of Victoria was submitted to add a proviso that "in case of a proposed amendment of the Constitution the Speaker may vote notwithstanding the votes are not equal, and in such cases he shall not have a casting vote." It was contended that in the important case of a constitutional amendment, where an absolute majority was required, the Speaker ought not to be deprived of the right to give a vote which might be required to make up the absolute majority. However, the amendment was negatived. (Conv. Deb., Syd. [1897], pp. 461-3.) At the Melbourne session, a drafting amendment was made after the fourth report.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The city of Fairfax is an independent city located in Virginia. The city itself is an enclave which is in turn surrounded by Fairfax county. Together, these two areas make up the collective area known simply as Fairfax. The city of Fairfax has a number of means of transportation to and from the Washington DC area. To the south of the city, in Fairfax county sits George Mason University, the largest public school in the commonwealth of Virginia, which oversees the education of over 35,000 students every year.
Fairfax grew exponentially in the 1960's, going from a population of 2,000 to 13,500 in the course of ten years. Since then, the population has steadily increased, with the current number of residents at about 25,000. Fairfax has a good blend of residents of all ages, with no one demographic outnumbering another. As such, Fairfax, Virginia is a suitable location for all types of people, from all walks of life. In fact, Forbes rated Fairfax as one of the top 3 places to live well in 2009, citing Fairfax's excellent public school system, high median salary and vast amount of small businesses in the area, which makes it the ideal environment to live in during a recession.
Fairfax, Virginia is known in part for its excellent public school system, which are known as some of the best schools in the country. Primary and secondary schools in Fairfax include Fairfax High School, Lanier Middle School, Daniels Run Elementary School, Providence Elementary School, and Fairfax Academy. Being the largest university in Virginia, George Mason University stands as the college of choice for the residents of Fairfax. Notable programs at the university include creative writing, law, economics, computer science and business.
There are also a number of non secular schools not owned by the city for those seeking a more unique educational experience. These include the Boyd School, Gesher Jewish Day School, Kellar School of Inova Kellar Center, Lee Highway KinderCare, Little Flock Christian School, Northern Virginia Christian Academy, Oak Valley Center, Paul VI Catholic High School, The Salvation Army University View Child Care Center, Saint Leo The Great School, Trinity Christian School, and Truro Preschool & Kindergarten.
Fairfax, Virginia is home to a number of festivals and community activities throughout the year. Many of these events attract high numbers of visitors from out of town, which help stimulate the economy and make Fairfax an important destination for residents of the Virginia / Washington DC area year round. These festivals include the Annual Chocolate Lovers Festival, held in the heart of Old Town Fairfax in early February, Fairfax Civil War Day, which is a civil war reenactment held in the spring, as well as Fairfax Spotlight on the Arts, a three week long art festival with dance and choral performances throughout.
Fairfax also hosts National Trails day in June, a city-wide Independence Day celebration which includes a parade and evening activities, an Irish Festival in September, a Fall Festival in October, held in Old Town Fairfax, as well as a Fall For The Book Festival, which invites authors to read and exhibit their works for book lovers to enjoy. Fairfax also hosts a local Holiday Craft Show at Fairfax high school, and the Festival of Light and Carols in December. No matter the time of year, there's always something going on in Fairfax for residents to enjoy.


