text:
Be aware of choices during Hunger Awareness Week
truxton meadows April 29, 2003 0
According to a United States Department of Agriculture survey, Oregon is the hungriest state in the country. This ranking prompted Gov. Kulongoski to name April 27 through May 3 "Hunger Awareness Week." But, there is reason to be skeptical of Oregon's status.
To start, according to other USDA sources, in terms of (more…)
The Mythical World of Transit-Oriented Development: Light Rail and the Orenco Neighborhood, Hillsboro, Oregon
Cascade Policy Institute April 23, 2003 0
During the past decade, Portland-area planners have embraced Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) as the dominant land use/transportation strategy. They assert that TOD, especially based on light rail, will reduce traffic congestion, increase transit use, improve air quality, and attract private investment.
Dozens of TODs have been constructed in the Portland region since 1990, with several winning national acclaim. Most have received public subsidies, on the assumption that the public benefits of TOD outweigh the costs. However, little is known about how transit-oriented projects actually perform once they are built, in terms of transit use and auto dependency. The purpose of this analysis—the first in a series of Portland, Oregon TOD case studies—is to begin filling in that gap by analyzing one of the most well-known TODs in the country, Orenco Station. (more…)
Education freedom advances
nick weller April 22, 2003 0
The Oregon State Senate recently advanced education freedom by eliminating mandatory testing of homeschool students, and House members will consider the bill in the coming weeks. If this bill is passed into law, it will treat home education the same as private schools by not subjecting either to government intervention.
Senate Bill 761 passed 20 to 9, but there are (more…)
Show us the leadership
kurt t. weber April 15, 2003 0
With April Fool's Day just passed, Governor Kulongoski is poised to break his pledge to make Oregon state government live within its means. The April 13 Oregonian headline reports, "Kulongoski, long against tax increase, says it appears inevitable." The governor should keep his pledge to work on Oregon's spending problem. That would be leadership.
The governor must hold legislators' feet in the fire and (more…)
Business of the City
steve buckstein April 8, 2003 0
The Mayor of Oregon's largest city delivered her annual State of the City address last Friday. The disconnect between her vision for economic development and the business climate reality was palpable.
Mayor Katz' "new" economic development strategy calls for (more…)
Great selection, low price; why discriminate against large stores?
Cascade Policy Institute April 1, 2003 0
The Sandy, Oregon, Planning Commission held a hearing last week on a proposal to ban large retail superstores. The Eugene City Council will be looking at a similar ordinance within the next few months. Hood River has already enacted such restrictions.
Why do politicians insist on trying to (more…)


text:
Q: Adding formatting support to a custom string implementation - C I have a C application (not using C99 features) that does some heavy string processing. Since the string lengths are not known, statically allocated buffers is not an option for me. I have created a simple string implementation which will abstract the null termination and dynamic expansion of buffers.
Here is how it looks like,
struct strbuf {
    char *buffer;            /* null terminated buffer */
    size_t length;           /* length of the string excluding null terminator */
    size_t allocated;        /* total memory allocated */
};

add function which adds the supplied string into the buffer.
int strbuf_add(struct strbuf *string, const char *c)
{
    if(string == NULL) return 0;

    while(*c != '\0') {
        if(!add_char(string, *c++))
            return 0;
    }

    return 1;
}

static int add_char(struct strbuf *string, char c)
{
    size_t space_available;

    assert(string != NULL);

    space_available = string->allocated - string->length;
    if(space_available <= 1) {
        if(!grow_buffer(string)) {
            return 0;
        }
    }
    string->buffer[string->length++] = c;
    string->buffer[string->length] = '\0';

    return 1;
}

Now, I need to add a new method something like, addformatted which will take a format like sprintf. I am wondering what would be the best way to do this? Following are my thoughts.

*

*Use vsnprintf. But I am not sure that this is portable and has got the same behaviour on all platforms.

*Write a format parser myself. But this seems to be more work.

Any help in implementing this would be great. I am only interested in portable solutions.

*

*Dev Env : Linux with GCC

*Expected to compile on MSVC

A: snprintf is the way to go and has well-defined behavior, but there are some broken implementations where it returns the wrong values when the buffer is too small. Personally I would just ignore broken implementations unless you really need to use one, or provide a custom implementation of the whole printf family to replace the system version on such broken systems. Otherwise you need to research the broken behavior these systems exhibit and find out how to write workarounds. It might require progressively enlarging the buffer over and over until your call succeeds.

A: When you use sprintf, you must have some idea of what the resulting string length will be, or else you use snprintf and shield yourself from buffer overflows.
If you want this kind of interface, you can create a function that wraps snprintf and takes as argument a buffer length, and expand your string the required amount before calling snprintf.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Yes, folks, it's officially that time of year. Oktoberfest is in full swing and ends on Sunday.
Now, I'm not a beer drinker, but I would love to go over to Bavaria and experience this festival at least once. Until then, I'll write about it.
Going on with the theme from last week's post, here are some weird and wonderful facts about Oktoberfest.
Crown prince Ludwig married Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen on October 12, 1810. The festival was initially just a celebration for the big royal wedding and went on to be an excuse to celebrate each year on the anniversary. Somewhere along the line, the festival was moved to September, when the days are longer in this part of the world, and ends on the first Sunday of October. You can read the whole story here.
This is because the area where the festival is held, is called Theresienwiese – Therese's field – in honour of the princess. Wiesn is an abbreviation of the place-name.
The rule is that only Bavarian beer, brewed to meet the Reinheitsgebot, can be served at Oktoberfest. The Reinheitsgebot – purity order – is basically a list of regulations on beer brewing.
In times of war and disease, Oktoberfest was not held. Makes sense, doesn't it? Nobody wants to drink and party when their neighbours are dying of cholera or when you're being bombed by the Allies, for example.
As with any German festival (and there are a lot of festivals), you can expect an abundance of food stalls at Oktoberfest. You'll also find live shows and music, amusement rides, vendors and activities like archery.
Then, there's also a mass held on the first Thursday of each Oktoberfest in the hippodrome tent. Church and getting out-of-your-mind-drunk at the same festival? Well, apparently so.
Don't be surprised to find whole families in attendance either. Kids are allowed and there's a whole lot going on to entertain them while the grown up's drink. Since the legal drinking age in Germany is 16, 14 if you're accompanied by a parent or guardian, I bet Friederich is having a cold one in the same tent as Dad anyway.
In fact, until he's cracked open the first barrel and says 'O'zapft is!' – it's tapped! – nobody can drink a drop of beer. This has been the rule since 1950.
With an alcohol level of typically around 6%, Oktoberfest beer is stronger than the average padawan. People get super drunk, super fast. Pair that with dehydration, you can imagine why there's need for a Red Cross tent (which is usually bursting at the seams).
Those unfortunate souls who pass out from *ahem* excessive consumption, are called Bierleichen – beer corpses. You can imagine how many must be passing out, considering the amount of beer sold. No?
2015 saw 7.3 million litres of beer served, if that paints a clearer picture.
Because she showed up in a dirndl promoting a canned wine brand. The locals were offended and had the organisers issue the ban. No, I'm not joking.
Anyway, I hope you enjoyed this post. I could've added some more facts above; like that Albert Einstein was part of an Oktoberfest construction team once, waiters must be able to fill a Maß in an average of 1 and a half seconds, and Oktoberfest has its own post office – which will give you a special Oktoberfest stamp – but these facts are especially for those of you who read the post to the end.


At Huish we are committed to providing a broad and balanced curriculum for all. It is vital that we challenge, inspire and demand from our students the very best in terms of effort and resilience. These key attributes will ensure that the vast majority of our students will achieve to and beyond expectations in terms of both progress and attainment.
For an overview on how you can help your child get the best out of secondary school please click here.
For a copy of the 2019-2021 options booklet click here.


What's the solution to this kind of thing? How is the line here different than when other people blame some technology for a societal ill (i.e. video games are practice grounds for violent behavior)?
Did the fact that such a database exists cause someone to misuse the data, or did the person choose to misuse the database? The bottom line is that if you create a database then there is some likelihood that it will be misused by those that have the means to access it.
Do not fall into the trap that we often accuse others of falling into, blaming the technology for enabling a person's bad behavior.


text:
// Checksum:2DF056067AE38CA4AAF091D901041588

namespace MainDemo.Reports.MainDemo_Module.EmbeddedReports._TasksStateReport {
    public partial class _TasksStateReport
    {
        // -- Anything above this line will be ignored when converting back to repx. --
        // -- Start of embedded scripts --
        private void xrLabel1_BeforePrint(object sender, System.Drawing.Printing.PrintEventArgs e) {
            // This is a test
            xrLabel1.Text = "Hello";
        }
        private void xrLabel2_BeforePrint(object sender, System.Drawing.Printing.PrintEventArgs e) {
            xrLabel2.Text = GetLabel2Text();
        }
        public string GetLabel2Text()
        {
            return "Label 2!";
        }
        // -- End of embedded scripts --
        // -- Anything below this line will be ignored when converting back to repx. --
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


New Delhi, Aug 8 () Fincare Small Finance Bank (SFB) aims to grow its loan book size to Rs 10,000 crore by 2020-21 and targets to gain 40 lakh customers by then, its managing director and chief executive Rajeev Yadav said today.
"So if we look at growth rate, this is a very healthy growth rate of the order to 60-70 per cent for the next three years," he further said.
He said the bank wants to have its presence in at least top 80 cities of the country or to be covering at least 30 per cent states.


