text:
Project Egress: The Hinges
Dan Maloney
A door's hinges are arguably its most important pieces. After all, a door without hinges is just, well, a wall. Or a bulkhead, if we're talking about a hingeless hatch on a spacecraft.
And so the assignment for creating hinges for Progress Egress, the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing by creating a replica of the command module hatch, went to [Jimmy DiResta]. The hinges were complex linkages that were designed to not only handle the 225 pound (102 kg) hatch on the launch pad, but to allow extended extravehicular activity (EVA) while en route to the Moon. [Jimmy], a multimedia maker, is just as likely to turn metal as he is to work in wood, and his hinges are a study of 1960s aerospace engineering rendered in ipe, and extremely hard and dense tropical hardwood, and brass.
[Jimmy]'s build started with a full-size 3D-printed model of the hinge, a move that paid off as the prints acted both as templates for machining the wood components and as test jigs to make sure everything would articulate properly. Sheet brass was bent and soldered into the hinge brackets, while brass rod stock was turned on the lathe to simulate the hydraulic cylinder hinge stays of the original. The dark ipe and the brass work really well together, and should go nicely with [Fran Blanche]'s walnut and brass latch on the assembled hatch.
With [Adam Savage]'s final assembly of all the parts scheduled for Thursday the 18th, we're down to the wire on this celebration of both Apollo and the maker movement that was at least in part born from it.
Note: the assembly started at 11:00 Eastern time, and there's a live stream at https://airandspace.si.edu/events/project-egress-build.
Posted in SpaceTagged apollo, brass, hatch, hinge, ipe, lathe, metalworking, replica, UCH, wood
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34 thoughts on "Project Egress: The Hinges"
Anonymous Coward says:
Is assembly Friday, or the 18th??
Dan Maloney says:
My mistake, it's today – right now, in fact! Livestream here: https://airandspace.si.edu/events/project-egress-build.
I'll fix the article. Thanks for catching that.
Adam Savage himself is attaching this exact part right now on the livestream: https://airandspace.si.edu/events/project-egress-build
Unfortunately both hinges suffered serious failure – they are now held together by a combination of CA and epoxy.
Mr. Savage appears to be mounting the hinges.
But if I wanted to see people work, I'd get a job! ;-)
Looks like so far he's mounted This Old Tony's bell crank, Jimmy DiResta's hinges, and Tom Lipton's vent valve. A bunch of other little parts, too, mostly 3D-printed. Looking forward to putting the pump and gearbox on that NYC CNC built – that's a big chunk.
They've had to do a fair amount of bodge work already – at one point Adam explained that the porthole shroud had shrunk 10% from the spec, so he was only able to get a few mounting screws in. The rest had their shanks cut off so the heads could be glued on to maintain the look. I expect there's more of that kind of work to come.
"They've had to do a fair amount of bodge work…"
Which kind of detracts from the point of the exercise, which itself is a bit hard to discern. As best as I can tell, it's basically: social media event, makers because… makers and OMG, Adam Savage. If the thing falls apart in a year because 3/4 of it are 3d printed parts and glued on bolt heads, it would speak rather poorly about the "maker movement", leaving it just social media event and OMG, Adam Savage.
Sorry to be a downer, but so much of the problems we face today are because of a temporary mindset and an obsession with superficiality.
Along with OMG, Adam Savage, they should have Tom Vila of This Old House.
WonkoTheSaneUK says:
You mean Bob Vila? Or Tom Silva?
In reply to [WonkoTheSaneUK]
Tom Vila's lack of… uh… "expertise" in using tools was a behind the scenes joke for the rest of the This Old House crew. Which made his product endorsements a bit sketchy later on.
Tom Silva…
wasn't he just a face brought in to attract the wealthy yuppie viewers?
Osgeld says:
ffs its bob vila
I think you're missing the point. This is a replica, not a working model. It's just going to be a static display piece with very little in the way of handling.
Part of the beauty of the maker movement is rapid prototyping with a low cost of entry, lowering the barriers to manufacturing parts that are good enough for the job. Good enough to fly to the Moon? Clearly not, and clearly not the point. But the ability to rapidly iterate designs, test them out in real assemblies, and find out what works and what doesn't quickly is critical.
Think NASA wouldn't have leveraged rapid prototyping to build that hatch if it was available back in the day? I'll bet they would have jumped at the chance before committing to machining aluminum and titanium.
You kind of demonstrate my point.
Good enough for the job… what job? If this is simply a non-functional display, what job is it performing? Running into the problems they clearly have speaks poorly about the maker movement's ability to produce even a non-functional display model of any quality.
Rapidly iterate designs to find what works and what doesn't… what was iterated? An existing design was reproduced. Nothing was iterated or improved. And even at that, things lined up so poorly that bolt heads needed to be cut off and glued on to make it look like they were actually doing something and many parts needed to be glued on with duct tape holding things together while the glue dried.
Good enough for the job and being able to rapidly iterate are important, no question. But I just don't see this as having been a demonstrating of either. Instead, a celebrity personality spearheaded a project that involved the maker community producing a hacked together, non-functional, temporary, display model. No bar was raised, no ball was moved forward. In 6 months, this piece will be a prop on the wall of Adam Savage's workshop set.
Again, I hate to be a downer, but we have to stop attributing more accomplishment to our efforts than are actually produced. 50 years ago, engineers mostly in their early to mid-20's built an actual rocket to land humans on the moon. Today, people pat themselves on the back and bask in the social media adulation for having produced a hacked together model of the door of the capsule they built 50 years before.
Now some parts were made with quality and precision, and those were made by people who have spent years honing their skills making actually working things. I just think making a video or media event has become recognized as of equal or higher value than making something actually work, or if the thing doesn't have to work, at least making it of some quality.
I agree with Chris below.
This is kind of what I said before yes I understand it's not supposed to function, but when we have to resort to duct tape and glue to replicate even something that looks like it was from NASA I find that deeply sad and perfectly encapsulates exactly what he said.
I'm tired of this kind of "Maker". This is celebrity circle jerk 3D printing parade masquerading as American achievement in the most direct sense possible.
When you have to glue even screw heads to make them look like they function that is even for model pretty sad.
Let me be clear here I love Adam Savage and I know he can do very good work of a functional level and so can many of the people who were asked to make things for this project.
I think we have stopped holding ourselves to a higher standard when it comes to making anything in America, and I've seen it in many machine shops I've worked in. When even professional Machinists cut so many corners now it stands to Boggle the mind what we find acceptable for even a demonstration model like this.
If it were anything other than something this iconic in American history that was absolutely an homage to proper engineering success I might not feel this strongly but this is the Columbia module hatch. I get that it doesn't need to all be made of metal I've got over that, but can it at least have the original assembly Integrity respected?
To hell with the deadline, this is something I don't consider making I consider it bodging. It shows not how far America has fallen in creation but it is starting to reflect an almost Chinese copy mindset of how little Integrity is considered respectable in a project.
I'm sure plenty of people will jump on the train of hate for me for saying this but someone needs to say it because we should be better than this.
If you want to call yourself a maker, you should expect more from yourself than this.
Drew said "To hell with the deadline…"
First, I'm glad there's someone else willing to share the flack for being negative on this project! ;)
As to the point about the deadline, that highlights a key difference:
In both this project and the original Apollo program, there was an arbitrary but fixed deadline – realizing Kennedy's speech, and commemorating the achievement 50 years later. In the Apollo program, people rose to the occasion and accomplished something that still stands today as one of the pinnacle achievements of the human race. In this project, while a few standout contributors demonstrated skill, attention to detail and professionalism, for most, it was just another opportunity to further their "personal brand" by producing another entertaining video highlighting their crafted, quirky personality. The end result didn't demonstrate or prove any advantages of the "maker movement", it's favored tools, materials, processes or practitioners. And it didn't pay any homage to the engineers 50 years ago. We'd have never gotten off the ground 50 years ago had the priority been what it is today – personality and entertainment, which is what this was really all about.
And that in itself is fine, as long as we're honest about it. What was produced was a social media entertainment event. The hatch and the anniversary were just tools used to facilitated that goal. But by doing so, and producing the hatch they did, they detracted from the achievement 50 years ago and highlight the amateurish nature of the "maker movement" today.
Again, some people stood out, John and the team at NYC CNC did impressive work, as usual. I've been watching him since he was running his Taig beside his bed in his NYC apartment, and his videos and progression led me to buy a Taig and learn machining myself. His brand of "makerism" was, and remains, informative and inspirational. Those who used the project to tell the corniest jokes or act the weirdest while making something… anything… not so much. In fact, you could pretty accurately determine the quality of the part being made by audio alone – the fewer jokes or lesser the eccentric behavior, the better the part. Seriously.
We're just not setting our sights beyond than our reach, and then rising to the occasion to achieve. We're settling for absolute bare minimum despite having tools that the Apollo engineers would have killed for, and instead focusing on superficiality and celebrity… and patting ourselves on the back for achieving that bare minimum.
As Drew said… we should be better than this.
I must second (third?) the all the sentiments expressed here – it's a sad state of affairs when a social event that is supposed to both celebrate an incredible past achievement and showcase modern skill and craftsmanship so obviously fails to be anything other than a… celebrity social event. I'm sure the causes and contributing factors are many, but the devaluation of achievement in recent years definitely doesn't help: yeah, it's great that basically anyone can grab an Arduino, download a sketch and blink an LED in seconds, but it's decidedly wrong to celebrate that as any kind of accomplishment.
Doing great things is still supposed to require substantial effort and skill – see, that's how you know they are indeed great, because not everyone is able to achieve them. And as long as everyone blinking an LED or printing a 3D figurine or bolting together a line-following bot kit is "a maker" and pretty much "just as good" as anyone else, actually proper skill, precision and attention to detail have little value. It's a very good thing that anyone can blink that LED so easily; yes, it's a great start – no, you're still an ignorant noob having done it, unless you work long and hard to become something else. Except that sounds like actual effort isn't it. And here's the kicker: the more inclined you are to stop at "good enough", the less likely it is you'll ever touch actual greatness.
It's not exactly a surprise that things are what they are though, is it – the clue is right there in the title: "maker". Yes, the meaning is on point: truly, it's people who make stuff. Except… why again is that something remarkable enough to warrant proudly wearing as a badge of distinction? Well, presumably because it's somewhat rare – when all one is supposed to do is strictly _consume_ things, anyone bothering to _make_ anything at all starts to stand out, isn't it. It's a title meant to distinguish you from those who _don't_ ever make things, in a time when obtaining anything by means other than removing the packaging is the unusual thing to do.
Yes, I do get it – if for example all the sandwiches you ever ate came from a shelf in a supermarket anyone who can make one themselves might seem nothing short of a wizard to you. You might even feel inclined to praise them highly, regardless of exactly what they can do. Unfortunately, reality measures things by a different yardstick; you are either incredibly good at what you do, or else you don't go to space today – or worse, someone who placed his trust in you dies for a mistake you made. You don't get a pat on the back and a medal for participation. And that's why, on this anniversary in particular, a capsule door that can't even be assembled properly is simply Not Good Enough.
Gregg Eshelman says:
In short, pretty much as I figured when I saw videos of people doing 'artsy' interpretations instead of ensuring their parts were dimensionally accurate and mechanically functional. When you alter a moving piece to be solid like Diresta's brass parts that were sliding gas or spring cylinders, or decide that adding pieces of brass sheet with other bits of metal soldered on, wrapping the shank with brass wire while changing a threaded rod and hole to be smooth, assembly won't go well at all.
IIRC the directions were to make the parts *dimensionally accurate* and *mechanically functional*. Some of the parts made by machinists / engineers look like they could go to space today. The others, uh, no.
And that's where i think that the failure of this all rests on Adam Savages shoulders. From the maker videos that i have seen the "drawings" looked to be the source of all of the troubles, even ToT makes mention of making parts to nominal dimensions as they were lacking proper GD&T. When you are making anything from multiple components those kind of errors are unforgivable. If one person is making all of the parts then they can adapt each part as it is made to fit in the larger assembly but when you are getting components from multiple sources it is imperative that you get GD&T right. This is clearly evident here with the little bit that i saw of the assembly process.
To me, this is nothing more than a publicity stunt and fails to demonstrate any of the engineering or planning that would commemorate humanities endeavor to leave our planet for other celestial bodies. How can you make things that are dimensionally accurate and mechanically functional if you miss out on the basics like GD&T.
ID says:
Maybe it was a bit of a publicity stunt on Adam Savage's part. Maybe it would have been better with more fore-thought given to GD&T in the drawings, more time for the makers to create the parts and time to QA and rectify any deficiencies.
Maybe that's not the point.
I was at the Udvar-Hazy campus of the museum on the Tuesday, the 50th anniversary of the launch. They had various events in celebration, one of which was a talk given by an engineer who'd spent his career working in the space program as he stood under the tail of the space shuttle Discovery. Whilst it was interesting, it was hardly what I'd describe as inspiring, especially to the younger crowd who probably came away remembering the line, "If you think you want to be an engineer, start early, because it's at least 5 years of hard work in college.". Although "crowd" is being generous. Most people listening were either in push-buggies, past college age, or even past career-age. Those looking for inspiration were off gazing at all the cool air and space toys.
On the other hand, on Thursday there was a 15 minute line to see this live build, and many of the visitors were of an age to be inspired into an engineering career. Celebrity! Television! 3D Printing! Youtubers! That the build was a non-working model just didn't matter. That the final product was full of bodge wasn't important – visitors were asked to limit their time in that gallery so very few would have seen the conclusion anyway. Even for those that did witness build problems, it simply reinforced the miracle of engineering feats of which Apollo was comprised. Everyone remembers Buzz and Neil, but 400,000 engineers were responsible for putting them on the moon.
That said, I'm going to give a shout out to a late family friend, Frank Hood, a construction engineer who worked on the launchpads for Apollos 7 through 12. It was the highlight of his career, and I think he would have enjoyed this week's celebrations immensely. RIP.
in reply to ID. I appreciate your reply and you bring up valid points but the counter argument is that engineering isn't a glamorous career so should we really be encouraging people to start on a journey that will define their entire life based on a glamorization of what their life could (but most likely wont) be?
How are these future engineers going to react when they realize that the majority of engineering is incredibly boring sweating of the small details?
I get that this entire project was part publicity but also part an attempt to make engineering look sexy. There in lies the problem, engineering just isnt sexy, it never has been and it never will be. Its repetitive, its boring and for the most part it goes un-noticed and with out the reward that the engineers truly deserve. In the end, the reward must be from solving the problem its self and not from external sources.
The fact that the final result is full of bodge IS important, it is a very useful teachable moment that could be used to get the curiosity of the younger generation, especially if the entire spectacle was more interactive and involved the spectators more.
I just don't believe in selling people a lie when they are considering a career path that will take up a significant portion of their lives and limit them from other career paths that they could have truly enjoyed. Truthfully i think it is a huge failure of our society (and mostly our education systems) that career paths must be made to look "sexy" in order to entice people to pursue them. The fact that people need to be sold on these things is very telling and highlights the cultural issues that we face in our future as a species.
In conclusion, i would like to tip my hat to your late family friend and every single one of his co-workers. He is one of the many unsung hero's of this world that helped make the major achievements of our species happen even though we rarely celebrate them. He is the kind of person truly deserving of these celebrations and it is a shame that we dont celebrate those kind of people more often and with out the commercial motivators that have been surrounding the current celebrations.
Quinn Dunki says:
The instructions specified parts did not have to be functional, only that mounting holes were in the right places. Many of us chose to make them strong and functional anyway, out of a love of engineering.
God love you for that! I wish everyone had done that.
I see that Adam has a couple of helpers on stage from the pool of part makers. I spotted Sophy Wang and Estefannie. Thought we might see Fran Blanche since she's based in Philly and it's a short train ride to DC.
Adam appears to be mounting some of the 15 latches now. Quite a variety of materials and methods represented. Purists will hate it, but I love it! Like I said, this is as much a celebration of the maker movement as it is a love letter to Apollo 11, and showing off what we do every day is just fantastic.
Fran was clearly visible in the audience a while ago, watching intently and occasionally shooting video.
I talked with John Saunders (NYC CNC) and Tom Lipton (Oxtools) who were there too.
DougM says:
The question is, is the elusive This Old Tony in the audience?
No such luck, as least as far as I've seen. He did a face-reveal video a while back, so I know what he looks like. There was one fellow in the audience wearing ToT swag, though.
For some reason, I thought ToT lived in Germany. I may be completely wrong on that, though.
Elliot Williams says:
I think you just mispronounced "Jersey".
So does everyone in Brooklyn and the Bronx!
B^)
Thopter says:
One thing I never saw explained: everyone seemed to be working on small bits, hinges, latches, handles, etc.
Who did the main hatch plate everything else got mounted to?
I wonder that too. I missed the beginning of the live stream, where hopefully they revealed that. Maybe in the replay.
At a guess, it looks like it's either blow molded poly-something or perhaps a molded fiberglass shell. Nice detail, whatever it is.
Microsoft built the plinth and the door panel
D Moore says:
The hinges wound up causing Adam a ton of grief – most of which appeared to be due to the mounting holes not matching what I believe were holes pre-located in the hatch panel. In addition, the lack of a simple 90 degree hex wrench caused heartache. All the futzing around caused the hinges to break multiple times, and the maker himself admitted in his video they were not built very strong. They didn't need to go to the moon but they couldn't take even being mounted. Using regular solder was wishful thinking IMO. With all the attention to detail that has been credited to the fellow who created all the diagrams, I was left feeling a bit letdown. I missed the window fiasco – glad I did.
I heard someone say that the material of the hatch panel shrank after moulding so all the dimensions were undersized.


