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Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 - Thalappalam Ser. Coop Bank Vs. State of Kerala (2013) 16 SCC 82
ashakantasharma posted a blog entry in Asha Kanta Sharma
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 By Shailesh Gandhi, Former Central Information Commissioner Judgment : Thalappalam Ser. Coop Bank Vs. State of Kerala (2013) 16 SCC 82 The issue before the Court: Whether a co-operative society falls within the definition of "public Authority" under Section 2(h) of the RTI Act and be bound by the obligations to provide information sought for by a citizen under the RTI Act. The observations of the Court: Para 37: "We often use the expressions "questions of law" and "substantial questions of law" and explain that any question of law affecting the right of parties would not by itself be a substantial question of law. In Black's Law Dictionary(6th Edn.), the word 'substantial' is defined as 'of real worth and importance; of considerable value; valuable. Belonging to substance; actually existing; real: not seeming or imaginary; not illusive; solid; true; veritable. Something worthwhile as distinguished from something without value or merely nominal. Synonymous with material.' The word 'substantially' has been defined to mean 'essentially; without material qualification; in the main; in substance; materially.' In the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (5th Edn.), the word 'substantial' means 'of ample or considerable amount of size; sizeable, fairly large; having solid worth or value, of real significance; sold; weighty; important, worthwhile; of an act, measure etc. having force or effect, effective, thorough.' The word 'substantially' has been defined to mean 'in substance; as a substantial thing or being; essentially, intrinsically.' Therefore the word 'substantial' is not synonymous with 'dominant' or 'majority'. It is closer to 'material' or 'important' or 'of considerable value.' 'Substantially' is closer to 'essentially'. Both words can signify varying degrees depending on the context. Para 38. "Merely providing subsidiaries, grants, exemptions, privileges etc., as such, cannot be said to be providing funding to a substantial extent, unless the record shows that the funding was so substantial to the body which practically runs by such funding and but for such funding, it would struggle to exist. The State may also float many schemes generally for the betterment and welfare of the cooperative sector like deposit guarantee scheme, scheme of assistance from NABARD etc., but those facilities or assistance cannot be termed as "substantially financed" by the State Government to bring the body within the fold of "public authority" under Section 2(h)(d)(i) of the Act." The Court held that: Cooperative Societies registered under the Kerala Co-operative Societies Act will not fall within the definition of "public Authority" as defined under Section 2(h) of the RTI Act unless they are substantially financed. The Court ruled that Cooperative Societies are not Public authorities covered in RTI unless they are substantially financed. It defined the word substantial finance thus: The Court after looking at the various dictionary meanings-'material', 'important', 'of considerable value', 'not illusive' decided that it means essential only, when it says, 'Substantially' is closer to 'essentially' . It further said at para 38. "Merely providing subsidiaries, grants, exemptions, privileges etc., as such, cannot be said to be providing funding to a substantial extent, unless the record shows that the funding was so substantial to the body which practically runs by such funding and but for such funding, it would struggle to exist. The State may also float many schemes generally for the betterment and welfare of the cooperative sector like deposit guarantee scheme, scheme of assistance from NABARD etc., but those facilities or assistance cannot be termed as "substantially financed" by the State Government to bring the body within the fold of "public authority" under Section 2(h)(d)(i) of the Act. But, there are instances, where private educational institutions getting ninety five per cent grant-in-aid from the appropriate government, may answer the definition of public authority under Section 2 (h)(d)(i)" Effectively this states that the finance must be essential to its functioning that it would struggle to exist without it. No Information provided. Our analysis of the judgment: The conclusion of the court that cooperative societies are not public authorities unless they are substantially financed is correct. However in defining the phrase 'substantial finance' it appears to have narrowed the scope of the RTI act by claiming that 'substantial finance' means 'essential' finance without which the body would struggle to exist. Thus even if a NGO or private body receives 100 crores annually it may not be deemed to be substantially financed if its total budget is around 500 crores and it argues that the amount from the Government is not essential for its working. The Court did not choose the words 'material, important, of considerable value, not illusive' which would have expanded the scope of the Act. Whereas its ruling that a Cooperative society does not automatically become a public authority appears right, its ruling on the words 'substantial finance' appears to constrict the ambit of the law, far more than what it should. satyamevajayate.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Analysis-of-Supreme-Court-judgments-on-RTI.pdf
supremecourts
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 - Reserve Bank of India Vs. Jaynatilal N. Mistry & Ors. (2016) 3 SCC 525
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 By Shailesh Gandhi, Former Central Information Commissioner Judgment : Reserve Bank of India Vs. Jaynatilal N. Mistry & Ors. (2016) 3 SCC 525 This is a landmark judgement given by Apex Court on 16 December, 2015 and it must be included since it is the first clear pro-transparency judgement after the advent of the RTI Act. A bench of Justice M.Y. Eqbal and C. Nagappan delivered the most significant judgment on the law and laid down standards of transparency in line with the letter and spirit of the RTI Act. The apex court was hearing a batch of transferred petitions filed by various financial institutions and Banks against eleven decisions2 of the Central Information Commission. Since the issues were similar the eleven cases were transferred from the Bombay and Delhi High Courts to the Supreme Court. Eight had been filed by RBI, two by NABARD and one was filed by ICICI Bank. As per the RTI Act denial of information is permitted only if it falls in the ambit of Section 8 of the Act, or providing the information infringes copyright. A few organizations which are security and intelligence agencies specifically mentioned in the second schedule to the Act are completely exempted, unless the information sought relates to corruption or human rights violations. The Act is complete by itself and to obviate the possibility of any laws circumscribing this fundamental right of citizens, Section 22 states: "The provisions of this Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in the Official Secrets Act, 1923, and any other law for the time being in force or in any instrument having effect by virtue of any law other than this Act." Insertion of a non- obstante clause in Section 22 of the RTI Act was a conscious choice of the Parliament to safeguard the citizens' fundamental right to information from convoluted interpretations of other laws adopted by public authorities to deny information. The presence of Section 22 of the RTI Act simplifies the process of implementing the right to information both for citizens as well as the PIO; citizens may seek to enforce their fundamental right to information by simply invoking the provisions of the RTI Act. To understand this, two scenarios may be envisaged: 1. The existence of an earlier law/ rule whose provisions pertain to furnishing of information and is consistent with the RTI Act: Since there is no inconsistency between the law/ rule and the provisions of the RTI Act, the citizen is at liberty to choose whether she will seek information in accordance with the said law/ rule or under the RTI Act. If the PIO has received a request for information under the RTI Act, the information shall be provided to the citizen as per the provisions of the RTI Act and any denial of the same must be in accordance with Sections 8 and 9 of the RTI Act only; and 2. An earlier law/ rule whose provisions pertain to furnishing of information but is inconsistent with the RTI Act: Where there is inconsistency between the law/rule and the RTI Act in terms of access to information, then Section 22 of the RTI Act lays down that it shall override the said law/ rule and the PIO would be required to furnish the information as per the RTI Act only. The Supreme Court has reinforced the correct position of the law. Section 8 of the RTI Act, which details information which can be denied states: 8. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, there shall be no obligation to give any citizen,- (a) information, disclosure of which would prejudicially affect the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security, strategic, scientific or economic interests of the State, relation with foreign State or lead to incitement of an offence; (b) information which has been expressly forbidden to be published by any court of law or tribunal or the disclosure of which may constitute contempt of court; (c) information, the disclosure of which would cause a breach of privilege of Parliament or the State Legislature; information including commercial confidence, trade (d) secrets or intellectual property, the disclosure of which would harm the competitive position of a third party, unless the competent authority is satisfied that larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such information; (e) information available to a person in his fiduciary relationship, unless the competent authority is satisfied that the larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such information; (f) information received in confidence from foreign government; information, (g) of which would the disclosure endanger the life or physical safety of any person or identify the source of information or assistance given in confidence for law enforcement or security purposes; (h) information which would impede the process of investigation or apprehension or prosecution of offenders; (i) cabinet papers including records of deliberations of the Council of Ministers, Secretaries and other officers: Provided that the decisions of Council of Ministers, the