text:
About Bessie
Words from the Coleman Family
Tributes to Queen Bess
Honoring William Wills and Bessie Coleman
Look Who's Flying Now
This biography of Bessie Coleman was compiled by Thelma Rudd
On February 3, 1926, three months before her fatal fall, Bessie Coleman wrote to film producer, R. E. Norman requesting that her life be put into a film titled, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow". She wanted to set in motion a continuum of not just her legacy, but of those who came before and after here. She did not live to see her request on film. Although there have been a few attempts, to date no motion picture film has been produced about this energetic, patriotic American woman who in the early 1920s used Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) via the aero plane to promote equal rights and civil rights.
Bessie Coleman was born January 26, 1893, in Atlanta, Texas, one of thirteen children. Her mother was black and her father was of American Indian and black descent. She was still a toddler when the family moved to Waxahachie, a small town thirty miles south of Dallas and she was only seven when in 1900 her father returned to Oklahoma, then known as Indian Territory. Being Indian in Texas was more dangerous than being "colored". Coleman's mother, Susan Coleman, decided to stay in Waxahachie to raise the family as best she could. The children helped by picking cotton from late November into December of every year and the girls, as soon as they were old enough, helped with the washing their mother took in to make ends meet.
Just a few years later, December 1903, the Wright Brothers made the first sustained flight in a heavier-than-air vehicle at Kitty Hawk. Poet Paul Lawrence Dunbar was their friend and classmate. Their flight was to be a pivotal event in Coleman's life.
Because she was born with a drive to better herself, Coleman was an avid reader. Her mother ensured that the Coleman children made good use of the traveling library that came through two or three times a year.
Perhaps one of the books that inspired Coleman was "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", written in 1900 by Frank Baum. This best seller children's book was produced on stage beginning in 1902 and later was turned into a Technicolor film. Baum chronicled the adventures of a scared, little girl named Dorothy who is forced into a cruel world where she meets three strangers who feel like her, feel that they are incomplete. These "incomplete" beings join forces to seek the external "Oz" who is rumored to be able to repair everything and everyone. After many disappointments and successes, Dorothy and her triage discover that they already inside themselves what they thought was missing.
Unlike most Americans in the early 1900's, Bessie Coleman not only finished high school, she also attended college. She sacrificed her earnings from washing and ironing to attend Langston Industrial College, now Langston University in Oklahoma, but she could afford only one semester. So she dropped out, and went to live with an older brother in Chicago.
In Chicago, she attended Burnham School of Beauty Culture in 1915 for a course in manicuring. Within a year she was known as the best and the fastest manicurist in black Chicago. She sat at a window table where her customers, most of them male, could be seen being groomed by this beautiful woman. Coleman eventually went to work as manicurist at the White Sox Barber Shop, then owned by the trainer of Chicago's American League baseball club. She remained a steadfast reader and the "Chicago Defender" became her favorite source of information and its editor and publisher, Robert Abbott became her hero.
In the summer of 1919, Chicago was pounded by the worst race riot in history. A black youth on a homemade raft drifted into an area of Lake Michigan used by whites. He fell into the water and drowned after being stoned by the whites. That same night, Chicago became the Wild West with black and whites fighting in the streets with guns and knives. It carried into the next day, when a gang of whites drug blacks off the streetcar and beat them. It took four days and the National Guard to restore order to the Chicago. Although Coleman and her family were unscathed, around her, there were 38 dead, 537 injured and over 1,000 people homeless.
Like Dorothy in Oz, Coleman had traveled the "yellow brick road" - a road that was full of conflict and difficulties. She established herself in Chicago, learned a trade, found a place to live, witnessed her brothers go to war overseas and then survived a race riot. Yet, she was unwavering in her quest to move forward, and she was firm about fighting against what she believed were the evils of racism, sexism, poverty, and ignorance. When pilots began to make headlines and pictures of WWI airplanes appeared regularly in magazines, Bessie toyed with the idea of flying as a way out for her and others like her. But when her brother John teasingly told her; "You nigger women ain't never goin' to fly, Not like those women I saw in France " - she smiled at him and said; "That's it - You just called it for me. The captive audience at the barbershop witnessed that moment in time when Bessie Coleman decided to learn to fly.
So Coleman applied to almost every American flying school, but was quickly turned down. There were, of course, two reasons why Coleman couldn't find anyone to teach her to fly. Her brown skin was an obvious reason and her sex was another. The doors to the open skies over America were closed to young Bessie Coleman. But France was so different.
In 1789, a year after the Montgolfiers flew their balloon, Madame Thibaud thrilled Paris with her flights, and another French woman became so proficient that Napoleon made her one of the chiefs of his air service. In 1909, only six years after the Wrights' flight, another French woman, the Baroness Raymonde de la Roche, became the first woman pilot. Two years later, Harriet Quimby became the first licensed American female pilot - her license was administered by the Aero Club of America. Like many aviators, Quimby's career was cut short by a fatal accident little more than a year later.
It must be interjected that in 2004, Mary Groce found a sheet of old letterhead that included a photo of a handsome brown skinned man that stated "Emory C. Malick; Pilot No 105". Because Ms. Groce is white, she was shocked to discover that her great-uncle Emory was black! Her family had never discussed this family secret, which may explain why Malick's story had not been archived or widely discussed. From this document it indicates that Emory Conrad Malick received his pilot's license at the Curtiss Aviation School at North Island, San Diego in March 1912, making him and not James Banning the first African American to get a pilot's license in the United States. He was 31 years old. Ms. Groce plans to publish her uncle's story in the near future.
Then in August of 1917 Eugene Jacques Bullard, an American volunteer in the French army, became the first black military pilot in history. Born in Columbus, Ga., on Oct. 9, 1894, Bullard left home at the age of 11 when he witnessed his father barely escape being lynched. He settled in France as a prizefighter. When WWI started in 1914, he enlisted in the French Foreign Legion and rose to the rank of corporal. For his bravery as an infantryman in combat, Bullard received the Croix de Guerre and other decorations. In May 1917 wearing his French Royal Air Force garbs, he became the first black fighter pilot. But when America took over the allied forces, Bullard was grounded.
Bessie Coleman's persistence to get into the skies led her to share her dream with Robert S. Abbott, editor and publisher of the Chicago Weekly Defender. Abbott, captivated by the thought of a black woman pilot, did some investigating for Coleman and found that the French still possessed a kind of "aero mania" and were more liberal in their attitudes toward women and "people of color." On his advice, Coleman learned French at a language school on Chicago's Loop, she took a better-paying job as manager of a chili parlor and began applying to French aviation schools. Of course the applications had to written in French.
With the savings from her manicurist's job and working in a chili parlor, Coleman sailed to Europe from New York City on the S.S. Impersonator on November 20, 1920. Armed with the determination and sacrifices of Bullard, Quimby and la Roche, she was not to be denied. She met this, like all the obstacles in her life, the same way - she refused to take no for an answer.
She was accepted to France's most famous flight school - Ecole d'Aviation des Freres Cadron et Le Crotoy - managed by French aviators and plane designers Gaston and Rene' Caudron. For the next ten months, she walked each day to the flight school and while in the air she mastered tail spins, banking and looping the loop. Aircraft were fragile, flying was hazardous and nervous students were often killed. Coleman saw more than one of her fellow students die. But the shock was not enough to deter the young women from the East Texas cotton patch. She signed a waiver of relief in case of her own death and persisted in her goal.
While in Europe, Queen Bess attended the Second Pan-African Congress Paris Session. This Congress was spearheaded by the renowned William Edward Burghardt Du Bois whose stated purpose was to "emerge with a program of Pan-Africanism, as organized protection of the Negro world led by America Negroes." Her older brother, Walter was a Pullman porter. At that time Pullman porters were predominately African American and were held in high regard. They carried Abbott's newspaper "The Chicago Defender" from the north and spread many hopes and dreams to south. To many they were considered the first generation of the Talented Tenth as expressed by W.E.B. Du Bois and Bessie intended to use aviation as a means for upward mobility for her "race".
It is important to note that the "Tulsa Race Riot" took place on June 1, 1921. According to Bieke Gils, "this incident greatly affected and shaped African American's perceptions of aviation." After an unresolved lynching incident, six white pilots dropped bombs on the wealthy black Greenwood district of Tulsa, setting fire to the town and killing 75 Tulsans, two-thirds of whom were black. It was the first time in history that airplanes were used to attack an American community and this community was black. Marcus Garvey encouraged African Americans to become involved in aviation and to secure as many airplanes as possible in anticipation of a catastrophic race war. And most black newspapers promoted aviation in an effort to dispel stereotypes about African Americans being less intelligent, incompetent and lazy. Bessie Coleman was doing what everyone was talking about.
After seven months of stringent training, and two weeks after the Tulsa Race Riot, Coleman was declared to be a qualified aviator on June 15, 1921, when she received her international pilot's license No. 18.310. She was the first American of any race or gender to be directly awarded credential's to pilot an airplane license from the Federation Aeronitique Internationale in France. To receive this license, she had to demonstrate high skill sets comprised of life-saving maneuvers including turning off the engine before touching down.
Coleman returned to New York on Sunday, September 29, 1921 on the ocean liner Manchuria. She was greeted by reporters from several national African American newspapers. White mainstream reporters largely ignored her.
However, the Aerial Age Weekly, October 17, 1921, took note. "Miss Bessie Coleman," it said, "a colored girl of Chicago, twenty-four years old, who had been studying aviation in France for ten months, arrived in New York recently on the American liner Manchuria. She brought her credentials from the French certifying that she had qualified as an aviatrix. "Miss Coleman, who is having a special Nieuport scout plane built for her in France, said yesterday that she intended to make flights in this country as an inspiration for people of her race to take up aviation."
One of Coleman's most poignant moments was receiving a silver loving cup from the cast of "Shuffle Along" musical to commemorate her achievement. This African American musical revue with music and lyrics by Noble Sissle and Eubie Blake premiered on Broadway in 1921 and became such a hit that it caused traffic jams. It launched the careers of Josephine Baker and Paul Robeson. Presenting the silver cup to Coleman was a gesture encompassed not only respect and admiration; it was also one of compassion and recognition of the odds she had faced. After all, in 1921, these same black actors and musicians also endured the hardships of racism and segregation to perform on Broadway. Coleman gave the cup to her mother, to her yesterday and voiced to the press that she intended to perform exhibition flights to inspire African Americans to fly.
Bessie Coleman searched for employment and an airplane. However, again in America, she was continually rejected in her bids to purchase a plane and to gain employment in commercial aviation. She was disheartened with America's treatment, but she refused to give up. Therefore, in May 1922, she once again crossed the Atlantic in an ocean liner to gain advance aviation - on the job - training in France, Germany, Holland and Switzerland. She studied with the famous WWI German ace pilot, Captain Keller and test piloted airplanes in the Netherland for Anthony Fokker, the "Flying Dutchman". Fokker designed one of the most popular fighter planes of WWI. These men trusted her flying skills. She perfected life-saving maneuvers into finely polished aerobatic stunts - figure eights; loop the loops, trick climbs, and landing the airplane with the engine off. In Germany, she was praised for flying the largest and most awkward aircraft ever flown by a woman.
She arrived in New York on Sunday August 14, 1922. She now had among her possessions credentials from the Aero Club of France, and European newspaper articles that showed foreign royalty entertaining her. She even had an article that exhibited Anthony Fokker praising her at a banquet for being the only American aviator who ever crossed the Kaiser's palace at Potsdam. This time she was greeted by both the black press and "The New York Times" and the "Chicago Tribune". "The New York Times" declared that she was designated by "leading French and Dutch aviators as one of the best flyers they had seen".
Coleman was steadfast in her primary goal of opening a flying school for blacks in America. She knew that unless someone with money and vision helped her with her goal, she would have to finance the school herself. She was a modern woman in a not so modern world. By the standards of the day, she should be married, at home having babies and at work in the kitchen. Ever the realist and perhaps the dreamer she went to work in the air.
On Labor Day, September 3, 1922, Coleman's first air show demonstrated a flair for showmanship when she appeared before the crowd in her military-type uniform at Curtiss Airfield in Garden City, Long Island, NY. She orchestrated a program that would appeal to prevailing public American patriotism while honoring African American nationalism. The exhibit was dedicated to the segregated 15th regiment of Infantry, the first African American regiment sent to France during WWI. The Glenn Curtiss Airplane Company provided the airplane for this event. A record integrated crowd gathered. The sky was clear, the temperature was mild and this show promised to be special, since it had already been postponed once because of bad weather. She was escorted to her plane after the band had concluded the "Star Spangled Banner". Then at 4:45, with her passenger Captain McVey, Coleman dazzled the crowd with spirals and loops. Later Hubert Fauntleroy Julian, an officer of Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association of New York, parachuted from the wing of her plane. Everyone was ecstatic. She concluded her exhibition by taking individual passengers up in her plane for a $5.00 fee (About $60 in today's economy).
Bessie Coleman's flight exhibitions were successful because she appealed to both black and white audiences. White audiences saw her as an attractive, petite uniqueness - a tiny beautiful woman piloting an airplane. Black audiences took pride in her courage as she symbolized hope that the African American community could participate in the skies.
Shortly after her Chicago show, it was announced that she had agreed to star in a film "Shadow and Sunshine" to be produced by an African American-owned film company - Seminole. However, she failed to show up for the filming because she felt it degraded her race. She had gladly accepted the role hoping it would help advance her career and provide her with money to establish her own flying school. But when she learned the first scene required her to wear tattered clothes, with a walking stick and a pack on her back, she refused to proceed. "Clearly, her walking off the movie set was a statement of principle," wrote Doris Rich. "Opportunist though she was about her career, she was not an opportunist about race. She had no intention of perpetuating the derogatory image most whites had of most blacks."
Coleman's second flight exhibition was at the annual Tri-State Fair in Memphis, TN where she was billed as "the principal thrill" for the integrated audience of the fair's opening day, October 12, 1922. During this venue, her plane faltered and although she made a fast recovery, one young boy walked up to her and asked "Lady, didn't' your plane stop up there for a little while?"
Now that she had two successful appearances behind her, the "Chicago Defender" billed Coleman as "The Only Race Aviatrix in the World", and summoned more than 2,000 people to Checkerboard Airdrome in Chicago, now Midway Airport, for her third exhibition on Sunday October 15, 1922. Once again she honored an African American military regiment - the 8th regiment. In a series of four ten-minute flights, Coleman performed a perfect Richthofen glide and the familiar loop-the-loops. For the third part of her show, Coleman's sister Georgia joined her in the cockpit dressed in an elaborate red, white and blue costume. Although Bessie announced to the crowd that Georgia would parachute from the plane at two thousand feet, the two argued when Georgia refused to jump. But onlookers were alarmed when it looked as though Coleman had lost control during the execution of a figure eight. To everyone's relief, she brought the great Curtiss plane into a beautiful finish. It was this sort of spirit and courage that earned Coleman the name, "Brave Bessie." From then on, Coleman was in great demand.
