Richmond is the capital and center of the Commonwealth of Virginia state. It has to be mentioned that this city had been independent from 1871 and is located along the shores of the James River.
Additional sales tax of 1% imposed by Richmond County. The total sales tax rate in the city of Richmond is 5/3%. No tax exemption for buying silver coins and bullion.
This BBB accredited provider deals in coins like gold American Eagles, gold maple leafs, gold Krugerrand, silver rounds, silver American Eagles and currency mainly. They also collect world coins, obsolete coins, confederates, gold and silver bullion, besides these. They are quite versatile merchants who operate online as well as possess a traditional store. Hence they are happy to assist customers both in person as well as virtually.
They buy and sell US silver and gold coins, gold and silver bullion, silver half dollars, silver quarters and commemoratives. What they do best is to evaluate Morgan Dollars and of other valuables on spot. They are authorized by both P.C.G.S. as well as N.G.C. and are also accredited by BBB. Not to forget that they provide customers with good customer service that they appreciate for years.
They are present in a wide range of cities like Quinton, Henrico, Sandston, Studley and Richmond to name a few. They deal in gold, silver, sterling silver flatware, jewelry and coins. They also provide cash for jewelry, gold and silver instantly. What more they offer is a question that can be answered in simple words as brilliant customer service and with an experience of years in line of business they can serve as a true guide.
They buy and sell silver, platinum, and gold jewelry like rings, bracelets, earrings and chains, silver vanity sets, silverware chests, watches, sterling silverware, silver hollowware, coins, silver coins and bullion. They have been buying and selling all these items lawfully for years now. They offer courteous staff that are highly professional and have expertise in this particular line of work.


text:
Germany: Big Mess Expected on Long Distance Trains Around Christmas
BusinessFeaturesGermany
Because of Corona, Deutsche Bahn is supposed to make sure only about half the seats on its trains can be reserved. But, as it turns out, this measure will most likely not change anything.
Berlin, November 27th, 2020 (The Berlin Spectator) — It is good to travel by train. In Germany, the 'ICE' races from city to city at up to 300 km/h (186 mph). No Lamborghini or Tesla can win this race. Those high speed trains are comfortable and they have restaurants and electric sockets. Splendid.
Christmas + Corona = Chaos
But the enthusiasm can dissolve rather quickly. There are two periods of time in which traveling by train is a curse, namely around Christmas and during a Corona pandemic. These two aspects together will create a big chaos in late December.
An 'ICE' train is waiting at Berlin's central station. Photo: Imanuel Marcus
The problem Christmas creates is the high number of travelers. In normal times, especially Deutsche Bahn's 'ICE' trains are crammed from December 20th to 24th, and once Christmas is over, on and around December 27th. Many passengers usually stand in the aisles or sit on the floor.
Some of our Features
No Change On Board
Because of Corona, mandatory reservations were discussed, and opening window seats for reservations only. That way, far more than half of all passengers would have been kept out of the trains and the danger of infection would not have been that big. But it did not happen. Only part of the idea survived.
Today, Deutsche Bahn was supposed to change its reservation system. As originally planned, only about half of all seats per train will appear in the system. But the remaining seats will still be usable for passengers. What this means is that absolutely nothing will change on board those 'ICE' trains, because passengers can fill all seats they want, and the aisles, without making reservations.
Spoiled Plan
Traveling couples and families will be able to reserve adjacent seats in some parts of each train. But that does not change the overall situation or the general danger of Corona infections either. When useful plans are being destroyed, they might do more damage than good.
ICE trains are comfortable indeed. Photo: Imanuel Marcus
Luckily, there is good news too. Deutsche Bahn, a state-owned company, was ordered to add more trains on popular routes. Whether increasing the number of seats by 10 percent will actually change anything is another open question though.
Antagonal Problems
At this stage, at the end of November, there are not enough passengers. Compared to November of 2019, their number slumped by up to 75 percent. This translates into huge losses for Deutsche Bahn. Then, around Christmas, it will be the opposite issue: Too many passengers will be traveling. By doing so, they will pose a danger to each other.
Flexible tickets will let passengers board any train they choose and sit down on any free seat. The fear is that Deutsche Bahn will run out of those quickly, before and just after Christmas, in spite of — or because of — the eased contact restrictions that will be in place from December 23rd to January 1st.
ChristmasDeutsche BahnTravel
Germany Reports More than One Million Corona Infection Cases
Germany: Serious Corona Situation in Passau, Overall Corona Numbers Still High

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Good digestion is essential for everyday health and well-being, but can be disrupted by various factors such as age, emotional and physical stress, intestinal infections, alcohol, and some prescription and over the counter drugs. Symptoms of poor and incomplete digestion include heartburn, gas, and bloating after eating. In addition to lowering our daily quality of life, poor digestion can negatively affect our nutrient absorption and in the long term, result in compromised immune function and reduced bone health if we do not absorb sufficient nutrients from our food. Digestive problems can also cause us to restrict our food choices and not follow a healthy diet rich in whole grains and a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, which can be difficult for some people to digest. Taking a digestive enzyme supplement may help your body break down and absorb the nutrients from food.
beet root powder, medium chain triglycerides (vegetable).
Contains no peanuts, tree nuts, artificial sweeteners or colours.
Enzyme activity is determined according to standard Food Chemical Codex procedures recognized by Health Canada and the United States FDA.


Abstract—There are many approaches in assessing students' ability in object-oriented programming, but little research has been discussed concerning the evaluation of novices' ability in applying object-oriented fundamental concepts in their source code. The main purpose of this study is to construct and validate through expert consensus, a set of evaluation criteria for assessing novices' ability through evaluation of the application of object-oriented concepts in program source code. These evaluation criteria are derived based on the common fundamental object-oriented concepts based on Malaysian object-oriented programming syllabuses. A three-round Delphi approach has been chosen in establishing the consensus and participated by a number of OOP experts. Based on the Delphi study, sixteen evaluation criteria have been established for assessing novices' ability in applying fundamental object-oriented concepts. The proposed evaluation criteria were then validated by associating them with established related object-oriented design heuristics and object-oriented design principles.
Index Terms—Object-oriented programming, programming assessment, Delphi approach, object-oriented concepts.
Norazlina Khamis is with the Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (e-mail: azlinakhamis@gmail.com).
Cite: Norazlina Khamis, "Establishing Evaluation Criteria for Assessing Novices" Ability in Applying Object-Oriented Concept Using Delphi Approach," International Journal of Information and Education Technology vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 543-549, 2016.


text:
Abkhazia: Presidential Visit Highlights "Very Close Human Relations"
Following President Bagapsh's visit to Ankara, Turkey shows that it is possible to tries to deepen relations with Abkhazia while at the same time engaging with the region as a whole.
Below is an article published by Today's Zaman:
On April 7 at 11 a.m. Abkhaz President Sergei Bagapsh arrived in Ankara on a private plane from Sochi.
The delegation that arrived with Bagapsh included Principal Clerk to the President Grigoriy Enik, Foreign Minister Maksim Gunjia, Economic Minister Kristina Özgan, President of the Central Bank İlarion Argun, MP Talih Hötiş, Consultant to the President Sariya Amıçba, Manager of Protection for the President Andrey Bobua, World champion wrestler Denis Sarguş, Abkhazian State University Rector Aleko Gvaramiya, First Assistant to the Principal Clerk of the Presidency Zurap Kacaya, Protocol Director for the Presidency Alik Logua, Special Residence Director İbrahim Ayüzba, Assistant to the Press Spokesperson for the Presidency Alhas Çolokua, Zurap Kocayaoğlu, Tayfun Ardzınba, Tamaz Logua, Vaja Çaçba, Beslan Yeşba, State Returns Committee head Zurap Adleyba, President of the Agricultural Chambers Leonid Osia, Yazar Anatoliy Logulaa, Astanda Ketsba from Abkhazian State Television and Robert Alamia.
Bagapsh had a series of meetings scheduled immediately after he arrived in Ankara, and on the evening of April 7 was the guest of honor at a dinner held by the Association of Businessmen from the Caucasus (KAFIAD). On the morning of April 8 Bagapsh had a breakfast meeting with journalists at the Ankara Swissotel. As for the rest of his visit, Bagapsh is expected to join in festivities held in his honor by ethnically Abkhaz Turkish citizens on March 9 at the Adapazarı village of Uzuncaorman. On the same night, the Abkhazian president is expected to attend a dinner at the Green Park Hotel in Taksim. Following a press conference on March 10, Bagapsh is expected to return to Abkhazia.
While there has been a certain effort to portray the reasons behind Bagapsh's visit as both "therapy for a herniated disc" and "meetings with ethnically Abkhazian Turkish citizens," the truth of the matter is that this visit is clearly one of the steps being taken in the softening of Turkish policies towards Abkhazia.
One of the first steps within this framework was Turkey's prevention of Georgian seizures of Turkish ships headed on Black Sea international waters for Abkhazia.
Ankara thus saw to the freeing of all the ships seized by Georgia (with the exception of the Afrostar). The second step was the developments that started taking place in terms of bettering both human and trade relations between Turkey and Abkhazia. Alongside all this, the Turkish Foreign Ministry is trying to prevent any possible spread of the perception that the visit by Bagapsh to Ankara is some sort of step in opposition to the unity of Georgian soil. It is thus searching for ways to develop and improve relations with Abkhazia without damaging relations with Georgia, and, thus, with the approval and knowledge of Tbilisi in all of this. To wit, an April 7, 2011 published statement from the Turkish Foreign Ministry, titled "Regarding Sergey Bagapsh's Visit to Turkey," works to underscore the ties of friendship between Turkey and Georgia. In fact, while the statement uses the name "Georgia" four times, it never even mentions the name "Abkhazia." The statement does not even go so far as to mention from which country or region Bagapsh comes.
And so, while Turkey wants to protect the territorial integrity of Georgia, it also wishes to see its trade, cultural and human relations with Abkhazia develop. This is because there can be no outcome from Georgia's current policies towards Abkhazia other than to push Abkhazia to have closer relations with the Russian Federation. Turkey has around four times as many ethnically Abkhaz citizens as there are actual Abkhaz living in Abkhazia. In Abkhazia, there is a population of Turks left over from Ottoman times. In addition, there are strong and deep linguistic, religious, cultural and historical ties between Turkey and Abkhazia. Abkhazia does not perceive Turkey as being a different country or some sort of close relative, but instead sees Turkey as part of its own family, and as a large piece of a wider union. For this reason, the relations between Turkey and Abkhazia go well beyond trade relations and are in fact based on very close human relations. It is in this vein that they will continue to develop.
It is necessary for all to understand that in order to bring about stability, security and peace in the Eastern Black Sea region, strong human relations, first and foremost, must be formed.