reasons thereof, and the material on the basis of which the decisions were taken shall be made public after the decision has been taken, and the matter is complete, or over: Provided further that those matters which come under the exemptions specified in this section shall not be disclosed; (i) information which relates to personal information the disclosure of which has no relationship to any public activity or interest, or which would cause unwarranted invasion of the privacy of the individual unless the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer or the appellate authority, as the case may be, is satisfied that the larger public interest justifies the disclosure of such information: Provided that the information, which cannot be denied to the Parliament or a State Legislature shall not be denied to any person. (2) Notwithstanding anything in the Official Secrets Act, 1923 nor any of the exemptions permissible in accordance with subsection (1), a public authority may allow access to information, if public interests in disclosure outweigh the harm to the protected interests. (3) Subject to the provisions of clauses (a), (c) and (i) of subsection (1), any information relating to any occurrence, event or matter which has taken place, occurred or happened twenty years before the date on which any request is made under section 6 shall be provided to any person making a request under that section: Provided that where any question arises as to the date from which the said period of twenty years has to be computed, the decision of the Central Government shall be final, subject to the usual appeals provided for in this Act. The main points of information which were being denied in the matters before the court were: 1. Investigations and audit reports of banks by RBI 2. Warning or Advisory issued to Bank. 3. Minutes of meetings of governing board and directors 4. Details of Top defaulters. 5. Grading of banks In the instant case one of the grounds for denial was that information could not be disclosed as per the Banking Regulations Act. The other grounds on which refusal of information was justified was on the basis of Section 8(1) and the fact that the impugned judgments issued by a single member bench of the commission had disagreed with an earlier full bench decision taken by a four member bench. The single member bench had held the earlier decision per incuriam. It was argued by RBI that the single member bench was bound to follow the earlier decision of the full bench. RBI had claimed exemption under Section 8(1)(a), (d) and (e) of the RTI Act and also argued that there was no larger public interest in disclosure and hence did not fulfil the requirement of Section 8(2). It had claimed that the economic interests of the state would be adversely affected by disclosure. It was also stated that the commercial interests of the banks would be affected. The most insistent claim for exemption was that the information was held by RBI and NABARD in a fiduciary relationship. The Apex court did not accept any of these grounds. It held in para 43: "The submission of the RBI that exceptions be carved out of the RTI Act regime in order to accommodate provisions of RBI Act and Banking Regulation Act is clearly misconceived. RTI Act, 2005 contains a clear provision (Section 22) by virtue of which it overrides all other Acts including Official Secrets Act. Thus, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other law like RBI Act or Banking Regulation Act, the RTI Act, 2005 shall prevail insofar as transparency and access to information is concerned." There have been many instances of PIOs,- including those of High Courts,- insisting that they will give information only on the basis of their regulations or earlier laws. This has now been settled the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has recorded the contention of RBI that the single member bench could not have given a ruling contrary to that of a four member full bench of the commission. It has however upheld the decision of the single member bench since the commissioner had given logical reasons to show how the full bench decision was per incuriam. This opens the way for information commissioners to interpret the law as per its letter and intent, instead of being tied down by earlier decisions given in ignorance of the law, provided a proper reasoning is given. On RBIs contention that disclosure would harm the nation's economic interest the court upheld the commission's ruling and echoed in para 61: "The baseless and unsubstantiated argument of the RBI that the disclosure would hurt the economic interest of the country is totally misconceived. In the impugned order, the CIC has given several reasons to state why the disclosure of the information sought by the respondents would hugely serve public interest, and non-disclosure would be significantly detrimental to public interest and not in the economic interest of India. RBI's argument that if people, who are sovereign, are made aware of the irregularities being committed by the banks then the country's economic security would be endangered, is not only absurd but is equally misconceived and baseless." A claim is often made that information given to regulators and statutory authorities in discharge of statutory obligations is held in a fiduciary relationship and hence is exempt as per Section 8 (1)(e) of the Act. The information commission had rejected this claim on the ground that information provided in discharge of statutory requirements cannot be considered as being held in a fiduciary relationship. The Supreme Court has reinforced this by stating in paragraph 62: "where information is required by mandate of law to be provided to an authority, it cannot be said that such information is being provided in a fiduciary relationship. As in the instant case, the financial institutions have an obligation to provide all the information to the RBI and such information shared under an obligation/ duty cannot be considered to come under the purview of being shared in fiduciary relationship." The Court has taken note of the obstructionist and secrecy wedded PIOs response to RTI applications. It has expressed its strong disapproval of denying the citizen's fundamental right in paragraph 64: "it had long since come to our attention that the Public Information Officers (PIO) under the guise of one of the exceptions given under Section 8 of RTI Act, have evaded the general public from getting their hands on the rightful information that they are entitled to". This should serve as a warning and wake up call to all PIOs, First appellate authorities and information commissioners. If information commissioners penalize PIOs who are using every innovative pretext to deny information, it would reduce the unhealthy practices being adopted to deny information. This is a landmark judgment and all those responsible for implementing the RTI Act must imbibe the letter and spirit of this. A very heartening impact of this judgment was seen within a fortnight when Mr. Raghuram Rajan the then RBI Governor in his New Year message to bank officers for the year 2016 said: "It has often been said that India is a weak state. Not only are we accused of not having the administrative capacity of ferreting out wrong doing, we do not punish the wrong-doer – unless he is small and weak. This belief feeds on itself. No one wants to go after the rich and well-connected wrongdoer, which means they get away with even more. If we are to have strong sustainable growth, this culture of impunity should stop. Importantly, this does not mean being against riches or business, as some would like to portray, but being against wrong-doing. …... there is a sense that we do not enforce compliance. Are we allowing regulated entities to get away year after year with poor practices even though these are noted during inspections/scrutinies? Should we become more intolerant of sloppy practices at regulated entities, so that these do not result in massive scams years later? Should we haul up accountants who do not flag issues they should detect? My sense is that we need a continuing conversation about tightening both detection as well as penalties for non-compliance throughout the hierarchy….. Finally, we are embedded in a changing community. What was OK in the past is no longer all right when the public demands transparency and better governance from public organisations. …. Transparency and good governance are ways to protect ourselves from roving enquiries – everyone should recognise that an effective regulator has enemies, and like Caesar's wife, should be above all suspicion." However within three months RBI started playing a different tune and again refusing information which latter RTI applications sought on the same matter. The Supreme Court has given a clear unambiguous judgment on the RTI Act specifically with respect to Section 8 (1) (a), (e) and section 22 of the Act. It has castigated those who deny information by using Section 8 (1) without justification. The then Governor of RBI has also responded positively and the writer has confirmation that information has been provided as per the CIC orders. We should build on this to bring transparent and accountable governance for our nation. RBI is no longer willing to abide by the judgment and a contempt petition has been filed against it. It is unfortunate that RBI is taking an arrogant position on transparency and has now come up with a Non-Disclosure policy which they are labeling as a 'Disclosure Policy'. About the Authors: Shailesh Gandhi is a first generation entrepreneur and a Distinguished Alumnus awardee of IIT Bombay. He sold his company to become an RTI activist. Shailesh was part of the National RTI movement which was involved in drafting the National RTI Act. He was convener of the National Campaign for People's Right To Information. He used RTI and also trained many citizens and government officials in over 1000 workshops to use it. He is perhaps the only RTI activist to have been chosen as a Central Information Commissioner. He disposed a record of over 20,000 cases in his tenure of 3 years and 9 months, and ensured that most cases were decided in less than 90 days. He gave many landmark decisions on RTI, apart from organizing the first digital paperless office in the Commission. He is now at his home in Mumbai to further and deepen RTI to empower citizens to take effective participatory charge of their democracy. He is also passionately pursuing the cause of evolving ways for a time bound justice delivery system, and improving governance systems. Amongst many awards, he has been awarded the Nani Palkhiwala Civil Liberties award, and the MR Pai award. Sandeep Jalan is an Advocate, practicing in Bombay High Court and also in Subordinate Courts and Tribunals. He writes extensively on various legal issues. He has developed a website / Legal Referencer vakeelkanumber.com wherein the pressing issues of our society have been identified, with all probable legal remedies which may be pursued, are suggested therein, and followed by articulate legal drafts and procedure. He also write Blogs. http://commonlaw-sandeep.blogspot.in/ http://thepracticeoflawjalan.blogspot.in/ http://judgmentshighcourtsapexcourt.blogspot.in/ http://legaldraftsjalan.blogspot.in/ http://www.rti.india.gov.in/cic_decisions/CIC_SM_A_2011_001487_SG_15434_M_69675.pdf satyamevajayate.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Analysis-of-Supreme-Court-judgments-on-RTI.pdf