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Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy: prevalence, impact on pregnancy outcomes, and approach to treatment in developing countries
S Mullick1,
D Watson-Jones2,
M Beksinska3,
D Mabey4
1The Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, Hyde Park Lane Manor, Edinburgh Gate, Craighall, Johannesburg, South Africa
2London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and African Medical and Research Foundation, Mwanza, Tanzania
3Reproductive Health Research Unit, Durban, Suite 1301, Maritime House, Salmon Grove Durban, South Africa
4London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
Correspondence to:
Saiqa Mullick
The Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, Hyde Park Lane Manor, EG001 Edinburgh Gate, Box 411744, Craighall 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa; smullickpcjoburg.org.za
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common in the developing world. Management of STIs in pregnancy in many developing countries has, however, been complicated by the lack of simple and affordable diagnostic tests. This review examines the prevalence and impact on pregnancy outcome of STIs in developing countries and recommends approaches to management of STIs in pregnancy for resource poor settings.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio
ANC, antenatal clinic
BFP, biological false positive
BV, bacterial vaginosis
HSV, herpes simplex virus
IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation
LBW, low birth weight
MTCT, mother to child transmission
ON, ophthalmia neonatorum
PROM, premature rupture of the membranes
RPR, rapid plasma reagin
RR, rate ratio
STI, sexually transmitted infections
VCT, voluntary counselling and testing
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2002.004077
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) have been associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, prematurity, low birth weight (LBW), postpartum endometritis, and various sequelae in surviving neonates.
Preterm birth and low birth weight are major determinants of infant morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries where neonatal intensive care facilities are not often available. In one cross sectional study in Nairobi, Kenya, the incidence of LBW (<2500 g) was 7.5%, and the perinatal mortality in LBW children was 222 per 1000 live births.1
STIs, including HIV, are believed to be of particular importance in determining pregnancy outcome in the developing world because the prevalence of infection is so high.2 Cross sectional, randomised trials and retrospective cohort studies of antenatal clinic attenders in Africa have found that up to 40% of pregnant women have trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis, 2.5–17% have serological evidence of syphilis,3–6 while the prevalence of gonorrhoea and chlamydia ranges from 2–7% and 3–29%, respectively (table 1).
Prevalence of selected sexually transmitted infections (STI) in pregnant women in developing countries
Most published studies on the relation between STIs and pregnancy outcome have come from developed countries. This paper reviews the evidence from both developed and developing countries, but focuses particularly on the few developing country studies. Literature was identified using several methods: the Pubmed database was searched using keywords "sexually transmitted infections,""pregnancy," and "antenatal." Abstracts were first reviewed to select publications that reported on pregnancy outcomes. Papers reporting studies in developing countries and those most recently published were selected for review. WHO and CDC websites were also searched for relevant guidelines. Key experts and reviewers suggested additional literature including project reports and published material for review.
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND CONSEQUENCES IN PREGNANCY
Examining the impact of STI on pregnancy outcome is difficult. For ethical reasons it is not usually possible to prospectively study the effects of an untreated STI once the diagnosis has been made. Many studies have therefore been retrospective in design, where data have been collected on STIs and birth outcomes at or after delivery, and where it may have been difficult to control for other confounding factors earlier in the pregnancy that affect pregnancy outcome.
ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT AND PREGNANCY OUTCOME
Perhaps the best evidence of the impact of maternal infection on pregnancy outcome is from studies of presumptive antibiotic treatment in pregnancy. A randomised controlled trial in the United States showed that treatment with erythromycin between 26 and 30 weeks gestation reduced the incidence of premature rupture of membranes from 16–6%(p<0.001).7 Two studies in Africa have also shown a benefit of antibiotic therapy in pregnancy. A single dose of ceftriaxone 250 mg intramuscularly given to pregnant women in Nairobi between 28 and 32 weeks gestation participating in a randomised, double blind placebo controlled clinical trial led to a significant increase in mean birth weight (3.21 kg v 3.06 kg, p = 0.01), and non-significant reductions in the incidence of low birth weight (LBW)(4.0%v 9.2%, p = 0.08) and of postpartum endometritis (3.8%v 10.4%, p = 0.05).8 In a randomised clinical trial in the Rakai District of Uganda, a single oral dose of azithromycin 1 g, cefixime 400 mg, and metronidazole 2 g, which led to a reduced prevalence of STIs, was associated with significant reductions in the incidence of neonatal death (rate ratio (RR) 0.83, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.97) and low birth weight (RR 0.68, 0.53 to 0.86) and a non-significant reduction in preterm delivery (RR 0.77, 0.56 to 1.05).5
Syphilis has long been known to be an important risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome.9–11 The natural history of syphilis acquired in pregnancy is believed to follow the sequential stages of primary, secondary, and latent syphilis that have been observed in untreated, non-pregnant adult cases.
Left untreated, syphilis has a dramatic impact on pregnancy outcome. The consequences of untreated maternal infection include stillbirth, LBW, preterm birth and also congenital infection in a proportion of surviving infants. Historically, one third of pregnancies are believed to result in second trimester spontaneous abortion or perinatal death, one third in a congenitally infected infant, and one third in an uninfected infant.10 Data from developing countries confirm that maternal syphilis still remains an extremely important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality.6,12–14 The most significant consequence of untreated syphilis in resource poor settings is stillbirth but the infection has also been associated with LBW, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in Africa.6,15 As in developed countries, mothers with high non-treponemal test titres, as seen in earlier stages of infection, are most at risk of having an adverse pregnancy outcome.6,16
The impact of untreated syphilis in pregnancy at the population level may be considerable. In a prospective population based study in Malawi and a retrospective cohort study in Tanzania, 21% of perinatal deaths, 26–51% of stillbirths, 24% of preterm live births, 17% of all adverse pregnancy outcomes, and 11% of neonatal deaths have been attributed to untreated high titre (a rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test titre of ⩾1:8 and a positive treponemal assay) maternal syphilis.6,15
Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy leads to cervicitis and cervical discharge but a high proportion of women are asymptomatic. Information on the impact of untreated chlamydial infection on pregnancy outcome has mainly come from non-developing countries. The infection has been associated with stillbirth, premature delivery, premature rupture of the membranes, and LBW. Three large prospective studies of the impact of C trachomatis on pregnancy outcome have been reported from the United States. A study of 801 women enrolled between 22 weeks and 30 weeks gestation found that C trachomatis infection was associated with both intrauterine growth retardation (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.4, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.2) and preterm delivery (aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.5).17 A study of 534 women found that C trachomatis infection was associated with low birth weight (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.7), premature rupture of membranes (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.4) and preterm labour (<34 weeks)(aOR 4.0, 95% CI 1.7 to 9.2).18 However, a third study involving 1365 women found no association between cervical C trachomatis infection and adverse pregnancy outcome.19 In Nairobi, C trachomatis infection was found to be associated with postpartum endometritis.20
Maternal C trachomatis infection can also affect the neonate, leading to infant pneumonia and ophthalmia neonatorum (ON)21; 30– 50% of infants born to infected women will develop chlamydial ON, which is usually less severe than gonococcal ON. Cross sectional and prospective studies in Nairobi and the Gambia found the incidence of chlamydial ON to be 8.1 and 2.7 per 100 live births, respectively.22,23
The clinical pattern of gonorrhoea in pregnant women is similar to non-pregnant women, with up to 45% of cases being asymptomatic.24 In an antenatal clinic in Tanzania, symptoms of vaginal discharge, itching, and lower abdominal pain were no more common in women with than in women without cervical infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or C trachomatis.25 Documented sequelae of untreated N gonorrhoeae infection in pregnancy noted in case reports include preterm delivery, premature rupture of the membranes, LBW, postpartum endometritis, and gonococcal ON.26
A case-control study of women delivering in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, enrolled 166 women who delivered infants weighing <2500 g, and 175 control women. N gonorrhoeae was isolated from 11% of cases and 4% of controls (OR2.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 7.2).27 The authors concluded that gonorrhoea was responsible for 14% of cases of LBW in this population. A prospective study in South Africa looked at the relation between gonorrhoea diagnosed at the first antenatal clinic attendance and pregnancy outcome in 167 women. Five of nine women with gonorrhoea delivered a preterm infant compared with 24 of 158 uninfected women (RR 6.0, 95% CI 1.5 to 34.0). Women with gonorrhoea delivered significantly smaller babies (mean weight 2252 g v 2,970 g, p<0.005).13 Gonorrhoea has also been associated with upper genital tract infection in postpartum women in a prospective study in Kenya.20
Gonococcal ON occurs in 30–50% of infants born to infected mothers. The incidence of gonococcal ON was 3.6 per 100 live births in Nairobi and 2.1% in the Gambia.22,23 Gonococcal ON is a severe disease that may lead to corneal ulceration or perforation, and hence to blindness. A large controlled clinical trial in Nairobi found that ON could be prevented by instilling either 1% silver nitrate solution, or 1% tetracycline ointment into the eyes of infants at the time of delivery.28 However, since that study was conducted, the prevalence of tetracycline resistant strain of N gonorrhoeae has increased dramatically in many parts of the developing world and 2.5% povidone-iodine solution appears to be an effective alternative.29
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most prevalent cause of vaginal discharge in developing countries. Up to 50% of pregnant women have been found to have BV in sub-Saharan Africa.5,25,30 In developed countries it has been implicated as a cause of preterm birth, LBW, premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), postpartum sepsis, and spontaneous miscarriage. Treatment with oral metronidazole or clindamycin has been shown to reduce the incidence of preterm delivery in women with BV in case-control, prospective, and controlled clinical trials.31–37 In the clinical trial in Rakai, treatment with single dose metronidazole, combined with azithromycin 1 g and cefixime 400 mg, reduced the incidence of LBW and neonatal death.5 In a multicentre randomised placebo controlled trial in Indonesia, 2% clindamycin vaginal cream administered to women with BV at 14–26 weeks gestation, the results showed that this was effective for treating BV but did not reduce the incidence of preterm delivery or LBW as it did not eradicate upper genital tract infection.38
There have been few studies of the impact of BV on pregnancy outcomes in developing countries. BV was associated with premature delivery in a prospective study in Indonesia, especially when diagnosed early in the second trimester between 16–20 weeks gestation.39 No effect of BV was seen later in pregnancy, in contrast with studies in the United States. BV may have most impact on pregnancy when combined with another potential risk factor such as previous preterm or LBW delivery or when there is co-infection with Trichomonas vaginalis.34,40
Trichomonas vaginalis infection is highly prevalent in antenatal clinic (ANC) attenders in many developing countries (table 1). The WHO estimates that T vaginalis accounts for approximately half of all curable sexually transmitted diseases worldwide.2 The primary symptom of trichomoniasis in women is vaginal discharge41,42 but approximately half of all women will be asymptomatic.25,42,43
T vaginalis has been associated with preterm delivery and LBW in prospective cross sectional and cohort studies.41,44–46 Similar findings from a case-control study have been observed in Africa where T vaginalis in pregnant Congolese women was associated with delivery of a LBW infant.47 It has been estimated that T vaginalis may be responsible for 20–25% of cases of premature delivery in Africa.48 However, treatment of asymptomatic T vaginalis infection with metronidazole in a randomised controlled trial failed to reduce the incidence of preterm delivery in mothers in the United States.49
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 has an extremely high prevalence in resource constrained settings, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where up to 75% of women aged over 25 years may be infected.50,51 The proportion of genital ulcers caused by HSV-2 is believed to be increasing in Africa52,53 and this may be due to its synergistic relation with HIV infection. HSV has been shown to be associated with HIV acquisition in a cross sectional population based sample, an unmatched case-control study nested within a randomised trial cohort and a meta-analysis of 31 studies54–56 and clinical recurrences are more frequent in HIV infected individuals. The virus is usually vertically transmitted to the neonate from an infected mother during delivery. As such, the optimal strategy for reducing the morbidity of neonatal herpes is to prevent the neonate from acquiring HSV infection at delivery. A meta-analysis of prospectively designed, randomised, clinical trials detailing the use of aciclovir in pregnancy for women with HSV found that antiviral prophylactic treatment with aciclovir beginning at 36 weeks gestation was effective in reducing clinical HSV recurrences at the time of delivery, caesarean delivery, recurrent genital herpes, and the risk of viral shedding at delivery.57
Neonatal herpes is a severe illness presenting with pulmonary disease, seizures, fever, intracranial findings, and a high case fatality rate following contact with infected genital secretions during delivery.58 One prospective cohort study in the United States found that 5% of women from whom HSV was isolated at the time of labour had neonates with HSV infection.59 Risks of viral shedding and transmission to the infant are greatest when the mother has primary genital lesions during delivery, especially if she acquires infection towards the end of her pregnancy,60 in which case 5–50% of infants will be infected,61,62 and lower for recurrent herpes. There are few data on the proportion of pregnant women in developing countries who acquire HSV during pregnancy or on the incidence or prevalence of neonatal HSV.
In many African settings, HIV is now the most prevalent STI in pregnant women. Overall, 15–30% of women attending prenatal care clinics are infected with HIV.63 UNAIDS reports prevalences between 18–39% in southern Africa. In east Africa prevalence seems to be declining from 30% in Uganda in 1990 to 9% in 2002. In much of west and central Africa, HIV prevalence remains lower than other parts of the continent.64
As well as sequelae in the mother, maternal HIV infection, examined in prospective cohort and cross sectional studies, has an independent effect on birth outcome, especially where there is also chorioamnionitis.65,66 HIV has been associated in case-control and prospective studies with both LBW and stillbirth67 and with spontaneous abortion.13 An increased risk of preterm delivery in HIV positive mothers compared to HIV negative mothers has also been observed.68,69 The impact of HIV on pregnancy outcome is therefore likely to be significant in high prevalence settings. With an HIV seroprevalence of 16%, 19% of adverse pregnancy outcomes in a large prospective study in Nairobi were attributable to HIV.70
The most significant sequela of maternal HIV infection in pregnancy is mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV (table 2). Without intervention, rates of MTCT range from 15–30% without breastfeeding and rise to 30–45% with prolonged breastfeeding.71 MTCT is responsible for 90% of HIV infection in children worldwide.72 It is estimated that 5–10% of MTCT of HIV results from intrauterine transmission, 10–20% takes place during delivery, while post-delivery transmission accounts for 5–20%.73 In Africa, duration of breastfeeding,74 elevated breast milk sodium levels,75 mastitis, maternal viral load,76 and non-exclusive breastfeeding77 are all risk factors for HIV transmission via breast milk. The risk of MTCT of HIV in the breastfed population is estimated to range from 25% to 48%.78
Estimated risk and timing of mother to child transmission of HIV
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT IN PREGNANCY IN RESOURCE POOR SETTINGS
Table 3 summarises the recommended management of STIs in pregnancy in resource poor settings.
WHO recommended drug treatment for STIs in pregnancy
Screening for STI in pregnancy—syphilis and HIV
There are two main situations where screening for the management of STI in pregnancy is an option for resource poor countries. This is because there are cheap screening tests available for the diagnosis of both maternal syphilis and HIV infection.
Given the impact maternal syphilis has on pregnancy outcome, screening and treatment of syphilis in pregnant women at least once during pregnancy should be performed. In most resource poor developing countries, the RPR test is the most common screening assay. This test is cheap and simple although, like other non-treponemal tests, it is susceptible to false positive reactions from other maternal infections or autoimmune disease. These include common conditions like pregnancy, infection, measles, and malaria. Biological false positive (BFP) reactions are common in malaria endemic areas and may account for up to 30% of reactive RPR tests.6 Although the CDC recommends screening at the first ANC visit and again in the third trimester in high prevalence areas,79 many developing countries are only able to screen once during pregnancy owing to late attendance of women for antenatal care, the long turn around times from taking blood to getting results, and the cost of screening more than once. The WHO and CDC recommended treatment regimen is a single intramuscular dose of 2.4 MU benzathine penicillin for primary, secondary, and early latent syphilis infection, with three doses for late latent syphilis or syphilis of unknown duration.79,80 This is often not implemented since many women fail to re-attend for treatment or attend too late in pregnancy to complete the course of treatment.81,82
A South African study where women were asked to come back 14 days after testing for results found that the mean number of days to return was 20 and almost a fifth of women were not notified.83 Onsite screening, where RPR testing is done on site at the ANC and treatment is given at the same visit, does at least assure that women get at least one dose of benzathine penicillin in pregnancy at the time of testing and avoids delays in initiating treatment because of long turn around times for results and women not returning for results.2,84 Another South African study suggests that pregnancy outcome is better in women who receive three rather than one dose of benzathine penicillin, although this may have been because women receiving fewer than three doses were mostly treated late in the third trimester.16,84 Pregnancy outcomes were similar for women treated for syphilis with single dose benzathine penicillin compared to women without serological syphilis in a recent prospective cohort study in Tanzania.85 This intervention was found to be extremely cost effective,86 but did not address late congenital syphilis or serological cure in the mothers. Further research on what constitutes an adequate treatment regimen in pregnancy is needed.
There is evidence of the safety and efficacy of short course antiretroviral prophylaxis regimens for prevention of MTCT of HIV from a number of developing countries.87–90 Women who are identified as being infected during pregnancy and who have clinical indications for their own therapy should be given the appropriate regimen based on the current WHO recommendations for resource poor settings shown in table 4.90–92 There is evidence that viral suppression is less likely in postpartum women given nevirapine containing antiretroviral regimens in those women who received nevirapine during pregnancy.93 Pregnant women should therefore now be encouraged to attend for voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for HIV infection. Initial studies in Africa have shown that uptake of this service may be high. Zambian health employees trained in VCT counselled 17 263 pregnant women, of whom 72% were tested and 24% of those tested were HIV seropositive.94 A large study in four African countries showed that of 22 000 antenatal clients, slightly over 13 000 (61%) received pretest counselling and 7280 (33%) were tested, although this was highly variable by centre (25–90%).95 In Kenya and Zambia between 20–50% of women who were tested did not get their results.95 This attrition can significantly dilute the impact of interventions for PMTCT.
Recommendations for use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in pregnant women in different clinical scenarios in resource constrained settings
Post-test counselling of an HIV positive pregnant woman will include advice on breastfeeding. The WHO policy on breastfeeding is summarised as follows.96,97
Exclusive breastfeeding should be promoted and supported for 6 months. This applies to women known not to be HIV infected and those of unknown status.
When replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, avoidance of all breastfeeding by HIV infected mothers is recommended; otherwise exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life.
To minimise the risk of HIV transmission, breastfeeding should be discontinued as soon as it is feasible, taking the woman's situation into account (including risk of replacement feeding).
Syndromic management of STIs
In the resource constrained settings of many developing countries, laboratory diagnosis to confirm the aetiology of an STI related symptom is not a practical option. Simple and cheap criteria such as Gram stained vaginal smears or clinical criteria can be used to screen for T vaginalis using a wet preparation or BV98,99; in reality even this is beyond the reach of most ANC services in resource poor settings. With the exception of syphilis, HIV, T vaginalis, and BV, there are currently no cheap and reliable screening tests for other STIs. Screening using culture, ELISA, and polymerase chain reaction testing are not feasible and are too costly.
Where services are offered for the treatment of STIs in pregnancy in developing countries, this should rely on syndromic management, based on the provision of treatment for the main organisms that cause specific signs and symptoms (syndromes) associated with certain STIs. Vaginal discharge and genital ulceration are the most frequent syndromes encountered in pregnancy in developing countries. Management of STIs using this approach alleviates the need for expensive laboratory testing and helps healthcare workers to standardise the treatment for each syndrome.100 Syndromic management algorithms have several limitations including the fact that they will miss asymptomatic infections.101 There are also particular limitations with the use of syndromic management algorithms for the treatment of vaginal discharge as these are particularly poor at identifying women with cervicitis. In order to reduce the number of women with cervicitis a "risk assessment" approach has been used, and in some settings has been able to reduce the proportion of women overtreated.101 However, this approach still lacks sensitivity and specificity and should not be used as a diagnostic or screening tool.100 The effectiveness of syndromic management also depends on the healthcare seeking behaviour of the local population, the integration of STI treatment services within ANC services, and on the efficacy of the drugs chosen. Choosing appropriate drugs for STI treatment should depend on local antibiotic sensitivities but these are not known in many resource poor settings. Syndromic management guidelines are currently under review for the management of genital HSV infection,101 but are unlikely to affect the current management of HSV in pregnancy unless there is evidence of genital ulceration during the pregnancy. In this situation, women would be treated for syphilis, chancroid, and HSV syndromically. There are no guidelines for prevention of neonatal HSV in most resource poor settings and there are few data on the efficacy of syndromic management regimes for preventing adverse birth outcomes.
Other strategies to control STI in pregnancy
Other strategies to reduce the impact of STI in pregnancy have included vaginal washing with chlorhexidine to reduce MTCT of HIV in Nairobi.102 This showed no overall reduction in intrapartum MTCT of HIV. There have been several studies of presumptive antibiotic treatment in pregnancy. A Kenyan trial of a single presumptive dose of cefetamet-pivoxil versus placebo in women with a previous history of LBW or stillbirth found lower rates of LBW, gonorrhoea at delivery, and postpartum endometritis in women who received the antibiotic.103 A larger randomised mass treatment trial of a single cycle of presumptive treatment (azithromycin 1 g, cefixime 400 mg, and metronidazole 2 g) in Rakai, Uganda, resulted in significant reductions in maternal cervical and vaginal infections and infant ON.104 The rates of early neonatal mortality and LBW were also significantly reduced.5
In neonates, the WHO recommends that all cases of conjunctivitis in the newborn should be treated for both N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. The recommended treatment regimen for gonococcal conjunctivitis is ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg by intramuscular injection as a single dose to a maximum of 125 mg or alternatively kanamycin 25 mg/kg as a single dose by intramuscular injection to a maximum of 75 mg. Neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis should be treated with erythromycin syrup, 50 mg/kg per day orally, in four divided doses for 14 days or alternatively trimethoprim 40 mg with sulfamethoxazole 200 mg orally twice a day for 14 days.115 Prophylactic silver nitrate, tetracycline or erythromycin eye drops are recommended for infants in populations with high prevalence of C trachomatis and gonorrhoea,104,105 although this simple intervention is rarely implemented.
Contact tracing, or partner notification, is recommended as an integral part of STI control, including the management of STI in pregnancy. There have been few evaluations of this strategy in the developing world. Studies in sub-Saharan Africa have generally shown low attendance of contacts for syphilis treatment.86 A concerted health education campaign in Zambia managed to increase the proportion of contacts attending.106 Whether this was sustained long term and what proportion were infected are not known. The social consequences of passing a contact notification slip to a sexual partner have not been measured in developing countries where gender inequality may mean that these can seriously compromise the relationship. This has been highlighted in Kenya where 10% of women who informed their partners of their HIV status experienced relationship disruption or violence.107 Information on the acceptability, effectiveness, and consequences of contact tracing for syphilis and other STI in developing countries is clearly needed.
In summary, there is a high prevalence of STIs in many developing countries. These continue to have an impact on pregnancy outcome. The approach to diagnosis and management is likely to differ from country to country depending on available resources. Most developing countries rely on the syndromic approach to manage STIs in pregnancy. This approach, however, is notoriously poor in identifying infections particularly with N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis and will miss a high proportion of infection because a significant proportion of infections are asymptomatic. Risk assessment approaches have been used to reduce the proportion of women with cervicitis who are overtreated using the syndromic management approach but this approach still lacks sensitivity and specificity. Further, the syndromic approach currently does not address HSV, which is becoming increasingly common. Recent evidence from a prospective study of women with symptomatic STIs in Ethiopia showed that genital ulcer disease was significantly associated with treatment failure using syndromic management.108
There is an urgent need for affordable, rapid, point of care screening tests for STI screening in resource constrained antenatal care settings. Studies have confirmed the effectiveness of antenatal screening and treatment for syphilis and HIV on pregnancy outcome. Integration of antenatal screening services for these infections and the provision of syndromic management for other STIs in antenatal clinics should be prioritised.
The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Ms Michele Seibou, Population Fellow, Michigan University and Ms Sibekezelo Msomi of the Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit.
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Series editor: David Lewis
Helen Ward Rob Miller
Sexually Transmitted Infections 2005; 81 284-284 Published Online First: 01 Aug 2005.


