The Great Debate—Palm rolling vs Interlocking. Is one better than the other? Which one locs hair faster? Will my hair be damaged from switching? The list goes on with questions circulating amongst the natural hair community about palm rolling vs interlocking. Whether you've arrived here for reasons of repair, longevity, or just curiosity, I'll share with you the advantages and disadvantages of each technique to help you decide what's best for your hair.
Palm rolling is a maintenance technique in which the palms of your hands roll (or twist) the hair into a circular formation. This technique is mainly used on traditional and semi freeform locs.
Interlocking is a maintenance technique in which the end of the loc is pulled through the root to tighten the nugrowth to the scalp. This technique can be achieved with a tool or with fingers; and it is commonly used in the Sisterlocks™ and micro locs hair locking systems.
Fundamentally, the two techniques— palm rolling and interlocking— are very different, but let's explore the advantages and disadvantages of each technique to help you understand which method would be best for your hair.
Time-Saving. On average, a Loctician can complete your palm-roll maintenance within 45 minutes-1 1/2 hours, whereas interlocking maintenance can take upwards of 3-4 hours when professionally maintained.
Simple. By using your hands to cultivate the locs, the palm-roll maintenance is simple enough to be done on your own. However, any professional Loctician will tell you there are specific angles that help prevent unraveling, clip organization will keep your maintenance in longer, and maintaining the parting system is not easily replicated at home without training.
Longer Lasting Maintenance. The time that you wait between maintenance sessions is considerably different when you maintain your locs with interlocking. On average, you'll have your locs maintained every eight weeks, compared to once a month with palm-rolling.
For all hair textures. Interlocking is a technique that can be used to start and maintain any texture of hair because it prevents the hair from unraveling and encourages the hair to stay in place to begin the locking process.
Over manipulation. With too much retwisting / palm-rolling you can drastically thin out your locs or even trigger baldness in an attempt to "keep your locs neat".
Unraveling. Often times with DIY Loc Maintenance, not protecting your hair at home, or while working out can cause your locs to unravel at the roots.
Smaller locs. Interlocking is better suited for smaller locs, both in size and density. What this means is that it is very rare to see thicker sets of locs that are maintained with interlocking.
Potentially Damaging. There is a specific technique that is used with interlocking and when it is not executed proficiently it can produce holes in the locs which can lead to breakage and thinning. Also, if the correct amount of tension is not used, this can cause locs to thin at the roots or trigger traction alopecia.
So, is palm-rolling better than interlocking? In my professional opinion, I don't think so; rather I believe that the maintenance technique is dependent upon the expertise of the individual executing it. If you're not trained on interlocking techniques, you can cause irreversible damage, but you can also create problems with improper palm-rolling. I encourage you to consider your lifestyle, budget, and accessibility to a professional when determining which method would be best suited for your hair. Seeking advice from a Professional, if only through a consultation, and asking very detailed about concerns you may have will allow you to be proactive (instead of reactive) with healthy hair care.
Next week, I'll be sharing the answer to another common question "Can You Switch Between Palm Rolling and Interlocking?".
In the comments, share which method you use to maintain your locs and add any more advantages (or disadvantages) that you can think of!
Just starting my locs. My hair is very fine and very curly. But when wet go completely straight. Big problem when trying to loc.
Any suggestions on best way to get started?
I am in the process of creating a course for people with soft, fine hair that want to get locs which will be available in the NuGrowth Academy. In the meantime, you can reference an article I posted a few months ago, "The 7 Methods for Starting Locs".
My locs are about a month old and I'm considering getting them interlocked.. I play basketball 4-5 days a week and I have a physically demanding job. I feel like with my lifestyle its best to get my hair interlocked so I can worry less about my hair unraveling at the roots. Thanks for this, it was a big help. Do you have a specific method you recommend using to interlock? I've seen a couple of youtube videos but they all pretty much had different techniques. One guy in particular, Chris McDread, seems very knowledgable and he suggests the 9-12-3 method when interlocking.. Do you have a specific technique that I can advise my loctician to use?
I am so glad that this article helped you; you definitely sound like you're a great candidate for interlocking. If your Loctician does not understand or know how to properly interlock hair, I would NOT use them for that service. You can do a lot of damage if you're not knowledgeable about the technique.
I use the interlock method to maintain my locs. I only maintain my hair every 2-3 months, and may do a light retwist in the 2 weeks before my interlocking to gather loose hairs together. After 6 years, my roots are strong, my hair is mid-back length, and where a few loc roots have thinned, I have combined them with success. I love my hair!
Thank you so much for sharing your experience! I love when people can share positive experiences with interlocking because I think interlocking gets a bad connotation by people that don't understand it.
Yay! I'm so glad that it helped you make the right decision!
I started my locs after retiring from the Navy and love it. My hair hated chemicals and has grown so much better now that I'm natural. I have thin hair on top, so my locs are small, and I tend to palm roll, but I have also used the interlock method. I do exercise and swim in the summers so my roots loosen and are shaggy so I interlock to hold the look better for a longer period of time. I palm roll in between interlock sessions to keep the look neat as possible. My roots are strong and I haven't seen any problems in doing both. I just use which ever works best in the situation. As you said in the article, interlocking works better if you need to shampoo often. I trim my locs to stay just past shoulder length due to my thin top, but it's thickening up and starting to fill in so I may let it go a bit longer. Yay! I only use water, tee tree oil and black castor oil on my hair now and it has worked wonders.
Thank you for your articles and good luck with your new set of locs.
I maintain my Husband s locks and I actually mix the methods. I palm roll the front and interlock the back. This helps keep the front really neat for his conservative workplace.
Thank you for sharing your experience! It is true you can mix or alternate the methods to meet your needs.
I have a question about budding….when the locks begin to bud, is there anything special that needs to be done? For instance, when retwisting locs using the palm rolling method, does the whole loc need to be manipulated or just the New growth?
The entire loc should be maintained, not just the roots.
Thank you for this great article ! I have been palmrolling for the past two years and I recently started to interlock to keep them from unravelling since I workout more. Do you think it's a good idea to combine both techniques ?
I'm glad you enjoyed it! Please take a look at the follow-up article "Switching Between Palm-Rolling & Interlocking Without Causing Damage" or if you prefer to know specifically about how it is affecting your locs, please visit NuGrowthSalon.com to setup a "Virtual Consultation".
Omg looove this article so much. I get so many negative comments from people that think they know it all about the different methods of locking our hair. I'm very active and tend to sweat a lot fairly easy so I chose the interlocking method. I watched all kinds of videos and practiced and researched it before I even started mine. I'm over 5 years in now and loving it. I get so many compliments on my hair from more people than not. I love my interlocking journey. I also interlock my brothers hair because he plays basketball regularly. We haven't experienced any thinning or breakage at all. Thank you! I am glad I just found your site.
I have interlocks and I've been thinking about getting rid of my locks, it's been 8 awesome years but I want a change.
Can you comb out interlocks or do I have to cut them off?
Hi Karen! You can definitely comb them out!
I'm very happy to have found your blog! I started my locos with two-strand twists back in November 2016, and recently realized I was doing everything wrong (like washing my hair with my locs loose) so they haven't really loced yet. I wanted to stick with semi-freeform because I want thicker locs, and because I have sensitive edges with breakage I'm trying to repair, and felt interlocking would be more stress on them.
My question is whether or not you feel I should stay away from interlocking, and if so, how can I keep my locs from unraveling when I'm active.
Hi Denise! I'd love to help you! Schedule a virtual consultation at your convenience so we chat get you on the right path!
Hello, I really enjoyed this article. I was just wondering if interlocking shorten the loc? I have only been at this for a month now and I don't believe I got the palm rolling down just yet.
Thanks for checking out the article! Interlocking elongates that hair but in the beginning stages of locking, you will experience "shrinkage" with both methods.
You said the locs can be combed out? I thought they were permanent and had to be cut off! I want locs but didn't get them because I was afraid that if I wanted change, I'd have to cut my hair off?
I Like How You Break it Down.Thank You.
I'm glad it was helpful! Thank you for reading and commenting.
I started my locs with 2 strand twist. After 1 month I decided to interlock because my hair is so soft. 10 days after my 1st interlock/2nd wash I noticed a lot of me locs had almost 3/4 inch of new growth. My hair does not grow that fast. Is this an indication of unraveling? Should I interlock them now or wait until 6/8 weeks? I'm afraid of thinning my roots and causing issues before my hair evens locs.
I am going to assume that you're interlocking your hair yourself… What happened is known as slippage and it is very common when you start locs with twists then try switch to interlocking. Hopefully, you are aware that interlocking will produce a thinner loc than what you see with your hair in the twists, so when looking at your roots they will appear to be "thin", but they (hopefully) will not be thin to the point of breaking off.
Less than an inch of nugrowth is no cause to do another interlocking session right now, wait the 6 weeks and then correct the issue, but make sure that your tension is correct.
If you need help with DIY interlocking, I would highly recommend the "Interlocking Fundamentals" workshop for you.