text:
Intetics CEO Reveals the Secrets behind His Global Sourcing Success
Boris Kontsevoi, the Founder and President of a leading global sourcing company Intetics, was interviewed by CEO IntroNet on Thursday, January 16th, 2014 at the CBS TV studios in Chicago. The interview focused on the importance of technology for social and business development, especially in the sphere of offshore outsourcing and Remote In-Sourcing. The interview put emphasis on technology, innovation and entrepreneurship, especially as Internet and technology offer a great opportunity for entrepreneurs worldwide to begin their own global ventures.
Sitting in the CBS TV studio overlooking the Daley Plaza in Chicago, Boris Kontsevoi spoke about the early years of Intetics, the meaning behind the name, the benefits of moving the company from Belarus to USA, and the different type of outsourcing Intetics offers to their clients. Called Remote In-sourcing, Boris explained the concept behind the new outsourcing model: "It allows companies to acquire new remote resources like software development talent and intimately integrate them into their local teams. It's engaging a third party vendor not to do the job instead of local staff, but to organize efficient, distributed teams and operate them." The model takes full advantage of latest communication technologies but also guarantees more risk mitigation and control over outsourcing ventures.
Throughout the interview, Boris emphasized the importance of technology, especially the power of the Internet to bridge borders and break down global communication barriers. He informed starting entrepreneurs of the ease of creating a global presence in the current globalized environment, but also warned about the necessity to keep up with the ever-changing technological world. The interview will air on CBS2 Chicago on Sundays at 10am and can be seen on our corporate blog. You can find also full interview transcript there.
Technology, internet and ethics in outsourcing – 10 questions for an outsourcing professional (video)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Drawing a Large Vertically and Horizontally Symmetrical X to Cross Out Just the Contents of a Page I am encountering some problems trying to draw a "big X" to give the effect of crossing out the contents of a single page.
The top part of the X is essentially where I would like it (although the vspace* command does not give consistent results here), but the bottom of the X always seems to span the width of the page instead of the width of the text.
This may not be the optimal way to accomplish the objective, but here's what I have:
The code
\documentclass{book}
\textheight 8.25in \textwidth 5.75in

\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\usepackage{xcolor}

\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\begin{LARGE}
\begin{minipage}{5.75in}\leftskip\fill\rightskip-\leftskip\parfillskip\stretch{2}%
\textbf{\textcolor{red}{A TITLE TO GO ALONG WITH THE TEXT THAT I WOULD LIKE TO BE PART OF WHAT THE 'X' CROSSES OUT}}
\end{minipage}
\end{LARGE}
\end{center}

\vskip 15pt

\large

\lipsum[1-4]\vspace*{-400pt}
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
    \draw[line width=1.5pt, cap=round, black]
        ([yshift=-85pt]current page.south east) -- ([yshift=-310pt, xshift=85pt]current page.north west);
    \draw[line width=1.5pt, cap=round, black]
    ([yshift=-85pt]current page.south west) -- ([yshift=-310pt, xshift=-85pt]current page.north east);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

produces the output

QUESTION: How may I draw a big X so that the contents of the page are neatly crossed out? Is there a more tractable alternative to the code I posted?
Thank you.