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Noctem is an Iberian Black Metal band with a long trajectory of more than 15 years. With 2 demos, 1 live LP and 4 albums, released with Prosthetic Records, Art Gates Records, NHR and Metal Blade Records. After 15 years career, Noctem is one of the most active bands from Spain. The band played on many festivals, more than 20 tours around Europe, Asia, Mexico and Russia supporting lot of bands like Marduk, Enthroned, Impiety, Napalm Death, Samael, Gorgoroth, Nargaroth, Keep of Kalessin, Taake, Immolation, Vomitory, Malevolent Creation, Incantation, Hate, Ragnarok, Melechesh and many more... Extreme music, aggressive shows, blood and fire is the mark of this band. After four albums: "Divinity (2009), "Oblivion" (2011), "Exilium" (2014) and "Haeresis" (2016), the spaniards return with their most ambitious and Black Metal oriented opus to date, "The Black Consecration". 8 tracks full of blast beats, dark melodies and the impressive screams of vocalist Beleth, which takes no prisoners
https://ignitionmusic.net 8429006478002
Label: ARGE
Black Consecration
Artist: Noctem
1. The Black Consecration
2. Sulphur
3. Uprising of the Impenitents
4. Coven
5. All That Now Belongs to the Earth
6. Let That Is Dead Sleep Forever
7. Court of the Dying Flesh
8. Dichotomy of Malignancy