Her fourth exhibition was sponsored by an African American realtor, Reynolds McKenzie and took place in Gary Indiana. There she met David Lewis Behncke, founder and President of the Air Line Pilots Association International who became her manager. Coleman and Behncke would later part ways when Coleman was determined to take her exhibition South. Behncke disagreed because of the hostile racial climate in the Southern states. However, Coleman was from Texas. She had experienced racism in the both the North and the South. She was unrelenting in returning to her southern roots to spread the aviation fever! She had to influence tomorrow!
One Sunday afternoon thousands of spectators saw Coleman's memorial flight in honor of Harriet Quimby over the spot in the Charles River in Boston where Quimby had been killed. Flying was a sport and it was dangerous life. Coleman was among the brave pilots who flew surplus World War I Jennies and DeHavilands, which could be bought for $200 and held together with bailing wire and glue. They flew all over finding carnivals and fairs, trying to earn a living doing what they loved most. They attracted crowds with their aerial acrobatics, wing-walking, parachuting, and diving. Then they passed the hat and offered short rides for a fee. None of the risks deterred Bessie Coleman. Her sights were bigger than yesterday or today. She wanted to influence tomorrow.
After agreeing to distribute advertising material from the clouds for Coast Tire and Rubber Company in Los Angeles, California, Coleman finally purchased a surplus military Jenny in late February 1923. After all her hard work and sacrifice, she had a plane of her own. However that would be short lived. Before an audience of 10,000, moments after takeoff, her motor stalled at 300 feet and her plane nosedived and fell into the ground. She survived with several broken ribs, a broken leg, and multiple lacerations. True to herself, Coleman directed a reporter to "tell the world I'm coming back." It would take almost three months before she would leave the hospital. She stayed in the Los Angeles home of Mrs. S. E. Jones until she was able to travel to Chicago. While recovering, she arranged five nightly lectures at the YMCA and showed films of her flying in both Europe and the United States. One of the film reels, from Pathe News had already been shown at a popular Las Angeles theater and showed her in Germany standing beside her plane and then airborne. She had to share the admission charge with the YMCA. She was a woman on a mission - yesterday - today and tomorrow.
Josephine Baker 1920s
Without a plane, without a job and with very little money, Queen Bess returned to Chicago in June 1923. She made an apartment at Forty-Second and South Parkway her new home. Her new place was furnished with stuff that she had stored and she began enjoying Chicago, without the dangers of airplanes. And her life was always exciting. Like the new "flappers", she went into the streets without a chaperone, smoked and sometimes relaxed with musicians and actors. She entertained, among others, an African prince from the Kingdom of Dahomey, Prince Kojo, conversing easily with him in French. Of course, she shared with him and anybody else who would listen, her dream of a flying school. She passed time with the beautiful singer, Josephine Baker and the famed actor/dancer, William "Bojangles" Robinson. Baker would earn her pilot's license in 1933 in France, the same country that her friend, Bessie Coleman, received hers.
After a few months of resting and enjoying a quiet life, she scheduled an air show for September 3, Labor Day in Columbus, Ohio. This time the Chicago Defender made no mention of her venue. However, the white owned Columbus Dispatch gave her exceptional publicity. But this Labor Day flight show would not happened because the rain would not stop. And while she and more 2,000 people waited - a few miles away there was an all-day celebration of the Ku Klux Klan at the state fairgrounds. The rain didn't damper the Klan festival. There was music, initiations and even a marriage ceremony.
Meanwhile David Behncke continued to schedule her in the Midwest area. When she returned to Columbus she received letters of welcome from both the Governor of the state of Ohio, Vic Dohaney and the Mayor of the City of Columbus, Jas. J. Thomas. Armed with their blessings, on September 9, 1923, Queen Bess returned to Columbus and dazzled the integrated crowd of 10,000 with her flying skills.
Dare-devil Bessie now felt that it was time for her to take her show south. Maybe like Dorothy in the Wizard of Oz, she had found herself and she was ready to tap her heels and go home - go back south. This decision would end her relationship with Behncke, who believed that given the racist climate in the South, such an endeavor would be suicidal for Coleman's career, if indeed not for Coleman. His premonitions were right. But Coleman had to fulfill her dreams. She decided to break her formal ties with Behncke and in May 1925 she arrived in Houston, Texas. With Houston as her base of operations, she embarked on her southern barnstorming career. Between flights, she dazzled crowds in movie houses and churches with her accounts of aerial adventures.
Her first flight exhibition was on June 19, 1925 or Juneteenth, the anniversary of the day blacks in Texas learned that they could longer be held in bondage. President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, however it would be more than two and a half years, June 19, 1865 when Union troops marched into Texas before it would take effect. Some sixty years later, Texas blacks were leaving the state in record numbers to escape the horrible conditions of Jim Crow laws. However, Coleman's show proved that Texas blacks were courageous and they were not afraid to fly. The city's leading black newspaper, the "Houston Informer" reported that it was "the first time colored public of the South had been given the opportunity to fly. They also noted that the majority of the fearless passengers were women. Queen Bess left the citizens of Houston with the fever to fly!
She accepted speaking engagements and flying stunts to raise funds for her dream of a flight school for "Negroes". Doris Rich, in her book on Bessie, said "as an aviator she was a threat to whites who cherished their racial superiority, and as a woman pilot she threatened the ego of black males." Queen Bess - Daredevil Aviatrix was a true champion of her race. She refused to appear in any air show that did not allow blacks to attend. Her motto was "No Uncle Tom stuff for me." She was determined to bolster black pride and refused to promote the stereotypical, derogatory image most whites had of blacks. She especially appealed to African American women to take in interest in aviation and she began to lecture more with her 2,000 feet of film of her performances in Europe and the US. Besides, lectures brought in more income that would bring her closer to her dream of a flight school. But she never charged any admission to students - she knew that they were her inspiration to become future pilots.
In August 11, 1925, this world famous aviatrix was warmly received at the Governor's Mansion in Austin by Governor Miriam "Ma" Ferguson, the first female governor of Texas and the wife of Ex-Governor James A. Ferguson. A strong opponent of prohibition and an advocate for tenant farmers, "Ma" Ferguson succeeded her husband after he was impeached. Ferguson did not fear neither did she cooperate with the Ku Klux Klan. In fact, one of her first acts in office was to pardon a large number of black prisoners.
Bessie also flew exhibitions in her home town of Waxahachie. She knew that some people regarded her as a curiosity, and she also knew that part of her attraction was the ever-present danger of flying.
But for Queen Bess, her obsession to undermine the "Uncle Tom" image was ever present. In an interview with The Houston Post Dispatch (7 May 1925), she stated that her intentions were "to make Uncle Tom's Cabin into a flying hangar." She continued that "she plans to establish a flying school and teach the Negro to fly so they can be better citizens and will able to serve their country better." She performed twice in Waxahachie, her childhood home and there refused to perform unless there was only one integrated entrance. At one performance in Wharton, Texas, a woman parachutist failed to show and the crowd began clamoring for its money back. Coleman strapped on a parachute and made the jump herself. She always did what she thought had to be done.
Coleman's influence extended beyond society's racial lines. One of her fans was Paul McCully, a young white man. McCully later became the National Governor of the OX-5 Pioneers - pilots who flew planes with the OX-5 engine. In an interview with Doris Rich, he credited Bessie Coleman for helping him launch his flying career. His father agreed to him take flying lessons only after seeing Bessie Coleman's flights - "Well, son, I guess if they can do it you can too." McCully soloed one month later.
Coleman left Texas and returned to Chicago for a few months. Then in January 1926, she arrived in Savannah, Georgia and gave her aviation lecture at a local theater. She spoke and showed her films in Augusta and Atlanta and finally moved on to Florida. Her first appearance was at Liberty Theater in St. Petersburg then at theaters in Tampa and West Palm Beach. She became in high demand. Perhaps understanding the importance of her life, she wrote Norman Studios, an African American film producer to request to have her life immortalize through film. Always the optimist, she wanted it to be titled, "Yesterday - Today & Tomorrow" and although Norman Films responded with interest, for some reason the correspondence stopped and the film was never produced.
Coleman accepted an invitation to stay in the Orlando home of Reverend Hezekiah Keith Hill, and his wife Viola Tilling hast Hill. He was pastor of the Mount Zion Missionary Baptist Institutional Church and both of them were respected community leaders. Encircled by this fortress of faith, Coleman professed her belief in public and declared that she was now a 'born-again" Christian. Viola disapproved of Coleman's fund-raising through her flying and limited her to doing lectures and showing her films. But that would never pay for an aviation school, so the two of them opened a beauty shop in Orlando. That brought Coleman a little closer to her dream.
According to some sources, "Brave Bess" was so admired by the mayor of Bithio, FL that he "once drank to her health by offering her a bottle of ginger ale, then letting his wife follow Bessie in drinking from the bottle, and then drinking from it last himself."
Then in the spring of 1926, Coleman was asked to perform at the annual celebration of the Negro Welfare League in Jacksonville, Florida. Edwin Beeman, a rich, young white man, who was fascinated by aviation and who was son and sole heir of Harry Beeman of the Beeman Chewing Gum Company. Edwin gave her money for her final airplane payment. Bessie arranged for the plane to be flown from Texas to Jacksonville, FL where an exhibition was scheduled for May 1, 1926.
Finally, things were beginning to look better for Coleman. Her flight exhibition was being sponsored by the Negro Welfare League. They also arranged for a series of speaking engagements for her at churches and theaters. As usual, Coleman also took it upon herself to visit the African American public schools so she could talk to the children about aviation. The proceeds from this show plus money from the beauty shop would enable her finally to open her flight school.
In the meantime 24-year old white mechanic/pilot for Curtiss Southwestern Airplane and Motor Company, William D. Wills, had taken off from Love Field in Bessie's Jenny with a ninety horsepower OX-5 engine. It took Wills 21 hours to reach Jacksonville. Originally only three stops had been scheduled, but engine problems forced him to make two additional landings in the Mississippi towns of Meridian and Farmingdale. It took twenty-one hours to fly from Dallas to Jacksonville. Later local pilots were amazed that Wills had even made it to Jacksonville as the 90 horsepower engine was so worn and poorly maintained it could only develop about 60 horsepower at most. Wills was Coleman's newly acquired mechanic and publicity manager and he was to fly with her during exhibitions.
On April 29, Coleman saw her long time mentor, editor Robert Abbott in a Jacksonville restaurant. Those who were there remembered later Bessie's unrestrained praise for this man who had given her start in aviation. Some say that they remembered that Abbott, as if he had some premonition, advised Coleman not to carry out her plans for a test flight. But Coleman had promised John Betsch, a young graduate student from Howard University, a ride in her plane after the trial flights.
The next morning, Betsch drove Coleman to Paxon airfield to meet Wills. When Wills declared that the plan was ready for takeoff, Coleman moved to her knees and said a prayer. She asked him to take control of the airplane so she could study the field for a good site to jump.
Ten minutes into the test flight, with Wills piloting, the plane went into a nose-dive maneuver from 3,000 feet. At 2,000 feet, the aircraft suddenly flipped over and Coleman fell to her death. For some reason Coleman, who had always been extremely safety conscious, was not wearing a seat belt or a parachute.
Wills, who was strapped in, fell with the plane and died instantly on impact, about 1,800 feet from where Coleman's body lay. Minutes after the plane hit the ground, while police were trying to extricate Wills' body, Betsch, distraught after the crash, lit a cigarette and unconsciously tossed his match to the ground, igniting spilled gasoline. Coleman's young pilot, William Wills and the wreckage went up in flames. Later, it was found that a loose wrench had jammed the plane's controls.
April 30, 1926, Bessie Coleman's life and unlikely career came to an end. Spectators who came to see a show instead filed through Lawton L. Pratt's modest funeral home by the hundreds to say a last farewell to "Brave Bessie." After over five thousand people attended the two memorial services (Bethel Baptist Institutional Church and St. Phillip Episcopal Church) in Jacksonville, her coffin was put on a train to Orlando, where her adopted family, the Hills, were preparing for another service at Mount Zion Missionary Baptist. When her body was being raised into the baggage car in Orlando, Florida enroute to Chicago, more than five hundred voices hummed, "My Country Tis of Thee".
Bessie Coleman's remains were placed in a U.S. flag-draped casket and were given a military escort from six uniformed pallbearers, overseas veterans of the African American Eighth Infantry. Ida B. Wells Barnett, passionate speaker for equal rights from Holly Springs, Mississippi, was mistress of ceremonies at Dare Devil Bessie's last funeral at Pilgrim Baptist Church in Chicago. Over 5,000 people gathered in and around the church. Coleman was buried that day in Lot 580, Section 9, of Chicago's Lincoln Cemetery.
Coleman's dream of a flying school for African Americans became a reality when Lieutenant William J. Powell established the Bessie Coleman Aero Club in Los Angeles in 1929 and on Labor Day, 1931, the flying clubs sponsored the first all-black air show in America, an event that attracted 15,000 spectators. "Because of Bessie Coleman," wrote Powell in Black Wings 1934, dedicated to Coleman, "we have overcome that which was worse than racial barriers. We have overcome the barriers within ourselves and dared to dream". Powell served in a segregated unit during World War I, and tirelessly promoted the cause of black aviation through his book, his journals, and the Bessie Coleman Aero Club.
Queen Bess continues to receive accolades and honors such as: Memorial Day Fly Over in Chicago; USA Postage Stamp; Texas Aviation Hall of Fame; National Aviation Hall of Fame, Dayton, OH; Chicago O'Hare Airport is on 10000 Bessie Coleman Drive; Bessie Coleman Room at FAA Headquarters; Bessie Coleman Middle School; Bessie Coleman Aviators Club; Mop Top Shop Scientist; Bessie Coleman Library; Black Wings - Smithsonian DVD, Team Bessie Air Race Team and National Great Blacks Wax Museum, and Bessie Coleman Aerospace Legacy .
Since 1931, each year, on the anniversary of her death, black pilots fly over her grave at Lincoln Cemetery in Chicago and drop flowers in her honor. On her gravestone, in the style of the '20s, is a tinted photograph of Bessie in her military-style flying uniform.
This information was compiled from biographies about Bessie Coleman found in Code One Magazine; Lifting As She Climbed, Bessie Coleman's Contributions to the Elevation of Black Women; Bessie Coleman, The Brownskinned Lady Bird; Queen Bess, Daredevil Aviator; Up in the Air - The Story of Bessie Coleman; Bessie Coleman Aviatrix - Pioneer of the Negro People and The Only Race Aviatrix in the World: A Tribute to Bessie Coleman.
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We guarantee that your old car is disposed of in the right way. Unreliable car collection companies might sell your vehicle on for profit, in some cases they do not even inform the DVLA of any change of ownership. This will leave you very vulnerable in the eyes of the law, and can easily result in you being fined a large sum of money. Scrap Car Prudhoe always ensure that the DVLA are notified that your car has been scrapped, keeping your mind at ease. Any car that we scrap we ensure that it is scrapped in the most environmentally friendly way possible, we like to do our bit.
Ensure that you dispose of your car the right way, we would like to keep the streets of Northumberland tidy. Do you have an old car on your drive that is making your drive look untidy, we can help, at least the neighbours will be pleased. MOT failure, we can dispose of your car for free, call an expert today!
It really is easy to scrap your car in Prudhoe. Pick up the phone to find out more from our helpful operators. Otherwise, please feel free to take a look at our guide to help you scrap your car before you call or book.
The car scrappage scheme may at first seem like a fantastic idea. There are a few flaws in the governments plans, as there will only be certain cars that qualify. You won't be able to go and buy any car you wish. This can be a very frustrating process as you have to buy a car that is currently in the scrappage scheme.