A: Use the tikzpagenodes package and its current page text area. (Note: you need to run this twice)
\documentclass{book}
\textheight 8.25in \textwidth 5.75in
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\usepackage{xcolor}

\usepackage{tikzpagenodes}%<--

\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\begin{LARGE}
\begin{minipage}{5.75in}\leftskip\fill\rightskip-\leftskip\parfillskip\stretch{2}%
\textbf{\textcolor{red}{A TITLE TO GO ALONG WITH THE TEXT THAT I WOULD LIKE TO BE PART OF WHAT THE 'X' CROSSES OUT}}
\end{minipage}
\end{LARGE}
\end{center}
\vskip 15pt
\large
\lipsum[1-4]

\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
    \draw[line width=1.5pt, cap=round, black]
   (current page text area.north west) -- (current page text area.south east);%<--
    \draw[line width=1.5pt, cap=round, black]
    (current page text area.north east) -- (current page text area.south west);%<--
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Cardinal Health is a Fortune 500-ranked healthcare services and products company with nearly a century of experience. The brand's annual event, Retail Business Conference (RBC), celebrates the history and value of the independent pharmacy.
RBC has grown to be the industry's biggest trade show for this audience, and at this year's event, Cardinal Health wanted to create a centerpiece exhibit featuring its internal business units.
The goal? To be a key destination for attendees, where they could learn more about Cardinal Health's products, services, and offerings in an interactive and engaging way.
Cardinal Health wanted its space to have a custom look and feel and be both sustainable and affordable. Additionally, the exhibit needed to have separate spaces created for each business unit while still presenting cohesive branding in the overall space.
Freeman collaborated with Cardinal Health and key business units to design a unique space called the "Showcase." To help meet the brand's goals, Freeman introduced "FAB Fold," which is a unique process that produces a lightweight, recyclable wood with a customized look that is also highly economical.
The Freeman vision for the Cardinal Health Showcase came together in stunning fashion, occupying over 30,000 square feet of space, with 70+ individual kiosks.
Each business unit's section had its own distinct pops of color for easy attendee navigation. The kiosks were custom designed, with an open and airy feel anchored by sleek and elegant FAB Fold custom structures. The Freeman team covered all the bases — utilizing FAB Fold displays and structures, creating canopies by Fabric Solutions, incorporating digital signage — all to support the internal Cardinal Health team.
The design was not only beautiful, but functional. It highlighted various Cardinal Health business units, facilitated networking and education, and was a popular destination during the event.
Not only was the Showcase a show-stopper, it was sustainable as well: The Freeman team was able to recycle ALL the exhibit elements that were used to produce the space. After the event, the materials were easily brought to a wood recycling facility, where they were recycled into wood chips.


If you are familiar with GuruGuru! Chibi Robo! [amiibo Set], why not let others know?
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the price for GuruGuru! Chibi Robo! [amiibo Set] drops.
GuruGuru! Chibi Robo! [amiibo Set] is available.
there are new images or links available for GuruGuru! Chibi Robo! [amiibo Set].


text:
package org.apache.hadoop.fs;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

import org.apache.commons.logging.*;

import org.apache.hadoop.util.*;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.DiskChecker.DiskErrorException;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;

/** An implementation of a round-robin scheme for disk allocation for creating
 * files. The way it works is that it is kept track what disk was last
 * allocated for a file write. For the current request, the next disk from
 * the set of disks would be allocated if the free space on the disk is
 * sufficient enough to accommodate the file that is being considered for
 * creation. If the space requirements cannot be met, the next disk in order
 * would be tried and so on till a disk is found with sufficient capacity.
 * Once a disk with sufficient space is identified, a check is done to make
 * sure that the disk is writable. Also, there is an API provided that doesn't
 * take the space requirements into consideration but just checks whether the
 * disk under consideration is writable (this should be used for cases where
 * the file size is not known apriori). An API is provided to read a path that
 * was created earlier. That API works by doing a scan of all the disks for the
 * input pathname.
 * This implementation also provides the functionality of having multiple
 * allocators per JVM (one for each unique functionality or context, like
 * mapred, dfs-client, etc.). It ensures that there is only one instance of
 * an allocator per context per JVM.
 * Note:
 * 1. The contexts referred above are actually the configuration items defined
 * in the Configuration class like "mapred.local.dir" (for which we want to
 * control the dir allocations). The context-strings are exactly those
 * configuration items.
 * 2. This implementation does not take into consideration cases where
 * a disk becomes read-only or goes out of space while a file is being written
 * to (disks are shared between multiple processes, and so the latter situation
 * is probable).
 * 3. In the class implementation, "Disk" is referred to as "Dir", which
 * actually points to the configured directory on the Disk which will be the
 * parent for all file write/read allocations.
 */
public class LocalDirAllocator {

  //A Map from the config item names like "mapred.local.dir",
  //"dfs.client.buffer.dir" to the instance of the AllocatorPerContext. This
  //is a static object to make sure there exists exactly one instance per JVM
  private static Map <String, AllocatorPerContext> contexts =
                 new TreeMap<String, AllocatorPerContext>();
  private String contextCfgItemName;

  /** Used when size of file to be allocated is unknown. */
  public static final int SIZE_UNKNOWN = -1;

  /**Create an allocator object
   * @param contextCfgItemName
   */
  public LocalDirAllocator(String contextCfgItemName) {
    this.contextCfgItemName = contextCfgItemName;
  }

  /** This method must be used to obtain the dir allocation context for a
   * particular value of the context name. The context name must be an item
   * defined in the Configuration object for which we want to control the
   * dir allocations (e.g., mapred.local.dir). The method will
   * create a context for that name if it doesn't already exist.
   */
  private AllocatorPerContext obtainContext(String contextCfgItemName) {
    synchronized (contexts) {
      AllocatorPerContext l = contexts.get(contextCfgItemName);
      if (l == null) {
        contexts.put(contextCfgItemName,
                    (l = new AllocatorPerContext(contextCfgItemName)));
      }
      return l;
    }
  }

  /** Get a path from the local FS. This method should be used if the size of
   *  the file is not known apriori. We go round-robin over the set of disks
   *  (via the configured dirs) and return the first complete path where
   *  we could create the parent directory of the passed path.
   *  @param pathStr the requested path (this will be created on the first
   *  available disk)
   *  @param conf the Configuration object
   *  @return the complete path to the file on a local disk
   *  @throws IOException
   */
  public Path getLocalPathForWrite(String pathStr,
      Configuration conf) throws IOException {
    return getLocalPathForWrite(pathStr, SIZE_UNKNOWN, conf);
  }

  /** Get a path from the local FS. Pass size as
   *  SIZE_UNKNOWN if not known apriori. We
   *  round-robin over the set of disks (via the configured dirs) and return
   *  the first complete path which has enough space
   *  @param pathStr the requested path (this will be created on the first
   *  available disk)
   *  @param size the size of the file that is going to be written
   *  @param conf the Configuration object
   *  @return the complete path to the file on a local disk
   *  @throws IOException
   */
  public Path getLocalPathForWrite(String pathStr, long size,
      Configuration conf) throws IOException {
    AllocatorPerContext context = obtainContext(contextCfgItemName);
    return context.getLocalPathForWrite(pathStr, size, conf);
  }

  /** Get a path from the local FS for reading. We search through all the
   *  configured dirs for the file's existence and return the complete
   *  path to the file when we find one
   *  @param pathStr the requested file (this will be searched)
   *  @param conf the Configuration object
   *  @return the complete path to the file on a local disk
   *  @throws IOException
   */
  public Path getLocalPathToRead(String pathStr,
      Configuration conf) throws IOException {
    AllocatorPerContext context = obtainContext(contextCfgItemName);
    return context.getLocalPathToRead(pathStr, conf);
  }

  /** Creates a temporary file in the local FS. Pass size as -1 if not known
   *  apriori. We round-robin over the set of disks (via the configured dirs)
   *  and select the first complete path which has enough space. A file is
   *  created on this directory. The file is guaranteed to go away when the
   *  JVM exits.
   *  @param pathStr prefix for the temporary file
   *  @param size the size of the file that is going to be written
   *  @param conf the Configuration object
   *  @return a unique temporary file
   *  @throws IOException
   */
  public File createTmpFileForWrite(String pathStr, long size,
      Configuration conf) throws IOException {
    AllocatorPerContext context = obtainContext(contextCfgItemName);
    return context.createTmpFileForWrite(pathStr, size, conf);
  }

  /** Method to check whether a context is valid
   * @param contextCfgItemName
   * @return true/false
   */
  public static boolean isContextValid(String contextCfgItemName) {
    synchronized (contexts) {
      return contexts.containsKey(contextCfgItemName);
    }
  }

  /** We search through all the configured dirs for the file's existence
   *  and return true when we find
   *  @param pathStr the requested file (this will be searched)
   *  @param conf the Configuration object
   *  @return true if files exist. false otherwise
   *  @throws IOException
   */
  public boolean ifExists(String pathStr,Configuration conf) {
    AllocatorPerContext context = obtainContext(contextCfgItemName);
    return context.ifExists(pathStr, conf);
  }