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Home News Waterstones: booksellers need to 'inspire customers' following Brexit
Waterstones: booksellers need to 'inspire customers' following Brexit
Published June 28, 2016 by Lisa Campbell
Waterstones' commercial manager has urged staff to "be there" for readers, to "put service first" and "truly engage with customers" in response to the EU...
Waterstones' commercial manager has urged staff to "be there" for readers, to "put service first" and "truly engage with customers" in response to the EU Referendum result last Friday (24th June) because what booksellers do "really, really matters".
Following the vote, opposed by 78% of the book trade, Waterstones' commercial manager Andy Rowe has emailed staff to urge them to make use of the publishing around the question of "what next" post-Brexit and "talk to people about that with a smile and a spring in your step while putting great books in people's hands".
Warnings from business leaders on the effect Brexit might have on the economy have been "pretty bleak," Rowe wrote, but said he has always been honest with staff and he kept "coming back to the same thing 'why do I do what I do'" and the answer is pretty much 'to inspire our customers and each other with a shared love of reading'."
"So my update today is to not talk about stock, but the sentence I have heard many times but not in a commercial update setting, 'great bookshops are made by great booksellers,' he wrote. "I truly believe this, so I ask that today and over the coming weeks we really put service first, we truly engage with our customers."
He added: "There is publishing that talks about 'what next' if we leave, talk to people about that with a smile and a spring in your step while putting great books in people's hands. I know this is what I will be doing…" Rowe continued: "What we do really, really matters. We need to be there for our customers and we need to genuinely continue to inspire them."
Before the referendum Waterstones boss James Daunt had warned that if the retailer left Europe, he would be forced to axe jobs in the face of a likely "significant retail downturn" which would "reverse much of the hard-won gain of the last few years" for the company. However, following the news on Friday, Daunt said he would do "nothing in the short term", while adding the company faced "deep uncertainty and will learn over the next months quite how challenging the retail environment may become".
Simon Key, owner of independent the Big Green Bookshop in London's Wood Green, has said it is too early to say if his trade would be hit following the news the UK is set to leave the EU, but added he was "sickened" and "still in shock" at the result.
"It was quiet on Friday, and quieter on Saturday," he said. "But Sunday was a lovely, busy day. It's too early to make any assumptions; ask the same question in two or three months time. Personally, I'm gutted, sickened and embarrassed for our country. The reality of what we've done probably hasn't hit people yet."
He added: "It hasn't affected people financially yet, but it will. In future will have an effect. I'm still in shock; I don't know what to do with myself. We won't be affected straight away but that's not the main worry. Our stupid country is self-imploding. I'm not thinking about myself, other people will have it harder."
Meanwhile, Neil Morrison, group human resource director at Penguin Random House, has also expressed his anger at the situation in a personal blog, in which he chastises the baby boomer generation for voting to send the UK catapulting out of the European Union, branding them "the most entitled generation that ever existed".
He wrote: "You should all be ashamed. You did not do enough", before sounding a more positive note that the next generation will "make this right".
"We will sort this out," he wrote. "We will make this better. We will build a world and a society that will put you to shame…We will remember what you've done and always strive to be better than you. We will undo what you've done and we will build anew. And we will never, ever let this happen again."
Andy Rowe
Media outlook 'dismal' following Brexit, analysts warn
Peter James condemns 'lying' politicians behind Brexit 'tragedy'
Academics 'gravely concerned' by Brexit
Pearson in 'strong position' to weather Brexit uncertainties
J K Rowling: 'Brexit debate is ugliest in my lifetime'