'The Sea Fogs' is the tenth of fourteen episodes - narratives, character sketches, and extended moments - that make up Scottish novelist, essayist, and poet Robert Louis Stevenson's The Silverado Squatters. It is drawn from Stevenson's journal, which he kept while on a two-month stay on Mount St. Helena, at the head of the Napa Valley in California. He had come to the area for his honeymoon in 1880, and for his health as well, hoping to get away from the damp, coastal climate of San Francisco. Unable to afford the ten dollars a week for a room at the local hotel, he and his bride instead "squatted" an old bunkhouse, at an abandoned silver mine on the side of the mountain.
On a fine June morning Stevenson found himself awakening to, and then writing about, a local natural occurrence- fogs drawn inland from the Pacific Ocean. Stevenson scholar Roger G. Swearingen, through his introduction, shares with the reader just how a younger Stevenson, surrendering himself completely to this highly personal story, was fully in command of his art long before penning his most famous works. And how this wonderful, self contained, stand-alone piece is among Stevenson's finest of this kind.
The book is 32 pages and measures 6 -1/4 by 10-3/4 inches. The typeface is Ehrhardt, with Isadora for display. Patrick Reagh cast the type and printed the book on Zerkall Frankfurt at his shop in Sebastopol, California. Illustrations printed letterpress, with color triptych printed digitally at Black Cat Studio. The binding and slipcases were produced by Lisa Van Pelt. The Sea Fogs is published in one state, in an edition of 55 slipcased copies, each numbered and signed by the artist.


