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Іоанн Ефеський (бл. 507 — бл. 586) — єпископ Асійський, послідовний прихильник міафізитської христології, один з лідерів антихалкідонської опозиції у Візантійській імперії, представник паралельної сирійської ієрархії, створеної Яковом Барадеєм. Один з найбільш ранніх і значних істориків, які писали сирійською мовою. У деяких джерелах вважається «монофізитом» або, згідно з сучаснішою термінологією, міафізитом або «нехалкідонітом» ().

Біографія

Попри велику роль Іоанна Ефеського в антіхалкідонській церковній партії VI століття, про його життя збереглося дуже небагато відомостей, здебільшого у його власних працях і хроніці Михайла Сирійця.

До переїзду в Константинополь

Майбутній єпископ народився недалеко від Аміди (сучасний Діярбакир в південній Туреччині). Рік його народження точно не відомий, з дат, що відносяться до цього періоду, відомо тільки, що у віці 15 років він вступив у Амідський монастир Іоанна, проте, коли це відбулося також не відомо. За деякими джерелами, це відбулося у 832 або 833 році ери Селевкідів, що означає рік народження близько 506 або 507 року н. е. За іншими підрахунками Іоанн народився близько 516 року. Етнічна приналежність Іоанна також не цілком зрозуміла, сам він називав себе «сирійцем» без будь-яких додаткових подробиць.

З раннього дитинства Іоанну була визначена духовна кар'єра. У своїх творах Іоанн розповідає, що до його народження у його батьків народжувалося кілька синів, котрі помирали до досягнення дворічного віку. Коли у тому ж віці у Іоанна проявилися ознаки смертельної хвороби, його привели в монастир стовпника Марона, який велів нагодувати дитину сочевицею з монастирської кухні, після чого напівмертвий Іоанн прийшов до тями і незабаром одужав. Марон взяв з батьків Іоанна обіцянку привести його через два роки назад і віддати на виховання. Таким чином, Іоанну було лише чотири роки, коли він пішов у монастир. Настільки ранній прийом в монастир не був у той час у Сирії чимось незвичайним, оскільки правила Василія Великого ніяк не обмежували вік того, хто приймає чернечу обітницю. З цього ж віку в монастирі починалося навчання грамоті, що вважалося одним з видів чернечого подвигу. Зазвичай в курс навчання, що тривало 4-5 років, входили спів псалмів і читання Святого Письма. Монастир Марона носив назву «монастир Витриманого» і, судячи за описами Іоанна, знаходився в Амідській долині на правому березі Тигра. Духовним керівником Іоанна в цей період був сам Марон, який був відомий своїм подвижництвом — він 11 років провів у дуплі дерева і 29 на стовпі.

Після смерті Марона близько 521 року, Іоанн, не бажаючи повертатися до родичів, пішов у монастир Іоанна Амідського, що знаходився поруч з містом, біля його північної стіни. Цей монастир, заснований у 398/399 роках, був найбільшим з приміських монастирів і налічував до 400 ченців. Монастир був одним з головних оплотів нехалкідонітів; на відміну від багатьох інших монастирів, з яких була вигнана лише частина ченців, всі його мешканці увійшли до складу «амідської тисячі» — великої групи ченців, непримиренних супротивників догматів Халкідонського собору, вигнаних з різних монастирів. Разом з ними, в тому ж 521 році Іоанн оселився у «великому і знаменитому монастирі св. Мами, що в селищі Хазін в країні Тішпа». Там Іоанн багато займався вивченням церковної літератури — окрім побожності, монастир св. Мами славився вченістю своїх настоятелів. Там же він спілкувався з видатними діячами антихалкідонського руху, вигнаними зі столиці після смерті Анастасія.

У 840 році селевкідської ери Іоанн отримав посвячення в диякони від знаменитого в ті роки єпископа Іоанна Телльского, який, подорожуючи Сходом, таємно робив хіротонії, заборонені Юстиніаном для супротивників Халкідонського собору. У цей період Іоанн багато подорожував (мандрівництво вважалося одним з видів подвижництва, і через пов'язані з ним злигодні, і через розрив земних зв'язків) і зустрічався з відлюдниками та аскетами. Ще під час перебування у Марона Іоанн здійснив паломництво у Файтар, а пізніше відвідав основні монастирі Амідської області і віддалені чернечі поселення у верхів'ях Межиріччя. Приблизно у 533 році Іоанн здійснив подорож до Антіохії, проводжаючи до Константинополя і Александрії своїх друзів.

Через два роки Іоанн домігся дозволу відвідати Єгипет, де його, як визнаного фахівця з аскетичної літератури охоче приймали місцеві християни-міафізити. Звідти він попрямував вглиб Лівійської пустелі, де поблизу монастиря св. Міни оселилися вигнанці з Сирії. Потім він повернувся до Александрії, звідки в рідній монастир, загалом пробувши в Єгипті три місяці. У цьому ж році він відвідав Константинополь, де вперше зустрівся з Юстиніаном. Оскільки не збереглося згадок про зустріч Іоанна з Севіром Антіохійським, який прибув до Константинополя взимку 535—536 років, ймовірно Іоанн залишив столицю раніше. У лютому 537 року Іоанн був в «амідській тисячі» в «монастирі Тополь», де став свідком переговорів з ченцями посланців антіохійського патріарха Єфрема, котрий докладав багато зусиль для викорінення антихалкідонізму у своїй дієцезії. Після того, як ченці відмовилися впустити патріарха в монастир, «тисячі» довелося рятуватися втечею розбившись на загони. Іоанн, як диякон, був на чолі загону з 10 осіб, разом з якими провів решту зими в горах на Євфраті, де потерпав від холоду і харчувався милостинею.

Близько 540 року Іоанн переселився до Константинополя, хоча в наступні роки під час подорожей він неодноразово відвідував рідні місця.

За правління Юстиніана

В Константинополі

У Константинополі Іоанн дуже скоро з переслідуваного владою втікача став впливовим придворним, що виконував важливі доручення імператора. Виправдовуючи своє довготривале перебування в столиці, Іоанн писав, що він жив там «спочатку через гоніння», а потім, протягом понад 30 років, «заради навернення язичників». Щодо першої частини його твердження невідомо, чи мав він якусь спеціальну місію від свого монастиря або просто рятувався від переслідувань. Оскільки в перші роки свого столичного життя він продовжував свої вчені заняття і не втручався в політичні процеси, друге припущення більш імовірне.

Місцем проживання Іоанн обрав маєток патриція Проба, єдиного з племінників імператора Анастасія, що пережив повстання Ніка. Там він познайомився з Симеоном, єпископом Бет-Аршамським, який прославився диспутами з несторіанцями в Персії. Після смерті Симеона, Іоанн разом з учнями останнього розбирав його архіви, серед яких були матеріали, що увійшли згодом в «Церковну історію», зокрема й щодо мучеників Неджран. У 541 році Іоанн відвідав Александрію, а дорогою назад зустрів на острові Родос єпископа Іоанна Іфестського, який подібно до Іоанна Телльського здійснював поїздки Малою Азією для здійснення хіротоній. Іоанн Ефеський з'їздив з ним у кілька таких подорожей, де робив посвячення перед очима влади у Тралах і Ефесі. У Палестині він застав початок «Чуми Юстиніана», залишивши у своїй «Історії» опис її жахів. Можливо, це були дві різні подорожі.

У період після 542 року Іоанн стає активним учасником церковної політики, підтримуючи відносини як з головною штаб-квартирою нехалкідонітів в , так і з придворною нехалкідонітською партією. Про обставини знайомства з імператрицею Феодорою Іоанн не повідомляє, проте говорить про неї в прегарних виразах: «правовірна, сповнена ревності», «христолюбива цариця, поставлена Богом у важкі часи для підтримки гнаних». Його повагу до імператриці не зменшувало і знання про подробиці її минулого. Щодо Юстиніана Іоанн також відгукувався схвально, не як про єретика, а як про людину, стараннями халкідонітів поставленому на не правильний шлях у своєму похвальному прагненні до умиротворення церкви. Проте, до політики Юстиніана Іоанн ставився негативно, і в офіційних богословських диспутах він не брав участі.

Після смерті імператриці у 548 році прихильники унії вирішили зробити чергову спробу умовити «східних», сподіваючись, що без підтримки Феодори вони швидше підуть на поступки. Юстиніан доручив Іоанну вирушити на Схід, щоб скликати до столиці представників усіх монастирів Сирії. Незважаючи на обіцяну винагороду Іоанн рішуче відмовився брати участь у цій справі. Проте, собор відбувся, хоча й без результатів. Так само байдуже Іоанн поставився до засудження «трьох глав» і п'ятого собору.

Місіонерська діяльність

Набагато більший інтерес Іоанн мав до місіонерською діяльності. Діючи від імені Юстиніана, що поставив однією з цілей своєї релігійної політики викорінення язичництва, Іоанн проповідував християнство в Малій Азії. Згідно з його повідомленням, «у 853 році здійснилася дія благодаті Божої в країнах Азії, Карії, Лідії та Фригії стараннями державного Юстиніана, і вилилася щедро допомогою нашого нікчеми, тобто Іоанна Асійського: 70,000 душ силою Духа Святого були навчені і приведені від омани язичницької, шанування ідолів і служіння демонам до істинного знання, і були навернені і знаменовані і хрещені в ім'я Господа нашого Ісуса Христа». Такі великі цифри, ймовірно, свідчать про те, що навернення здійснювалося скоріше механічними засобами, а не проповіддю.