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 - Kerala Public Service Commission Versus State Information Commission AIR 2016 SC 711
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 By Shailesh Gandhi, Former Central Information Commissioner Judgment No: - Kerala Public Service Commission Versus State Information Commission AIR 2016 SC 711 Issue before the Court: In this case the question which arose was whether respondents are entitled to the scanned copies of their answer sheet, tabulation-sheet containing interview marks; and if they are entitled to know the names of the examiners who have evaluated the answer sheet. Observation of Kerala High Court justifying the disclosure of identity of examiners Para 7: 17. We shall now examine the next contention of PSC that there is a fiduciary relationship between it and the examiners and as a consequence, it is eligible to claim protection from disclosure, except with the sanction of the competent authority, as regards the identity of the examiners as also the materials that were subjected to the examination. We have already approved TREESA and the different precedents and commentaries relied on therein as regards the concept of fiduciary relationship. We are in full agreement with the law laid by the Division Bench of this Court in Centre of Earth Science Studies (supra), that S.8 (1)(e) deals with information available with the person in his fiduciary relationship with another; that information under this head is nothing but information in trust, which, but for the relationship would not have been conveyed or known to the person concerned. What is it that the PSC holds in trust for the examiners? Nothing. At the best, it could be pointed out that the identity of the examiners has to be insulated from public gaze, having regard to issues relatable to vulnerability and exposure to corruption if the identities of the examiners are disclosed in advance. But, at any rate, such issues would go to oblivion after the conclusion of the evaluation of the answer scripts and the publication of the results. Therefore, it would not be in public interest to hold that there could be a continued secrecy even as regards the identity of the examiners. Access to such information, including as to the identity of the examiners, after the examination and evaluation process are over, cannot be shied off under any law or avowed principle of privacy. Important observations of the Apex Court In so far as disclosure as to information about the information of answer sheets and details of the interview marks, the observations of the Apex Court are as under Para 6: So far as the information sought for by the respondents with regard to the supply of scanned copies of his answer-sheet of the written test, copy of the tabulation sheet and other information, we are of the opinion that the view taken in the impugned judgment with regard to the disclosure of these information, do not suffer from error of law and the same is fully justified. In so far as disclosure of names of examiners are concerned the observations of the Apex Court are as under Para 7: The view taken by the Kerala High Court holding that no fiduciary relationship exists between the University and the Commission and the examiners appointed by them cannot be sustained in law. Para 8: We do not find any substance in the reasoning given by the Kerala High Court on the question of disclosure of names of the examiners. Para 9: In the present case, the PSC has taken upon itself in appointing the examiners to evaluate the answer papers and as such, the PSC and examiners stand in a principal-agent relationship. Here the PSC in the shoes of a Principal has entrusted the task of evaluating the answer papers to the Examiners. Consequently, Examiners in the position of agents are bound to evaluate the answer papers as per the instructions given by the PSC. As a result, a fiduciary relationship is established between the PSC and the Examiners. Therefore, any information shared between them is not liable to be disclosed. Furthermore, the information seeker has no role to play in this and we don t see any logical reason as to how this will benefit him or the public at large. We would like to point out that the disclosure of the identity of Examiners is in the least interest of the general public and also any attempt to reveal the examiner s identity will give rise to dire consequences. Therefore, in our considered opinion revealing examiner's identity will only lead to confusion and public unrest. Hence, we are not inclined to agree with the decision of the Kerala High Court with respect to the second question. Shailesh Gandhi's observation: The Supreme Court differed with the finding of the Kerala High Court and the commission that there was no fiduciary relationship between the examining body and the examiners. In the CBSE judgment the apex court had given a finding that the examining body was not in a fiduciary relation either with the examiners or examinees. Yet in this case it faulted that finding of the High Court on this issue. It brought in a new element, contending "Furthermore, the information seeker has no role to play in this and we don t see any logical reason as to how this will benefit him or the public at large. We would like to point out that the disclosure of the identity of Examiners is in the least interest of the general public and also any attempt to reveal the examiner' s identity will give rise to dire consequences. Therefore, in our considered opinion revealing examiner's identity will only lead to confusion and public unrest." It appears that the apex court made its decisions guided by the thought that 'the information seeker has no role to play in this' and 'revealing the examiner's identity will only lead to confusion and public interest'. Specious grounds not justified by the law. There is some indication that the court felt that the examiner's safety which could then have claimed exemption under Section 8 (1) (g). There is no evidence in the judgment that this was urged before the commission or the High Court. The particular section does not find any mention even in the judgment. Also the probability of assaulting the examiners by examinees after obtaining their names using RTI is remote. It is also worth noting that the addresses of the examiners were not sought. I must also mention that the probable danger to the examiners is also too far fetched and the overall wording indicates a strong conviction that information must not be given. Sandeep Jalan's Observation: In view of the law settled by the Apex Court in the case of CBSE versus Aditya Bandopadhyay, the information as to copy of Answer sheets should have been provided instantly, and the issue should not have travelled to Apex Court again. This is how the PIOs and the Public Authorities play mischief by misreading or by brazenly ignoring the law laid down by the Apex Court. In so far disclosure of names of Examiners is concerned, the said information was denied by Apex Court on the premise of existence of fiduciary relationship and personal safety of Examiners. For the sake of clarity, let us revisit the two Apex Court rulings which dealt with the issue of fiduciary relationships, and what the Apex Court laid down as constituting the fiduciary relationship. The issue of existence of fiduciary relationship came up before Apex Court in the case of Central Board Of Secondary Education (CBSE) Versus Aditya Bandopadhyay. In this case, the information sought was the copy of Answer sheets by the student himself who appeared in the examination conducted by CBSE. CBSE refused information on the premise that it is holding information in a fiduciary capacity and stands exempted u/s 8(1)(e) of the RTI Act. For better understanding of the issue at hand, the three entities are first be properly defined. The Examining Body is the CBSE which conducts the Examination. The Examinee is the student who takes up the examination. The Examiner is the person to whom the Examining Body entrusts the work of evaluating the Answer sheets of the Examinee student. In the aforesaid case of CBSE, the Apex Court in Para 26 said in essence said that Examining Body and the Examinee do not share any fiduciary relationship between themselves; and assuming that they share such relationship, the information cannot be denied to the examinee who is in fact the beneficiary under such purported fiduciary relationship; and in such supposition, the information can only be denied to third party and not to the beneficiary. In so far existence of fiduciary relationship between the Examining Body and the Examiner is concerned, the Apex Court also discarded the existence of any such fiduciary relationship between them; and further said that such fiduciary relationship is temporary for the period when the Examiner holds the custody of the Answer-sheets for the purpose of evaluation; and the moment the evaluation is over and Answer-sheets are returned to the Examining Body, such relationship ceased to exist. In CBSE judgment, in so far as disclosure of names of Examiners is concerned, the Apex Court said that their names cannot be disclosed to the Examinee, on the premise that such disclosure may endanger the personal safety of the Examiner. In Para 28, the Court said: When an examining body engages the services of an examiner to evaluate the answer-books, the examining body expects the examiner not to disclose the information regarding evaluation to anyone other than the examining body. Similarly the examiner also expects that his name and particulars would not be disclosed to the candidates whose answerbooks are evaluated by him. In the event of such information being made known, a disgruntled examinee who is not satisfied with the evaluation of the answer books, may act to the prejudice of the examiner by attempting to endanger his physical safety. Further, any apprehension on the part of the examiner that there may be danger to his physical safety, if his identity becomes known