text:
Home Chevron icon It indicates an expandable section or menu, or sometimes previous / next navigation options. BI General Contributors
'DISGRACEFUL, DISRESPECTFUL': Pauline Hanson shocks the Senate by turning up in a burqa
Business Insider Australia
One Nation leader Pauline Hanson appeared in the Australian senate today wearing the full black covering of a burqa, drawing an immediate rebuke from the attorney-general in a speech that earned an extended ovation from the chamber.
Hanson wore the covering for several minutes before getting to her feet, when invited by the Senate President, to ask about banning the burqa in Australia "in light of national security".
Hanson's call is part of a long-running campaign by the controversial Queensland senator, who, when she returned to parliament last year, claimed that the country was going to be over-run with Muslims - a variation on her claim 20 years earlier that Australia was being "swamped by Asians".
She claimed there was a "large majority of Australians" who wished to see Australia following France in outlawing the garment.
In response, attorney-general George Brandis with an emphatic "no" and then chastised Hanson for her behaviour.
"I'm not going to pretend to ignore the stunt that you have tried to pull today by arriving in the chamber dressed in a burqa when we all know that you are not an adherent of the Islamic faith," he said.
"I would caution you and counsel you senator Hanson, with respect, to be very, very careful of the offence you may do to the religious sensibilities of other Australians.
"We have about half a million Australians in this country of the Islamic faith and the vast majority of them are law-abiding, good Australians... It is absolutely consistent with being a good, law-abiding Australian and a strict, adherent Muslim."
Senator Brandis said he'd had responsibility for the national security for four years and intelligence and law enforcement officials worked closely with the Muslim community.
His voice quivered with emotion as he concluded his response, saying: "To ridicule that community, to drive it into a corner, to mock its religious garments is an appalling thing to do and I would ask you to reflect on what you do".
The senate erupted with applause as he concluded his reply and Labor senators and many on the crossbench stood to applaud.
George Brandis on the verge of tears as he tells Pauline Hanson her behaviour is "appalling". Standing ovation from ALP/Greens. #auspol #QT pic.twitter.com/KQpc6q5RVN
— Michael Koziol (@michaelkoziol) August 17, 2017
Senate President Stephen Parry said that when Hanson entered the chamber, he confirmed her identity, and declined to comment on her attire.
She also had her red senator's pin, which identifies her as a member of the chamber, pinned to the outside of her garment.
In subsequent debate, Labor's Penny Wong said Hanson's actions were "disgraceful" and "disrespectful".
"I make this point on behalf of all of us on this side of the chamber, it is one thing to wear religious dress as a sincere act of faith, there is another to wear it as a stunt here in the chamber," Wong said.
And the attorney-general's response won praise from Labor senator Sam Dastyari, who is Muslim.
George Brandis was just brilliant in the chamber. Just brilliant. Strongest I have ever heard him.
— Sam Dastyari (@samdastyari) August 17, 2017
When question time in the senate ended at 3pm Greens senators crossed the chamber and shook hands with senator Brandis.
Hanson subsequently issued the following media release on Facebook:
Senator Pauline Hanson has attended question time dressed modestly in a full burqa and will later be delivering a speech in Parliament calling for the Government to ban full face coverings in public.
Senator Hanson said she made the decision to attend question time in a full face covering because she believed the need to ban full face coverings in public was an important issue facing modern Australia that needed to be discussed.
Senator Hanson said she wished to raise the issue of full face covering presenting a security threat not only to Parliament House, but also to the greater Australian public.
Senator Hanson said that she believed that full face covering, such as the burqa, were oppressive, presented barriers to assimilation, disadvantaged women from finding employment, were causing issues inside our justice system, presented a clear security threat and had no place in modern Western society.
Senator Hanson said that this was a debate that was happening across the world and Australia could not hide from a difficult conversation out of fear of causing offence.
Senator Hanson is scheduled to deliver a speech outlining the full extent of her position later today.
A person wearing a burqa in the seat of Senator Pauline Hanson, during Question Time pic.twitter.com/k2eNrMKcb0
— Alex Ellinghausen (@ellinghausen) August 17, 2017
Read more posts on Business Insider Australia »

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Send your parcel or document fast and inexpensively to Toronto with ParcelParcel.
ParcelParcel only works with the best international courier services, such as FedEx, DHL and TNT to deliver your parcel, pallet or document fast and inexpensively to Toronto.
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"Devil's Pool Restaurant," located at one of the Branson area's most beautiful resorts, Big Cedar Lodge, combines casual dining with rustic elegance and southern, homestyle fare. Delectable meals include hickory-smoked prime rib, smoked trout, salads, soups, and several Ozarks favorites. Set in the beautiful hillsides of the resort, "Devil's Pool Restaurant" is an excellent choice for expertly crafted American cuisine that you'll remember and recommend. Dining at Big Cedar Lodge is open to both resort guests and all Branson area visitors, and is well worth the quick, ten minute trip from Branson to Ridgedale, Missouri. Go for the beautiful, rustic setting, the stunning lake and mountain views, and the delicious food; it's not just a meal, it's a dining experience at "Devil's Pool Restaurant!"


White Wood Range Hood have 50 picture of interior design, it's including White Wood Range Hood Surprising The Lily Pad Cottage Pinterest Hoods Ranges Interior Design 1. White Wood Range Hood Nonsensical Types Of Hoods Amazing Diamond Pattern Interior Design 2. White Wood Range Hood Shock The GuideBECKI OWENS Interior Design 3. White Wood Range Hood Amazing The Crowning Touch In Kitchen Hoods Enchanted Home Interior Design 4. White Wood Range Hood Unconvincing Kitchen With Home Pinterest Interior Design 5.


Typewritten biographies and an autobiography. Jenkins writes a biography of Ole Hendrick Berg (1840-1919). Berg was a convert to the Mormon Church in Norwary who migrated to Utah in 1866. He settled in St. George, Utah. Also included is a two-page autobiography by Berg written in 1892.
Initial citation: MSS 244; Ole H. Berg biographies; 20th Century Western & Mormon Manuscripts; L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. Following citations: MSS 244, LTPSC.


text:
MEC urges unions to work with management
Durban - KwaZulu-Natal MEC for Economic Development and Tourism Mike Mabuyakhulu has urged labour unions to work closely with management during the global economic downturn.
"Government is aware that labour faces the toughest time in this period of recession because continued job losses creates not only social and economic hardship but also it leads to psychological and emotional stress.
"We therefore believe that the unions have to work more closely with the management in tough economic times," said Mr Mabuyakhulu.
He was addressing delegates on Thursday during the KwaZulu-Natal Economic Recovery and Jobs Summit in Durban. The theme for the summit is: Roadmap towards economic recovery.
Mr Mabuyakhulu said both unions and management must work hard to reduce counter productive engagements among workers and business management to avoid uncertainty.
"We believe that both parties must work hard to avoid job losses by coming up with arrangements such as short working days, half working days, unpaid leave, extended education and training leave, among others," said MEC Mabuyakhulu.
The MEC said labour, however, must be considerate in its decisions and ensure that unions carefully assess all actions that maybe critical to getting the economy out of the recession quicker.
"We believe that in order for this partnership to work, it should be a process of give and take. Therefore, much like labour, the business community has a responsibility to open the avenues of communication and constantly inform the workers if a company is facing economic difficulties.
"The effect of the economic situation becomes more bearable for workers when they have been kept abreast of all attempts to rescue the company," said MEC Mabuyakhulu.
Trade union federation, COSATU Provincial Secretary Zet Luzipho said they were looking to partner with management and hoped they would find a common ground in finding the ways of preventing the job losses among the workers in the province during this time of recession.
"We also committing ourselves to work together with the management and the government in order to find solutions in the different problems that the workers are facing in this difficult time, said Mr Luzipho.
Meanwhile, on Wednesday government and unions partnered to form a Ministerial Strategic Team to deal with service delivery challenges and wage negotiations, among others things.
The South African Municipal Workers Union (SAMWU) and the Independent Municipal and Allied Trade Union (IMATU) will form part of the newly established Ministerial Strategic Team.
Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs Minister Sicelo Shiceka said the team will play a lead role in avoiding the conflict between the employer, labour unions and the community, while addressing the root causes of the prevailing challenges.
"We have taken this initiative because we believe that for workers to accelerate good quality services to the masses in local government they must be a good working relationship between the employer body and the labour unions.
"The challenges faced by our municipalities need a collective approach as government alone cannot resolve these issues.
"In this way, we want to work together in pursuit of strategic repositioning of municipalities in order to respond to these prevailing challenges," he said.
The team will also comprise of members from the South African Local Government Association (SALGA), National Treasury, Department of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs as well as the Department of Public Service and Administration.


text:
Q: SparkR - Error in as.double(x) : cannot coerce type 'S4' to vector of type 'double' I want to get some descriptive statistics on my data frame:
# Initialize SparkR Contexts
    library(SparkR)                                 # Load library
    sc <- sparkR.init(master="local[4]")            # Initialize Spark Context
    sqlContext <- sparkRSQL.init(sc)                # Initialize SQL Context

# Load data
df <- loadDF(sqlContext, "/outputs/merged.parquet") # Load data into Data Frame

# Filter
df_t1 <- select(filter(df, df$t == 1 & df$totalUsers > 0 & isNotNull(df$domain)), "*")

avg_df <- collect(agg(groupBy(df_t1, "domain"), AVG=avg(df_t1$totalUsers), STD=sd(df_t1$totalUsers, na.rm = FALSE)))
head(avg_df)

I am getting this error:
Error in as.double(x) :
  cannot coerce type 'S4' to vector of type 'double'

which is produced by sd(). I tried using var() and get Error: is.atomic(x) is not TRUE. I get no error when using just avg().
My question is different from this one because I am not using these packages, and reading this I understand that for some reason my df_t1$tutoalUsers is a type S4 instead of vector of double, so I tried casting it with no effect:
avg_df <- collect(agg(groupBy(df_t1, "domain"),AVG=avg(df_t1$totalUsers), STD=sd(cast(df_t1$totalUsers, "double"),na.rm = FALSE)))

Thoughts?
Edit: The schema is
> printSchema(df_t1)
root
 |-- created: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- firstItem: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- domain: string (nullable = true)
 |-- t: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- groupId: string (nullable = true)
 |-- email: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- chat: integer (nullable = true)

and my version of Spark is 1.5.2

A: You're using Spark 1.5 which doesn't provide more advanced statistical summaries and you cannot use standard R functions when operating on Spark DataFrame. avg() works because it is actually a Spark SQL function available in Spark 1.5.
Additional statistical summaries have been introduced in Spark 1.6 including  methods to compute standard deviation (sd, stddev stddev_samp and stddev_pop) and variance (var, variance, var_samp, var_pop). You can of course still compute standard deviation using well known formula as shown in Calculate the standard deviation of grouped data in a Spark DataFrame


text:
NMSU wraps up National Park series highlighting education, volunteerism
The U.S. National Park Service has been called "the world's largest university without walls" because of its educational mission.Julia Washburn calls it "having fun and learning too.
NMSU wraps up National Park series highlighting education, volunteerism The U.S. National Park Service has been called "the world's largest university without walls" because of its educational mission.Julia Washburn calls it "having fun and learning too. Check out this story on lcsun-news.com: http://lcsun.co/2eHA37g
Minerva Baumann, For the Sun-News Published 6:13 p.m. MT Oct. 29, 2016
Julia Washburn, National Park Service Associate Director for Interpretation, Education, and Volunteers, will give a talk "Achieving Relevance: A Vision for the Next 100 Years of National Park Service Interpretation and Education" on Thursday, Nov. 3 as part of "NMSU Celebrates the National Parks" lecture series.(Photo: Courtesy photo)
LAS CRUCES — The U.S. National Park Service has been called "the world's largest university without walls" because of its educational mission.
Julia Washburn calls it "having fun and learning too." She will be the final speaker in the "NMSU Celebrates the National Parks" series at New Mexico State University, capping a number of events sponsored by the College of Arts and Sciences over the fall semester including classes and public lectures on campus along with a blog series by traveling history professor Jon Hunner to raise awareness about America's national parks.
Washburn is the associate director for interpretation, education and volunteers at the U.S. National Park Service. She will talk about the next chapter in the parks efforts to reach students of all ages in her lecture titled "Achieving Relevance: A Vision for the Next 100 Years of the National Park Service Interpretation and Education" from 6-7 p.m., Thursday, Nov. 3 at O'Donnell Hall, Room 111.
"Interpretation and Education have been central to the NPS mission since the bureau's inception in 1916," Washburn said. "NPS has a major responsibility to support lifelong learning with a focus on science literacy and civic engagement, making learning relevant for its 300 million visitors and many more in the virtual world. This talk will highlight successes and outline a vision for NPS Interpretation and Education moving into its next 100 years."
Washburn is responsible for NPS public interpretive and educational programming, the Volunteers-In-Parks program, Harpers Ferry Center for Media Services (publications, exhibits, audio-visual production, and historic furnishings), and NPS relationships with cooperating associations — non-profit organizations that support educational, scientific, historical and interpretive activities. She also teaches as an adjunct professor at George Washington University.
As part of the College of Arts and Sciences program, history professor Jon Hunner has been blogging as he travels across the country visiting various national parks. Each week while on sabbatical this fall, Hunner is writing short histories of the parks he visits. Read more about his travels at drivenbyhistory.blogspot.com. When he returns, Hunner plans to compile his blog posts into a book.
Information: Peter Kopp, pkopp@nmsu.edu.
Minerva Baumann writes for University Communications and can be reached at mbauma46@nmsu.edu.
Read or Share this story: http://lcsun.co/2eHA37g
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text:
\section{Introduction}