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text:
Michael T. Flynn
Michael Thomas Flynn (born December 24, 1958) is a retired United States Army Lieutenant General and convicted felon and was, briefly, National Security Advisor to President Donald Trump.
Flynn's military career included a key role in shaping U.S. counterterrorism strategy and dismantling insurgent networks in Afghanistan and Iraq, and he was given numerous combat arms, conventional, and special operations senior intelligence assignments. He served as the 18th Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, serving from July 2012 until his forced retirement from the military in August 2014. After leaving the military, he established Flynn Intel Group, which provided intelligence services for businesses and governments, including ones in Turkey. He became a senior advisor to Trump during his presidential campaign and served as the National Security Advisor from January 23 to February 13, 2017. He resigned after information surfaced that he had misled the FBI and Vice President Mike Pence about the nature and content of his communications with Russian Ambassador to the U.S. Sergey Kislyak. Flynn's tenure of just 24 days is the shortest in the office's history.
On April 27, 2017, the Pentagon inspector general announced an investigation into whether Flynn had accepted money from foreign governments without the required approval. The New York Times reported on May 18, 2018, that a longtime FBI/CIA informant had met Flynn at an intelligence seminar in Britain six months earlier and became alarmed by Flynn's closeness to a Russian woman there; this concern prompted another individual to alert American authorities that Flynn may have been compromised by Russian intelligence. Flynn initially refused to hand over subpoenaed documents to the Senate Intelligence Committee, pleading the Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination, but a compromise with the committee was worked out. On December 1, 2017, Flynn appeared in federal court to formalize a deal with Special Counsel Robert Mueller to plead guilty to a felony count of "willfully and knowingly" making "false, fictitious and fraudulent statements" to the FBI. He confirmed his intention to cooperate with the Special Counsel's investigation.
Source: Michael T. Flynn

Michael T. Flynn

Michael Thomas Flynn (born December 24, 1958) is a retired United States Army Lieutenant General and convicted felon and was, briefly, National Security Advisor to President Donald Trump.

Flynn's military career included a key role in shaping U.S. counterterrorism strategy and dismantling insurgent networks in Afghanistan and Iraq, and he was given numerous combat arms, conventional, and special operations senior intelligence assignments. He served as the 18th Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, serving from July 2012 until his forced retirement from the military in August 2014. After leaving the military, he established Flynn Intel Group, which provided intelligence services for businesses and governments, including ones in Turkey. He became a senior advisor to Trump during his presidential campaign and served as the National Security Advisor from January 23 to February 13, 2017. He resigned after information surfaced that he had misled the FBI and Vice President Mike Pence about the nature and content of his communications with Russian Ambassador to the U.S. Sergey Kislyak. Flynn's tenure of just 24 days is the shortest in the office's history.

On April 27, 2017, the Pentagon inspector general announced an investigation into whether Flynn had accepted money from foreign governments without the required approval. The New York Times reported on May 18, 2018, that a longtime FBI/CIA informant had met Flynn at an intelligence seminar in Britain six months earlier and became alarmed by Flynn's closeness to a Russian woman there; this concern prompted another individual to alert American authorities that Flynn may have been compromised by Russian intelligence. Flynn initially refused to hand over subpoenaed documents to the Senate Intelligence Committee, pleading the Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination, but a compromise with the committee was worked out. On December 1, 2017, Flynn appeared in federal court to formalize a deal with Special Counsel Robert Mueller to plead guilty to a felony count of "willfully and knowingly" making "false, fictitious and fraudulent statements" to the FBI. He confirmed his intention to cooperate with the Special Counsel's investigation.

Source: Michael T. Flynn


text:
import _ from 'lodash';

import { IReduxState } from '../app/types';
import { getConferenceTimestamp } from '../base/conference/functions';
import { PARTICIPANT_ROLE } from '../base/participants/constants';
import { getParticipantById } from '../base/participants/functions';
import { FaceLandmarks } from '../face-landmarks/types';

import { THRESHOLD_FIXED_AXIS } from './constants';
import { ISpeaker, ISpeakerStats } from './reducer';

/**
 * Checks if the speaker stats search is disabled.
 *
 * @param {IReduxState} state - The redux state.
 * @returns {boolean} - True if the speaker stats search is disabled and false otherwise.
 */
export function isSpeakerStatsSearchDisabled(state: IReduxState) {
    return state['features/base/config']?.speakerStats?.disableSearch;
}

/**
 * Checks if the speaker stats is disabled.
 *
 * @param {IReduxState} state - The redux state.
 * @returns {boolean} - True if the speaker stats search is disabled and false otherwise.
 */
export function isSpeakerStatsDisabled(state: IReduxState) {
    return state['features/base/config']?.speakerStats?.disabled;
}

/**
 * Gets whether participants in speaker stats should be ordered or not, and with what priority.
 *
 * @param {IReduxState} state - The redux state.
 * @returns {Array<string>} - The speaker stats order array or an empty array.
 */
export function getSpeakerStatsOrder(state: IReduxState) {
    return state['features/base/config']?.speakerStats?.order ?? [
        'role',
        'name',
        'hasLeft'
    ];
}

/**
 * Gets speaker stats.
 *
 * @param {IReduxState} state - The redux state.
 * @returns {Object} - The speaker stats.
 */
export function getSpeakerStats(state: IReduxState) {
    return state['features/speaker-stats']?.stats ?? {};
}

/**
 * Gets speaker stats search criteria.
 *
 * @param {IReduxState} state - The redux state.
 * @returns {string | null} - The search criteria.
 */
export function getSearchCriteria(state: IReduxState) {
    return state['features/speaker-stats']?.criteria;
}

/**
 * Gets if speaker stats reorder is pending.
 *
 * @param {IReduxState} state - The redux state.
 * @returns {boolean} - The pending reorder flag.
 */
export function getPendingReorder(state: IReduxState) {
    return state['features/speaker-stats']?.pendingReorder ?? false;
}

/**
 * Get sorted speaker stats ids based on a configuration setting.
 *
 * @param {IState} state - The redux state.
 * @param {IState} stats - The current speaker stats.
 * @returns {string[] | undefined} - Ordered speaker stats ids.
 * @public
 */
export function getSortedSpeakerStatsIds(state: IReduxState, stats: ISpeakerStats) {
    const orderConfig = getSpeakerStatsOrder(state);

    if (orderConfig) {
        const enhancedStats = getEnhancedStatsForOrdering(state, stats, orderConfig);

        return Object.entries(enhancedStats)
            .sort(([ , a ], [ , b ]) => compareFn(a, b))
            .map(el => el[0]);
    }