In this contribution, I will focus on two nuclides, 26Al and 19F whose origin has been uncertain for a long time and still remains a matter of debate. I will present the contribution of Manuel Forestini to the understanding of the origin of these nuclides, and in particular to the description of their synthesis in asymptotic giant branch stars. I will also present an overview of the latest results concerning 26Al and 19F and of the open questions still to be answered.


text:
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All Lit Up is produced by the Literary Press Group and LitDistCo. LPG and LitDistCo acknowledge the financial support of the Department of Canadian Heritage, the Canada Council for the Arts, and the Ontario Arts Council.
All views expressed by bloggers and contributors to the All Lit Up blog are their own and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of All Lit Up or the Literary Press Group.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
William Perry Moore IV (* 4. November 1971 in Richmond, Virginia; † 17. Februar 2011 in Manhattan, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Filmproduzent und Filmregisseur.

Leben

Kindheit und Jugend
Perry Moore wuchs als Sohn von William und Nancy Morris Moore in Virginia Beach an der US-amerikanischen Atlantikküste auf. Er hat zwei Schwestern. Als Jugendlicher graduierte Moore 1990 an der Norfolk Academy in Norfolk (Virginia), ehe er sich an der University of Virginia in Charlottesville einschrieb, an der er vier Jahre später, 1994, seinen Bachelor in Filmwissenschaft erwarb. Während der Präsidentschaft von Bill Clinton, Mitte der 1990er Jahre, arbeitete Moore kurzzeitig als Praktikant im Weißen Haus.

Werdegang
Erste Erfahrungen bei Film und Fernsehen sammelte Moore ab 1996 zunächst bei Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in New York City und schließlich hinter den Kulissen der The Rosie O'Donnell Show, die ebenfalls in New York produziert wurde. Als 2001 die Filmproduktionsgesellschaft Walden Media gegründet wurde, war Moore maßgeblich an deren Aufbau beteiligt. 2003 feierte er als Ausführender Produzent des Filmdramas I Am David mit James Caviezel in der Hauptrolle sein Debüt als Filmemacher.

2005 war Moore maßgeblich an der Sicherung der Filmrechte von Die Chroniken von Narnia verantwortlich. Sowohl beim ersten Film Die Chroniken von Narnia: Der König von Narnia der 2005 in den Kinos lief, wie auch bei den beiden Fortsetzungen fungierte Moore als Ausführender Produzent.

2008 stand Moore auch erstmals als Regisseur hinter der Kamera. Zusammen mit Hunter Hill inszenierte er das Drama Lake City wofür er Sissy Spacek und Rebecca Romijn als Darstellerinnen gewinnen konnte.

Perry Moore outete sich bereits früh als homosexuell. 2007 schrieb er den Roman Hero in dem er mit Thom Creed nicht nur einen Helden mit Superkräften ins Leben rief, sondern auch einen Helden, der schwul war. Im Mai 2008 wurde Moore dafür mit dem Lambda Literary Award ausgezeichnet.

Tod
Am 17. Februar 2011 wurde Perry Moore von seinem Lebensgefährten Hunter Hill, mit dem er Lake City gedreht hatte, tot in deren gemeinsamen Wohnung im New Yorker Stadtteil SoHo gefunden. Die Gerichtsmedizin geht von einer Überdosis Drogen aus, die dem Produzenten zum Verhängnis wurde.

Filmografie
 2005: Die Chroniken von Narnia: Der König von Narnia (The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe)
 2008: Die Chroniken von Narnia: Prinz Kaspian von Narnia (The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian)
 2010: Die Chroniken von Narnia: Die Reise auf der Morgenröte (The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Filmproduzent
Filmregisseur
Homosexualität in der Literatur
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1971
Gestorben 2011
Mann
Träger des Lambda Literary Award

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Das Waschhaus der fontaine Rousselette ( für Waschhaus und fontaine für Brunnen) in Cergy, einer französischen Gemeinde im Département Val-d'Oise in der Region Île-de-France, wurde 1870 errichtet. Das Waschhaus steht am Sentier de la Rousselette.