The Tuileries In 1802. Fine art print.
Titled The Tuileries in 1802, below the river terrace The Tuileries is a public garden in Paris created by Catherine de Medici as the garden of the Tuileries Palace in 1564, it was eventually opened to the public in 1667, and became a public park after the French Revolution.


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The Santa Fe's very stiff suspension was probably the most surprising aspect of the SUV. It didn't help that most of my driving was done in the Land of Potholes — a.k.a. Chicago in the spring — where smooth pavement is hard to find. Even so, a little more damping would have been appreciated. The Limited's 18-inch alloy wheels wear lower-profile tires than the ones mounted on the GLS' 16-inch wheels, which might offer a little more ride comfort than the 18s. The Santa Fe steers just fine, but don't expect it to be a source of driving joy.
Other aspects of the Santa Fe's handling capabilities are certainly praiseworthy. The Santa Fe's manageable size feels stable on the highway, where it's surprisingly quiet even on concrete interstates adept at generating cabin noise. Wind noise levels are low, too. Body roll is noticeable through tight corners, but it's by no means excessive for this class.


The Effects on Gluten Strength and Bread Volume of Adding Soybean Peroxidase Enzyme to Wheat Flour Ratia Kirby ABSTRACT Soy peroxidase enzyme obtained from isoelectic precipitation procedures was added to all-purpose flour (APF) to assess its effects on the rheological properties and consumer acceptability of yeast bread. A pH 4.8 isoelectrically precipitated fraction from soybeans was used because it produced the most precipitate and had about the same peroxidase activity as the other fractions. Gluten strength was determined using a farinograph for seven treatment groups: control (all-purpose flour), bread flour, all-purpose flour + soy flour, bread flour + soy flour, all purpose flour + pH 4.8 precipitate, all-purpose flour + 15 mg soybean peroxidase, and all-purpose flour + 25 mg soybean peroxidase. Four types of yeast bread were baked for loaf volume determination, texture analysis, and consumer acceptability: a control loaf using only all-purpose flour, a reference loaf using all bread flour, a loaf with all purpose flour + whole soy flour, and a loaf with all-purpose flour + pH 4.8 soy precipitate. The APF+soy flour, bread flour, bread flour + soy flour, and the APF + pH 4.8 precipitate produced an improvement in the gluten strength and mixing tolerance compared to the control (p<0.05). However, the improvement by the addition of the pH 4.8 precipitate cannot be attributed to the peroxidase enzyme because peroxidase needs hydrogen peroxide as a substrate and no hydrogen peroxidase could be added to the farinogragh; therefore, it was concluded that the increase in gluten strength produced by the pH 4.8 soy precipitate was due to an unknown component present in the pH 4.8 fraction. No significant differences (p<0.05) were found in crumb or crust texture for any of the treatment groups. The addition of pH 4.8 precipitate to APF significantly decreased (p<0.05) loaf volume compared to bread made from bread flour. The results from sensory analysis showed there was no difference in preference for any of the breads. This study showed no conclusive evidence that peroxidase enzyme improved gluten strength or loaf volume of yeast bread, but further research is warranted.


Visit to the ESO La Silla Paranal Observatory and/or the site of the ALMA telescope (Chile).
Visit to ESO Headquarters (Germany) and Königsleiten Observatory (Austria).
Visit to the Hispano-German Astronomical Observatory of Calar Alto in Almeria (Spain)*.
* this prize is kindly donated by the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC).
Please note that participants younger than 15 years of age cannot participate in trips to Paranal, Garching, Königsleiten, Wendelstein and Calar Alto, and, hence, cannot participate in the Category 1 Contest.
Non-winning entries in Category 1 automatically participate in the lottery of Category 2 .
All registered teams participating in Category 1 and 2 , as well as the public vote winners of Category 3 will receive a formal certificate of participation.
Visit to the ESO La Silla Paranal Observatory and/or the site of the ALMA telescope. (Flight from the nearest international airport, all travel in Chile to the ESO sites, accommodation and meals for the duration of the trip (1 week).
Visit to ESO Headquarters and Königsleiten Observatory (Austria). Flight from the nearest international airport to Munich, travel to the Königsleiten Observatory and to the ESO Headquarters, accommodation and meals for the duration of the trip (3 days).
The Königsleiten Public Observatory and Planetarium is located in the Austrian Alps, 1800 metres above sea level. This site of great natural beauty is laso one of the best for astronomical observations in continental Europe.
Visit to ESO Headquarters and Wendelstein Observatory (Germany). Flight from the nearest international airport to Munich, travel to the Wendelstein Observatory and to the ESO Headquarters, accommodation and meals for the duration of the trip (3 days).
This is one of the best sites for observing the Sun, and it also has a fantastic view over the Alps.


