In a project initiated by the consulting company AaS-International AG, a business class flight service called Arabian-Wings will commence operations early next year. Flights will operate between Ras al Khaimah International Airport (in the United Arab Emirates) and Germany, with just 48 seats available. It'll be interesting to follow their progress as they will face stiff competition in the form of Emirates and Lufthansa.


Nathan Sidlinger with Mediacom, the winner of the Iowa Heartland Chapter's 2017 Cable-Tec Games, has been selected to compete in the International Cable-Tec Games.
The international games will be held Thursday evening, October 19, 2017, from 4 to 7 p.m. during SCTE•ISBE's Cable-Tec Expo. The games will be held at the Colorado Convention Center in Denver, Colo.
Congratulations to Nathan for this great accomplishment, and we encourage anyone attending the Cable-Tec Expo to cheer Nathan on as he competes against fellow SCTE members around the globe!


LEVOLOR, the leader in custom window fashions, announces the rollout of its new Custom Shades collections, featuring roller, roman, panel track, and natural shades in a variety of exceptional colors, patterns, and textures with a range of options.
The new Custom Shades program highlights a simplified three-step process that allows the ability to easily choose shade type, fabric and color, and options.
"No matter what your desired style is - functional, innovative, elegant, or timeless - you can find it in our new Custom Shades collections," says Jeremy Nyboer, senior brand manager for LEVOLOR.
The style can be further defined in Step 2, by choosing from a variety of fabrics in new on-trend colors, patterns and textures.
Step 3 allows the consumer to select from a variety of options that include safety, light and operation controls, and additional decoration. Options include a certified Best for Kids™ cordless lift control that is safer for homes with children and pets, light control including light filtering and room darkening linings, and decorative additions such as valance type, edge binding, and fringe.
The new LEVOLOR Custom Shades collections will be available at LEVOLOR retailers beginning February 1st.
For more information about LEVOLOR blinds and shades, visit levolor.com, or visit brand social media sites at facebook.com/levolor and twitter.com/levolor.
Based in Atlanta, LEVOLOR is one of the most recognized names in home décor. LEVOLOR leads the custom window coverings category with high-quality innovation and brilliant design.


text:
Suhaimi Ramly
Founder, Aidan Group & Pandai.org
Category: Entrepreneurship
Reading "Nadiem Makarim"
Last Friday, Khairul (the CEO of Pandai.org) lent me a copy of "Nadiem Makarim".
It is the authorized biography of the founder and former CEO of Gojek, the Indonesian startup unicorn, and currently the Mendikbud (Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan) of Indonesia.
Khairul told me it is not easy to read because it is written in BI. What's the big deal, I said, I can read English quite well. It turned out that he meant Bahasa Indonesia. OK, I can still read Bahasa Indo, but I admit that some words I don't understand so I have to guess what they mean. Safe to assume I understood 99.9% of the content.
Here are some takeaways:
Privilege is the surest path to success, and early privilege is the best advantage that can be bestowed to a person. The world is unfair, and whether we like it or not, privilege matters. Nadiem had a privileged background (a grandfather who was part of the Indonesian independence movement, a father who was a distinguished lawyer, basically a wealthy and socially influential family). He went to the Dalton School in New York for secondary education and the United World College in Singapore for pre-university education. That leads, later, to an Ivy League university, then McKinsey, then Harvard MBA, the whole shebang. He was set up early for success. This was spelled out unapologetically in the first few chapters. Of course, a privileged upbringing is not sufficient for success in life, as the many people with similar pedigrees but much more modest achievements can attest. However, and this is my point I'd like to emphasize, more than intelligence and work ethics, the most discerning factor that determines success is the early advantage that comes from a privileged upbringing. Take note, parents.
He is deeply patriotic. He spent most of his youth outside Indonesia but have never lost the deep desire to serve his homeland. He would've had a high flying career with any foreign company he cared to join, but he staked his early professional life on a fledgling startup whose objectives are to serve fellow Indonesians and make Indonesia a better place.
Gojek started slow but grew fast. The company was on concierge mode for the first few years of its existence: Gojek employees would take calls at its call center from people who want to order ojek (motorcycle) to go somewhere. Gojek grew organically for the first 3 years, yet a huge part of Gojek success later can be attributed to their early days, where it is more a consumer-facing company than a technology company. Once they move on to the ridesharing app model, the exponential growth started, and within a few months, the number of drivers increased more than a hundredfold.
Nadiem has extraordinary people skills. He is as comfortable dealing with Gojek drivers as he is with his Harvard classmates or the tech types or the Indonesian elites. Great choice as Minister whose mandate is to serve the public.
He works hard for Gojek and would stop at nothing to ensure its success. In a later chapter, there is a story of how the Indonesian government once tried to shut down Gojek. Nadiem and his team did whatever they could and pulled all the string the could pull to keep Gojek from going down. Finally, he managed to secure a meeting with Presiden Jokowi, and made an impassionate plea to him, which resulted in the Ministry of Transport rescinding their earlier decision to ban Gojek.
Sometimes, you need to watch from the sidelines. When Gojek operated in its early years, Nadiem was often away working at other companies (first at Rocket Internet, and then later at Kartuku). He was the CEO of Rocket Internet Indonesia, and while working there, he can only manage to work on Gojek part-time. Yet, the experience and perspectives he obtained outside the company helped him to steer Gojek to greater heights when he returned to work full-time at Gojek.
Get creative types aboard. Gojek is the brainchild of Nadiem and two co-founders that he met at Harvard Business School (where he was also classmates with the two future founders of Grab). The three Harvard founders of Gojek have technical and business backgrounds. So, one of their earliest decisions was to bring in a fourth co-founder who has a design background. He came up with many of the Gojek brand identities which are still used until today. A good lesson for startups.
Verdict: A good read worth spending a couple of afternoons on. Candidly educational for startup founders like me. Though at times the writing feels too hagiographical.
Suhaimi Ramly Entrepreneurship, Uncategorized Leave a comment 6 January 2020 9 January 2020 3 Minutes
The Pandai App Story: Part II
In Part I, I told the story of how the four of us (the founders of Aidan, our first startup which we founded in 2007), came to venture into the edutech space.
Business Ideas in Edutech
Edutech is a large area. There are various business ideas that one can pursue in edutech, such as:
Innovation in education administration — e.g., solution for school management using a centralized database, which integrates several school functions such as taking attendance, recording grades, accepting payments (cashless system), loaning books in the school library, etc. Some products cater to a specific type of educational institution, such as tuition centers, universities, and kindergartens.
Innovation in education delivery — e.g., online classroom, online tutoring (1 to 1, or 1 to many), multimedia (videos, interactive applets, games), and various types of assessment tools;
Content — products that deliver educational content such as exam prep, learning app, questions bank, or niche education content like e.g., calligraphy or music lessons, that takes place via various platforms (web or mobile);
General technologies that are adapted for used in education — artificial intelligence, big data, machine learning, blockchain, augmented reality, virtual reality, adaptive systems, etc.;
Hardware solutions — smartboards, tablets, interactive classroom systems and other devices.
So how do we decide what to do with Pandai?
The founders had a vigorous debate about this, but the decision boiled down to these two factors: our advantages, and the market demand.
Looking at our advantages
What are our advantages? Among others,
ArdentEdu had 12 years of experience, organizing more than 500 programs covering every state and territories in Malaysia, so it can be said that we know the education market (at primary and secondary level) in Malaysia quite well;
We have a solid tech background, with experience developing large scale systems for government agencies as well as some mobile development cred;
We have a good working relationship with the Ministry of Education through various projects we have undertaken in the last decade. The public education sector in Malaysia is highly regulated and centralized, so if we want to penetrate this market, being on a first-name basis with the gatekeeper (so to speak) is a plus;
We already had 70,000 annual paying customers for our existing educational offerings under ArdentEdu.
As for the market demands, we found out through our market research that:
The majority of the students in Malaysia are students at public schools (5+ million of them, with a steady growth each year reflecting the general population growth).
Although there is an increasing trend towards middle-class parents sending children to private schools, the number is negligible compared to the huge majority in the public school system. For one, private schools are very expensive and way beyond the ability of the median income household in Malaysia;
Assuming a Gaussian / bell-curve distribution of academic performance, most students belong to the slightly below average, average and slightly above average group (whatever the average and standard deviation might be). So a product catered to the masses cannot take into account only the top students. We have to bear in mind the average ones;
Ditto for household income. We should avoid building a product only rich kids can afford. The size of the market is too small. To reach the mass market, pricing has to be right (or better, undercut all competitors severely, which is the classic start-up game);
Parents, teachers, students are easily spooked by new things introduced in the education system. Whether it be educational initiatives such as 21st century skills, higher order thinking skills, future-ready education, computational thinking, and school-based assessment, no exams for Year 1 to 3, or a new subject / content / format in the curriculum standard, the introduction of any new thing to schools almost always ends up in confusion, misunderstanding, and distrust towards the educational higher-ups who introduced what they deem as highfalutin ideas with little regard to the reality on the ground;
Teachers would like to be left alone to do their teaching jobs, and to complete the never-ending tasks given to them due to previously-introduced educational initiatives (see above). Teachers simply want to teach, and would like less time doing work outside of teaching;
Teachers design their teaching to follow the curriculum standards very closely. In the Malaysian education system, the standards are spelled out in the Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran (DSKP). Teachers tend to not veer their classroom engagement too far from the content of the standards. They place high importance on following the schedule closely, so they can complete each chapter on time;
Students are getting more and more confused with the changes taking place in the education system, with the recent revision of the curriculum, with new topics (e.g., financial mathematics in Form 3), with new subjects (e.g., Asas Sains Komputer for Form 1-3), and with various new educational initiatives and buzzwords being thrown around liberally. Every introduction of a new thing seems to make them even more confused. While change by itself can be good and sometimes necessary, a competent change management process seems to be lacking most of the time;
Students are still expected to score well in exams, and yet at the same time be a mini-adult capable to do high-level thinking and have all of these: grit, creativity, flexibility, responsibility, problem-solving skills, 21st century skills, computational thinking, design thinking, IT-savviness, leadership skills, collaborative skills, communication skills, and so on. What happened to let kids be kids? Students feel the pressure to be future-ready graduates in the future in order to work in the future digital economy that is so futuristic that the only way to make themselves future-proof is to subject themselves to impossible standards in school set by those who already left school 25 years ago, back when schools were fun places to learn, play, and generally monkey around with peers.
Such are the expectations toward students nowadays, and given the impossible task ahead, teachers and students normally respond by throwing their hands in the air, saying screw all this, and reverting to what they think as the usual way of how a school should be. This means that teachers teaching the students in the traditional way — chalk and talk (with which there is nothing wrong, in my opinion) — and students just wanting to get their exams over with.
That is our finding. The methodology is confidential, but the research involved many teachers. I only share the qualitative part, but we have numbers too. Others might disagree with these findings but that is the situation on the ground that our data tell us.
Bottom line, teachers just want to be left alone to teach whatever is asked of them to teach, and students just want to do well in exams, which is what is expected of them anyway.
Teachers generally think of educational initiatives, including the introduction of technology in the classroom, as unnecessary extra burdens, despite the best intentions of their purveyors (e.g., the Frog VLE system had less than 8% utilization rate by teachers and it was a nationwide project rolled out by the Ministry themselves).
Most teachers revert to the traditional way of education delivery — chalk and talk, one-way communication, homework, buku latihan, worksheets, mid-semester/final exams, and awarding of letter grades — despite the call for more varied assessment and teaching methods.
(Of course, there are exceptional teachers who are really innovative and revolutionary in their approach, but these are not the majority, and it is not practical to expect most teachers to follow in their footsteps.)
And as for the students, generally, they want what students have been wanting since forever, which are good grades. No amount of techno-futuristic talk in school can convince the average student to change their priority. Students live in the here and now. They do not have the lengthy life experience behind them that they can project ahead to see where they will be in the future. They care about surviving school. At the end of the day, what matters are their academic performance in school, of which the most important indicators are their final grades. These are what their parents and other adults will judge them on. With tertiary placement decisions made through SPM results (can a C-average student apply for an overseas scholarship?), like it or not their future paths ARE determined by letter grades.
It was from these findings and assumptions that we decided on the direction of Pandai.
Suhaimi Ramly Education, Entrepreneurship, Pandai.org Leave a comment 26 December 2019 3 January 2020 6 Minutes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
FOUNDATION_EXPORT double SimpleJSONParserVersionNumber;
FOUNDATION_EXPORT const unsigned char SimpleJSONParserVersionString[];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Hans-Georg von Friedeburg (Estrasburgo, 15 de julio de 1895 - Flensburgo, 23 de mayo de 1945) fue un marino alemán, que alcanzó el grado de almirante durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y fue el último jefe operativo de la Kriegsmarine que suscribió la capitulación final de la Alemania Nazi en dicha contienda.

