This continues the series, 9 characteristics of great customer experiences and the post series, The Customer Feels Secure and Confident During the Journey - Part 1.
Part 2 covered the pre-purchase step. This piece covers aspects of the purchasing decision itself.
At this point, a customer probably knows the problem that he wants to solve. He knows that this solution - or something like it - will definitely help him. He is fairly certain that he is ready to move forward, but he needs to learn the details to make the right decision for him. That's why he is talking to your company (and that's the difference between the previous step and this one - at this point, the customer is actively talking to you).
Keep in mind any decision to buy something is a life changing decision - no matter how larger or small. That's why this is such an important step for the customer!
If it is worth making the change?
Will the time and money the product saves be greater than the money spent on the item/tool?
Should the person just not make the change and keep status quo?
We buy tools. Often objects, as well as software, are a type of tool.
There are two types of objects to purchase: passive and active tools. Passive tools are objects that humans don't need to interact with directly for them to serve their purpose. Furniture is a passive tool. A bed serves a purpose. A couch serves a purpose. A frame serves a purpose - it requires setup but after that, it serves its purpose without too much interaction from a human.
Active tools require human interaction so they perform their function. A computer is an active tool. A food processor is an active tool. A stove and appliances are an active tool. Skin care is an active tool (it's not very useful being in a jar!).
Software is also an active tool - you need to interact with it to perform its function. Software doesn't just work. You need to tell it what to do.
However, the "cloud" - Dropbox, Box.net - is a passive tool. You can store files there and you don't need to interact with it for it to perform its function.
This distinction helps clarify how to best communicate with customers, as indicated later in the piece. The nuance between passive and active tools requires a slightly different approach, especially at this and the next stage of the lifecycle.
It's all about knowing what they are committing to regarding the life change and risk.
How does the customer understand what he's getting into?
What the product does and how it works?
Is there a physical product? With software products and cloud - you don't own anything tangible. You rent space. What exactly is being sold?
How long will the product last (approximately) before replacement?
What is covered in the cost? What is not covered? Support - is that extra or included?
Is there volume pricing for smaller objects? Or if there are multiple products being purchased?
What are the financing options? Minimally, will the product last through financing and payments?
How would the purchase contract work?
If it requires refillables and replacement parts - how often are these parts necessary? What's the maintenance cost of it?
What is the warranty? What happens if it doesn't work? What if it doesn't work as expected?
And I'm sure there are more questions that I haven't listed. This is why checklists exist that include what to consider for different products before committing and buying. This is also why procurement departments exist for corporate purchases. The art of buying can be complicated for organizations. It can be complicated for individuals as well, but they need to rely on their own research to make a decision. This is where you can provide a lot of insights to help others buy your tools.
Sometimes people think that sales means making a product look desirable, and to do that, you avoid mentioning its flaws, problems and drawbacks. But this is how a customer loses trust. If your product has problems and those problem embarrass your sales and marketing people to the point that they won't share or discuss them and will mask them, the simplest way to address this is to fix the problems! The product should work as expected. You shouldn't need to lie about it to sell it.
A customer wants to know the good and bad of a product/tool. If he knows both aspects, then he can make a more informed decision.
I think sometimes we forget that this part of the process is about information gathering - from product specs to finances and logistics. It's about the commitment someone is making with the product and how his life will change and him knowing how that will happen. If something happens to his life by using the product that he's not aware of, if there are any gaps in his understanding of what he is getting into, that situation will spark doubt into your relationship and break trust.
Once trust is broken, the customer will exit the process - even if he owns the product. And exiting doesn't mean that he only stops using the product. He may tell everyone his story - and that story may stop others from purchasing.
For the customer to continue the process he needs to understand the risk he is assuming buying this tool/product and life change he should be expecting to experience.
There are some details that need to be considered at this stage - like cost and money. And this isn't simply the cost of the product. There are hidden costs with most purchases - maintance, refillables, and support to name a few. The larger the risk to the buyer, the more he considers the cost of ownership, meaning maintenance and post-purchase costs.
Common questions a customer may consider and need answers for: How much time does it take to setup the product? To get it working? To experience benefits?
For a less expensive product, the risk doesn't need to be so clearly laid out. Maybe the gain is more soft, meaning a simpler way to do something. For a more expensive product, the cost (risk) is greater. And this means that there is more to consider when determining true costs.
We also need to remember that expensive is relative based on the tool and its cost (time and money). Generally, tools that cost over $500 are considered expensive for individuals; over $1000 for a company. However, this is also relative based on the proportional savings the tool gives, the income/revenue of the buyer, and the benefit the buyer will have from owning the tool.
A tool may be considered expensive based on initial cost, but over time if not much maintenance is required, it's possible that someone got a bargain. This is something to keep in mind when working on your materials to help customers at this stage.
Demonstrate how your product solves his problem and reduces risk (time and money).
Product literature: what exactly is it, what exactly is someone getting. Pretty much all of the content from the previous phase should help here.
3rd Party Reviews of Products. What does an expert have to say about your product? Publications, bureaus, analysts - they all carry a lot of weight. These 3rd parties may ask questions about a product that the standard customer/buyer never thought about. If anything, their analysis helps you, even if it is critical.
Buyers Guides. Sure, this could sound misleading, but if you created a buyer guide that positioned how you prioritized your product requirements in the context for what someone should consider when they go to buy that type of product, you would be creating a very valuable list of purchase recommendations. It's basically your opinion of what makes a great product.
Customer reviews: This is peer-to-peer advice. It's not the same as expert advice, but people sharing their experiences with your product are always valuable. There is nothing more powerful than a peer's opinion.
Provide demos and samples for active tools. Showrooms for passive tools. Let the person experience the product first hand. Don't discount the value of demos that use loaners, either. They also allow a customer/buyer the opportunity to experience what something is like - the pros and cons.
For large scale purchases - encourage tours. A tour of customer sites or ability to see first-hand how customers use it is key for someone to purchase. It's due diligence for a large purchase.
The customer wants to see how this decision will benefit his life and if it will save him time and/or money.
Clearly communicate what comes with the product. Is it just the product or support too? How about the warranty? Explain everything. This could occur during conversations with a sales person or be included in datasheets. However, it needs to be clearly stated somewhere. For many online tools, this is posted clearly somewhere on the site.
Tool to help determine what will the savings be for you. Ah - the famous calculator! How long will you have the product? What's the cost per year? How does the product save you money? How does the cost compare if you buy up front vs finance it? Calculators can help answer these questions. They help the customer/buyer visualize the financial and logistical side of the purchase. If you aren't sure what types of calculators you should include at your site, talk to someone in your procurement department. They can quickly tell you because this is what they consider for most products all day long.
Keep telling the customer/buyer the truth. It increases honesty and transparency - and most certainly builds trust. Telling the truth will build the relationship if it doesn't build a sale. Frankly, the relationship with a customer/prospect is far more important that the sale. The person may not buy today, but the person may refer you to a friend for a future project.
Keep checking in with the customer, even if he says no. Keep in touch with him and let him know about new developments in the field - new technologies, ideas, approaches. Keep showing him that you are an innovator. And show what you offer for the solution - the tool/product, the support, the help. Make sure that the customer/buyer knows that you are there for them.
Don't beg a customer/prospect/buyer for information to get a sale! Let the customer initiate the sale. You only need to check in, provide information, answer questions, help them see what the product is like. Don't force ANYONE to buy ANYTHING. As I'll point out in future posts, those actions don't produce wins for anyone. If anything, it could be your downfall.
Make the competitive conversations about your customer - not you!
I think we often get confused about competitors and their role in product development. We will try to posture as producing the better solution or service, but "winning customers" doesn't mean you won the overall competition. Competition will ALWAYS be there in some way. In fact, the option someone has to do nothing to solve a problem is competition.
Competition is a result of people wanting to create a "better product." Often, the better product is targeted to a slightly different audience or people with different needs or life perspective.
Let's face it - without competition, we wouldn't have any drive to create a better product. In my course, there will be a unit on competition and it dives into this topic in more detail.
Customers are choosing a product that will work for them in their life changing decision to buy your product. Researching your competitors - even researching what it means to do nothing to solve the problem - is a way for someone to make sure they are choosing the right solution. This is why it's not a bad thing when a customer doesn't choose you and chooses a competitor. It's not really a loss because the customer wouldn't be a fit with your services anyway. Either they would exit the process or worse - share their dissatisfaction with others. When a customer chooses a competitor, they are indirectly telling you that there is something that they want that you are or are not offering.
There are always customers for your service. And if you aren't often selected, maybe you need to reconsider your target customer, expand that customer group, or change your product and service.
What you can do to leverage this idea?
Continue targeting the types of customers you want to have. Stop thinking about customers you don't want. Focus on what you DO want. What do you offer that will make these people happy? What additional features will make them HAPPIER? Keep doing what is working for you and keeping customers interested. Stop doing what they don't like. Determine why they leave you and either stop doing that or work around it.
Charts that compare your solution to others. People need to understand how all solutions compare so they can prioritize their needs. It doesn't matter if you offer less. What matters is if what you offer is the best for what you are selling to your audience. How are you solving their problem? How do other solutions solve the problems? Do they offer too much? Not enough? Use criteria that you think your target customers want when you create these charts. And that criteria will show to the customer, in an indirect way, what you think is important for the right solution to their problem to include.
Part 4 will address owning the product and what that means.


text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}

Since ~~~ the~~~ COBE~~~ experiment~~~ and~~~ then~~ ~after~~ the~
Wilkinson~~~~ Microwave~~~ Anisotropy Probe\\ \mbox{ (WMAP)
\cite{wmapresults:Verkhodanov_n,wmapfg:Verkhodanov_n,wmapsys:Verkhodanov_n,wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n,
wmap3ycos:Verkhodanov_n,wmap5temp:Verkhodanov_n,wmap5ycos:Verkhodanov_n}}
first and third year data releases, the problem of reconstruction
of the CMB low multipoles $\ell \leq 10$ (including the  power of a
quadrupole, planarity and alignment of the quadrupole and the
octupole etc.) attracts very serious attention. A lot of
cosmological models have been involved for the explanation of the
peculiarities of the ILC (Internal Linear Combination )
low multipoles including the model of
running spectral index of the primordial
 adiabatic perturbations
\cite{wmapresults:Verkhodanov_n,wmapfg:Verkhodanov_n,wmapsys:Verkhodanov_n,wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n,wmap3ycos:Verkhodanov_n},
non-trivial topology of the Universe
\cite{LuminetSuppressCMB:Verkhodanov_n,HornTopology:Verkhodanov_n},
Broken Scale Invariance (BSI) of the power spectrum
\cite{Bridges:Verkhodanov_n,Bean:Verkhodanov_n}, primordial
magnetic \mbox{field
\cite{kah:Verkhodanov_n,Durrer:Verkhodanov_n,ns04:Verkhodanov_n},}
Bianchi VIIh cosmological \mbox{model
\cite{jaffebian1:Verkhodanov_n,jaffebian2:Verkhodanov_n,mcewen:Verkhodanov_n,mcewenwmap3:Verkhodanov_n,gordon:Verkhodanov_n},}
etc.