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Inside look at Offutt Air Force Base's airborne 'survivable' command center
Updated: 8:34 AM CDT Apr 27, 2022
Alex McLoon
DISASTER STRIKES THE US OFTEN AIR FCEOR BASES RESPONSIBLE FOR OPERATGIN A PLANE LIKE THIS E4BS ARE MILITARIZED BOEING 747S. THEY'RE EQUIPPED TO EXECUTE EMERGENCY WAR ORDERS AND COORDINATE RESPONSES. AND FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE OFTEN ASSUMED DUTYF O THE DOOMSDAY PLANE AND 2016. BOARD TO SHOWOU Y INSIDE. HERE'S KATV NEWSWATCH SEVENS ALEX MCLOONE. THERE IT IS OFTEN AIR CREWS MATAININED AMERICA'S FOUR. E4 BEES ONE IS ALWAYS READY TO PUT T PHERESIDENT IN THE SKY IF COMMUNICATION ISN'T IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE. SO I WANT PEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND WHAT WE DO AS A TAXPAYER. I WTAN THEM TO KNOW WHAT THEIR MONEY IS DOING. I WANT THEM TO HAVE. CONFIDCEEN THATUR O NATION HAS COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES IN A TIME OF A CRISISOR F 60 YEARS THE NATIONAL AIRBORNE OPERATIONS CENTSER NIGHT WATCH PROGRAM HAS PREPARED THESE PLANES TO SEND US DECISION MAKERS UP ABOVE THREE SHIFTS ROTATE EVERY EIGHT HOURS 24/7 TRAIN BOARD A L.OT SO STAY PLAIN BECAUSE THIS ASSEMBLY LIN OFE COMMUNICATION KICKS INTO GEAR DURING A NATIONAL EMERGENCY. REQUIRE A LEVEOFL TEASE AT LEAST TWO WATCH OFFICERS ARE STANDI BYNG 24/7 TO RECEIVE ALTSER FROM ACROSS THE COUNTRY COLONEL. BRIAN GOLDEN SAYS IT'S BETT TERO BE BOREDN O THIS PLANE BECAUSE OF ITS TIME TO WORK SOMETHING SOMEWHERE DESTROYED GROUND COMMAND WHETHER IT'S MOTHER NATURE OR AN ADVERSARY. AS WAR CONTINUESN I UKRAINE NEOC SAYS THE US DOES NOT FACE THE DIRECT NUCLEAR THREAT FROM RUSSIA. THIS IS NO THREAT TO THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES. WE ARE DOING ANYTHING DIERFFENT THAN WE DO. DAY IF THERE IS EVER A THREAT TO THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES, THAT'S WHAT WE WOULD BE A LITTLE MORE CONCERNED ABOUT THAT EVERY DAY. THESE CREW MEMBERS. THINK ABOUT THE REAL WORLD IMPLICATNSIO THIS ASSEMBLYINE L OF COMMUNICATION MEANS FOR THE REST OF US0 6 YEARS ONHE T WAT
If a natural emergency or disaster strikes the U.S., the 595th Command and Control Group is responsible for operating a plane called E-4B's.E-4B's are militarized Boeing 7-47's equipped to execute emergency war orders and coordinate responses.It is the first time since the E-4B realigned under Air Force Global Strike Command and 8th Air Force in 2016, that there has been a media flight on the aircraft. KETV NewsWatch 7 got the chance to go on board and see what is inside. Aircrews maintain America's four E-4B's. One is always ready to put the president in the sky if communication isn't immediately available.It's where senior officials would go if a nuclear attack or natural disaster knocks out communication across the US."So I want people to understand what we do. As a taxpayer's standpoint I want them to know what their money's doing. I want them to have confidence that our nation has the capabilities in a time of crisis," said Col. Brian Golden, national airborne operations center.For 60 years the national airborne operations center's "Night-watch" program has prepared these planes to send U.S. decision-makers up above. Three shifts rotate every eight hours, 24/7. "We train for it a lot. And so I feel confident. We'd be ready to go," said Benjamin Stickler, National Airborne Operations Center.This is deemed the "Doomsday plane" because this assembly line of communication kicks into gear during a national emergency. At least two watch officers are standing by 24/7 to receive alerts from across the country.It's a "survivable" command center that costs $147,000 to fly each hour when fully generated.Colonel Brian Golden says it's better to be bored on this plane because if it's time to work something somewhere destroyed ground command.Whether it's Mother Nature or an adversary. As war continues in Ukraine, N.A.O.C. said the U.S. does not face a direct nuclear threat from Russia."Since there's no threat to the continental United States, we aren't doing anything different than we do day-to-day. If there ever is a threat to the continental United States that's when we would be a little more concerned about that," said Col. Brian Golden.Every day these crew members think about the real-world implications this assembly line of communication means for the rest of us. They have been on watch for 60 years and counting.E-4B fact sheetPrimary function: Airborne operations centerBuilder: Boeing Aerospace Co.Power plant: Four General Electric CF6-50E2 turbofan enginesThrust: 52,500 pounds (each engine)Length: 231 feet, 4 inches (70.5 meters)Wingspan: 195 feet, 8 inches (59.7 meters)Height: 63 feet, 5 inches (19.3 meters) Maximum takeoff weight: 800,000 pounds (360,000 kilograms)Endurance: 12 hours (unrefueled)Ceiling: above 30,000 feet (9,091 meters) Unit cost: $223.2 million (fiscal 98 constant dollars)Crew: Up to 112Date deployed: January 1980Inventory: Active force, 4; Air National Guard, 0; Reserve, 0 Learn more about the E-4B here
If a natural emergency or disaster strikes the U.S., the 595th Command and Control Group is responsible for operating a plane called E-4B's.
E-4B's are militarized Boeing 7-47's equipped to execute emergency war orders and coordinate responses.
It is the first time since the E-4B realigned under Air Force Global Strike Command and 8th Air Force in 2016, that there has been a media flight on the aircraft. KETV NewsWatch 7 got the chance to go on board and see what is inside.
Aircrews maintain America's four E-4B's. One is always ready to put the president in the sky if communication isn't immediately available.
It's where senior officials would go if a nuclear attack or natural disaster knocks out communication across the US.
"So I want people to understand what we do. As a taxpayer's standpoint I want them to know what their money's doing. I want them to have confidence that our nation has the capabilities in a time of crisis," said Col. Brian Golden, national airborne operations center.
For 60 years the national airborne operations center's "Night-watch" program has prepared these planes to send U.S. decision-makers up above. Three shifts rotate every eight hours, 24/7.
"We train for it a lot. And so I feel confident. We'd be ready to go," said Benjamin Stickler, National Airborne Operations Center.
This is deemed the "Doomsday plane" because this assembly line of communication kicks into gear during a national emergency. At least two watch officers are standing by 24/7 to receive alerts from across the country.
It's a "survivable" command center that costs $147,000 to fly each hour when fully generated.
Colonel Brian Golden says it's better to be bored on this plane because if it's time to work something somewhere destroyed ground command.
Whether it's Mother Nature or an adversary. As war continues in Ukraine, N.A.O.C. said the U.S. does not face a direct nuclear threat from Russia.
"Since there's no threat to the continental United States, we aren't doing anything different than we do day-to-day. If there ever is a threat to the continental United States that's when we would be a little more concerned about that," said Col. Brian Golden.
Every day these crew members think about the real-world implications this assembly line of communication means for the rest of us. They have been on watch for 60 years and counting.
E-4B fact sheet
Primary function: Airborne operations center
Builder: Boeing Aerospace Co.
Power plant: Four General Electric CF6-50E2 turbofan engines
Thrust: 52,500 pounds (each engine)
Length: 231 feet, 4 inches (70.5 meters)
Wingspan: 195 feet, 8 inches (59.7 meters)
Height: 63 feet, 5 inches (19.3 meters)
Maximum takeoff weight: 800,000 pounds (360,000 kilograms)
Endurance: 12 hours (unrefueled)
Ceiling: above 30,000 feet (9,091 meters)
Unit cost: $223.2 million (fiscal 98 constant dollars)
Crew: Up to 112
Date deployed: January 1980
Inventory: Active force, 4; Air National Guard, 0; Reserve, 0
Learn more about the E-4B here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Currently, we are living in a society which loves to dictate that all chemicals are bad and natural is good. This is especially true when it comes to haircare products with plenty of bloggers claiming that shampoo is the devil and should be avoided at all costs. But does the No Poo method have any risks or is it perfectly safe to change up your hair washing routine?
First, let's get to grips with what the No Poo method actually entails. It involves swapping your shampoo for plain old water or various natural products such as apple cider vinegar or baking soda. The official No Poo website states traditional shampoo contains chemicals that strip away your hair's natural oils, leaving hair looking greasier than it would if you just left it alone.
A couple of months ago, I chucked away my shampoo for two weeks, using water to wash my hair instead. While I haven't become a total No Poo convert, I was surprised at how shiny my hair looked without the help of products.
According to Healthline, "experimenting with No Poo is relatively low risk." But some dermatologists have revealed that there could be a few risks associated with replacing shampoo with certain ingredients.
Using just water — like me — won't hurt at all but throwing household ingredients on your hair could result in adverse effects. A report published in the journal Cutis earlier this year stresses how important it is to dilute the likes of baking soda and apple cider vinegar with water.
Baking soda in particular can quickly become an irritant, says the report. Its pH of nine "causes the cuticle layer of the hair fibre to open, increasing capacity for water absorption." This, in turn, can lead to more friction between hair fibres as well as hair strands becoming more fragile and breaking.
"Such an alkaline solution can be damaging for people with chemically treated hair; it may make it even more dry or brittle," Dr. Nicole Rogers explained to Health, adding that baking soda has alternative uses as a teeth whitener and rust remover. "I'm not sure that most people need anything that caustic to clean their hair — if anything, commercial shampoos would appear to be far gentler!"
Apple cider vinegar has a much lower pH (usually between 3.1 to five) which, the Cutis report states, is regarded as "ideal" by No Poo advocates because it's much closer to your scalp's natural pH level. However, skin can become inflamed if the vinegar isn't mixed with an adequate amount of water.
Another alternative is coconut oil which is heralded as a fix-all for everything from dry skin to an unhealthy diet. This, too, comes with its own downsides, according to Healthline. The oil is particularly thick and may be particularly difficult to wash out, resulting in hair looking greasy and heavy.
People reading this may be inclined to go down the co-washing route instead. This still involves banishing shampoo, amping up the need for conditioner instead.
But experts say that this may not be any better for your hair's health, with the Cutis report authors explaining how conditioners are unable to sufficiently clean hair, concluding that co-washing is an "inappropriate" replacement for shampooing.
"Patients must be informed that not all synthetic substances are harmful, and likewise not all naturally occurring substances are safe," the report also states.
Well, that's the world told. It's not a foregone conclusion that the No Poo method is 100 percent bad, but if you're looking for a shampoo alternative, stick with water to be on the safe side.