    /**
     *
     * Compares the order of two participants in the speaker stats list.
     *
     * @param {ISpeaker} currentParticipant - The first participant for comparison.
     * @param {ISpeaker} nextParticipant - The second participant for comparison.
     * @returns {number} - The sort order of the two participants.
     */
    function compareFn(currentParticipant: ISpeaker, nextParticipant: ISpeaker) {
        if (orderConfig.includes('hasLeft')) {
            if (nextParticipant.hasLeft() && !currentParticipant.hasLeft()) {
                return -1;
            } else if (currentParticipant.hasLeft() && !nextParticipant.hasLeft()) {
                return 1;
            }
        }

        let result = 0;

        for (const sortCriteria of orderConfig) {
            switch (sortCriteria) {
            case 'role':
                if (!nextParticipant.isModerator && currentParticipant.isModerator) {
                    result = -1;
                } else if (!currentParticipant.isModerator && nextParticipant.isModerator) {
                    result = 1;
                } else {
                    result = 0;
                }
                break;
            case 'name':
                result = (currentParticipant.displayName || '').localeCompare(
                    nextParticipant.displayName || ''
                );
                break;
            }

            if (result !== 0) {
                break;
            }
        }

        return result;
    }
}

/**
 * Enhance speaker stats to include data needed for ordering.
 *
 * @param {IState} state - The redux state.
 * @param {ISpeakerStats} stats - Speaker stats.
 * @param {Array<string>} orderConfig - Ordering configuration.
 * @returns {ISpeakerStats} - Enhanced speaker stats.
 * @public
 */
function getEnhancedStatsForOrdering(state: IReduxState, stats: ISpeakerStats, orderConfig: Array<string>) {
    if (!orderConfig) {
        return stats;
    }

    for (const id in stats) {
        if (stats[id].hasOwnProperty('_hasLeft') && !stats[id].hasLeft()) {
            if (orderConfig.includes('role')) {
                const participant = getParticipantById(state, stats[id].getUserId());

                stats[id].isModerator = participant && participant.role === PARTICIPANT_ROLE.MODERATOR;
            }
        }
    }

    return stats;
}

/**
 * Filter stats by search criteria.
 *
 * @param {IState} state - The redux state.
 * @param {ISpeakerStats | undefined} stats - The unfiltered stats.
 *
 * @returns {ISpeakerStats} - Filtered speaker stats.
 * @public
 */
export function filterBySearchCriteria(state: IReduxState, stats?: ISpeakerStats) {
    const filteredStats = _.cloneDeep(stats ?? getSpeakerStats(state));
    const criteria = getSearchCriteria(state);

    if (criteria !== null) {
        const searchRegex = new RegExp(criteria, 'gi');

        for (const id in filteredStats) {
            if (filteredStats[id].hasOwnProperty('_isLocalStats')) {
                const name = filteredStats[id].getDisplayName();

                filteredStats[id].hidden = !name || !name.match(searchRegex);
            }
        }
    }

    return filteredStats;
}

/**
 * Reset the hidden speaker stats.
 *
 * @param {IState} state - The redux state.
 * @param {ISpeakerStats | undefined} stats - The unfiltered stats.
 *
 * @returns {Object} - Speaker stats.
 * @public
 */
export function resetHiddenStats(state: IReduxState, stats?: ISpeakerStats) {
    const resetStats = _.cloneDeep(stats ?? getSpeakerStats(state));

    for (const id in resetStats) {
        if (resetStats[id].hidden) {
            resetStats[id].hidden = false;
        }
    }

    return resetStats;
}

/**
 * Gets the current duration of the conference.
 *
 * @param {IState} state - The redux state.
 * @returns {number | null} - The duration in milliseconds or null.
 */
export function getCurrentDuration(state: IReduxState) {
    const startTimestamp = getConferenceTimestamp(state);

    return startTimestamp ? Date.now() - startTimestamp : null;
}

/**
 * Gets the boundaries of the emotion timeline.
 *
 * @param {IState} state - The redux state.
 * @returns {Object} - The left and right boundaries.
 */
export function getTimelineBoundaries(state: IReduxState) {
    const { timelineBoundary, offsetLeft, offsetRight } = state['features/speaker-stats'];
    const currentDuration = getCurrentDuration(state) ?? 0;
    const rightBoundary = timelineBoundary ? timelineBoundary : currentDuration;
    let leftOffset = 0;

    if (rightBoundary > THRESHOLD_FIXED_AXIS) {
        leftOffset = rightBoundary - THRESHOLD_FIXED_AXIS;
    }

    const left = offsetLeft + leftOffset;
    const right = rightBoundary + offsetRight;

    return {
        left,
        right
    };
}

/**
 * Returns the conference start time of the face landmarks.
 *
 * @param {FaceLandmarks} faceLandmarks - The face landmarks.
 * @param {number} startTimestamp - The start timestamp of the conference.
 * @returns {number}
 */
export function getFaceLandmarksStart(faceLandmarks: FaceLandmarks, startTimestamp: number) {
    return faceLandmarks.timestamp - startTimestamp;
}

/**
 * Returns the conference end time of the face landmarks.
 *
 * @param {FaceLandmarks} faceLandmarks - The face landmarks.
 * @param {number} startTimestamp - The start timestamp of the conference.
 * @returns {number}
 */
export function getFaceLandmarksEnd(faceLandmarks: FaceLandmarks, startTimestamp: number) {
    return getFaceLandmarksStart(faceLandmarks, startTimestamp) + faceLandmarks.duration;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Buffalo Central terminal has been looted for artifacts, vandalized by bored delinquents, used for art exhibitions, explored by ghost hunters, and even sold for $1. It is a gorgeous old structure plagued by a series of humiliating footnotes, caught in a perpetual fall from grace. But it was not always so. At a time, the Buffalo Central Terminal was an important hub servicing hundreds of trains daily. Still an Art Deco architectural masterpiece, the structure possesses a prominent tower worthy of superlatives, and its halls are said to be haunted by ghostly apparitions waiting for trains that will never arrive. Last Halloween, the TV show Ghost Hunters filmed a 6 hour marathon in the creepy old building. It is possible to tour the structure and even get hitched in its lofty halls. It has been abandoned since 1980.


If you have been following me on Facebook you may have seen that I have been involved in a really amazing project, the Family Adventure Summit. I am SO excited to be on the organizing team to bring this opportunity to traveling families and those who aspire to travel.
If you have not heard about it yet, the 2017 Family Adventure Summit is a three-day event being held in Penticton, BC, Canada from September 1st to 3rd, 2017. It is a gathering for families who have already created a traveling lifestyle as well as for those who are just starting out on their journies. It is an opportunity for families to connect in person around the topics of long-term travel and location independence, remote income, education, community, life fulfillment, and more. We'll be discussing tips and tools, the ups, the downs, and everything in between.
There will be inspiring speakers, hands-on workshops, informal discussions, and the incredible opportunity to meet like-minded families, all in a beautiful location with fun games and activities for all ages.
This blog has helped to connect me to a wider world of traveling families. We have been fortunate enough to have met some amazing families who I now count as dear friends because of the connections made through this blog. Some of our best travel memories have been with the amazing people we have met along the way. Finding community while traveling makes travel a whole lot more fun and rewarding.
Knowing that, in our own small way, we have inspired other families to think differently about their lifestyle design. Getting an email from someone who has been following our journey, letting us know that we helped to inspire them to live life differently, makes all the work that goes into this blog worth the effort. It brings me so much happiness to know that I have helped to shape the direction of others lives in a positive way.
I feel that the summit encompasses these two connections to the greater community in a beautiful and heartfelt way.
The summit will enable families to come together at a live event to share their stories and their inspiration with each other. I know from experience that most traveling families that meet on the road become instant friends as they share the same general philosophies about travel, lifestyle design, and living extraordinary lives. Imagine being in a room with 50 other families who share your desire to travel the world! I know for a fact that our family will be leaving that summit with some amazing new friends that we will surely meet again in other parts of the world. The Family Adventure Summit will be a catalyst to the creation of a real-life traveling family community.
I believe the summit is going to inspire everyone who attends. Can you imagine the energy of having so many free-thinking, alternative lifestyle, inspired people gathering together to share their wisdom and their friendship? Shivers!
Man, I tell you, it feels so good to be a part of the FAS Team. I love being in the thick of it, helping to organize an event that I am so passionate about. I get to work and share ideas with some really amazing people, most of whom I have already met in real life on our travels. It feels good to work on something that I know is going to help shape lives and bring inspiration to people who question the daily grind of the 9-5.
If you are a traveling family, or if you have ever considered this lifestyle, I urge you to check out the Family Adventure Summit. I hope to talk travel with you at the Summit in September 2017!


text:
// Copyright 2015 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#include "content/browser/renderer_host/dwrite_font_proxy_message_filter_win.h"

#include <dwrite.h>
#include <shlobj.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>

#include <set>
#include <utility>

#include "base/callback_helpers.h"
#include "base/i18n/case_conversion.h"
#include "base/logging.h"
#include "base/metrics/histogram_macros.h"
#include "base/strings/string16.h"
#include "base/strings/string_util.h"
#include "base/strings/utf_string_conversions.h"
#include "content/common/dwrite_font_proxy_messages.h"
#include "ipc/ipc_message_macros.h"
#include "ui/gfx/win/direct_write.h"

namespace mswr = Microsoft::WRL;

namespace content {

namespace {

// This enum is used to define the buckets for an enumerated UMA histogram.
// Hence,
//   (a) existing enumerated constants should never be deleted or reordered, and
//   (b) new constants should only be appended at the end of the enumeration.
enum DirectWriteFontLoaderType {
  FILE_SYSTEM_FONT_DIR = 0,
  FILE_OUTSIDE_SANDBOX = 1,
  OTHER_LOADER = 2,