The problem of low power of the CMB quadrupole can be related to
the non-Gaussianity of the WMAP low multipoles, including
planarity and alignment of the quadrupole and octupole
\cite{copi:Verkhodanov_n,copi3y:Verkhodanov_n,schwarz:Verkhodanov_n,evil:Verkhodanov_n}, cross--correlations with the
foregrounds \cite{ndv03:Verkhodanov_n,eriksenmf:Verkhodanov_n,fgxcorr:Verkhodanov_n,wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n,saha:Verkhodanov_n}, local
defects of the CMB map \cite{cruz:Verkhodanov_n}, etc. These peculiarities need
some theoretical explanation, since the origin of those
non-Gaussian features still remains unknown.

Another way to look at the problem of the low multipole range of
the ILC CMB signal is to
 take under consideration the cross-correlation between the CMB signal
and the foregrounds, known as a bias of the ILC map
\cite{park3y:Verkhodanov_n,wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n,saha:Verkhodanov_n,ndv03:Verkhodanov_n,ndv04:Verkhodanov_n}, some effects of
systematics \cite{pecquad:Verkhodanov_n} including contamination of the $\ell=2$
mode by dipole through far sidelobes \cite{dipolestraylight:Verkhodanov_n}.

   In this paper  we would like to re-examine one of the most important
issues of the data analysis of the modern CMB
experiments related to the problem of the CMB--foreground separation
by the ILC Method.
Needless to say, that separation of the CMB signal and foregrounds is
the major problem for all the CMB experiments
including the ongoing WMAP and the future Planck missions.
    The basic formalizm of the ILC method which allows one
to reconstruct the CMB signal from the observational data sets is
to combine the data in one (Linear Combination) map by using real
weighting coefficients. Then, to find these weighting
coefficients, we need to minimize some functional defined on
multifrequency CMB data sets containing information about the
primordial CMB signal, the instrumental noise and the foregrounds.
This functional (particularly, variance by Tegmark and Efstathiou
\cite{te:Verkhodanov_n} (hereafter TE)) can be defined both in the pixels domain
(like it was done by the WMAP team), and in the spherical
harmonics domain
\cite{toh:Verkhodanov_n} (hereafter TOH), and \cite{wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n,ndv04:Verkhodanov_n,hansen:Verkhodanov_n}.
Below, we will discuss only the low CMB multipoles ($\ell \leq
10$) and, particularly, the quadrupole for which the ILC approach
in multipole domain seems to be very useful.

However,
the ILC approach in combination with the Minimal Variance Method
(hereafter, ILC\,MVM)
 produces a  specific feature of the
derived CMB signal, known as the bias. The bias reflects directly the
cross-correlation with  foregrounds,
and leads to the non-Gaussianity and statistical
anisotropy of the derived CMB through coupling with the foreground.
This is because  the MVM was originally  designed
for separation of the Gaussian signals, of which the statistical properties
are completely specified by the variance of each component.
At the same time,
it is well known
in the data analysis
that
the MVM is not motivated properly, especially in cases when we have
only a unique realization of the random process, where the CMB signal is
mixed with the significantly non-Gaussian foreground. Moreover,
the statistics of the low multipoles of the CMB signal are extremely
peculiar, since we do not have the statistical
ensemble of realizations.

In general, this paper is devoted to investigation of the ILC bias and
its statistical uncertainties. We will show that so-called debiasing of
the ILC CMB
has potential instabilities and unpredictability for a single realization
of the CMB.

  The outline of the paper is as follows.
In \mbox{Section 2}, we focus our attention on mathematical basis
of the ILC\,MVM
 exactly in the same way as it was proposed by \cite{wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n}.
By analysis of the model with homogeneous foreground spectra, we
show that the bias of the ILC image, and  the bias of the power
spectrum are in order of $K(\ell)$ and $K^2(\ell)$, where
$K(\ell)$ is the coefficient of ``the true CMB --- true foreground''
cross-correlation. Following \cite{fgxcorr:Verkhodanov_n}, we will
call this cross-correlation ``the cosmic covariance''. Because of
statistical origin of this correlation, the cosmic covariance is
uncertain for each single realization of the CMB signal, even for
well known foregrounds. At the same time, derived by the ILC MVM,
 the ILC CMB signal and
corresponding ILC MVM foregrounds
have zero cross--correlations due to design of
the ILC \,MVM.

In Section 3, we draw our attention
to the investigation of the statistical properties of the   coefficient of
cross-correlation between the random Gaussian CMB and
the WMAP  foregrounds
for K--W bands. We generate  $10^4$  realizations of the Gaussian
CMB signals for the WMAP
best fit $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model, and cross-correlate them with
the foregrounds obtained by the WMAP team (the Maximum Entropy Method (MEM)
foregrounds, which constitute as a sum of the synchrotron, free-free
and dust emission for each frequency band). We will show,
that the probability distribution function for these cross-correlations
has a polynomial shape $P(K,\ell)\propto (1-K^2)^{\ell-1}$.
After that, we will find the most probable values of the coefficients
$\overline K(\ell)$ and $\overline K^2(\ell)$. In another words,
these coefficients determine the most probable value of the bias
for the ILC CMB and the power spectrum.
Taking under consideration that
the maps ILC(III) of three years and ILC(V) of five years data
are already debiased,
as the WMAP team claimed, we check out the cross-correlation between
the ILC and the WMAP forground. After debiasing, these cross-correlations
should represent the possible value of the $K(\ell)$ for the true CMB
and the true foreground.
For  the WMAP K-W bands,
the corresponding coefficients of the cross--correlations are
about $K\simeq -0.51$. Remarkably, this
value is close to the most probable value  $\overline K(\ell)$
of the distribution function $KP(K,\ell=2)$.

In Section~4 we discuss some peculiarities of the ILC(III)
quadrupole and the octupole. As it follows from the Monte Carlo
simulations presented in \cite{eriksen2004a:Verkhodanov_n}
  for low multipoles $\ell=2,3$,
the sign of the ($\ell=$2,$m=$0), (2,2) and (3,1) components
  was changed to the opposite one
for about 20\% of the output CMB maps. This flip-effect
significantly changed the morphology of
the output CMB map.
We will show that the flip-effect takes place
for those input CMB quadrupoles,
for which the sign of $\ell=2,m=0$ mode  is opposite
to the sign of the foreground.
For the Gaussian CMB signal about
  50\% of the realizations have \mbox{${\rm sign}~c_{2,0}=-{\rm sign}~F_{2,0}$,}
where $c_{2,0}$ and $F_{2,0}$ are the $m$=0 components of the quadrupole
for the input CMB and the foreground, respectively.
Roughly for $40\%$ of those realizations, reconstruction of the
  \mbox{$\ell=2,m=0$} component could have a wrong sign of the (2,0) mode.
In this Section we present some analytical description of the flip-effect
based on the properties of the bias.

 We summarize our results in Conclusion.

\section{MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF THE ILC MVM METHOD}

Let us draw our attention to the general formalism of the ILC method,
assuming that we have experimental data
$\Delta T(\theta_p, \phi_p,\nu_i)$ for the CMB anisotropy
 obtained for some frequency bands $\nu_1, \nu_2...$.
Here $\theta_p$ and $\phi_p$ are the standard polar and
azimuthal angles of the spherical coordinate system and the index $p$
mark a corresponding pixel.
The observed sky temperature for each pixel $p$ in
a given band $i$ is the linear combination of the
true CMB signal $T_c(p)$ and the true foreground $f_i(p)$.
In reality, the components of the foreground at different frequency bands
(mainly the synchrotron, the free-free and the dust emission)
 have angular variations of the spectral indicies.
However, by using different disjoint regions of the
sky with nearly uniform foreground spectra and low level of spatial
variations we can simplify the
mathematical basis of the ILC method
\cite{wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n}.
Following  the WMAP model of the foregrounds, let us assume that
for some region of the sky the spatial variation of the
foregrounds emission are negligible and $f_i(p)=S_i F(p)$, where
$S_i$ is the frequency spectrum and $F(p)$ is the spatial
distribution  of the foreground for each band $i$. The main idea
of the ILC method is to estimate the CMB signal by using real
weighting coefficients $w_i$ for each region of the sky with
monotonic spectrum of the foreground \cite{wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n}
\begin{equation}
 \small{ T_{ilc}(p)=\sum_iw_iT_i(p)=T_c(p)+\Gamma F(p),\hspace{0cm}\sum_i w_i=1,
\label{h1:Verkhodanov_n}}
\end{equation}
where $\Gamma=\sum_iw_iS_i$. The coefficients $w_i$ can be found
by minimization of the variance (see \cite{wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n})
\begin{eqnarray}
\nonumber \sigma^2_{ilc}=\langle T^2_{ilc}(p)\rangle - \langle
T_{ilc}(p)\rangle^2\\=
     \sigma^2_c +2\Gamma \sigma_{cF}+\Gamma^2\sigma^2_F. \hspace{0.6cm}
\label{h2:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\sigma^2_c$ is the variance of the true CMB, $\sigma^2_F$ is
the variance of the true foreground and
$$\sigma_{cF}=\langle T_c(p)F(p)\rangle -\langle T_c(p)\rangle\langle
F(p)\rangle$$ is the cosmic covariance between the true CMB and
the foreground
\cite{fgxcorr:Verkhodanov_n}.
The angle brackets in Eq.\ref{h2:Verkhodanov_n} and hereafter
denote the averages over the pixels belonging to each zone of the
map with the monotonic spectrum of the foreground. The minimum of
the variance $\sigma^2_{ilc}$ can be easily found from the
equation $\frac{d\sigma^2_{ilc}}{dw_i}=0$, whence we get
\cite{wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n}
\begin{eqnarray}
 T_{ilc}(p)=T_c(p)-\frac{\sigma_{cF}}{\sigma^2_F}F(p),\hspace{0.1cm}
\sigma^2_{ilc}=\sigma^2_c-\frac{\sigma^2_{cF}}{\sigma^2_F}.
\label{h3:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
Let us define the coefficient of cross-correlation between the
true CMB signal and the true \mbox{foreground as}
 \begin{eqnarray}
  \kappa=\frac{\sigma_{cF}}{\sigma_c\sigma_F}.
\label{h4:Verkhodanov_n}
 \end{eqnarray}
Then,~~ after~~ substitution ~~of~~ Eq.(\ref{h4:Verkhodanov_n})~~
in~~ Eq.(\ref{h3:Verkhodanov_n})~~ we \mbox{have
\cite{fgxcorr:Verkhodanov_n}:}
\begin{eqnarray}
 T_{ilc}(p)=T_c(p)-\kappa\frac{\sigma_c}{\sigma_F}F(p),
            \hspace{0.1cm}\sigma^2_{ilc}=\sigma^2_c(1-\kappa^2).
\label{h5:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
As one can see from Eq.(\ref{h5:Verkhodanov_n}), the temperature
per pixel $T_{ilc}(p)$ and the variance  $\sigma^2_{ilc}$ are
biased. For $T_{ilc}(p)$ the difference $T_{ilc}(p)-T_c(p)$ is
proportional to the $\kappa$ and can be both positive and
negative. For the variance $\sigma^2_{ilc}$, the bias is always
negative and proportional to $1-\kappa^2$. The existence of such a
bias is not supprising. The shift of the ILC variance and
corresponding power spectrum was discussed in
\cite{wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n,park3y:Verkhodanov_n,saha:Verkhodanov_n,fgxcorr:Verkhodanov_n}.
However, it would be important to note that the bias of the variance
and the power spectrum is determined by the cosmic covariance,
which is unknown for each single realization of the CMB sky.
This is the reason why it can not be corrected by any methods
because of the statistical uncertainties.