to the examinees, may come in the way of effective discharge of his duties. The above applies not only to the examiner, but also to the scrutiniser, co-ordinator, and headexaminer who deal with the answer book. Therefore, the disclosure of names of Examiners were refused u/s 8(1)(g) of the RTI Act. Section 8(1)(g). Exemption from disclosure of information -- (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, there shall be no obligation to give any citizen,- (g) information, the disclosure of which would endanger the life or physical safety of any person or identify the source of information or assistance given in confidence for law enforcement or security purposes; The issue whether there exist fiduciary relationship again came up in RBI case (Judgment No.16 hereinabove), wherein in Para 62, the Apex Court in the most unambiguous terms said that However, where information is required by mandate of law to be provided to an authority, it cannot be said that such information is being provided in a fiduciary relationship. The essence of these aforesaid two judgments is that – Examining Body and the Examiner do not share fiduciary relationship between them; and even if such fiduciary relationship exist, it is temporary for the period when the Examiner holds the custody of the Answer-sheets for the purpose of evaluation; and the moment the evaluation is over and Answer-sheets are returned to the Examining Body, such relationship ceased to exist; and where information is required by mandate of law to be provided to an authority, it cannot be said that such information is being provided in a fiduciary relationship. In the present case, the stand of the Apex Court that there exists a fiduciary relationship between PSC (Examining Body) and the Examiners, is patently inconsistent with the law laid down by Apex Court in CBSE and RBI case. However in so far disclosure of names of Examiners is concerned, the Apex Court refused the same, on the premise that "the information seeker has no role to play in this and we don t see any logical reason as to how this will benefit him or the public at large. We would like to point out that the disclosure of the identity of Examiners is in the least interest of the general public and also any attempt to reveal the examiner s identity will give rise to dire consequences. Therefore, in our considered opinion revealing examiner's identity will only lead to confusion and public unrest". The shortcoming in the immediate aforesaid observation is that said grounds of refusal was not supported by mandate of law, whereas the mandate of law is that if there is any exemption from disclosure of information, it has to strictly fall within any of the clauses of section 8 of the RTI Act, and no other information should be withhold. Nevertheless, it escaped the minds of the Apex Court that Section 8(1)(g) could have been invoked to deny said information (names of Examiners). In the case of CBSE, the Apex Court although said that there is no fiduciary relationship between the Examining Body and the Examiners, the Court refused disclosure of names of Examiners u/s 8(1)(g), i.e. personal safety of Examiners. In the same breath, it may be stated that the reasoning given by the Kerala High Court for the disclosure of information, is rational, and quite sustainable in law. I am sure Section 8(2) can aid in resolving this conflict. Section 8(2) of the RTI Act provides that the concerned Public Authority may disclose information inspite of applicability of any of the exemptions enumerated in clauses of Section 8(1), if the concerned Public Authority, whilst balancing the conflicting interests, holds that there is larger public interest in disclosure of information. About the Authors: Shailesh Gandhi is a first generation entrepreneur and a Distinguished Alumnus awardee of IIT Bombay. He sold his company to become an RTI activist. Shailesh was part of the National RTI movement which was involved in drafting the National RTI Act. He was convener of the National Campaign for People's Right To Information. He used RTI and also trained many citizens and government officials in over 1000 workshops to use it. He is perhaps the only RTI activist to have been chosen as a Central Information Commissioner. He disposed a record of over 20,000 cases in his tenure of 3 years and 9 months, and ensured that most cases were decided in less than 90 days. He gave many landmark decisions on RTI, apart from organizing the first digital paperless office in the Commission. He is now at his home in Mumbai to further and deepen RTI to empower citizens to take effective participatory charge of their democracy. He is also passionately pursuing the cause of evolving ways for a time bound justice delivery system, and improving governance systems. Amongst many awards, he has been awarded the Nani Palkhiwala Civil Liberties award, and the MR Pai award. Sandeep Jalan is an Advocate, practicing in Bombay High Court and also in Subordinate Courts and Tribunals. He writes extensively on various legal issues. He has developed a website / Legal Referencer vakeelkanumber.com wherein the pressing issues of our society have been identified, with all probable legal remedies which may be pursued, are suggested therein, and followed by articulate legal drafts and procedure. He also write Blogs. http://commonlaw-sandeep.blogspot.in/ http://thepracticeoflawjalan.blogspot.in/ http://judgmentshighcourtsapexcourt.blogspot.in/ http://legaldraftsjalan.blogspot.in/ Source: - satyamevajayate.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Analysis-of-Supreme-Court-judgments-on-RTI.pdf
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 - Union Public Service Commission Vs. Gourhari Kamila (2014) 13 SCC 653
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 By Shailesh Gandhi, Former Central Information Commissioner Judgment : Union Public Service Commission Vs. Gourhari Kamila (2014) 13 SCC 653 Issue before the Court: The applicant had sought the following information for an Interview conducted by UPSC which had been denied: a) How many years of experience in the relevant field (Analytical methods and research in the field of Ballistics) mentioned in the advertisement have been considered for the short listing of the candidates for the interview held for the date on 16.3.2010? b)Kindly provide the certified xerox copies of experience certificates of all the candidates called for the interview on 16.3.2010 who have claimed the experience in the relevant field as per records available in the UPSC and as mentioned by the candidates at Sl.No.10(B) of Part-I of their application who are called for the interview held on 16.3.2010. The CIC decided in favour of disclosure and asked UPSC to disclose the information. UPSC challenged this order and the single judge and the division bench of the High Court dismissed UPSC's petition. The Apex Court quoted the earlier order of CBSE (Judgement 1) as follows: "We do not find that kind of fiduciary relationship between the examining body and the examinee, with reference to the evaluated answer books, that come into the custody of the examining body." And again at para 27: "We, therefore, hold that an examining body does not hold the evaluated answer-books in a fiduciary relationship. Nor being information available to an examining body in its fiduciary relationship, the exemption under section 8(1)(e) is not available to the examining bodies with reference to evaluated answer-books." The Court held that: "By applying the ratio of the aforesaid judgment, (CBSE case) we hold that the CIC committed a serious illegality by directing the Commission to disclose the information sought by the respondent at point Nos. 4 and 5 and the High Court committed an error by approving his order." Our analysis of the judgment: In para 23 in the CBSE judgement the Supreme Court had held: "It cannot therefore be said that the examining body is in a fiduciary relationship either with reference to the examinee who participates in the examination and whose answer-books are evaluated by the examining body." In the CBSE judgement the Supreme Court had clearly come to the conclusion that it cannot be said that the examining body is in a fiduciary relationship with the examinee. After this the Court had made an assumption to examine that even if it were held in a fiduciary relationship it should still be disclosed. It said: "24. We may next consider whether an examining body would be entitled to claim exemption under section 8(1)(e) of the RTI Act, even assuming that it is in a fiduciary relationship with the examinee." In this case a clear finding that there was no fiduciary relationship has been turned upside down to give it a contrary meaning. It is not clear why the court made such an assumption in the CBSE case. But in this UPSC case the assumption made in the earlier case by the court has been taken as a ratio and the actual finding junked! satyamevajayate.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Analysis-of-Supreme-Court-judgments-on-RTI.pdf
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 - Bihar Public Service Commission Vs. Saiyad Hussain Abbas Rizvi JT 2012 (12) SC 552