Das Waschhaus, das von einem Brunnen mit Wasser versorgt wird, wurde bis in die 1950er Jahre genutzt und in den 1990er Jahren renoviert, da es als petit patrimoine betrachtet wird (siehe Definition bei Monument historique).

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes du Val-d'Oise. Flohic Éditions, Band 1, Paris 1999, ISBN 2-84234-056-6, S. 132.

Weblinks

Cergy
Erbaut in den 1870er Jahren
Cergy


The carrier arrived at Altoona to deliver one trailer and pick up another trailer. As he placed the trailer into a dock door he was able to see the nose of his return trailer out his side window which made him immediately recognize that something was wrong. When he approached the back of the trailer he noticed that it sat approximately 8 feet from the dock door and the trailer's roll door was halfway open. He then checked for a seal on the ground and did not see one. He noticed drag marks which he described as new and fresh. He checked the king pin lock and discovered it to be covered in grease with a piece of metal stuck to it which he identified as a 'tooth' from a tractor's fifth wheel. When he removed the king pin lock a piece of metal was broken off inside, but the king pin lock still worked. Photos of the site were taken. He then called his dispatcher and the gatehouse to report the situation. When the Store team reviewed the exterior dock area, they discovered a seal lying on the ground. The DCLP team unloaded trailer H03148 of its backhaul freight in order to inspect the contents. Based on its return bill of lading, it appears that all product is present and in good order.


text:
Wulan Xiang kan syfta på följande platser:

Kina

 Wulan (socken i Kina, lat 39,58, long 106,70), Inre Mongoliet,
 Wulan (socken i Kina, lat 40,45, long 109,31), Inre Mongoliet,

Robotskapade Kinaförgreningar


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William D. Oetinger has joined Grim, Biehn & Thatcher and other hires, promotions and awards
Oetinger (CONTRIBUTED PHOTO / Grim, Biehn & Thatcher)
William D. Oetinger
Oetinger joined the law firm Grim, Biehn & Thatcher of Perkasie. Oetinger received a bachelor's degree from Penn State University and a law degree from Temple University. His areas of practice include general litigation, criminal law and municipal law.
Before joining Grim, Biehn & Thatcher, Oetinger worked as an assistant public defender in Bucks County, where he represented indigent defendants in all aspects of criminal proceedings.
Martin D. Cohen, Mark K. Altemose and Kelly Rambo-Williams
Cohen, founding and managing partner, and managing partners Altemose and Rambo-Williams of Cohen, Feeley, Altemose & Rambo have been selected to the 2019 Pennsylvania Super Lawyers list. Each year, no more than 5 percent of the lawyers in the state are selected by the research team at Super Lawyers to receive this honor.
Christine Rinier
Rinier joined Re/Max 440's Perkasie office as a sales associate.
Before becoming a real estate agent, Rinier worked as a medical assistant and nursing supervisor for a family practice for 19 years and office manager for three years for her husband's public adjustment company.
[More Business] Your Call: How could an Adams Road interchange on Interstate 78 help Upper Macungie Township traffic? »
Christine can be reached at 215-453-7653 or crinier@remax440.com.
Mueller will serve as vice president of customer services for PPL Electric Utilities.
Mueller will oversee the company's efforts to strengthen customer experience. As a member of the senior leadership team, she will support PPL Electric Utilities' strategic priorities and commitment to deliver for its customers.
Before joining PPL Electric Utilities, Mueller most recently served as vice president of operations and customer experience for Affinegy Inc. in Austin, Texas, where she oversaw customer operations, customer engagement and satisfaction, and efforts to improve product success.
[More Business] B. Braun to significantly cut cancer-causing chemical emissions at Lehigh Valley plant »
Mueller earned a bachelor's degree cum laude in management and organizational behavior from Ottawa University and a juris doctor degree from University of Kansas School of Law. She is also a certified information systems security professional.
Angela Nolan
Nolan, chief operating officer of audiovisual and communications solutions provider Vistacom, was inducted into the 2019 Systems Contractor News Hall of Fame.
SCN's eighth annual list of inductees celebrates individuals who help push the audiovisual industry to new heights, citing their dedication to the industry through volunteerism, leadership and a collaborative approach to growth. Nolan was one of nine inductees into the 2019 group.
Nolan joined Vistacom 33 years ago and throughout her time has overseen a number of functions, including accounting, operations and marketing. During her tenure, the company grew from 12 people to more than 75 as Nolan refocused the company on providing value through its products and services such as full design, engineering, integration programming, service and maintenance, and control room design. Nolan also serves on the Professional Systems Network International global alliance board of directors as the organization's secretary/treasurer.
Boscola (APRIL GAMIZ / THE MORNING CALL)
Lisa Boscola
State Sen. Boscola, D-Northampton/Lehigh, has been re-appointed as Democratic chairwoman of the Senate Consumer Protection and Professional Licensure Committee.
The committee reviews legislation involving utility issues and the state boards that license and regulate numerous professions in Pennsylvania.
Last month, the Bethlehem lawmaker was also re-elected by her Democratic colleagues to chair the Senate Democratic Policy Committee. Under Boscola's leadership, the committee has held numerous hearings in Bethlehem and throughout the state on issues including job creation and educational reform.