\begin{table*}
\caption{The table of $K_{ff}(\ell)$ coefficients for ``V--W'', ``Ka--V'',
``Ka--W'' and ``Q--V'' MEM foregrounds. The first column indicates the
multipole $\ell$.
}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c|c}
\hline
$K_{ff}(\ell)$&$V-W$&$Ka-V $&$Ka-W $&$Q-V$\\
\hline
2 &0.999969 &0.999014 & 0.998761 &0.999481 \\
\hline
3&0.994699 &0.999534 &0.995187 &0.999770 \\
\hline
4&0.996702 &0.999497 &0.996098  &0.999708  \\
\hline
5 &0.994615 &0.998862  &0.995825 &0.999647 \\
\hline
6&0.995481 &0.999354 &0.993799 &0.999563 \\
\hline
7& 0.993245&0.998620 &0.995323 &0.999506  \\
\hline
8 &0.994281 &0.999252 & 0.993458 &0.999575 \\
\hline
9&0.993532 &0.998781 &0.994617 &0.999571 \\
\hline
10&0.994638 &0.999068 & 0.993319& 0.999463 \\

 \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{Kff:Verkhodanov_n
\end{table*}
The ILC approach presented above in the pixel domain can be easily
generalized for the multipole domain by
 spherical harmonics decomposition:
$\Delta T(\theta, \phi,\nu_i)\rightarrow a^{\nu_i}_{\ell,m}$:
\begin{equation}
\Delta T(\theta,\varphi,\nu_j)=\sum_{\ell=0}^{\infty} \sum_{m=-\ell}^{\ell} |a^{\nu_j}_{\ell,m}|
          e^{i\phi_{\ell,m}} Y_{\ell m} (\theta,\varphi),
\label{eq1:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{equation}
where $|a_{\ell m}|$ and $\phi_{\ell,m}$ are the moduli and phases of
the coefficients of the expansion. Direct conversion of
Eq.(\ref{h5:Verkhodanov_n}) to the multipoles coefficients gives
us
\begin{eqnarray}
 \overline c^{ilc}_{\ell,m}=c_{\ell,m}-
        \kappa\frac{\sigma_c}{\sigma_F}F_{\ell,m}.
\label{tca7:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
It is easy to show that this solution for the derived ILC signal
$\overline c^{ilc}_{\ell,m}$ can be obtained by minimization of the variance
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma^2=\sum_\ell\frac{2\ell+1}{4\pi}\sum_{m=-\ell}^\ell|
      \sum_jw_ja^{j}_{\ell,m}|^2.
\label{tca8:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
Moreover, follow to TOH
approach
   we can define the ILC CMB in multipole domain
by using weighting coefficients $W_i(\ell),\sum_iW_i(\ell)=1$
and minimizing  the power spectrum for each multipole
$$C(\ell)=\sum_m|W_i(\ell)a^{(i)}_{\ell,m}|^2.$$
For the model of uniform spectra of the foreground this approach
leads to
\begin{eqnarray}
 c^{ilc}_{\ell,m}=c_{\ell,m} -K(\ell)\frac{(\sum_{m=-\ell}^\ell
|\overline c_{\ell,m}|^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}
{\left(\sum_{m=-\ell}^l|F^{(2)}_{\ell,m}|^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}}
           F^{(2)}_{\ell,m},
\label{tt9:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
where $K(\ell)$ is
the coefficient of cross-correlation
 between the ILC CMB and the foreground:
\begin{eqnarray}
K(\ell)=\frac{\sum_m\left(c^{ilc}_{\ell,m}F^{*}_{\ell,m}+
       (c^{ilc})^*_{\ell,m}F_{\ell,m}\right)}
       {2\left[\sum_m |c^{ilc}_{\ell,m}|^2
       \sum_m|F_{\ell,m}|^2\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}}.
\label{tt10:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
Taking Eq.(\ref{tt9:Verkhodanov_n}) and
Eq.(\ref{tt10:Verkhodanov_n}) into account, one can get
\begin{eqnarray}
C^{ilc}(\ell)=C_c(\ell)\left[1-K^2(\ell)\right].
\label{tt11:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}

Before any future analysis, let us draw our attention to the
applicability of the model of the uniform foreground spectra,
taking the MEM foregrounds in K--W bands of the WMAP data
into account.
For these
foregrounds (sum of the synchrotron, free-free and dust emission
for each frequency band) the coefficient of cross-correlation is
defined in the same way as Eq.(\ref{tt10:Verkhodanov_n}) with
substitution of $F^{(j)}_{\ell,m},F^{(k)}_{\ell,m}$ for
$c^{ilc}_{\ell,m},F_{\ell,m}$ in Eq.(\ref{tt10:Verkhodanov_n}).

\begin{figure*}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig1a.eps,width=6cm}
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig1b.eps,width=6cm}
}}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig1c.eps,width=6cm}
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig1d.eps,width=6cm}
}}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig1e.eps,width=6cm}
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig1f.eps,width=6cm}
}}
\caption{The quadrupole component of the ILC(I) (top left), the
ILC(III) quadrupole (middle left) and the difference between them
(bottom left). Right column  is for the ILC(I), ILC(III) and
difference of octupole. }
\label{fb1:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{figure*}

In Table\,\ref{Kff:Verkhodanov_n} we show the coefficients of
cross-correlation for different combination of the WMAP MEM
foregrounds. One can see that corresponding coefficients of
cross-correlation between different foregrounds (for different
bands) are extremely close to unity. Thus the model of uniform
spectra of the foreground is very well motivated. As it follows
from Eq.(\ref{tt9:Verkhodanov_n}) and
Eq.(\ref{tt11:Verkhodanov_n}), the corresponding bias of the ILC
coefficient $c^{ilc}_{\ell,m}$ is proportional to the $K(\ell)$,
while the bias of the power spectrum is of the order of $K^2(\ell)$.
Since the true CMB constitute as a random (Gaussian ?) process,
the coefficient of cross-correlation $K(\ell)$ represents a random
(non-Gaussian) process as well. Thus, for
 each particular realization of the CMB sky, the coefficient of
cross-correlation $K(\ell)$ remains uncertain.
Note that the WMAP team, as mentioned in
\cite{saha:Verkhodanov_n}, to correct the CMB power
obtained by the ILC method took under consideration $10^2\div10^4$
realizations of the random Gaussian CMB, creating the statistical
ensemble of realizations. However, even after the averaging over
realizations  we can not predict the bias for one particular
realization of the CMB due to the cosmic covariance.
Moreover, as it is seen from Eqs.(\ref{tt9:Verkhodanov_n}) and
(\ref{tt11:Verkhodanov_n}), the average of the ILC CMB signal
over the ensamble of realization  reduces the bias factor $\langle
K \rangle$ down to zero, while  $\langle K ^2\rangle\neq 0 $.
Thus, for the ensemble of realization the correction of the CMB
power can be done successfully, while the correction of the signal
itself seems to be very problematic.

One more problem is related to the statistical properties of
the true CMB signal. As it is well known, the low multipoles ($\ell\leq 10$)
of the WMAP CMB signal reveal significant departure from
the statistical isotropy and homogenity
\cite{eriksen2004a:Verkhodanov_n,eriksen3yasym:Verkhodanov_n}.
If this effect is the manifestation of the  primordial non-Gaussianity of
the CMB, we simply do not have the correct model of the statistical ensemble
of realizations.
This remark illuminates
significantly  stronger
the problem of
instability of the reconstruction of the low multipoles of the CMB signal.

Not to be able to give  the general solution of the problems
mentioned above, we would like to propose indirect method of
evaluation of the bias in the image and power domains by looking at
the cross-correlation coefficient $K(\ell)$ of the derived  CMB
signal and the MEM  foregrounds, including the
the synchrotron map of \mbox{Haslam et al.}
\cite{haslam:Verkhodanov_n} (hereafter HA).
The idea is  based on the fact that
 in Eq.(\ref{h5:Verkhodanov_n}) the cross-correlation of the ILC and the foreground
is exactly zero. Thus, if by implementation some methods of debiasing
of the ILC map we will get $K\neq 0$, it would be reasonable accurate
estimator of the initial  coefficient of cosmic covariance $\kappa$.  In
 next section we will discuss this approach in details.