Biografía
Friedeburg nació en 1895 en la ciudad de Estrasburgo, entonces perteneciente al Imperio Alemán, y entró en la Kaiserliche Marine el año 1914. Poco después fue ascendido en 1917 a alférez de navío y en 1918 fue destinado al arma de submarinos. Tras la guerra, continuó prestando servicio en la Reichsmarine y ascendiendo en el escalafón militar, al punto que en 1933 tenía el grado de capitán de corbeta, y al año siguiente de capitán de navío, entrando en el Oberkommando der Marine.

En julio de 1939 se le destinó al mando directo del submarino U-27, pero tras el estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en septiembre se le otorgó el mando de la organización de submarinos, a las órdenes directas del almirante Karl Dönitz. Exactamente dos años después se le designó vicealmirante de submarinos y en febrero de 1943 comandante en jefe del arma submarina, recibiendo en grado de Generaladmiral en febrero de 1944 y organizando operaciones de ataque contra convoyes británicos y estadounidenses en el Atlántico.

Dentro de su puesto era el oficial naval de más alto grado, después de Karl Dönitz, en participar en el Gobierno de Flensburgo en los días finales de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, al haberse establecido el último cuartel general de la Kriegsmarine en la base naval del puerto de Flensburgo. En esa situación fue designado por Dönitz como representante de la Kriegsmarine para las negociaciones finales de la capitulación alemana, debiendo firmar la rendición incondicional en el Cuartel general de las Fuerzas Aliadas en Reims, Francia, el 7 de mayo de 1945. Asimismo, Friedeburg debió firmar también la rendición alemana al día siguiente en Berlín ante los delegados de los Aliados y los de la Unión Soviética, nuevamente como representante de la marina de guerra.

Friedeburg accedió a participar en el Gobierno de Flensburgo de acuerdo con Dönitz, tratando de instalar una administración gubernamental alemana, pero fue arrestado por soldados británicos junto con el resto de este "gobierno" el 23 de mayo de 1945. Deprimido por la derrota final, Friedeburg se suicidó el mismo día de su captura tomando cianuro, mientras estaba bajo custodia militar británica. Está enterrado en el cementerio Adelby, junto a Flensburgo.

Familia

Su hijo mayor, Ludwig von Friedeburg (1924-2010), fue el comandante de submarinos más joven de la Armada. Después de la guerra se convirtió en un sociólogo conocido en el círculo de Max Horkheimer y Theodor W. Adorno en el Instituto de Investigación Social de Frankfurt. Fue políticamente activo en el SPD, de 1969 a 1974 fue ministro de Educación de Hesse.

Su hijo menor Friedrich von Friedeburg (1926-1991) también fue conductor de submarinos y, después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se convirtió en periodista. Estuvo involucrado en la protección de Heligoland contra los planes ingleses para un objetivo de entrenamiento de bombas. En 1962 fue galardonado con el "Yunque de Plata" de la Public Relations Society of America por el mejor servicio de relaciones públicas en el campo de las relaciones internacionales. Fue portavoz de prensa de varias empresas industriales, la más reciente de Braun AG.

Condecoraciones
 Cruz de Hierro (1914)
 Caballero de la Orden de San Juan (Bailiazgo de Brandeburgo)
 Cruz española
 Cruz de Hierro (1939)
 Cruz al Mérito de Guerra
 Cruz Alemana en oro (1942)
 Cruz de Caballero de la Cruz al Mérito de Guerra (1945)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Almirantes de la Kriegsmarine
Militares alemanes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Militares alemanes de la Primera Guerra Mundial
Caballeros de la Orden de San Juan (Bailiazgo de Brandeburgo)
Condecorados con la Cruz Alemana
Nazis que cometieron suicidio
Condecorados con la Cruz de Caballero de la Cruz de Hierro de la Kriegsmarine
Caballeros de segunda clase de la Orden del León de Zähringen
Nacidos en Estrasburgo
Suicidas de Alemania
Fallecidos en Flensburgo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Mana Ionescu is the president of the Chicago digital marketing agency Lightspan Digital. She explains how we can use digital storytelling and a few social media best practices to promote a HelpHOPELive campaign.
"I've always been interested in how people get their information, and particularly how we interpret what we see and hear in the media. I studied the subject in grad school. My fascination with how we create and share stories led me to marketing. With the rise of online communication, digital storytelling took the lead as one of the most powerful marketing strategies.
Social sharing can be an effective way to market your cause. But first things first, you need to decide if you're ready to share your Facebook page (and your cause) with some of the people you may not already have connected with on the platform. If you are comfortable with the crossover between your personal life and your cause, sync your Facebook account with your email address book and invite people you know to connect.
The best way to grow a following is to first follow other people. A certain percentage of those will always follow you back. Over time, you can unfollow those who aren't receptive.
What you're looking for is a strategy and a plan. Just posting on Facebook may not be your first and only solution for outreach. If you think narrowly like that, you're limiting yourself and your possibilities and the odds are that you're not going to get the most out of marketing.
Do you have an engagement roadmap, or are you lost in the woods?
We get sucked into time-consuming discussions about vague concepts and buzzwords. "Engagement" is one of those. Recently, the term "content curation" is taking over. You have to dig deeper than that to get results from social sharing. There is no simple formula. There's a lot of wasteful outreach out there, marketing that is not done with purpose.
Just posting on Facebook won't get you extra support. You need to engage your donor base to share your messages with their friends. Use social media as a catalyst for your existing fans to get your messages out.
What kind of posts do your followers respond to most?
Craft different stories around the call for donations, and play with the calls to action. For example, "Donate" is the most commonly used call to action. But A/B tests show that "Give" may actually be more effective language. You can also use terms like "Contribute" or "Participate" or "Join Me" to ask for donations. Vary your calls to action for best results.
I've known a person who, for years, posted negative things about her employers to her personal Facebook account. One day in a meeting, a business owner shared that "negative Nellie" applied for a job with the company but she was passed over because of her history of negative posts.
Remember that you are under the microscope. Whether you like it or not, you are now a representative of your cause, even when you are "off the clock." Do not post mean-spirited posts from your personal account. Keep it clean.
Storytelling is about sharing experiences, and that's how people come together: through shared experiences that elicit emotions. You have to communicate, communicate, communicate. Share your stories AND the stories of others who support you. Make it all about people. Figure out how to motivate your supporters to bring in more supporters, whether it's through a creative contest or an emotional tug.
Mana is the president of Lightspan Digital, a Chicago digital marketing agency. Connect with her on Twitter and on LinkedIn.


text:
Q: How to retrieve the routing tables in JSON format (linux)? The ip command is able to return some of its results in JSON format, but it seems to be unable to format the routing table(s).

Here are some examples of what I mean.