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The Atlantic Politics Daily: The Dangerous Misnaming of the Coronavirus
The president went out of his way to spin COVID-19 as a menace coming from abroad, referring to its source as a "foreign virus." Plus: The staggering heartlessness toward the elderly.
Saahil Desai and Christian Paz
It's Thursday, March 12. In today's newsletter: The insidious language of the "Wuhan virus." Plus: The staggering heartlessness toward the elderly.
« TODAY IN POLITICS »
When it comes to the popular naming of infectious diseases, xenophobia has long played a prominent role. (DUKAI)
President Donald Trump's Oval Office address may have been intended to console a country that is growing frantic about the coronavirus pandemic, but it at best confused Americans.
Trump made news by announcing a temporary European travel ban (followed by clarifications), but as my colleague David Frum argues, that does little to address the real problems at hand:
More people will get sick because of his presidency than if somebody else were in charge. More people will suffer the financial hardship of sickness because of his presidency than if somebody else were in charge. The medical crisis will arrive faster and last longer than if somebody else were in charge. So, too, the economic crisis. More people will lose their jobs than if somebody else were in charge. More businesses will be pushed into bankruptcy than if somebody else were in charge.
Trump went out of his way to spin the coronavirus as a menace coming from abroad, referring to it as a "foreign virus"—just a few days after Secretary of State Mike Pompeo made a point to call it the "Wuhan virus." It's part of a long history in which xenophobia warps the naming of infectious diseases—one that stretches as far back as the 15th century. The point seems relatively straightforward, as Ben Zimmer writes: "Foreign = bad." Read the full piece from our resident linguist here.
America Can't Exhale Just Yet
—Saahil Desai
« IDEAS AND ARGUMENTS »
New York has one of the highest reported numbers of cases in the early stages of the U.S. outbreak. (EDUARDO MUNOZ / VIEWPRESS VIA GETTY)
1. "We are not going to defeat this and halt transmission if people loosely interpret what it means to self-quarantine or self-isolate."
What exactly does "social distancing" look like? It's not the same thing as self-quarantine or self-isolation (which have serious, strict rules for sick or potentially sick people). Staff writer Kaitlyn Tiffany spoke to a series of public health experts to ask them the quotidian questions you might have: Should you go to that wedding? Should you cancel that haircut appointment? Your questions, answered here.
2. "A global pandemic doesn't give us cause to treat the aged callously."
Some have tried to dress up their heartlessness as generational retribution. As someone tweeted at Shai Held earlier today, "To be perfectly honest, and this is awful, but to the young, watching as the elderly over and over and over choose their own interests ahead of Climate policy kind of feels like they're wishing us to a death they won't have to experience. It's a sad bit of fair play."
Held implores humanity amid the coronavirus crisis.
3. "The youths of America are not for Joe Biden—at least not yet."
They have not embraced a candidate who emblazoned the word malarkey on his campaign bus, who summoned the ghost of John Wayne to chastise a college student, who urged parents in the 21st century to keep a "record player" on for their children, and who hasn't been able to match the unlikely cool factor of a rival a year even older than himself. Read the rest.
4. "The coronavirus has no political motivation, no personal preferences, and it certainly does not care about Oscar nominations; perhaps that's a fact more Americans will take to heart following the news of Hanks's and Wilson's infections."
The news of Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson's positive coronavirus diagnosis in Australia yesterday may have been a cultural watershed for Americans who were more skeptical of the severity of the outbreak, David Sims writes: Hanks is known as "America's Dad" because so many people identify with his everyman persona.
« EVENING READ »
Introducing Floodlines: a new Atlantic podcast about an unnatural disaster.
In our magazine's first narrative podcast, Vann R. Newkirk II revisits the story of Hurricane Katrina—and what it tells us about race, government accountability, class, and climate change—15 years later.
In the time of a global viral pandemic, one of the things to watch is the response of the government. How those in leadership handle their response to catastrophe is a critical lesson for this moment.
Listen to all eight episodes now.
Today's newsletter was written by Saahil Desai, an editor on the Politics desk, and Christian Paz, a Politics fellow. It was edited by Shan Wang, who oversees newsletters.
You can reply directly to this newsletter with questions or comments, or send a note to politicsdaily@theatlantic.com.
Your support makes our journalism possible. Subscribe here.


for the bad -define declaration.
error in the first place.
> It's considered an unknown module attribute, and those aren't errors.
> So why isn't that reported as an error?
> Easy enough, there's no one-argument define().
> Define it to true if you don't care about the value.


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Statutory demands and winding up proceedings
Home›FWJ Takeaway›Resources›Statutory demands and winding up proceedings
We often get asked whether to issue a statutory demand against a company or go straight for a winding up order. The answer is complex - especially with temporary Covid restrictions in place. Our team of experts are here to advise.
Important factors to consider before choosing which route to follow
There are a number of issues to consider when deciding whether to go first for a statutory demand against a company or to go straight for a winding up petition against a company.
The points below are also subject to the latest government restrictions due to Covid. These are under constant review – but the Corporate Governance & Insolvency Act did put some temporary restrictions in place. Our team is always up to date on these and how they might effect you.
Matters to bear in mind include:
A winding up petition is a formal issued document at court and as such, incurs a court fee to issue it. At present, the court fee including the official receiver's deposit is £1,880. Coupled with the process server fee and solicitors costs of issuing, this can mean upfront costs over £2,000 to commence the winding up petition process. statutory demand costs are much lower, in the region of £500.
However, a winding up petition is more "hard hitting" than a statutory demand and can immediately get a debtor's attention – and far quicker than may be the case with a statutory demand.
If the debtor pays the winding up petition debt (or part of it), you have a good argument for payment of the winding up petition costs in full, resulting in no cost to you at all. This isn't always the case in statutory demands.
A statutory demand is less risky in the sense that if it becomes "disputed", it is easier to pull out of a statutory demand than it is a winding up petition as it is not a formally issued court document.
With a statutory demand, if it goes unanswered after 21 days, then a creditor is entitled to deem the debtor insolvent and unable to pay its debts. With a winding up petition, if a statutory demand has not been served first, then it may be the case later on that the petitioning creditor is asked to prove that the company is insolvent on a balance sheet basis. By serving a statutory demand first, it removes this requirement to prove that the company is unable to pay its debts pursuant to Section 122(1)(f) of the Insolvency Act 1986.
A statutory demand is a good way to try and flush out any potential arguments that the debtor may have in circumstances where it is simply failing to respond to pre-action letters. It can also help avoid the often slow county court or small claims court process.
A winding up petition will get you straight to the front of the queue if there are other creditors also after the company. With a statutory demand it might just give the debtor another 21 days to avoid making payment.
Let us help you make the right choice
There is a lot riding on choosing the right option. Every set of circumstances are different, but here at Francis Wilks & Jones, our team has dealt with thousands of such situations over the years. Our experience and expertise will help you make the right choice and avoid the pitfalls of going down the wrong route. Let us help.
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text:
Q: Why are function spaces generally infinite dimensional The other day, I was trying to explain some concepts in Fourier analysis and wavelets to my girlfriend (an electrical engineering student) and obviously, the concept of Lebesgue integration came up in the form of the function space $L^{2}(\mathbb{R})$ and I tried to explain that they are infinite dimensional spaces of functions that satisfy
$$
\int^{\infty}_{-\infty} \vert f(t) \vert^{2}\, dt < \infty
$$
with a norm given by
$$
\lvert\lvert f(t)\rvert\rvert=\left( \int^{\infty}_{-\infty} \vert f(t) \vert^{2}\, dt \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$
and an inner product $ \langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle: L^{2} \to \mathbb{R}$  which allows us the notion of orthogonality such that given $f,g \in L^{2}(\mathbb{R})$
$$
\langle f,g \rangle=\int^{\infty}_{-\infty} f(t)g(t) \, dt =0 \implies f \perp g
$$
I think she understood all of that as well as anyone first exposed to the concepts would but she seemed to have a hard time understanding the "infinite dimensional" part. I guess it is something that always seemed intuitive to me but my explanation was that if you imagine a monotone sequence of functions $f_{n}(t)$ which are pointwise convergent to some function $f(t)$, then we have that
$$
\lim_{n \to \infty}\int^{\infty}_{-\infty} \lvert f_{n}(t)-f(t) \rvert \, dt =0
$$
and that in the general case, one could imagine that each term in the sequence represents a scaled element of a basis (though in general, they are not orthogonal) in a Banach space. I also explained that if you imagine a Hilbert space (take $L^{2}$ for the sake of simplicity) then every function can be decomposed into a sum of scaled orthogonal basis functions such that given $f(t) \in L^{2}(\mathbb{R})$ and an orthogonal basis $e_{i}$
$$
f(t)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \langle f,e_{i} \rangle e_{i}
$$
such that
$$
 \left( \int^{\infty}_{-\infty}\left\vert f(t)-\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} \langle f,e_{i} \rangle e_{i} \right \vert^{2} \, dt \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}=0$$
and I tried to explain that if we let $i$ approach some large but finite number that we would get closer to the function we desired to approximate but it would still be a different function. I also tried to give her the standard example of the space $L^{2}([a,b])$ being the completion of $C([a,b])$ with respect to the $L^{2}$ norm via a sigmoid function converging to the Heaviside function as an example but she still seems to be struggling with the notion and I really want her to get it.
Basically, I'm asking whether someone can offer me a more intuitive explanation or an alternative perspective or any other commentary on why function spaces are infinite dimensional.