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Chelsea to Finalise £4m Frank Lampard Appointment Next Week
Ben Carter 22 Jun 2019
Derby County manager Frank Lampard will reportedly sign on the dotted line with former club Chelsea as early as next week, just one year into his managerial career.
Appointed at Pride Park in his first-ever senior job last year, Lampard guided the Rams to a place in the Championship play-off final but eventually missed out on promotion to Aston Villa.
But having been shortlisted by Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich to take over from Maurizio Sarri this summer, ESPN claim that Lampard will leave Derby County next week to seal his return to west London.
The Blues will be forced to pay a £4m compensation fee to the Championship club for the move, but it's funds that they've already recouped following former manager Sarri's decision to succeed Massimiliano Allegri at Juventus.
The Italian head coach spent just one season at Stamford Bridge, but he guided the club to a Carabao Cup final, a third-place finish in the Premier League and all the way to lifting the Europa League in May - Sarri's first ever piece of silverware as a manager.
Lampard, meanwhile, spent 13 years at Chelsea as a player and remains their highest ever goalscorer, as well as being fourth in the club's all-time appearance chart.
He's expected to sign a three-year contract with Chelsea, having rejected an improved contract offer from Derby owner Mel Morris who wanted to keep Lampard at the club for at least another season.
The 41-year-old will be tasked with guiding Chelsea through their two-window transfer ban, but significantly he'll be without the club's talisman Eden Hazard following his move to Real Madrid earlier this month.
Inter unable to pay first instalment of Achraf Hakimi transfer to Real Madrid
West Ham in talks with Sevilla for striker Youssef En-Nesyri
Barcelona presidential candidates fail to agree on deal for Man City's Eric Garcia