Inflation~\cite{inflation}, the dominant paradigm of the early universe, successfully predicts the statistics of the primordial perturbations, within the observational limits seen today. However many fundamental questions remain, about the form of the inflation Lagrangian, how many fields were involved, etc. The upcoming large gains in sensitivity mean that there is a realistic chance to provide definite answers to some of them. In particular, non-Gaussianity contains far more information than the power spectrum. Non-Gaussianity is most commonly parametrised through the bispectrum and for a particular shape (e.g.~local or equilateral) all information is then contained in a single amplitude, ${f_{\rm NL}}$~\cite{Komatsu:2001rj}. However, just as is the case for the power spectrum, it is rather natural for ${f_{\rm NL}}$ to be scale dependent. This scale dependence is not strongly constrained and therefore could even be much stronger. Provided that the fiducial value of ${f_{\rm NL}}$ is large enough, there is a realistic chance for the Planck satellite to simultaneously provide the first measurement of both ${f_{\rm NL}}$ and its scale dependence parametrised by ${n_{f_{\rm NL}}}$ in the near future.

One of the aims of early universe physics is to test fundamental theories at far higher energy scales than can ever be reached by terrestrial experiment. High energy theories such as supersymmetry or string theory typically predict that there are multiple scalar fields, and that the kinetic term involves a non-trivial field metric determined by e.g. K\"ahler potential~\cite{Nilles:1983ge}. This field metric affects observable parameters but this topic has not been very extensively studied. Most previous work was restricted to the power spectrum, i.e.~to linear perturbations. In this case it was shown that the field metric gives rise to a new term in the spectral index which may easily be as large as the usual slow-roll terms \cite{Sasaki:1995aw,Nakamura:1996da,Gong:2002cx}. Only very recently the first detailed study of the bispectrum has been made, following the direction of~\cite{Gong:2011uw}, in the general case by Elliston et al.~\cite{Elliston:2012uy}. They provided covariant formulae for the bispectrum of the field fluctuations at horizon crossing and extended the $\delta N$ formalism~\cite{Sasaki:1995aw,Nakamura:1996da,Gong:2002cx,Starobinsky:1986fxa} to provide a generalisation of the well-known $\delta N$ result for the trivial field space metric~\cite{Lyth:2005fi} to a curved one. There have been previous studies of non-Gaussianity from a curved field space metric, but none so general or providing explicitly covariant results, see for example~\cite{curvedspaceNGprevious}.

Over the last few years, it has become clear that the scale dependence of local ${f_{\rm NL}}$ is also a sensitive probe of early universe physics, and that observations are sensitive to it. Often the scale dependence, ${n_{f_{\rm NL}}}$, is of the same magnitude as the spectral index $n_{\cal R}-1$, and in some models it may be much larger, for example the self-interacting curvaton scenario~\cite{intcurvaton}. Non-Gaussianity may also change rapidly over a short range of scales from being zero on large scales to large on smaller scales~\cite{Riotto:2010nh}. Scale dependence of equilateral ${f_{\rm NL}}$ was first considered in~\cite{Chen:2005fe} and for the local model in~\cite{Byrnes:2008zy} (for the specific case of two-field hybrid inflation), with a more general formalism developed in~\cite{more-nfNL,Byrnes:2010ft}. Numerous studies of the scale dependence have been made for a large variety of models, for an incomplete selection see~\cite{scaledepfNL}. A general lesson is: any detection of primordial local non-Gaussianity is very valuable since it can rule out all single field models which predict a value of ${f_{\rm NL}}$ in the squeezed limit proportional to the spectral index~\cite{singlefieldconsistency} (see however~\cite{Ganc:2012ae}), but for most models in which ${f_{\rm NL}}$ can be large its amplitude can be tuned. Therefore a further observable, either the trispectrum or the scale dependence of ${f_{\rm NL}}$, will still be required to help discriminate between the large number of models. In this paper we will always focus on the local model of non-Gaussianity.

Sefussati et al. have forecasted that for (local) non-Gaussianity, Planck could reach a sensitivity of $\sigma_{{n_{f_{\rm NL}}}}\sim0.1$ for a fiducial value of ${f_{\rm NL}}=50$~\cite{Sefusatti:2009xu}. This is not much larger than the currently measured central value for the deviation of the spectral index from scale invariance, $n_{\cal R}-1\sim-0.04$~\cite{Komatsu:2010fb}, and shows that there is a real possibility that Planck is able to measure both ${f_{\rm NL}}$ and ${n_{f_{\rm NL}}}$ together, provided that the fiducial values are large enough. Numerous other forecasts have been made especially for surveys including large scale structure (LSS) data~\cite{runningfNL-LSS} and of course the tightest constraints may be expected to come from combining the cosmic microwave background and LSS data~\cite{Becker:2012yr}. This is a topical field and very recently the first real constraints on ${n_{f_{\rm NL}}}$ have been made in~\cite{Becker:2012je} (see also \cite{runningfNL-CMB}).

This article is structured as follows. In Section~\ref{sec:evolution} we study the evolution of the perturbations and rederive the spectral index of the power spectrum as a warm up. In Section~\ref{sec:bispectrum} we derive a general formula for the scale-dependence of ${f_{\rm NL}}$, the main result of our paper, and we check our result by showing that it reduces to the known result in the case of a trivial field space metric. Finally we conclude in Section~\ref{sec:conclusions}.

\section{Evolution of field fluctuations}
\label{sec:evolution}

We study a period of inflation driven by an arbitrary number of scalar fields, labeled with indices $a,b,c,\cdots$, with Lagrangian density
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{L}=-\frac12 \gamma_{ab}g^{\mu\nu}\partial_{\mu}\phi^a\partial_{\nu}\phi^b-V\,,
\end{equation}
where $g_{\mu\nu}$ is the usual space-time metric, and $\gamma_{ab}$ is the field metric, which is a function of the field values. In the case of a trivial field space metric, $\gamma_{ab}=\delta_{ab}$. The potential $V$ is also an arbitrary function of field values, except that we assume that it is sufficiently flat so that we may use the slow-roll approximation around the time of horizon crossing.

We take $t_i$ to be a fixed, pivot time shortly after all the modes of observational interest have crossed the horizon~\cite{Sasaki:1995aw}, while $t_0<t_i$ is the horizon crossing time of a certain mode $k=(aH)_0$, and hence $k$ dependent. Hence for each mode we find the number of $e$-folds between $t_0$ and $t_i$,
\begin{equation}
\Delta{N}_k = \log\left(\frac{a_i}{a_0}\right) \approx \log\left[\frac{(aH)_i}{k}\right] > 0 \, .
\end{equation}
This situation is depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:deltaN}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
 \begin{picture}(300,180)(0,0)
  \Line(0,170)(75,30)
  \Line(160,30)(160,170)
  \Photon(280,30)(280,170){2}{5}
  \Text(78,15)[]{\Large $N_0$}
  \Text(160,15)[]{\Large $N_i$}
  \Text(282,15)[]{\Large $N_f$}
  \SetColor{Red}
   \LongArrow(45,90)(157,90)
   \LongArrow(157,90)(45,90)
   \Text(100,105)[]{\Large $\Delta{N}_k$}
  \SetColor{Blue}
   \LongArrow(165,35)(275,35)
   \LongArrow(165,68)(275,68)
   \LongArrow(165,100)(275,100)
   \LongArrow(165,132)(275,132)
   \LongArrow(165,165)(275,165)
 \end{picture}
 \caption{Schematic display of how we use the $\delta N$ formalism. $N_0$ is the horizon crossing time of a mode, while $N_i$ is the fixed ``initial'' time, which we choose to be shortly after all modes of observational interest have crossed the horizon and hence is independent of $k$. $\Delta N_k$ is the number of $e$-foldings between these two times, which obviously depends on $k$. The final time, which we assume to be after all isocurvature modes have decayed and the curvature perturbation is conserved, is denoted by $N_f$. The two early times, $N_0$ and $N_i$ are defined on spatially flat hypersurfaces, while the final surface at $N_f$ is comoving~\cite{Sasaki:1995aw,deltaNetc}.}
 \label{fig:deltaN}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

An important point to notice, in order to describe the field fluctuation on the flat slices $\delta\phi^a \equiv \phi^a(t,\mathbi{x})-\phi^a_0(t)$ covariantly, is that in general it is coordinate dependent and thus is not covariant. To keep covariance, we realise that $\phi^a$ and $\phi^a_0$ are uniquely connected by a geodesic parametrised by $\lambda$ with respect to the field space metric $\gamma_{ab}$. Then, $\delta\phi^a$ can be expressed, with $\phi^a|_{\lambda=0}$ being identified with the background field, in terms of the {\em vector} $Q^a \equiv d\phi^a/d\lambda|_{\lambda=0}$ which lives in the tangent space at $\phi^a_0$. That is,
\begin{equation}
\phi^a - \phi^a_0 \equiv \delta\phi^a = Q^a - \frac{1}{2}\Gamma^a_{bc}Q^bQ^c + \cdots \, .
\end{equation}
Thus any tensor quantity written in terms of $Q^a$ is manifestly covariant by construction~\cite{Gong:2011uw}. Then, on very large scales where the space-time metric is that of unperturbed Friedmann-Robertson-Walker one, using the $e$-folds $N$ as the time variable the equation of motion for $Q^a$ is~\cite{Elliston:2012uy}
\begin{align}\label{Qevolution}
D_N Q^a & = w^a{}_b Q^b +\frac12 w^a{}_{bc}Q^bQ^c+\cdots \, ,
\\
w_{ab} & = u_{(a;b)} + \frac{R_{c(ab)d}}{3}\frac{\dot\phi^c_0}{H}\frac{\dot\phi^d_0}{H} \, ,
\\
w_{a(bc)} & = u_{(a;bc)} + \frac{1}{3} \left[ R_{(a|de|b;c)}\frac{\dot\phi^d_0}{H}\frac{\dot\phi^e_0}{H} - 4R_{a(bc)d}\frac{\dot\phi^d_0}{H} \right] \, ,
\\
u_a & = -\frac{V_{;a}}{3H^2} \, ,
\end{align}
where $D_N$ is a covariant derivative with respect to $N$, $R^a{}_{bcd}V^b \equiv V^a{}_{;cd}-V^a{}_{;dc}$ and a semicolon denotes a covariant derivative with respect to $\gamma_{ab}$. The use of the parentheses around field indices implies symmetrisation, and any terms between vertical bars are excluded from the symmetrisation. This implies that
\begin{equation}\label{Qevolution2}
Q^a(N_i=N_0+\Delta N) = Q^a(N_0) + \Delta{N}_k \left( w^a{}_b Q^b + \frac{1}{2} w^a{}_{bc} Q^bQ^c + \cdots \right) + \cdots \, .
\end{equation}
Here as always in this text, we will work to leading order in $\Delta N$, as this is all we need in order to calculate the scale dependence of ${f_{\rm NL}}$. Note that $\Delta N$ itself is order of a few (i.e.~of order the range of scales which we can observe, which corresponds to 5 - 10 $e$-foldings), but all $(\Delta N)^2$ terms will be multiplied by a second order in slow-roll term, unless ${n_{f_{\rm NL}}}$ is not small, in which case our formalism breaks down. This is analogous to the situation with the power spectrum~\cite{Nakamura:1996da,Gong:2002cx}, one may only treat the spectral index as being small and slowly varying if its running is further suppressed.