A: $\newcommand{\Reals}{\mathbf{R}}$Here's an indirect approach (not unrelated to littleO's comment): Let $X = \{1, 2, 3, \dots, n\}$ be a finite set of $n$ elements. The set of all real-valued functions on $X$ is $\Reals^{n}$ by viewing an ordered $n$-tuple $(x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}, \dots, x_{n})$ as the function $f:X \to \Reals$ defined by $f(i) = x_{i}$ for $i = 1, \dots, n$. (The space of all mappings $X \to Y$ is sometimes denoted $Y^{X}$; this is consistent with using $\Reals^{n}$ to denote the set of all functions from an $n$-element set $X$ to $Y = \Reals$.)
Given that the set of all functions on a finite set can be identified with a finite-dimensional Cartesian space, it's hardly surprising the spaces of (smooth/continuous/measurable) functions on an interval are infinite-dimensional.
This analogy runs deeper in ways useful to (e.g.) electrical engineers: If $K:[a, b] \times [a, b] \to \Reals$ is a (continuous, say) "kernel", there is a linear operator $I_{K}$ on $C([a, b])$ defined by
$$
(I_{K} f)(x) = \int_{a}^{b} K(x, y) f(y)\, dy,
$$
which should remind one of matrix multiplication
$$
Ax = \sum_{j=1}^{n} A_{ij} x_{j}.
$$
In this setting, the Dirac $\delta$-function induces the kernel $K(x, y) = \delta(x - y)$, which formally defines the identity operator:
$$
(I_{K} f)(x) = \int_{a}^{b} \delta(x - y) f(y)\, dy = f(x).
$$

A: So the whole space of functions from $\mathbb{R}$ to $\mathbb{R}$ really does contain "uncountable vectors". But we usually deal with much smaller subspaces of that (in the sense of both dimension and cardinality). These are still infinite dimensional, though. To see it, notice that if $f_i$ are nonzero functions and have disjoint support then $\sum_{i=1}^n c_i f_i$ is zero if and only if all $c_i$ are zero. Yet we can make infinitely many such functions. For example, $f_n(x)=1_{(\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} 1/k^2,\sum_{k=1}^n 1/k^2)}(x)$ is a sequence of linearly independent functions in $L^p([0,2])$ for any $p$ you like.

A: Functions on a finite set would be characterized by a finite set of parameters.
The idea of characterizing polynomials of all orders on a non-trivial interval of $\mathbb{R}$ using a finite set of parameters is immediately objectionable. You just know that cannot be right, which rules out the idea for more general functions that include such polynomials on a finite interval.
To make this precise, start by looking at a finite interval $[-R,R]$ where $R > 0$. The functions $\{1,x,x^2,x^3,\cdots\}$ are linearly independent on any interval $[-R,R]$ because any finite linear combination of such powers that is identically $0$ is a polynomial on $[-R,R]$ that has infinitely many zeros in $[-R,R]$ and, hence, must have all $0$ coefficients. So the set of polynomials on $[-R,R]$ is an infinite-dimensional space of functions. If you extend these functions to $\mathbb{R}$ by settings them to $0$ outside of $[-R,R]$, they remain independent on $\mathbb{R}$. The set of integrable functions is even larger.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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You Are Here : Home / Government/ Agencies, Departments, and Offices / Human Rights & Community Partnerships / Divisions & Offices
Nine divisions/offices exist under Human Rights & Community Partnerships. Learn more about each division/office below.
Anti-Discrimination Office
The Denver Anti-Discrimination Office (DADO) works toward putting an end to discrimination in employment, housing and commercial space, public accommodations, educational institutions, and health and welfare services.
Division of Disability Rights
The Denver Division of Disability Rights coordinates the City and County of Denver's efforts to ensure compliance with Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Its role is to ensure that all City services and programs are accessible to people with disabilities.
Office of Financial Empowerment & Protection
The Office of Financial Empowerment & Protection (OFEP) works to improve residents' economic mobility and help stabilize families, individuals and small businesses.
Office of Immigrant & Refugee Affairs
The Denver Office of Immigrant & Refugee Affairs (DOIRA) promotes greater awareness and integration of immigrant and refugee residents in Denver.
Office of Sign Language Services
The Office of Sign Language services provides Deaf, DeafBlind, and hard of hearing people sign language interpreting services, open captioning via Communication Access Realtime Translation (CART), and Assistive Listening Devices for sound amplification for City and County of Denver programs, services, and events.
Office of Storytelling
The Office of Storytelling (through I Am Denver) highlights and celebrates our residents, neighborhoods, and history while allowing for high-level discussions around topics affecting Denver.
Office of Nonprofit Engagement
The Denver Office of Nonprofit Engagement/D-ONE (formerly the Denver Office of Strategic Partnerships/DOSP) was created to serve as a liaison between the City of Denver and the nonprofit sector.
Office on Aging
The Denver Office on Aging advocates for Denver's older population by helping local agencies develop policies and programs that will improve the quality of life and accessibility to care and culture for aging residents.