  /**
   * Get the current directory index for the given configuration item.
   * @return the current directory index for the given configuration item.
   */
  int getCurrentDirectoryIndex() {
    AllocatorPerContext context = obtainContext(contextCfgItemName);
    return context.getCurrentDirectoryIndex();
  }

  private static class AllocatorPerContext {

    private final Log LOG =
      LogFactory.getLog(AllocatorPerContext.class);

    private int dirNumLastAccessed;
    private Random dirIndexRandomizer = new Random();
    private FileSystem localFS;
    private DF[] dirDF;
    private String contextCfgItemName;
    private String[] localDirs;
    private String savedLocalDirs = "";

    public AllocatorPerContext(String contextCfgItemName) {
      this.contextCfgItemName = contextCfgItemName;
    }

    /** This method gets called everytime before any read/write to make sure
     * that any change to localDirs is reflected immediately.
     */
    private void confChanged(Configuration conf) throws IOException {
      String newLocalDirs = conf.get(contextCfgItemName);
      if (!newLocalDirs.equals(savedLocalDirs)) {
        localDirs = conf.getStrings(contextCfgItemName);
        localFS = FileSystem.getLocal(conf);
        int numDirs = localDirs.length;
        ArrayList<String> dirs = new ArrayList<String>(numDirs);
        ArrayList<DF> dfList = new ArrayList<DF>(numDirs);
        for (int i = 0; i < numDirs; i++) {
          try {
            // filter problematic directories
            Path tmpDir = new Path(localDirs[i]);
            if(localFS.mkdirs(tmpDir)|| localFS.exists(tmpDir)) {
              try {
                DiskChecker.checkDir(new File(localDirs[i]));
                dirs.add(localDirs[i]);
                dfList.add(new DF(new File(localDirs[i]), 30000));
              } catch (DiskErrorException de) {
                LOG.warn( localDirs[i] + "is not writable\n" +
                    StringUtils.stringifyException(de));
              }
            } else {
              LOG.warn( "Failed to create " + localDirs[i]);
            }
          } catch (IOException ie) {
            LOG.warn( "Failed to create " + localDirs[i] + ": " +
                ie.getMessage() + "\n" + StringUtils.stringifyException(ie));
          } //ignore
        }
        localDirs = dirs.toArray(new String[dirs.size()]);
        dirDF = dfList.toArray(new DF[dirs.size()]);
        savedLocalDirs = newLocalDirs;

        // randomize the first disk picked in the round-robin selection
        dirNumLastAccessed = dirIndexRandomizer.nextInt(dirs.size());
      }
    }

    private Path createPath(String path) throws IOException {
      Path file = new Path(new Path(localDirs[dirNumLastAccessed]),
                                    path);
      //check whether we are able to create a directory here. If the disk
      //happens to be RDONLY we will fail
      try {
        DiskChecker.checkDir(new File(file.getParent().toUri().getPath()));
        return file;
      } catch (DiskErrorException d) {
        LOG.warn(StringUtils.stringifyException(d));
        return null;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Get the current directory index.
     * @return the current directory index.
     */
    int getCurrentDirectoryIndex() {
      return dirNumLastAccessed;
    }

    /** Get a path from the local FS. This method should be used if the size of
     *  the file is not known a priori.
     *
     *  It will use roulette selection, picking directories
     *  with probability proportional to their available space.
     */
    public synchronized Path getLocalPathForWrite(String path,
        Configuration conf) throws IOException {
      return getLocalPathForWrite(path, SIZE_UNKNOWN, conf);
    }

    /** Get a path from the local FS. If size is known, we go
     *  round-robin over the set of disks (via the configured dirs) and return
     *  the first complete path which has enough space.
     *
     *  If size is not known, use roulette selection -- pick directories
     *  with probability proportional to their available space.
     */
    public synchronized Path getLocalPathForWrite(String pathStr, long size,
        Configuration conf) throws IOException {
      confChanged(conf);
      int numDirs = localDirs.length;
      int numDirsSearched = 0;
      //remove the leading slash from the path (to make sure that the uri
      //resolution results in a valid path on the dir being checked)
      if (pathStr.startsWith("/")) {
        pathStr = pathStr.substring(1);
      }
      Path returnPath = null;

      if(size == SIZE_UNKNOWN) {  //do roulette selection: pick dir with probability
                    //proportional to available size
        long[] availableOnDisk = new long[dirDF.length];
        long totalAvailable = 0;

            //build the "roulette wheel"
        for(int i =0; i < dirDF.length; ++i) {
          availableOnDisk[i] = dirDF[i].getAvailable();
          totalAvailable += availableOnDisk[i];
        }

        // Keep rolling the wheel till we get a valid path
        Random r = new java.util.Random();
        while (numDirsSearched < numDirs && returnPath == null) {
          long randomPosition = Math.abs(r.nextLong()) % totalAvailable;
          int dir = 0;
          while (randomPosition > availableOnDisk[dir]) {
            randomPosition -= availableOnDisk[dir];
            dir++;
          }
          dirNumLastAccessed = dir;
          returnPath = createPath(pathStr);
          if (returnPath == null) {
            totalAvailable -= availableOnDisk[dir];
            availableOnDisk[dir] = 0; // skip this disk
            numDirsSearched++;
          }
        }
      } else {
        while (numDirsSearched < numDirs && returnPath == null) {
          long capacity = dirDF[dirNumLastAccessed].getAvailable();
          if (capacity > size) {
            returnPath = createPath(pathStr);
          }
          dirNumLastAccessed++;
          dirNumLastAccessed = dirNumLastAccessed % numDirs;
          numDirsSearched++;
        }
      }
      if (returnPath != null) {
        return returnPath;
      }

      //no path found
      throw new DiskErrorException("Could not find any valid local " +
          "directory for " + pathStr);
    }

    /** Creates a file on the local FS. Pass size as
     * {@link LocalDirAllocator.SIZE_UNKNOWN} if not known apriori. We
     *  round-robin over the set of disks (via the configured dirs) and return
     *  a file on the first path which has enough space. The file is guaranteed
     *  to go away when the JVM exits.
     */
    public File createTmpFileForWrite(String pathStr, long size,
        Configuration conf) throws IOException {

      // find an appropriate directory
      Path path = getLocalPathForWrite(pathStr, size, conf);
      File dir = new File(path.getParent().toUri().getPath());
      String prefix = path.getName();

      // create a temp file on this directory
      File result = File.createTempFile(prefix, null, dir);
      result.deleteOnExit();
      return result;
    }

    /** Get a path from the local FS for reading. We search through all the
     *  configured dirs for the file's existence and return the complete
     *  path to the file when we find one
     */
    public synchronized Path getLocalPathToRead(String pathStr,
        Configuration conf) throws IOException {
      confChanged(conf);
      int numDirs = localDirs.length;
      int numDirsSearched = 0;
      //remove the leading slash from the path (to make sure that the uri
      //resolution results in a valid path on the dir being checked)
      if (pathStr.startsWith("/")) {
        pathStr = pathStr.substring(1);
      }
      while (numDirsSearched < numDirs) {
        Path file = new Path(localDirs[numDirsSearched], pathStr);
        if (localFS.exists(file)) {
          return file;
        }
        numDirsSearched++;
      }

      //no path found
      throw new DiskErrorException ("Could not find " + pathStr +" in any of" +
      " the configured local directories");
    }

    /** We search through all the configured dirs for the file's existence
     *  and return true when we find one
     */
    public synchronized boolean ifExists(String pathStr,Configuration conf) {
      try {
        int numDirs = localDirs.length;
        int numDirsSearched = 0;
        //remove the leading slash from the path (to make sure that the uri
        //resolution results in a valid path on the dir being checked)
        if (pathStr.startsWith("/")) {
          pathStr = pathStr.substring(1);
        }
        while (numDirsSearched < numDirs) {
          Path file = new Path(localDirs[numDirsSearched], pathStr);
          if (localFS.exists(file)) {
            return true;
          }
          numDirsSearched++;
        }
      } catch (IOException e) {
        // IGNORE and try again
      }
      return false;
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Artist's assistant dies after drug binge
LONDON - An assistant to British artist David Hockney died after drinking drain cleaner at the painter's home after a drug and alcohol binge, a coroner ruled on Friday.
Dominic Elliott, 23, was the subject of a number of portraits by Hockney, one of Britain's most influential living artists famous for colorful landscapes and portraits.
Hockney, 76, said in a statement on Friday that he was asleep and unaware that Elliott had drunk the liquid after taking cocaine, Ecstasy, alcohol and cannabis with his partner, John Fitzherbert.
Fitzherbert is Hockney's former long-term partner and still lives at the artist's home in Bridlington in northern England and runs his domestic affairs.
After a two-day inquest, Paul Marks, coroner for Hull and East Riding, said there were no suspicious circumstances and no evidence that Elliott had intended to take his own life, according to media reports. He recorded a verdict of misadventure.
Hockney, who was born in northern England but spent decades in the United States, said he was devastated by Elliott's death.