Надалі діяльність Іоанна, за його власними свідченнями, зводилася до руйнування язичницьких капищ та ідолів і до організації християнських храмів і монастирів. Все це вимагало тривалої і наполегливої роботи, тому місія Іоанна, базою для котрої він обрав околиці міста Тралла, не обмежилася 542 роком і тривала аж до 571, коли через поновлені гоніння і старість Іоанн передав керівництво місією своєму співробітнику, Девтерію.

В результаті діяльності Іоанна в Малій Азії було знищено велику кількість язичницьких святилищ і засновано 12 монастирів і 99 церков. Більше половини будівель було побудовано за рахунок скарбниці, решта за рахунок новонавернених. Ця місіонерська діяльність зробила Іоанна відомим, він став головним інквізитором Юстиніана, його повноваження поширювались не тільки на язичників, але й на іновірців загалом.

У Малій Азії Іоанн боровся також з юдеями, у яких відібрав сім синагог, перетворивши їх на храми, і з монтаністами. Про переслідування останніх повідомляється, зокрема, в «Таємній історії» Прокопія Кесарійського. У Фригії головним осередком монтанізму було місто Пепузи. В розташованій тут кенасі зберігалися кістки засновника єресі Монтана і його численних дружин, які були центром поклоніння. Наказ про їх знищення був виданий ще за імператора Юстина I, однак монтаністи підкупили єпископа і спалені були інші кістки. Зусиллями Іоанна були знищені не тільки рештки Монтана, а й синагога разом з книгами, що в ній зберігались.

Інквізиційна діяльність і зміцнення міафізитства
Значною була діяльність Іоанна з переслідування язичників у столиці. У 545—546 роках з його ініціативи було розпочато велике розслідування, в ході якого під тортурами було викрито багато представників вищої аристократії і освіченого класу. Після оголошення в церкві язичників чекав «суворий суд»; подальша їх доля невідома. Ймовірно, вони не були страчені, хоча найбільш високопоставлений з них, колишній префект преторія Фока прийняв отруту, на думку Іоанна, «цілком справедливо». Цікаво, що Прокопій Кесарійський називає цього Фоку в числі лише двох людей, які займали цю посаду і не брали хабарів.

Михайло Сирієць наводить розповідь, ймовірно, запозичену з «Історії» Іоанна, про ще один процес під керівництвом Іоанна на 35 році правління Юстиніана. Йдеться про п'ять жерців, яких разом з «ідолами» і книгами привезли з Афін, Антіохії і Геліополя. 2000 книг і безліч статуй, згідно з хронікою, були знищені особисто Іоанном Ефеським. У третій частині «Історії» Іоанна повідомляється також про його участь у процесах 580 року, коли патріархів александрійський Євлогій і антіохійський Григорій звинуватили в тому, що вони принесли вночі в Дафні в жертву хлопчика. Під тортурами були отримані визнання й інших справжніх або уявних язичників.

Інквізиційна діяльність Іоанна на службі імперії парадоксальним чином мала велике значення для зміцнення міафізітства і особисто Іоанна на Заході. Не будучи ще єпископом, він опинився на чолі цілої організації, яка не залежала від місцевого церковного управління і була підпорядкована безпосередньо імператору. Монастир Даріра, котрий перебував під управлінням Іоанна, отримав від Юстиніана виняткові права, що встановлювали повну залежність він нього всіх новозбудованих церков і монастирів в чотирьох митрополитських округах. Коли єпископ Тралльскій захотів зробити Даріру своєю літньою резиденцією, Юстиніан став на бік Іоанна, підпорядкувавши йому єпископа.

В результаті діяльності Іоанна, який формально навертав язичників у християнство в формі офіційного халкідонського православ'я, зміцнилося становище нехалкідонітів. У порівнянні з 518 роком, коли єпископів-нехалкідонітів було 5 або 6, їх число значно зросло.

Невідомо точно, коли і за яких обставини відбулася хіротонія Іоанна в єпископи. Відомо, що її здійснив Яків Барадей, ймовірно між 555 і 558 роками. Посвячення Іоанна лише закріпило його наявний стан глави Асійської митрополії. Про діяльність Іоанна як єпископа Ефеса нічого не відомо, як і про межі його повноважень. Значну частину свого часу він проводив у столиці, займаючись організаційними питаннями і координацією широкої благодійної діяльності, маючи своєю резиденцією так званий «Монастир сирійців». Необхідно при цьому враховувати, що з 541 року антихалкідоніти-міафізити були прирівняні до єретиків у правових та майнових обмеженнях.

За правління Юстина II
14 листопада 565 року помер імператор Юстиніан, а невдовзі патріарх Александрійський Феодосій. Ці події мали істотний вплив на долю нехалкідонітів загалом й на особисте життя Іоанна Ефеського. Церковне обгодування християн-нехалкідонітів в столиці та на Заході було доручене єпископом Яковом, який постійно проживав на Сході, Іоанну. У цей час у лавах нехалкідонітів починає проявлятися розкол на східних і західних. Першість Іоанна серед західних єпископів, що постійно або тимчасово проживали в Константинополі, тим не менш, не була безперечною, оскільки такого авторитету як покійний Феодосій він не мав. Одним з головних способів впливу в політиці Іоанна була роздача придворним подарунків і грошей. Докладні розповіді про «благодійність», якою займалася сирійська колонія в столиці, про дари, якими високопоставлені нехалкідоніти осипали сенат і, навпаки, про хабарі, які одержував Іоанном від тих, хто з його допомогою розраховував отримати єпископське звання, добре ілюструють найглибшу корупцію, що панувала у візантійській бюрократії.

На початку правління наступника Юстиніана, Юстина II, про якого ходили чутки, що він таємний міафізит, а про його дружину, племінницю Феодори, це було відомо точно, положення нехалкідонітів дещо покращилося. Однак очікування щодо релігійних симпатій нового імператора не виправдалися, він виявився байдужий до релігії, а незабаром виявилася слабкість його розуму. Проте, загальний важкий стан імперії після смерті Юстиніана зробив міжконфесійні протиріччя менш актуальними. У цей період ставлення Іоанна до унії змінилося на протилежне і він став довіреною особою імператора в даному питанні. Однак, коли у 567 році в Персію для обговорення примирення з «східними» було відправлено посольство, Іоанн від участі в ньому ухилився. В цілому собор в Каллінікусі, на якому розглядався проект едикту про примирення міафізитів і діофізитів, закінчився провалом.

У цей час Іоанн був зайнятий організацією об'єднавчого посольства в Рим, де у цю пору влада візантійців була міцною, а одноосібним правителем був екзарх Нарсес, який сприяв нехалкідонітам. Однак через вплив патріарха і православної партії посольство не відбулося.

З 571 року починається чергова хвиля переслідування нехалкідонітів, яку сучасні дослідники пов'язують з боротьбою клерикальних партій за конфісковану раніше власність і світської влади проти впливу священиків. Сам же Іоанн називає винуватцем гонінь патріарха Іоанна III Схоластика, який вранці 22 березня, у вербну неділю, отримавши доручення від імператора, віддав розпорядження, щоб усі нехалкідонітські зібрання в столиці були закриті, а всі їхні священики були ув'язнені. У монастирях були поставлені православні священики. Іоанна поки залишили на волі. Велика частина єпископів-нехалкідонітів зрадила своїй вірі, інші втекли або були ув'язнені.

Далі був виданий новий едикт Юстина, до обговорення якого міафізитів не допустили, і який відкладав виконання їх вимог до невизначеного майбутнього. Едикт викликав швидке розчарування прихильників унії, перерву в церковному спілкуванні і нові арешти єпископів. Іоанн повідомляє, що вони плакали невтішними сльозами, відмовлялися приймати їжу і «були як мертві». Сльози єпископів зворушили імператора і він запропонував їм у компенсацію вільні єпископські кафедри на вибір. Ця пропозиція була з гнівом відкинута.

Іоанн Ефеський, який залишався вірним міафізитській доктрині, був ув'язнений у тюрму при Еввуловому ксенодохії. Там він провів в одиночному ув'язненні у важких антисанітарних умовах, страждаючи від подагри, 12 місяців і 9 днів. У цей час особливо болісними для нього були комахи-мошки, комарі і мухи; клопи і блохи кусали його вдень і вночі, а миші звили собі гніздо біля його узголів'я. Весь цей час його відвідували посланці імператора і патріарха, безуспішно схиляючи до прийняття унії. Потім, за спеціальним розпорядженням його ворога, Іоанна Сирмійського, він був переведений на віддалений острів, де в одиночному ув'язненні провів ще 28 місяців. Там він і зустрів прихід на престол нового імператора.

За правління Тиберія II
Тиберій II наказав перевести Іоанна в столицю, де він пробув під вартою ще більше трьох років до смерті патріарха Іоанна в 577 році, після чого отримав свободу в кінці цього ж року. Таким чином, Іоанн пробув в ув'язненні в різних місцях понад 6,5 років. До цього часу положення нехалкідонітів вже змінилося на краще, оскільки патріарх перед смертю, за словами Іоанна Ефеського, розкаявся і заборонив їх переслідування. Змушені до спілкування монастирі знову стали міафізитськими, закриті храми знову відкрилися. Але таке положення не було міцним. Державна влада, зайнята зовнішніми проблемами, віддала релігійні питання церкві, яка не могла миритися з відродженням схизми. Тому й за Тиберія періодично траплялися гоніння, аж до повного вигнання нехалкідонітів зі столиці.