List of all addresses: ip --json address show
[{ ... },{
    "ifindex": 2,
    "ifname": "eth0",
    "flags": ["BROADCAST","MULTICAST","UP","LOWER_UP"],
    "mtu": 1500,
    "qdisc": "fq_codel",
    "master": "lan0",
    "operstate": "UP",
    "group": "default",
    "txqlen": 1000,
    "link_type": "ether",
    "address": "44:89:3f:e9:a8:08",
    "broadcast": "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff",
    "addr_info": []
},{ ... }]

Interface list: ip --json link show
[{ ... },{
    "ifindex": 2,
    "ifname": "eth0",
    "flags": ["BROADCAST","MULTICAST","UP","LOWER_UP"],
    "mtu": 1500,
    "qdisc": "fq_codel",
    "master": "lan0",
    "operstate": "UP",
    "linkmode": "DEFAULT",
    "group": "default",
    "txqlen": 1000,
    "link_type": "ether",
    "address": "44:89:3f:e9:a8:08",
    "broadcast": "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff"
},{ ... }]

I was expecting to retrieve the route list in JSON as well, but I could only retrieve its plaintext version:
Route list: ip --json route list (it's still in plaintext)
1.1.1.2 via 192.168.255.11 dev lan0 table hopper src 192.168.254.1 metric 10
default via 10.19.1.4 dev wg0 metric 5
default via 192.168.255.11 dev lan0 metric 6
10.19.1.0/24 dev wg0 scope link
124.214.110.113 via 192.168.255.11 dev lan0 metric 4
172.17.0.0/16 dev docker0 proto kernel scope link src 172.17.0.1 linkdown
172.18.0.0/16 dev br-fea43fdf31f1 proto kernel scope link src 172.18.0.1
172.19.0.0/16 dev br-6f9e681d15b0 proto kernel scope link src 172.19.0.1 linkdown
192.168.0.0/16 dev lan0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.254.1
192.168.1.0/24 dev wan0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.9
192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.255.11 dev lan0 metric 3
broadcast 127.0.0.0 dev lo table local proto kernel scope link src 127.0.0.1
local 127.0.0.1 dev lo table local proto kernel scope host src 127.0.0.1
multicast 239.255.255.250/32 from 192.168.1.109/32 table default proto 17 unresolved

Since I couldn't find a solution anywhere, I'll answer my own question and leave here what I did.
Who knows, maybe someday I'll need it again, or maybe someone else will be having the same problem! :-)

A: So, here's what I did.
I used the command jq to parse the result of ip route list table all using a regex, transforming the output to JSON.
Feel free to play around with jq, and click here to use an online sandbox already loaded with this solution.
This is the complete command:
ip route list table all | jq --raw-input --slurp 'split("\n") | map(capture("^(?:(?<broadcast>broadcast) ?)?(?:(?<local>local) ?)?(?:(?<multicast>multicast) ?)?(?: ?(?<network>.*?) )(?:from (?<from>\\S+) ?)?(?:via (?<via>\\S+) ?)?(?:dev (?<dev>\\S+) ?)?(?:table (?<table>\\S+) ?)?(?:proto (?<proto>\\S+) ?)?(?:scope (?<scope>\\S+) ?)?(?:src (?<src>\\S+) ?)?(?:metric (?<metric>\\d+) ?)?(?<linkdown>linkdown)?(?<unresolved>unresolved)?"; "g"))'

And this is the output:
[
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "1.1.1.2",
    "from": null,
    "via": "192.168.255.11",
    "dev": "lan0",
    "table": "hopper",
    "proto": null,
    "scope": null,
    "src": "192.168.254.1",
    "metric": "10",
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "default",
    "from": null,
    "via": "10.19.1.4",
    "dev": "wg0",
    "table": null,
    "proto": null,
    "scope": null,
    "src": null,
    "metric": "5",
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "default",
    "from": null,
    "via": "192.168.255.11",
    "dev": "lan0",
    "table": null,
    "proto": null,
    "scope": null,
    "src": null,
    "metric": "6",
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "10.19.1.0/24",
    "from": null,
    "via": null,
    "dev": "wg0",
    "table": null,
    "proto": null,
    "scope": "link",
    "src": null,
    "metric": null,
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "124.214.110.113",
    "from": null,
    "via": "192.168.255.11",
    "dev": "lan0",
    "table": null,
    "proto": null,
    "scope": null,
    "src": null,
    "metric": "4",
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "172.17.0.0/16",
    "from": null,
    "via": null,
    "dev": "docker0",
    "table": null,
    "proto": "kernel",
    "scope": "link",
    "src": "172.17.0.1",
    "metric": null,
    "linkdown": "linkdown",
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "172.18.0.0/16",
    "from": null,
    "via": null,
    "dev": "br-fea43fdf31f1",
    "table": null,
    "proto": "kernel",
    "scope": "link",
    "src": "172.18.0.1",
    "metric": null,
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "172.19.0.0/16",
    "from": null,
    "via": null,
    "dev": "br-6f9e681d15b0",
    "table": null,
    "proto": "kernel",
    "scope": "link",
    "src": "172.19.0.1",
    "metric": null,
    "linkdown": "linkdown",
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "192.168.0.0/16",
    "from": null,
    "via": null,
    "dev": "lan0",
    "table": null,
    "proto": "kernel",
    "scope": "link",
    "src": "192.168.254.1",
    "metric": null,
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "192.168.1.0/24",
    "from": null,
    "via": null,
    "dev": "wan0",
    "table": null,
    "proto": "kernel",
    "scope": "link",
    "src": "192.168.1.9",
    "metric": null,
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "192.168.1.0/24",
    "from": null,
    "via": "192.168.255.11",
    "dev": "lan0",
    "table": null,
    "proto": null,
    "scope": null,
    "src": null,
    "metric": "3",
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": "broadcast",
    "local": null,
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "127.0.0.0",
    "from": null,
    "via": null,
    "dev": "lo",
    "table": "local",
    "proto": "kernel",
    "scope": "link",
    "src": "127.0.0.1",
    "metric": null,
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": "local",
    "multicast": null,
    "network": "127.0.0.1",
    "from": null,
    "via": null,
    "dev": "lo",
    "table": "local",
    "proto": "kernel",
    "scope": "host",
    "src": "127.0.0.1",
    "metric": null,
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": null
  },
  {
    "broadcast": null,
    "local": null,
    "multicast": "multicast",
    "network": "239.255.255.250/32",
    "from": "192.168.1.109/32",
    "via": null,
    "dev": null,
    "table": "default",
    "proto": "17",
    "scope": null,
    "src": null,
    "metric": null,
    "linkdown": null,
    "unresolved": "unresolved"
  }
]

That's already enough for what I needed but, if you have some time to spare, there's still room for improvement: all the null values could be removed, the "metric" values could be transformed to numbers, and "broadcast", "local", "multicast", "linkdown" and "unresolved" could be booleans.

A: I wrote a cli tool called jc that will convert netstat -r and route command output to JSON.
$ jc netstat -rn | jq
[
  {
    "destination": "0.0.0.0",
    "gateway": "192.168.71.2",
    "genmask": "0.0.0.0",
    "route_flags": "UG",
    "mss": 0,
    "window": 0,
    "irtt": 0,
    "iface": "ens33",
    "kind": "route",
    "route_flags_pretty": [
      "UP",
      "GATEWAY"
    ]
  },
  {
    "destination": "172.17.0.0",
    "gateway": "0.0.0.0",
    "genmask": "255.255.0.0",
    "route_flags": "U",
    "mss": 0,
    "window": 0,
    "irtt": 0,
    "iface": "docker0",
    "kind": "route",
    "route_flags_pretty": [
      "UP"
    ]
  },
  {
    "destination": "192.168.71.0",
    "gateway": "0.0.0.0",
    "genmask": "255.255.255.0",
    "route_flags": "U",
    "mss": 0,
    "window": 0,
    "irtt": 0,
    "iface": "ens33",
    "kind": "route",
    "route_flags_pretty": [
      "UP"
    ]
  }
]

$ jc route | jq
[
  {
    "destination": "default",
    "gateway": "gateway",
    "genmask": "0.0.0.0",
    "flags": "UG",
    "metric": 100,
    "ref": 0,
    "use": 0,
    "iface": "ens33",
    "flags_pretty": [
      "UP",
      "GATEWAY"
    ]
  },
  {
    "destination": "172.17.0.0",
    "gateway": "0.0.0.0",
    "genmask": "255.255.0.0",
    "flags": "U",
    "metric": 0,
    "ref": 0,
    "use": 0,
    "iface": "docker0",
    "flags_pretty": [
      "UP"
    ]
  },
  {
    "destination": "192.168.71.0",
    "gateway": "0.0.0.0",
    "genmask": "255.255.255.0",
    "flags": "U",
    "metric": 100,
    "ref": 0,
    "use": 0,
    "iface": "ens33",
    "flags_pretty": [
      "UP"
    ]
  }
]

Dozens of other commands are supported as well.
https://github.com/kellyjonbrazil/jc

A: By default, the iproute2 utility supports --json option like
ip --json address show
ip --json link show

etc..

It lists all the configuration/statistics in JSON format.
But in some cases like route, it lists only the particular route table.
To list all the tables you can explicitly use the command:
ip --json route show table all

you can also get the particular table using their names like:
ip --json route show table default

[I dont know whether you already got the answer or not, If not I hope this would be helpful for you... Bye :) ]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Looking for a great day out? Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria offers a range fun, informative and affordable tours and activities specially designed for groups.
We can also bring the Melbourne Gardens to you! Beyond the Gardens allows you to invite a knowledgeable Voluntary Guide from the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria to visit your venue and take you on a virtual journey down the paths of the Melbourne Gardens! This engaging presentation inspires both home gardeners and anyone interested in the past and present of the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria.