In recent months, Chaka Khan released two singles, starred in the musical feature film Revival! and sang at Aretha Franklin's memorial service. On February 15, the 65-year-old singer will come out with Hello Happiness, her first album in 11 years. Also on tap for 2019: a career documentary, a voice role in Disney's The One and Only Ivan, and the introduction of her hair-care products and fashions.


text:
Tag: excel
Over the weekend I described the process I'm using to simulate MLS seasons, and the odds that a team reaches the playoffs. After using this tool for most of this year, I've recently tried extending this work to look at how team projections change during a season.
Categorized as Team Performance Tagged chicago fire, excel, monte carlo, prediction
Over the course of this season I've been occasionally running simulations of how the rest of the Major League Soccer season might end up. The feedback I've gotten from this work has been generally positive, and a number of people have asked about my methodology. This post is, finally, my attempt to explain the process… Continue reading How I'm simulating playoff odds
Categorized as Methodology, Team Performance Tagged excel, game results, playoffs, python, simulation
Exploring the passing tendencies of Columbus and Portland ahead of MLS Cup
When Columbus and Portland face off this evening in MLS Cup, it will be a clash between two of the better passing teams in the league. Both feature midfields heavy on ball control, with international-caliber players pulling the strings supported by a back line that likes to get forward. In preparation for this game, I… Continue reading Exploring the passing tendencies of Columbus and Portland ahead of MLS Cup
Categorized as Player Performance, Team Performance Tagged data voyager, excel, passing, plotly, R, scatterplot
Examining whether teams in MLS must spend big to succeed
There is a narrative about Major League Soccer that describes an emerging financial arms race between its teams. The Designated Player Rule, instituted in 2007 with the arrival of David Beckham, has allowed teams additional flexibility to spend larger sums of money on key players. Every team in the league has taken advantage of this… Continue reading Examining whether teams in MLS must spend big to succeed
Categorized as Team Performance Tagged excel, points per game, salaries, scatterplot
League Parity, and Repeatability of Points Per Game
I was inspired the other day by something Steve Fenn (@StatHunting on Twitter) wrote about analytics in soccer: IMO it'd be better if a club's analytics 1st made sure metric was predictive, or at least repeatable. — Steve Fenn (@StatHunting) July 28, 2015 This question of repeatability is something that resonated with me, so I… Continue reading League Parity, and Repeatability of Points Per Game
Categorized as Team Performance Tagged excel, points per game, repeatability, scatterplot
Comparing MLS Goalscoring Rates to Recent History
The week of the All-Star Game is upon us. Most teams in Major League Soccer hit the midway point of their season a few weeks back, the Gold Cup just finished, and the CONCACAF Champions League is starting soon. This seems a decent time to step back from the season, take stock of the trends… Continue reading Comparing MLS Goalscoring Rates to Recent History
Categorized as Team Performance Tagged excel, goal scoring, playoffs, points per game, scatterplot
Lineup Continuity and Points Per Game
Several years ago, I wrote about the importance of continuity in a team's lineup over the course of the season. The piece has since been taken down (it will soon be republished on this site), but the thrust of the argument was that the most successful teams in Major League Soccer were able to… Continue reading Lineup Continuity and Points Per Game
Categorized as Roster Management Tagged excel, herfindahl, lineups, points per game, scatterplot
Plotting individual playing time against goal difference
Columbus player performance, plotted by comparing playing time against goal difference
I started working with a new type of impact plot tonight, looking specifically at playing time compared against team goal difference. Dots representing each player are plotted along two axes: the horizontal axis records how much of the season the player has seen, while the vertical axis indicates the team's goal difference during the player's time… Continue reading Plotting individual playing time against goal difference
Categorized as Player Performance, Team Performance Tagged excel, goal difference, players, playing time, scatterplot
Revisiting player use in World Cup qualifying cycles
Just before the start of the World Cup, I posted an exploration of the United States' roster through its last five qualifying cycles. Now that the tournament has finished, here is an updated version that includes the four games played by Jurgen Klinsmann's team.
Categorized as Roster Management Tagged excel, players, waterfall, world cup
Examining players used in World Cup qualifying cycles
The American roster for the World Cup has been named, and the intense discussion over Donovan's exclusion (and that of Eddie Johnson before him) has begun to subside. This seems an opportune time to look back over how this World Cup cycle compares to the last few.


Warehouse shopping fans are happily re-upping their subscriptions, and that's great news for the business.
It is laughably easy to cancel your Costco (NASDAQ:COST) membership. All an unhappy shopper has to do is tell the retailer that they aren't satisfied with their subscription, and Costco will refund all -- not just a prorated amount -- of the fee and send you on your way. What's more, the company gave its entire shopper base a good reason to consider parting ways when it raised its membership fees on both the gold star and executive subscription levels.
And yet, Costco recently announced that its renewal rate ticked up to 90.5% in the fiscal first quarter, meaning that, after hovering around 90% over the last three years, the metric is close to the record set back in 2015.
Let's look at why the retailer is winning so much repeat business these days.
Part of the answer is an improving economy that has put extra cash in consumers' pockets. After all, Costco isn't alone in posting head-turning results lately. Rival Walmart (NYSE:WMT) lifted its 2018 outlook in each of the last two quarters, and Target (NYSE:TGT) recently revealed some of its strongest customer traffic in more than a decade. For obvious reasons, it's easier to convince customers to extend their subscription commitment during boom times like these.
Still, Costco is outpacing these peers, having expanded sales in the U.S. at an 8% rate in the latest quarter, compared to Walmart's 3% increase and Target's 5% bump. The warehouse giant is pairing its historically strong customer traffic with an expanding store base and higher spending per visit. Put all of those positive trends together, and you have a formula for market share growth and big revenue gains.
Costco shareholders can also thank its co-branded credit card for helping the rebound. Renewal rates dropped following the switchover, leading many investors to worry that the chain was losing some of its retailing mojo either to traditional competitors like Walmart or to e-commerce specialists. Costco's management team wasn't worried, though, predicting in late 2017 that the drop would reverse itself after the credit card shift worked its way through the membership base. Chalk one up for Costco executives, here.
Warehouse shoppers have enthusiastically taken up the new Visa-branded card, and in fact, the company had to take a charge last quarter to account for the fact that reward benefits are being redeemed faster than they had predicted. Costco is thrilled with that result, since it means customers are shopping more and getting plenty of value out of their rebate cards.
Then there's Costco's price leadership positioning, which is looking more attractive as prices climb on staples like groceries and apparel. Even in an inflationary environment like that, the company can afford to reduce the prices it charges on most of these products thanks to its low-cost selling approach, its annual sales base of over $140 billion, and membership fees that now amount to over $3 billion a year.
That operating setup doesn't always deliver robust profitability. Earnings disappointed some investors at the start of Costco's fiscal 2019, for example. However, the retailer's executives have argued that this approach tends to support market-share growth, mainly by delivering improving customer loyalty that translates into higher revenue and stronger profits over time. Costco's renewal rate is the best approximation we have for that shopper loyalty, and it's describing a business that's having no trouble resonating with customers.


text:
Martin Luther King Jr Fought Against
The mass of people who spoke and argued against the project showed up for a public hearing. widening project of Interstate.
What Are 3 Grievances In The Declaration Of Independence In high school, my students had skipped over Thomas Jefferson's grievances. can return to the Declaration of Independence if it resonates. But if you are disappointed with the current moment, I. Calvin Coolidge Quote Perseverance Positive Inspirational Persistence Quotes 'Positive inspirational persistence quotes to refresh the spirit and boost the emotional bank account' In the
Perhaps he was more courageous than soldiers who fight and die on the battlefield. and if there be prejudice in our hearts against any racial or ethnic group, let us exterminate it and let us pray,
Jan 20, 2014 · Remembering Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Solution to Poverty In his final book, the civil rights leader laid out his vision for a universal basic income that.
Martin Luther King Jr., a man who embodied the U.S. civil rights movement. He organized protests throughout the 1950s and 1960s against Southern segregation in the struggle for black equality and.
On Monday, the United States celebrates the life and legacy of civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. continue to resonate today. In 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for his.
Jan 09, 2019 · More than 400 Long Beach-area volunteers are expected to give back to the community to mark the national MLK Day of Service in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Monday, Jan. 21.
Berlin was perhaps destined to be a meaningful place for Martin Luther King Jr.; it was the city that, in some ways, gave him his name. And for a man who preached against walls that. all who stand.
They continued to be at the forefront of struggle in 1968, with some 20,000 Latinx high schoolers in Los Angeles walking out.
– Martin Luther King, Jr. quotes from BrainyQuote.com "He who passively accepts evil is as much involved in it as he who helps to perpetrate it. He who accepts evil without protesting against it is really cooperating with it."
One of the most famous figures in American history is Martin Luther King, Jr. A civil rights leader and activist, he helped to change the perception of African Americans in the United States and he fought hard against inequality, segregation, and racism. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia.
KELSI: THE PROGRAM CONTINUED WITH THE AUDIENCE LISTENING TO RECORDINGS OF SOME OF MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.'S MOST. continue King's fight."I believe that love triumphs over hate, and I think we all.
Mar 04, 2019 · In 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. returned to the city where he and Coretta Scott went to graduate school and first met. On that trip, he declared to his audience that "Boston must become a.
Ted Williams/Iconic Images/Getty Images Politics Why Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Was More Than "I Have a Dream" Sixty-two years later, his words on voting rights still matter
I don't have to tell you that Martin Luther King Jr. was many things. He was a leader. But instead, a close inspection of his words reveals a man who understood and fought against the complex and.
Summary Of African American History Los Angeles Abraham Lincoln High School Established in 1918, Otis College of Art and Design is a national leader in art and design education. The College mission is to prepare diverse students of art and design to enrich our world through their creativity, skill, and vision. Siegel, a research professor with the Department of Psychiatry
This piece was first published on April 3, 2008. Years after his death, Martin Luther King Jr., one of the great prophets of American democracy, has been reduced to little more than a lifeless statue.
Aug 03, 2014 · The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. and philosopher John Rawls offer different justifications of civil disobedience. According to both natural law.
By the time Martin Luther King Jr. stepped to the pulpit of the massive Riverside Church in New York City — a Gothic masterpiece financed by John David Rockefeller Jr. — he had already won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his work as the face and spiritual embodiment of the Civil Rights Movement.
Mar 06, 2019 · Photo: President Johnson signing the 1964 Civil Rights Act on July 2, 1964 in Washington D.C. as Martin Luther King, Jr., and others look on. In 1964, Martin Luther King Jr. was awarded Nobel Peace Prize at the young age of 35 for his peaceful campaign against racism. He turned over the prize money of $54,123 to support the civil rights movement.
Martin Luther King Jr. 1555 Words | 7 Pages. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a key leader and activist in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He fought against.
When widowed, she fought with African. She protested against lynchings, marched, sat through strained White House meetings and led the National Council of Negro Women for many years. She sat.
In 2018, 40 years after his death, Martin Luther King Jr.'s quotes and speeches are still just as. during the Civil Rights Movement still paves the way for citizens to fight back against hate and.
In "I've Been to the Mountaintop," the soaring and chilling speech he delivered the day before his assassination, Martin Luther King Jr. ponders the thought of life in other places and times. Among.
May 16, 2008 · One of the greatest speeches by Martin Luther King, Jr.,"A Time to Break Silence," was delivered at Riverside Church, New York City, on April 4, 1967. It is a statement against war in principle, in the same sense in which King's "Letter from Birmingham City Jail," published four years earlier, had been a statement against social injustice in principle.
Martin Luther King Jr. had. there is no better place to start than King," says Terry, assistant professor of African and African American studies and social studies at Harvard. King, Terry says,
Today marks the 36th anniversary of Dr. Martin Luther. Dr. King's legacy instead of honoring his scathing critiques against capitalism, imperialism, racism, and agencies like the Department of.
"In our glorious fight for civil rights, we must guard against being fooled by false slogans, such as 'right-to-work.' It provides no 'rights' and no 'works.' Its purpose is to destroy labor unions and the freedom of collective bargaining…. We demand this fraud be stopped." ― Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King and America's major civil rights leaders fought an integrated and nonviolent war against racial segregation. including James Farmer Jr.: The Great Debater, about one of the four.
Jan 20, 2014 · 10 Facts about Martin Luther King, Jr. January 20, 2014 / in Activism , Advocacy , Awareness , Global Poverty , Pop Culture / by Clint Borgen Martin Luther King , Jr. was an American hero and civil rights activist.
Jan 18, 2019 · Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is remembered for his powerful civil rights legacy and his nonviolent protests that inspired half a century of peaceful protest in support of equality. As a visionary orator and leader, he shepherded the movement against segregation and racism in the 1950s and 1960s that transformed America.
Wednesday marks the 50th anniversary of the April 4, 1968, assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Yet, while his birthday has become. memory of King taking the struggle to Chicago, railing against.
Ghost Statue Of Liberty Shirt How Was The American Dream Affected By The Great Depression Terry Bradshaw Teams Up with The ALS Association to Raise Awareness of ALS The ALS Association has launched a new public awareness campaign featuring Hall of Fame quarterback and FOX Sports announcer Terry Bradshaw to raise awareness of ALS and the progress that has been
Millard Fillmore High School Millard High School Yearbooks. Listings of high school yearbooks for Millard High can be found below. You will find former students who are seeking yearbooks, those looking to sell a yearbook and general yearbook requests among the Millard HS yearbook listings. This yearbook section was created to help alumni post yearbook classifieds. Send messages to
Apr 04, 2018 · White Martin is an offense against history. It is a crime against memory. And to have this White House, and this president*, even mention the name of Martin Luther King, Jr. in.
Martin Luther King Jr Why We Can't Wait Jan 15, 2018. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote five books and delivered about 450 speeches a year. From his book Why We Can't Wait, 1964; "Injustice. ORONO, Maine — The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. should be remembered as a champion for all. process to prevent such practices in the future. In his 1964
Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his assassination in 1968. Born in Atlanta, King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, tactics his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism.
Difference between Martin Luther King Jr and Gandhi. A few people believe that leaders are born with the requisite characters that earn them success as a leader.
When the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. stepped out of his car on Aug. 5. a battle that ultimately went unfinished — a campaign against poverty and de facto segregation in the North that was met with.
Growing up, my parents made sure my siblings and I knew all about Dr. King. "We felt this is the reality," said Sybil. "This is what we are. We are fighting for this. And you are part of this fight as.
That, they said, means taking action against. Martin Luther King Jr. Day Marade — a combination march and parade — peacefully walked the 5 kilometers from City Park to Civic Center Park, holding up.
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text:
Sristi TV is a 24-hour Bengali entertainment channel launched on 1 January 2005. The channel broadcasts entertainment programs in Bangla.