What's the point of marines?
Karune: Marines are much more useful than the original StarCraft, mostly because they have more hit points now. Even in mid game, they can be armed with Combat Shields, giving them a whopping 55 hit points. That combined with Stim Pack and Medivac Dropships healing, is quite a formidable force.
Nonetheless, in early game, it is a must to combine them with Marauders, to slow Zealots and force fire Roaches.
Having a diverse group when pushing out early is important. This strategy of course is not the only way to play Terran. There are plenty of other units to play with – including Reaper harassment, standard Tank pushes, offensive bunker pushes, Marine/Hellion pushes, etc.
Are Hellions better to be used against Zerglings and Zealots?
Karune: Hellions are tier 2 and you won't have them. If you want to push out, using both Marines and Marauders is definitely the way to go, especially since 1:1 at cost in the open, Zealots will tear through a group of Marines if not slowed.
Karune: Mass Marauders unfortunately would lack the dps that a combo Marauder + Marines group would have. Also Marauders don't have Stim Pack, which also makes up a great deal of extra dps. The Marauder early game could kite a few Zealots well, but their fire rate is much slower than a Marine.
Are creep tumors burrowed/invisible? How easy are they to remove?
Karune: Creep Tumors are 'burrowed' and will need a detector to be able to see them. No need for additional speed bonuses, since Zerg ground units (minus the Drone) will already have speed bonuses on creep. The Creep Tumors now only cost 25 energy from the Queen to create. Using the energy for Creep Tumors though means you aren't using that energy towards spawning additional larva. Players will have to make a choice in their strategy.


The French director Jean Luc Baillet was born in Valenciennes in 1978.
He studied film theory at Lille III university.
He worked as an assistant director for France 3, the French …national television.
A big fan of fantastic films, he has directed several successful shorts films such as the fantastic Hitch and the teen movie Black Night , which were selected in seventy film festivals worldwide.


Posted October 11, 2016 - Filed under Admissions, College Readiness, Commentary, Demography, Economy, Financing, Students, Technology, The Journal, Trends.
Looking at the housing and living challenges facing U.S. communities, one thing is clear: Smaller things are coming our way. Even in regions where open space is plentiful, living quarters are shrinking as more people simplify and economize. New houses are being built that are strikingly small, with some totaling less than 500 square feet, about a fifth of the average 2,600 square feet for American single-family homes. Some new apartment units are even smaller.
This growing trend, often called tiny living, is driven largely by two very different demographic groups: millennials and retirees. Both are sensitive to the cost of living and respond positively to dwelling arrangements with a focus on shared social spaces and amenities. The broad-based movement offers a reexamination of the essential aspects of housing and home life. The trend toward micro-housing is also coming soon to a university near you.
As the national discussion about the affordability of U.S. higher education has become a pressing social topic, more university leaders are considering ways to reduce debt burdens and even tuition for today's college students. Housing is a big contributor and often an influence on cost increases for campus life. According to the College Board, the average annual cost of housing, transportation, books and fees at four-year, in-state public institutions is more than twice that of tuition itself. As universities are looking to more affordable approaches to student housing, an increasing number see value in reducing the footprint of housing or increasing the density of residential buildings.
This has led to a nascent movement among some innovative universities of applying unique and often unexpected approaches to housing. These schools emphasize quality over quantity and focus on creating places for activities, rather than underutilized rooms. Examples include the Gault Schoolhouse adaptive-reuse project at Ohio's College of Wooster, where an old schoolhouse has been converted into student housing that flips the usual arrangement: sleeping areas are located toward the building interior, while social spaces are placed along the building's exterior wall and big windows. The sleeping pods with built-in study zones are as small as is practical (and allowed by codes)—about 7 feet wide by 12 feet long—while the living rooms are ample, open and shared.
This is not to say that quantity does not matter; to the contrary, providing sufficient beds to accommodate the student population is critical. When South Carolina's College of Charleston faced the challenge of updating its Rutledge Rivers Residence Hall in order to meet code and ADA compliance, initial studies projected a 15% to 35% net loss in the number of beds. When the project team introduced a tiny living model for the upgrade, the project actually gained six beds, increasing the number from 103 to 109.
The design utilized lofted built-in single and double bedrooms as well as custom-designed sleeping pods to maximize space. Apartments accommodating four to six students each include a private bath, a living room and a kitchenette. In some cases, the pods are located on interior walls to borrow light from the living space—a strategy that decoupled the limit on the number of beds from the number of windows in the existing structure. Meanwhile the design team was able to program shared amenities on the ground floor that were not in the original building: a large community space, a laundry room, a public bathroom and a resident assistant's program room. The update not only represents a way to increase the number of beds, but is a model for an enhanced student living experience.
Many others have begun testing the tiny living concept, too. In 2019 the University of British Columbia in Vancouver will debut a residential project with 70 units of 140-square-foot, single-occupancy student apartments—fully furnished, with a small kitchen and a bed that converts into a desk—at about CDN $675 to $695 per month. This beats their on-campus average of CDN $1,000, and is half the typical rent for a Vancouver apartment. European schools have also led by example: In Lund, Sweden, a 94-square-foot residential unit has been tested and the pilot is now expanding to 22 units, although they will expand to about 110 square feet each. Facing a national shortage of university housing, Sweden exempted the "BoKompakt" project from legal minimum size requirements. The units rent for about $375 per month.
In the U.S., cost is just one factor. More institutions see tiny living as an answer to changing demographics and a way to be more sustainable. And as at College of Wooster, the concepts can energize student life. In fact, the benefits of student micro-residences have inspired new conversations among housing officers and university life leaders, many hoping to adopt the ideas to simply boost overall enjoyment and quality of campus experience.
In New England, the organization University Student Living has projects with efficient-sized units in planning or underway, as part of its national rollout. One project is slated for Boston University.
In fact, one way to incorporate these new housing initiatives is to partner with developers or to encourage private builders to create more compact and economical off-campus housing. These models carry advantages for both the property developers and the universities, while simultaneously tapping an adjacent market: short-term renters. In fact, micro-units can address gaps in local rental housing markets as well as for student housing. A five-story example currently under construction in New Haven, Conn., has been conceived by Mod Equities to offer fully furnished, 400-square-foot studios that can be leased for any length of time—from one day to a full year.
An alternative to options like hotels, unfurnished apartments or on-campus rooms, flexible-term furnished micro-apartments can offer an enhanced experience for off-campus students at a reasonable rent. The Mod Equities building also offers high-quality shared amenities including a communal kitchen, fitness center and roof deck, encouraging exploration and informal interactions. Some developers and higher-education leaders are looking to similar models for off-campus housing, especially when the future campus populations might swing up or down.
The New Haven project is designed to accommodate graduate students and international students who come for fellowships and other academic programs. These students are sometimes older and may have spouses that have employment in other locals and do not want to make the major move to a new city. Residents will not have to buy a whole new set of household items for their short term residence—they only need to arrive at the beginning of the term and leave when their studies are complete. They don't need to go to eBay or CraigsList to buy and then sell. In addition, for many universities have a large number of fellows, postgraduate researchers and visiting faculty who also are interested in such accommodations. As for the graduate students, the full-service model serves their needs as they will continue to maintain their primary residences.
So how should a university or college approach the question of whether to consider a tiny housing experiment? The first consideration is the demand for beds measured against the budget. Administrators may also want to consider the university's stated commitments to sustainability and reduction of energy and resource consumption, as well as the availability of land for building new housing. Last, the institution must find new ways to be responsive to students struggling with housing costs or seeking alternatives to conventional dormitory models. Not only are they looking for better and more stimulating campus experiences, but they are also watching their costs.
Jay M. Brotman, AIA, is managing partner of the global architecture, art and advisory firm Svigals + Partners, based in New Haven, Conn. Thomas Carlson Reddig, AIA, LEED AP, is community global practice leader, with the international firm Little Diversified Architectural Consulting, Charlotte, N.C.
Photo of students "tiny living" at College of Wooster.