From the covariantised version of the $\delta N$ formalism \cite{Elliston:2012uy},
the comoving curvature perturbation ${\cal R}$ is given by
\begin{equation}\label{deltaNformula}
{\cal R}_k(t_f) = \delta{N} = N_a(t_i,t_f)Q_k^a(t_i) + \frac{1}{2}N_{ab}(t_i,t_f) \left[ Q^a(t_i)\star Q^b(t_i) \right]_k + \cdots \, ,
\end{equation}
where star denotes a convolution, and the final time $t_f$ is assumed to be after all the isocurvature perturbations have decayed and ${\cal R}$ is conserved, so we will drop it from future expressions. In the case of a trivial field space metric, the $\delta N$ coefficients follow from a direct Taylor series expansion, $N_a=\partial N/ \partial \phi^a$ and so on~\cite{Lyth:2005fi}. We will not consider the case of isocurvature modes which persist until today in this paper. Note that based on our definition of $t_i$, the derivatives of $N$ are scale independent. See Appendix~B of~\cite{Byrnes:2010ft} for more details, and alternative ways to use the $\delta N$ formalism.

Now with the $k$-dependent factor manifest in (\ref{Qevolution2}) that comes from the evolution from the horizon crossing, which is different for each mode $k$, to the initial time for the $\delta{N}$ formalism, we first recapitulate the calculation of the power spectrum ${\cal P}_{\cal R}$ and the spectral index $n_{\cal R}$.
For the power spectrum it is sufficient to work to linear order in $Q^a$ (in which case it reduces to $\delta\phi^a$). It is given by
\begin{align}
\left\langle {\cal R}_\mathbi{k}(t_f){\cal R}_\mathbi{q}(t_f) \right\rangle = & (2\pi)^3\delta^{(3)}(\mathbi{k}+\mathbi{q}) \frac{2\pi^2}{k^3} {\cal P}_{\cal R}(k) = N_a(t_i)N_b(t_i) \left\langle Q_\mathbi{k}^a(t_i)Q_\mathbi{q}^b(t_i) \right\rangle \, .
\end{align}
Here, using (\ref{Qevolution2}) we can find
\begin{equation}\label{QQti-QQt0}
\left\langle Q_\mathbi{k}^a(t_i)Q_\mathbi{q}^b(t_i) \right\rangle = \left\langle Q_\mathbi{k}^a(t_0)Q_\mathbi{q}^b(t_0) \right\rangle + 2\Delta{N}_k w^a{}_c \left\langle Q_\mathbi{k}^b(t_0)Q_\mathbi{q}^c(t_0) \right\rangle \, ,
\end{equation}
where close to horizon crossing
\begin{equation}\label{QQ}
\left\langle Q_\mathbi{k}^aQ_\mathbi{q}^b \right\rangle = \frac{H^2}{2k^3} \delta^{(3)}(\mathbi{k}+\mathbi{q}) \left( \gamma^{ab} + \epsilon^{ab} \right) \, ,
\end{equation}
with $\epsilon^{ab}$ being first order in slow-roll and slowly varying~\cite{Sasaki:1995aw,Nakamura:1996da}, and can be found to arbitrary higher order in slow-roll using the Green's function approach~\cite{Gong:2002cx,greenfunctionsol}. Hence its derivative with respect to $\log k$ is second order in slow-roll. When taking the derivative of (\ref{QQ}) we need to take into account the scale dependence of $H^2(t_0)$ which gives rise to $-2\epsilon$ in the spectral index, but the covariant derivative of the metric is zero by definition, so this does not give rise to any scale dependence. Similarly for calculating the scale dependence, we may raise and lower indices using either $\gamma^{ab}(t_i)$ or $\gamma^{ab}(t_0)$ when working to the same level of precision. Finally notice that working to the same order, it is only necessary to specify the time dependence of background terms, and not those which are multiplied by $\Delta N$.

Hence we may straightforwardly calculate the spectral index from the above expressions, and the result is
\begin{equation}
n_{\cal R}-1 = \frac{D \log{\cal P}_{\cal R}}{d\log k} = -2\epsilon - 2\frac{N_aN_bw^{ab}}{N_cN^c} \, ,
\end{equation}
which agrees with the known result~\cite{Sasaki:1995aw}.

Notice that this result, together with the observational constraint on the spectral index does imply that at least the particular combinations of $R_{abcd}$ which appear through $w^{ab}$ in the expression for the spectral index must be small, barring a chance cancellation between this and another term. This provides some justification for our assumption that terms involving derivatives of the field metric should be slow-roll suppressed.

\section{Bispectrum and the running of ${f_{\rm NL}}$}
\label{sec:bispectrum}

The bispectrum of ${\cal R}$ is defined by
\begin{equation}
\left\langle {\cal R}_{\mathbi{k}_1}(t_f){\cal R}_{\mathbi{k}_2}(t_f){\cal R}_{\mathbi{k}_3}(t_f) \right\rangle \equiv (2\pi)^3\delta^{(3)}(\mathbi{k}_1+\mathbi{k}_2+\mathbi{k}_3)B_{\cal R}(k_1,k_2,k_3) \, .
\end{equation}
We will make the usual assumption that the bispectrum due to the non-Gaussianity of the fields at horizon crossing~\cite{Elliston:2012uy} does not give rise to observable values of ${f_{\rm NL}}$, which may be the case for DBI fields and non-Bunch-Davies vacuum. This is generally the case~\cite{noNGcrossing}, although there can be exceptions if the third derivative of the potential is large~\cite{largeNGcrossing}. There is no analogous proof in the case of a non-trivial field metric, but since we are assuming the Riemann tensor is slow-roll suppressed this assumption is likely to remain valid, at least in the vast majority of cases.

From (\ref{deltaNformula}), the three point function consists of two terms,
\begin{align}\label{RRR}
\left\langle {\cal R}_{\mathbi{k}_1}(t_f){\cal R}_{\mathbi{k}_2}(t_f){\cal R}_{\mathbi{k}_3}(t_f) \right\rangle = & N_aN_bN_c \left\langle Q^a_{\mathbi{k}_1}Q^b_{\mathbi{k}_2}Q^c_{\mathbi{k}_3} \right\rangle + \frac{1}{2} \left\{ N_{ab}N_cN_d \left\langle \left[ Q^a\star Q^b \right]_{\mathbi{k}_1}Q^c_{\mathbi{k}_2}Q^d_{\mathbi{k}_3} \right\rangle + \text{2 perm} \right\} \, .
\end{align}
In the above, all terms on the right hand side (RHS) should be evaluated at $t_i$. We first deal with the first term on the RHS of (\ref{RRR}). Using (\ref{Qevolution2}) and (\ref{QQ}), we can easily find
\begin{align}
& N_a(t_i)N_b(t_i)N_c(t_i) \left\langle Q^a_{\mathbi{k}_1}(t_i)Q^b_{\mathbi{k}_2}(t_i)Q^c_{\mathbi{k}_3}(t_i) \right\rangle
\nonumber\\
& = N_a(t_i)N_b(t_i)N_c(t_i) \left\{ \frac{1}{2}\Delta{N}_{k_1}w^a{}_{de} \left\langle \left[ Q^d(t_0)\star Q^e(t_0) \right]_{\mathbi{k}_1}Q^b_{\mathbi{k}_2}(t_0)Q^c_{\mathbi{k}_3}(t_0) \right\rangle + \text{2 perm} \right\}
\nonumber\\
& = (2\pi)^3 \delta^{(3)}(\mathbi{k}_1+\mathbi{k}_2+\mathbi{k}_3) N_a(t_i)N_b(t_i)N_c(t_i) \frac{H^4(t_0)}{4k_1^3k_2^3k_3^3} w^{abc} \left( k_1^3\Delta{N}_{k_1} + \text{2 perm} \right) \, .
\end{align}
For the second term of the RHS of (\ref{RRR}), it is useful to use (\ref{QQti-QQt0}) so it follows that
\begin{align}
& \frac{1}{2} N_{ab}(t_i)N_c(t_i)N_d(t_i) \left\langle \left[ Q^a(t_i)\star Q^b(t_i) \right]_{\mathbi{k}_1}Q^c_{\mathbi{k}_2}(t_i)Q^d_{\mathbi{k}_3}(t_i) \right\rangle
\nonumber\\
& = (2\pi)^3\delta^{(3)}(\mathbi{k}_1+\mathbi{k}_2+\mathbi{k}_3) N_{ab}(t_i)N_c(t_i)N_d(t_i) \frac{H^4(t_0)}{4k_1^3k_2^3} \left( \gamma^{ac}\gamma^{bd} + 2\Delta{N}_{k_1}w^{ac}\gamma^{bd} + 2\Delta{N}_{k_2}\gamma^{ac}w^{bd} \right) \, .
\end{align}

Putting both terms together, and specialising to an equilateral triangle, which is the only case we need to consider in order to calculate ${n_{f_{\rm NL}}}$ (for the justification see \cite{Byrnes:2010ft}), we find that ${f_{\rm NL}}$ is given by
\begin{equation}\label{fNL}
\frac{6}{5}{f_{\rm NL}} = \frac{N_{ab}N^a N^b}{\left(N_cN^c\right)^2} \left[ 1 + \Delta{N}_k \left( \frac{N_dN_eN_fw^{def}}{N_{gh}N^gN^h} + 4\frac{N_{de}N^dN_fw^{ef}}{N_{gh}N^gN^h} - 4\frac{N_dN_ew^{de}}{N_gN^g} \right) \right] \, .
\end{equation}
Therefore ${n_{f_{\rm NL}}}$ is simply the term multiplying $\Delta{N}_k$ in (\ref{fNL}), i.e.
\begin{equation}\label{nfnl}
{n_{f_{\rm NL}}} \equiv \frac{1}{{f_{\rm NL}}}\frac{D{f_{\rm NL}}}{d\log{k}} = -\frac{N_aN_bN_cw^{abc}}{N_{de}N^dN^e}+4w^{ab} \left(\frac{N_aN_b}{N_dN^d} -\frac{N_{ac}N_bN^c}{N_{de}N^dN^e}\right) \, .
\end{equation}
This general formula for the observable ${n_{f_{\rm NL}}}$ is the main result of this paper. The first term in (\ref{nfnl}) is due to the non-linearity of the field fluctuations which are generated between the time $t_0$ and $t_i$, i.e.~the correlator $\langle \delta\phi^3(t_i)\rangle$. Meanwhile, the remaining term of (\ref{nfnl}) arises from the effect of multiple fields contributing to ${\cal R}$. Note that in the curved field space case, the effects of $\gamma^{ab}$ enter into both terms, which makes their separation less clear in this case than in (\ref{nfnl_flat}) below.