text:
Home>>World >> Americas
U.S. reaffirms commitment on Afghanistan's security, reconstruction
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (R) and visiting Afghan President Hamid Karzai meet journalists before their bilateral meeting at the State Department in Washington D.C., capital of the United States, May 11, 2010. (Xinhua/Zhang Jun)
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton on Tuesday reaffirmed her country's commitment to Afghanistan's security and reconstruction, saying the United States would not "abandon" the Afghan people.
"Let me be clear. As we look toward a responsible, orderly transition in the international combat mission in Afghanistan, we will not abandon the Afghan people," Clinton told a U.S.-Afghanistan bilateral discussion.
"Our civilian commitment will remain long into the future," said Clinton before Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai and senior diplomatic, defense, military and intelligence officials from both sides.
Karzai labeled the bilateral discussion as a sign of "mature and steady" relationship, adding that Afghanistan would continue building institutions to preserve progress and to walk towards the future with steady, strong steps.
Karzai, who is paying a four-day visit to the United States, is scheduled to meet President Barack Obama at the White House on Wednesday.
Senior administration officials described Karzai's visit as an opportunity to evaluate the broad strategic partnership between the two countries with a focus on shared security, governance and development.
After months of review, the Obama administration renewed its strategy for Afghanistan last December by sending 30,000 additional troops to the country in a decisive war against al-Qaida network and extremists.
The U.S. army forces stationed in Afghanistan would surge to about 100,000 troops.
Obama also urged the Karzai-led government to combat corruption and take good governance in order that a transfer of responsibility could be promoted and that the United States could begin to withdraw its troops from July 2011.
(Editor:intern1)
On Sept. 26, a resident passes by a flower terrace decorated for the coming National Day. (Xinhua/Hang Xingwei)
The photo, taken on Sept. 26, shows the SWAT team ready for the joint exercise. (Xinhua/Wangkai)
Two metro trains in Shanghai collided Tuesday afternoon, and an identified number of passengers were injured in the accident, the Shanghai-based eastday.com reported. Equipment failures were believed to have caused the crash on the Line 10 subway, Xinhua quoted local subway operator as saying.
An employee at a gold store in Yiwu, located in east China's Zhejiang province, shows gold jewelry on Monday.(Xinhua/Zhang Jiancheng)
Tourists ride camels near China's largest desert lake Hongjiannao in Yulin, north China's Shaanx Province, Sept. 24, 2011. Hongjiannao is shrinking as a result of climate change and human activities, and may vanish in a few decades. Its lake area, which measured more than 6,700 hectares in 1996, has shrunk to 4,180 hectares. Its water level is declining by 20-30 centimeters annually and its water PH value has risen to 9.0-9.42 from 7.4-7.8. (Xinhua/Liu Yu)
Actors perform royal dance at the Gyeongbok Palace in Seoul, Sept. 27, 2011. A ceremony commemorating the 38th South Korea Sightseeing Day was held in Gyeongbok Palace on Tuesday. (Xinhua/He Lulu)
http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6981610.pdf


Whatever a vessel's size, be it a small to medium bulk carrier or a Panamax tanker, WSS has a range of mobile high pressure cleaners to suit every job. Our professional vacuum cleaners, heavy duty cargo hold cleaning kits, mucking pumps and cleaning jets are available alongside a wide range of spare parts and accessories. All WSS cleaning equipment, parts and accessories are compliant with local regulations and meet international standards. They are supported by our global network and 24/7 service technicians.


Limited Edition of 250 Boxsets.
The book is 37,5 x 27,5cm and has a hardback cover covered with dark grey cloth. 60 pages all printed in black and white. The title is embossed in black on the cover. The endpapers are orange. The boxset comes in a kraft cardboard box with lid, and screen-printed image on the top of the lid.
The size of the box is 39,5 x 29,5 x 4,5cm.
A limited edition handmade screen print of the letter O's drawing by Jake and Dinos Chapman, made for the book, is included, signed by the artists on the front, numbered at the back and inserted in tracing clear, acid-free envelopes. The size of the print is 32x22cm. Printed at Transcoda Studios.


Dyslexia, also known as a reading disorder, is a condition in which a person displays reading difficulties. The underlying mechanisms of dyslexia are problems within the brain's language processing. Dyslexia is the most common reading disability that affects 3–7% of the population, yet, even up to 20% may have some degree of Dyslexia symptoms.
Through the use of compensation strategies, therapy and educational support, dyslexic individuals can learn to read and write. There are techniques and technical aids which help to manage or mitigate disorder symptoms. You can find some evidence that the use of specially-tailored fonts may help to deal with dyslexia.
Around January of last year, we started talking with Omolab, a visual communications studio that gathers different experts and companies, with the goal of creating communication tools. One tool they created with the help of typographers is Omotype, a font designed to help those affected by dyslexia.
Their initial idea was to create an app with all the basic features of a book reader. Such as supporting a lot of different document formats, changing the font type and size, background colour, the space between letters, etc.
The key feature we needed to integrate into the app was the option to separate words into syllables. So we started the R&D phase by searching for some kind of algorithm or a ruleset for separating the words.
Luckily after a month or two, we found a research paper named: "The automatic syllable separating process based on the principle of the highest access and the statistics of Croatian language syllables". The authors were Ana Meštrović and Sanda Martinčić-Ipšić from the Department of Computer Science of the University of Rijeka and Mihaela Matešić from the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Rijeka.
This paper covered all the rules and exceptions we needed for our algorithm and we were able to integrate it into our reader, giving users two colour contrast options for the separation. Along with separating syllables, we wanted to implement a moving line, acting as a finger or pen, marking the read text and adjusting the reading speed.
Research on reading disorders has also shown that some people have issues mixing up letters p and b. So, we added a "mirrored letters" option in which the users can decide between 4 combinations of highlighting the edge of the "belly" of the letter or putting a dot in the "belly".
Users currently have the option of importing books/files from their local storage/cloud into the app. You can also download books from the free online service provided by the Ministry of Education. The online service provides more than 200 books, mostly consisting of elementary and high school book assignments.
Registering and logging into the app is not required, however, users have the option of registering. All you need to leave is just the basic information and information about their reading disorder (if they have one). In return, they have the permission of using the .epub converter, which converts a wide variety of formats to .epub and the OCR (Optical Character Recognition). It scans any block of text and imports it into the Notes folder inside the app. We added these two features to the app so that users with reading disorders could import or scan everyday documents, newspapers, etc.
As well as gathering basic information about registered, the app also gathers information about the font types, sizes, weights, background colour, etc. It gives us the option to analyze which are the most commonly used preferences. We look at the development of the OmoReader app as a continuous process and we will constantly improve user experience in the app, so we could get the most optimised version of the product at the end.
At first, the app supported all available eBook formats, ePub, PDF, mobi, RTF, doc, docx, txt, etc. Given the fact that developing all of the features for all of these formats would greatly prolong the development of the app, we decided to focus on ePubs, the most common eBook format, supporting the other formats with an in-app conversion feature.
One of the most important features of the app, separating the syllables, was also one of the toughest problems to crack. In the beginning, the algorithm seemed to be an easy issue to solve (the first thought was just separating syllables at the vowel) but in the end, it turned out to be a lot harder. While researching, we realised we can't define the rules for writing the algorithm by ourselves.
If you ask someone to disassemble a word into syllables, most people will answer correctly, but if you ask them what methods and rules they used, they probably wouldn't know. Our task was to research all grammatical rules and figure out a way to implement them inside the app. Those are the kinds of questions you can't just Google, but somehow we found the above-mentioned science paper, that was a perfect fit to solve most of our problems.
We needed to create an algorithm that can modify the HTML structure in books, so we could enable the colouring of syllables and marking mirrored letters. But still, we had to do it without ruining the design of the book and making it efficient and fast.
Another feature we had problems implementing was the grey line which enables users to follow the text while reading. It helps them focus on the text. The line needed to have multiple reading speeds, so we had to give a lot of attention to calculating the duration of the line for each word. The reason was to secure that the line wouldn't move too fast or too slow over that word.
Developing some of the features that we needed, completely from scratch, would have to take at least a couple of years. Thankfully, we found open source API-s, libraries and services which fit our needs, so we used it in the app. With complex tasks like this, it's always better to use finished solutions, given that they fit your needs. You can modify it to do so, rather than to develop something from scratch. Especially if you're on a fixed budget and deadline.
That's about it, thanks for taking the time to read everything about our Omoreader endeavor.
In case you'd like to see what the fuss is all about, feel free to head over to Google Play or App Store, and find a new way of reading your favourite book titles!


To be fair I'd had an antihistamine as the pollen count is insane, so I'll put it down to that.
It was during Claire's relaxation / meditation at the end, and I deduct 100 points from myself as you are not really supposed to fall asleep (I was fully in a dream!).
The only other time I remember falling asleep in public (aside from at obvious places like airports) was at the church I used to belong to.
Interestingly there is a lot in common with meditation and praying… and actually hypnosis – but we'll address that one another time.
Taking God, Bhuddha or the Universe out of the equation – the states of praying and meditation are physiologically in a very similar neurological ballpark.
Several studies have shown that those who pray regularly, especially as members of a church have lower rates of heart disease, Cancer and lower blood pressure.
Their viral load is lower. This is seen to be due to lower stress levels.
With meditation, similar benefits are reported, with a measurable decrease in the stress hormone cortisol, reducing inflammation and lengthening of telomeres.
It literally slows down the aging process of our cells.
So which wins: Meditation or Prayer?
But were there to be any extra time or a penalty shoot-out – Mindfulness Meditation just scores the decider with all of the above PLUS its positive effects on depression – marginally better all round than anti-depressants.
Straighten your upper body—but don't stiffen. Your spine has natural curve. Let it be there.
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Apr 29, 2018· mining equipment exhibition 28 offers 91 event management equipment products. About 30% of these are truss display, 28% are led stage lights, and 8% are other trade show equipment. A wide variety of event . mining equipment · tents · lamps led lights.
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An excellent organization of mining equipment exhibition in india. The scale could be increased in next exhibition. Wish you all the best. Mr D.N. Prasad, Adviser,Ministry of Coal, Government of India. IMME is getting better every year. A very good show and the business foot falls are very impressive.
GMME-2019 is a 4 days event being held from 21st Feb to 24th Feb 2019 at the University Sports Stadium, Udaipur (Rajasthan).This event will show case all kind of machinery belongs to consumer of construction & mining machinery with the all type of mineral also.
bauma CONEXPO AFRICA, the International Trade Fair for construction machinery, building material machines, mining machines and construction vehicles provides the construction and mining industry in Africa with a professional platform for networking, investment and the exchange of ideas and information.
International Mining & Machinery Exhibition is a 4 day event being held from 31st Oct to the 3rd November 2018 at the New Town Eco Park in Kolkata, India.This event showcases products like Demand for minerals, as well as for mining services, is robust in the country etc. in the Minerals, Metals & Ores, Plant, Machinery & Equipment industries.
Jan 18, 2016· International Mining and Machinery Exhibition is a 4 day event being held from 31st Oct to the 3rd November 2018 at the New Town Eco Park in Kolkata, India. MiningWorld Central Asia About the Exhibition.
Exhibition calender with current Mining and Exploration Trade Fairs from 03.10.2018. Mining and Exploration Trade Fairs worldwide by country. Reset to default. Hotel search. Fair search. 03. - 06. ... International Mining and Machinery Exhibition professional visitors and general public . Eco Tourism Park Kolkata, India. 01. - 03.
The latest technology and machinery in mineral extraction, earthmoving, safety equipment and much more, are presented here. The exhibition provides a common platform for both local and international exhibitors, professionals, buyers and delegates who share a common outlook in the industry.
Upcoming Mining Equipment & Machinery Trade Exhibitions in Africa : CALENDAR 04th Minexpo Africa Tanzania is the region's showcase of the latest technology in the mining & processing of minerals, earthmoving, safety equipment and much more.
CIEC Expo 2012 the 8th China Beijing International Expo on Coal Mining Equipment & Technology and 2012 the 3rd China Beijing International Expo on Coal Chemical Industry will be hosted in the same time. Venue: Beijing China International Exhibition Center (CIEC), Beijing, China.