\section{THE ILC(I) AND ILC(III) CROSS-CORRELATIONS WITH THE FOREGROUNDS}

   As was pointed out by the WMAP team
\cite{wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n}
the correction
of the ILC CMB can be done by implementation of additional information about
the foregrounds and
 100 realizations of the random Gaussian CMB signals, which mimic
the WMAP K-W bands
in combination with MEM foreground.
 Repeating the ILC MVM method for each  from these 100 realization,
the WMAP team took under consideration some systematic of the ILC
method and made corresponding
correction of the derived the ILC(III)  map.

\begin{figure*}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig2a.eps,width=7cm}}}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig2b.eps,width=7cm}}}
\caption{Top.
The coefficient of cross--correlation of the ILC(I) and ILC(III) with the
foregrounds.
The dash  line is for the ILC (III) and the Haslam et al. map
(1982);
the triple dots dash line is for the ILC(I) and Haslam et al. map;
the thick solid line with stars
is  for the cross-correlation of ILC(I) and V-band MEM foreground.
The dash line with diamonds is for the ILC(III) and
the V-band MEM foreground.
Bottom.
The coefficients of cross-correlations between V- and
W-foregrounds of the WMAP (the thick solid line),
V- and Haslam et al. 1982 (the dash line)
and finally ILC(I) and ILC(III) (the triple dots--dash line).
The dash line is for Q- and V-bands, the stars are for Ka--V and
the boxes are for Q--V foregrounds.
}
\label{kcross:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{figure*}

It is important to note that the WMAP team
\cite{wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n}
pointed out that difference between the ILC(III) and the ILC(I) is
mainly due to the bias. In Fig.\,\ref{fb1:Verkhodanov_n} we show the
quadrupole and the octupole components of the ILC(I) and the
ILC(III) maps and difference between them to illustrate the
correction of the bias made by the WMAP team for low multipoles
range of the signal.

Let us draw our attention to the cross-correlation of the ILC(I) and
ILC(III)  maps with the
MEM foregrounds (being the  sum over synchrotron, free--free and dust
emission maps).
 In Fig.\,\ref{kcross:Verkhodanov_n} we show the coefficient
of the ILC-foreground cross-correlation $K(\ell)$ for the
multipoles $\ell=2-10$ and for the WMAP MEM foreground for K--W
band\footnote{For the ILC(I) we use the WMAP MEM foregrounds from
the first year data release.}. In addition in
Fig.\,\ref{kcross:Verkhodanov_n}, we show  $K_j(\ell)$ for the
ILC(I), the ILC(III), and the Haslam et al. synchrotron map
\cite{haslam:Verkhodanov_n}.
As one can see from
this figure, the quadrupole $(\ell=2)$ and $\ell=5$ multipole of the ILC(III)
have negative correlation ($K\sim -0.5$) with Ka--W  foregrounds.
Moreover, the ILC(III) quadrupole has $K\sim -0.6$
with the Haslam et al. quadrupole.

\subsection{Statistical properties of the bias}

To understand the properties of the  ILC(III)---foreground
cross-correlation, we performed numerical test taking under
consideration 10000 realizations of the random Gaussian CMB maps
and cross-correlate them with the same model of the foregrounds as
in  Fig.\,\ref{kcross:Verkhodanov_n} without any debiasing.

In Fig.\,\ref{f1:Verkhodanov_n} we show the probability density
function $P(K_j(\ell))$ versus  $K_j(\ell)$ for the multipoles
$\ell=2\div10$.

\begin{figure*}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig3a.eps,width=5cm}
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig3b.eps,width=5cm}
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig3c.eps,width=5cm}}}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig3d.eps,width=5cm}
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig3e.eps,width=5cm}
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig3f.eps,width=5cm}}}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig3g.eps,width=5cm}
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig3h.eps,width=5cm}
\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig3i.eps,width=5cm}}}
\caption{ The distribution function $P(K)$ for cross--correlation
between random  CMB  and the V-band foreground (left). From the
top left down to the bottom right $\ell=2,3..10$. Note that the
shape of $P(K)$ is the same for any foreground from K--W band
including Haslam et al.
(1982)
signal.}
\label{f1:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{figure*}

For the input  random Gaussian CMB signal  the shape of the distribution
functions  is perfectly fitted by the function
\begin{eqnarray}
P(K,\ell)=A_\ell(1-K^2)^{\ell-1}, \label{p:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
where $A_\ell$ is the normalization constant. Using $P(K,\ell)$
for the input signal shown in Fig.\,\ref{f1:Verkhodanov_n} (top
left), we have found the first $<K>=-0.00043$ and the second
$<K^2>=0.19934$ moments of $P(K,\ell=2)$, which is in agreement
with corresponding value $<K^2>=0.2$ from
Eq.(\ref{p:Verkhodanov_n}).

\begin{figure*}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig4a.eps,width=7cm}}}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig4b.eps,width=7cm}}}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig4c.eps,width=7cm}}}
\caption{
The distribution functions $KP(K)$ (top) and $K^2P(K)$ (middle)
for cross--correlation
between random realizations of the CMB signal and
the V band foreground. Bottom plot  shows the distribution of
$\langle K^n(\ell)\rangle$
for $\ell=2-10$. The solid line corresponds to $\langle K^2(\ell)\rangle$,
the dash line is for
$\langle K^4(\ell)\rangle^{\frac{1}{2}}$, the stars are for
$\langle K(\ell)\rangle$, the rhombuses are for
 $\langle K^3(\ell)\rangle$.
} \label{fd1:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{figure*}

\begin{table*}
\caption{The table of $S$ coefficients for 10000 realizations of
the CMB input and output maps. The top row contains data for the
quadrupole component, the bottom one does for the octupole. $\Re$
and $\Im$ mark real and imaginary parts of the $a_{\ell,m}$
coefficients.
}
{\begin{tabular}{c|r|r|c|c|c|c|c}
\hline
$\ell=2$&$2,0$&$\Re(2,1)$&$\Im(2,1)$&$\Re (2,2) $&$\Im(2,2)$& -&-\\
\hline
 $S=-1$ &2148 &361 & 55 &1756 & 257& -&-\\
\hline \hline
$\ell=3$&$(3,0)$& $\Re(3,1)$&$\Im(3,1)$ &$\Re(3,2) $ &$\Im(3,2)$ &$\Re(3,3)$&$\Im(3,3)$\\
\hline
$S=-1$ &232& 1852&337 & 106&367 &533&355 \\
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{Scoef:Verkhodanov_n}
}
\end{table*}

At the end of this section we would like to present the
distribution functions for  the first and second moments of the
coefficient of cross-correlation between the Gaussian realizations
of the CMB signal and the foreground. These moments determine the
bias of the ILC signal and the  power spectrum. It is not
supprising that the first, $KP(K)$ and the second $K^2P(K)$
moments shown in Fig.\,\ref{fd1:Verkhodanov_n}, have two points of
extrema, which can be easily estimated from
Eq.(\ref{p:Verkhodanov_n}):
\begin{equation}
 K^{n,\ell}_{\pm}=\pm\left(\frac{n}{2(\ell-1)+n}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}},
\label{ex:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{equation}
where $n$ is the order of moment $K^nP(K)$, and $\ell$ is the
multipole number. For $\ell=2$ and $n=1$ we have $K^{1,2}=\pm
0.577$ and $K^{2,2}=\pm 0.707$. This result clearly demonstrates
that if the sign of $\kappa$ coefficient is fixed, the most
probable values of $K$ is $K^{1,2}$, and the most probable vale of
$K^2$ is $K^{2,2}$. The bottom plot of Fig.\,\ref{fd1:Verkhodanov_n}
shows the value of the moments \mbox{$M(n)=\langle
K^nP(K,\ell)\rangle$} for the ensemble of realization of the
random Gaussian process. For the second moment $n=2$ the shape of
the function $M(n)$ is $(2\ell+1)^{-1}$, in agreement with
estimation
\cite{saha:Verkhodanov_n}
of the bias of the power spectrum. From
Eq.(\ref{ex:Verkhodanov_n}) one can find the most probable value
of $K^2$ for the quadrupole component $K^2_{prob}=0.5$. This
means that the most probable value of the factor $(1-K^2_{prob})$ is
0.5, and then from Eq.(\ref{tt11:Verkhodanov_n}), we get
$C_c(\ell=2)=2C_{ilc}(\ell=2)$. At the same time the most probable
value of the bias of the ILC CMB is determined by the parameter
$\kappa=K^{1,2}=\pm 0.577$. One can see that this value is
remarkably close to the WMAP ILC(III) coefficient of the
cross-corelation with the foreground.