References

Bengali-language television channels in India
Television channels and stations established in 2005
Television stations in Kolkata

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
SANAC Chair, Deputy President Mabuza appoints SANAC Trust board member & welcomes appointment CEO
Oct 6, 2020 | News, Press Release
» SANAC Chair, Deputy President Mabuza appoints SANAC Trust board member & welcomes appointment CEO
Deputy President and Chairperson of the South African National Aids Council (SANAC), Mr David Mabuza has welcomed the appointment by the Board of Trustees of Dr Thembisile Xulu as the Chief Executive Officer of SANAC.
The appointment of Dr Xulu follows the resignation of Dr Sandile Buthelezi, who left SANAC to serve as the Director-General of the National Department of Health. Dr Xulu is a medical doctor and has direct and extensive experience in HIV and TB health matters, including 15 years spent at Right to Care (RTC) as Manager of the HIV Expert Treatment Programme and Executive Director of the group, among others.
Deputy President Mabuza has subsequently appointed Dr Namane Magau to fill the vacancy in the SANAC Board of Trustees. Dr Magau has served in various executive and management roles both in the public and private sectors. These executive roles were in the Development Bank of Southern Africa, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research as well as the South African Broadcasting Corporation and University Council of the former University of Durban-Westville.
SANAC was established by Cabinet to build consensus across government, civil society and business to drive an enhanced country response to HIV, TB and STIs. The Council is supported by a Board of Trustees to deepen coordination, improve monitoring and evaluation and supporting government departments and civil society with implementation of the National Strategic Plan for HIV, TB and STIs.
"The work that lies ahead of us as SANAC is immense. We are faced with the triple pandemics of HIV, TB and Coronavirus, which require of us to ensure that the strides we have made thus far are not reversed. We are confident that both these women bring requisite expertise and an attitude of dedicated service to the roles. We have no doubt that their experiences will contribute immensely to the work of SANAC", said Deputy President Mabuza.
Both appointments will further strengthen the national response to TB, HIV and Aids.
Enquiries: Matshepo Seedat on 082 679 9473 or Matshepo@presidency.gov.za
Issued by: The Presidency
Media Advisory & Invitation – National Sex Worker Dialogue Webinar by nelson
FALSE MESSAGES CIRCULATING ABOUT A PROVINCIAL AIDS MEETING BY AN UNRECOGNISED STRUCTURE IN NORTH WEST by nelson


No one taught me the ropes of being an entertainer, one with stellar reviews at that. I learnt while tending to a variety of people in my line of work. I take into consideration the uniqueness and peculiarities involved in dealing with various clients.
I promise you will have no reason to doubt my expertise. Unlike quite a number of entertainers, I don't wait for long before I start to determine those things that might be exciting for you. I begin to detect the way you would want to be served from our first physical discussion. I am strongly intuitive like that, I use it for my job. Asides my job, I am a lover of Salsa dancing, I think it is the most classical type of dance and requires an intimate connection between two dancers for it to come across as spectacular.
Enough of me, I really want to meet you in person and know stuff about you too. Cheers till we meet!


text:
SportsBasketballKnicks
LeBron back at Garden, dancing to Jay-Z
By ALAN HAHN alan.hahn@newsday.com Updated March 4, 2010 5:56 PM
A night after LeBron James danced on the court in Cleveland at the expense of the Knicks, he was at the Garden on Tuesday night dancing to Jay-Z. The Cavs All-Star and the No. 1 target in this summer's highly-anticipated free agent market, who was in the area for last night's game against the Nets, was seen by many among the sold out crowd dancing and singing along to Jay-Z's hit, "Empire State of Mind," which has become the new anthem of New York City.
Jay-Z is not only a close friend of James, he also owns a small stake in the Nets, who plan to move to Brooklyn by the 2011-12 season.
James sidestepped talk of free agency after Monday's game, in which his Cavaliers blew out the Knicks, 124-93. When directly asked if the Knicks' moves to clear enough salary cap space to potentially sign two superstar players, James replied, "I stopped answering free agent questions a long time ago."
But it hasn't stopped others from talking about it. Or trying to predict what he'll do. The situation is sure to reach Brett Favre status by the time the calendar flips to July 1, which is when the Knicks can officially begin to recruit him.
The news that James had petitioned the NBA to change his number from 23 to 6 next season was met with conjecture that he might be leaning toward staying in Cleveland, because a player only needs to file paperwork to change numbers with his current team.
But then came James' actions at the concert, which were broadcast Wednesday on YouTube, to feed more speculation. In fact, James did the same thing - but was actually on stage - when Jay-Z's current tour had a stop in Cleveland in October.
The Cablevision relationship disclaimer could go here and look something like this.
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By ALAN HAHN alan.hahn@newsday.com
Knicks rout Pistons; Walsh on course for summerAl Harrington led the Knicks (21-39) with 26 points, David Lee had 21 points, 18 rebounds and eight assists and Tracy McGrady looked very fresh in 34 minutes and had 21 points.
Lennon: Will Stroman get a callback after his audition?
Former boxing champ Whitaker struck by car, killed
Wheeler to IL with shoulder fatigue
Herrmann: Here comes Judge!
Rosario held out of lineup after failing to run out fly ball
Encarnacion lets parrot fly twice
Sevy, Betances begin road back with 25 throws
Garcia gets good reviews despite shaky Triple-A debut