As can be read from the coefficients $w^{ab}$ and $w^{abc}$, naively ${n_{f_{\rm NL}}} = {\cal O}(\epsilon)$. However since the derivative term does not appear in the formula for the spectral index, it could be larger and its value is model dependent. It is possible to have a large value of ${n_{f_{\rm NL}}}$~\cite{Kaiser:2012ak}, which should be a sharp prediction of such a model. It is estimated that for a fiducial value of ${f_{\rm NL}}=50$, Planck can reach a sensitivity of $\Delta{n_{f_{\rm NL}}}=0.05$ depending on the sky coverage~\cite{Sefusatti:2009xu}.

As a check on our result (\ref{nfnl}), and to gain intuition, we demonstrate that our result reduces to the known expression in the case of a trivial field space metric. From~\cite{Byrnes:2010ft},
\begin{equation}\label{nfnl_flat}
n_{f_\mathrm{NL}}^\mathrm{(flat)} =  - \frac{F^{(2)}_{abc}N^aN^bN^c}{N_{d}N_{e}N^{de}}+ 4 \left( 2\sqrt{\epsilon_a\epsilon_b} - \eta_{ab}
\right) \left( \frac{N^aN^b}{N^dN_d} - \frac{N^aN^b_{c}N^c}{N^dN_{de}N^e} \right)\, ,
\end{equation}
where we have defined $\epsilon_a = (V_{,a}/V)^2/2$, $\eta_{ab} = V_{,ab}/V$ and
\begin{equation}
F^{(2)}_{abc} = {\sqrt{2}}\left(-4\sqrt{\epsilon_a\epsilon_b\epsilon_c}+\eta_{ab}\sqrt{\epsilon_c}
  +\eta_{bc}\sqrt{\epsilon_a}+\eta_{ca}\sqrt{\epsilon_b}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\frac{V_{,abc}}{3H^2}\right) \, .
\end{equation}
Using $w_{ab}=-(V_{,a}/V)_{,b}=2\sqrt{\epsilon_a\epsilon_d} - \eta_{ad}$ and $w_{abc}=F^{(2)}_{abc}$ it follows that (\ref{nfnl}) reduces to (\ref{nfnl_flat}).

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}

We have calculated a general formula for the scale dependence of ${f_{\rm NL}}$, for the first time allowing for a curved field space metric. The non-trivial field space metric, which appears in the kinetic term of the scalar field Lagrangian, gives rise to new terms in ${n_{f_{\rm NL}}}$ depending on both the Riemann curvature tensor and its derivative with respect to the fields. The derivative terms do not appear in the analogous formula for the spectral index and hence could be significantly larger, since they are not constrained by observations showing that the spectral index is close to scale invariant.

Our work is motivated by the goal of connecting fundamental, high energy theories to the rapidly improving cosmological observations. Fundamental theories often predict the existence of large numbers of scalar fields, and of a curved field space metric. In 2013 the first relevant data from the Planck satellite will be released, and it could lead to a discovery of non-Gaussianity. In this case, constraints on not only its amplitude, but also its scale dependence will go a long way towards discriminating between the many models of the early universe, especially when combined with other measurements such as the spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio.

\subsection*{Acknowledgements}

We thank Joseph Elliston, Raquel Ribeiro, Misao Sasaki, David Seery and Reza Tavakol for useful discussions.
JG thanks the Aspen Center for Physics for hospitality, supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1066293, where part of this work was carried out.
CB is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship.
JG is supported in part by a Korean-CERN Fellowship.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
#019: Training social entrepreneurs in emerging markets | Roshan Paul
|In Managing organisations
"Can we build a world where everybody has purpose as a question that they consider for their career? Where it's not just the province of 'do-gooders', but instead everybody thinks about that?"
Roshan is co-founder of the Amani Institute, which supports talent development for the social sector. Over the last seven years it has graduated some 450 students from its hubs in Nairobi, Bangalore, and Sao Paolo.
We talk about the merits of coming from an emerging market perspective when talking about social innovation, the gaps that Amani sees in the education market, and Roshan's own journey with a startup.
[2:10] Why the co-founders felt there was a gap in the education market for the social sector.
[08:00] Why it's more interesting and probably more productive to be located in emerging markets, for those interested in social innovation.
[13:30] The Amani Institute's philosophy and curriculum for developing change-makers, including what kind of profile it attracts.
[21:10] Why it was worth the risks to start up a new offering, and a new way of contributing to social entrepreneurship.
[27:10] How Roshan's own experiences with international education played into the design.
[39:30] What scale looks like: A world where everyone can both make a living and make an impact.
[47:40] Experience working with social innovation in large organisations, and with private sector organisations.
[55:00] The biggest challenges so far, including self-training to manage a growing organisation and an early security scare.
#014: Better and safer work environments in the aid sector | Christine Williamson
#020: Helping your city through the hardest times | Rabih Omar
#001: Managing humanitarian responses in extremis | Tariq Riebl
#017: Making humanitarian services more people-centred and respectful | Nick van Praag


text:
Britney Spears' mental illness is much more serious than a hashtag
Cape Town – Britney Spears' mental health and the state thereof has been making headlines since January, but what is really going on?
The latest report from TMZ states the American hitmaker appeared in court on Friday, 10 May along with her mother Lynne, sister Jamie-Lynne, and father Jamie.
According to the report, Lynne is fighting for access to Britney's medical information after reading on social media that Jamie had forced Britney into a mental health facility against her will.
HERE IS A BREAKDOWN OF RECENT SIGNIFICANT EVENTS:
Withdrawal from the public eye
It all started when Britney announced in January that she is taking a step away from the public eye – including putting her new album on hold and cancelling her Vegas residency indefinitely – to take care of her father, who's health was deteriorating at the time.
READ MORE: Britney Spears puts Vegas residency on hold due to dad's health
'We all need to take time for a little me time'
Britney re-emerged on social media in early April to share a message with her fans that she was taking some time for herself.
Not long thereafter, it was reported that the 37-year-old had checked herself into a mental health facility to help her cope with her father's declining health, E! News reported at the time.
READ MORE: Britney Spears says she's taking a little 'me time'
Lynne's first response
Shortly after news that Britney was seeking professional help in rehab, Lynne took to Instagram to share a personal message to her daughter.
"Keep going no matter how bad things are right now, no matter how stuck you feel," Lynne captioned a post on Instagram that has since been deleted.
READ MORE: Britney Spears' mom speaks out amid daughter's mental health issues
Jamie becomes sole conservator after lawyer quits
Around the same time, Britney's lawyer Andrew Wallet resigned as her co-conservator and stated that his resignation be accepted immediately so as not to disrupt any ongoing business activities, Us Weekly reported.
Andrew's role was to monitor the singer's financial assets.
#FreeBritney starts trending
In mid-April the hashtag #FreeBritney started trending, with fans believing that the singer was being held in a treatment facility by her father and against her will.
The hashtag originally started trending thanks to a podcast called Britney's Gram, after the hosts claimed they received "an anonymous tip from a credible source" stating the above.
"What is happening is disturbing, to say the least. Basically, Britney was in rehearsals for Domination. It came to Jamie's attention that Britney was not taking her medication as prescribed. She was missing a lot of doses and just full-on not taking them," the hosts goes on to claim.
LISTEN TO THE PODCAST EPISODE HERE:
Britney breaks social media silence
In her first Instagram post since entering the mental health facility, Britney addressed the hashtag, assuring her fans all is well and that she is just dealing with a lot at the moment.
"My situation is unique but I promise I'm doing what is best at this moment," the Grammy winner wrote in the caption alongside a video and asked for privacy to help her "deal with all the hard things life is throwing my way".
In the video itself, Britney tells the camera she will be back soon.
READ MORE: Britney Spears addresses rumours about mental health
Britney checks out of mental health facility
At the end of April news broke that Britney had checked out of the treatment facility and was happy to continue working on herself in the comfort of her own home.
"Britney Spears checked out of the treatment facility this morning and was taken home by her boyfriend Sam. It was her decision to leave, but she will still be monitored from home," a source told E! News at the time.
READ MORE: Britney Spears checks out of treatment facility
The latest on Britney's status
According to TMZ, Britney requested specific adjustments to be made to her father's conservator ship, in addition to Lynne's request to be notified about all matters pertaining to her daughter.
Before making hasty decisions, the judge on Friday denied Britney's requests and instead ordered an expert evaluation - which will likely involve a mental examination of the conservatee, aka Britney.
The Toxic hitmaker was photographed leaving the courtroom barefoot.
A status hearing has been set for 18 September, which Britney does not have to attend.
Read more on: britney spears | celebrities
Eastern Cape Jobs


After a few days, when the metal cooled down, the cylindrical structure is opened: destroying the refractory material moulds, the statue is extracted in its raw format and bears resemblance to a mechanical tangle. With the use of pliers, elements of the structure are chopped out and the last melting scars are removed: the 'scabs' and 'smear'. The statue, clean both on the outside and inside form the residual clay, is ready for finishing.