Unique fully furnished 2 bedroom, 2 bathroom luxury design apartment, with 2 parking spots for cars and indoor boathouse as well as a deck and a balcony.
Starting from the lowest level we go up, there are no up- or downstairs neighbors for this gorgeous apartment with 4 levels.
One can enter this apartment with a boat of up to around 9 meters in length in its own close-able boathouse entering from the Kostverloren Vaart. There is already plenty of storage space (extra freezer and fridge) here as well as a toilet half a floor up.
Half a floor up one can also enter the apartment from the secure car parking where you can fit two cars. From here one enters the kitchen in the back (waterside) which forms one massive living space with the lounge in the front where the regular entrance and the communal gardens are (ground floor).
The kitchen is fully equipped with all modern amenities, such as dishwasher, oven, microwave, quooker, coffeemaker, fridge, freezer. Easily accessible from here is a balcony facing West and the Kostverloren Vaart in the back.
The living room has a modern sound system as well as a widescreen smart TV mounted on a lift so it disappears out of sight in the cabinet when not used.
One floor up on the first floor we find the bedroom on the waterside, with a large Jack and Jill bathroom with double showers, double sinks and a toilet. On the other side of the bathroom is a large room with clothing cabinets, basically a very large walk in cabinet.
Another floor up on the second floor is a large guest bedroom with its own private bathroom en suite with toilet, sink and shower. The sofa here is a sleeping sofa. In the front of this floor there is a large washing room with both washer and dryer as well as access to the roof deck facing east.
In short this apartment is immaculate and turn key ready, with its modern insulation it wont get hot in summer, nor cold in winter as there is floor heating throughout the property.
In addition to all the space mentioned above there is also a separate storage box in the building that can be used, around 8 or 9 m2.
When applying for this property please add a small profile and make note of the fact that initially the property will not be offered for contracts longer than 24 months.
Gorgeous and bright upholstered or furnished 2 bedroom apartment overlooking three canals in an amazing historic canal house. The apartment has a modern kitchen and bathroom and even boasts a 10 m2 storage in the basement of the house.
Via the communal entrance you reach the apartment on the third floor. On the landing there is ample space for jackets and shoes, as the apartment is the only one on the top two floors.
At the rear of the apartment is a small bedroom/office and a modern bathroom adjacent to it. The bathroom is equipped with a rain shower, washbasin, toilet and design-radiator.
Centrally situated in the apartment is an open plan kitchen, equipped with a dishwasher, oven, microwave, electric hob with extractor and a washing machine.
The living is situated at the front and is extremely bright thanks to the 3 large windows and the French balcony. From here you can enjoy a unique view of the three canals; Herengracht, Blauwburgwal and Singel.
The top floor can be reached through a fixed staircase in the living. This floor features the master bedroom and a spacious (storage)room. Roof windows (Velux) add plenty of daylight. Besides the fact that this room can ideally function as a bedroom, the room can also be used as a living, study or guest room. Both bedrooms are situated at the quiet rear part of the building.
Amazingly light and fully furnished apartment in the Jordaan, 5 windows wide and a roof deck facing south.
The apartment is only 1 flight up on the first floor. One enters into the spacious living room that has 5 large windows in a row facing the street. Leading off the living there is a bedroom, the kitchen and also a cabinet with washer and dryer as well as a fireplace.
The bedroom is nice and spacious and located away from the little street noise there is. Next to the bedroom is the kitchen and the adjoining bathroom with sink, shower and toilet.
From the kitchen one has access to the roof deck that faces south.
Gorgeous canal side 90 m2 apartment with 1 bedroom, open plan kitchen with all modern amenities, separate toilet, bath tub, walk in shower and fully furnished. Located in the nine streets area, you will find this a quiet location, yet close to any and all locations in Amsterdam. Can be delivered upholstered (without furniture) on request.
On second floor of this historic warehouse you will find this large 90 m2 apartment covering the entire floor. On the front you have awesome views of Singel and on the side of the house is the famous Beulingsloot.
One enters the apartment in between the open plan kitchen and the living/lounge area in the front of the building. Beautiful hardwood beams are in plain view here. To the side there is a separate toilet.
On the Singel side of the apartment there is a separate space with a desk and three windows overlooking the canal.
In the back is a very large bedroom with a lot of cabinet space and an open bathroom with large bath tub, walk in shower and vanity sink.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The study of different processes realized by and with quantum
systems is of great importance for many problems, from the well
established quantum measurements [1] to the currently developing
fields of quantum information processing and quantum computation
[2-7]. In all these cases, one considers procedures accomplished
by an external observer over a {\it passive} quantum system. The
principal question we address in the present paper is whether a
quantum system could be {\it active}, and take decisions in a way
similar to decision making performed by human beings. That is,
could a quantum system think, as humans do? Answering this question
is vital for understanding whether a quantum artificial intelligence
could be created.

It is necessary to stress that the description of human
thinking processes we have in mind does not refer to the
physiological mechanisms occurring in the brain, but rather concerns
the general mathematical scheme that may be developed for
formalizing such processes. Anticipating on our main theme, if
the human thinking process could be formalized by a quantum
mechanics based approach, it would then be straightforward to
attempt realizing a scheme of such a process by using a suitable
quantum system.

In order to answer the above question, it is necessary,
first of all, to assess whether it is possible to describe the
process of human thinking in terms of the quantum mechanical
language. Actually, Bohr [8] conjectured that the processes
involved in human thinking are similar to quantum operations,
and hence could be described by the language of quantum theory.
This is in contrast with the standard way of characterizing
the process of human thinking, which is well formalized by
classical decision theory, whose mathematical foundation is
due to von Neumann and Morgenstern [9]. This classical approach
explains the process of human decision making as being based on
the evaluation of expected utility. Despite its normative appeal,
the classical expected utility theory is confronted with a number
of paradoxes, when compared with decision making of real
human beings [10].

If we were to follow the Bohr's idea [8] that the human
thinking processes can be described by means of quantum theory,
we should stress that this possibility does not require
the assumption that humans are some quantum systems. Instead,
it holds that the process of human thinking can be mathematically
formalized in the language of quantum theory, similarly to the
process of quantum measurement  [11]. To make our point clear,
consider the analogous situation presented by the theory of
differential equations, which was initially developed for
describing the motion of planets. The theory of differential
equations is now employed everywhere, being just an efficient
mathematical tool. In the same way, we explore here the possibility
that quantum theory may provide a convenient framework for the
mathematical description of thinking processes.

The aim of the present paper is twofold. First, we give a general
mathematical scheme of how decision making can be described in the
language of quantum theory. The scheme is general in the sense that
it can be equally applied to human decision makers and to
active quantum systems imitating the process of taking decisions.
Second, we suggest the principal architecture for such
thinking quantum systems and discuss how it could be realized by real
physical systems, such as ensembles of spins, atoms, molecules,
or quantum dots.

\section{Mathematical Scheme}

To be precise, we first formulate the mathematical scheme
characterizing the process of decision making in the
language of quantum theory.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 1. Action ring}

The process of taking decisions implies that one is deliberating
between several admissible actions with different outcomes,
in order to decide which of the intended actions to choose.
Therefore, the first element arising in decision theory is an
{\it intended action} $A$. The set of these admissible intended
actions can be enumerated with an index $i = 1,2,..., N$, where
the total number $N$ of actions can be finite or infinite. The
whole family of all these actions forms  the {\it action set}
\begin{equation}
\label{1}
{\cal A} \equiv \{ A_i : \; i=1,2,\ldots , N \} \; .
\end{equation}
The elements of this set are assumed to be endowed with two binary
operations, addition and multiplication, so that, if $A$ and
$B$ pertain to ${\cal A}$, then $AB$ and $A+B$ also pertain
to ${\cal A}$. The addition is associative, such that
$A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C$, and reversible, in the sense that $A+B=C$
implies $A = C-B$. The multiplication is distributive,
$A(B+C)=AB+BC$, and idempotent, $AA = A$. The latter means that
an intended action, being thought of twice, is the same action.
The multiplication is not necessarily commutative, so that,
generally, $AB$ is not the same as $BA$. Among the elements
of the action set (\ref{1}), there is an identical action $1$,
for which $A1 = 1A = A$. And there exists an impossible action $0$,
for which $A0 = 0A = 0$. Two actions are called disjoint, when
there joint action is impossible, giving $AB = BA = 0$. The action
set (\ref{1}), with the described structure, is termed the
{\it action ring}.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 2. Action modes}

\vskip 2mm
An action is simple, when it cannot be decomposed into the
sum of other actions. An action is composite, when it can be
represented as a sum of several other actions. If an action is
represented as a sum
\begin{equation}
\label{2}
A_i = \bigcup_{\mu=1}^{M_i} A_{i\mu}   \; ,
\end{equation}
whose terms are mutually incompatible, then these terms are
named the {\it action modes}. The modes correspond to different
possible ways of realizing an action.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 3. Elementary prospects}

\vskip 2mm
Generally, decision taking is not necessarily associated with
a choice of just one action among several simple given actions,
but it involves a choice between several complex actions. The
simplest such complex action is defined as follows. Let the
multi-index $n = \{\nu_1, \nu_2,...,\nu_N\}$ be a set of
indices enumerating several chosen modes, under the condition
that each action is represented by one of its modes. The
{\it elementary prospect} is the conjunction
\begin{equation}
\label{3}
e_n \equiv \bigcap_{i=1}^N A_{i\nu_i}   \; ,
\end{equation}
of the chosen modes, one for each of the actions from the action
ring (\ref{1}). The total set of all elementary prospects will
be denoted as $\{e_n\}$.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 4. Composite prospects}

\vskip 2mm
A prospect is composite, when it cannot be represented as an
elementary prospect (\ref{3}). Generally, a composite prospect
is a conjunction
\begin{equation}
\label{4}
\pi_j = \bigcap_n A_{j_n}
\end{equation}
of several composite actions of form (\ref{2}), where each of
the factors $A_{j_n}$ pertains to the action ring (\ref{1}).