Our second course, Burrata with Cherry Tomato, created by chef Eugenio Maiale. 'Wow~', this elegant dish, not only did it bring the Italian flag – green; white and red – to our table; the Italian semi-dried tomatoes were so full of flavour that I couldn't get over how tasty they were! Together with the fresh creamy burrata, the flavours were dancing in my mouth!
The special guest from Italy, Annibale Pancrazio, an industry expert and the owner of Pancrazio Spa, shared his knowledge with us about the distinctive features of this important Italian industry and talked on the Italian tinned tomato production's positive impact on the rest of the world.
Then came the third course, Pecorino Tortellini, Tomato Broth and Bottarga – by chef Giovanni Pilu.
"Now it is nearly the end of the (tomato) season…". Chef Pilu said in his brief introduction. "And it is when tomatoes are at their best!" And so was the pasta, it was at its best when freshly made!
Meanwhile, as each dish arrived, food blogger Vincenzo; Kent and I were busy photographing the 'plates of art' in front of us, so we could soon share them online!
'Welcome to the world of social media!' I said to Michael, half joking half apologising. Michael didn't seem to mind at all.
Chef Gabriele Taddeucci, head-chef of Osteria Balla Manfredi, made us Steamed Mulloway with Spicy Lucariello Tomato. The star of our fourth dish, the fish, was cooked perfectly – tender and moist. The spicy canned yellow tomato sauce was well balanced with sweetness.
But what came to me as a surprise, was our final dish – a tomato dessert!!
Chef Danny Russo created Tomato Cannoli with Saffron Crema e Fiordilatte Gelato as our dessert. I had never seen or tasted anything like it! Have you?
The tomato cannoli with saffron cream were not overly sweet but delicious; most sweetness came from the gelato and I did enjoy the crunchiness brought by the olive crumbs.
To me, this dish had the 'wow factor' and it had left me craving for more. Chef Russo's imaginative effort paid off with a sensational end to our 5-course menu. It's definitely one of those dishes I'd remember for a long time!
Yes indeed. Not only did I have the chance to experience Sydney's top Italian chefs demonstrating how to make sensational dishes using preserved tomatoes; I also enjoyed and tasted my Italian culinary dream!
Thank you again Italian Trade Agency – Sydney for your kind invite.
Main picture, from the left to right: Loredana from ITA; Italian chefs: Danny Russo; Gabriele Taddeucci; Giovanni Pilu; Eugenio Maiale; Francesco Spataro and I.
For more images and stories of the Oro Rosso Luncheon, simply check out Kent's Street Fashion Sydney blog!
These pictures are great! I love tomatoes, so I'm sure the food was amazing!
Definitely! And you're welcome! Now I'm craving tomatoes!
Tomatoes for dessert? Looking at the photo, it suddenly seems like a great idea and that dinner of yours made me realize what versatile vegetables, tomatoes are.
Yes they are versatile! I remember many years ago hearing people I knew arguing about is the tomato a vegetable? Or fruit? I also remember seeing my father mixing tomato cubes and raw sugar as a quick sweet fix.
The tomato dessert is something I didn't know that existed- but now I want it.


Although we do not have the facilities to be a Family Hotel children are genuinely welcome to stay with us. We can provide small portions from the menu, high chair, travel cot and a sense of humour. Travel cot and bedding is charged at £10.00 per stay.
Unfortunately due to previous problems with damage dogs will only be allowed at the Managers discretion with preference given to smaller, well behaved varieties. As we allow dogs on a lead in the bar areas we ask that dogs are at no time left alone in the rooms, the conditions listed under damage apply. Charge per dog £10.00 per stay.
We reserve the right to charge for the replacement, cleaning or repair of any item(s) belonging to the Hotel or the fabric of the Hotel itself, damaged either wilfully or because reasonable precautions had not been taken. In this event the person making the reservation will be held responsible for their party's behaviour/damage and their credit card will be charged without prior consent being required against invoice(s) that will be provided for the costs incurred.


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City Spotlight: Bonn
Posted on August 17, 2015 by Oktoberfest for Teens
Bonn is one of North Rhine-Westphalia's largest cities with around 311,000 inhabitants. The city's history dates back to Roman times; approximately 11BC the Roman army stationed a small unit in the area which is currently the historical centre of the city. In 1949 Bonn became the de facto capital of the newly formed Federal Republic of Germany for 41 years until the reunification in 1990 which saw Berlin become the capital city of Germany again. Whilst most of the departments have moved back to Berlin, 8,000 of the 18,000 federal officials have remained in Bonn. Bonn is the second official seat to the President and Chancellor of Germany, as well as the Bundesrat (Federal Council). Two of Germany's largest companies, Deutsche Post DHL and Deutsche Telekom currently have their headquarters in Bonn. The city is also home to 19 United Nations Institutions and the University of Bonn. It is also famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven.
German National Museum of Contemporary History – This museum focuses on German history from 1945 onwards. It takes visitors on a journey through the post-World War II era and the events leading up to the division of Germany into the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. The museum offers its visitors free Audio guides in a variety of languages, however, the majority of the exhibits are in German. Museum visitors rave about the museum saying "This is a superb museum, which rivals any historical museum in the world" and "This museum… was by far the best museum I have ever been to." [Reviews are excerpts from TripAdvisor]
Beethoven Haus – The Beethoven House, established in 1889, is the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven and has been turned into a museum. The permanent exhibition takes visitors back to Beethoven's time. It is made up of twelve rooms which offer a deeper insight into Beethoven's thoughts and emotions and their influence on his works. The exhibit also contains more than 150 original documents from Beethoven's time in Bonn and Vienna. The museum is one of Bonn's most famous landmarks, along with the Beethoven Monument, a large bronze statue, found on the Münsterplatz in the heart of the city.
Altes Rathaus (Old Town Hall) – Bonn's Old Town Hall is situated in the marketplace. The foundation stone of the building was placed by Clemens August, Cologne's elector and archbishop from 1723 to 1761, in April 1737. After an airstrike in 1944 only the outer walls of the building remained and it was rebuilt in 1949. Over time the building has been visited by many notable people, such as Bill and Hillary Clinton, Nelson Mandela and even Mother Theresa.
Beethoven Fun Facts:
Beethoven would end performances if he heard anyone in the audience talking
He often dipped his head into a bucket of cold water before composing
Beethoven was born in 1770, but no one knows the exact date (he was baptised on the 17th of December)
After moving to Vienna, Beethoven took lessons from Joseph Haydn, father of the symphony!
Beethoven suffered from a variety of illnesses throughout his life, including deafness, colitis, rheumatic fever, typhus, skin disorders, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver
He hated giving piano lessons unless his student was exceptionally talented or an attractive young woman
Beethoven's father lied about his son's age (claiming Beethoven was born in 1772) to make him appear more advanced for his age
His father would also discourage his compositions at a young age, claiming that if he did not follow the sheet music given to him he'd never amount to anything… how very wrong he was!