text:
namespace Encomiendas.Domain.Specs
{
    public static class CastExtentions
    {
        public static T As<T>(this object obj)
        {
            return (T) obj;
        }
    }
}


text:
SPLC Sues Mississippi Authorities, Hospital for Improperly Taking Immigrant's Newborn
The Southern Poverty Law Center today filed a federal lawsuit against Mississippi authorities who took a newborn baby from a Mexican immigrant mother and placed the child with a white couple. The SPLC also has appealed an earlier gag order that prohibited the mother and her lawyers from speaking publicly about her family's ordeal despite the mother's request to waive confidentiality rules of the youth court.
The lawsuit charges that the Mississippi Department of Human Services (MDHS), two of its employees and an employee of Singing River Hospital in Pascagoula, Miss., violated the constitutional rights of Cirila Baltazar Cruz and her daughter by separating them based on false allegations that MDHS officials failed to properly investigate.
"Mississippi officials and hospital workers conspired to steal Cirila Baltazar Cruz's baby by inventing false charges against her – allegations she couldn't refute because she doesn't speak the right language – and then told her she couldn't talk about it," said SPLC Legal Director Mary Bauer. "This was an outrageous violation of her most fundamental rights, and we're deeply concerned that other mothers in Mississippi might be subjected to the same treatment."
Two days after Baltazar Cruz gave birth to her daughter at Singing River Hospital in November 2008, the child was taken from her amid allegations provided by a hospital employee. The employee spoke only Spanish to the mother, who speaks limited Spanish and virtually no English. (She speaks Chatino, an indigenous language in Mexico.) In addition, the officials would not allow Baltazar Cruz's cousin to serve as an interpreter despite his offer to do so. Instead, the child was placed in the custody of two Gulf Coast lawyers who frequently practiced law before the youth court judge who approved the removal of the child.
Courtesy of Sharon Steinmann
Even after the allegations were found to be false, the MDHS employees named in the lawsuit perpetuated the separation, violating the mother's due process and equal protection rights.
"It was a very painful experience for me and for my baby," Baltazar Cruz said. "This is why I want other people to know, because I don't want anyone else to go through the same experience."
Baltazar Cruz was reunited with her daughter in November 2009 shortly after an investigation by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service's (HHS) Office for Civil Rights and Administration for Children and Families. A letter from the HHS to the executive director of the Mississippi DHS noted that the state failed to comply with several requirements under federal law and regulations. Among the failures cited by HHS are that reasonable efforts were not made to prevent the child's removal or to place the child with relatives. The agency also found that the MDHS "failed to take reasonable steps to ensure effective communication" with Baltazar Cruz.
The letter concluded that the federal agency has "grave concerns" about the case, saying, "The MDHS staff interviewed did not see these issues as problematic. This leads us to conclude that this may be how business is conducted and that this is not an isolated incident."
As a result of the earlier gag order, the lawsuit was filed under seal in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi, Jackson Division.
The SPLC is asking the federal court to allow the suit to be made public in its entirety and has also appealed the youth court's gag order to the Mississippi Supreme Court.
"This lawsuit is about ensuring the law is enforced equally in Mississippi and that the rights of the most vulnerable are protected," said SPLC attorney Michelle Lapointe. "That didn't happen in this case, and as a result this young mother suffered the traumatic separation from her child for the baby's entire first year."
The SPLC lawsuit names as defendants the Mississippi DHS, the Singing River Health System, MDHS employee Vicki Hayes, MDHS supervisor Ralph "Matt" Mathews and Singing River Hospital employee Abigail Medina.


Heckler Magazine Digital Issue 2.1 is pack full of new Skate, Snow, Music and Art content. Start off with a trip to Mt.Baker for the 29th Annual Legendary Banked Slalom and keep trucking, or vanning, through the Pacific Northwest with Silver Serino and Jason Tackitt's Pow Pursuit. Dive into the history of snowboarding and what got us here with the Silver's Snurfer and go Splitboarding with Gray Thompson. Johnny Lazz and Madison Blackely mouth off while Tim Humphreys delivers an exclusive GoPro part by the GoProHero himself. Zebuel Early gets funky, the Heckler staff picks out some of the tunes they've been jamming with a guest pick from Smokin snowboarder Jordan Wells and learn more about whats up with Shane Sayers, Madison Blackely, Chad Blau, Tom Pelley in their One Sheets. Plus and artist profile on Earl Christensen and of course a Gallery full of bangers and more.
Issue 2.1 has it all!
Click The Image Above To View Heckler Magazine Digital Issue Vol. 2.1!


text:
About Hearings and the Tribunal
About Credentials Hearings
About Discipline Hearings
Hearing Schedules and Decisions
Abeyance Policy
Discipline hearings are similar to court hearings and are open to the public.
The allegations against the lawyer are set out in a public document called a citation. The decision to authorize a citation and hold a hearing is made by the Discipline Committee. A Law Society lawyer, like a Crown prosecutor, presents evidence to prove the allegations in the citation. The lawyer who is the subject of the citation is called the respondent, and may be represented by another lawyer. The hearing panel consists of three people, is chaired by a lawyer, and includes at least one Bencher or Life Bencher who is a lawyer, a non-Bencher lawyer and a member of the public who is not a lawyer. In certain situations, the case may be heard by a single Bencher. The panel or single Bencher act as judges.
The Law Society urges all lawyers who are or may be subject to discipline proceedings to retain counsel. It has compiled a list of lawyers who have agreed to represent lawyers during the investigation and disciplinary processes. Download the list of counsel
Reviews or appeals of hearing decisions
Both the Discipline Committee and the respondent have the right to apply for a review of a hearing panel's decision. Such reviews are heard by a review board comprising five adjudicators: two Benchers, including the chair, two non-Bencher lawyers and one non-lawyer. The respondent also has the right to appeal the determination, the discipline sanctions or both to the BC Court of Appeal. The Discipline Committee has a right of appeal only on questions of law.
Hearings are usually in two parts
Part 1: Facts and determination
The purpose of the first phase is to consider the allegations in the citation and determine if the lawyer has in fact committed a discipline violation. The onus is on the Law Society to prove the allegations. After the hearing is over, a written decision is issued outlining the findings of facts and the decision of the panel.
If the hearing panel finds the allegations have not been proven, the citation will be dismissed. Otherwise, the hearing panel will find the lawyer committed one or more of the following:
professional misconduct,
conduct unbecoming a lawyer,
a breach of the Legal Profession Act or the Law Society Rules, or
incompetent performance of duties undertaken in the capacity of a lawyer.
Part 2: Disciplinary action
If necessary, a second hearing will be held to determine the appropriate disciplinary sanction. As with the first phase, a written decision will be issued and made public. The panel may consider a number of factors, including the following:
the nature and gravity of the conduct proven;
the age and experience of the lawyer (respondent);
the previous character of the lawyer, including the lawyer's professional conduct record;
the impact upon the victim;
any advantage gained, or to be gained, by the lawyer;
the number of times the offending conduct occurred;
whether the lawyer has acknowledged the misconduct and taken steps to disclose and redress the wrong and the presence or absence of other mitigating circumstances;
the possibility of remediating or rehabilitating the lawyer;
the impact of the proposed disciplinary action on the lawyer;
the impact upon the lawyer of any sanctions or penalties outside of the Law Society's jurisdiction;
the need for specific and general deterrence;
the need to ensure the public's confidence in the integrity of the profession; and
the range of sanctions imposed in similar cases.
The possible sanctions for a lawyer who has committed a discipline violation may include:
a reprimand;
a fine not exceeding $50,000;
the placement of conditions or restrictions on the lawyer's practice;
a suspension from the practice of law or from practice in one or more fields of law (with or without conditions) for a specified period of time;
disbarment.
Sometimes the panel will decide that the lawyer must pay some of the costs of the hearings, in accordance with an established tariff. The panel may also consider:
the seriousness of the violation;
the financial circumstances of the respondent;
the total effect of the sanction, including possible fines and/or suspension;
the extent to which the conduct of each of the parties has resulted in costs accumulating, or conversely, being saved.
What happens if a lawyer admits the misconduct prior to the hearing?
Sometimes a lawyer may choose to admit to the discipline violation before the hearing proceeds. If the admission is made and the lawyer's membership has or will be terminated, it is considered by the the Discipline Committee and if the committee accepts the admission, a summary of the circumstances will be published and the hearing will be cancelled.
If the lawyer admits the discipline violation and proposes a sanction, it is first considered by the Discipline Committee and if the committee accepts the proposal it then proceeds to a hearing for a panel to make the decision on the proposal. The hearing panel will make its decision based on the agreed statement of facts, the lawyer's admission letter and the applicable case law. If the hearing panel does not accept the admission, the matter must go to hearing with a different panel at a later date.
In either case, if accepted, the admission and any disciplinary action imposed form part of the lawyer's professional conduct record and the decision is published.
In certain circumstances, a lawyer under investigation may request that the Discipline Committee hold the investigation and the committee's disposition in abeyance. In considering these requests, the Discipline Committee is guided by the Abeyance Policy adopted by the Benchers in September 2010.
Adjourning a hearing
Before a hearing begins, the respondent or discipline counsel can apply in writing to adjourn the hearing. A Bencher appointed by the president of the Law Society will decide whether to allow the application. Once the hearing has started, only the chair of the panel may adjourn the hearing.
Pre-hearing conferences
A pre-hearing conference may be scheduled at the request of discipline counsel, request of the respondent or respondent's lawyer, or on the president's own initiative. It is usually held by telephone conference
The purpose of the conference is to assist with case management, including to:
simplify the issues so that the hearing will proceed smoothly,
discuss the need for any changes to the citation,
address the possibility of the lawyer admitting to any of the allegations,
ensure all documents are available,
set a date for the hearing to begin, and
discuss any other matters that may aid the proceedings.
The Bencher conducting the pre-hearing conference may make appropriate orders on preliminary matters.
Summary hearings
Summary hearings are used when the alleged misconduct concerns one or more of the following:
breach of a Law Society rule,
breach of an undertaking given to the Law Society,
failure to respond to a communication from the Law Society, or
breach of an order of the Law Society.
In these cases, the hearing panel may make a decision on all aspects of the case so that the hearing is not divided into two phases, and decisions on the facts, determination, and disciplinary action are made in one hearing, resulting in one written decision.