  FONT_LOADER_TYPE_MAX_VALUE
};

void LogLoaderType(DirectWriteFontLoaderType loader_type) {
  UMA_HISTOGRAM_ENUMERATION("DirectWrite.Fonts.Proxy.LoaderType", loader_type,
                            FONT_LOADER_TYPE_MAX_VALUE);
}

const wchar_t* kFontsToIgnore[] = {
    // "Gill Sans Ultra Bold" turns into an Ultra Bold weight "Gill Sans" in
    // DirectWrite, but most users don't have any other weights. The regular
    // weight font is named "Gill Sans MT", but that ends up in a different
    // family with that name. On Mac, there's a "Gill Sans" with various
    // weights, so CSS authors use { 'font-family': 'Gill Sans',
    // 'Gill Sans MT', ... } and because of the DirectWrite family futzing,
    // they end up with an Ultra Bold font, when they just wanted "Gill Sans".
    // Mozilla implemented a more complicated hack where they effectively
    // rename the Ultra Bold font to "Gill Sans MT Ultra Bold", but because the
    // Ultra Bold font is so ugly anyway, we simply ignore it. See
    // http://www.microsoft.com/typography/fonts/font.aspx?FMID=978 for a
    // picture of the font, and the file name. We also ignore "Gill Sans Ultra
    // Bold Condensed".
    L"gilsanub.ttf", L"gillubcd.ttf",
};

base::string16 GetWindowsFontsPath() {
  std::vector<base::char16> font_path_chars;
  // SHGetSpecialFolderPath requires at least MAX_PATH characters.
  font_path_chars.resize(MAX_PATH);
  BOOL result = SHGetSpecialFolderPath(nullptr /* hwndOwner - reserved */,
                                       font_path_chars.data(), CSIDL_FONTS,
                                       FALSE /* fCreate */);
  DCHECK(result);
  return base::i18n::FoldCase(font_path_chars.data());
}

}  // namespace

DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter::DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter()
    : BrowserMessageFilter(DWriteFontProxyMsgStart),
      windows_fonts_path_(GetWindowsFontsPath()) {}

DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter::~DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter() = default;

bool DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter::OnMessageReceived(
    const IPC::Message& message) {
  bool handled = true;
  IPC_BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter, message)
    IPC_MESSAGE_HANDLER(DWriteFontProxyMsg_FindFamily, OnFindFamily)
    IPC_MESSAGE_HANDLER(DWriteFontProxyMsg_GetFamilyCount, OnGetFamilyCount)
    IPC_MESSAGE_HANDLER(DWriteFontProxyMsg_GetFamilyNames, OnGetFamilyNames)
    IPC_MESSAGE_HANDLER(DWriteFontProxyMsg_GetFontFiles, OnGetFontFiles)
    IPC_MESSAGE_UNHANDLED(handled = false)
  IPC_END_MESSAGE_MAP()
  return handled;
}

void DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter::OverrideThreadForMessage(
    const IPC::Message& message,
    content::BrowserThread::ID* thread) {
  if (IPC_MESSAGE_CLASS(message) == DWriteFontProxyMsgStart)
    *thread = BrowserThread::FILE;
}

void DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter::OnFindFamily(
    const base::string16& family_name,
    UINT32* family_index) {
  InitializeDirectWrite();
  TRACE_EVENT0("dwrite", "FontProxyHost::OnFindFamily");
  DCHECK(collection_);
  *family_index = UINT32_MAX;
  if (collection_) {
    BOOL exists = FALSE;
    UINT32 index = UINT32_MAX;
    HRESULT hr =
        collection_->FindFamilyName(family_name.data(), &index, &exists);
    if (SUCCEEDED(hr) && exists)
      *family_index = index;
  }
}

void DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter::OnGetFamilyCount(UINT32* count) {
  InitializeDirectWrite();
  TRACE_EVENT0("dwrite", "FontProxyHost::OnGetFamilyCount");
  DCHECK(collection_);
  if (!collection_)
    *count = 0;
  else
    *count = collection_->GetFontFamilyCount();
}

void DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter::OnGetFamilyNames(
    UINT32 family_index,
    std::vector<DWriteStringPair>* family_names) {
  InitializeDirectWrite();
  TRACE_EVENT0("dwrite", "FontProxyHost::OnGetFamilyNames");
  DCHECK(collection_);
  if (!collection_)
    return;

  TRACE_EVENT0("dwrite", "FontProxyHost::DoGetFamilyNames");

  mswr::ComPtr<IDWriteFontFamily> family;
  HRESULT hr = collection_->GetFontFamily(family_index, &family);
  if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    return;
  }

  mswr::ComPtr<IDWriteLocalizedStrings> localized_names;
  hr = family->GetFamilyNames(&localized_names);
  if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    return;
  }

  size_t string_count = localized_names->GetCount();

  std::vector<base::char16> locale;
  std::vector<base::char16> name;
  for (size_t index = 0; index < string_count; ++index) {
    UINT32 length = 0;
    hr = localized_names->GetLocaleNameLength(index, &length);
    if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
      return;
    }
    ++length;  // Reserve space for the null terminator.
    locale.resize(length);
    hr = localized_names->GetLocaleName(index, locale.data(), length);
    if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
      return;
    }
    CHECK_EQ(L'\0', locale[length - 1]);

    length = 0;
    hr = localized_names->GetStringLength(index, &length);
    if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
      return;
    }
    ++length;  // Reserve space for the null terminator.
    name.resize(length);
    hr = localized_names->GetString(index, name.data(), length);
    if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
      return;
    }
    CHECK_EQ(L'\0', name[length - 1]);

    // Would be great to use emplace_back instead.
    family_names->push_back(std::pair<base::string16, base::string16>(
        base::string16(locale.data()), base::string16(name.data())));
  }
}

void DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter::OnGetFontFiles(
    uint32_t family_index,
    std::vector<base::string16>* file_paths) {
  InitializeDirectWrite();
  TRACE_EVENT0("dwrite", "FontProxyHost::OnGetFontFiles");
  DCHECK(collection_);
  if (!collection_)
    return;

  mswr::ComPtr<IDWriteFontFamily> family;
  HRESULT hr = collection_->GetFontFamily(family_index, &family);
  if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    return;
  }

  UINT32 font_count = family->GetFontCount();

  std::set<base::string16> path_set;
  // Iterate through all the fonts in the family, and all the files for those
  // fonts. If anything goes wrong, bail on the entire family to avoid having
  // a partially-loaded font family.
  for (UINT32 font_index = 0; font_index < font_count; ++font_index) {
    mswr::ComPtr<IDWriteFont> font;
    hr = family->GetFont(font_index, &font);
    if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
      return;
    }

    AddFilesForFont(&path_set, font.Get());
  }

  file_paths->assign(path_set.begin(), path_set.end());
}

void DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter::InitializeDirectWrite() {
  DCHECK_CURRENTLY_ON(BrowserThread::FILE);
  if (direct_write_initialized_)
    return;
  direct_write_initialized_ = true;

  mswr::ComPtr<IDWriteFactory> factory;
  gfx::win::CreateDWriteFactory(&factory);
  if (factory == nullptr) {
    // We won't be able to load fonts, but we should still return messages so
    // renderers don't hang if they for some reason send us a font message.
    return;
  }

  HRESULT hr = factory->GetSystemFontCollection(&collection_);
  DCHECK(SUCCEEDED(hr));
}

bool DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter::AddFilesForFont(
    std::set<base::string16>* path_set,
    IDWriteFont* font) {
  mswr::ComPtr<IDWriteFontFace> font_face;
  HRESULT hr;
  hr = font->CreateFontFace(&font_face);
  if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    return false;
  }

  UINT32 file_count;
  hr = font_face->GetFiles(&file_count, nullptr);
  if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    return false;
  }

  std::vector<mswr::ComPtr<IDWriteFontFile>> font_files;
  font_files.resize(file_count);
  hr = font_face->GetFiles(
      &file_count, reinterpret_cast<IDWriteFontFile**>(font_files.data()));
  if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    return false;
  }

  for (unsigned int file_index = 0; file_index < file_count; ++file_index) {
    mswr::ComPtr<IDWriteFontFileLoader> loader;
    hr = font_files[file_index]->GetLoader(&loader);
    if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
      return false;
    }

    mswr::ComPtr<IDWriteLocalFontFileLoader> local_loader;
    hr = loader.CopyTo(local_loader.GetAddressOf());  // QueryInterface.

    if (hr == E_NOINTERFACE) {
      // We could get here if the system font collection contains fonts that
      // are backed by something other than files in the system fonts folder.
      // I don't think that is actually possible, so for now we'll just
      // ignore it (result will be that we'll be unable to match any styles
      // for this font, forcing blink/skia to fall back to whatever font is
      // next). If we get telemetry indicating that this case actually
      // happens, we can implement this by exposing the loader via ipc. That
      // will likely be by loading the font data into shared memory, although
      // we could proxy the stream reads directly instead.
      LogLoaderType(OTHER_LOADER);
      DCHECK(false);

      return false;
    } else if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
      return false;
    }

    if (!AddLocalFile(path_set, local_loader.Get(),
                      font_files[file_index].Get())) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

bool DWriteFontProxyMessageFilter::AddLocalFile(
    std::set<base::string16>* path_set,
    IDWriteLocalFontFileLoader* local_loader,
    IDWriteFontFile* font_file) {
  HRESULT hr;
  const void* key;
  UINT32 key_size;
  hr = font_file->GetReferenceKey(&key, &key_size);
  if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    return false;
  }

  UINT32 path_length = 0;
  hr = local_loader->GetFilePathLengthFromKey(key, key_size, &path_length);
  if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    return false;
  }
  ++path_length;  // Reserve space for the null terminator.
  std::vector<base::char16> file_path_chars;
  file_path_chars.resize(path_length);
  hr = local_loader->GetFilePathFromKey(key, key_size, file_path_chars.data(),
                                        path_length);
  if (!SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    return false;
  }

  base::string16 file_path = base::i18n::FoldCase(file_path_chars.data());
  if (!base::StartsWith(file_path, windows_fonts_path_,
                        base::CompareCase::SENSITIVE)) {
    // Skip loading fonts from outside the system fonts directory, since
    // these families will not be accessible to the renderer process. If
    // this turns out to be a common case, we can either grant the renderer
    // access to these files (not sure if this is actually possible), or
    // load the file data ourselves and hand it to the renderer.