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 By Shailesh Gandhi, Former Central Information Commissioner Judgment : Bihar Public Service Commission Vs. Saiyad Hussain Abbas Rizvi JT 2012 (12) SC 552 The main issue before the Court: The applicant had asked for names and addresses of interviewers in an interview board selecting candidates for Bihar government jobs. The Court held that: the Commission is not bound to disclose the information asked for by the applicant under Query No.1 of the application. Our analysis of the judgment: The applicant had in 2008 sought the names and addresses of persons who had conducted interviews for Bihar Public Service Commission (BPSC) in 2002. This was denied claiming exemption on grounds of Section 8 (1) (j). The State Commission had upheld the denial and the matter was finally contested in the Division Bench of the High Court. The Division Bench upheld the contention of the applicant and ordered the names of the interviewers to be provided. Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) has done a very detailed and well-argued analysis4 of this matter from which some parts are being reproduced below: "2.1 The Special Leave Petition (SLP) was admitted in March, 2012 and a two‐judge bench of the Supreme Court (the Court) comprising of Justice A K Patnaik and Justice Swatanter Kumar decided the matter within nine months. The Court allowed the appeal and set aside the judgement of the Division Bench. Writing the judgement for the Court, Justice Swatanter Kumar held that BPSC was not bound to disclose any information beyond what was provided already. A summary of the Court's reasoning is provided below: (i) BPSC had relied heavily on Section 8 (1) (j) of the RTI Act while rejecting the request for names and addresses and also during the proceedings before the Bihar State Information Commission and the Patna High Court. 1Though BPSC claimed the protection of Section 8 (1) (j) in its petition, it did not press this point during the hearings before the Court. Therefore the Court did not go into the correctness of the Division Bench's judgement about this line of reasoning. (ii) BPSC changed track and claimed that the names and addresses of the subject experts could not be disclosed as it was entitled to the protection of both Section 8 (1) (e) and Section 8 (1) (g) of the RTI Act. The Court rejected the claim to Section 8 (1) (e) in light of the principles governing a fiduciary relationship recognised by the Court in an earlier RTI‐related matter. The Court ruled that there was no fiduciary relationship between BPSC and the interviewers (subject experts) or the candidates interviewed. (iii) The Court upheld BPSC's claim of Section 8 (1) (g) of the RTI Act by linking it to Article 21 of the Constitution which guarantees protection for life and liberty of a person. It reasoned that the members of the Board are likely to be exposed to danger to their lives or physical safety if their names and addresses are disclosed. "The disclosure of names and addresses of the members of the interview Board would ex facie endanger their lives or physical safety. The possibility of a failed candidate attempting to take revenge from such persons cannot be ruled out," the Court held. (iv) The Court gave two more reasons for rejecting the request for names and addresses. First, it held that the disclosure of names and addresses of examiners would hamper effective performance and the discharge of their duties. Second, it held that disclosure would serve no fruitful much less any public purpose. The Division Bench of the High Court had earlier rejected the contention of the PIO about applicability of Section 8 (1) (g) by stating: "13. … In the present case, the names of the interviewers cannot be denied for various reasons. The interviewers are visible to the candidates while the interview is being held. They have public egress and ingress to the venue of the interview… 14. To make a comparison with the court/judicial proceedings, vis‐à‐vis an interview; Court proceeding is open and the names of the Judges who are hearing the matter are ‐known to all the parties. When court proceedings can be held in broad daylight and the names of the judges are known to all the parties, why not the names of interviewers be disclosed to the applicant." As nothing in the BPSC judgement indicates that the Court weighed and measured this line of reasoning of the Division Bench, before dismissing it, in our humble opinion, it is difficult to accept the rationale for rejection. (iii) Third, the Division Bench clearly pointed out that denying information about interviewers could defeat the very purpose of the Act in the following manner: "13. …It is a possible situation that the applicant may have reasons for suspicion that a particular interviewer was on the interview board and his close relation was appearing. Such determination cannot be made unless the names of the interviewer and the candidate who appeared are disclosed. If he denies this information, it would be defeating the aims and objects, the preamble, and the legislative intent of the Act. We cannot countenance such an obstruction to such a laudable Act which is intended to bring about transparency in governance, and root out corruption, in this country. The Judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of A.K. Kraipak and others vs.Union of India and others (A.I.R. 1970 S.C. 150) is an appropriate example to show that one of the members of the Board was himself a candidate for promotion from the State cadre to the Central cadre of Indian Forest Service. If we prohibit the information which the applicant is seeking to obtain, the misdeed as had taken place in A.K. Kraipak vs. Union of India (supra), may not be set at naught." The Division Bench was clearly referring to potential conflicts of interests that may be identified if the names of the interviewers were disclosed. If not, they would remain hidden under a cloak of secrecy. It is respectfully submitted that instead of weighing and measuring this line of reasoning which is based on a very real case adjudicated by the Court earlier (amounting to material facts justifying the disclosure of names), the Court has rejected it by holding that preventing bias in the selection process cannot be a ground for denying BPSC the protection of Section 8 (1) (g). In our humble opinion the Court has not adequately appreciated the reasoning of the Division Bench which by ordering disclosure sought to uphold the very public interests mentioned in the Preamble of the RTI Act, viz., 'bringing about transparency in governance' and 'containing corruption'. (iv) Fourth, nowhere in its judgement does the Court recognise that the Division Bench had refused to order disclosure of the addresses of the interviewers." It sounds highly improbable that a candidate, who was not selected in an interview in 2002, would seek the names of the interviewers in 2008 and pursue the matter in the Supreme Court with the intention of physically harming the interviewers. Imagination is being stretched too far if it is assumed that the unsuccessful candidate would harm the interviewers after 6 years. The Division Bench of the High Court had come to a very reasonable conclusion that most probably the attempt was to expose nepotism in the selection process. The Supreme Court ruling has led to a situation where the denial of information under Section 8 (1) (g) has been done by thinking of a remote highly unlikely probability to deny information. A PIO has to merely imagine the probability of some likely harm to deny information. A mere apprehension that some interest may be affected has been dubbed to be adequate to deny information. This decision makes it difficult for citizens to expose corruption and favouritism. Besides it opens the possibility to imagine new ways to deny information by conjuring even a highly improbable harm. Many High Court decisions including the Bhagat Singh case quoted earlier stated that the harm to a protected interest must be a reasonable possibility, not a distant probability. This approach of the apex court of thinking of a remote possibility to apply the exemption is becoming a haven for denying information to the citizens. satyamevajayate.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Analysis-of-Supreme-Court-judgments-on-RTI.pdf
supremecourt
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 - Namit Sharma Vs. Union of India (2013) 1 SCC 745
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 By Shailesh Gandhi, Former Central Information Commissioner Judgments: Namit Sharma Vs. Union of India (2013) 1 SCC 745 The issue before the Court: The Constitutional validity of Sections 12(5), 12(6), 15(5) and 15(6) of RTI Act, were challenged, which deals with the appointment and qualifications of Information Commissioners. The Court held that: The Court ruled that all Information Commissions must sit in benches of two, one of whom should be a retired judge and there should be transparency in the selection of Commissioners. Our analysis of the judgment: This judgement would have resulted in the effective disposal rates of all Commissions being reduced to less than 50% and possibly made it difficult for citizens to approach Commissions without lawyers. Its immediate impact was that many Commissions stopped working and backlogs which were already high became unmanageable. Presently the cost per decision of the Central Information Commission is about Rs.5000 to 7000 per decision. This would have doubled. Since the speed of disposals would have reduced to less than 50% citizens would have had to wait for years at the commissions. This would have made RTI irrelevant. The Apex Court by doing this, was in effect re-writing the RTI Act, which is otherwise the province of the Parliament. Just see, how this petition was decided: (Taken from DOPT's affidavit for Review.) Preliminary Hearing Listed & Part heard 11/7/2012 18/7/2012 no respondent no respondent DOPT learnt on 18/7 about the petition; and briefed the Additional Solicitor General (ASG); ASG asked for time to file a counter affidavit. 19/7 /2012 Court said this was not necessary and ASG should give his arguments. ASG gave his verbal arguments and judgement was reserved on19/7/2012 DOPT filed written submissions11/09/2012 Court's 107 page judgement allowing writ issued on 13/09/2012 DOPT's anguished statement in the review petition: " T. FOR THAT this Hon'ble Court, in the impugned judgment, has neither considered the oral arguments of the Petitioner herein, nor the Written Submissions filed by the Petitioner on 11.09.2012, putting forth the case of the Petitioner. The impugned judgment, at no place, records the submissions made by the counsel for the Petitioner when the matter was heard." The respondent, Union of India,-in the petition is mentioned only once in the 107 page judgement,- in the title. The entire judgement reads as if there is only a petitioner and the Court! The judgement disrupted the working of some Information Commissions. If implemented it would have dropped the disposal rate to less than 50% since two Commissioners would have to sit together, one of whom would have to be a retired judge. Generally retired judges insist on lawyers arguing matters before them, whereas currently less than 1% of the appellants have a lawyer. This would have discouraged most ordinary citizens from approaching the Commission. The judgment appears to have been given without regard to the mandate of RTI law. If it had not been reviewed it would have damaged RTI permanently. The order was partly stayed in judgment 7 and the main objectionable parts of the judgement which had been given were withdrawn. The revised judgment claimed that the direction of transparency in appointments was still in operation, but gave no meaningful directions. Consequently the appointment of Commissioners continues on the basis of arbitrariness and patronage. The only change which has come is that the government spends money in conducting the farce of advertising the posts. After that the arbitrariness and patronage continue. satyamevajayate.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Analysis-of-Supreme-Court-judgments-on-RTI.pdf
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 - CPIO, Supreme Court Vs. Subhash Chandra Agrwal (2011) 1 SCC 496.