Для фракійця Тиберія, більше полководця, ніж імператора, релігійні проблеми були далекими, однак спокій держави вимагав надати підтримку діафізитській більшості. Хоча Іоанн був знайомий з ним ще з часів юності нового імператора, його зв'язок з двором був перерваний остаточно. Патріарх Євтихій, який повернувся з вигнання і зайняв свою кафедру вдруге, негативно ставився до Іоанна Схоластика та його діяльності. Будучи скоріше богословом, на відміну від свого попередника Євтихій волів боротися з міафізитською христологією написанням релігійних творів, до яких Іоанн Ефеський ставився презирливо.

Тим не менш, незабаром після урочистого в'їзду в Софійський собор і свого вступу на престол, імператор видав указ про переслідування аріан. Витлумачений розширено, він став основою для переслідування загалом всіх єретиків, включно з нехалкідонітами. Іоанн, як голова столичних міафізитів, був знову заарештований і ув'язнений у так званій Ґратчастій в'язниці. Там, в напівзруйнованій і сирій будівлі, в'язні зустріли Різдво 578 року. Після того, як вони відмовилися вступити в богословські диспути, до Іоанна почали пред'являти майнові претензії щодо монастирського рухомого і нерухомого майна. В результаті його відпустили із в'язниці позбавивши усіх статків, й навіть ослика, на якому він їздив, страждаючи хворобою ніг.

Іоанну запропонували залишити столицю, проте він, судячи з усього, цього не зробив. Він був ще в Константинополі, коли у 580 році завдяки проханню гассанідського вождя , допомога якого була потрібна імперії для боротьби з Персією, гоніння на християн були припинені. Однак у 581 році, після того, як Мундар був звинувачений і доставлений у столицю, гоніння поновилися, але від них сам Іоанн, вже старий і хворий, не постраждав.

За правління Маврикія
5 квітня 582 року помер патріарх, а 5 серпня того ж року — імператор. Новий імператор, Маврикій, отримав державу в ще більш важкому становищі, ніж його попередник, і тому був ще менш схильний займатися релігійними питаннями. В особі Маврикія імператорська влада остаточно відмовилася від ідеї здійснити унію між діофізитами і міафізитами. За словами Іоанна Ефеського, імператор «не знав, чого вони тримаються і через що сваряться між собою». Новий патріарх, Іоанн Постник, не був ні політиком, ні адміністратором, він був цілком поглинений своїм подвижництвом і займався церковними справами після 9 години вечора. Не бачачи в міафізитах нічого поганого, він відмовився підтримувати продовження гонінь.

У підсумку, більшість столичних монахів-нехалкідонітів, які оселилися в Константинополі в попередні десятиліття, залишили місто, вирушили за Євфрат і заснували там самостійну церкву. У столиці залишилися тільки помірні міафізити, які погодилися співіснувати з діофізитами. В цих умовах Іоанн присвятив останні роки життя підведенню підсумків своєї довгої боротьби в «Церковній історії», яку продовжував писати майже до смерті.

На останні роки життя Іоанна також припав внутрішній розкол в антихалкідонському таборі. Дата смерті Іоанна Ефеського точно не відома. За сумнівним свідченням Кіра Батнського, він помер близько 588 року після річного ув'язнення в Халкідоні, яке послідувало за заворушеннями після чергових гонінь. Його знову безуспішно намагалися схилити прийняти халкідонізм. Він помер в передбачений ним самим день і був урочисто похований.

Роль Іоанна Ефеського у внутрішніх питаннях міафізитства VI століття

Відношення до юліанізму

Тритеїстичні суперечки

«Західні» і «східні» монофізити

Праці

Загальна характеристика
Відсутність відповідної підготовки не завадила плідній діяльності Іоанна Ефеського на літературній ниві. Однак доля його літературної спадщини була сумною — тільки незначна частина його праць дійшла до нашого часу. Можливими причинами цього були падіння монофізитства в західній частині імперії і політичні катастрофи на сході. Вже за його життя частина творів була втрачена, і згодом навіть найбільш начитані з сирійських хроністів-компіляторів (псевдо-Діонісій Телл-Махрський та Ілля бар-Шінайа) не мали під руками повної версії «Церковної історії». Відповідно, не можна упевнено судити про те, чи хоча б відомі за назвами всі його твори. На підставі згадок в джерелах, що дійшли до нас, можна скласти наступний список творів Іоанна Ефеського:

 «Книга гонінь», написана, ймовірно в 536—537 роках і відома за згадуванням у 35-й «історії святих». Книга до нас не дійшла і не відомо, чи скористався нею який-небудь автор.
 Спогади «про чуму, що була по всій землі, особливо ж у країнах південних», присвячена подіям юстиніанової чуми. Ця розповідь згодом увійшла до втраченої другої частини «Церковної історії», в компілятивні праці Михайла Сирійця (коротко) і псевдо-Діонісія (більш докладно). Історичне значення «Спогадів» не велике, вони містить, в основному, повчальні роздуми щодо епідемії.
 «Книга історій про житія святих східних», написана в 566—568 роках. Цей твір буде розглянуто нижче.
 «Церковна історія» у трьох частинах, написана між 566—585 роками. Цей твір буде розглянуто нижче.
 «Апологія до східного собору і до всіх сонмам віруючих», написана між 571 і 575 роками. Присвячена унії 571 року і гонінням, що а нею слідували.
 Велика кількість послань.

З усього перерахованого до нашого часу дійшли в автентичному вигляді тільки певна частина «Церковної історії» та «Житія східних святих», теж не повністю.

«Церковна історія»
«Церковна історія» Іоанна Ефеського є найстарішим твором у цьому жанрі з тих, що дійшли до нашого часу від сирійських яковитів. Іоанн розділив свій твір на три частини. Перші дві книги охоплюють період від Юлія Цезаря до сьомого року правління Юстина II, третя частина закінчується на 585 році. Перша частина повністю втрачена. Фрагменти другої частини збереглися у двох манускриптах, датованих 875 роком, що зберігаються в Британському музеї і опубліковані Яном Ландом у другому томі Anecdota Syriaca. У хроніці Михайла Сирійця описи низки історичних епізодів ранньої церковної історії, такі як навернення Костянтина Великого папою Сильвестром I, позначені, як запозичені з «Історії» Іоанна Ефеського. За результатами аналізу О. П. Дьяконов зробив висновок, що ймовірними джерелами першої частини «Історії» починаючи з епохи Костянтина Великого були  та Іоанн Малала.

Третя частина «Історії» збереглася з численними й істотними прогалинами в єдиному пергаментному рукописі № 14640, який також зберігається в Лондоні. Манускрипт був закінчений в березні 688 року писарем на ім'я Сергун.

Втрачені фрагменти «Історії», які відновлюють за компілятивними джерелами, не дають повного уявлення про оригінал, оскільки в них відомості розташовуються за роками, а Іоанн Ефеський писав прагматичну історію, нехтуючи хронологічною послідовністю. Крім того, третя частина писалася під час гонінь, коли у автора не було під рукою раніше написаних глав, що призводило до повторів. Як наслідок у компіляторів виникали непорозуміння, вони неправильно датували відомості Іоанна або вважали одну й ту саму подію за два різночасових факти.

«Житія східних святих»

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text:
PHOTO GALLERY: Jack and Meg White at the premiere of The White Stripes Under Great White Northern Lights
By Toronto Life | September 19, 2009
By Toronto Life | 09/19/2009
Jack and Meg White
Jack and Meg White were in town to support the documentary made about their unusual tour through Canada, The White Stripes Under White Great Northern Lights. We were there to catch pictures of them and their celebrity fans on the red carpet. Check out the photos below.
Jack White at a press conference to discuss The White Stripes Under the Great White Northern Lights during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday September 18, 2009 (Photo by Karon Liu)
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Meg White and Jack White on the red carpet for the premiere of The White Stripes Under the Great White Northern Lights at the Visa Screening Room, during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday September 18, 2009 (Photo by James Helmer)
LINDOR RED CARPET MOMENT
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Jack White on the red carpet for the premiere of The White Stripes Under the Great White Northern Lights at the Visa Screening Room, during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday September 18, 2009 (Photo by James Helmer)
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Ashley MacIsaac and Korby Banner on the red carpet for the premiere of The White Stripes Under the Great White Northern Lights at the Visa Screening Room, during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday September 18, 2009
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Ashley MacIsaac on the red carpet for the premiere of The White Stripes Under the Great White Northern Lights at the Visa Screening Room, during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday September 18, 2009
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Deepa Mehta on the red carpet for the premiere of The White Stripes Under the Great White Northern Lights at the Visa Screening Room, during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday September 18, 2009
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Director Emmett Malloy on the red carpet for the premiere of The White Stripes Under the Great White Northern Lights at the Visa Screening Room, during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday September 18, 2009
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Jack and Meg White on stage for the premiere of The White Stripes Under the Great White Northern Lights at the Visa Screening Room, during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday September 18, 2009
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Jack White on the red carpet for the premiere of The White Stripes Under the Great White Northern Lights at the Visa Screening Room, during the Toronto International Film Festival on Friday September 18, 2009
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Topics: Ashley MacIsaac Deepa Mehta Emmett Malloy Jack White Meg White Red Carpet The White Stripes Under Great White Northern Lights TIFF TIFF 2009 TIFF 2009 Photos Toronto International Film Festival
"Doug Ford sold the people of this province a bill of goods": A Q&A with new NDP leader Marit Stiles
Sort-of Secret: Cucina Mauro, a cozy Italian lunch counter tucked away in a North York industrial plaza
Adventures in Real Estate: After encounters with rats, illicit drugs and decapitated dolls, we found our dream condo in Liberty Village
Toronto businesses selling chocolate smash hearts, customized doughnuts, s'mores boards and candy bouquets for Valentine's Day
Condo of the Week: $1.5 million for a spacious North York suite with fantastic amenities and brass all over
Eight perfectly hedonistic spa treatments for winter-weary minds and bodies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What we have here for your consideration is a gently used Acid Age Electronics Acid Pig Pedal. This ACID PIG uses the legendary LM308 distortion chip. It is essentially a smaller and slightly simpler version of the Earthbound Audio Iron Pig. The ACID PIG takes the classic 80's LM308 op-amp distortion sound and expands upon it with better low end presence and the ability to dial in chunky overdrive sounds all the way to intense saturated distortion.