text:
Is Apple's New iMac Pro In Trouble Already?
Tuesday, January 16, 2018 by Wil Gomez in Cheap Mac Apps
Betteridge's Law of Headlines notwithstanding, there are times we can conclude a question with an answer other than no. What worries me about the state of Mac professional machines is that Apple may know the customer base better than professionals.
Remember Xserve G4? That's was Apple's first 21st century venture into the server market and it was mostly a failure which died about eight years ago. Steve Jobs killed it. Is iMac Pro about to face a similar trek into a similar niche in Apple history?
What Price Power?
I'm willing to ask the question because only Apple knows the number sold of each Mac. The MacBook Air remains because someone is buying it. Ditto for Mac mini. Even the Mac Pro, which languished for years as the most powerful Mac is still in the lineup. Meanwhile, about 80-percent of all Macs sold are Mac notebooks.
Why did Apple kill the Xserve? Steve Jobs:
Hardly anyone was buying them.
That was back in late 2010, about eight years after Apple launched the Xserve, which, as did all Macs early in the century, managed a smooth transition to Intel Inside.
What about the iMac Pro?
Never has there been a more powerful Mac, and even the scary $4,999 started price compares favorably with Window 10 PC iron when comparably equipped? Yet, here we are, barely two months after release, and already the iMac Pro is on sale.
The first discount occurred early in January. $250 off, but that was an open box sale price from Best Buy. That's not much of a discount for a nearly $5,000 machine, but elsewhere Micro Center has iMac Pro for a $1,000 discount– $3,999 for the entry-level model.
Is the iMac Pro of 2018 the Xserve of 2010? Again, only Apple knows. Friends who work at a few of the Apple Stores where I work in Manhattan say the entry-level model does not sell as well as the BTO models– built to order. Why? It's likely that professionals want configurations that go beyond the basics, especially with storage and memory.
For what it's worth, those same Apple associates in the know also say the Mac Pro cylinder trash can model suffered a similar fate. The entry-level model was not the big seller because professionals needed as much storage and RAM as they could get. In this scenario, with heavy discounts on the entry-level iMac Pro, it's likely that Apple stocked up on the iMac Pro for the launch in December, but now needs to move that inventory, hence the Micro Center discounts.
The base model iMac Pro at $4,999 on the Apple Store has immediate shipping options, while the $13,199 model with 18 core Intel Xeon Inside and maxed out RAM and SSD storage will ship in mid-February. In between, the 10-core model with more RAM and storage is available to be shipped or picked up in store near the end of January.
How many iMac Pro models are being shipped? Only Apple knows, but the entry-level model may not be the crowded pleaser that an aging MacBook Air is. The $1,000 discount on the entry-level $4,999 model should tell us that Apple's margins are sufficient to keep the profits rolling in, even if iMac Pro doesn't sell in great numbers. It's just too early to tell if iMac Pro is the next Xserve.
About Wil Gomez
I live in Brooklyn, New York and work in Manhattan; a Mac owner for almost 25 years, and an IT specialist on mixed platforms-- Mac, Windows, and Linux. Read more of my articles here. My fiancée is semi-famous Kate MacKenzie. Follow her on PixoBebo.
Microsoft Has What I Want In A Notebook
How To Track Your Work On Your Mac
Constable Odo says
Tuesday, January 16, 2018 at 6:05 AM
$4000 for an iMac Pro. That's a sweet deal. I hope I see more deals like that. I definitely want one of those iMac Pros this year and since I'm not a pro user I could happily settle for a discounted iMac Pro rather than getting a beefed-up standard iMac from Apple.
Apple seems pretty clueless about stuffing all that high-end hardware into such a slender case of an iMac. Even fairly decent aftermarket Windows PC cases can suffer from inadequate ventilation and thermal throttling despite stuffing plenty of large fans in them. I think Apple is just being stingy or Jony Ive must always prefer form over function. Oh, well. Apple is still doing pretty well financially, so who am I to questions their product decisions. I only know it doesn't make any sense to me.
I just think that with all that money Apple has they could compete with the likes of AlienWare in building really attractive and functional desktop computers that might not be good for gaming in OSX but would be suitable for any pro users for video editing and general workstation use. Why Apple doesn't build desktops with multiple PCIE slots is something I'll never understand.
willis says
Wednesday, January 17, 2018 at 2:39 AM
That's a healthy price drop. Apple does that to move inventory that is, well, not moving, and the entry level iMac Pro vs iMac with similar configuration isn't as compelling. The iMac is just a few hundred dollars less than $3,999.


In this workflow post, we�ll show you how to remove this metadata from your photos on both your Mac and iOS devices. Removing GPS data on macOS with Preview Removing GPS data on your Mac is simple to do with the built-in Preview app.... 8/01/2016�� Insofar as the Photo folder is standalone (and not part of an Apple app), I can do whatever I like with photos on my Mac and not have iCloud screw with them. Meanwhile, I can pick and choose within iTunes what Photo folders I wish to include on my iPhone and they show up there as expected.
8/01/2016�� Insofar as the Photo folder is standalone (and not part of an Apple app), I can do whatever I like with photos on my Mac and not have iCloud screw with them. Meanwhile, I can pick and choose within iTunes what Photo folders I wish to include on my iPhone and they show up there as expected.... In this workflow post, we�ll show you how to remove this metadata from your photos on both your Mac and iOS devices. Removing GPS data on macOS with Preview Removing GPS data on your Mac is simple to do with the built-in Preview app.
8/01/2016�� Insofar as the Photo folder is standalone (and not part of an Apple app), I can do whatever I like with photos on my Mac and not have iCloud screw with them. Meanwhile, I can pick and choose within iTunes what Photo folders I wish to include on my iPhone and they show up there as expected.
Considering how many photos you have, the best option may be using your PC or Mac to delete the photos from your iPhone. If you have a Mac, open Photos, type 'command a' to select all the photos, press the delete key, and then confirm that you want to delete the photos from all your devices.


Among older adults, falls are the leading cause of injury related deaths. They are also the most common cause of nonfatal injuries and hospital admissions for trauma.1 Most falls are a result of factors such as impaired postural stability, physical weakness, neurological problems, chronic medical conditions, vestibular disorders, and environmental factors. Certain drugs and their interactions with each other can also contribute to dizziness and a loss of balance. Many of these causes can be eliminated or diminished with a fall prevention and balance program.
Exercise regularly: exercise programs like aquatic therapy, Tai Chi or a program developed by a physical therapist that increases strength and incorporates balance training are especially good.
Ask their doctor or pharmacist to review medicines – both prescription and over-the counter – to reduce side effects and interactions.
Have eyes checked by an eye doctor at least once a year.
Improve the lighting in the home.
Reduce hazards in the home that can lead to falls such as scatter rugs, wires, etc.
Numerous studies have demonstrated the benefits of exercise and balance training in reducing the incidence of falls and in providing a higher quality of life. See CDC and Mayo Clinic.
Flexibility and strengthening exercises for lower extremities, hips, and trunk.
Postural corrections and postural strengthening.
Static and dynamic balance activities.
Patient/caregiver education regarding environmental factors in the home that can be changed to lessen the risks of falling.


As part of RiseHY, Hyatt hotels will build upon their long-standing engagements with local community-based organisations and further expand their global network to scale training programmes and accelerate Opportunity Youth hiring. Working with organisations like Grads of Life and the Youth Career Initiative (YCI), Hyatt hotels will provide on-the-job training and employment opportunities across the globe.
Using virtual technology, youth across global communities will be able to experience what employment inside a hotel looks like, from home or a community centre. With this immersive experience, candidates will be able to spend a "day in the life" of hospitality professionals and learn about key roles Hyatt hotels offer, including bell attendant, entry-level culinary, housekeeper, steward and waiter/waitress. Preview the experience at youvisit.com/tour/hyatt.


text:
Knitted Knockers – A brief history
What is a knitted knocker?
A knitted knocker is the name given to a hand-knitted prosthesis for ladies who have had a mastectomy or lumpectomy, as an alternative to the ones issued by hospitals. The knocker is made in 100% mercerised cotton, with non-allergenic filling. It is lightweight, extremely comfortable and fits into an ordinary bra. Knockers are given free of charge to anyone who requests one.
The birth of knitted knockers
A few years ago, a lady in Maine, USA, developed a knitted knocker following a mastectomy as she was not comfortable with the prosthesis the hospital had given her… A short while later a lady in Washington State heard about the knitted knocker after herself being dissatisfied with what she was offered by the hospital following a mastectomy and waiting for reconstruction. She was so thrilled with the result that she wanted every woman in her position to have access to them. Knitted Knockers.org was formed and the rest is history…
There are currently over 500 Knitted Knocker groups in 30 different countries.
Knitted knockers in Spain
Knitted knockers in Spain (KKS) was formed in 2015 by two ladies, Margaret (Maggie) Stevenson and Karen Wallentek-Smith, living in the small town of Mollina, in the province of Málaga. Karen had recently undergone a mastectomy and mentioned to Maggie, a keen knitter, that she wished she could have a knitted knocker. She knew they were available in the UK, but no one seemed to have heard of them in Spain. Intrigued, that evening Maggie did an internet search, discovered the pattern and presented Karen with her very first knitted knocker the next morning. Karen was thrilled and the news of the knitted knocker soon spread. Karen and Maggie decided to establish Knitted Knockers in Spain in November 2015.
During 2016, separate groups were formed in Alicante (Costa Blanca) and Mallorca.
Asociación Knitted Knockers Costa del Sol was formed in November 2016 and became a registered charity in March 2017.


Welcome to Behind the Scenes of Following Me!
Each week leading up to the release of my new book, Following Me, I am going to introduce you to the book with my new "Behind the Scenes" meme. You'll learn about the characters, the set, the feel, the soundtrack. I'm giving you an entire behind the scenes tour! So sit back, grab some popcorn, and enjoy the show.
years old and graduated from college with a degree in public relations and marketing. She moved to Chicago upon graduation after acquiring a job at a high end marketing firm. She has a bubbly, spontaneous personality and I always envisioned someone like the beautiful, Blake Lively, as her casting. The soundtrack to Hadley's life is Breath of Life by Florence + the Machine.
"You're popular," Devon muttered plopping down in the seat next to her.
Hadley had always been popular though. She radiated energy and people seemed to gravitate toward her spontaneous personality. Devon didn't mind partying but she also liked staying in and vegging out on the couch. Hadley always seemed to be going, going, going and waiting for life to catch up with her.


SAMRUDHI HOMES – in Punkunnam, Thrissur is our largest project. The B+4 storeyed two and three Bedroom apartments has a total of 16 flats with every nook and corner a comfort zone. Here's assuring you and your family, prosperity and fun filled days with ample well deserved amenities for generations to come. A legacy to be passed on with satisfaction!


The line-up includes Eddi Reader, Breabach, No Masters, Keith Pearson's Coup de Grass, Oysterband, Martin Carthy & Dave Swarbrick, Chris Wood, James Findlay, Feast Of Fiddles, Tim Edey, Magpie Lane, Megson, Tarras, Sheelanagig, Monster Ceilidh Band, Little Johnny England, Kathryn Roberts & Sean Lakeman, Wizz Jones, Geckoes, Lucy Ward, Blair Dunlop, and more. For the line-up details, day and stage splits, as available please click here.
The first early bird ticket offer has now ended. Ticket prices for 2012 have not yet been confirmed and will go on sale soon.
There is a campsite which will be open for Season Ticket holders for an additional charge, open from 10.00am on Friday and closes at midday on Saturday. The level campsite has Posh Wash showers and nice toilets within a short walk of all venues.