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 By Shailesh Gandhi, Former Central Information Commissioner Judgment : CPIO, Supreme Court Vs. Subhash Chandra Agrwal (2011) 1 SCC 496. Case to be decided by Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court. The Constitution Bench is yet to be constituted. The issue before the Court: Whereas the information sought pertains to the Appointment of Judges in the Apex Court itself, the court framed the following issues to be addressed, 1. Whether the concept of independence of judiciary requires and demands the prohibition of furnishing of the information sought? Whether the information sought for amounts to interference in the functioning of the judiciary? 2. Whether the information sought for cannot be furnished to avoid any erosion in the credibility of the decisions and to ensure a free and frank expression of honest opinion by all the constitutional functionaries, which is essential for effective consultation and for taking the right decision? 3. Whether the information sought for is exempt under Section 8(1)(j) of the Right to Information Act? The observations of the Court: Para 3:. The respondent Subhash Chandra Agarwal requested the CPIO, Supreme Court of India to arrange to send him a copy of "complete file/s (only as available in Supreme Court) inclusive of copies of complete correspondence exchanged between concerned constitutional authorities with file notings relating to said appointment of Mr. Justice HL Dattu, Mr. Justice AK Ganguly and Mr. Justice RM Lodha superseding seniority of Mr. Justice P Shah, Mr. Justice AK Patnaik and Mr. Justice VK Gupta as allegedly objected to Prime Minister's Office (PMO) also". Para 12: "The case on hand raises important questions of constitutional importance relating to the position of Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India under the Constitution and the independence of the Judiciary in the scheme of the Constitution on the one hand and on the other, fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression. Right to information is an integral part of the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed by the Constitution. Right to Information Act merely recognizes the constitutional right of citizens to freedom of speech and expression. Independence of Judiciary forms part of basic structure of the Constitution of India. The independence of Judiciary and the fundamental right to free speech and expression are of a great value and both of them are required to be balanced." The Court held that: Registry to place this matter before Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India for constitution of a Bench of appropriate strength. Our analysis of the judgment: The CIC, the single judge of Delhi High Court and division bench of Delhi High Court had given rulings against the PIO of the Supreme Court and ordered information to be provided. The Supreme Court violating the basic principle of natural justice,- that nobody can be judge in his own cause,- stayed these judgements in a writ before itself. It has held that a Constitution bench will hear this matter. Since 2010 no hearing has been held. No great harm would have come to the Supreme Court if it had displayed the wisdom of gracefully accepting the verdict of the CIC and the High Court and avoided making itself a judge in its own cause, who then does not decide the matter. It is unfortunate that the Supreme Court has not considered this matter to be important enough to be decided. satyamevajayate.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Analysis-of-Supreme-Court-judgments-on-RTI.pdf
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 - Khanpuram Gandaiah Vs. Administrative Officer AIR 2010 SC 615
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 By Shailesh Gandhi, Former Central Information Commissioner Judgment : Khanpuram Gandaiah Vs. Administrative Officer AIR 2010 SC 615 The issue before the Court: The scope of the definition of "Information" contained in section 2(f) of the RTI Act. The observations of the Court: Para 6. Under the RTI Act "information" is defined under Section 2(f) which provides: "information" means any material in any form, including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, report, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a public authority under any other law for the time being in force. This definition shows that an applicant under Section 6 of the RTI Act can get any information which is already in existence and accessible to the public authority under law. Of course, under the RTI Act an applicant is entitled to get copy of the opinions, advices, circulars, orders, etc., but he cannot ask for any information as to why such opinions, advices, circulars, orders, etc. have been passed, especially in matters pertaining to judicial decisions. A Judge speaks through his judgments or orders passed by him. If any party feels aggrieved by the order/judgment passed by a Judge, the remedy available to such a party is either to challenge the same by way of appeal or by revision or any other legally permissible mode. No litigant can be allowed to seek information as to why and for what reasons the Judge had come to a particular decision or conclusion. A Judge is not bound to explain later on for what reasons he had come to such a conclusion." The Court held that: No information could be given, as none existed. Our analysis of the judgment: The denial was completely justified, as if no information existed on record, as per the judgement. satyamevajayate.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Analysis-of-Supreme-Court-judgments-on-RTI.pdf
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 - Inst. Of Chartered Accountants Vs Shaunak H. Satya AIR 2011 SC 3336
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 By Shailesh Gandhi, Former Central Information Commissioner Judgment : Inst. Of Chartered Accountants Vs Shaunak H. Satya AIR 2011 SC 3336 The issue before the Court: (i) Whether the instructions and solutions to questions (if any) given by ICAI to examiners and moderators, are intellectual property of the ICAI, disclosure of which would harm the competitive position of third parties and therefore exempted under section 8(1)(d) of the RTI Act ? (ii) Whether providing access to the information sought (that is instructions and solutions to questions issued by ICAI to examiners and moderators) would involve an infringement of the copyright and therefore the request for information is liable to be rejected under section 9 of the RTI Act? (iii) Whether the instructions and solutions to questions are information made available to examiners and moderators in their fiduciary capacity and therefore exempted under section 8(1)(e) of the RTI Act? The observations of the Court: The Court first held at para 12 that denial of information could not be justified under Section 8(1) (d). It also held at para 13 and 14 that denial could not be justified under Section 9. At para 16 and 17 it held that the information is exempt under Section 8 (1) (e): Para 16: "The instructions and `solutions to questions' issued to the examiners and moderators in connection with evaluation of answer scripts, as noticed above, is the intellectual property of ICAI. These are made available by ICAI to the examiners and moderators to enable them to evaluate the answer scripts correctly and effectively, in a proper manner, to achieve uniformity and consistency in evaluation, as a large number of evaluators and moderators are engaged by ICAI in connection with the evaluation. The instructions and solutions to questions are given by the ICAI to the examiners and moderators to be held in confidence. The examiners and moderators are required to maintain absolute secrecy and cannot disclose the answer scripts, the evaluation of answer scripts, the instructions of ICAI and the solutions to questions made available by ICAI, to anyone. The examiners and moderators are in the position of agents and ICAI is in the position of principal in regard to such information which ICAI gives to the examiners and moderators to achieve uniformity, consistency and exactness of evaluation of the answer scripts. When anything is given and taken in trust or in confidence, requiring or expecting secrecy and confidentiality to be maintained in that behalf, it is held by the recipient in a fiduciary relationship." Para 17: "It should be noted that section 8(1)(e) uses the words "information available to a person in his fiduciary relationship". Significantly section 8(1)(e) does not use the words "information available to a public authority in its fiduciary relationship". The use of the words "person" shows that the holder of the information in a fiduciary relationship need not only be a `public authority' as the word `person' is of much wider import than the word `public authority'. Therefore the exemption under section 8(1)(e) is available not only in regard to information that is held by a public authority (in this case the examining body) in a fiduciary capacity, but also to any information that is given or made available by a public authority to anyone else for being held in a fiduciary relationship. In other words, anything given and taken in confidence expecting confidentiality to be maintained will be information available to a person in fiduciary relationship. As a consequence, it has to be held that the instructions and solutions to questions communicated by the examining body to the examiners, head examiners and moderators, are information available to such persons in their fiduciary relationship and therefore exempted from disclosure undersection 8(1)(d) of RTI Act."(appears to be a typing error and should be 8 (1)(e). Our analysis of the judgment: ICAI contended that instructions to examiners and model answers cannot be disclosed since they were exempt. Commission denied the information but the High Court accepted the applicant's right to get the information. The apex court ruled out the applicability of Section 8 (1) (d) and Section 9. The Supreme Court then upheld the denial of Model answers by the examining body to the applicant holding it to be information held by ICAI in a fiduciary relationship. It is interesting to note that in paras 23 and 26 in the CBSE case referred earlier the Supreme Court had stated that an examining body is not in a fiduciary relationship with the examiners or examinees. If an examining body is not holding information in a fiduciary relationship with examiners or examinees then it cannot deny it by contending that the model answers are held in a fiduciary capacity. The court has correctly ruled that the examiners, moderators and head-examiners hold the information in a fiduciary relationship. But that does not necessarily mean that the examining body holds the information in a fiduciary relationship as per its pronouncements in the CBSE case. If a patient goes to a doctor and shares his information, the doctor holds the information in a fiduciary relationship. But there is never any expectation that the advice given by the doctor is held by the patient in a fiduciary capacity. It appears there is a logical fallacy, since the converse of any statement is not necessarily true. satyamevajayate.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Analysis-of-Supreme-Court-judgments-on-RTI.pdf
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 - Chief Information Commissioner Vs. State of Manipur AIR 2012 SC 864
Critical Analysis of Supreme Court Judgements on the RTI Act, 2005 By Shailesh Gandhi, Former Central Information Commissioner Judgment : Chief Information Commissioner Vs. State of Manipur AIR 2012 SC 864 The main issue before the Court: Whether the Information Commissioner can direct the disclosure of information when a complaint is made u/s 18 of the RTI Act. The observations of the Court: Para 36: "This Court accepts the argument of the appellant that any other construction would render the provision of Section 19(8) of the Act totally redundant. It is one of the well known canons of interpretation that no statute should be interpreted in such a manner as to render a part of it redundant or surplusage." Para 37: " We are of the view that Sections 18 and 19 of the Act serve two different purposes and lay down two different procedures and they provide two different remedies. One cannot be a substitute for the other." The Court held that: No information can be ordered to be given in complaints made u/s 18 of the RTI Act. Our analysis of the judgment: The information which was sought by the applicant was regarding magisterial enquiries. A complaint was filed since no response was received. The Commission ordered information to be provided. A single judge of High Court upheld the Commission's order. This was challenged before a division bench, which held that in a complaint under Section 18 the Information Commission cannot pass an order to release information. The Supreme Court adopted a literal interpretation of the RTI Act and refused to consider whether a purposive interpretation would have served the purpose of the Act better. This is in contrast to the Allahabad High Court judgement in AP 3262 (MB) of 2008 which said, '"We are also of the view that the Commission while enquiring into the complaint under Section 18, can issue necessary directions for supply/disclosure of the information asked for, in case the Commission is satisfied that the information has been wrongly withheld or has not been completely given or incorrect information has been given." By this judgement an RTI applicant who files a complaint will have to file a separate appeal for the same matter to obtain information. If a PIO refuses to accept an RTI application the applicant will have to first go in a complaint to the Commission and perhaps get the PIO penalised if she is lucky. After this if the PIO takes her application but denies the information saying it is 'unrelated to transparency and accountability in the functioning of public authorities and eradication of corruption', she can be denied her fundamental satyamevajayate.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Analysis-of-Supreme-Court-judgments-on-RTI.pdf


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South Jersey firefighter guilty of shoplifting $7.98 in goods
A firefighter could lose his $78,096 job after he was convicted of shoplifting.