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 5. Prospect lattice}

\vskip 2mm
All possible prospects, among which one needs to make a choice,
form a set
\begin{equation}
\label{5}
{\cal L} = \{ \pi_j : \; j=1,2,\ldots,N_L \} \; .
\end{equation}
The set is assumed to be equipped with the binary relations
$ >, <, =, \geq, \leq$, so that each two prospects $\pi_i$ and
$\pi_j$ in $\cal L$ are related as either  $\pi_i>\pi_j$, or
$\pi_i=\pi_j$, or $\pi_i\geq\pi_j$, or $\pi_i< \pi_j$, or
$\pi_i\leq \pi_j$. For a while, it is sufficient to assume that
such an ordering exists. Then, the ordered set (\ref{5}) is called
a {\it lattice}. The explicit ordering procedure associated with
decision making will be given below.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 6. Mode space}

\vskip 2mm
To each action mode $A_{i\mu}$, there corresponds the {\it mode
state} $|A_{i\mu}\rangle$, which is a complex function ${\cal A}\rightarrow{\cal C}$,
and its Hermitian conjugate $\langle A_{i\mu}|$. Here we employ the
Dirac notation [12]. We assume that a scalar product is defined,
such that the mode states, pertaining to the same action, are
orthonormalized:
\begin{equation}
\label{6}
\langle A_{i\mu} | A_{i\nu} \rangle = \delta_{\mu\nu} \; .
\end{equation}
The {\it mode space} is the closed linear envelope
\begin{equation}
\label{7}
{\cal M}_i \equiv {\rm Span} \{ | A_{i\mu}\rangle : \;
\mu = 1,2, \ldots, M_i\} \; ,
\end{equation}
spanning all mode states. By this definition, the mode space,
corresponding to an $i$-action $A_i$, is a Hilbert space of
dimensionality $M_i$.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 7. Mind space}

\vskip 3mm
To each elementary prospect $e_n$ there corresponds the {\it basic
state} $|e_n\rangle$, which is a complex function ${\cal A}^N\rightarrow{\cal C}$, and
its Hermitian conjugate $\langle e_n|$. The structure of a basic state
is
\begin{equation}
\label{8}
| e_n\rangle \equiv | A_{1\nu_1} A_{2\nu_2} \ldots
A_{N\nu_N} \rangle = \bigotimes_{i=1}^N | A_{i\nu_i}\rangle  \; .
\end{equation}
The scalar product is assumed to be defined, such that the basic
states are orthonormalized:
\begin{equation}
\label{9}
\langle e_m | e_n \rangle = \prod_{i=1}^N \delta_{\mu_i\nu_i}
\equiv \delta_{mn} \; .
\end{equation}
The {\it mind space} is the closed linear envelope
\begin{equation}
\label{10}
{\cal M} \equiv {\rm Span} \{ | e_n\rangle \} =
\bigotimes_{i=1}^N {\cal M}_i \;  ,
\end{equation}
spanning all basic states (\ref{8}). Hence, the mind space is a
Hilbert space of dimensionality
$$
{\rm dim} {\cal M} = \prod_{i=1}^N M_i \; .
$$
The vectors of the mind space represent all possible actions and
prospects considered by a decision maker.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 8. Prospect states}

\vskip 2mm
To each prospect $\pi_j$ there corresponds a state $|\pi_j\rangle\in{\cal M}$
that is a member of the mind space (\ref{10}). Hence, the prospect
state can be represented as an expansion over the basic states
\begin{equation}
\label{11}
|\pi_j \rangle = \sum_n \; a_{jn} | e_n \rangle \; .
\end{equation}
The prospect states are not required to be mutually orthogonal and
normalized to one, so that the scalar product
$$
\langle \pi_i | \pi_j \rangle = \sum_n \; a_{in}^* a_{jn}
$$
is not necessarily a Kronecker delta.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 9. Strategic state}

\vskip 2mm
Among the states of the mind space, there exists a special fixed
state $|s\rangle\in{\cal M}$, playing the role of a reference state, which
is termed the {\it strategic state}. This is the state characterizing
the specific decision maker. Being in the mind space (\ref{10}), this
state can be represented as the decomposition
\begin{equation}
\label{12}
| s \rangle = \sum_n c_n | e_n \rangle \; .
\end{equation}
Being a unique state, characterizing each decision maker
like its fingerprints, it can be normalized
to one:
\begin{equation}
\label{13}
\langle s | s \rangle = 1 \; .
\end{equation}
From Eqs. (\ref{12}) and (\ref{13}), it follows that
$$
\sum_n | c_n|^2 = 1   .
$$
The existence of the strategic state, uniquely defining each
particular decision maker, is the principal point distinguishing
the active thinking quantum system from a passive quantum system
subject to measurements from an external observer. For a passive
quantum system, predictions of the outcome of measurements are
performed by summing (averaging) over all possible statistically
equivalent states, which can be referred to as a kind of
``annealed''  situation. In contrast, decisions and observations
associated with a thinking quantum system occur in the presence
of this unique strategic space, which can be thought of as a kind
of fixed ``quenched'' state. As a consequence, the outcomes of the
applications of the quantum mechanical formalism will thus be
different for thinking versus passive quantum systems.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 10. Prospect operators}

\vskip 2mm
Each prospect state $|\pi_j\rangle$, together with its Hermitian
conjugate $\langle\pi_j|$, defines the {\it prospect operator}
\begin{equation}
\label{14}
\hat P(\pi_j) \equiv | \pi_j \rangle \langle \pi_j | \; .
\end{equation}
By this definition, the prospect operator is self-adjoint. The
family of all prospect operators forms the involutive bijective
algebra that is analogous to the algebra of local observables in
quantum theory. Since the prospect states, in general, are neither
mutually orthogonal nor normalized, the squared operator
$$
\hat P^2(\pi_j) = \langle \pi_j | \pi_j \rangle \hat P(\pi_j)
$$
contains the scalar product
$$
 \langle \pi_j | \pi_j \rangle = \sum_n | a_{nj}|^2 \;  ,
$$
which does not equal to one. This tells us that the prospect
operators, generally, are not idempotent, thus, they are not
projection operators. It is only when the prospect is elementary
that the related prospect operator
$$
\hat P(e_n) = | e_n \rangle \langle e_n |
$$
becomes idempotent and is a projection operator. But, in general,
this is not so.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 11. Prospect probabilities}

\vskip 2mm
In quantum theory, the averages over the system state, for
the operators from the algebra of local observables, define the
observable quantities. In the same way, the averages, over the
strategic state, for the prospect operators define the observable
quantities, the {\it prospect probabilities}
\begin{equation}
\label{15}
p(\pi_j) \equiv \langle s | \hat P(\pi_j) | s \rangle  \; .
\end{equation}
These are assumed to be normalized to one:
\begin{equation}
\label{16}
\sum_{j=1}^{N_L}\; p(\pi_j) = 1 \; ,
\end{equation}
where the summation is over all prospects from the prospect lattice
(\ref{5}). By their definition, quantities (\ref{15}) are non-negative,
since Eq. (\ref{15}) reduces to the modulus of the transition
amplitude squared
$$
p(\pi_j) = | \langle \pi_j | s \rangle |^2  \; .
$$
Being normalized as in Eq. (\ref{16}), the set $\{p(\pi_j)\}$ composes
the scalar probability measure.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 12. Utility factor}

\vskip 2mm
The diagonal form
\begin{equation}
\label{17}
p_0(\pi_j) \equiv \sum_n \;
\langle s | \hat P(e_n) \hat P(\pi_j) \hat P(e_n) | s \rangle
\end{equation}
plays the role of the expected utility in classical decision making,
justifying its name as the {\it utility factor}. In order to
be generally defined and to be independent of the chosen units of measurement,
the factor (\ref{17}) can be normalized as
\begin{equation}
\label{18}
\sum_{j=1}^{N_L} \; p_0(\pi_j) = 1 \; .
\end{equation}
The fact that factor (\ref{17}) is really equivalent to the classical
expected utility follows from noticing that
$$
\hat P(e_n) | s \rangle = c_n | s \rangle \; ,
$$
hence Eq. (\ref{17}) acquires the form
$$
p_0(\pi_j) = \sum_n | c_n|^2 \langle e_n | \hat P(\pi_j) | e_n \rangle \; ,
$$
where $<e_n|\hat{P}(\pi_j)|e_n>$ plays the role of a utility function,
weighted with the probability $|c_n|^2$.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 13. Attraction factor}

\vskip 2mm
The nondiagonal term
\begin{equation}
\label{19}
q(\pi_j) \equiv \sum_{m\neq n} \;
\langle s | \hat P(e_m) \hat P(\pi_j) \hat P(e_n) | s \rangle
\end{equation}
arises as a consequence of the quantum interference effect. Its
appearance is typical of quantum mechanics. Such nondiagonal terms
do not occur in classical decision theory. This term can be called
the {\it interference factor}. Interpreting its meaning in decision
making, we can associate its appearance as resulting from the system
deliberation between several alternatives, when deciding which
of the latter is more attractive. Thence, the name ``attraction
factor.'' Using expansion (\ref{12}) in Eq. (\ref{19}) yields
$$
q(\pi_j) \equiv \sum_{m\neq n} c_m^* c_n \langle e_m |
\hat P(\pi_j) | e_n \rangle \; ,
$$
which shows that the interference occurs between different
elementary prospects in the process of considering a composite
prospect $\pi_j$. It is worth stressing that the interference
factor is nonzero only when the prospect $\pi_j$ is composite.
If it were elementary, say $\pi_j=e_k$ then, since
$$
\hat P(e_k) | e_n \rangle = \delta_{nk} | e_n \rangle \; ,
$$
we would have
$$
q(e_k) = \sum_{m\neq n} c_m^* c_n \delta_{mn}
\delta_{nk} = 0 \; ,
$$
and no interference would arise.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 14. Prospect ordering}

\vskip 2mm
In defining the prospect lattice (\ref{5}), we have assumed
that the prospects could be ordered. Now, after introducing
the scalar probability measure, we are in a position to give
an explicit prescription for the prospect ordering. We say that
the prospect $\pi_1$ is {\it preferable} to $\pi_2$
if and only if
\begin{equation}
\label{20}
p(\pi_1) > p(\pi_2) \qquad ( \pi_1 > \pi_2) \;  .
\end{equation}
Two prospects are called indifferent if and only if
\begin{equation}
\label{21}
p(\pi_1) = p(\pi_2) \qquad ( \pi_1 = \pi_2) \; .
\end{equation}
And the prospect $\pi_1$ is preferable or indifferent to $\pi_2$
if and only if
\begin{equation}
\label{22}
p(\pi_1) \geq p(\pi_2) \qquad ( \pi_1 \geq \pi_2) \; .
\end{equation}
These binary relations provide us with an explicit prospect ordering
making the prospect set (\ref{5}) a lattice.