Many of us over a certain age endured a high school typing class on a (gasp!) real typewriter. Between nerve-wracking speed tests and paper jams, we were taught to put two spaces after periods in order to make individual sentences easier to identify. Today, the extra space is frowned upon, but those of us who survived an entire semester with one of those metal monsters may find it hard to break the two-space habit. If that's you (and it's certainly me), here is a quick tutorial on how to find and delete extra spaces in Word.
This tutorial is also available as a YouTube video, which you can watch on my YouTube channel or in the embedded video player at the end of this post.
The images shown below are from Microsoft Word 2019; however, the steps are the same for Word 2016, Word 2013, and Word 2010.
2. Select Replace in the Editing group.
3. Ensure you are in the Replace tab in the Find and Replace dialog box.
Replace replaces only the current occurrence of a double space with a single space.
Replace All replaces all the double spaces with single spaces. If you choose this option, a dialog box will appear telling you how many replacements have been made.
Find Next locates the next double space in the document without replacement.
7. Select the Close button to close the Find and Replace dialog box when you are finished.
Note that you can also customize Word to flag extra spaces between words and sentences as you type and then correct each occurrence individually.
I'm using MS Word 365 for MAC, vsn 16.23, copyright 2019. My MacBook Pro uses macOS Mojave vsn. 10.14.2.
I have not been able to reproduce your results for deleting multiple spaces between words in a doc.
E..g., I want to reduce eight spaces between two words to only four spaces, which occurs ten times in a doc.
That is, from "A (continues)" to "A (continues)"".
I've tried various approaches, such as (1) "Use wildcards", (2) "Ignore punctuation characters", (3) ignore white-space characters", (4) ASCII 32 (Unicode F020) – but have had no success yet.
Lastly I've used both "Find and Replace" and "Advanced Find & Replace". The only difference I noticed is that the former does not provide a pop-up notice when no action is performed.
Well, this is my woe, Erin. Can you provide any other options to accomplish my goal?
Thanks for the therapeutic "listening" (i.e., reading).
Hello, Gregg. Thank you for reading my post. I'm a PC user, so I'm afraid I can't offer any suggestions. And, I hesitate to even offer a guess because my colleagues in the writing world frequently tell me that Word 365 for MAC operates under its own mysterious set of rules. Hopefully you can find someone who specializes in MAC? I wish you all the best!


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Senukoh (mal. Kampong Senukoh, także Ulu Senukoh) – wieś w mukimie Labu w dystrykcie Temburong we wschodnim Brunei. Położona jest przy bocznej drodze Jalan Senukoh. We wsi znajduje się szkoła podstawowa Senukoh Primary School.

Przypisy

Wsie w Brunei

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Centuries of mining, farming, irrigation and acid rain have eroded life-giving minerals from our soil. These mineral-deficient soils are then used to grow and cultivate our food. Because of this, our food may be lacking in the essential minerals.
In fact, Dr. Wallach of "Dead Doctors Dont Lie" fame has stated "one sentence has killed more people than all the wars in American history. . . You get all the nutrition you need from the four food groups."
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When it comes to mineral supplementation, you should use only the finest products available - Youngevity® products! When you go shopping, there are always generic brands and imitations vying for your attention. But when it comes to your health, do not accept any imitations. There are no quick-fixes, no silver bullets, and no shortcuts. The only way you can heal your body is to give it all the raw materials it needs to run stronger, faster and longer.