South Jersey firefighter guilty of shoplifting $7.98 in goods A firefighter could lose his $78,096 job after he was convicted of shoplifting. Check out this story on courierpostonline.com: http://on.cpsj.com/1YB7u8b
AP Published 9:03 a.m. ET Dec. 23, 2015 | Updated 9:05 a.m. ET Dec. 23, 2015
Gavel(Photo: File)
EGG HARBOR TOWNSHIP - A South Jersey firefighter could lose his $78,096 job after he was convicted of shoplifting $7.98 worth of goods.
A Municipal Court judge on Tuesday found 34-year-old Ashton Funk of Northfield guilty of shoplifting from a convenience store in Margate in August.
Funk was not on-duty as a Margate firefighter or member of the beach patrol at the time of the offense. But the Atlantic County Prosecutor's Office is seeking his dismissal from the job that he's held since 2011, saying a public employee is subject to dismissal if convicted of an offense involving dishonesty.
The judge will issue a ruling at a later date.
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(UM Legislative News Service) A Missoula lawmaker says it's time for the state to eliminate the requirement for women to get a premarital blood test for a disease that has not been seen in Montana for almost 30 years.
Rep. Kimberly Dudik is sponsoring House Bill 136, which passed the House of Representatives on a 95-to-3 vote in January and is now in front of the Senate. She said during the Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on the bill Friday that Montana is the only state that still requires women to test for rubella before getting a marriage license.
"It's just unnecessary and doesn't keep up with the times anymore. Let's just get this out of the code, it doesn't need to be there," Dudik said.
Dudik also said the test costs an average of $75 to administer.
Legislation passed in 2007 allowed couples to sign a waiver to skip the test. Jessie Luther with the Montana Clerks of District Courts supported the new bill during the hearing and said most couples choose to opt-out.


text:
Image source: Kwh1050, COVID-19 Billboard on Finchley Rd, London NW3, UK, CC BY-SA 4.0
COVID-19 in the UK: an update
UK goes into 'controlled lockdown', Boris Johnson infected
As the United Kingdom enters its third week of lockdown and the battle against COVID-19 continues, the country's health and care services are facing an ever-growing number of patients with the condition.
Report: Mark Nicholls
The hospital-recorded death toll sat at 5,373 on April 6, up by 439 from 4,934 the previous day, with a total of 51,608 (up 3,802) confirmed cases reported. That compared with 5,683 cases of Coronavirus and 281 UK deaths on Sunday, March 22, a figure not dissimilar to those Italy was recording two weeks earlier on March 7 (5,883 cases and 233 death), where the death toll has now reached 16,523. In the interim, the UK has gone into a controlled lockdown with shops – apart from food outlets and pharmacies - and offices closed with all but key workers being told to work from home. Those that were not able to work were being 'furloughed' by their firms with the government picking up 80% of their wages.
The fight against COVID-19 in the United Kingdom
The sunny Sunday of March 22, 2020, may well go down as a watershed date in the context of Coronavirus in the UK. A couple of days earlier, UK schools had closed en masse – open only thereafter for children of key workers – and the British government had advised that pubs, bars, cinemas, gyms and restaurants should close and people should adhere more rigorously to social distancing.
#infections
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson is among those infected with the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
Image source: UK Cabinet Office (OGL v.3)
Among the deceased, the vast majority had underlying health conditions, but there remained several who had died without having health issues and also young people, including boys aged 5 and 13. The death toll also included an increasing number of health and care workers and public transport workers.
High profile people with the condition have included the British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, who was taken into hospital on Sunday night with "persistent symptoms" of coronavirus and moved to intensive care on the evening of Monday, April 6. The Chief Medical Officer Chris Witty and Health Secretary Matt Hancock also self-isolated with the condition and have since recovered, as did Prince Charles, but now some other senior politicians in the UK are now self-isolating with Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab now deputising for Mr Johnson.
The National Health Service (NHS) encourages UK citizens to stay at home to curb the spread of the coronavirus disease
In a bid to slow the spread of the virus, people were urged to stay at home and not venture out into parks or the coasts, despite the warm sunny weather – unless they were doing the permitted one hour a day of exercise. But with people still flouting the laws and having picnics and barbecues in some locations, police began to use enforcement measures such as on-the-spot fines. That was accompanied by the Health Secretary warning that unless people adhered more closely to the lockdown instructions, more stringent lockdown measures would be enforced along similar lines to those in France, Italy and Spain. However, the vast majority of the population were adhering correctly to the lockdown rules and panic-buying at supermarkets seemed to have stopped.
In the UK, with the rise in the number of cases and deaths showing a slight slowdown or levelling, there was some cautious optimism that the peak of the outbreak may be a few days away, though no-one was getting carried away with the idea.
Other major issues included the shortage of PPE (personal protection equipment) for healthcare staff and care workers, though the government insisted that it was now being delivered to hospitals, and the effort was being supported by several UK-based clothing manufacturing firms re-opening to make hospital scrubs. There was criticism of the slowness of testing of people – particularly doctors and nurses – who had been in contact with COVID-19 patients but for whom it remained unclear whether they had the condition or not but were self-isolating as a precaution. With 208,000 tests conducted since the end of January, they are now being carried out at the rate of 14,000 a day, as the government unveiled a target of 100,000 tests a day.
In a rare message, the Queen spoke to the nation in a well-received televised broadcast on the evening of Sunday, April 5.
And in a remarkable feat, so-called Nightingale Hospitals – temporary hospitals – have been created across the UK to cope with the rising number of patients In London, the ExCel exhibition centre was converted into a 4000-bed hospital in the space of nine days with others in Glasgow, Harrogate in Yorkshire, Manchester, Bristol and Birmingham, with more planned in other parts of the country as needed. While hospitals and Emergency Departments are extremely busy, health officials suggest they have still not reached total capacity. But as cases still continue, and deaths mount, it is widely recognised that there is still a long way to go in the UK to beat coronavirus.