I recently had the pleasure to do a 35 minute interview about how I came to make Wordle, and then the even greater pleasure to hear it edited down to a fairly concise 6 minutes or so. I'm pleased with it for a couple of reasons: 1) she used an excellent Church of Betty song to frame the interview, and 2) I got to speak my mind about the principles that ought to inform software design, but so rarely do.
Because of these constraints, we have Wordle "lite", which I enjoy and appreciate for the fine work it represents.
Now, what if "the marketplace" were to determine that it wanted to pay to have some of Wordle's constraints removed?
I think you could publish a Wordle II.
The flow of feature requests you are getting is a good sign of a marketplace for a Wordle commercial product.
ps: I'd llike to see each word be a user-defined hyperlink. And also would appreciate user-defined vocabulary.
There will eventually be a Wordle II, but its emphasis will be on providing a safe space for teachers and others for whom the main Wordle site is inappropriate.
I like the idea of making the words links. Indeed, the code has always been there. I'm not sure how to let people specify where the links should go.
Nice! And thank you for a wonderful "toy". I like that you are cautious about claiming any kind of spcial value for Wordle. But I also like the "emergent meaning" that sometimes occurs from a Wordle.I'm no psychologist, but I think that stripping away the grammar and syntax from a page of words sometimes allows a deeper or more immediate or more clear meaning to "pop out". Anyway, thanks again!
It might be a natural path for Wordle to create and link the community of Worlders (those who Wordle) by the similarity of their Wordles. Who else has created a Wordle substantially similar to one of mine, and what was the source of that was used to create the Wordle?
You're pretty awesome. Just, you know, in general.
An amazing piece of software, the results are breathtaking. I'm awed.


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The Republican field vying for the U.S. Congressional District 20 seat has plenty of competition, but one GOP contender has set his sights beyond the August primary.
Joe Kaufman not only believes he can topple six-year incumbent Debbie Wasserman Schultz in the general election, he plans to do it by attacking her views on Israel and the Middle East – views he called particularly offensive to him, a Jewish American.
"I'm focused on Debbie Wasserman Schultz. I'm focused on the fact that she wants to move Israel to indefensible 1967 borders, which would be suicide to Israel," said Kaufman.
"It takes a Kaufman to beat a Wasserman," Kaufman has told voters in explaining his "Pink Slip Debbie" campaign to win the seat representing parts of Broward and Miami-Dade counties.
Kaufman, a longtime Broward resident, has established a reputation both locally and nationally for his work exposing terrorist-supporting charities and hate groups that operate under the radar in the United States. Leading to arrests and deportations, his efforts drew attention from major media sources, including Fox News, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC and others, according to his campaign website.
In 1988, Kaufman established the nonprofit Americans Against Hate to expose radical extremist groups in the United States. Kaufman has served as a guest lecturer at many universities, and provided expert testimony to government officials and law enforcement officers on counter-terrorism.
His GOP primary opponents are Karin Harrington and newcomer Ozzie DeFaria.
In a recent interview, Kaufman shared his thoughts with BIZPAC Review on why he is the most qualified person for the job of U.S. congressman.


text:
VIDEO: Heinrich Reads Coretta Scott King Letter Opposing Jeff Sessions, Points To Hypocrisy Of Republicans Silencing Elizabeth Warren
WASHINGTON, D.C. (Feb. 8, 2017) – U.S. Senator Martin Heinrich (D-N.M.) spoke on the Senate floor today opposing the nomination of U.S. Senator Jeff Sessions (R-Ala.) to serve as Attorney General of the United States. Heinrich read an excerpt from a 1986 letter written by Coretta Scott King, the widow of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., that urged Congress to block the nomination of Sessions for federal judge. When U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) tried to read the same letter last night on the Senate floor, Republicans voted to silence her, claiming that she was in violation of Senate rules aimed at preventing Senators from impugning the motives of their colleagues.
"Silencing Senator Warren for reading Mrs. King's letter under the guise of following Senate Rules is hypocritical, and rightfully leads many to question whether the Majority Leader has a different standard of expected conduct for female Senators compared to their male counterparts, like Senators Cruz and Cotton," Heinrich said referring to speeches U.S. Senators Ted Cruz (R-Texas) and Tom Cotton (R-Ark.) gave on separate occasions in years past on the Senate floor. "I have already announced that I will vote against the nomination of Senator Sessions, and after this episode last night, I believe that now more than ever this position will require an unwavering commitment to protect Americans' constitutional rights and to stand up against discrimination and hate. Like the thousands of New Mexicans I've heard from, I lack confidence in Senator Sessions."
Below are Heinrich's remarks as prepared for delivery:
In 1986, Coretta Scott King, the widow of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., wrote a letter urging Congress to block the nomination of Jeff Sessions for federal judge. The Senate Judiciary Committee would ultimately reject his nomination.
Here we are three decades later, and Senator Sessions, who cannot erase his troubling record on civil rights, is again undergoing confirmation hearings as President Trump's nominee for Attorney General.
I'd like to read an excerpt from Mrs. King's letter and ask unanimous consent that the letter in its entirety be printed in the record following my remarks. Mrs. King wrote, and I quote:
"I write to express my sincere opposition to the confirmation of Jefferson B. Sessions as a federal district court judge for the Southern District of Alabama. My professional and personal roots in Alabama are deep and lasting. Anyone who has used the power of his office as United States Attorney to intimidate and chill the free exercise of the ballot by citizens should not be elevated to our courts. Mr. Sessions has used the awesome powers of his office in a shabby attempt to intimidate and frighten elderly black voters. For this reprehensible conduct, he should not be rewarded with a federal judgeship. […] I do sincerely urge you to oppose the confirmation of Mr. Sessions."
When Senator Elizabeth Warren tried to read this same letter last night here on the Senate floor, Republicans voted to silence her, citing that she was in violation of Senate rules aimed at preventing Senators from impugning the motives of their colleagues.
The move by some of my colleagues to silence the words of Senator Warren and Mrs. King last night is troubling not only because of its threat to our democratic values, but it also is hypocritical.
During a scathing speech in 2015 in this same chamber, Senator Ted Cruz went so far as personally attacking the Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and accusing him of lying.
In May of last year, Senator Tom Cotton, also here on the Senate floor, delivered a speech directly criticizing former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid -- using the words "vulgar" "incoherent" and "cancerous" to describe him.
He said here on the Senate floor: "I am forced to listen to the bitter, vulgar, incoherent ramblings of the minority leader. Normally, like every other American, I ignore them."
Neither of these Senators were silenced.
Neither were silenced for making these obviously attacks.
Neither were told to sit down and take their seat.
Silencing Senator Warren for reading Mrs. King's letter under the guise of following Senate Rules is hypocritical, and rightfully leads many to question whether the Majority Leader has a different standard of expected conduct for female Senators compared to their male counterparts, like Senators Cruz and Cotton.
I have already announced that I will vote against the nomination of Senator Sessions, and after this episode last night, I believe that now more than ever this position will require an unwavering commitment to protect Americans' constitutional rights and to stand up against discrimination and hate.
Like the thousands of New Mexicans I've heard from, I lack confidence in Senator Sessions.
I urge the American people to read and share Coretta Scott King's letter, and continue to make your own voices heard.
Because we will not be silenced. We will persist.