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Beaux Arts Special Edition / Frida Kahlo, Beyond Appearances - Palais Galliera
Partly presented at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London in 2018, the touring exhibition stops at the Palais Galliera. It will unveil an extraordinary collection of personal objects and clothing belonging to the iconic Mexican artist Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) and offer a powerful insight ...
Partly presented at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London in 2018, the touring exhibition stops at the Palais Galliera. It will unveil an extraordinary collection of personal objects and clothing belonging to the iconic Mexican artist Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) and offer a powerful insight into how Frida Kahlo constructed her own identity.
Beaux Arts Éditions looks at how Frida Kahlo carefully crafted her image to convey a political message while concealing her battered body; not forgetting, of course, the artist behind the figure.
Exhibition at the Palais Galliera - Musée de la Mode de la Ville de Paris, from 15 September 2022 to 5 March 2023
84 pages - September 2022
Frida Kahlo (1907-1954)
Special Edition / Aristide Maillol. The quest for harmony
Special Edition / Germany The 1920s


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News & Events News 2022 May Teaching Learning Center Offering ACUE Credential
Teaching and Learning Center into Third Year Offering ACUE Credential
Russell Guerrero - Strategic Communications Coordinator
After a rocky start caused by the start of the coronavirus pandemic, the Teaching and Learning Center is now into its third year offering faculty a credential through the Association of College and University Educators (ACUE).
The Credential in Effective College Instruction is the only college educator credential available in the nation and it gives faculty research-based teaching strategies to help students both online and in the classroom.
"The mission of ACUE is to ensure student success and equity through quality instruction," said Dr. Joan Jaimes, Director of the Teaching and Learning Center. "It is an investment San Antonio College is putting into faculty and their professional development."
Earning the credential is open to adjunct, part-time, and full-time faculty at SAC as well as teachers who are partners in the early college high school program or the dual credit program.
First offered in February 2020, the credential courses were halted while the college transitioned to remote learning. However, the credential courses soon returned online and many faculty in the first cohort came back to start again. Since then, two cohorts have completed the credential and most of the educators who have enrolled in the classes are 75 percent into earning the full credential.
The credential is composed of four microcredentials, each on a different topic:
Promoting Active Learning Online
Creating an Inclusive and Supportive Online Learning Environment
Inspiring Inquiry and Lifelong Learning in Your Online Course
Designing Student-Centered Courses
Each microcredential contains between six to eight modules and takes about two months to complete.
There are two avenues that can be taken to earn the credential. The first is to commit an academic year to pursuing the four microcredentials one after the other. The second is to enroll in microcredential courses at different times and completing the credential over an extended period. Since they are not in a sequential order, an educator can begin with any microcredential. After finishing each microcredential, an educator will receive a badge to mark their progress.
The modules for the microcredentials are taught in a hybrid environment. Educators can work at their own pace through the modules in Canvas and can meet on Fridays on Zoom for discussions on the lessons. Classes are limited to 33 people at a time.
In addition, there is a separate microcredential that is offered but not part of the full credential. It is called Inclusive Teaching for Equitable Learning.
Jaimes said the Teaching and Learning Center is now recruiting interested educators to begin the program for Summer and Fall 2022.
Starting Monday, June 6, educators can take one of two microcredentials that will be offered for the summer: Designing Student Centered Courses, a stackable microcredential that goes to earning the full credential, and Inclusive Teaching for Equitable Learning.
The deadline to enroll for the microcredentials is Friday, May 20.
For educators who want to pursue the full credential, courses will begin on Friday, September 16, and conclude May 2023. The deadline to enroll in the full credential is Wednesday, July 6.
The Teaching and Learning Center will also offer three microcredentials in Fall 2022; two are stackable and go toward completing the full credential: Inspiring Inquiry and Preparing Lifelong Learners in your Online Course and Creating an Inclusive and Supportive Online Learning Environment. The third offering will be Inclusive Teaching for Equitable Learning.
All three will begin on Monday, October 3, 2022, and will end before the Winter Break. The deadline to enroll in the microcredentials is Wednesday, July 6.
To learn more, including attending informational sessions hosted by ACUE, visit the SAC ACUE webpage or contact Dr. Joan Jaimes at jjaimes23@alamo.edu or 210-486-0413.
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Russian language and culture marked at RCSC
The event provided clear indicators of growing interest in India's youth to strengthen their knowledge of Russia.
RCSC
Along with the Delhi Public Schools and Delhi Higher Educational Institutions, the Russian Centre of Science and Culture (RCSC) in New Delhi organised the traditional annual Days of Russian Language, Literature and Culture on February 4 & 5, 2016.
Exhibitions, essay writing, poster making, a quiz on Russian culture, Olympiad on Russian language, song and dance competitions, Russian costume presentation, translations and poetry recitation formed the highlights of the annual Days of Russian Language, Literature and Culture. Students of Russian languages from schools and colleges in Delhi and the Institute of Russian Language, Russian Centre of Science and Culture, participated.
Source: RCSC
Excellent performances by Indian students clearly signalled that they were keenly interested and enthusiastic not only in mastering Russian language but also Russian art, culture and history. The way students recited poetry and sang, with amazing diction, intonation, and pronunciation moved the Jury members. The event provided clear indicators of growing interest in India's youth to strengthen their knowledge of Russia, showing great prospects for bilateral relations in the future.
Seven schools participated in the junior category in the event on February 4: Springdales, Delhi Public School (DPS) Dwarka, DPS Ranipur, DPS Indirapuram, DPS Noida, Mount Carmel and Bluebells School International.
The senior category, at events on February 5, comprised students from Jawaharlal University, Delhi University, Charan Singh University, Amity University, Gurgaon, BPS Mahila Viswavidyalaya, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, and the Institute of Russian Language.
Successful candidates from schools and colleges received trophies, certificates and Russian Souvenirs. Prof. R. Kumar, President, Indian Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (INDAPRYAL), was Chief Guest at the prize distribution ceremony on February 4, and Prof. Abhay Maurya, former Vice Chancellor, English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad, was Chief Guest on February 5.
DPS Dwarka received high scores in the competitions, while JNU and the Institute of Russian Language, RCSC, won outstanding scores.
RCSC russian language Russian Cultural Centre RIR Blogs
50 golden years of RCSC in New Delhi
"Stylyagi" Band marks traditional Christmas, New Year holidays at RCSC