Whether supply of ice-cream by the applicant from its retail outlets would be treated as supply of "goods" or supply of" service" or a "composite supply" and subject to GST accordingly?
The applicant is, inter alia, engaged in the business of reselling Ice-creams in wholesale as well as retail sale packages. The applicant purchases the said goods from its sole manufacturer, M/s Kamaths Ourtimes Icecreams Private Limited ("The franchisor"). The applicant sells the Ice-creams to their customers "as it is" without any further processing/alteration/structural or chemical change. "As it is" means in its exact form as it is acquired from the franchisor.
The ice cream is sold as 500 grams retail packs. The sales mainly consist of sale of party packs or popularly known as "Tubs". These are packed in plastic containers bearing the details of product including maximum retail price (MRP) of the product. The details of the product are printed on the packs in accordance with the provisions of the Legal Metrology Act, 2009.
Under this method, the ice-cream scoops are sold to the customers who wish to consume Ice-creams on a take away basis. The franchisor supplies Ice-creams to the applicant in a wholesale pack to sell the same in scoops. These wholesale packs are emptied in steel containers at the outlet. Thereafter the ice-creams are sold over the counter and supplied in scoops in paper cups, regular cones or waffle cones. Further, at times the customer prefers more than one flavor of ice cream in different combinations commonly known as "Double Scoop" or "Triple Scoop". Accordingly, the ice creams are supplied in large cones or cups. In some cases, the ice cream is melted (semi liquid form) and sold in paper cups/ paper glasses to the customer based on their demand. In such cases, only the form changes. Sometimes, the ice cream is topped with fruits, again based on demand from the customer, The Price is charged on per Scoop basis. These prices are fixed and consistent at all the outlets of the applicant as well as other franchisee owners of the franchisor.
The applicant purchases ice creams from the franchisor. The franchisor supplies the same in retail and the whole sale pack of ice creams under a Tax Invoice and collects GST (CGST + SGST or IGST depending on the place of supply]. It quotes HSN code 2105 and charges GST @ 18% in terms of Notification No. 01/2017 -CT (Rate), dated 28.06.2017, as amended.
Due to the inherent nature of the product, the packages received from the manufacturer/franchisor are stored in a refrigerator located inside the retail store.
The customer walks to the counter, goes through the menu available, selects the flavors and places the order to the cashier.
Once the order is placed, the customer pays the price for the order placed by him; the cashier prints two copies of the Tax Invoice and hands over the same to the customer.
The customer then moves to the delivery counter, hands over one copy of the Tax Invoice to the at the counter. In case the customer has purchased a retail pack the same is handed over to him/her against the copy of the Tax Invoice. On the other hand if the customer has purchased a scoop of ice cream, the same is handed over to him in a cup/ cone as per his desire. Likewise, the customer can also call the outlet and place the order, which gets hand delivered in retail pack to the customer's location.
Thereafter, the ice cream is handed over to the customer. He either waits within or outside the store or takes it away as the case may be. Within the store/shop, there are a few tables/chairs/benches for customers to sit, while waiting.
In the case of sale of ice creams in tubs of 500 gms and at the MRP, it is sale of goods with no service being involved.
AAR observed that in case of sale of ice cream by scoops, customer places the order from the menu and the same is delivered to them. In case of scoop, flavor of choice is sold as per the customer preference i.e. in cup or cone. In either of the cases, the ice-cream received by the applicant from the franchisor is supplied as it is to the customer and is sold at agreed rates, as mentioned on menu cards.
No extra money is charged from the customers who are free to consume the ice-creams inside or outside the outlet. No facility of serving/dining is provided by the applicant. Only a few outlets of the applicant offer seating facility. However as informed by the applicant, same is predominantly made for the convenience of old persons or persons with disability, ladies and children and not for rendering any service of a kid like a restaurant, eating house, joint, etc.
The dominant object even in the case of ice cream in scoops as in the subject case, is a sale of goods. This transaction of selling ice cream received in bulk and selling them in scoops is akin to sales made by grocery shops in the case of sale of edible oil wherein the grocer sells such oil in various lesser quantities after receiving the same in bulk quantity of 20 litres, etc in tins/cans.
The decision of the Rajasthan High Court in the matter of Govind Ram and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan and ors is applicable to the subject case in as much as there is a sale of goods i.e. ice cream which is made across the counter to the customers by the applicant.
The applicant's outlets differ from the conventional restaurants. In restaurants, generally the customers go with the intention of ordering articles of foods for the purpose of consuming the same there only, which are then prepared and served by waiters, etc to the customers. Here the ice creams are sold in the same form as received by them and at agreed rates not exceeding the MRP and in most of the case said ice creams appear to be consumed outside the premises of the applicant.
In the given subject matter there is a transfer of title in ice creams from the applicant to their customers and therefore as per entry no. 1(a) of the Schedule II of the CGST Act, the subject transaction is nothing but a supply of goods.
If there is no right to carry away the food there would be no sale in favour of the customer.
Even if there is a right to carry away if in essence the transaction is a transaction of service and not a transaction of sale it would not be exigible to tax.
If, however, where the customer has a right to take away the food if the dominant object is the sale of food and the rendering of service is merely incidental, then the transaction would be a transaction of sale and not a service contract.
The question whether the dominant object was the sale of food or rendering of service would depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case which has to be decided by the assessing authority in the light of the evidence before it.
(b) what is the nature and rate of tax applicable to the following items supplied from ground floor of a sweetshop in which restaurant is also located on the first floor..
When the goods such sweets, namkeens, cold drinks 'and other edible items are supplied to customers in the restaurant or as takeaways from the restaurant counter . and which are being billed under restaurant sales head should fall under 'composite supply' with restaurant service being the principal supply., since supply of food in this case, is naturally bundled with the restaurant service. The taxability of all such goods supplied to or through the restaurant will be governed by the principal service Le restaurant service and GST rate with applicable conditions will also be applicable to all such goods also. Input credit will not be allowed in this case.
All goods which are supplied to customers through sweetshop counter have no direct or indirect nexus with restaurant service. Any-one can come and purchase any . item of any quantity from the counter without visiting the restaurant. The billings of such sales are also done separately. Thus such sales, by no stretch of imagination, can be clubbed with restaurant service. These sales do not satisfy the basic requirement-of `composite supply' i.e.' being naturally bundled and supplied in conjunction with each other'. These sales are completely independent of restaurant activity and will continue even when the restaurant is closed, either temporarily or permanently. Hence such sales will be treated as supply of goods with applicable GST rates on the items sold.
Vide Circular No. 27-GST clarifies that any service by way of serving of food or drinks including by a bakery qualifies for composition (subject to other conditions prescribed in Section 10(1) and 10(2) of CGST Act) and GST Rate would be 5%.
The issue would take a long to settle.


text:
package com.linkedin.pinot.perf;

import com.linkedin.pinot.core.io.readerwriter.PinotDataBufferMemoryManager;
import com.linkedin.pinot.core.io.writer.impl.DirectMemoryManager;
import com.linkedin.pinot.core.util.FixedIntArray;
import com.linkedin.pinot.core.util.FixedIntArrayOffHeapIdMap;
import com.linkedin.pinot.core.util.IdMap;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Benchmark;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.BenchmarkMode;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Mode;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.OutputTimeUnit;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Setup;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.TearDown;
import org.openjdk.jmh.runner.Runner;
import org.openjdk.jmh.runner.options.ChainedOptionsBuilder;
import org.openjdk.jmh.runner.options.OptionsBuilder;
import org.openjdk.jmh.runner.options.TimeValue;

@State(Scope.Benchmark)
public class BenchmarkFixedIntArrayOffHeapIdMap {
  private static final int ROW_COUNT = 2_500_000;
  private static final int COLUMN_CARDINALITY = 100;
  private static final int NUM_COLUMNS = 3;
  private static final int CARDINALITY = (new Double(Math.pow(COLUMN_CARDINALITY, NUM_COLUMNS))).intValue();

  private FixedIntArray[] _values;

  @Setup
  public void setUp() {
    Random random = new Random(System.nanoTime());

    FixedIntArray[] uniqueValues = new FixedIntArray[CARDINALITY];
    for (int i = 0; i < uniqueValues.length; i++) {
      uniqueValues[i] = new FixedIntArray(
          new int[]{random.nextInt(COLUMN_CARDINALITY), random.nextInt(COLUMN_CARDINALITY), random.nextInt(
              COLUMN_CARDINALITY)});
    }

    _values = new FixedIntArray[ROW_COUNT];
    for (int i = 0; i < _values.length; i++) {
      _values[i] = uniqueValues[random.nextInt(CARDINALITY)];
    }
  }

  @TearDown
  public void tearDown()
      throws Exception {
  }

  // Start with mid size, with overflow
  @Benchmark
  @BenchmarkMode(Mode.SampleTime)
  @OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
  public IdMap<FixedIntArray> benchmarkOffHeapWithResizeWithCache()
      throws IOException {
    PinotDataBufferMemoryManager memoryManager = new DirectMemoryManager("perfTest");

    IdMap<FixedIntArray> idMap =
        new FixedIntArrayOffHeapIdMap(CARDINALITY / 10, 1000, NUM_COLUMNS, memoryManager,
            "perfTestWithCache");

    for (FixedIntArray value : _values) {
      idMap.put(value);
    }

    memoryManager.close();
    return idMap;
  }

  // Start with max size, no cache
  @BenchmarkMode(Mode.SampleTime)
  @OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
  public IdMap<FixedIntArray> benchmarkOffHeapWithReSizeWithoutCache()
      throws IOException {
    PinotDataBufferMemoryManager memoryManager = new DirectMemoryManager("perfTest");

    IdMap<FixedIntArray> idMap =
        new FixedIntArrayOffHeapIdMap(CARDINALITY / 10, 0, NUM_COLUMNS, memoryManager,
            "perfTestWithCache");

    for (FixedIntArray value : _values) {
      idMap.put(value);
    }

    memoryManager.close();
    return idMap;
  }

  @BenchmarkMode(Mode.SampleTime)
  @OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
  public IdMap<FixedIntArray> benchmarkOffHeapPreSizeWithCache()
      throws IOException {
    PinotDataBufferMemoryManager memoryManager = new DirectMemoryManager("perfTest");

    IdMap<FixedIntArray> idMap =
        new FixedIntArrayOffHeapIdMap(CARDINALITY, 1000, NUM_COLUMNS, memoryManager, "perfTestWithCache");

    for (FixedIntArray value : _values) {
      idMap.put(value);
    }

    memoryManager.close();
    return idMap;
  }

  // Start with max size, no cache
  @BenchmarkMode(Mode.SampleTime)
  @OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
  public IdMap<FixedIntArray> benchmarkOffHeapPreSizeWithoutCache()
      throws IOException {
    PinotDataBufferMemoryManager memoryManager = new DirectMemoryManager("perfTest");

    IdMap<FixedIntArray> idMap =
        new FixedIntArrayOffHeapIdMap(CARDINALITY, 0, NUM_COLUMNS, memoryManager, "perfTestWithCache");

    for (FixedIntArray value : _values) {
      idMap.put(value);
    }

    memoryManager.close();
    return idMap;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args)
      throws Exception {
    ChainedOptionsBuilder opt = new OptionsBuilder().include(BenchmarkFixedIntArrayOffHeapIdMap.class.getSimpleName())
        .warmupTime(TimeValue.seconds(10))
        .warmupIterations(2)
        .measurementTime(TimeValue.seconds(30))
        .measurementIterations(5)
        .forks(1);

    new Runner(opt.build()).run();
  }
}


text:
Microsoft Acquires Wednesday
By N. Evan Van Zelfden Legacy Author July 12, 2006
An early announcement, which was pulled, and later confirmed reveals: 'Xbox Live Arcade Wednesdays.' Microsoft's online service is set to release a series of retro games, one per week.
Games such as Frogger, Galaga, Pac-Man, and even a Street Fighter II will make appearances over the summer months.
Today's version of Frogger "has been enhanced and reinvigorated for the Xbox 360 and features new, enhanced artwork that matches and complements the original style. In addition, the game's audio, including sound effects and music ditties, has been modernised [sic] to sound crisp and clear on today's high performance sound systems."
In addition to remastering, the gameplay has also been changed. Frogger is now a multi-player game as well, featuring split-screen, co-op, and head-to-head modes.