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If you could remove one step from the basic skincare routine what would it be?
If this question popped a few years back, I'd probably answer: skipping toner. I neglected toners for years due to my bad experience with it when I was a teenager. Back then I had been using a toner from a local brand and it was an everyday torture on my face. It never failed to leave a slight burning sensation on my face which is no good at all. The only thing that I like about it is the satisfying feeling that I get whenever I see dirt on the cotton balls.
This year as I start to take care of my skin more, I've vowed to give toners another try. Only this time, I want to ensure that I'll be using alcohol-free ones so as to not irritate my skin. Although I found the perfect one for me (included on my Quarterly Empties), I still want to try out other options. That's when I had given this Clarifying Toner from SKIN by John Robert Powers a try.
Known as a learning institution, John Robert Powers has now extended its brand to cater to skincare needs by creating its own beauty line called SKIN. I bought their Clarifying Toner from BeautyMNL and it was delivered to my doorstep the next day. This particular toner suits normal to oily skin, which I have, whereas their Hydrating Toner is good for dry skin. What made me buy it is the written "non-comedogenic" and "hypo-allergenic" claims on the packaging. Non-comedogenic means it won't likely clog your pores, while hypo-allergenic means reducing possible allergic response.
Now, let me share with you my thoughts about it. As soon as the product arrived, I tried it right away that night and discovered that it is not alcohol-free. As disappointed as I got, I still pushed through the application which only took me back to my teenage years. That slight tingling sensation is back, evident by the hint of an alcohol through the smell of it. To think that it costs about PHP 349.00 (for 200 ml), I honestly felt like I have wasted my money on this one.
When I tried pouring a minimal amount on my hands to pat on my face, I noticed that it can be drying on the skin. If it makes my hands feel dry what more could it possibly do to my face if I use it more often, right?
The burning sensation feels worse when you have acne or pimples on your face.
Using toners with alcohol in it makes the whole healing process of an acne or a pimple slower.
Apparently, I'm not liking this product. It's a 0.5/5 for me. Spare me but I got to give a 0.5 score for the pink packaging. 😆 Maybe if they do more research on the ingredients, this product could have a potential. Also, I won't feel guilty for spending money if only it does wonders on my face and sans the burning sensation.
As someone who was born with quite a fair complexion, keeping up with it has been a struggle. To think that I'm not wearing sunscreen on a daily basis and with everyday sun exposure, I'm obviously just adding more to my problem of uneven skin tone. But probably I'm not the only one as dark spots have always been a common problem for women especially for Filipinas like us who often find ourselves under the sun. Good thing there's Pynocare - the first ever, safe and effective oral de-pigmentation capsule.
Additionally, Pynocare contains MSCC Complex (Melasma Skin Clear Complexion) which is a patented combination of powerful antioxidants specially formulated to address dark spots at its root cause and other damaging free radicals. Each capsule is packed with vitamins and nutrients that are good for your skin such as Betacarotene and Ascorbic acid. By taking it 2x a day after meals, you'll see results in as early as two months. Pynocare retails for only 1355 pesos per box with 20 capsules in it and is available in all leading drugstores nationwide.
From left to right: Maybelline Fit Me Concealer, Maybelline Powder Mattes, Celeteque Dual CC Matte Powder, Careline Brow Gel, Careline Better Than Basic Brow Liner, Celeteque Alcohol-free toner, Skin Genie Lip and Cheek Stain and Belo Intense White Deodorant.
Maybelline Fit Me Concealer. Many beauty gurus love this drugstore concealer, and some even say that it's a dup of Nars. I cannot attest to that since I haven't tried Nars concealer yet. Perhaps, this Fit Me Concealer from Maybelline is creamy and easy to blend. It's good as an everyday concealer with medium coverage. I also love the thin packaging, making it a travel-friendly item. This one is okay but not my favorite. I'm still on the search for the one that has a better coverage.
Celeteque Dual CC MAtte Powder. The first thing I noticed (and I've loved since then) is the mirror and separator inside this square compact. I could dampen my sponge without worrying that it would smell rubbery when I put it back in the compact since there's a separator from the powder itself. It also has SPF 30 and really good for touch-ups. However, if you want a full coverage, it may not be the right matte powder for you.
Careline Brow Gel | PHP 145. Since I have an oily skin, my brow makeup doesn't usually make it all day. So I pledge to include brow gel in my makeup kit from now on. My first try goes to Careline Tinted Brow Gel in the shade Biscuit. To be frank, I don't like the packaging. But since Careline is initially a brand for teens, I totally get the "cutesy" look of it. Anyway, it's one of the products that I love only for the first few days. Yes, it tames my brows and keeps it in place for the whole day but I prefer brow gels with a more precise and small spoolie for my brows. But not bad at all; maybe a 3/5 rating for this.
Careline Better Than Basic Brow Retractable Liner | PHP 150. I bought this after watching a few Youtube videos. 🙈 heh! It's one of the most-reviewed local drugstore makeup in the Philippines. I tried it myself and I'm impressed. It has an angled tip on one side and a spoolie on another. The tip doesn't easily break and it's very easy to glide. I have this in the shade Taupe.
Skin Genie Lip and Cheek Stain. If you're familiar with BeautyMNL, it's one of their bestsellers there. It retails for as low as 80 pesos. Yes, 80 pesos for a lip and cheek tint! That's a pretty steal! So I bought one (in the shade, Tulip Red) because of the good reviews on the site and was really excited to try it out. Surprisingly, I'm a bit disappointed because it's too watery. I thought it was pigmented but not. On the other hand, at an affordable price, you could achieve a natural blush with this roll-on tint.
Belo Intense White Deo. It's my first time using this deodorant from Belo, as I'm a Nivea user for years. Although I love that it's alcohol-free, I don't think it's true to its claim to bring "visibly lighter and smoother underarms in 7 days." I'm also not a fan of its scent, which smells like a chemical. Sadly, I'm not going to repurchase it.
I started looking for alcohol-free ones. Sadly, most drugstore toners are not alcohol-free. But I'm lucky because I found the one for me! This Celeteque Hydration Alcohol-free toner with Witch Hazel is actually one of my skincare essentials. I'm on my 2nd bottle now, and to think that I'm not into toners before, this product really changed my life.
That's it for this quarter. Do you have any makeup or skin care products that you highly recommend? Let me know in the comment section. 😊 Catch you all later!
Hi everyone! 😊 First off, welcome to my official site. Finally, Pattypavia.com has come to life! I'm excited and hopeful for this passion project of mine, and I do hope you'll love all the posts I have stored for you. **fingers crossed. hihi** 😁 To start off, here's my honest review of Nature Republic's mask sheets in Orange and Shea Butter variants.
Let's start with the brand itself. Nature Republic is a South Korean beauty brand, which is best known here in the Philippines for its aloe vera products. I visited their store at Venice Grand Canal Mall in Mckinley Hill where I was happy to be well-assisted by their staff. Since I'm not into the aloe vera craze, I simply did a quick glance at these products until my eyes fixated to the brand's wide collection of their Real Nature Mask Sheets. Choosing what to get was hard but after a few minutes, I decided to go for the Orange and the Shea Butter sheet masks.
I choose the Orange variant because it is packed with Vitamin C, which I learned helps in brightening the skin. I just don't like the odd citrus smell of it. I'm imagining an orange juice mixed with lots of water, which apparently evident through its watery consistency as compared to the Shea Butter variant which is thicker. I also preferred the Shea Butter because it doesn't have a dull smell and I could really use up all its rich essence. As stated on the packaging, the Shea Butter sheet mask will nourish the skin with a luminous glow. Sounds good, right?
Nature Republic's facial sheet masks, in general, seem to tear up easily. Based on my experience, you really need to carefully unfold them. Can you plese let me know on the comment section if you guys also experience tearing these sheets when unfolding them? (or is it only me? haha) Nonetheless, what I love most about their facial sheet masks is the abundant amount of essence in each pack. This is freaking amazing! If you have tried using cheaper sheet masks, you'll know what I'm talking about. But basically, Nature Republic is giving us a generous amount of essence we all deserve. So better squeeze those packs to get the most essence out of it.
Hi everyone! Welcome to my blog, Always Be Your Muse. I'm Patty Pavia from the Philippines.
A muse is said to be a source of inspiration in ancient times. Let this little platform of mine be that source for you, as I share with you my discoveries of all things beauty, style, travel, food and more!


I've been occasionally sending messages of encouragement to Monte for the last 7 years, hoping he would finish his book so I could purchase a copy, (a first edition signed copy). He's a master of detector history, detector operation, and an extremely knowledgeable and fluent writer as you know.
In view of all the previous books written on the subject of metal detecting, I'm sure it's quite a challenge to come up with a book that offers new and up-dated information, plus all the detail involved with getting the book copy-righted, published, printed and marketed in some form.
Hope springs eternal ! Maybe he will finish and publish soon.