*Figures correct at the time of writing, but subject to constant daily change.
healthcare politics (220)
Diagnosing SARS-CoV-2
The arsenal: Molecular (PCR), antigen and antibody testing
Germany's lack of diagnostic ability led to significantly underestimation of its own as well as global Covid-19 infection levels during the first wave. Now, however, improved testing and diagnosis…
#healthcare politics
#MEDICA2020
Restriction research
COVID-19: The earlier the lockdown, the fewer new cases, study shows
Physical distancing measures, such as closing schools, workplaces, and public transport, and restricting mass gatherings, are associated with a meaningful reduction in new COVID-19 cases, finds a…
Digital health approaches
The struggle to create COVID-19 contact-tracing apps
While scientists recently confirmed the crucial role contact-tracing apps play in containing the COVID-19 pandemic, politicians are exploring which app architecture offers better privacy protection.…
#apps
#mobile devices


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It was evident during MIPTV that 3D has passed the hype stage and several companies are now committing funding to develop content for the format. Most notably, Sky has been experimenting with various genres in 3D (including a ballet) and will expand the content of its 3D channel in the UK beyond sports later in the year. The government of Singapore is establishing a dedicated fund to invest in 3D content. The expectation is that the adoption of 3D TV sets will take less time than HD. I hope this forecast is realised. At ADMC, we are hoping to be able to bring 3D EPL matches to audiences in the 2010/11 season.
Walk into any department store in Seoul, and the latest televisions being promoted are the 3D sets. With price points around $5500, one can easily anticipate 3D TV prices will be within the reach of mass audiences over the coming 12 months. Most 3D content on display right now is from demo discs but with ESPN and Sky both announcing 3D channel plans, it is only a matter of time before compelling content is being broadcast. You do still have to wear glasses, but you forget about them quickly. 3D is a great differentiator and those who take advantage of it early will benefit. We are hoping to be able to bring 3D English Premier League matches to the region at year end and I can't wait to see that happen.


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The internet has revolutionised so many industries, and you could almost say it has revolutionised life in general. The insurance industry is no different. Here, we take a look at how the insurance industry has been changed by the internet.
Before the internet, finding insurance meant contacting individual firms for quotes, perhaps scheduling an appointment and gathering information. It was a huge hassle, and you usually (unless you were very, very keen to get a good deal and had lots of time on your hands) ended up going with the first or second firm you came across. You didn't really have any idea whether there was a better deal out there.
Now, at the beginning, many companies weren't sure about venturing online. However, as the internet became more and more accessible, more and more consumers were buying online, so they had to be on the internet, or they'd be losing out on customers.
So How Did the Internet Change the Insurance Industry?
For a start, insurance became much more competitive. With customers able to go from one site to another quickly and easily, they were able to compare prices almost instantly. Companies like Click4quote Ltd began forming, whose main focus is to provide easy access to getting a quote. Someone thought up comparison sites, making this process even quicker. This meant that insurance companies had to lower their prices to beat the competition, making it a much better market for the consumer.
This also meant that information about insurance was more freely available, yet another bonus for the consumer.
On the flip side, the internet gave the insurance industry the opportunity to gather data, and lots of it. From email addresses to location, consumers are giving away data every time they use the internet, which is of great benefit to insurance firms. It presents the opportunity for targeted marketing, that works much better than print adverts or hoping someone sees your billboard before your competitors'.
The world is changing quickly, so who knows what kind of insurance they'll be offering next. In the States, they are considering the renewal of the act that requires insurers to provide terrorism insurance, which is unfortunately fast becoming part of our daily lives.
It's not all doom and gloom, however, as all this data sharing means that the world is becoming a much savvier, connected place. "From an insurance perspective, what is new and different and critically important about this data is that it can provide a much more accurate picture of the exposures, hazards, and risks of what is being insured," said Donald Light, director of Celent's Americas Property/Casualty Practice, and author of The Internet of Things and Property/Casualty Insurance.
"These analytically driven findings create the second critically important consequence of the IoT: insurers can create feedback and control processes to command or request things to change their loss-related behaviour and performance," he continued.


There are very few Canadian-built racing cars still in existence from the pre-war era. Al Cronk's Model T-based King's Special, which dates from about 1924, has to be one of the oldest. Although he has owned the key components for about 50 years, Cronk has been working on this project in earnest only since the turn of the century and now, his resurrection has produced a reasonably faithful rendering of the original race car.
The racing history of the King's Special is set in the Thunder Bay area (formerly Fort William/Port Arthur), but it is an important part of the history of auto racing in Canada.
Cronk's part of the story begins back in 1964 when he acquired, in exchange for a running Model T Ford, the engine, transmission and some other components of the original King's Special. He and his brothers installed the modified Ford T engine in a Model T delivery truck they owned, but gave up when the head gasket they had made from a copper sheet failed. The engine and other parts were set aside for years. Cronk continued to collect some of the other missing components for the car over the years, including racing-style 72-spoke wire wheels, until he was finally motivated to put it all together for display in 2001.
The story of the car started back in the Lakehead in 1922 when Art King and his brothers began building a race car based on a 1919 Model T Ford. We think of Model Ts as low-powered, slow, economy workhorses and not as fast, racy cars. But an aftermarket grew up which supplied improved performance parts that could transform the stodgy Ts into higher performance street cars and even remarkably fast race cars. Frontenac is probably the best known brand name here, but R.M. Roof was another manufacturer of performance parts for Model Ts and other makes.
As evidence of how these Fords could be transformed, Ford T-based racers ran competitively at the Indy 500. In 1923, one finished in fifth place at an average speed of 134 km/h (83 mph).
Virtually every part of the original Ford T engine except for the cast-iron block would be replaced: OHV or overhead cam head, counterbalanced crank, pressurized lubrication with an oil pump, high-tension magneto replacing the T's version, different carburetors and so on. The original low-powered engine became a strong racing engine.
Peugeot had introduced the concept of the overhead cam four-valve per cylinder head before WWI, and this idea was copied by many others including Mercedes-Benz and Miller. What's surprising is that multi-valve OHC heads were offered for such low-end engines like the Ford T.
In 1924, the King's Special emerged from the chicken coop in which it was built. It featured an eight-valve SOHC head. One of its competitors, the Dreadnought, had a 16-valve head on a Dodge engine running in a modified Ford T chassis. The King's Special also used a shortened T chassis, with repositioned transverse springs, which lowered the car by about six inches (15 cm). At some point the T's planetary transmission was modified to remove the reverse gear and pare the flywheel down to a much smaller size. In keeping with racing practice of the day, the brakes — transmission and rear wheels — were also removed. The resulting car weighed about 500 kg (1,100 pounds).
In 1925, Art King himself raced the car, but the next year the more experienced Frank Colosimo took over behind the wheel. Racing mostly in the hometown area of Fort William/Port Arthur and nearby Murillo, the King's Special and Colosimo proved to be an "unbeatable combo." In addition, they raced the car occasionally in Wisconsin and Manitoba. However, on Labour Day in 1929, Colosimo was racing Ernie Boffa in the Dreadnought when he crashed. Colosimo had minor injuries, but the car needed a rebuild.
The repairs likely included a new donor chassis to replace damaged parts. This is when the sleek single-seater bodywork was built — and this is the form that Cronk replicated when he restored the car. The Great Depression had begun but Colosimo continued to race the car with success until 1934.
How fast was it? On the rutty, loose-surfaced half-mile dirt tracks of that day, it would run 97 km/h (60 mph) laps. Once, on a clandestine run on the public road from Fort William towards the U.S. border, it was timed at over 160 km/h (100 mph). Wind in your hair, and little to no protection around you.
After this, the record is spotty. As it passed from hand to hand as a now-obsolete used race car, it may have run a few more races, but eventually it was dismantled and left in storage. Most of these pieces came into Cronk's possession in 1964.
After its appearance as a bare chassis in Toronto in 2001, Cronk was determined to complete the car. He studied all the photos he could find and built replica bodywork to look like the original 1930 version. Given that he started with the original racing engine and only a few other original parts, and the rest of the car was built using old swap-meet parts, reproduction parts and new bodywork, Cronk avoids calling the car a restoration, but a resurrection instead. He still has to complete a few details before he can actually have the car running, but he is hoping it will be ready in the next few months.
Whatever you want to call it, Cronk is to be commended for his persistence in returning to life a car that is an important part of Canada's racing heritage.


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