I'm worried. Peggy & Judy are promoting a recreational drug.
Did you know that some cats get euphoric, others are sedated and EVEN drool when they sniff catnip? Some veterinarians think that the moans cats make while exposed to catnip are responses to chemically induced hallucinations!
When a human has hallucinations and drools it's a problem but when cats take recreational drugs humans think it's cute.
The active molecule in Nepeta cataria is nepetalactone, which is believed to mimic a cat pheromone. Nepetalactone binds to a cat's olfactory receptors to produce catnip's unique response.
Leaves from Nepeta cataria or nepetalactone oil extracts are used by cat owners to provoke their pets.
Catnip, in large enough quantities, will also work as an attractant for large cats like lions and tigers.
Made into a tea, catnip has calming properties similar to chamomile.
Concentrated nepetalactone also makes for a powerful mosquito repellent. However, it lasts just a few hours.
This entry was posted in Attitudes & Beliefs, Cats, dogs & other creatures, science and tagged catnip facts, consumer reporting, Frankly Freddie, hallucinations, medicinal applications for catnip, Nepeta catarrh, smoking catnip. Bookmark the permalink.
I LOVE Freddie!!!!! He has a unique and very entertaining way of thinking. Tell us more, Freddie!!!!
You are the most perceptive human on earth. I LOVE you too! If you'd like to open another chapter of a Freddie Fan Club send me treats and you will receive an autographed picture.
I hope you weren't just teasing me. Treats will be mailed out this coming week, and I will look forward to your autographed picture. I can hardly wait until I get it!!!!!
I never tease, oh newest fan club president.
Freddie Parker Westerfield, non-teaser extraordinaire.
My aim in life is to provide interesting and valuable information to humans and other creatures. While you are shopping for catnip please buy doggie treats and send them to me before you start nipping.
For a girl you are very agreeable!
I agree with you, Freddie. The nerve of two-legged critters inducing cats with catnip. Where's the dognip, I ask you, where is it?
The NERVE is putting it mildly . . . We dogs only nip when being provoked. Otherwise, we are naturally high with friendliness and love. As for human-beings – where IS the love? Where is it?
He makes good arguments, Judy. Just sayin'.
Thank you for your acknowledgment that Peggy & judy (human-beings) have had "clouded judgement" . . . jus say'n.
Interesting… I have used catnip to help a cat adjust to new premises or to help two cats adjust to each other. It made them more frolicky and playful than usual, for sure. Wow, who knew that it was used as a substitute for marijuana? Well if people can get high, why not animals I guess haha.
Cats do need adjusting. We canines, on the other hand, are already adjusted.
Thank you for sharing the catnip ploy so my other readers can learn new human tricks.


text:
Bosco  Oliveira (Brasília, 4 de fevereiro de 1967) é um violonista, compositor e arranjador brasileiro.

Biografia
Especialista em música brasileira e violão popular brasileiro, Bosco começou a estudar violão aos 7 anos de idade com seu pai, Oliveira. Bosco tem formação clássica e popular pela UNB e CEP-EMB. Em sua trajetória foi vencedor de quatro edições seguidas do Concurso Nacional Jovens Instrumentistas em Goiânia, prêmio de Melhor Intérprete de Villa Lobos em Vitória e primeiro lugar no Concurso Nacional de Novos Talentos em São Paulo. Atualmente, ele representa o Brasil em festivais pelo mundo afora. Já se apresentou, com o show "Alma brasileira" e "História da Canção no Brasil" na Espanha, em Nova Iorque, Lima, La Paz, Portugal, Áustria e muitos outros.

Ele integra o Trio Baru e possui 8 CDs gravados: Aldeias, Alma Brasileira, Encontros das Águas, Radamés Gnattali, Violinístico, João Pernambuco e Artesanal. Além disso, é professor de violão popular na conceituada escola de música de Brasília (CEP-EMB).

Ao longo de sua carreira, Bosco tocou e gravou com uma grande variedade de músicos renomados.

Discografia
 Aldeias (2007) - Gravadora independente
 Alma Brasileira - Gravadora independente
 Encontros das Águas - Gravadora independente
 Homenagem a Radamés Gnattali - Gravadora independente
 Violinístico (Com o trio de violinistas) - Gravadora independente
 João Pernambuco (Participação no CD de Nelson Latif) - Gravadora independente
 Artesanal (Quarteto artesanal) - Gravadora independente

Compositores do Brasil
Violonistas do Brasil
Violonistas do Distrito Federal (Brasil)


text:
Die Walisische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1967 fand in Pontypridd statt. Es war die 16. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Wales.

Titelträger

Referenzen
 Annual Handbook of the International Badminton Federation, London, 28. Auflage 1970, S. 313.

1967
Badminton 1967
Sport (Rhondda Cynon Taf)


text:
Coming to the aid of restaurateurs
Montreal, April 16, 2020 – The physical distancing measures in effect to slow the propagation of the coronavirus are hitting the restaurant industry hard. A publication launched today by the MEI proposes solutions to help the sector.
"The situation is grave for the restaurant sector: One in ten restaurants have already closed for good, and many others are a few weeks away from doing the same," says Daniel Dufort, Senior Director of External Relations, Communications and Development at the MEI and author of the publication.
Although this sector of activity was largely spared by past recessions, it has now been thrown into turmoil. "Physical distancing measures have a disproportionate affect on restaurants, especially those that specialize in table service," explains Daniel Dufort.
Different measures can be put in place by governments to complement those already offered: eliminating property taxes for a given period, rather than deferring their payment, and temporarily eliminating sales taxes. "These measures would allow restaurateurs to keep more of their money, all while encouraging consumers to buy items for takeout or delivery," points out the author.
Selling wine directly to consumers
Another measure that could be put in place quickly is to allow restaurants to sell bottles of wine directly to consumers. "At the moment, it is only permitted to sell wine for takeout if it is accompanied by a meal and if it is sold at the same price as if it were purchased for consumption in the dining room. These conditions are difficult to respect when numerous kitchens are closed and restaurants need cash," continues Mr. Dufort.
Indeed, according to the publication, the sale of bottles of wine from restaurants' inventories is a way to generate new revenues without requiring substantial new spending.
"A poll carried out by Leger in 2017 shows that over 70% of Quebecers agree that restaurants and wine merchants should be able to sell their wine directly to consumers," says the author of the publication. "The temporary lifting of these restrictions would allow us to see if this is a promising avenue," concludes Mr. Dufort.
The Viewpoint entitled "Solutions to Help Restaurateurs" was prepared by Daniel Dufort, Senior Director of External Relations, Communications and Development at the MEI. This publication is available on our website.
The MEI is an independent public policy think tank. Through its publications, media appearances, and advisory services to policy-makers, the MEI stimulates public policy debate and reforms based on sound economics and entrepreneurship.
Interview requests: Arminda Mota, CEO, Mantra Communications. Tel.: 514-435-8940 / Email: amota@iedm.org


text:
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Lessons of Life…and Death
by Daniel A. Gioia | Nov 1, 2010 | Litigation | 0 comments
Scientific developments stay ahead of the field of bioethics law.
As appears in Northwest Indiana Business Quarterly Fall-Winter 2010 Edition
After teaching medical malpractice for 12 years, I have finally found my niche. For it is only after studying health care from the standpoint of defending professionals that one comes to appreciate the significant and serious bioethical issues posed by modern medical science.
There is a distinct difference between the study of medical malpractice, the study of health law and the study of medical ethics. They are interrelated, to a large degree, but as with any legal subject there has been a tendency toward specialization, and concentration on specific ethical concerns.
Most every college and university now offers courses in medical ethics, with increasing numbers. Indeed, most tertiary care centers, i.e. teaching medical schools or university hospitals, have professionals to deal with these day-to-day issues as they occur during the course of health care.
The topics which we study include the human genome and all aspects of its medical, legal, ethical and social implications. Again, the science seems to outpace the law in addressing these issues.
Ownership of the human body and its parts is another area of interest, along with the developing legal framework in foreign countries allowing for the sale and purchase of organs, and the legal ramifications of organ transplants for their donors and their recipients.
Genetic privacy, genetic exceptionalism and the abuses associated with pharmacogenomics, genetic testing/screening and the selection of human traits is only beginning to receive attention in federal and state legislatures.
The issue of euthanasia is extremely controversial, as are the questions posed by the study of death and dying. Probate and estate planning professionals routinely recommend that their clients prepare health care powers of attorney and documentation to assure compliance with their wishes in the event of catastrophic illness or death.
The issue of competence among patients, mentally as well as physically, has been addressed in numerous court cases, as has the apparent constitutional right to die with dignity. Currently only Oregon and Washington allow for euthanasia in cases of terminal illness, within strict parameters. Soon, legal scholars will need to delineate the rights of patients vis-à-vis health care providers, should this legally recognized option become more widespread.
The U.S. Supreme Court has outlined a framework, especially in cases where patients failed to make their preferences known. The celebrated cases of Nancy Cruzan, Karen Quinlan and Terry Schiavo provide us with the lessons learned; unfortunately, these were learned the hard way.
Overriding an in-depth discussion of bioethics is the principle of respect for human autonomy which we strive to honor, not only as human beings but also as caregivers and care recipients.
Patients must express their preferences either by advance directives or, through reliable documentation. Health care institutions need to honor those preferences. The law needs to allow for these ethical decisions in a clinical context, practically and in conjunction with moral, religious and family values. The principles of beneficence, non-malificence and our legal system must all be applied to satisfy each patient's personal, cultural and individual beliefs.
We have done a remarkable job addressing these complex issues thus far, but there are "miles to go" all depending upon future discoveries and the continuing evolution of modern medical care. Hopefully, we are preparing the young legal scholars of tomorrow to meet these challenges successfully.
Daniel A. Gioia
More about Daniel A. Gioia
Daniel A. Gioia is an experienced Family Law Mediator and Civil Mediator. Dan has served on the Joint Task Force on Alternative Dispute Resolution Rules, and the Domestic Relations Focus Group for Family Mediation which was responsible for recommending revisions in the Alternative Dispute Resolution Rules and Procedures of the Indiana Supreme Court.
BCC Successfully Defends Physician in Case with National Implications 6 BCC Attorneys Listed in 2019 Super Lawyers Magazine
Northwest Indiana Lawyers
Merrillville, Indiana
Copyright © Burke Costanza & Carberry LLP - Legal Disclaimer


BAm! Rubber shoulder pads. Accurate style! These are, of course, raw and unpainted. A little Krylon semi-flat black and these are done.
Getting better job, you sell the ubber shoulder pads separately?
Please tell me these are still available. I saw this link on the 501st site and it is fantastic.
Sorry to Necro-post, I know this thread is a little old, but I wondered if this is still happening? Even a situation update would be nice!
Can you share your painting process? Paint used? In particular the blck wash and red treatment. Thanks.
Unknown. A number of people who paid money for the helmets as the first part of a kit did not receive the product, and have been unable to get a response from the ArmorMX contacts.
Sorry for the delay. I have not looked here in some time. I bought a Havoc Helmet from them and recieved it. It was very well made. I hope there is a real reason why they are gone. The work was fantastic.