\section{ PECULIARITIES OF QUADRUPOLE END OCTUPOLE }

In addition to the cross-correlation with the foreground,
   we have discovered one more  feature of the ILC method,
which could have a significant impact on solution of the problem
of the ILC(III) \mbox{quadrupole \cite{nv_quad:Verkhodanov_n}.} We
call this effect as a flip of the sign of the (2,0) component of
the ILC quadrupole with respect to the sign of the true CMB (2,0)
component. To understand quantitatively this effect, let us come
back to Eqs.(\ref{tt9:Verkhodanov_n}) and
(\ref{tt10:Verkhodanov_n}) for the quadrupole component
$\ell=2$ and take under consideration the $(2,m=0)$ mode:
\begin{eqnarray}
\nonumber  |c^{ilc}_{2,0}|\cos(\xi_{2,0})=|c_{2,0}|\cos(\eta_{2,0})\\
 -\kappa\left[\frac{\sigma_c}{\sigma_F}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}
            |F_{2,0}|\cos(\phi_{2,0}), \hspace{0.6cm}
 \label{flip1:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
where $|..|$ denotes the modulus, and $\xi_{2,0},\eta_{2,0}$ and
$\phi_{2,0}$ are the phases of $2,0$ component of the ILC
quadrupole, the true quadrupole, and the foreground
correspondingly. Since the $m=0$
 mode has the only real part, these phases simply mean the sign of the (2,0)
components. For our further analysis it is important to note that
for all K--W foregrounds $|F_{2,0}|\gg |F_{2,1}|,|F_{2,2}|$ and
$\phi_{2,0}=\pi$. Taking into account
Eq.(\ref{tt10:Verkhodanov_n}), one can easily find that

\begin{eqnarray}
 \kappa\simeq -\frac{|c_{2,0}||F_{2,0}|\cos(\eta_{2,0})}
{\sigma_c\sigma_F}(1-\varepsilon), \nonumber\\
\varepsilon=\frac{2\sum_{m=1}^2|c_{2,m}||F_{2,m}|
\cos(\eta_{2,m}-\phi_{2,m})}{\cos(\eta_{2,0})|c_{2,0}||F_{2,0}|},
\label{flip2:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\eta_{2,m},\phi_{2,m}$ are the phases of the true CMB and
the foreground with $m=1$ and $m=2$ components of the quadrupole. Thus,
after substitution of $\kappa$ from Eq.(\ref{flip2:Verkhodanov_n})
into Eq.(\ref{flip1:Verkhodanov_n}), we get