text:
The best steak restaurants in Wellington
By MiNDFOOD	| June 26, 2019
People visit street cafe in Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington is a major tourism destination and capital city of New Zealand.
Want the best steak in town when visiting Wellington? We have done the groundwork for you and gone in search of some of the best steak restaurants in Wellington.
MiNDFOOD editor-in-chief Michael McHugh eats his way around Wellington discovering the best restaurants and chefs and what inspires their choice in the best cuts.
Best steak restaurants in Wellington
The Bresolin
Head chef Lucas Tock and brothers Nardi and Enzo Bresolin are part of Wellington's thriving hospitality industry.
Head chef and part owner of The Bresolin Lucas Tock says, "Chefs often think about what drives them personally, but we are in the happiness industry, we need to give our customers as much back as what they give to us. Thanks for eating, thanks for coming back, thanks for being loyal."
Tock says, "We are trying to give value for money. Having a physically large restaurant means we need lots of people to come and dine so everything needs to be of a high level with amazing products, amazing service – a complete package." The kitchen Tock designed is where his dream of having a wood-fired grill became a reality. "I'm always thinking what's a little more innovative, what's a little more interesting," he says. "How can we interpret what we've seen and apply it to New Zealand."
He continues, "I have great relationships with suppliers. I always try to get the best out of them." It is the meat culture that has evolved over time, with a massive change from grain-fed, which has been a conscious thought process for Tock and his team as they focus on their carbon footprint and farm to plate ethos. "We're lucky in New Zealand where everything is grass fed. Times are changing; people want more from what they spend. They want value and are more health conscious." 278 Willis Street, Te Aro
Logan Brown
This cornerstone establishment is a true Wellington institution that has seen many a top chef in its kitchen.
The dining scene in Wellington has a lot to thank Logan Brown for, not only for its exquisitely renovated 1920s historic building, once a former bank with soaring ceilings, but also the fact that – thanks to its incredibly friendly and talented staff – the food and ambience has well and truly lasted the test of time.
Head chef and part owner Shaun Clouston says many talented chefs have worked at Logan Brown over the years. "Working for Logan Brown is not just a job. Being able to work to the volume and quality that we do is the hard part. You need a person who wants to learn and be here. We have a very strong team and a lot of people have been with us for a long time."
It's no secret that many eminent New Zealand chefs have worked at Logan Brown and gone on to have illustrious careers. Josh Ross has been with Logan Brown for three years and now has one of his dishes on the menu. "Josh started with us when he just finished school and was about to start his cooking training. He worked with us for about 3 months to learn some of his trade. He is a very clever young man, he could do lots of things but he wanted to cook."
The exacting nature of the business meant it was a bit of a shock at first for Ross, particularly as he didn't have any knife skills. Ross says, "It was good to see how things had to be done. I used to go home and have a lot of work dreams … and practise cutting."
For Clouston, the most important things are the key relationships he has built up. "There's a movement of trying to get pieces from here and there," he says, "but you have to get consistency happening within a restaurant. We are not a fly-by-night business, so you need to have that association with quality suppliers like Silver Fern Farms. You need trust from both sides, and you want to know you can blow your diners away."
That philosophy of using only the best ingredients from long-term suppliers is held in high regard with young chefs coming through the business. "I think it's something you grow to learn," says Ross. 192 Cuba Street, Te Aro
Chef Helen Turnbull says, "My dream has always been to own my own restaurant, ever since I started cooking as a kid." With joint owner and maître d' Eddy Kennedy, Turnbull opened 50-50 in Paraparaumu Beach. The name recognises their equal share of the restaurant. Turnbull describes Kennedy as "the best front of house I have ever worked with".
With an impressive cooking resume, Turnbull started her apprenticeship at Te Papa's Icon, before heading to Japan to work at Kuon as commis chef, then as chef de partie at Gordon Ramsay in the Conrad Tokyo. Her last position in Japan was at the famed two Michelin-starred restaurant Troisgros as chef de partie. "It had a glass kitchen in the middle of the restaurant so you had to change your uniform three times a day. Everything is monitored because all the customers come around and look at you." Working in the perfectionist environment of Japanese restaurants gave Turnbull a strong work ethic. "It's that attention to detail, that's the only way you can do it. There's no casualness about it."
It was a chance meeting with Sir Michael Hill on a superyacht that brought her home to New Zealand. Here, she became head chef at The Hills in Queenstown, before launching Josh Emett's well-loved Rata. She then worked as head chef at Hummingbird in Wellington.
Turnbull believes it is the customer service that changed her life. "In Japan, they acknowledge every person who comes in and remember everyone's name. They really interact with the customer. For me, that's what I really brought home to my restaurant."
Turnball says, "When I work with a good protein I like to keep it really simple to respect the product. I may add a few flavours to let it shine, but the quality of the meat is so good." Turnbull will take a new cut and cook it very simply, and the ideas will follow. 22 Maclean Street Paraparaumu Beach, Kapati Coast
Oh we do like to be beside the seaside, especially when the culinary offering is so appealing.
Sitting on Quay Wharf, Whitebait is locally known as one of Wellington's best seafood restaurants, famed for using only the best ingredients, cooked using techniques that enhance flavours to their full potential. But Whitebait is also known for its rather ingenious uses of the secondary cuts of red meat, exploring its inventive culinary side with cuts such as the tongue and smoked bone marrow. So it's no wonder the award-winning harbourside restaurant is a consistently popular choice. G04/1 Clyde Quay Wharf, Te Aro
Located in an old wharf store is a legendary restaurant with a view and stories to remember.
I have a friend who many years ago danced on the tables at an advertising agency party at Shed 5 – if these walls could talk it seems there may be many a Shed 5 story to be heard.
There is something quite lovely about walking into this popular local establishment that was once a woolshed and seeing row after row of fresh white tablecloths in front of the huge windows, which showcase the Wellington harbour. During summer the dining area expands to include an outdoor courtyard.
Head chef Geoff Ngan says this is his third stint at Shed 5, having worked there in the heady '90s. "I loved it, I really enjoyed the kitchen. It was massive and we were one of the first places in Wellington to get Heineken in a bottle. I remember the craziness in the bar, it was awesome, really the place to be."
On his return, Ngan made many changes. "I came back to something very different. We had been getting five-star reviews when I left so we had a lot of work to do." He started with the kitchen first, putting an SOS to past kitchen staff who had worked with Ngan. "I had a lot of people come out of the woodwork, which was great. It's been seven years now, and there has been a turnaround."
Creating a menu is all about what's in season. "In winter," says Ngan, "there are braises, autumnal and winter colours, brown fawn, earthy colours and flavours that match. The root vegetables, artichokes and mushrooms match to, say, our short ribs." Shed 5, Queens Whar
With a secret garden, comfy corners and mouth-watering dishes, this Cuba Street café is a must.
For over 20 years a group of women, mainly diplomats' wives, meet every month at a different restaurant in Wellington. When MiNDFOOD arrived at Olive, this friendly bunch were just finishing their mains. "The food is delicious," said one. "Try the venison, you'll love it," says another. They are sitting in their very own private dining room, lined with artwork, house plants and antiques.
The café itself is broken into many different rooms, and every corner has its own unique vibe. The two front rooms are light and walls are lined with tongue and groove wood panelling suggesting a forgotten year, painted in that light sage green colour that every decorator seems to love.
Out the back is the most spectacular inner-city garden – at times it almost feels like a rainforest – with hanging plants and ferns, even a chandelier from a large tree makes an appearance.
This glorious space has an energy and bustle that sets the tone for a fun dining experience. Head chef and owner Jamie Morgan says, "There's a terrific buzz in here. I have built my team up now and we have a lot of really strong chefs so I don't have to do it all. Our food is modern New Zealand cuisine. When we took over, it was more of a café, but now our evening offering has really gone up a level. We want to do classic food really well." Something that Morgan has certainly accomplished. After 12 years in Australia, cooking in Perth, Melbourne and setting up a restaurant in Sydney, it was time to come home.
"I'm Wellington born and bred and it's good being back, I've got my family here. I'd come back for a slower pace of life, but then I bought a restaurant and it all changed again." 170-172 Cuba Street, Te Aro
Grill meats bear
For those of you who like classic dishes executed perfectly, then this is the burger joint for you.
If a craft beer and burger is your thing, a visit to Grill Meats Beer is essential. The team behind the well-run Logan Brown, has changed gear and created a den of deliciousness, which is more than just another hipster burger joint.
Part owner, Shaun Clouston, says, "We wanted to create a place where we could showcase our love of craft beer while enjoying a chat with a mate over a great burger or plate of ribs."
As soon as you walk in, the friendly staff make you feel welcome. With bright red walls scribbled with illustrations and its homey wooden tables it feels relaxed and fun. This place attracts everyone from the Wellington community and has many loyal customers. "We have many regulars," says Clouston. "One guy sits there, two seats along at the bar, like that guy from Cheers. Every Tuesday night he arrives and if someone is sitting at his stool he sort of hangs around until they move."
The Bull and Pig burger is one of the best in town with its gourmet quality beef – there's been no skimping on quality. Having Logan Brown's DNA, the same care goes into choosing what is served up. 227 Cuba Street, Te Aro
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Please work with your siggy maker on what you want done with your siggy. It is inconsiderate and it wastes the member's time that has made the siggy for you if you don't use her siggy. Please work with your siggy maker on what you would like. Show her examples of ones you like, tell them the fonts you like, the colors you like etc. We want to work with you so that you have something you like. I know that I would rather you say I don't like this or that or can you change the background or whatever then say you like it when you hate it and then not use it.
May I offer an idea? On the board I use to post on, some people would request siggies and have it be a Free for All request, in the case of a FFA (Free for all) any maker can make them a siggy and then they can have more to choose from. If they dont like the siggy I make them, I'll let them request again and let someone else have a try at it, because im new.
I think that is a really good idea! Maybe we could do a Free For All Friday thread, and make that day the day for anyone to request Free for alls and all the designers that wanted to could make one for them. (Feedback from your other post) Maybe on Fridays anyone can post a request even if they have posted one already that month.
I think that is a FANTASTIC idea!!!