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Where to Eat in Miami, According to a Local
The south Florida city is a hub of Art Deco design, nightlife hot spots, and Cuban flavor, so it's no wonder so many songs have been written about it. Andrew Kaplan, Miami local and Rach's director of special projects, unpacks his favorite sights.
Christina Izzo
Panther Coffee
panthercoffee.com
"You can't leave Miami without some local jet fuel," says Kaplan. This small-batch coffee roaster (above) is the city's most notable java brand.
Photo courtesy Panther Coffee
"I used to visit Miami for my Burger Bash event, and it opened my eyes to the city's culture, the food, the music. It's a world-class city that feels like a cozy hometown."—Rach
La Sandwicherie
lasandwicherie.com
The best sandwich in town isn't Cuban—it's French, says Kaplan. Since 1988, this chainlet (above) has doled out sammies such as saucisson and brie as well as country pâté. "Don't forget to ask for French vinaigrette on your sandwich—trust me!" he says.
Photo courtesy La Sandwicherie
Ball & Chain
ballandchainmiami.com
Go to this Calle Ocho bar for "drinks, dancing, and live music from a pineapple-shaped stage," says Kaplan. Expect Latin bites, like the ceviche (below), and a soundtrack of salsa and jazz—a nod to when Billie Holiday and Chet Baker would perform there in the '50s.
Photo courtesy Ball & Chain
Taquiza
taquizatacos.com
The totopos at this underground taqueria in North Beach are one of the best appetizers in Miami. "They're basically a fresh, hot, thick, crispy, and kind of chewy tortilla chip—thank me later," says Kaplan. The tacos (below) are excellent, too. If you're feeling muy adventurous, try some filled with adobo-seasoned grasshoppers.
Photo courtesy Taquiza
Photo by Getty Images
Wynwood Art District
thewynwoodyard.com
Take advantage of food vendors, film festivals, and dance parties at the Wynwood Yard, an open-air space in the Wynwood Art District. Cap off the day with a stroll to the Wynwood Walls, an outdoor street-art museum.
Photo courtesy The Betsy–South Beach
The Betsy Hotel
thebetsyhotel.com
Right on Ocean Drive, this quintessentially Miami resort exudes retro glamour in its two wings: One is decorated in colonial-chic style (a columned portico, plantation shutters), while the other is Art Deco (all brass fixtures and mirrored features).
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Why You Should Visit Detroit This Summer
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My wife and I woke up early that morning. In fact, way too early in my opinion. It was 3:00 am when the alarm went off. Unfortunately, I had been awake since 2:30. The last few days had been restless as we prepared to travel to South Dakota for my mother-in-law's funeral. Our flight was at 5:30 am, which meant we needed to leave the house around 3:45. The plan was to drive ourselves to the airport and leave our car in long-term parking. It was going to cost us a pretty nickel to leave it there for almost a week, but what choice did we have? We didn't want to burden our friends by asking for a ride – and at 3:45 am for that matter. Plus, we would need a way back from the airport as well. No, that would be asking too much. My friend Dan had offered a couple of times to take us to the airport and pick us up, but that was just too much to ask. Wasn't it?
I must admit a flaw I have. I love helping friends and family out when they are in need, but I am horrible at accepting their generosity. I would welcome a friend calling me in the middle of night, even if it just meant they needed to talk, but I fail in letting others do the same for me.
We ended up allowing Dan to bless us by driving us to and from the airport. It really served as a reminder to me that in a society that continues to push God out of their lives, there are still many wonderful God-loving people. Dan is just one example. There are many friends and family who have overwhelmed us with their love over the past few weeks, and to list them all would be almost impossible.
It is during the difficult times that our true love and trust in God will shine the most. Unfortunately, we often question God and His perfect plan. The pain is so unbearable that we simply can't see any way it could be a good thing. There have been times of struggle in my life where I quickly see God's plan. Other times it takes a while before I see how God's plan is far better than anything I imagined. Yet other times I believe we simply are not meant to know. We simply must have faith.
As I have grown older, I have noticed how God continues to send us help through other people. They help us to see the things we can't see in the darkness and to find the hope we need to get us through the difficult times. They demonstrate God's love and mercy.
2019 so far has been a year of loss for me, but it has also been a year of great gain as I have been able to clearly see God's love through those we lost. Hopefully I can be more giving of my love and more accepting of the love from others.
Maybe God is calling you to be the answer to someone else's prayers, or maybe He is sending people to you as an answer to your prayers. Either way, I pray you allow yourself to feel God's love – in whatever form it may come.


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Safra Group este o rețea internațională de companii controlate de familia Safra, care cuprinde instituții bancare și financiare, operațiuni industriale, imobiliare și agroindustriale. Este prezent în SUA, Europa, Orientul Mijlociu, America Latină, Asia și Caraibe.

Vezi și
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Edmond Safra
Banco Safra
Safra National Bank of New York
Bank Jacob Safra Switzerland

Familia Safra
Companii de servicii financiare din Brazilia
Companii din Brazilia


This is another painting that was inspired by an old photograph I had taken (somewhere) and forgot all about – rediscovered while leafing through miscellaneous pictures. I was immediately taken by the mood and loved the iconic nature of the tavern with the pick up truck in front and an anonymous 4-wheeler barreling by on the road. Also I've come to love neon signs at dusk, when you can still see what's going on just enough to create a mood, and the neon tubes are glowing against the ever-darkening sky. The painting flowed out of me and people have loved it.
I had no idea where this was taken, but speculated that it was Pennsylvania, as we had done a number of canoe trips on the Delaware River when we lived in New York City. And they're big into fishing there as well, so it seemed logical.
Imagine my surprise when one of my friends found an almost identical photograph to mine online (same exact angle of the sign with the road on the left, etc) and the location was Arkansas! I am still baffled, as I have no memory of going to Arkansas at this earlier time in my life! A mystery for sure.
1. There's a pool and there's trout fishing available on the grounds, but there's no fishing in the pool.
2. No swimming in the fish pond either. Obviously.
3. The sheets and towels are hot-water washed on a daily basis. The bedspreads? Get real.
4. We do not accept guests on an hourly basis, and yes, you have to use your actual name to register.
5. Tip the maids, like decent human beings are supposed to. Or you're on your own and the management declines responsibility.
6. We are committed to the privacy of our guests. If you see someone you recognize and they act like they don't know you from Adam, be cool, because they saw you too.
7. Be aware of and observe the posted catch limit for trout. If all the guests took a couple extra fish, we might fun out by your next visit. Imagine what a laughing stock we'd be if there were no fish at the Angler Motel. It's a small thing in the spiraling cosmos, but to us, still pretty central.
8. Toilet paper is meant to roll off the top front. If you a mount a roll incorrectly, that's your choice, but we will mention it in the daily staff meeting and wonder amongst ourselves what grade you dropped out of.
9. Frowns close minds, while smiles open doors. These aren't all the rules, but they're the ones you need to know.
Enjoy your stay at the Angler.


In this interview Ana releases instruction on how prophetic intercessors can impact today's world and nation. Ana is a prophetic voice and in this interview she also releases words over the nation and for your life. If you are an intercessor or know one share this interview. It will equip and encourage you to walk in the power of God for intercession! For such a time as this God has raised intercessors up and we walk in the power of God's might. Ana is a key figure in raising up future intercessors and prophets! Ana is a bold voice speaking light into the darkness!