    // Really, really, really want to know what families hit this. Current
    // data indicates about 0.09% of families fall into this case. Nothing to
    // worry about if it's random obscure fonts noone has ever heard of, but
    // could be a problem if it's common fonts.

    LogLoaderType(FILE_OUTSIDE_SANDBOX);
    NOTREACHED();  // Not yet implemented.
    return false;
  }

  // Refer to comments in kFontsToIgnore for this block.
  for (const auto& file_to_ignore : kFontsToIgnore) {
    // Ok to do ascii comparison since the strings we are looking for are
    // all ascii.
    if (base::EndsWith(file_path, file_to_ignore,
                       base::CompareCase::INSENSITIVE_ASCII)) {
      // Unlike most other cases in this function, we do not abort loading
      // the entire family, since we want to specifically ignore particular
      // font styles and load the rest of the family if it exists. The
      // renderer can deal with a family with zero files if that ends up
      // being the case.
      return true;
    }
  }

  LogLoaderType(FILE_SYSTEM_FONT_DIR);
  path_set->insert(file_path);
  return true;
}

}  // namespace content


A new version of the pattern was added, version C. This pattern piece is compatible with the upper pieces to form a balaclava instead of a hat.
The Shelby Tunturi Hat gives high-performance for all conditions in three different flavours depending on your style. This design is perfect for leftover fleece pieces from other projects, and especially warm with windproof fleece. Designed for active people, helmet compatible. Includes sizes XS-XL.
Included sizing is for stretch fleece, if material does not stretch, make one size larger than the measurements say. Recommended fabrics include Polartec WindBloc, 100, 200, PowerStretch or any other medium weight fleece.
Sizing is for fleece with at least 25% stretch in this pattern. If you use a non-stretch material, cut one size larger.
This pattern includes three different hat versions and the option of adding a liner. For all versions the top of the hat is identical, only the ear piece differs. A lining is added by making an identical hat from lining material, however one size smaller, then attaching it around the edge of the hat. The lining can be attached either with stretch binding (as is done in a non-lined hat), or with a finished seam. In order to finish with a seam, a 5 mm seam allowance must be added to the lower edge of the ear piece. There is no need to use flat seaming on the lining as the seams are anyways hidden.
No seam or hem allowances in the pattern! If sewing using a flat-stitch technique seam allowances are not needed. Otherwise if making a normal seam add a 5 mm seam allowance when cutting.
Choose the correct size and version of the hat according to the sizing chart. You will need to cut 4 top pieces, and one ear piece along the fold. Be sure to align the pieces so stretch tgoes along the length of the hat, from front to back. When cutting, mark the single and double notches on top pieces, assembly can be confusing without them.
You have four top pieces. Lay the pieces out so that single and double notches match. First sew together the pieces along the seam with a single notch. Next sew together these two larger pieces matching double notches. This seam is the front/back seam. Clearly mark either end as the front.
The ear flap is first finished by sewing along the back seam to make a cylinder. After sewing the back seam try it on to check the fit. This should be slightly tight as fleece stretches. If it feels loose, take in the back seam some and try again. Next the top and earpiece are sewn together. Align the front/back seam of the top piece so that it matches the front/back of the ear piece. Pin carefully, then sew the pieces together.
If you have chosen to add a lining, follow these steps. Sew an identical hat from lining fabric following steps 1-3. If you want an edge using stretch binding, turn the lining inside out and place inside the hat. Sew close to the edge with a long stitch (temporary) and go to step 5. If a finished seam is wanted, sew the hat and lining around the edge, right sides together, leaving a 5cm gap. Pull the lining through this gap, and finish the 5 cm hole by hand or by topstitching.
n this step an edge binding is attached along the whole edge of the hat. This gives a finished stretchy edge to the hat. Skip this step if a finished seam was made between the lining and hat. Starting from the back, sew the stretch binding along the edge of the hat, stretching while sewing. Sew close to the upper edge of the binding, but be sure to catch the back of the binding in the seam. Stretch the binding more along the front and back, less around the ears. For version C (balaclava) stretch binding is also needed around the face hole regardless of the lining.
Version A: Sew stretch cording to the ends of both ear flaps, using a cord stopper to connect them.
Version B: No finishing needed.
Version C: No finishing needed.


text:
Capricor Set to Launch Phase 2 Trial of Cell Therapy CAP-1002 in Advanced DMD Patients
Capricor Therapeutics has received a green light from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to launch a Phase 2 study of CAP-1002 cell therapy in children and adults with advanced Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Capricor expects to open the trial to patient enrollment in early 2018 and, if successful, to begin steps needed to receive FDA approval of CAP-1002 as a Duchenne treatment.
The study, called HOPE-2, will focus on non-ambulatory patients, aiming to preserve their arm strength and heart function.
"While there are many clinical initiatives in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, this is one of the very few to focus on non-ambulant patients," Linda Marbán, PhD, Capricor's president and CEO, said in a press release.
"These boys and young men are looking to maintain what function they have in their arms and hands and, based on our previous study, we think CAP-1002 may be able to do exactly that."
Results of an earlier Phase 1-2 study (NCT02485938), called HOPE, show that a one-time infusion of the treatment — a type of cells derived from human hearts — improved heart function as well as arm and hand muscle function and strength.
In that study, the cells were infused through a catheter directly into the patient's heart. In the HOPE 2 trial, the company wants to assess if it is possible to administer the treatment by repeat intravenous injections given every three months.
Researchers have shown that intravenous injections of CAP-1002 are beneficial in animal models of Duchenne.
The study will enroll about 84 boys and young men with Duchenne across 10 to 12 U.S. sites. Participants will be randomly assigned treatment with CAP-1002 or a placebo. After a year, researchers will explore whether the treatment improved patients' arm strength and function.
The trial will be led by Craig M. McDonald, MD, a specialist in clinical management of muscular dystrophies and director of neuromuscular disease clinics at UC Davis Health.
"The FDA's clearance of this IND upon its initial submission is a significant step forward in our development of CAP-1002," said Marbán, referring to the FDA's approval of Capricor's investigational new drug application.
The company also plans to apply for a Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy (RMAT) Designation for CAP-1002. Such a designation could help speed up the regulatory review of the treatment.
While CAP-1002 is a cellular therapy, composed of so-called cardiosphere-derived cells from donated human hearts, it does not act as stem cells do. Instead, the cells release tiny vesicles containing factors that are beneficial for other cells.


A low cost digital optical tachometer that is suitable for two or three blade propellers. Simply point at the spinning prop and read the engine rpm from the large LCD screen.
***Please also note these Tachos dont come with instructions and we have been asked for a how to guide on a tacho.!!!


text:
History of the WPD
Junior Police Academy
Firearms Applications
Car Seat Inspection
Fraud/ Identity Theft
Applications/ Forms
Dealing with the Immigrant Community
Applications for U & T Visas
Wyckoff Police Department
History of the Wyckoff Police Department
1.) Wyckoff Chamber of Commerce; R. Van Blarcom, comp. This is…Wyckoff. Wyckoff: Chamber of Commerce, 1951. Print.
2.) Fox, Edward J., et al. The Story of Wyckoff. Ed. Project Federal Writers'. N.p.:1939. Print.
In 1946 Herbert G. Vance, one of the original part time uniformed officers, was appointed Police Chief. Another officer was appointed to the Department as a full time patrolman, and Thomas Norman was promoted to Sergeant. The department at the present time was manned as follows: Commissioner of Police, Chief of Police, Sergeant, Patrolman, and two desk officers. All were full time paid men with the exception of the Police Commissioner who was a member of the Township Committee. There were eight part time uniformed officers, and nine special police officers.
The Wyckoff Police Department with headquarters located on Franklin Ave was created by ordinance on June 8, 1922. Prior to that time all Police powers were vested in the Township Committee which appointed several Marshalls yearly, and a constable, appointed by the County. Their main function was controlling traffic at Wyckoff and Franklin Avenues.
The first Chief, Albert P. Holt, took office on July 13, 1922, and resigned one month later. Thomas B. Young, the next appointee, served until 1926, when James L. Morrison became Chief. George S. Gallant held the office from February 1929 until his resignation in 1932. During the time periods between appointments, the Chairmen of the Township Committee assumed temporary control of the department.
In 1930, a special township ordinance was created to employ one full time paid Police Officer, Thomas Norman. In 1937, the Township Committee passed another resolution, making Police Chief William Williamson the second full time paid employee. At this time, the Department now had two full time officers, six part time uniformed officers, and nine special police officers, all of whom are subject to call at any time.
In 1941 the Township Committee passed a resolution to keep Police Headquarters open twenty four hours a day. Two men were then appointed as full time desk officers.
The routines of the Officers varied by day and night shifts. The day officer would control traffic at certain intersections for school children, and on Sundays, direct traffic at both Churches. The night officer would inspect all the stores, banks, and vacant houses, from a list supplied by the desk officer. He was also on the lookout for any lights not burning on the roads.
The efficiency of the Department was greatly enhanced by the acquisition of a modern radio police car which, coupled by patrols from the Local, County, and State Police, assured the township adequate protection. Court was conducted every Wednesday evening by Recorder Walter W. Hartwig at Police Headquarters. Having no jail of its own, Wyckoff would send its prisoners directly to the County Jail in Hackensack, NJ.
Today's Wyckoff Police Department is comprised of 26 sworn Officers.
(201) 891-2121 Wyckoff Police ©
Scott Plaza- Wyckoff, NJ 07481