In keeping with his theme this month, last week Chuck gave us another rather pointed writing prompt last week: hope in the face of hopelessness. I wrote it, but didn't post last week because it was Flashback Friday time. To my delight, this week's challenge, "Acts of Rebellion," fits the story too. So here it is.
That startled a bark of laughter from her, and I relaxed.
"You ask that? You gave them the choice to go or stay," I pointed out.
"Hope—or stupidity—can only carry you through if you really have it." I let her digest that.
Ours had been an extraordinarily long voyage, and when we returned to the fringes of known lands, we found that much had changed in our absence. Being in known territory was somewhat less frightening than the unknown through which we had voyaged for over a year, but most of the lands between this farthest outpost and home were now in the hands of the enemy.
Our current stop—the first in over a year, and the last before the blockade--was controlled by the Company, which always stays neutral, lest politics interfere with making money. They wouldn't blast our ship to atoms, but they wouldn't help us break the blockade, either. And they'd made an offer that too many of our people, looking at our chances of getting through to our home planet, couldn't resist.
I watched as the majority of our crew, and all the passengers, filed down the ramp into the customs shed, carrying everything they owned. They'd been told that they could stay. They would work for the Company for three years in exchange for food and a bed in the bunkhouse. After that they could become legal residents. I wondered how many realized what they had committed to. They wouldn't be returning to their home planets and resuming interrupted lives. I doubted if most of them would survive the probationary period.
"They've chosen slavery," Captain d'Clerc said. She stepped up next to me at the viewport, and we watched the pathetic line of men and women disappear into the customs shed. She was right about their choice. They'd given up all hope in our plan, and were willing to settle for spiritual obliteration in order to avoid physical obliteration.
It was a natural impulse, and more common than not, to judge by the exodus from the ship. The captain and I both knew it was likely to end in both spiritual and physical death for them. I assumed that the other crew members who remained aboard had reached the same conclusion and chose to die our way.
We were left with a crew of 12, instead of our usual 50. Since the passengers—mostly minor government functionaries who'd been sent along to claim any new lands we might have found on our voyage beyond known space—were gone, a dozen of us could handle the running of the ship. We had the right people, too. We could cover all the essential functions, though we'd lost our chief communications officer and the navigator. I'd been Navs until my last voyage but one, so I'd handle that.
I didn't discover her until I was making a final sweep of the ship. The ramps were up and the hatches closed when I found the astrophysicist sitting quietly in her stateroom reading a book.
She her head, which was a great deal greyer even than the captains—and Captain d'Clerc had aged a great deal on this voyage—and looked at me.
"There is a good chance that we will die," I commented.
I nodded. She didn't need to say that, with no use for astrophysics, the Company would simply put her to manual labor until she died. At her age, it wouldn't take long. Her choice made sense.
My comments were unnecessarily pessimistic. We wouldn't die that day, and we both knew it. It would take at least one day's travel to reach enemy territory, and we'd be hungry well before then. I thought she might be able to do more than cook for us, too.
"Indeed, I shall enjoy it. As for suggestions," she put aside the book and tightened the leg brace that she'd loosened for comfort while on her bunk. "I am not a practical navigator, but I may have some ideas." She followed me up the corridor, limping only a little, while I thought about how we might make use of the best astrophysicist in the galaxy.
"Strap in for launch," was all the captain said when we entered the bridge, where all the remaining officers were beginning the countdown. Dr. Kareem took the empty seat next to me at the Nav station.
Over the course of the next two days, Dr. Kareen fulfilled her promise. She provided us with a steady supply of coffee as well as decent meals. It wasn't luxurious, but we had been on tight rations as we neared the end of our voyage. With the population of the vessel reduced by three-quarters, even though the Company had parted with few supplies at our brief stop, we had more than enough to last us—for however long we'd need to eat.
All of us were surprisingly cheerful. Well, not the Chief Engineer. He'd never in his life been cheerful, and the imminent approach of near-certain death didn't change that. But the rest of us chose to believe in my 25% chance, rather than the 2% chance that the Company had given. We'd not seen any enemy ships in that first day, and while we were poorly armed—our mission was exploration, not subjugation—we were plenty agile. We might yet dodge the blockade, we told each other.
We were deceiving ourselves about that. The appearance of a fleet on our third day proved that. Six well-armed warships moved on us in formation, and at least two of them looked fast as well as capable of vaporizing us.
We could have given up then. It might even have been a way to keep ourselves alive. But, having left behind those unwilling to hope, and fight, to the end was that the bunch of us who were left were unable to give up.
I'm not sure at what point in our dodging and evasive maneuvers Dr. Kareem joined me, but we'd taken one hit when she touched my arm.
"What?" I'd been too focused on my work to notice her, and too long without sleep to respond quickly.
I looked where she was pointing on the chart-screen that represented nearby space, and time stopped.
Okay, time kept going, and we were rocked by another near-miss while I considered what the astrophysicist was saying.
"Captain?" I wasn't going to call this one on my own.
I'll bet you have, I thought. For some reason, my hopes were soaring, even while she proposed diving into something I'd been taught all my spacing life to avoid on pain of death.
Death. We'd all planned on that anyway. What better way to go than exploring a wormhole? I could see that was how Dr. Kareem's mind was running. She had less to lose than most of us, unless you figured that we were all living on borrowed time anyway.
"Any idea where we'll end up?" the captain asked.
When there's no hope left at all, any hope will do. We weren't ready to give up, and if we were going to die, every one of us aboard preferred to do it in our own way. I laid the course, Captain d'Clerc gave the orders, and Lieutenant Carmichael aimed us right at the wormhole.
We were coming out the other side, or going to the most glorious death we could imagine. It didn't really matter which.
Ooooh - I love wormholes, as you know ;) Great tension and characters there... looking forward to more!
I'm thinking of expanding this into a full-length short story. Might have to give the narrator a name if I do that!


Gartner has recently published their latest report, Critical Capabilities for Operational Database Management Systems, focusing on Database Management Systems (DBMS), and the critical criteria necessary for end users to evaluate vendor capabilities. In this objective, analyst report, Gartner evaluates existing and new products for operational DBMS use cases. As new products come online and older solutions begin to mature, data and analytics leaders are challenged with which solution to select that best empowers their organizations. This research and companion Magic Quadrant report combine vendor capabilities and client implementation experience to identify products that meet requirements. Oracle's nearly four decades of data management experience, coupled with the company's push into the cloud, has enabled Oracle to develop solutions that ranked first or second in every use case, and are ideal for both on-premise or cloud deployments.
Through 2018, 50% of operational DBMS vendors with less than $50 million in annual revenue will disappear due to acquisitions, mergers or business failures.
Fortunately, Oracle's Database is a general-purpose, relational database management system that has evolved over the years to support new data types and structures (beyond pure relational). It has proven capabilities for high-speed transactions, security and database administration. Oracle's cloud support, investment and focus are paying dividends in the form of increasingly robust cloud capabilities. Products that will stand the test of time, and rise to the forefront are solutions that can address hybrid transactional and analytic models, thereby allowing customers to extract value from all their data.
Greater scalability for up to 4096 pluggable databases to help you deal with data growth.
In addition, as stated in the Gartner publication, one of Oracle's primary differentiators is the ability to innovate across both hardware and software to bring to market highly optimized appliances, Engineered Systems and cloud services. At Oracle OpenWorld, the audience was introduced to the latest Engineered System based cloud service in the Oracle Database Exadata Express Cloud Service. With the introduction of Oracle Database Exadata Express Cloud Service, Oracle's flagship database machine is available as a cloud service that customers can license in small, affordable increments. These customers obtain extreme performance, high availability, and seamless integration with standard Oracle Database deployments—along with the ability to easily transition workloads from on-premises to the cloud and back again.
Oracle Database Exadata Express is the ideal solution for large enterprise customers looking for a smaller bite size cloud solution for their development and test personnel to leverage, or for small-to-medium sized customers looking for an entry point into data management cloud services.
As discussed in this blog, Oracle's proven expertise and push to constantly innovate in accordance with customer demands, has enabled its recognition by industry analyst Gartner as a leader for critical buying criteria for operational database management systems. This effort to exceed customer requirements was on full display at Oracle OpenWorld with the launch of Oracle 12c Release2 for the cloud and Oracle Database Exadata Express Cloud Service. For more information on Oracle's Data Management Cloud Services please see the resources below and visit us at cloud.oracle.com/database.


text:
Directors (Moderators: 1SO, roujin) »
Lang, Fritz
What's your favorite film by Fritz Lang?
Dr. Mabuse: The Gambler
Die Nibelungen: Siegfried
Die Nibelungen: Kriemhild's Revenge
Woman in the Moon
The Testament of Dr. Mabuse
The Return of Frank James
Man Hunt
Hangmen Also Die!
Ministry of Fear
Scarlet Street
Secret Beyond the Door
Rancho Notorious
Clash by Night
The Blue Gardenia
Human Desire
While the City Sleeps
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
The Tiger of Bengal
The Indian Tomb
The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse
haven't seen any
don't like any
Pages: 1 2 [3] 4 5 6
Author Topic: Lang, Fritz (Read 6332 times)
jascook
Cue the sun
Re: Director's Best: Fritz Lang
Metropolis: 9/10
Scarlet Street: 8/10
Die Nibelungen: Siegfried: 8/10
Sara: Good-bye, father Isak. Can't you see you're the one I love? Today, tomorrow and forever.
Isak Borg: I'll keep that in mind.
roujin
it's all research
Ministry of Fear (Fritz Lang, 1944)
Liked this a little less than the other more overt Nazi thrillers that Lang made, though the free-floating atmosphere of unease and dread that Lang conjures up through angles and shot compositions is very well and good. Still, "Cake?!" is sorta hilariously awful and great at the same time.
The Return of Frank James (1940)
"There ain't no right for us poor people than the end of a gun."
This sequel to Henry King's Jesse James plays so much like the 2nd half of one film I was surprised to learn the films have different directors and writers. In fact, the only major crossover besides the cast are Producer Darryl F. Zanuck and Cinematographer George Barnes (Rebecca). Both films look like an early attempt at color photography even though we're already a couple of years away from The Adventures of Robin Hood. The heavy shadows make the film look cheap in places, with some night shots clearly filmed in daylight alongside ones filmed after sunset, but it also give the film its own impressionistic effects. Like David Lynch's Inland Empire, there's a consistency to the low grade look and occasional shots that remind you you're safely in the hands of a visual artist.
This is a heavily fictionalized version of events, but what it loses out to The Assassination of Jessie James by the Coward Robert Ford in term of realism, it mostly wins back as an entertaining western with lots of flavor. Performances favor the theatrical, but that's what makes them fun. Weakest of the cast (which includes Jackie Cooper, John Carradine, Donald Meek and Henry Fonda as Frank James) is Gene Tierney in her film debut. However, it's a very interesting performance when placed against her overall career. Here is Tierney at her most unrefined. Her voice is a bit whiny, her cheeks are fuller and her overall look is rather plain compared to the classy knockout she would play once Hollywood got a hold of her image.
RATING: * * * - Good
« Last Edit: June 20, 2018, 12:25:07 AM by 1SO »
colonel_mexico
Nice review 1SO have to add FRANK JAMES to my short must watch list.
"What do you want me to do draw you a picture?! Spell it out?! Don't ever ask me, as long as you live don't ever ask me more!"
1. You and Me (1938)
2. Fury (1936)
3. M (1931)
4. The Big Heat (1953)
5. The Return of Frank James (1940)
6. You Only Live Once (1937)
7. Hangmen Also Die! (1943)
8. Manhunt (1941)
9. Ministry of Fear (1944)
Hasn't seen Metropolis or Scarlet Street.
MartinTeller
martinteller.wordpress.com
You seem awfully concerned with what roujin has seen or not seen.
Watched 2021
I just like ragging him because it's fun.
Sam and I are inextricably linked.
RE-WATCH MARATHON
The Woman in the Window (1944)
"The flesh is still strong, but the spirit grows weaker by the hour."
REASON FOR RE-WATCH: I first watched The Woman in the Window back-to-back with Scarlet Street. Because of their similar casts, story points and endings they've been linked together in my mind ever since. Scroll up and you'll see two months ago I rewatched Scarlet Street. Hopefully now I can tell the two apart.
A key difference is I enjoyed Scarlet Street more the 2nd time around. The character interactions are sharper, more diabolical. The acting achieves dark comedy, which increases the danger when it comes along. Joan Bennett is too nice here. No private agenda. No secret reserve of cunning. Dan Duryea also never reaches weasel heights. He's smart and lets his brains lead him. Boring. I prefer when he behaves like he's pulling a con, but he has the truth on his side here. Robinson is excellent as always, and he's much more the lead here, whereas Scarlet Street features all three equally. (It's such a long time before Duryea enters the film, I started to doubt he was in it at all.)
There's something fresher about Scarlet Street that makes it a film I know I will watch again. This is more of a cautionary tale about straying to far into the night. It does a good job trying to get away with the perfect crime, only to show that no matter how much care you take, outside forces will always work against you many times over. Then there's that ending, which I remembered was coming but I do not like it one bit. Knowing it this time through there are moments where logic would be a question without the ending, but I would happily trade a little logic for something more solid at the climax.
RATING: * * *, a small downgrade from my original review