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Home News by Category DFW Remembrance Infinite Individual Moments
Infinite Individual Moments
Wednesday, 12 September 2012 14:33	DFW Remembrance
Today I send my thoughts to David Foster Wallace's family, friends and co-workers. The people closest to him.
Sometimes it feels like I knew him. Most of that is thanks to the research, narratives, recollections, memories, publications and generosity of people moved by, interested in, and close to David Foster Wallace. But I didn't know him.
It's this feeling of knowing him that many of his readers share. He got inside our heads and taught us a new way to see, interpret, and understand the world. He shared with us what he knew about dealing with difficulties in life:
"That no single, individual moment is in and of itself unendurable." Infinite Jest, p 204.
For the last month or so it's been my mantra. It's working so far.
David Foster Wallace (February 21, 1962 � September 12, 2008)
In this post I intend to go back to the roots of this website, a love for David Foster Wallace's writing and for critical writing about it.
And with that I present one of the most amazing pieces of work about Infinite Jest, John Timothy Jacobs' Doctoral Thesis, "The Eschatological Imagination: Mediating David Foster Wallace's Infinite Jest" (2003). (Packed with spoilers, beware if you've not read Infinite Jest)
Have you wondered about the wraith's presence in Infinite Jest? Who is the narrator? What to the little circles throughout the text possibly mean?
This thesis presents three interpretations of Infinite Jest:
a) Wallace's aesthetic compared with the aesthetic of the poet, G.M. Hopkins.
b) The concept of mediation and exploring the subtext of the return of the dead author-the novel operates, in part, as a rejoinder to the death-of-the-author critical impasse.
c) Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov (1880). Wallace has rewritten (or reimagined) Dostoevsky's novel and translated it into a contemporary context and idiom as a remedy for postmodern American solipsism.
When I first read this thesis it blew my mind.
I hope it does the same for you.
Enjoy and remember.
[Previously 2011, 2010, 2009]
Last Updated on Wednesday, 12 September 2012 21:00


Order discount, full-color or custom business cards at any FedEx Office in Madison, WI. Select a design template and personalize it to best suit your needs. Order online for easy and convenient printing and delivery.


In the evening at sunset the people bring Crowd Gatherer everyone who was ill or held by Press Gangers. The whole city gathered round the door of the place where the Crowd Gatherer was staying and he made people well and freed people from the Press Gangers who held them. He wouldn't let the Press Gangers speakers and they did what he said because they knew who he was.


The Agriculture Ministry launched online portal Ensure to connect with direct benefit transfer and provide simple, useful and transparent system to the beneficiary.
Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare Shri Radha Mohan Singh launched the portal ENSURE- National Livestock Mission- EDEG developed by NABARD and operated under the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries.
In order to make it better, simpler and transparent, the NABARD has developed an online portal "ENSURE" so that the information related to beneficiary and processing of application can be made readily available.
Under the new process, controlling officer/branch manager of the bank, after scrutinizing and sanctioning of proposal, uploads the subsidy claims in the portal.
The subsidy will be approved within 30 days from the date of sanction of loan. Earlier, even after the loan approval, subsidy took a long time to reach the beneficiary's account.


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A free, useful resource for Social Workers to help you articulate your values and needs and proactively create the career you want. This four-phase process includes reflecting on why you are a Social Worker, gaining insight into your particular strengths, identifying where in social work your purpose best fits, and identifying what you need to stay nourished throughout your career.
Have you ever advertised a job but been disappointed with the response? Download EthicalJobs.com.au's seven-step guide to writing a job ad that's simply irresistable to ethical job-seekers.
A site created by EthicalJobs.com.au for HR professionals, volunteer managers and other not-for-profit executives or board members interested in how to recruit, train and retain the best staff for their organisation.
A short guide to tracking "source-of-hire" data for not-for-profit organisations. It could save your organisation thousands of dollars.
With literally hundreds of different job-search sites in Australia, it's easy to be confused about different claims that some sites can make. If you're comparing us with other sites, this guide will help!
Fact sheets and other information from Justice Connect to help your organisation in the recruitment process.
A set of free resources from the Northern Territory Council of Social Service (NTCOSS) with information sheets including job advertising, interviewing, recruitment and retention.
This guide developed by RMIT University provides strategies for disability service providers to draw on when recruiting and sustaining a workforce of disability support workers.
The volunteer's journey: An online step-by-step guide to locating and recruiting volunteers.
Volunteering Australia has developed this great resource that can help you find and retain volunteers.
A great series of case studies from Volunteering Qld.
Check out this interesting article by Debbie Haski-Leventhal that looks at using positioning and perceptual mapping tools to improve targeted volunteer recruitment campaigns.


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Frunzenski rajon (ryska: Фрунзенский район, vitryska: Фрунзенскі раён) är ett distrikt i Belarus.   Det ligger i voblasten Minsks voblast, i den centrala delen av landet. Huvudstaden Horad Mіnsk ligger i Frunzenski rajon.

Källor

Indelningar i Minsks stad
Kontrollbehov inkommande wikilänkar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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News & AnalysisASAP
Another Federal Appeals Court Finds Title VII Prohibits Sexual Orientation Discrimination
By Emily Haigh and Mark Phillis on
On February 26, 2018, a majority of the entire U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held, in Zarda v. Altitude Express Inc., that Title VII prohibits workplace discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. With this ruling, the Second Circuit becomes the second federal appellate court to reverse its prior precedent and reach this conclusion.
In 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, also sitting en banc, held that Title VII's prohibition of sex discrimination also prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation.1 All of the other courts of appeal that have considered this issue have ruled that Title VII does not cover sexual orientation discrimination.2 In December 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review a ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for Eleventh Circuit that reached a contrary conclusion.3 It is unclear at this point whether this decision will be appealed to the Supreme Court and, if so, whether the Court will resolve this split between the circuits.
The plurality decision in Zarda relies on the three main arguments developed in this area of law and espoused by the EEOC:
Firing a woman who is attracted to women but not firing a man who is attracted to women is on its face discrimination based on sex, because "but for" the employee's sex, the employer would not have terminated the employee;
Firing an employee because of the employee's sexual orientation is unlawful associational discrimination—discrimination based on who the employee associates with or has a relationship—just as firing an employee for being in an interracial relationship is unlawful associational discrimination; and
Firing an employee based on the employee's sexual orientation is unlawful sexual stereotyping because it is discrimination based on stereotypical notions that men should be attracted to women, not men, and women should be attracted to men, not women.
This case received some attention last summer when the U.S. Department of Justice filed an amicus brief urging the Second Circuit to hold that sexual orientation is not protected under Title VII.4 One of the DOJ's principal arguments was that since "sexual orientation" was not explicitly written into Title VII when it was passed or when it was amended in 1991, the court should not interpret it to include sexual orientation.
The Second Circuit in Zarda noted that Title VII's prohibitions "often go beyond the principal evil to cover reasonably comparable evils." The court noted, for example, at one point sexual harassment was thought to be out of the scope of Title VII because it is not explicitly prohibited in the statute.
Employers in the Second Circuit (Connecticut, New York and Vermont) may see an upswing in sexual orientation claims brought under Title VII rather than or in addition to state law. Employers outside of these states should remember that the EEOC continues to take the view that Title VII prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and should anticipate that the EEOC and/or private litigants are likely to continue to pursue these claims even in jurisdictions where the courts have rejected these claims.
1 See Kevin Kraham and Emily Haigh, Seventh Circuit Holds Title VII Protections Extend to Sexual Orientation Discrimination, Littler ASAP (Apr. 6, 2017).
2 See, e.g. Higgins v. New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc., 194 F.3d 252, 259 (1st Cir. 1999); Bibby v. Phila. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 260 F.3d 257, 261 (3d Cir. 2001); Wrightson v. Pizza Hut of Am., Inc., 99 F.3d 138, 143 (4th Cir. 1996); Blum v. Gulf Oil Corp., 597 F.2d 936, 938 (5th Cir. 1979); Kalich v. AT & T Mobility, LLC, 679 F.3d 464, 471 (6th Cir. 2012); Williamson v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc., 876 F.2d 69, 70 (8th Cir. 1989); DeSantis v. Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., 608 F.2d 327, 329 (9th Cir. 1979), abrogated by Nichols v. Azteca Restaurant Enterprises, Inc., 256 F.3d 864, 875 (9th Cir. 2001); DeSantis, 608 F.2d at 329–30; Medina v. Income Support Div., 413 F.3d 1131, 1135 (10th Cir. 2005); Evans v. Georgia Reg'l Hosp., 850 F.3d 1248, 1255 (11th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 557 (2017).
3 Evans v. Georgia Reg'l Hosp., 850 F.3d 1248 (11th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 557 (2017).
4 See Emily Haigh and Kevin Kraham, Is Sexual Orientation Protected Under Title VII? The DOJ Weighs In, Littler ASAP (July 31, 2017).
Information contained in this publication is intended for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or opinion, nor is it a substitute for the professional judgment of an attorney.
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Emily Haigh
ehaigh@littler.com
Mark T. Phillis
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Is Sexual Orientation Protected Under Title VII? The DOJ Weighs InSeventh Circuit Holds Title VII Protections Extend to Sexual Orientation Discrimination