\begin{eqnarray}
|c^{ilc}_{2,0}|\cos(\xi_{2,0})=|c_{2,0}|\cos(\eta_{2,0})
             \frac{\mu+\varepsilon}{1+\mu},
\label{flip3:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
where $$\mu=(|F_{2,1}|^2+|F_{2,2}|^2)/|F_{2,0}|^2\ll 1.$$ From
Eq.~~(\ref{flip3:Verkhodanov_n}) one~~~ can ~~get ~~that~~ if
~~~$\varepsilon \ll \mu$,~~~ then \mbox{$\xi_{2,0}=\eta_{2,0}$}~~
and ~~$|c^{ilc}_{2,0}|=\mu|c_{2,0}|\ll |c_{2,0}|$. Thus, the ILC
$|c^{ilc}_{2,0}|$ mode  is smaller than corresponding $|c_{2,0}|$
by the factor $\sim \mu$. However, if $\varepsilon \gg \mu$, we
have
\begin{eqnarray}
\nonumber |c^{ilc}_{2,0}|\cos(\xi_{2,0}) \hspace{4.3cm}
\\\simeq 2\frac{\sum_{m=1}^2|c_{2,m}|
              |F_{2,m}|\cos(\eta_{2,m}-\phi_{2,m})}{|F_{2,0}|}
 \label{flip4:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{eqnarray}
and now the phase $\cos(\xi_{2,0})$ is determined by the sign of
the nominator of the right part
in Eq.(\ref{flip4:Verkhodanov_n}). This result tells
us that for some of realizations of the random CMB, the sign of
the input signal is no matter. The reconstructed ILC phase
$\xi_{2,0}$ can be  the same $(\eta_{2,0})$, or opposite $
\eta_{2,0}\pm\pi$ to the phase of the true CMB.
\begin{figure*}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig5a.eps,width=6cm}}}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig5b.eps,width=6cm}}}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig5c.eps,width=6cm}}}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig5d.eps,width=6cm}}}
\hbox{\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=verkhodanov_fig5e.eps,width=6cm}}}
\caption{ The illustration of the flip-effect for the ILC(III)
quadrupole and octupole. Top  is the ILC(III) quadrupole, the
second from top  is the ILC(III) quadrupole with flip-effect of
the (2,0) component, the third from the top is the quadrupole with
flip-effect of the (2,2) component. The second from the bottom and
the bottom panels show  the ILC(III) octupole and the flip-effect
for the (3,1) octupole component. }
\label{ffs:Verkhodanov_n}
\end{figure*}

To show that this effect takes place in numerical simulations of
the ILC method,
 we  consider the  10000
realization input and output maps for the $c_{2,0}$ quadrupole component,
presented in
\cite{eriksen2004a:Verkhodanov_n}.
As was pointed out in
\cite{wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n},
the difference between the WMAP and Eriksen et al. approach
\cite{eriksen2004a:Verkhodanov_n} for derived CMB signals is
caused by different choice of disjoint regions in the Galactic
plane area, rather than the different bias.
 Using an estimator
$$S=s^{in}_{2,0}\cdot s^{out}_{2,0}=\cos\eta^{in}_{2,0}\cdot\cos\xi^{out}_{2,0},$$
where $s^{in, out}_{2,0}=+1$~ or $-1$ for the positive and negative sign of
$c^{in,out}_{2,0}$ components, correspondingly,
we  have found that for 2148 realizations $S=-1$.
Moreover, since for the foregrounds
$s^f_{2,0}=-1$ for all K--W the WMAP bands,
practically $43\%$
of the realizations having $s^{in}_{2,0}=-1$ after using the ILC method
change the sign to  $s^{out}_{2,0}=1$ (the effect of flip).
We extend our analysis to the octupole component of
the Eriksen et al.
\cite{eriksen2004a:Verkhodanov_n}
ensemble of input and output signals and
have found that this effect still takes place, but the number of events
is slightly smaller than one for the quadrupole component.

In Table 2 we present the number of events for $S=-1$, when input and
output components of the quadrupole and octupole have the different sign.

One can see from this Table 2, that for the $(2,0)$ and $(3,1)$
components the number of events with $S=-1$ reaches the maximum
($2148$ and $1852$ events, correspondingly). To show that the
flipping of the sign of the $(2,0)$ component can be responsible
for increasing of the CMB-foreground cross-correlation, we take
one of the realizations of input \mbox{Eriksen et al.}
\cite{eriksen2004a:Verkhodanov_n}
maps, namely \mbox{``in--00008''}, and calculated the
$K^{in}(\ell=2)$ coefficient for this map and the Haslam et al.
\cite{haslam:Verkhodanov_n}
synchrotron map. We have  $K^{in}(\ell=2)= -0.222$. For
this input map, \mbox{$c^{in}_{2,0}=-9.944\mu K$.} For the output
CMB maps, named as ``out--00008'',
\mbox{$c^{out}_{2,0}=11.457\mu K$} and \mbox{$K^{out}(\ell=2)= -0.522$}.
Then, we change the sign of $c^{out}_{2,0}$
 component and recalculate the coefficient of
the cross-correlation once again. We have
\mbox{$K^{out}(\ell=2)=-0.2466$,} which is practically the same
for the input map.
This example clearly demonstrates that for input realizations mentioned above
with negative $c^{in}_{2,0}$,
this component of the signal would be quite likely reconstructed with
the opposite sign which leads to increasing a negative level of
cross-correlation coefficients $K^{out}(\ell=2)$. Roughly
speaking, the value of the coefficients $K$ depends on the
flip-effect of the sign for the (2,0) component.

To show corresponding changes of the images of the quadrupole and
octupole related to the flip-effect, in
Fig.\,\ref{ffs:Verkhodanov_n} we show the ILC(III) quadrupole and
octupole with the different sign of the (2,0), (2,2) and (3,1)
components. As one can see the flip-effect changes significantly
the morphology of the maps. This is not surprise since all these
$\ell+m$ even components are the most powerful components of the
ILC(III) signal.

\section{ CONCLUSION }

We have investigated the cross--correlation of the ILC(I) and
the ILC(III) with the WMAP MEM
 foregrounds,
and shown that  these correlations tightly coupled to the bias of
the ILC CMB signal. By using Monte-Carlo simulations we  found the
probability distribution function for the coefficient of
cross-correlation between the true CMB and the foreground signals.
For debiasing of the ILC  CMB, we need to know exact value of the
coefficient $K(\ell)$. Since the ILC MV method does not provide
any additional information about the bias, any assumptions about
the properties of the foregrounds should  leave corresponding
residuals on the debiased ILC signal and its power spectrum (see
for the comparison \cite{wmap3temp:Verkhodanov_n,park3y:Verkhodanov_n,saha:Verkhodanov_n}). These
uncertainties reflect directly our ignorance of the exact value of
the realization of the random process $K(\ell)$, making the
reconstruction of the CMB unstable.

There is another reason for instability of reconstruction of
the quadrupole and the octupole of the CMB related to
the CMB-foreground bias. We have discovered the flip-effect of the sign
for even $\ell +m$ modes
((2,0) and (2,2) components
of the quadrupole and the (3,1) component of the  octupole).
The corresponding probability
of this effect is about 20\% (see  Table 1). This effect could
have significant impact on the debiasing technique.

\begin{acknowledgements}

We acknowledge the use of the NASA Legacy Archive for extracting
the \hbox{\sl WMAP~} data. We also acknowledge the use of H{\sc ealpix }
\footnote{\tt http://www.eso.org/science/healpix/} package
\cite{healpix:Verkhodanov_n}
to produce $a_{\ell m}$ from the \hbox{\sl WMAP~} data and the use of
G{\sc lesp } \footnote{\tt http://www.glesp.nbi.dk} package
\cite{glesp:Verkhodanov_n,glesp2:Verkhodanov_n}.
OV thanks RFBR for partly supporting by the grant No\,08-02-00159.

\end{acknowledgements}

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\defBull. SAO{Bull. SAO}

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


My hubby asked me to make a tea cosy, but we both wanted something modern rather than something frilly or granny-ish. We have a minimal white teapot with a kind of Japanese-inspired shape, so I thought I would find some masculine yarn in neutral colours to make a thick warm cosy to fit it.
I chose a dark chocolate brown superchunky cotton yarn that has strands of white and grey satiny ribbon running through it, and here's the result. I didn't follow a pattern, I just made it up as I went along, and I am pleased with the results. I have a whole ball of the yarn left, so I'd like to make a matching tray liner (dare I say modern 'doily'?) or some coasters for the teacups.
I love the colours in this cosy…..


RSorder Facebook grants a person extra favorable deals for you to buy cheapest RS3 & RS07 gold. Therefore , if you wish to save more money, the reason why don't you head to RSorder Facebook to find an extra coupon? Only three days and nights for this free bonus and wish you seize this particular best chance to obtain the sweet gift we prepared for you. If you do join in, then don't forget to invite your best friends to take part in this particular limited free precious metal bonus activity! By the way, don't forget RSorder Halloween Flash Purchase on 03: 00 A. M. Oct 30, 2014 GMT. See what are ready for you via Adobe flash Sale Page. Oldschool RS Bounty Hunter is now available!! You super RS fans can take part in this New Bounty Hunter and to win incredible rewards.
Meanwhile, we now have a good news to tell, OSRS gold buying via credits credit cards makes your buying on RSorder quicker and easier. Which includes new changes in the Resources Hunter, now you can get fantastic rewards from it. The important reminder for you is that OSRS community has made it clear that they would like to include more variety for you, so why don't a person give the Bounty Hunter a try and see whatever you can get from the New Bounty Hunter. Saradomin's tear: If you have obtained 25, 000, 000 bounties, you can get the actual precious Saradomin's tear to deals 1 attack with a 25% damage increase. Ps, Buy Runescape 3 Gold you may want to get a Saradomin sword too, then don't miss this particular. Cosmetic upgrade kits: Unrevealed in the preliminary poll, the beauty upgrade kits include items like Dragon Pickaxe, Stream battlestaff, Odium ward and Malediction Ward. Magic Shortbow buff: As to this particular item, you can get this particular small buff to take the range bonus up to +69 to +75.


text:
Isabella Plantation at Richmond Park
A leaf-collecting paradise in south west London. The Isabella Plantation is a 40-acre woodland garden set in Richmond Park and is ablaze with kaleidoscopic colours in autumn. What's more, there are bike paths to explore and deer to spot along the way.
Colours will dazzle in this plantation, which dates back to the 1830s. The ponds and streams are also great to walk around and abuzz with pond life and amphibians and the wider Richmond Park is a National Nature Reserve with 630 Red and Fallow deer roaming freely since 1637.
During the autumn, the deer breeding season takes place. The Red stags and Fallow bucks compete for females. At this time, the large males roar, bark and clash antlers in an attempt to fight off rivals and attract as many females as possible. It's a real spectacle - just keep a mindful distance away. There's no better place to learn and see the seasons change before little nature-loving eyes.
It's free! Let's go
Get directions Show details
Opening and dates are subject to change – please call the venue or check the times website for more details before setting off.
Kidadl In The Know
The park has buggy-friendly trails and pathways.
There are two toilet blocks within the Isabella Plantation, one near Still Pond and one by Peg's Pond gate. The toilet at Still Pond is open between April and November, the toilet at Peg's Pond gate is open year round. There is a baby-change facility at the Peg's Pond gate toilet.
The nearest station is Richmond, but it is easier to visit by car if you can.
Richmond Park is open to vehicles from 7:00am in the summer and 7:30am in the winter. Vehicle gates close at dusk all year round.
The park has several car parks and a map can be downloaded from the website.
The deer are wild animals - so be sure to keep at least 50 metres away from the deer and be aware of your surroundings so that you do not come between two rutting stags or a mother and her calf.
Bike hire is available from the car park near Roehampton Gate in the summer months. A secondary hire point is set up during peaks times from the car park adjacent to Pembroke lodge.
Opening times and dates are subject to change – please call the venue or check the website for more details before setting off.
Paws for Coffee
Chez Lindsay
Richmond to Ham House and Garden walk
Cannizaro Park at Wimbledon Common
London Museum of Water and Steam
43% off: London Museum of Water & Steam
43% off: hop on a steam train at the London Museum of Water & Steam
43% off: ride a train at the London Museum of Water & Steam
Ninjago with Creative Movements
Dragon Academy - Sally's Adventure Club

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What Works Best for Employee Wellness Programs?
Do employees need carrots or sticks to encourage them to adopt healthy lifestyle habits? That's the quandary many employers tackle when deciding whether to offer incentives and rewards to encourage employees to participate in wellness programs.
Most people like the thought of working out and becoming healthier, but they struggle to make time for it. Or, they find that the desire to eat healthy food fades when faced with a choice between salad and pizza.
Discounts on nutritious meals at the workplace cafeteria or restaurant serving healthy foods.
Decreased employer contributions to health care premiums for consistent non-participation.
Charge a fee to employees with a chronic health condition who decide not to pursue treatment or take prescribed medications.
Host exclusive activities only for employees who make positive lifestyle changes.
The New York Times reports that the Affordable Care Act allows employers to nudge employees toward healthy behaviors, but also requires participation to be voluntary. Employers can provide richer incentives for employees who engage in wellness programs and charge fees or higher premiums for employees who don't.
Many employers are focusing on employee well-being, which encompasses both engagement and wellness programs to retain and recruit great workers. Watch this video interview with Dr. Jim Harter of Gallup.


The most important reason is to begin a thorough prevention program. The earlier the dental visit, the better change of preventing dental problems and helping your child build a cavity – free with healthy teeth chew food easily and smile with confidence. Start your child now on a lifetime of good dental habits. Visit your pediatric dentist at the eruption of the 1st tooth or no later than 12 month of age to establish a dental home. The pediatric dentist has an extra 3 years of specialized training after dental school, and is dedicated to the oral health of children from infancy to the teenage years.
Our treatment includes preventive & Restorative, oral hygiene & diet counseling, pit and fissure sealant, topical fluoride application, aesthetic restoration, preventive resin restoration, stainless steel crown restoration, root canal treatment for children, space management treatment & early orthodontic treatment.


Minimally invasive spinal surgery involves the use of smaller incisions that minimize damage to the surrounding muscles and ligaments of the spine. Our expert surgeons have successfully performed thousands of minimally invasive surgeries ranging from discectomies for disc herniations, decompressions for stenosis and fusions for spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease and scoliosis.