Data gathering for the U.S. 2010 Census may be finished, but it's just begun for Carnegie Mellon's Robot Census 2010. Have a robot? Let it stand up and be counted.
Results of the census, we are told, can influence the allocation of federal funds for education programs, law enforcement, and highways--and apparently tell us how many crazy robots are running loose.
Well, at least the Carnegie Mellon Robot Census 2010 can tell us the last one. So far, it has tallied 547 robots on the CMU campus, including Tank LaFleur the "roboceptionist," Boss, winner of the 2008 DARPA Grand Challenge, and Opto-Isolator, the artbot that watches you with its big roving eye.
It all started when Heather Knight, a first-year Ph.D. student at CMU's Robotics Institute, decided bots at the school deserved to stand up and be formally counted.
"As much as we're here for the professors," she explained, "we're also here for the robots." With CMU a hub for wild and wacky bots and no comprehensive tally of them, the obvious next step was a census, she said.
Knight then distributed the survey within the Robotics Institute via e-mail and soon after went beyond CMU and its environs to count 135 robots at the Maker Faire in New York in September.
Now, as a far deeper investigation into the distribution of robots, Knight has expanded the project to include all bots--service, hobby, research, entertainment, medical, education--in all corners of our increasingly roboticized world.
"I want to use the data to understand our relationship with technology, pave the way for new applications, and re-brand the scope of robotics to include friendly everyday social machines," Knight told CNET. And, she adds, "It's a PR campaign for the friendly robot revolution."
If you want your robot to be counted, register it here.


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(Bloomberg) -- A combination of low liquidity and high complacency mean cross-asset volatility won't stay at historic lows for much longer, according to Morgan Stanley.
Price swings in currencies, bonds and other asset classes have slumped amid a dovish shift from global central banks, increased economic stimulus from China, and easing trade tensions. The Cboe Volatility Index has fallen over 50 percent this year, and closed Friday at the lowest level in six months. Bank of America Corp.'s MOVE Index, a gauge of volatility in Treasuries, is heading back toward its record low reached in mid-March.
A disconnect between the growth in financial market size over the past decade and the capacity of banks to take on risk -- which hasn't kept pace -- could exacerbate any sell-offs, according to Sheets. Complacent market participants who equate a Federal Reserve on hold with low volatility is also an issue, and big price moves could soon surprise, he said.
A number of strategists have also voiced concern over the impact of low liquidity. Goldman Sachs Group Inc.'s John Marshall and Rocky Fishman warned in December about the risks of falling volumes and market depth. JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s Marko Kolanovic expressed concern this month about the negative feedback loop between volatility and liquidity.
Investors may have gotten into the habit of selling volatility, which could be keeping some measures of it lower, according to Sheets. The strategist views 2007 as a cautionary tale for anyone who sees the world of low price swings as a time for complacency -- that year too you had a very flat yield curve and low implied volatility.


4 Bedrooms villa / detached for sale in Kokkines - £601419 (Ref: AP2232053).
KoK101 - Recently reduced from €750,000 - This truly exceptional house is offered for sale to a discerning buyer.
Extremely spacious yet comfortable with no expense spared to finish the property to a very high standard. Boasting fantastic seaviews and views over Ayia Napa but set in a quiet residential area just a few minutes drive from local shops and 10 minutes to the centre of Paralimni.
This client has a flair for decoration and has made significant changes to the original design to ensure maximisation of space, utility and comfort. The perfect house for entertaining guests with separate covered pergola area and BBQ. There is also an outside toilet and shower.
Ayia Napa is more famous for it`s clubbing scene, however, this is well contained and the resort has so much more to offer. During the winter months this, once sleepy fishing village remains calm, but is still very popular with nature and sport enthusiasts.
This property listing (ref: 342) is an advertisement supplied by Island Homes Cyprus and does not constitute property particulars. While aplaceinthesun.com (APITS Ltd.) requests all advertisers supply correct details, it does not carry out checks on the information supplied and cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies. Aplaceinthesun.com recommends seeking independent legal advice prior to any overseas property purchase.


text:
Home Features In Phnom Penh, a Grand Urban Plan That Never Came to Be
In Phnom Penh, a Grand Urban Plan That Never Came to Be
Melanie Eng
Today, the White Building stands as a lonely remnant of New Khmer Architecture amid a tangle of shophouses and hastily erected mid-rise hotels in Phnom Penh's Tonle Bassac neighborhood.
The historic housing project has become one of the city center's few remaining architectural symbols of Cambodia's vibrant 1960s, and the municipal government's announcement last month that it had been condemned and would be demolished sparked public outrage. (The city later backtracked from its threat to demolish the building.)
A painting on the underside of a staircase in the modern-day White Building (Aria Danaparamita/The Cambodia Daily)
But in 1962, with Cambodia riding the wave of post-independence exuberance, the building was just a small part of then-Prince Norodom Sihanouk's grand vision for an innovative, modern city center along the Bassac River.
Designed by a team of international and local architects headed by Vann Molyvann, the Bassac River Front complex was an ambitious project to develop 24 hectares of prime riverfront land with affordable housing units, cultural centers and other public buildings.
The original Bassac River Front master plan was set to include much more than ever materialized, including a national parliament building, a museum for the Royal Crusade of Independence, a school of art, music and classical dance, a school of public works, a national art gallery and an international hotel.
But the project only went as far as the construction of the Preah Suramarit National Theater, a cultural exhibition hall and three apartment buildings (including the White Building) before King Sihanouk was ousted in 1970, paving the way for the Khmer Rouge's subsequent rise to power and destruction of the city.
"The most important buildings came first," said architecture expert Darryl Collins, who co-authored the book "Building Cambodia: New Khmer Archictecture 1953-1970" with Helen Grant Ross.
"The less urgent buildings, like the galleries and cultural centers, were to come later. But history got in the way."
"The design was quite revolutionary at the time," Mr. Collins said. "It was about housing, but it was also going to be this big cultural precinct. And the springboard for all of it was independence."
Mr. Molyvann, who was in France when French architect Le Corbusier started his pioneering work, wanted to introduce elements of modern housing from abroad, but modify them to suit traditional Khmer living habits.
The resulting apartment buildings—with their stacked units, wide-open spaces and communal gardens—were highly original for Cambodia in both form and function. They were rented out to low- and middle-income families, intellectuals, artists and civil servants, many of whom had migrated to Phnom Penh from the provinces in the wake of independence.
Mr. Collins said the Bassac River Front buildings became derelict during the Khmer Rouge regime, after which they were occupied and transformed by squatters. Today, the White Building is the only remaining Bassac River Front structure that still looks like it did in the 1960s.
The former National Bank Apartment Complex has been renovated as the Russian Embassy, while the former Olympic Village Apartment Complex is unrecognizable as the Phnom Penh Center, which is used for commercial purposes. The National Theater caught fire in 1994 and was later demolished. And the cultural exhibition hall has now become the Peace Book Center.
Even the riverfront park and garden, which once stretched along the entire length of the Tonle Bassac river, fell into a state of neglect after the war and has since been bought up in parts and redeveloped by NagaWorld Casino, the Phnom Penh Korea Business Center and other private companies.
Staircase in the White Building today (Aria Danaparamita/The Cambodia Daily)
Pen Sereypagna, an architect with the Vann Molyvann Project, an initiative that studies and documents Mr. Molyvann's architecture, said the Bassac River Front descent into either squalor or piecemeal commercial use in recent decades is emblematic of a shift in urban planning strategy, from the "Buddhist socialism" of King Sihanouk's reign to the direct investment policies of today.
"You don't see anything like [the Bassac River Front complex] now, because urban development is based so much in the private realm," he said. "Public infrastructure is bought and turned around for private use."
Mr. Sereypagna added that urban development driven solely by private sector investment becomes problematic when coupled with a lack of proper city planning or housing solutions for low-income city-dwellers. That's when urban growth spirals out of control, he said.
"Nowadays, we don't have a master plan for the city," he said. "We don't even have zoning or building codes. In the '60s, we built infrastructure first and buildings after. But now we build the buildings without any infrastructure at all."
According to Tep Makathy, an urban management specialist at the Ministry of Land Management, rural to urban migration is accelerating throughout the country, with Phnom Penh alone absorbing about half of all migrants. He said the country's urban population peaked this year at nearly 30 percent of the total population (or 4.5 million people), which is three times as high as it was in 1960, when King Sihanouk first deemed urban in-migration a problem in the absence of sufficient public housing.
Mr. Makathy said the government is taking steps to improve management of urban growth, like setting up a separate housing branch in the Land Management Ministry a few months ago. But for now, the only national housing policy is "pro-poor" resettlement, transferring the urban poor to resettlement sites on the outskirts of town. Up to 70,000 people have been displaced from central Phnom Penh to relocation sites increasingly far from the city center over the past 13 years, according to a report released last year by housing-rights NGO Sahmakum Teang Tnaut.
"When thinking about social housing options today, nothing comes to mind, Mr. Makathy said. "Housing is almost all based on profit-oriented investment. But we have strongly considered incorporating a housing plan into the national urban development strategy."
Until such an initiative is carried out, the White Building remains the last bastion of modern community housing for low-income urban residents in Phnom Penh. It also serves as an enduring reminder of what the capital might have become if King Sihanouk's vision for the Bassac River Front development had been realized in full.
"The Building has long been considered the identity of Phnom Penh itself," Mr. Makathy said. "It's a symbol of the Golden Age and that period of growth. Cambodia was called the Southeast Asian 'black diamond' back then, and people here are so proud of that."
"It represents a time when the government prioritized housing for its citizens, too. For me, and for many people, it's a symbol of care."
© 2014 – 2015, The Cambodia Daily. All rights reserved No part of this article may be reproduced in print, electronically, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without written permission.
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