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Leadership Colloquium
Energy Academy
Wittenberg Process
Middle-East Dialogue
The Wittenberg Centre for Global Ethics works to resolve societal conflicts by applying an approach to ethics developed by several generations of academics.
Our core interest is in communicating ethical principles which individuals, corporations and other organisations can apply in everyday situations. In the following, the most important premises of our approach to ethics will be explicated.
Ethics is about using one's freedom responsibly. It is about the question as to how people who are faced with a decision can act in a way which is beneficial for societal cooperation. Be it in a work situation, as a citizen or in a family unit, every individual is constantly faced with decisions which have moral implications. These situations are often also defined by countless empirical restrictions and by competing ideas about values and interests, which certainly cannot always be harmonized. This leads to conflict. Ethics has the task of providing points of orientation and instruments for the analysis, resolution and/or management of these conflicts. The degree to which we are able to accept responsibility for our actions today determines which freedoms are available to us in the future.
Social Order
In modern society, conflicts are generally resolved by our societal order. Thereby, it is necessary to distinguish between two levels:
The formal rules of the game (laws, standards, contracts etc.) which determine which freedoms are granted and define the incentives which make desirable actions more attractive and punish undesirable actions,
The informal understanding of the game (ideals, values and convictions), which determine the discussion regarding which freedoms can be enjoyed within the social order and how new conflicts which emerge can best be resolved.
Both levels of social order are integral for maintaining freedom. Prevailing ideas about values, in combination with the applicable formal rules define the expectations which people develop, where there is potential for cooperation or conflict and the latter will be experiences and dealt with. This applies equally to international cooperative ventures, national communities and specific organisations.
Both levels of social order are being put under pressure. As a result of the increasing pace of development and the respective disruptions and growing uncertainty, prevailing rule systems are losing their power. (Digital) innovations, short-term crises and ad-hoc developments lead to conflicts, which often cannot be resolved using traditional means of analysis, standards and processes. In addition, the diverse traditions and ideals are coming into competition with one another. As a result, initiating and conducting a dialogue about potential means of conflict resolution is becoming increasingly difficult.
Under these conditions, a solid ethical foundation becomes all the more important. When social order, i.e. the prevailing rules and understanding of the game, no longer gives sufficient orientation, other impulses and points of orientation become necessary. Being a responsible leader means showing initiative and identifying conflicts (creating room for reflection), actively contributing to solutions (having an impact) and communicating their acceptance (offering good arguments) in order to maintain the freedoms which are available to us. Our approach to ethics, which combines philosophical insights with economic logic, provides well-founded and practically applicable instruments for each of these three functions.


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The Lane Cove Youth Orchestra is a community youth group offering quality music and recreational opportunities in a friendly, safe, co-educational environment. LCYO regularly participates in community events, holds a variety of concerts each year, some formal and others more casual, and gives extra performances when requested by sponsors.
LCYO is always keen to experiment with different performance spaces and styles and regularly invites other music or arts/cultural groups to participate. This provides a diversity of cultural experiences for our players and audiences.
We are a Registered Charity and are a part of the Creative Kids program.
Rehearsal location
Rehearsals are held in the Cove Room in the Lane Cove Council building. Due to COVID-19 restrictions our rehearsal formats and venues may vary.
Rehearsal day
Rehearsals are held on Monday evenings during school terms from 6-8pm.
Please contact Lyndall on 0411 413 335 for updates.
Conducting team
Mark Brown, Conductor
Mark achieved honours in Bachelor of Music, Trombone Performance, in 1996 at the NSW State Conservatorium of Music. He studied trombone with Arthur Hubbard and Ron Prussing. He was awarded the Bellhouse Memorial Conducting Scholarship and selected for a conducting program under Maestro Henryk Pisarek. His professional trombone and euphonium credits include performances in numerous musicals and with many symphony orchestras and bands. Mark is constantly in demand as a conductor for schools and community organisations and works with orchestras, wind bands and stage bands of every level. Read more here.
Dominique Guerbois
Bio coming soon!
Olivia Ellis
Colin Piper OAM
Colin Piper, esteemed conductor and percussionist, is our Patron and occasional guest conductor.
LCYO's annual camps are an amazing opportunity for players to socialise and make good progress on their repertoire. Some of our exciting urban camp sites include Cockatoo Island, Newington Armory in Sydney Olympic Park, Taronga Zoo, the tall ship James Craig in Darling Harbour, Georges Head Battery in Chowder Bay Mosman and Sydney Harbour YHA at The Rocks.
(Please note—due to COVID-19 restrictions our annual music camp programs have been suspended temporarily.)
The Lane Cove Youth Orchestra began as a community project in 1992 to provide an extension to the strong music programs operating in the community and local schools.
Founding committee members were: Robyn Mah, Dr Judith Mitchell, Lyndall McNally and Elly Moore.
LCYO proudly acknowledges the Cameraygal People of the Eora Nation as the traditional custodians of this land. We pay our respects to Elders past, present and emerging.


Explain why people should get vaccinated.
Fairly presenting why people should get vaccinated, by also including why people are against vaccines Giving a result on why they should and people who do not want to get vaccinated, should maybe be homeschooled to not put others at risk. Accumulation of what we have learned in class.


Not all food packing methods are created equal. The USDA explains why when it comes to canning, most foods like it hot.
To raw pack (pictured left), add very hot canning liquid or water to cover raw food, leaving adequate head space. For hot packing (pictured right), boil raw foods 3 to 5 minutes in a saucepan or blancher, then pour into jars.
When canning at home, food can be packed in jars using raw-packing or hot-packing. Hot-packing preserves foods' color and shape better, while raw-packing usually is quicker and easier.
So you have your food, your jars and you're ready to can. But wait: There are two different canning methods — raw-packing and hot-packing. What are the differences between the two? And how do you know which method is right for you, and, more importantly, your food? The United States Department of Agriculture's Complete Guide to Home Canning, will show you the hot and raw pack process for almost everything in your garden. Use this and our other canning resources to stock up after your harvest.
Raw-packing is the practice of filling jars tightly with freshly prepared, but unheated food. Such foods, especially fruit, will float in the jars. The entrapped air in and around the food may cause discoloration within 2 to 3 months of storage. Raw-packing is more suitable for vegetables processed in a pressure canner.
Hot-packing is the practice of heating freshly prepared food to boiling, simmering it 2 to 5 minutes, and promptly filling jars loosely with the boiled food. Whether food has been hot-packed or raw-packed, the juice, syrup, or water to be added to the foods should also be heated to boiling before adding it to the jars. This practice helps to remove air from food tissues, shrinks food, helps keep the food from floating in the jars, increases vacuum in sealed jars, and improves shelf life. Preshrinking food permits filling more food into each jar.
Click on the Image Gallery for how-to illustrations of both raw-packing and hot-packing.
Many fresh foods contain from 10 percent to more than 30 percent air. How long canned food retains high quality depends on how much air is removed from food before jars are sealed.
Begin with good-quality fresh foods suitable for canning. Quality varies among varieties of fruits and vegetables. Many county Extension offices can recommend varieties best suited for canning. Examine food carefully for freshness and wholesomeness. Discard diseased and moldy food. Trim small diseased lesions or spots from food.
Can fruits and vegetables picked from your garden or purchased from nearby producers when the products are at their peak of quality-within 6 to 12 hours after harvest for most vegetables. For best quality, apricots, nectarines, peaches, pears, and plums should be ripened 1 or more days between harvest and canning. If you must delay the canning of other fresh produce, keep it in a shady, cool place.
Fresh home-slaughtered red meats and poultry should be chilled and canned without delay. Do not can meat from sickly or diseased animals. Ice fish and seafoods after harvest, eviscerate immediately, and can them within 2 days.
Use only high-quality foods which are at the proper maturity and are free of diseases and bruises.
Don't unnecessarily expose prepared foods to air. Can them as soon as possible.
Pure powdered form — seasonally available among canners' supplies in supermarkets. One level teaspoon of pure powder weighs about 3 grams. Use 1 teaspoon per gallon of water as a treatment solution.
Vitamin C tablets — economical and available year-round in many stores. Buy 500-milligram tablets; crush and dissolve six tablets per gallon of water as a treatment solution.
Commercially prepared mixes of ascorbic and citric acid — seasonally available among canners' supplies in supermarkets. Follow the manufacturer's directions for store-bought solutions.
Store the jars in a relatively cool, dark place, preferably between 50 degrees and 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
Have a smartphone or tablet? Download the free MOTHER EARTH NEWS library app for access to our How to Can resource (also free!). Find it in the iTunes App Store and Google Play. It's the power of canning know-how in the palm of your hands!
How do I buy large quanity of canned food and place in small jars?
Question: I canned 15 quarts of apples using the hot-pack method. The recipe called for boiling in the water canner for 20 minutes. Through a timing mix-up, they were only boiled for 10 minutes. Everything else was done correctly and meticulously. Do I have to throw out all those apples?


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