Former journalist Mike Feinsilber, 78, could barely walk more than a few blocks; 60-year-old Ray Weil, a University of Maryland professor with an active lifestyle, had trouble covering more than a few feet.
The culprit in both cases was years in the making: severe leg pain stemming from a bad back, the cause of misery for so many. At various times, both men tried to stave off pain and disability through a combination of traditional and complementary approaches, including physical therapy, chiropractic and acupuncture. Nothing really worked, or brought relief for very long.
surgery: Drs. Faheem Sandhu and Jean-Marc Voyadzis. The two lead the area in performing minimally invasive spine surgery.
Nationwide, less than 20 percent of spinal surgeries are performed using minimally invasive techniques. However, the procedure is gaining acceptance, as more physicians become acquainted with its benefits.
Minimally invasive spinal surgery preserves as much of the body's original architecture as possible by splitting muscles and ligaments, rather than detaching or stripping them from the bone. That technique results in smaller incisions, less blood loss and improved recovery overall.
In addition, the approach can decrease potential long-term problems or complications that can occur after open procedures. Equally important are the results, according to Dr. Voyadzis.
That certainly appealed to Ray, whose severe back pain was a constant companion for 30 years. When it started affecting his legs, Ray reluctantly looked into surgery. The news he first received—from another top-rated institution—was unsettling.
So Ray searched for a better alternative and soon had an appointment with Dr. Voyadzis, with great results. Shortly after minimally invasive surgery to stabilize his vertebrae and decompress his spinal nerves, Ray's pain disappeared. Within two weeks, he was walking a mile or two a day. Now, he does 80 crunches each morning, rides his bike to work, prunes trees and chops wood—just about everything he did before his back pain started.
Dr. Sandhu to tackle it. Through a solitary incision less than 1 inch long, Dr. Sandhu removed the bone and ligaments that were compressing the nerves at two levels in Mike's lumbar area.
With their training, experience and track record, Drs. Sandhu and Voyadzis wrote the book on minimally invasive spine surgery—literally. The MedStar Georgetown specialists have one textbook on the topic to their credit with another in the works. They've also co-authored numerous peer-reviewed articles and regularly train physicians in the U.S., Europe and Latin America on the special techniques involved.
John Alberstadt barely covered a block of his typical four-mile run before it hit him: he couldn't continue without falling.
"It was scary. I was used to running or biking every day, but [now] I was scuffing my feet, losing my balance, tripping."
John had several cervical spinal stenosis - a narrowing of the canal that separated the nerves in the spinal cord from the surrounding vertebrae that make up the bony spinal column. Herniated discs worsened his condition. The combination was squeezing hsi spinal cord, affecting the nerves that controlled his extremities.
" He had the classic telltale symptoms," Dr. Seyed Kalantar says. In addition to numbness and lack of balance, Jon was having trouble grasping things, buttoning shirts and using a pen."
Since Jon was an avid snowboarder, Dr. Kalantar recommended a less invasive option: Laminoplasty. Laminoplasty is a surgical procedure for treating spinal stenosis by relieving pressure on the spinal cord. Since no bone is removed, fusion is not necessary and range of motion can be preserved. The day after the hospital discharge, Jon started taking two mile walks; three months later, he was cleared for activities at the gym. He is expected to be back snowboarding in no time.
An assignment in Iraq is fraught with danger. But it wasn't the fear of a roadside bomb or incoming mortars that interfered with Gavin Helf's work. He shook at the prospect of strapping on his personal protection equipment. Donning his flak jacket and helmet every time he traveled outside the Green Zone was excruciating.
"The back paid I'd suffered for years would flare up under the heavy load of protective equipment," Gavin remembers.
As a diplomat with the U.S. Agency for International Development, Gavin has traveled all over the world and spent long agonizing hours in pain while sitting on airplanes. Standing for long periods was painful as well. For Gavin, this wasn't anything new. His memories of childhood, adolescence and adulthood are peppered with bouts of debilitating back pain. "It was always a part of my life," he recalls.
In 2012, he was fed up.
"I was getting old and crooked! I could change 'old' but I could do something about 'crooked,'" he says.
That March, Gavin sought assistance from MedStar Georgetown Orthopaedist and Spine Expert Seyed Babak "Bobby" Kalantar, MD.
"An MRI showed a severe collapse of a disc in his lower back between the L3 and L4 vertebrae," Dr. Kalantar explains. "The degeneration of that disc had caused his spine to curve. Bone was pressing on nerves causing severe pain."
"Dr. Kalantar explained all of my treatment options," Gavins says. "I had been afraid of surgery because I'd heard horror stories about it. But Dr. Kalantar told me I was a candidate for a minimally invasive procedure. So I scheduled surgery for the day before my 50th birthday."
"I always look for the least invasive treatment alternative for patiens," Dr. Kalantar says. "Many patients will have good results with medication, physical therapy or injections to reduce inflammation. But Mr. Helf's pain was really limiting his life, and he was a good candidate for a spinal fusion procedure called XLIF, or eXtreme Lateral Interbody Fusion."
Rather than cut through all the muscles in the back to get to the spine, in this procedure surgeons make a small 2-inc incisions at the patient's side. "And we make small 'poke holes' in the back for the surgical instruments to reach the treatments site. Using a real-time image as a guide, we place a small synthetic cage at the location of the degenerated disc," Dr. Kalantar says.
"It serves as a kind of scaffold that will hold new bone that body produces over time. Because we're fusing the spine at a single area, patients don't have mobility problems after surgery. In fact, many patients, like Mr. Gaving, move normally for the first time in years."
Gavin sailed through surgery and was discharged the next day. "I was pretty determined to celebrate my birthday at home," he says. "I had to accomplish three things: sit up, walk up stairs and go to the bathroom. It hurt to get up at first, but when I did, I felt oddly different. I felt taller!"
At home, Gavin stood at the wall marked with family members' heights through the years. He was a full centimeter taller.
Now Gavin says he is positively evangelical about the procedure, telling anyone he knows who has persistent back pain to go to MedStar Georgetown. "Dr. Kalantar was fantastic, and the care at the hospital was great. And at my six-month checkup, for the first time in my life my spine looked absolutely normal."
From debilitating pain to free movement - Ed Taylor is living proof of minimally invasive spine surgery's possibilities.
Mowing the lawn, walking for more than a few steps, standing - these are all things Ed could not do because of severe pain in the backs of his legs. The 76-year-old La Plata resident had been coping with limited mobility for five years. Although he had heard that back surgery necessitated a long and difficult recovery, Ed knew something had to be done.
Ed was suffering from spinal stenosis, the narrowing of the spine's bony canal. When the canal narrows, it squeezes the nerves inside, causing symptoms including back and leg pain, which can be debilitating, as well as leg weakness and numbness.
Imagine Ed's relief when he learned that neurosurgeon Jean-Marc Voyadzis, MD, could treat this disease using minimally invasive techniques and an incision the size of a dime.
"It seemed like a miracle to me," Ed said.
"A number of recent studies have shown that this approach decreases blood loss and post-operative pain, allowing a quick recovery and faster return to work," Dr. Voyadzis said.
Ed can attest to that: his surgery took one hour, and he went home later that day.
"I felt a difference right away," he said. He was up and walking with pain the following day and could resume his normal daily activities immediately. "I didn't even have much discomfort from the surgery itself."
Today, Ed Taylor is back to an active life.
"It's just as if I never had any back or leg problems at all," he said.


text:
Police Arrest Suspect in New Hampshire Shooting That Left 1 Dead, 1 Wounded
One person is in custody after a shooting that left one dead and another wounded in the New Hampshire town of Pittsburg, authorities say.
New Hampshire State Police say the suspect is in custody following the shootings, which occurred around 11 a.m.
A nearby kindergarten through grade 12 school was locked down after the shooting and voting at the school was suspended for roughly two hours.
Sheli Aldridge, a spokeswoman for the Pittsburg School District, told FoxNews.com that all 127 students and 34 staff members were safe as of 1:15 p.m. The school remained on lockdown until about 2:15 p.m., she said, but a polling station in the school's cafeteria had been reopened hours earlier.
"The voters are allowed to come in and vote, and then leave," she said. "Everybody's safe."


Over at New Leaven, TC Robinson posted on a subject that he and Will Lee had a conversation about. The gist of it goes like this. In the Bible, there are certain words that are not translated, but transliterated. Deacon is a good example. In the original language it means something like servant. But the translators tried to keep diakonos as a distinct word rather than translate it.
The word which was brought up for debate is the Greek word Christos. The word is the Hebrew equivalent of Messiah and both words mean anointed, or anointed one. So here is the question, why don't we translate the word as Anointed One or even Messiah throughout the New Testament? Why do we transliterate rather than translate?
You can check out the banter at this link here. I had some comments which were well received. Will is not being dogmatic about wanting to change our translations, he is simply asking the question. And I think it's a good question. Feel free to chime in over there or here.


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Oscar prediction All-Stars betting on 'The Big Short' for Best Picture & 'Mad Max: Fury Road' for Best Director
February 5, 2016 6:06AM
When predicting the Oscars, you can consult the Top 24 Users, who got the best scores predicting last year's winners, but will they be just as savvy twice in a row? Well, now you can also consult the predictions of our Top 24 All-Stars, who have proven track records. Our All-Stars racked up the highest scores for their predictions from 2013 and 2014. They showed impressive consistency forecasting the winners of two Oscars that each had uncertain Best Picture outcomes — "12 Years a Slave" vs. "Gravity" in 2013, "Birdman" vs. "Boyhood" in 2014.
Subscribe to Gold Derby Breaking News Alerts & Experts' Latest Oscar Predictions
So what do they think about this year's race, which is arguably even closer than those last two nail-biters?
Fourteen All-Stars are predicting a Best Picture victory for "The Big Short," while eight think top honors will go to "Spotlight." While their consensus favors "The Big Short," one of those predicting "Spotlight," Luis, deserves special consideration.
Of thousands of users, Luis finished 10th in 2013 with 96% accuracy and 27th in 2014 with 88% accuracy. That means of the 48 Oscar categories awarded in those two years, he got the winner wrong only four times. Among his best predictions, he called Best Picture, Best Director and all four acting categories both years.
In another close race this year, Best Director, 14 All-Stars favor George Miller ("Mad Max: Fury Road"), including Luis. Six say Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu ("The Revenant"). And four are predicting Adam McKay ("The Big Short").
Unsurprisingly, our All-Stars are unanimous that Brie Larson ("Room") and Leonardo DiCaprio ("Revenant") will win the lead-acting races. But it's more surprising that so many of them agree on Best Supporting Actor. That race has been up-in-the-air all season, but almost all of them predict Sylvester Stallone ("Creed"). Only three disagree, with one All-Star apiece picking Mark Rylance ("Bridge of Spies"), Tom Hardy ("Revenant") and Christian Bale ("Big Short").
They're also in lockstep predicting Best Supporting Actress. While two are predicting Rooney Mara ("Carol"), but everyone else declares it will be Alicia Vikander ("The Danish Girl").
Oscar predictions: Top 24 User Kevin Spellman sticks with 'Big Short' despite SAG loss
What do you think will win Best Picture at the Oscars? Make your predictions using the menu to the right or below.
You'll compete to win our contest prizes for best picks — $500 (first place), $300 (second place) and $200 (third place) in Amazon gift certificates — a place of honor on our leaderboard and a starring role in next year's Top 24 Users (the two dozen folks who do the best predicting this year's Oscar winners). Be sure to read our contest rules.
Photo Credits: "The Big Short" by Paramount; "Mad Max" by Warner Bros.
Adam McKay ('Succession') could snag Best Drama Directing because the Emmys love A-listers
Christian Bale and Matt Damon get their vroom-vroom on in the 1st trailer for 'Ford v. Ferrari' [WATCH…
'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' could -- and should -- be the first film to get 2 Best Actor Oscar…
Happy Mother's Day: 18 greatest Oscar-winning mom performances, ranked worst to best
Which of these 12 'Avengers' will be the 1st to win an Oscar? [POLL]
Cannes Film Festival lineup 2019: Full list of films includes Malick, Almodovar and more, but women…
Christopher Walken movies: 15 greatest films, ranked worst to best, include 'The Deer Hunter,' 'Catch Me…
Netflix schedule: Here's what is coming and leaving in April 2019
Is there an 'American Hustle' curse at the Oscars?
How will the deaths of Luke Perry, Burt Reynolds affect Quentin Tarantino's 'Once Upon a Time in…
Stop what you're doing and watch the first trailer for Quentin Tarantino's 'Once Upon a Time in…
Sorry, sexist trolls: The 'Marvel'-ous Ms. Danvers already closing in on a billion dollars at the box…
You can now watch the deleted 'Vice' musical number, which was definitely cut for the right…
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies ranked: Is 'Captain Marvel' the best, the worst, or somewhere…


Fandoms: Sono Hanabira ni Kuchizuke o, Maria-sama ga Miteru, K-On!, YuruYuri, Love Live! School Idol Project, Love Live! Sunshine!!, きんいろモザイク | Kin-iro Mosaic, Wife and Wife, Chuunibyou Demo Koi Ga Shitai, 悪魔のリドル | Akuma no Riddle | Riddle Story of Devil, Strawberry Panic!, Kanamemo, Locodol, Boku wa Tomodachi ga Sukunai | Haganai, 桜Trick | Sakura Trick, あまんちゅ! - 天野こずえ | Amanchu! - Amano Kozue, New Game! (Anime & Manga), Shugo Chara!