There is no shortage of interesting things to do or places to visit during your stay in Herefordshire. Below we have listed some examples.
Cycling – Just a short drive away there are many good cycling routes, we have details of some easy, flat cycle rides along the River Wye and closer to The Falcon House there are more challenging cross-country routes. Just ask when you arrive.
Fishing – Fishing permits are available on the Lucksall Caravan site just a couple of miles up the road, bring your fishing tackle and catch fish from the River Wye.
Walking – Like cycling, there's something for all ages and abilities, ask for walking route details when you arrive, we'll be happy to help.


text:
Q: First Homomorphism Theorem and terminology I am not finding clear terminology in my abstract algebra book to be clear at least and my questions are simple. Consider the construction of a quotient group G':
\begin{equation}
  G/K = G'
\end{equation}
I know that $K$ can be shown to be isomorphic to the kernel of some homomorphism between $G$ and $G'$ (is there intuition behind this first homomorphism theorem?) Perhaps an example group would suffice. What is the proper terminology for $K$? Suppose $G, K$ and $G'$ were real numbers, then in arithmetic the terminology would be that $G$ is the divident, $K$ is the divisor and $G'$ is the quotient. What is the equivalent terminology in group theory?
Summarising:

*

*What is the intuition behind $K$ being isomorphic to some kernel of a homomorphism between $G$ and $G'$?

*What is the formal terminology for $K$?

Thanks for all the help!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Drummer Confused as to which band to stand next to at the gig, due to the fact he is the drummer for every band playing that night.
By Rusty Hat / October 28, 2019
By Rusty Hat
Greg P. Harold is the best drummer in town, literally every other drummer in town has been fired from each of these bands playing tonight. They all recruited Greg into their band. Problem is, Greg didn't tell any of the bands what was going on. Now he is really confused on how to handle the fact they all will find out, he is the only drummer showing up tonight.
Shane D. is going to be the most pissed because he just dropped a grip of cash on brand new band pics for their exculsive self released album called "Our Drummer Is Better Than Yours"… well that will be an eye opener for him when the drummer that plays after his death core punk project, is actually still his drummer, boy pass the popcorn.
Luscious Dragon death is first up and you can already see all the other bands standing their with perplexed looks on their faces as Greg sets up his drums on stage. "Dude, what are you doing? We aren't up for 2 more bands?", says Bob Hell from the band Gorilla Snot," Are you wasted or something? man let them setup and play Greg."
LONG PAUSE
"They asked if I could sit in for them tonight," Greg said, "It's no biggie."
Bob raises his eyebrows, shaking his head, "Whatever dude, you are supposed only be our drummer."
"Your drummer?!", shouts Phil Longoose of Breaking Nails, "That's OUR Drummer!"
Greg now realizing the house of cards he built is about to tumble, decides to do the only thing he can. He heads to his now set up drum kit, takes off his shirt, takes a sharpie and writes in big letters "BAND WHORE" on his chest, and plays the drum solo from Led Zepplin's Moby Dick.
As he finishes, the crowd which now consisted of the 4 bands playing and a bartender, in unision scream, "You're Fired!"
Greg didnt have much to say to us after that part of the night, but it would have been a lot easier to listen to the blaring music if there was a beat behind it.
Needless to say no one got paid, but I did hear through the grapevine that Phil Longoose did re-recruit him stating, "A good drummer that's plays in a shitload of bands, is still better than a shitty ass drummer just playing in yours."
-Photo by Matthew Baur
Rusty Hat
Old school, crank yanking punk rock skater. Tells it like it is and makes no excuses. Studied at the university of hard knocks, and loves puppies riding unicorns.
Tags: band whore, confused drummer, Drummer
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California Executive Order Cracks Down on Counterfeit E-Cigs and Pot
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Home » News » California Executive Order Cracks Down on Counterfeit E-Cigs and Pot
California Governor Gavin Newsom would like to ban vape products, but his new executive order doesn't go that far.
Adam Drury
Like elsewhere around the country, the state of California has been hit hard by the ongoing crisis of vape-linked illnesses and deaths. But even though state health authorities say many of the cases of sudden lung sickness involved patients vaping cannabis, Governor Gavin Newsom is zeroing in on nicotine. And not just nicotine products like e-cigarettes, but the amount of nicotine inside them.
Newsom's two-page executive order almost exclusively concerns itself with the nicotine content of electronic cigarettes, proposing new taxes and new regulations based on how much nicotine an e-cig contains. But so far, investigations into the causes of the mysterious vape-related illnesses haven't pointed to nicotine. Instead, they've pointed to the additives used to manufacture vape liquids, such as vitamin E acetate.
California Gov. Newsom's Order Isn't Banning Vapes
If California Gov. Gavin Newsom had his way, he'd outright ban vapes across California, like New York Governor Andrew Cuomo did with his recent emergency executive action banning flavored e-cigarettes. But to do that in California, Newsom would need the support of lawmakers, a fact that seemed to take the governor by surprise. "It appears the governor alone is not afforded the right, legally, to ban those products outright," Newsom said.
Instead, Newsom did what he has the power to do: issue an order directing state agencies and resources to combat the vape crisis. And in California, that crisis is getting worse. Since August, hospitals and doctors offices have documented the emergence of an unknown clinical syndrome linked to recent vaping. The syndrome involves acute respiratory failure, and it has struck everyone from the young to the old and the ill to the healthy.
By mid-September, 63 cases of the vape-linked syndrome had been reported. But officials think the actual number could be much higher. 28 of those cases involved patients who needed intensive care units. 19 others required mechanical breathing machines. 1 patient, an older man with chronic health issues, died after consuming a cannabis vape product.
Newsom's executive order lists these grim statistics, and it acknowledges their link to illegally-obtained and produced cannabis products. But Gov. Newsom doesn't have the power to change cannabis regulations, which already include testing and labeling requirements for vapes and other concentrates products. E-cigs and other non-cannabis vape products, on the other hand, have no manufacturing standards at all.
California To Launch Vape Awareness Campaign Modeled on Anti-Tobacco Ads
In California, there are at least licensed retailers selling (for the most part) tested and regulated products with clear labelling. But nothing like that exists for e-cigs. Gov. Newsom's executive order aims to change that. It orders the California Department of Public Health to create warning signs for retailers selling vape products about the health risks of vaping. It also directs the health department to recommend new standards for nicotine content and uniform packaging. Public health officials have until October 14 to submit those recommendations.
Newsome is also tapping the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration to revise taxes to include nicotine content in the calculation of the existing tax on e-cigarettes. CDTFA is also ordered to develop recommendations to remove illegal or counterfeit vaping products from stores and to increase its enforcement of tax evasion. The agency has until October 29 to report back.
Newsom's executive order also directs multiple state agencies toward combatting youth vaping, from cracking down on retailers who sell to underage customers to investing in public awareness campaigns. The Public Health Department will set aside at least $20 million for cannabis and tobacco vaping awareness programs. The campaign will utilize digital and social media messaging targeting youth, young adults and parents.
Related Topics:California, Featured, Regulation, Vaping
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