text:
This article is about the Supreme Court Justice. For the sailor, see Byron White (sailor).
Byron Raymond "Whizzer" White (June 8, 1917 – April 15, 2002) was an American lawyer and professional American football player who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1962 to 1993.[1][2] Born and raised in Colorado, he played college football, basketball, and baseball for the University of Colorado, finishing as the runner up for the Heisman Trophy in 1937. He was selected in the first round of the 1938 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Pirates and led the National Football League in rushing yards in his rookie season. White was admitted to Yale Law School in 1939 and played for the Detroit Lions in the 1940 and 1941 seasons. During World War II, he served as an intelligence officer with the United States Navy in the Pacific. After the war, he graduated from Yale and clerked for Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson.
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
of the United States
April 12, 1962 – June 28, 1993
Nominated by
Charles Whittaker
6th United States Deputy Attorney General
January 20, 1961 – April 16, 1962
Lawrence Walsh
Nick Katzenbach
Byron Raymond White
(1917-06-08)June 8, 1917
Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.
Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Cathedral of St. John in the Wilderness
Marion Stearns (m. 1946)
2 (including Nancy)
University of Colorado (BA)
Hertford College, Oxford
Yale University (LLB)
Branch/service
Battles/wars
• Pacific Theatre
Bronze Star (2)
Football career
Halfback
Wellington (CO)
1938 / Round: 1 / Pick: 4
Pittsburgh Pirates (1938)
Detroit Lions (1940–1941)
2× First-team All-Pro (1938, 1940)
2× NFL rushing yards leader (1938, 1940)
NFL 1940s All-Decade Team
Consensus All-American (1937)
Colorado Buffaloes No. 24 retired
Rushing yards:
Rushing touchdowns:
College Football Hall of Fame
White entered private practice in Denver, Colorado, working primarily as a transactional attorney. He served as the Colorado state chair of John F. Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign and accepted appointment as the United States Deputy Attorney General in 1961. In 1962, President Kennedy successfully nominated White to the Supreme Court, making White the first Supreme Court Justice from Colorado.[3] He retired in 1993 and was succeeded by Ruth Bader Ginsburg. White is the twelfth longest-serving justice in Supreme Court history.
White viewed his own court decisions as based on the facts of each case rather than as representative of a specific legal philosophy. He wrote the majority opinion in cases including Coker v. Georgia, Washington v. Davis and Bowers v. Hardwick. He wrote dissenting opinions in notable cases such as Miranda v. Arizona, Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha, and Roe v. Wade.
Born in Fort Collins, Colorado, White was the younger son of Maude Elizabeth (Burger) and Alpha Albert White, neither of whom attended high school.[4][5][6] He was raised in the nearby town of Wellington, where he obtained his high school diploma in 1934.
After graduating at the top of his tiny high school class of six, White attended the University of Colorado in Boulder on a scholarship, offered to all Colorado high school valedictorians, as his older brother Sam had done.[3][6] He joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity[7] and served as student body president his senior year.[3] Graduating Phi Beta Kappa and valedictorian in 1938, he won a Rhodes Scholarship to the University of Oxford in England; after deferring it for a year to play pro football, he attended Hertford College, Oxford.[8] During this time in England, he became acquainted with Joe and John Kennedy, as their father Joseph Kennedy was the U.S. ambassador to London.[3]
College sportsEdit
White was an All-American halfback[3] for the Colorado Buffaloes, where a newspaper columnist gave him the nickname "Whizzer",[9] which to his chagrin followed him throughout his legal and Supreme Court careers.[3] As a senior, White led Colorado to an undefeated 8–0 regular season in 1937, but they lost to favored Rice Institute of Houston 28–14 in the Cotton Bowl in Dallas on New Year's Day.[10] He was the runner-up (behind Yale quarterback Clint Frank) for the Heisman Trophy,[11] and also played basketball and baseball at CU. The basketball team advanced to the finals of the inaugural National Invitation Tournament at Madison Square Garden in March 1938.[12][13]
NFL career and law schoolEdit
White originally planned to attend Oxford in 1938 and not play pro football.[14] He was selected fourth overall in the 1938 NFL draft, held in December 1937, by the NFL's Pittsburgh Pirates (now Steelers),[3][15] and became a Rhodes Scholar days later.[16] Oxford allowed White to delay his start to early 1939, so he accepted the Pittsburgh offer in August and played the 1938 season in the NFL.[14][17][18] He led the league in rushing as a 21-year-old rookie and was its highest-paid player.[3] He sailed to England in early 1939, with the intent of staying for three years.[19][20]
Of all the athletes I have known in my lifetime, I'd have to say Whizzer White came as close to anyone to giving 100 percent of himself when he was in competition.[21]
~- Pittsburgh Pirates/Steelers owner
With the outbreak of World War II in late summer, White returned to the United States.[22] He later enrolled at Yale Law School in 1939. In a 2000 interview, White said that he was supposed to enroll at Harvard Law School, but got sick on the train ride there, so he got off the train in New Haven, Connecticut and went to Yale.[23] White earned the highest grades in the first-year class, but he turned down an editorship of the Yale Law Journal and took a leave of absence to play football with the Detroit Lions, again leading the league in rushing in 1940 and 1941.[24][25] In three NFL seasons, he played in 33 games. He led the league in rushing yards in 1938 and 1940, and he was one of the first "big money" NFL players, making $15,000 per year (equivalent to $270,000 in 2018). White used the money he earned playing football to pay his law school tuition.[3]
His NFL career was cut short when he entered the U.S. Navy in 1942; after the war, he elected to finish law school rather than return to football. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954.[26]
Military serviceEdit
During World War II, White served as an intelligence officer in the Navy and was stationed in the Pacific Theatre.[27][28][29] He originally wanted to join the Marines, but was kept out due to being colorblind.[3] He wrote the intelligence report on the sinking of future President John F. Kennedy's PT-109.[26] For his service, White was awarded two Bronze Star medals,[3] and was honorably discharged as a lieutenant commander.
White first met his wife Marion (1921–2009), the daughter of the president of the University of Colorado, when she was in high school and he was a college football star.[30] During World War II, Marion served in the WAVES while her future husband was a Navy intelligence officer. They married in 1946 and had two children: a son named Charles Byron (Barney) and a daughter named Nancy.[3]
His older brother Clayton Samuel "Sam" White (1912–2004) was also a high school valedictorian and Rhodes Scholar. He later became a physician and medical researcher, particularly on the effects of atomic bomb blasts.[6]
Legal careerEdit
Byron White with Robert Kennedy in 1961
After his military service, White returned to Yale Law School, graduating magna cum laude and first in his class in 1946.
After serving as a law clerk to Chief Justice Fred Vinson, White returned to Colorado.
White practiced in Denver for roughly fifteen years with the law firm now known as Davis Graham & Stubbs. This was a time in which the Denver economy flourished, and White rendered legal service to the business community. White was for the most part a transactional attorney; he drafted contracts and advised insolvent companies, and he argued the occasional case in court.[26]
During the 1960 presidential election, White put his football celebrity to use as chair of John F. Kennedy's campaign in Colorado. White had first met the candidate when White was a Rhodes scholar and Kennedy's father, Joseph Kennedy, was Ambassador to the Court of St. James.[3] During the Kennedy administration, White served as United States Deputy Attorney General, the number two man in the Justice Department, under Robert F. Kennedy. He took the lead in protecting the Freedom Riders in 1961, negotiating with Alabama Governor John Malcolm Patterson.[3]
Supreme CourtEdit
Byron White swearing in new Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, as wife Virginia Lamp Thomas looks on in 1991
Message of President John F. Kennedy nominating Byron R. White to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
Acquiring renown within the Kennedy Administration for his humble manner and sharp mind, he was appointed by Kennedy in 1962 to succeed Justice Charles Evans Whittaker, who retired for disability. Kennedy said at the time: "He has excelled at everything. And I know that he will excel on the highest court in the land."[3] The 44-year-old White was approved by a voice vote.[3] He would serve until his retirement in 1993. His Supreme Court tenure was the fourth-longest of the 20th century.[3]
Upon the request of Vice President-Elect Al Gore, Justice White administered the oath of office on January 20, 1993 to the 45th U.S. Vice President. It was the only time White administered an oath of office to a Vice President.
During his service on the high court, White wrote 994 opinions. He was fierce in questioning attorneys in court,[3] and his votes and opinions on the bench reflect an ideology that has been notoriously difficult for popular journalists and legal scholars alike to pin down. He was seen as a disappointment by some Kennedy supporters who wished he had joined the more liberal wing of the court in its opinions on Miranda v. Arizona and Roe v. Wade.[8]
White often took a narrow, fact-specific view of cases before the Court and generally refused to make broad pronouncements on constitutional doctrine or adhere to a specific judicial philosophy, preferring what he viewed as a practical approach to the law.[3][8] In the tradition of the New Deal, White frequently supported a broad view and expansion of governmental powers.[3][31] He consistently voted against creating constitutional restrictions on the police, dissenting in the landmark 1966 case Miranda v. Arizona.[3] In that dissent he noted that aggressive police practices enhance the individual rights of law-abiding citizens. His jurisprudence has sometimes been praised for adhering to the doctrine of judicial restraint.[32]