Yuuna and Nanami is a newlywed couple and have moved into a residential area where they met lot of other Yuri couples. Most of my OTPs appear in this crossover!


If you want a peek at what was made during the Beadalong you can visit the Secret Beadalong Facebook page (you don't need an account to view it) or see some photos on my blog here, here, here, here, here and here.
My Summer 2016 beadalong took place between the 30th July and 5th August (National Beading Week) but can be joined and beaded at any time.
As always the project is a complete secret and is designed as a personal challenge for you. The only knowledge required is circular peyote stitch as everything else will be laid out step-by-step for you. The project is designed for all levels of beader and has brand new components and design ideas perfect to offer something new to any more advanced beaders.


The ninth word of verse (29:28) is divided into 2 morphological segments. A verb and object pronoun. The perfect verb (فعل ماض) is third person masculine singular. The verb's triliteral root is sīn bā qāf (س ب ق). The attached object pronoun is second person masculine plural.


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text:
Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to glutathione S-transferase-π and application to immunohistochemical study
S. Aiso, K. Yasuda, M. Shiozawa, H. Yamamoto, T. Sogo
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) (EC 2.5.2.18) catalyzes conjugation of reduced glutathione with hydrophobic substrates, such as S-epoxide active molecules. It participates in glutathione metabolism and the γ-glutamyl cycle, playing an important role in detoxification and biosynthesis of many compounds. It is also known as a marker of pre-neoplasia in chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Isoelectric focusing studies have revealed that this enzyme is composed of several isozymes, one of which, an acidic form of GST called GST-π, has been extracted from human placenta. In this study, we prepared monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against human GST-π from placenta. Specificity was confirmed by immunoblots of GST-π after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and inhibition testing of enzyme activity by the antibody. The subclass of the antibody was IgG1 and the light chain was κ. In light microscopic immunohistochemical studies of human placenta using the MAb, GST-π was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and along the apical cell membranes of syncytial cells in villi and in the cytoplasm of cytotrophoblastic cells in the basal plate. The MAb we prepared may also be useful for analyzing the enzyme's function in detoxification and biosynthesis of many compounds, as well as for oncological studies, such as diagnosis of malignant disease and localization of oncofetal proteins in malignant tissues.
https://doi.org/10.1177/37.8.2754254
10.1177/37.8.2754254
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to glutathione S-transferase-π and application to immunohistochemical study'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Glutathione Transferase Medicine & Life Sciences
Monoclonal Antibodies Medicine & Life Sciences
Placenta Medicine & Life Sciences
Enzymes Medicine & Life Sciences
Cytoplasm Medicine & Life Sciences
oncofetal antigens Medicine & Life Sciences
Light Medicine & Life Sciences
Epoxy Compounds Medicine & Life Sciences
Aiso, S., Yasuda, K., Shiozawa, M., Yamamoto, H., & Sogo, T. (1989). Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to glutathione S-transferase-π and application to immunohistochemical study. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 37(8), 1247-1252. https://doi.org/10.1177/37.8.2754254
Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to glutathione S-transferase-π and application to immunohistochemical study. / Aiso, S.; Yasuda, K.; Shiozawa, M.; Yamamoto, H.; Sogo, T.
In: Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, Vol. 37, No. 8, 1989, p. 1247-1252.
Aiso, S, Yasuda, K, Shiozawa, M, Yamamoto, H & Sogo, T 1989, 'Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to glutathione S-transferase-π and application to immunohistochemical study', Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 1247-1252. https://doi.org/10.1177/37.8.2754254
Aiso S, Yasuda K, Shiozawa M, Yamamoto H, Sogo T. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to glutathione S-transferase-π and application to immunohistochemical study. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 1989;37(8):1247-1252. https://doi.org/10.1177/37.8.2754254
Aiso, S. ; Yasuda, K. ; Shiozawa, M. ; Yamamoto, H. ; Sogo, T. / Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to glutathione S-transferase-π and application to immunohistochemical study. In: Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 1989 ; Vol. 37, No. 8. pp. 1247-1252.
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title = "Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to glutathione S-transferase-π and application to immunohistochemical study",
abstract = "Glutathione S-transferase (GST) (EC 2.5.2.18) catalyzes conjugation of reduced glutathione with hydrophobic substrates, such as S-epoxide active molecules. It participates in glutathione metabolism and the γ-glutamyl cycle, playing an important role in detoxification and biosynthesis of many compounds. It is also known as a marker of pre-neoplasia in chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Isoelectric focusing studies have revealed that this enzyme is composed of several isozymes, one of which, an acidic form of GST called GST-π, has been extracted from human placenta. In this study, we prepared monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against human GST-π from placenta. Specificity was confirmed by immunoblots of GST-π after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and inhibition testing of enzyme activity by the antibody. The subclass of the antibody was IgG1 and the light chain was κ. In light microscopic immunohistochemical studies of human placenta using the MAb, GST-π was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and along the apical cell membranes of syncytial cells in villi and in the cytoplasm of cytotrophoblastic cells in the basal plate. The MAb we prepared may also be useful for analyzing the enzyme's function in detoxification and biosynthesis of many compounds, as well as for oncological studies, such as diagnosis of malignant disease and localization of oncofetal proteins in malignant tissues.",
author = "S. Aiso and K. Yasuda and M. Shiozawa and H. Yamamoto and T. Sogo",
doi = "10.1177/37.8.2754254",
journal = "Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry",
publisher = "Histochemical Society Inc.",
T1 - Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to glutathione S-transferase-π and application to immunohistochemical study
AU - Aiso, S.
AU - Yasuda, K.
AU - Shiozawa, M.
AU - Yamamoto, H.
AU - Sogo, T.
N2 - Glutathione S-transferase (GST) (EC 2.5.2.18) catalyzes conjugation of reduced glutathione with hydrophobic substrates, such as S-epoxide active molecules. It participates in glutathione metabolism and the γ-glutamyl cycle, playing an important role in detoxification and biosynthesis of many compounds. It is also known as a marker of pre-neoplasia in chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Isoelectric focusing studies have revealed that this enzyme is composed of several isozymes, one of which, an acidic form of GST called GST-π, has been extracted from human placenta. In this study, we prepared monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against human GST-π from placenta. Specificity was confirmed by immunoblots of GST-π after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and inhibition testing of enzyme activity by the antibody. The subclass of the antibody was IgG1 and the light chain was κ. In light microscopic immunohistochemical studies of human placenta using the MAb, GST-π was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and along the apical cell membranes of syncytial cells in villi and in the cytoplasm of cytotrophoblastic cells in the basal plate. The MAb we prepared may also be useful for analyzing the enzyme's function in detoxification and biosynthesis of many compounds, as well as for oncological studies, such as diagnosis of malignant disease and localization of oncofetal proteins in malignant tissues.
AB - Glutathione S-transferase (GST) (EC 2.5.2.18) catalyzes conjugation of reduced glutathione with hydrophobic substrates, such as S-epoxide active molecules. It participates in glutathione metabolism and the γ-glutamyl cycle, playing an important role in detoxification and biosynthesis of many compounds. It is also known as a marker of pre-neoplasia in chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Isoelectric focusing studies have revealed that this enzyme is composed of several isozymes, one of which, an acidic form of GST called GST-π, has been extracted from human placenta. In this study, we prepared monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against human GST-π from placenta. Specificity was confirmed by immunoblots of GST-π after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and inhibition testing of enzyme activity by the antibody. The subclass of the antibody was IgG1 and the light chain was κ. In light microscopic immunohistochemical studies of human placenta using the MAb, GST-π was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and along the apical cell membranes of syncytial cells in villi and in the cytoplasm of cytotrophoblastic cells in the basal plate. The MAb we prepared may also be useful for analyzing the enzyme's function in detoxification and biosynthesis of many compounds, as well as for oncological studies, such as diagnosis of malignant disease and localization of oncofetal proteins in malignant tissues.
U2 - 10.1177/37.8.2754254
DO - 10.1177/37.8.2754254
JO - Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
JF - Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry


Sorry for the confusion. After finally pinning my son down. As the 3rd party insurers are refusing to pay the car rental, the car rental solicitors have brought a claim against them. Apparently following a decision in the house of lords anyone hiring a vehicle following an accident is required to disclose all bank info, income etc for a period of 3 months prior to incident date. My sons self employed so the solicitors have just asked for his income. He's been told by the solicitors if the court find that he could have afforded to pay the vehicle hire himself then he will be liable. After googling the car rental solicitors it looks like this happens all the time! My son and DIL had the rental car for at least 4 months while all this was going on. The bill will be for thousands of pounds.
The solicitors are working on behalf of the car rental company. It went to court as the third party have refused to pay the car rental fee. Now my son has to provide all his incoming/outgoings. I really feel he is being harassed. When this case goes back to court and if he looses who will pay for this court time?
Now it looks like he earns just over the limit to enable the Insurers to claim the court fee back, does this mean my son will have to pay for that too? What a farce!!
Yes I saw that - - - Updated - - - Unfortunately yes it was a car hire vehicle.
Solicitor rang today, its been to court and got thrown out. My son now has to declare his income for Oct and Nov 18 (bank statements). Apparently there is a new law out which states if he could have afforded to pay for the courtesy car then the insurance will not pay it, they will only pay for the damage to the car, in this case the car was written off. This seem very unfair. So it looks like my son is now facing a few thousand pounds to pay for the courtesy car.
Thanks Andy. I will see my son this week end and get all the details. My main concern is they will issue my son with a legal bill after the court case.
That's what I thought. Something doesn't seem right. He definitely will not be entitled to his court fees paid as he earns too much.
Over a year ago, a taxi driver ran into my daughter in law car. She is fully insured through my sons business insurance. The driver admitted full liability and wanted to pay for the damage without going through the insurance. But after him becoming a nuisance with phone calls etc to my DIL, my son told him they were going through the insurers. The car was written off and my DIL had to hire a car for a couple of months to enable her to get to work. The insurers sent them a cheque but it was for an amount a lot less than the car was worth so my son refused to cash it. They returned the hire car even though the claim hasn't been settled as they were going away on holiday and it stated in the T&C that if they were going away the car had to be returned. My son has received an email from his insurers stating that because the third party has failed to make a payment they have now issued court proceedings and in order to take this action further they have paid the court fee on my sons behalf., but he may be able to obtain a refund or help with the fees and so they want him to complete a form based on his financial circumstances from 6 Oct to 6 Nov 2018 and complete and sign a declaration and statement of truth. If he doesn't meet the criteria (which I doubt he will) then they will seek to recover the court fee from the third party at the end of the claim. Does this seem legit? I am concerned my son may end up with a massive legal bill.
Someone who owed me money (£40k) unsecured declared himself bankrupt. A trustee in bankruptcy is involved. This has been going on over a year and I got my annual report from them today. The investigation is still going on but he has been discharged. How does that work? The Trustee is still waiting o/s information from him despite requesting this 3 times. They are querying transactions totalling £30k and as yet have still not received the requested bank statements showing what this was for. I am pretty sure he has been 'getting rid' of money to one of his siblings. Also there is property in Canada which conveniently he transferred to his now ex wife (convenient) as a nil value. She is saying the reason being is she paid for flights to Canada, refurbishment, furnishings etc. They requested some info from the ex wife and she told them when the property was transferred to her it was worth 45k Canadian Dollars, when in fact I have proof from the Canadian Land Reg it was worth 75k Canadian Dollars which I shall be giving this info to the Trustee. What happens if he is found to be lying to the bankruptcy people and if indeed he has 'given money away'. He also was married for 10 years and lived together for longer than this. The house was his exes before he met her and is unencumbered. Can the trustee not raise the question that there is a beneficial interest in that property. All this happened in 2015 - divorce, transfer of property, bankruptcy! Not only does he owe me £40k, the trustee in bankruptcy says there bill is £30k for who pays for that if he has no money?


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