\vskip 3mm
{\it Definition 15. Optimal prospect}

\vskip 2mm
Since all prospects in the lattice are ordered, it is straightforward
to find among them that one enjoying the largest probability. This
defines the {\it optimal prospect} $\pi_*$ for which
\begin{equation}
\label{23}
p(\pi_*) \equiv \sup_j p(\pi_j) \; .
\end{equation}
Finding the optimal prospect is the final goal of the decision-making
process. Since the prospect probabilities are non-negative, it is
possible to find the minimal prospect  in the lattice (\ref{5}) with
the smallest probability. And the largest probability defines the
optimal prospect $\pi_*$. Therefore the prospect set (\ref{5}) is
a complete lattice.

From the above definitions, we get the following theorem.

\vskip 2mm
{\it Theorem}. The prospect probability (\ref{15}) has the form
\begin{equation}
\label{24}
p(\pi_j) = p_0(\pi_j) + q(\pi_j) \;  ,
\end{equation}
in which the attraction factor (\ref{19}) satisfies the {\it
alternation property}
\begin{equation}
\label{25}
\sum_{j=1}^{N_L} \; q(\pi_j) = 0 \;  ,
\end{equation}
where the summation is over the whole lattice $\cal L$.

\vskip 2mm
{\it Proof}. Substituting into definition (\ref{15}) expansion
(\ref{12}) and invoking Eqs. (\ref{17}) and (\ref{19}) gives
expression (\ref{24}). Employing the normalization conditions (\ref{16})
and (\ref{18}) results in the alternation property (\ref{25}).

\vskip 2mm
The above definitions and the theorem constitute the basic
mathematical structure of the Quantum Decision Theory (QDT), which
can be applied to different decision makers, whether these are human
beings or quantum systems.

\section{Physical Scheme}

{\parindent=0pt
{\bf 3.1. General scheme of a thinking quantum machine}

\vskip 3mm

The basic elements of a thinking quantum machine are as follows.
As is evident, no decision maker can be in equilibrium and be
a closed system. Therefore, there should be an external energy
supply supporting the strategic state characterizing the
particular decision maker. The prospect states are also imposed
from outside, representing the information loaded into the system,
about which a decision is to be taken. Measuring the averages of
the prospect operators is equivalent to measuring the averages
of observable quantities. In the present case, the prospect states
are scattered over the strategic state. The measurement procedure
results in the scattering cross-sections that are proportional to
the scattering amplitudes squared. The latter define the prospect
probabilities. The prospect analyzer selects the largest probability,
and in so doing chooses the optimal prospect. The state corresponding
to the optimal prospect is the system output. This summarizes how
the system processes information, imitating the procedure of human
decision making, as shown in Fig. 1.

\vskip 5mm

{\bf 3.2. Physical embodiment of thinking quantum machines}

\vskip 5mm

Let us now suggest different physical quantum systems that could
realize the process of decision making based on the mathematical
theory of Sec. 2 and on the general scheme of the previous subsection
illustrated by Fig. 1. Several physical systems can be used for this
purpose. The main requirement is that the system would be composed of
several parts, enumerated with an index $i = 1,2,...,N$, and that, in
each $i$-part, mode states $|A_{i\mu}\rangle$ could be generated. Such
systems can be realized with real-space lattices or nanostructures.
Below, we discuss several possible physical realizations.

\vskip 3mm
(i) {\it Real-space lattice of  spins}

\vskip 2mm
Such a very convenient system is the real-space lattice of
spins. Then the mode state $|A_{i\mu}\rangle$ is the spin state in
the $i$-lattice site, with the $\mu$-spin projection. The basic
states $|e_n\rangle$ are the lattice spin states forming the basis
for the given lattice. The prospect states $|\pi_j\rangle$ are the
states produced by external fields that play the role of information
provided to the system. The strategic state $|s\rangle$ is a chosen
state supported by means of additional energy supply. Different
nontrivial many-body spin states can be created by applying, for
instance, staggered magnetic fields to a spin lattice [13]. In some
cases [14], the staggered magnetization arises in spin systems by
its own. The spins in a lattice can be of different physical nature
and of different type. Promising candidates could be magnetic
molecules having high spins, hence providing a number of modes
in each lattice site (see details in review articles [15-18]).
The manipulation with magnetic molecules can be realized by
swiping magnetic fields. An ultrafast manipulation with lattice
spins can be done by connecting the sample to a resonator, which
makes it possible to create various regimes of spin motion [17-25].
Magnetic clusters of high spins [26,27] can be used as well. Their
spins can also be manipulated by external magnetic fields, achieving
a fast regulation in the presence of a resonator [17,18,23-25].

\vskip 3mm
(ii) {\it Optical lattices of cold Bose-condensed atoms}

\vskip 2mm
Optical lattices of cold Bose-condensed atoms could be another
physical system allowing one to create various atomic
states [28-33]. When each lattice site contains many condensed
bosons, it is possible [34-36] to realize a resonant generation
of coherent topological modes in each of the lattice sites. Then
the mode state $|A_{i\mu}\rangle$ is a $\mu$-type coherent mode in
the lattice $i$-site. The manipulation of the modes can be
accomplished by means of a magnetic field modulation for atoms
trapped in the lattice sites [34-36] or by modulating the atomic
scattering length by means of Feshbach resonance techniques [37].
The overall setup is similar to that of the spin systems.

\vskip 3mm
(iii) {\it Bosons or fermions in double-well optical lattices}

\vskip 2mm
In the case of double-well optical lattices [38-42], one can use
bosons as well as fermions by creating different insulating states
related to atoms shifted into one or another well of a double well
[43-45], with the index $\mu$ marking the left or right side of
a double well. Then the mode state $|A_{i\mu}\rangle$ corresponds to
the left or right position of an atom in a double well located at
the lattice $i$-site. By varying the parameters of a double well,
different atomic states can be created [43-46].

\vskip 3mm
(iv) {\it Multilevel radiating atoms or molecules inside a
solid-state matrix}

\vskip 2mm
Multilevel radiating atoms or molecules inside a solid-state
matrix can also be used, provided it is feasible to transfer each
of the atoms into the required energy states by applying external
laser beams. The state $|A_{i\mu}\rangle$ is then the state of an
$i$-atom on the $\mu$-level. Atomic interactions through the
common radiation field would result in highly correlated coherent
states of the whole system [47,48]. Multilevel atoms seem to be a
convenient tool for realizing quantum computation and quantum
information processing [49,50].

\vskip 3mm
(v) {\it Nanostructures}

\vskip 2mm
Nanostructures, such as quantum dots, quantum wells, and quantum
wires, possessing discrete energy levels, are known [51-54] to
have properties similar to multilevel atoms, justifying their
name ``artificial atoms". Therefore, the assemblies of such
nano-objects can also be used in the same way as atomic or
molecular systems. Having sizes essentially larger than atoms,
these quantum nanostructures make it easier to regulate the mode
states of each separate object. At the same time, they can interact
with each other forming a common many-body state for the whole
sample [55].
}

\section{Conclusion}

In conclusion, we have described a mathematical approach
characterizing the process of decision making in the language
of quantum theory. We have suggested a general physical scheme
realizing this process by an active quantum system, imitating the
procedure of decision making. Being an active system, it mimics
the process of thinking, because of which such systems can be called
{\it thinking quantum systems}.

We have proposed  several physical substances which could
be used for implementing the desired architecture for a thinking
quantum system that would imitate the process of decision making.
The technicalities for the practical construction of such systems
would, of course, depend on the chosen physical matter. But it
is not our goal to discuss the technical details, which is rather
the privilege of experimentalists.

The developed approach can be used for quantum information processing,
quantum computing, and for creating artificial quantum intelligence.

\vskip 5mm
{\bf Acknowledgements}

\vskip 3mm
We are grateful to E.P. Yukalova for useful discussions. One of
the authors (V.I.Y.) appreciates a grant from the Russian Foundation
for Basic Research.