Substantive due process doctrineEdit
Frequently a critic of the doctrine of "substantive due process", which involves the judiciary reading substantive content into the term "liberty" in the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment, White's first published opinion as a Supreme Court Justice, a sole dissent in Robinson v. California (1962), foreshadowed his career-long distaste for the doctrine. In Robinson, he criticized the remainder of the Court's unprecedented expansion of the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of "cruel and unusual punishment" to strike down a California law providing for civil commitment of drug addicts. He argued that the Court was "imposing its own philosophical predilections" on the state in this exercise of judicial power, although its historic "allergy to substantive due process" would never permit it to strike down a state's economic regulatory law in such a manner.
In the same vein, he dissented in the controversial 1973 case Roe v. Wade. But White voted to strike down a state ban on contraceptives in the 1965 case of Griswold v. Connecticut, although he did not join the majority opinion, which famously asserted a "right of privacy" on the basis of the "penumbras" of the Bill of Rights. White and Justice William Rehnquist were the only dissenters from the Court's decision in Roe, though White's dissent used stronger language, suggesting that Roe was "an exercise in raw judicial power" and criticizing the decision for "interposing a constitutional barrier to state efforts to protect human life." White, who usually adhered firmly to the doctrine of stare decisis, remained a critic of Roe throughout his term on the bench and frequently voted to uphold laws restricting abortion, including in Planned Parenthood v. Casey in 1992.[33]
White explained his general views on the validity of substantive due process at length in his dissent in Moore v. City of East Cleveland:
The Judiciary, including this Court, is the most vulnerable and comes nearest to illegitimacy when it deals with judge-made constitutional law having little or no cognizable roots in the language or even the design of the Constitution. Realizing that the present construction of the Due Process Clause represents a major judicial gloss on its terms, as well as on the anticipation of the Framers, and that much of the underpinning for the broad, substantive application of the Clause disappeared in the conflict between the Executive and the Judiciary in 1930s and 1940s, the Court should be extremely reluctant to breathe still further substantive content into the Due Process clause so as to strike down legislation adopted by a State or city to promote its welfare. Whenever the Judiciary does so, it unavoidably pre-empts for itself another part of the governance of the country without express constitutional authority.
White parted company with Rehnquist in strongly supporting the Supreme Court decisions striking down laws that discriminated on the basis of sex, agreeing with Justice William J. Brennan in 1973's Frontiero v. Richardson that such laws should be subject to strict scrutiny. Only three justices joined Brennan's plurality opinion in Frontiero; in later cases gender discrimination cases would be subjected to intermediate scrutiny (see Craig v. Boren).
White wrote the majority opinion in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), which upheld Georgia's anti-sodomy law against a substantive due process attack.[3]
The Court is most vulnerable and comes nearest to illegitimacy when it deals with judge-made constitutional law having little or no cognizable roots in the language or design of the Constitution.... There should be, therefore, great resistance to ... redefining the category of rights deemed to be fundamental. Otherwise, the Judiciary necessarily takes to itself further authority to govern the country without express constitutional authority.
White's opinion in Bowers typified his fact-specific, deferential style, treating the issue in that case as presenting only the question of whether homosexuals had a fundamental right to privacy, even though the statute in Bowers potentially applied to heterosexual sodomy (see Bowers, 478 U.S. 186, 188, n. 1. Georgia, however, conceded during oral argument that the law would be inapplicable to married couples under the precedent set forth in Griswold v. Connecticut.[34]). A year after White's death, Bowers was overruled in Lawrence v. Texas (2003).
Death penaltyEdit
White took a middle course on the issue of the death penalty: he was one of five justices who voted in Furman v. Georgia (1972) to strike down several state capital punishment statutes, voicing concern over the arbitrary way in which the death penalty was administered. The Furman decision ended capital punishment in the U.S. until the court's ruling in Gregg v. Georgia (1976). In that case, White voted to uphold Georgia's new capital punishment law.
White accepted the position that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution required that all punishments be "proportional" to the crime;[35] thus, in Coker v. Georgia (1977), he wrote the opinion that invalidated the death penalty for rape of a 16-year-old married girl. His first reported Supreme Court decision was a dissent in Robinson v. California (1962), in which he criticized the Court for extending the reach of the Eighth Amendment. In Robinson the Court for the first time expanded the constitutional prohibition of "cruel and unusual punishments" from examining the nature of the punishment imposed and whether it was an uncommon punishment − as, for example, in the cases of flogging, branding, banishment, or electrocution − to deciding whether any punishment at all was appropriate for the defendant's conduct. White said: "If this case involved economic regulation, the present Court's allergy to substantive due process would surely save the statute and prevent the Court from imposing its own philosophical predilections upon state legislatures or Congress." Consistent with his view in Robinson, White thought that imposing the death penalty on minors was constitutional, and he was one of the three dissenters in Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988), a decision that declared that the death penalty as applied to offenders below 16 years of age was unconstitutional as a cruel and unusual punishment.
AbortionEdit
Along with Justice William Rehnquist, White dissented in Roe v. Wade (the dissenting decision was in the companion case, Doe v. Bolton), castigating the majority for holding that the U.S. Constitution "values the convenience, whim or caprice of the putative mother more than the life or potential life of the fetus."[36]
Civil rightsEdit
White consistently supported the Court's post-Brown v. Board of Education attempts to fully desegregate public schools, even through the controversial line of forced busing cases.[37] He voted to uphold affirmative action remedies to racial inequality in an education setting in the famous Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case of 1978. Though White voted to uphold federal affirmative action programs in cases such as Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC, 497 U.S. 547 (1990) (later overruled by Adarand Constructors v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200 (1995)), he voted to strike down an affirmative action plan regarding state contracts in Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. (1989).
White dissented in Runyon v. McCrary (1976), which held that federal law prohibited private schools from discriminating on the basis of race. He argued that the legislative history of Title 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (popularly known as the "Ku Klux Klan Act") indicated that the Act was not designed to prohibit private racial discrimination but only state-sponsored racial discrimination (as had been held in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883). White was concerned about the potential far-reaching impact of holding private racial discrimination illegal, which if taken to its logical conclusion might ban many varied forms of voluntary self-segregation, including social and advocacy groups that limited their membership to blacks:[38] "Whether such conduct should be condoned or not, whites and blacks will undoubtedly choose to form a variety of associational relationships pursuant to contracts which exclude members of the other race. Social clubs, black and white, and associations designed to further the interests of blacks or whites are but two examples". Runyon was essentially overruled by 1989's Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, which itself was superseded by the Civil Rights Act of 1991.
Relationships with other justicesEdit
White said he was most comfortable on Rehnquist's court. He once said of Earl Warren, "I wasn't exactly in his circle."[3] On the Burger Court, the Chief Justice often assigned important criminal procedure and individual rights opinions to White because of his frequently conservative views on these questions.
Court operations and retirementEdit
White with other members of the Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals
White frequently urged the Supreme Court to consider cases when federal appeals courts were in conflict on issues of federal law, believing that resolving such was a primary role of the Supreme Court. Thus, White voted to grant certiorari more often than many of his colleagues; he also wrote numerous opinions dissenting from denials of certiorari. After White (along with fellow Justice Harry Blackmun, who also often voted for liberal grants of certiorari) retired, the number of cases heard each session of the Court declined steeply.[39]
White disliked the politics of Supreme Court appointments,[26] but had great faith in representative democracy, responding to complaints about politicians and mediocrity in government with exhortations to "get more involved and help fix it."[40] He retired in 1993, during Bill Clinton's presidency, saying that "someone else should be permitted to have a like experience."[3] Clinton nominated (and the Senate approved) Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a judge from the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and a former Columbia University law professor, to succeed him.
Later years and deathEdit
After retiring from the Supreme Court, White occasionally sat with lower federal courts.[3] He maintained chambers in the federal courthouse in Denver until shortly before his death.[41] He also served for the Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals.[42]
White died of pneumonia on April 15, 2002 at the age of 84. He was the last living Warren Court Justice, and died the day before the fortieth anniversary of his swearing in as a Justice. From his death until the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006, there were no living former Justices.[3]
His remains are interred at All Souls Walk at the St. John's Cathedral in Denver.[43]
Then-Chief Justice Rehnquist said White "came as close as anyone I have known to meriting Matthew Arnold's description of Sophocles: 'He saw life steadily and he saw it whole.' All of us who served with him will miss him."[3]
Awards and honorsEdit
The NFL Players Association gives the Byron "Whizzer" White NFL Man of the Year Award to one player each year for his charity work. Michael McCrary, who was involved in Runyon v. McCrary, grew up to be a professional football player and won the award in 2000.
The federal courthouse in Denver that houses the Tenth Circuit is named after White.
White was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2003 by President George W. Bush.[44]
White was inducted into the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Hall of Fame on July 14, 2007,[45] in addition to being a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the University of Colorado's Athletic Hall of Fame, where he is enshrined as "The Greatest Buff Ever".[46]
One of White's former law clerks, Dennis J. Hutchinson, wrote an unofficial biography of him called The Man Who Once was Whizzer White.[47]
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^ "Members of the Supreme Court of the United States". Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
^ Hutchinson, Dennis J. (1993). "The Man Who Once was Whizzer White". Chicago Unbound. 103. University of Chicago Law School. p. 43.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Joan Biskupic (April 15, 2002). Ex-Supreme Court Justice Byron White dies. USA Today. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
^ Irish, Leon E. (Summer 2003). "Byron White: A Singular Life". Catholic University Law Review. 52: 883.
^ Hutchinson, Dennis J. (1998). "The Man Who Once was Whizzer White: Wellington". New York Times. (book excerpt). Retrieved May 3, 2016.
^ a b c Martin, Douglas (May 2, 2004). "Sam White, 91, researcher on effects of A-Bombs, dies". New York Times. (obituary). Retrieved May 3, 2016.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2009. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ a b c Christopher L. Tomlins (2005). The United States Supreme Court. Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
^ Jan Crawford Greenburg (2007). Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court. Penguin Group. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
^ "Rice wins 28-14; Whizzer White meets Mr. Lain". Chicago Sunday Tribune. Associated Press. January 2, 1938. p. 1, part 2.
^ "Clint Frank voted U.S. gridder no. 1". Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. December 1, 1937. p. 21.
^ "Colorado, Temple in finals for cage title". Lodi News-Sentinel. California. United Press. March 16, 1938. p. 5.
^ "Temple routs Colorado five, 60-36, in final". Chicago Daily Tribune. Associated Press. March 17, 1938. p. 20.
^ a b "Whizzer winds up his career on gridiron". Sunday Spartanburg Herald Journal. South Carolina. Associated Press. December 4, 1938. p. 24.
^ National Football League: NFL Draft History; see also 1938 NFL draft.
^ "Whizzer White Rhodes Scholar". Bend Bulletin. Oregon. United Press. December 21, 1937. p. 3.
^ Burcky, Claire M. (August 1, 1938). "'Whizzer' finally decides to play with Pirates". Pittsburgh Press. p. 21.
^ "Whizzer White accepts pro grid offer". Lodi News-Sentinel. California. United Press. August 2, 1938. p. 7.
^ Sell, Jack (December 28, 1938). "Whizzer stops over here on way to Oxford". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 14.
^ "Whizzer White leaves Pirates for Oxford, Eng,". Reading Eagle. Pennsylvania. United Press. December 28, 1938. p. 14.
^ Tagliabue, Paul (2003). "A Tribute to Byron White". Yale Law Journal. Yale University. 112.
^ "Whizzer White just hides out". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. October 3, 1939. p. 12.
^ "Byron White now student at Yale". Daily Times. Beaver and Rochester, Pennsylvania. October 4, 1939. p. 8.
^ "Detroit signs "Whizzer" White". St. Petersburg Times. INS. August 20, 1940. p. 10.
^ French, Bob (August 27, 1941). "Whizzer White still a student". Toledo Blade. Ohio. p. 22.
^ a b c d Dennis J. Hutchinson, The Man Who Once Was Whizzer White: a Portrait of Justice Byron R. White, (Glencoe, The Free Press, 1998)
^ James, Rembert (September 15, 1943). "'Whizzer' White now on PT staff". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. Associated Press. p. 1.
^ "Navy medal given to Whizzer White". Milwaukee Journal. United Press. June 15, 1944. p. 12, part 2.
^ Alexander, John D. (June 29, 1945). "Whizzer White survives Bunker Hill". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. INS. p. 12.
^ "Marion White, wife of late justice, dies at 87". The Denver Post. January 22, 2009.
^ (see New York v. United States, 488 U.S. 1041 (1992) (White, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)).
^ See Hutchinson, Dennis (2003). "Two Cheers for Judicial Restraint: Justice White and the Role of the Supreme Court". U. Colo. L. Rev. 74: 1409.
^ (See Thornburg v. American Coll. of Obst. & Gyn. 476 U.S. 747 (1986) (White, J., dissenting))
^ Oral argument of Bowers v. Hardwick, available at Oyez.org, https://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1985/1985_85_140
^ (see Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991) (White, J., dissenting))
^ Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973). Findlaw.com. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
^ (See Milliken v. Bradley (White, J., dissenting)).
^ See Runyon, 427 U.S. 160, 212 (White, J., dissenting)
^ See David M. O'Brien, The Rehnquist Court's Shrinking Plenary Docket, 81 Judicature 58–65 (September/October 1997).
^ David C. Frederick, Justice White and the Virtue of Modesty, 55 Stanford L.Rev. 21, 27 (2002)
^ Greenhouse, Linda (April 15, 2002). "Byron R. White, Supreme Court Justice for 31 Years, Dies at 84". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^ "Appellate Study Commission Issues Final Report". Library.unt.edu. December 18, 1998. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
^ Christensen, George A. (2008). "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited". Journal of Supreme Court History. 33 (1): 17–41. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2008.00177.x.
^ Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients, retrieved July 30, 2009
^ "RMAC to honor 'Whizzer'". CUBuffs.com. February 25, 2007. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
^ "CU Athletic Hall of Fame — Justice Byron White". University of Colorado (Boulder) Athletic Department.
^ Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-684-82794-8; ISBN 978-0-684-82794-0
Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.
Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.
Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.
Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.
Woodward, Robert and Armstrong, Scott. The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court (1979). ISBN 978-0-380-52183-8; ISBN 0-380-52183-0. ISBN 978-0-671-24110-0; ISBN 0-671-24110-9; ISBN 0-7432-7402-4; ISBN 978-0-7432-7402-9.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Byron White
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Byron White at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
Oyez Project, U.S. Supreme Court media, Byron R. White
Biography.com – Byron White
Appearances on C-SPAN
Byron White's season with the 1938 Pittsburgh Pirates
University of Colorado Athletics Hall of Fame – Byron White
C-SPAN – Life of Byron White, discussed by Dennis Hutchinson (2011)
Byron White at Find a Grave
Legal offices
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The Master of Science in Business Analytics curriculum blends technical skills, such as R and SQL, analytic frameworks for interpreting data, and business acumen for translating insights into actions.
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text:
Genes borrowed from bacteria allowed plants to move to land
New study shows that gene transfer from bacteria to algae allowed early life to move from water to land
EDMONTON (Embargoed until November 14, 2019 at 9 a.m. MST)--Natural genetic engineering allowed plants to move from water to land, according to a new study by an international group of scientists from Canada, China, France, Germany, and Russia.
"This is one of the most important events in the evolution of life on this planet--without which we as a species would not exist," said Gane Ka-Shu Wong, co-investigator and professor in the Faculty of Science and Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry at the University of Alberta. "The movement of life from water to land--called terrestrialization--began with plants and was followed by animals and then, of course, humans. This study establishes how that first step took place."
The movement of plants from water to land was made possible when genes from soil bacteria were transferred to algae through a process called horizontal gene transfer. Unlike vertical gene transfer, such as the transfer of DNA from parent to child, horizontal gene transfer occurs between different species.
"For hundreds of millions of years, green algae lived in freshwater environments that periodically fell dry, such as small puddles, river beds, and trickling rocks," explained Michael Melkonian, professor in the University of Duisburg-Essen in Germany. "These algae mingled with and received key genes from soil bacteria that helped them and their descendants to cope with the harsh terrestrial environment and eventually evolve into the land plant flora that we see today."
The study is part of an international project focused on sequencing the genomes of more than 10,000 plant species. The discovery was made in the process of sequencing two particular algae, one of them a new species (Spirogloea muscicola) being introduced to the community through this publication.
"The approach that we used, phylogenomics, is a powerful method to pinpoint the underlying molecular mechanism of evolutionary novelty," said Shifeng Cheng, first author and principal investigator from Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
The paper, "Genomes of subaerial Zygnematophyceae provide insights into land plant evolution," will be published in Cell on November 14, 2019 at 9 a.m. MST
Katie Willis
katie.willis@ualberta.ca
@ualberta
http://www.ualberta.ca
MARINE/FRESHWATER BIOLOGY


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