\newpage

\begin{figure}[h]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=16.5cm]{Fig_think.eps}}
\caption{Principal scheme of a thinking quantum system, imitating
the process of decision making.}
\label{fig:Fig.1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Tobias Khatib
Affiliation Clan Cloud Cobra
Profession/
occupation ilKhan of the Clans
Tobias Khatib (born 28?? - died 2947) was a Khan of Clan Cloud Cobra during the waning years of the Golden Century. He would be elected to the office of ilKhan after arranging the assassination of his predecessor, ilKhan Corian Tchernovkov. This period generally marks the end of the Golden Century, and the beginning of what would come to be called the Political Century.[1][2]
There are no details presently known about the life of Tobias Khatib prior to his election to the office of Khan of the Cloud Cobras. Most obviously, he was a very shrewd warrior and politician with a strong ruthless streak. Rumors that he was part of a larger political conspiracy are not confirmed, though the only reliable source of information is Clan Snow Raven, who have been fair-weather allies of Clan Cloud Cobra since before the time of Tobias Khatib and are equally well-known for their sharp political skills.[2]
Reign of the Sixth ilKhanEdit
With the tragic death of ilKhan Corian Tchernovkov in an apparent freak training accident, the Grand Council would elect Khan Tobias Khatib of the Cloud Cobras to the high office as her replacement, and to carry out the agenda of smoothing relations between the increasingly estranged Clans.[3] Though details regarding his reign are sparse, his agenda is fairly well-documented, becoming increasingly Cloud Cobra-centric as the years progressed. According to Snow Raven sources, Khatib would eventually get careless to the point where he would not even bother to try and hide his advancement of the Cloud Cobras above any considerations for the rest of the Clans - and often at their expense. The situation was untenable, and very soon the wheels of fate would begin to turn.[1][2]
In 2947, during his 12th year as ilKhan of the Clans, the end of the game finally arrived. Clan Snow Raven would bring disturbing evidence before the Grand Council, evidence that clearly displayed ilKhan Tobias Khatib's active involvement in the murder of his predecessor, ilKhan Corian Tchernovkov. Khatib was next impeached and executed for Treason against the Grand Council. But the troubles were only beginning for Clan Cloud Cobra, and for Clan Coyote as well.[1][2]
After the execution of Tobias Khatib, Clan Coyote would wage an all-out multi-world war of revenge against the Cloud Cobras. Lasting for over 20 months, his Clan's forces would be shattered by the end of the campaign. Their Coyote assailants would likewise take a great deal of damage during the assault.[4]
By and large, the Clans had already outgrown the need or desire to be supervised as they carried out their daily agendas. With the passing of the infamous Tobias Khatib, the high office would remain vacated until 3048, when Smoke Jaguar Khan Leo Showers was elected to a revived office of ilKhan in the wake of the Outbound Light incident.[5]
Titles and PositionsEdit
???? Khan of Clan Cloud Cobra
???? - 2935
Corian Tchernovkov ilKhan of the Clans
2935[1] - 2947
Leo Showers
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Era Digest: Golden Century, p. 10 - Early Clan History: A Comparative Timeline, Cont.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Field Manual: Warden Clans, p. 119 - "Clan Snow Raven, Absolute Power (2825 - 2976)"
↑ The Clans: Warriors of Kerensky, p. 54 - Clan ilKhans
↑ Field Manual: Warden Clans, p. 42 - "Righteous Vengeance"
↑ The Clans: Warrior of Kerensky, p. 16 - "Drive to War"
Era Digest: Golden Century
Field Manual: Warden Clans
The Clans: Warriors of Kerensky
Retrieved from "http://m.sarna.net/wiki/index.php?title=Tobias_Khatib&oldid=502692"


Eleri studied German and Philosophy at King's College London, with a year abroad at the Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, followed by a Master's in Translation Studies at UCL. She worked in a variety of jobs before settling down to translation, including as a legal researcher, a customer service assistant and a project manager at an NGO. She joined the Supertext Berlin team in February 2017, and is happy to be spending 100% of her time obsessing over language.


text:
Yoshie
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A Japanese word.
It is an expression of excitement or enthusiasm, equivalent to saying "all right!" or "okay!" in English.
Due to Japanese pronunciation, the "i" is not really sounded but must exist at the end of the word. In turn, this is due to Japanese lingual rules which dictate that words cannot end in consonants
"Yoshi! Ikuzo!" ("All right! Let's go!")
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The greatest character ever. They eat fruits, are used to carry Mario and babys. Yoshis are dinosaurs that have big tounges that they use to swallow enemies. They come in many colors, though the main color of Yoshi is Green. Yoshi's first appearance was in the 1990 video game Super Mario World. It then came to star in the 1995 sequel Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island. He is now in many Mario video games. He then came to star in the so-called "Yoshi's Island 2" which is really called Yoshi's Story in 1998 which was his debut for the Nintendo 64.
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Mario's dino sidekick who uses his tongue to eat enemies and turn them into dino eggs instead of dino shit. His other abilities include the ability to throw dino eggs at high velocity and float for a limited time in the air with his wing-like arms. He has starred in such Nintendo games as Super Mario World for the SNES, Super Mario Kart 64 for the N64, and Super Smash Bros. Melee for the Gamecube.
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Aww, look at that yoshi, he's so cute!
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Yoshied
Getting yoshied is when someone takes advantage of someone else by pushing them down to achieve their goal. This is the same as when Mario ditches Yoshi to make a jump. Yoshi, the ever loyal steed and friend is dropped in a hole while Mario gets some extra height and distance.
In Bell Hook's essay, Revolutionary Feminism, she claims that rich white women yoshied off the black women to get their extra privilege.
by traitorouswine August 10, 2017
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Lilting is using nonsense syllables while singing an Irish dance tune, like a jig or a reel.
So, don't try to follow the words - they're just nonsense syllables made up on the spot!
How to play the whistle - in 3 1/2 minutes.


text:
Evgoa dalmanii är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Olof Immanuel von Fåhraeus 1872. Evgoa dalmanii ingår i släktet Evgoa och familjen långhorningar.

Artens utbredningsområde är Moçambique. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Långhorningar
dalmanii


text:
Q: Trigonometric functions of the acute angle Find the other five trigonometric functions of the acute angle A, given that:
\begin{align}
&\text{a)}\ \ \sec A = 2  \\[15pt]
&\text{b)}\ \ \cos A = \frac{m^2 - n^2}{m^2 + n^2}
\end{align}
Help me. I don't know how to solve this one. Thanks.

A: It is useful to know at least some basic trigonometric identities. See List of trigonometric identities at Wikipedia for a very complete list.

a) Since $\cos A=\frac1{\sec A}$, you get $\cos A=\frac12$. Can you get possible values of $A$ from there?

b) If $$\cos A=\frac{m^2-n^2}{m^2+n^2}=\left(\frac m{\sqrt{m^2+n^2}}\right)^2-\left(\frac n{\sqrt{m^2+n^2}}\right)^2,$$ then for an angle $B$ such that $\cos B=\frac m{\sqrt{m^2+n^2}}$ and $\sin B=\frac m{\sqrt{m^2+n^2}}$ you get $$\cos A=\cos^2B-\sin^2B=\cos2B.$$ Maybe this could help to express $A$ using $B$. You should be able to find $B$ using some inverse trigonometric functions. Double angle formulae should help you to get the values of $\sin A$, $\tan A$, etc for $A=2B$. (You should also think about the possibility $A=-2B$. Do you know why?)

A: for case a)
$$\sec A = 2$$
$$\cos A=\frac{1}{\sec A}=\frac{1}{2}$$
$$\sin A=\sqrt{1-\cos^2A}=\sqrt{1-\frac{1}{4}}=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$$
$$\tan A=\frac{\sin A}{\cos A}=\sqrt 3$$
$$\operatorname{cotg} A=\frac{1}{\tan A}=\frac{1}{\sqrt 3}$$
and for b) follow Martin Sleziak

A: Honestly, I suspect that equation b is a red herring.
\begin{align}
\cos{A}
&=\frac{1}{\sec{A}}\\
&=\frac{1}{2}
\end{align}
\begin{align}
\sin{A}
&=\sqrt{1-\cos^2{A}}\\
&=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}
\end{align}
\begin{align}
\tan{A}
&=\frac{\sin{A}}{\cos{A}}\\
&=\sqrt{3}
\end{align}
\begin{align}
\csc{A}
&=\frac{1}{\sin{A}}\\
&=\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\\
\end{align}
\begin{align}
\cot{A}
&=\frac{1}{\tan{A}}\\
&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\\
\end{align}

A: $$\sec A = 2$$
using an uncommon Pythagorean Identity$\dots$
$$\sec^2A+\csc^2A=\sec^2A\csc^2A$$
$$\csc^2A = \frac{\sec^2A}{\sec^2A-1}=4/3\therefore\csc A=2/\sqrt{3}$$
This allows us to build this right triangle.

from the triangle with opposite, adjacent, and hypotenuse sides $2, 2/\sqrt{3}, 4/\sqrt{3}$ we have $\dots$
$$\sin A = \frac{\sec A}{\sec A\csc A}=\frac{1}{\csc A}=\sqrt{3}/2$$
similarly
$$\cos A = \frac{\csc A}{\sec A\csc A}=\frac{1}{\sec A}=1/2$$
lastly
$$\tan A = \frac{\sec A}{\csc A}=\frac{2}{2/\sqrt{3}}=\sqrt{3}$$
and
$$\cot A = \frac{\csc A}{\sec A}=\frac{2/\sqrt{3}}{2}=1/\sqrt{3}$$

A: I would assume that this is actually 2 different problems.
Try doing this:
Draw a right triangle, and assign values to 2 of the sides. In the case of $\sec A=2=\frac{2}{1}$, draw a triangle where the hypotenuse is 2 and the adjacent side is 1. Then use the Pythagorean theorem to find the other side (in this case it is $\sqrt{2^2-1^2}=\sqrt{3}$). You can then just read off the trigonometric values from the triangle.


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text:
Restoration Blog
Reconstructing the Entablatures
Between late 2018 and mid-2020 one of the biggest pieces of the restoration took shape. Pieces of the old-growth heart poplar lumber that had been hand-molded into individual parts by the restoration craftsmen were put together to form a Tuscan order entablature. The Tuscan order, the lowest of the classical Roman orders of architecture, now crown the entrance hallway, the Northwest Chamber, and Jefferson's bedchamber.
These classical moldings were very important elements for Jefferson, who spent his life in the study and use of classical orders. John Hemmings and his nephews Beverly, Madison and Eston (believed by most historians to be the offspring of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings) produced all the interior finished trim on-site and put the parts together just as our own craftsmen have done.
Once all Tuscan entablature was installed in the most private rooms of the house, work moved to the dining room where its Doric entablature was installed. Because of the precise joinery and the height at which the craftsmen worked, all joinery was pre-assembled, labeled, disassembled, and then installed one piece at a time. While this process may seem arduous, it was imperative to a smooth installation, one which has been a long time coming.
Entablatures consist of three parts: the lower architrave, the middle frieze and the top cornice. The Roman Doric order frieze is typically composed of alternating triglyph moldings and blank metope panels. It is the metope panels that contain the decorative ornaments Jefferson had ordered from English sculptor William Coffee in New York City.
When Jefferson made his last trip to Poplar Forest in May of 1823 it was to turn over his retreat to grandson Francis Eppes and his new bride, Elizabeth. On that visit Jefferson would have been overjoyed to see the dining room entablature that John Hemmings and his nephews had made and installed. The frieze ornaments were yet to grace the entablature but it was still an impressive feature and one important to Jefferson.


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text:
La Bastida d'Èrç (francès La Bastide-sur-Hers) és un municipi francès, situat al departament de l'Arieja i a la regió d'Occitània.

Referències

Municipis del districte de Pàmies