A place to wash hands of naritasan (narita mountain). naritasan is the name of the temple in Japan. In front of the stairs is written "the safety of the believer".
Yasaka Shrine. The name of the shrine(utukushigozensya) is written in Torii. The name of the shrine is written in the flag.
Five-story pagoda in Nittai-ji (Temple in Nagoya).
Kadomatsu in Nittai-ji (Temple in Nagoya). Kadomatsu is an ornament that celebrates the New Year of Japan.
Light up Senko with Nittai-ji (Temple in Nagoya). Senko will serve as a prayer in Buddhism.
Omikuji of Nittai-ji (Temple in Nagoya). Omikuji is a fortune-telling paper.
Signboard of Ashinoko in hakone. The signboard says "Ashinoko".
Autumn leaves of Iwayado. Iwayado is a natural shrine in Seto city(Japan).
Building decoration at Iwayado. Iwayado is a natural shrine in Seto city(Japan).
Place to wash your hands of Iwayado. Iwayado is a natural shrine in Seto city(Japan).
Waterfall in Iwayado. Iwayado is a natural shrine in Seto city(Japan).
Stone Buddha of Iwayado. Iwayado is a natural shrine in Seto city(Japan).


text:
February 2, 2017; Los Angeles, CA, USA; Golden State Warriors guard Klay Thompson (11) shoots against the Los Angeles Clippers during the first half at Staples Center. Mandatory Credit: Gary A. Vasquez-USA TODAY Sports
Daily fantasy basketball plays for February 8, 2017: Klay Thompson, John Wall & more
Lawrence Doto
John Wall, Klay Thompson and Marc Gasol are just three studs to play in Daily Fantasy Basketball on February 8, 2017.
There is a juicy 12 game NBA slate on February 8.
Twelve games are a lot to process, but the first thing to do is get rid of a couple of the games. The reason for this is to make the player pool smaller. The bigger the player pool the more information and that will lead to overthinking and it can and WILL stress you out.
By making the player pool smaller it will help you concentrate on the players and games that can give you the best outcomes on your teams. Here are the games I am getting rid of right from the start:
Philadelphia 76ers vs San Antonio Spurs:
I will not be playing any 76er in this game. The Spurs are too good on defense and this game has the making of a blowout. The Spurs will sit some of their regulars and if they do that it will open up some value but if they don't, the starters won't get their regular amount of minutes. This is an early game so the injury report should be out early and if there are starters on the Spurs who are sitting out, I will have some interest from their normal bench players because of the uptick in minutes (Patty Mills, Dewayne Dedmon, Kyle Anderson and Jonathan Simmons will be the benefactors of the starters sitting). On a big slate you don't need to take unnecessary risk. Avoid this game and move on.
Los Angeles Lakers vs Detroit Pistons:
This game has ugly written all over it. Neither team have fantasy studs on them but rather a bunch of up and down players. Instead of guessing which players will go off, I am going to get rid of this game from my player pool and move on.
Utah Jazz vs New Orleans Pelicans:
I like some of the players in this game (Gordon Hayward, Jrue Holiday and Anthony Davis) but the biggest problem in this game is the Jazz defense. You don't want to attack the Jazz on Defense. They have an elite rim protector in Rudy Gobert and their team defense is one of the best in the league. Instead of paying up for Anthony Davis, this might be the night you completely fade him and look in a different direction.
The rest of the games have some good potential.
The key to daily fantasy is paying attention to the injury report. An hour before the first tip off at 7 p.m. ET is the time to check the injury reports. Unfortunately for those teams playing later in the night, the injury reports don't come out in time to make adjustments to your rosters. You can't do a late swap like last year to your lineups, so after the 7 p.m. ET slate, you are stuck with your players. If you have a player that is listed as questionable or gets sat out the last minute, there is nothing you can do about it.
Check the injury reports, Twitter or any other site that has information on the players that might sit. Look for games that have high over/under and attack them. Let me know who I missed, who I got wrong and the players you guys are going to be targeting on this night.
Here are the plays for February 8, 2017:


Joshua DalPorto is with me on this trip. He is the oldest son of Andy and Sheri DalPorto who are full time staff at The Wilds. Josh has been a great help as he has done much to get props ready for camp and interacted with the counselors. He gave his testimony Sunday morning in the church service. It was such a blessing to fellowship with believers here in the small village of Kumara, Chad. Their singing was a blessing as they praise God with such joy and energy. The instruments were oil filters on sticks filled with a few rocks and used like maracas, sticks hitting wood, and two hollow logs covered with animal skins that worked as both drums and a bass stringed instrument.
We have 100 campers coming in today. Some will have traveled the same twelve hour bus ride we traveled from the capitol.
Motorcycles keep rolling in with more campers on our second day of camp. These teens are loving the fellowship and activities. It is a joy to watch the huge smiles on the faces of so many. Yet it is obvious that some are holding on to sins that are the idols of their hearts. Here, they might be literal idols!
Josh was a part of prepping the Big Ball Field. The final job was to remove the cows and what they typically leave behind. The teens loved the fast action of Big Ball. During the evening service you could hear the hum of the generator and the bugs being attracted to the lights. The teens listened well to a message on joy even though there could have been many distractions. This morning at a meeting, a counselor said he led a young Catholic boy to the Lord. The counselor was excited as he said he had used the questions given at Staff Training to get the boy talking. Most of our youth come from churched homes. We have about 85 teens rather than the 100+ Timothy thought we would have. Many of the un-churched did not come. Still, we have a great ministry in front of us. We brought the instruments from church to play for music during one of games called, Tag A Lot. That has been a huge free time event. They have rhythm and know how to have fun!
Let me tell you how passionate Timothy is about camping. About 8 years ago, Timothy was brought in to be the interpreter for a CampsAbroad training and camp in Cameroon. He got excited and personally started building a camp in Chad. I had the privilege of helping him 5 years ago. At that time he told me he had two cows he was saving to sell so he could come to The Wilds. CampsAbroad graciously paid for him to come to The Wilds and The Wilds of New England to participate in our Staff Training and observe camp. He has faithfully hosted young people from all over Chad at his camp. Not long after his visit with us, we decided to return to give a refresher course. A few months ago, severe storms came through and leveled many of his buildings and tore the roofs off the rest. We asked if we should still come. "Yes," was his reply. He left his home for a month to get a better paying job to pay for the repairs. Timothy is an assistant pastor of a church in Kumara, and he is sold on how camping can help his local church. Other churches agree, as some youth traveled 12 hours to Camp Joy!
The Dark Heart of Africa is a title I read about Chad before I came. There is no doubt Josh and I were in one of the poorest countries I have ever been. Grass-roofed huts were all around us. The village was alive with trade of farmers' crops. The Muslims ran the market booths that sold all other goods.
Camp started with laughs as we tried to translate the old skit "An Austrian went Yodeling." It is fun translating yodeling in any culture. As we moved along we tightened up their schedule and introduced more complex games. There is no problem with the competitive spirit! Plenty of cheering and some intense shouting filled the air for each game. There were always young onlookers at the fences from the surrounding huts wanting to play. Hopefully they are campers in years to come.
This is the rainy season! Intense rains came the day before we arrived at camp. As the last service was finished, a storm came that lasted all night. Chad had heavy rains for a few days leading up to camp. God in his goodness sent only a small amount of rain during camp – at night or during their nap time. Yes, they have a nap scheduled each day and the teens love it!
Of the 80+ campers 11 made professions of faith and over 50 moved to confess specific sins. One of our program men came to give his life to full-time service as well as 5 teens. Josh kept busy learning French from the campers, setting up games and smiling for pictures (mainly with girls). He also gave his testimony at the last service. All the campers loved Josh!
Some pastors and church leaders of local churches came to camp and met with me to learn more about camping. Some of our older counselors attended the meeting and gave testimonies. One said they loved the use of free time to get with the campers one on one. I felt it was a very profitable time here in Chad. Timothy said they are going to make a committee to help with camp.
As always it is exciting to see campers lives changed, but it is even more rewarding to see leadership make decisions to solidify camping as a help to their local churches. Please pray these local churches will back Timothy as this has been his burden for almost 10 years now! Friday allowed us to have an 11 hour ride back to the capitol of Chad, Ndjamena. I grew up trying to avoid pot holes in Detroit. These roads had craters! Since Air France only flies on Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday, we have 48 hours to kill in a city that is not known for tourism. Timothy arranged for me to speak in a church on Sunday. Last Sunday I received an honorarium of two chickens. What do you think TSA will think of two, live chickens?


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Breastfeeding Is the Best Feeding, but U.S. Mothers Are Too Overworked to Provide It
The problem: Most American mothers don't meet their breastfeeding goals. The solution: Well, there are many.
Avital Andrews
(Photo: ameli0rate/Flickr)
If there was a pill that could harness all the benefits breast milk bestows upon a child, it would basically be a miracle drug: Breastfeeding has the power to prevent heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, multiple sclerosis, respiratory infections, ear infections, SIDS , allergies, and psychological maladies—and that's just in the child. As for mothers, those who nurse babies are less prone to osteoporosis, obesity, anxiety, and several types of cancer.
The case for breastfeeding is so overwhelming, in fact, that the World Health Organization urges mothers around the world to exclusively breastfeed their babies for the first six months of life.
In the United States, at least, that is proving to be unrealistic. Only 25 percent of American moms are still breastfeeding six-month-old babies, down from 50 percent a decade ago. Even among women who aim to breastfeed for three months, 60 percent don't make it that far.
Only 25 percent of American moms are still breastfeeding six-month-old babies, down from 50 percent a decade ago.
In response, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention set out to figure out why mothers are having difficulty meeting their breastfeeding goals. The problem, it turns out, is work. Women who return to their full-time jobs before their infant is three months old are much less likely to be able to keep breastfeeding, the study found.
The CDC researchers looked at data collected via questionnaire from almost 1,200 women who were employed while pregnant and intended to breastfeed for at least three months. Their average age was 29, they were predominantly white and married, and nearly half (48.6 percent) were college-educated.
The majority of them, due to employment commitments and financial obligations, had to switch their babies to formula, solid foods, and water to facilitate childcare as they returned to work before their baby's six-month birthday (57 percent of U.S. mothers with infants younger than a year old work, most of them more than 35 hours per week).
"The end of the boob," as other studies have called it, also spells the end of the aforementioned bonanza of health benefits—creating a real burden on the American health care system.
The good news is that there are lots of solutions to this problem. National support for a longer-than-three-months maternity leave might mean that millions more babies could have access to breast milk (we can look to Scandinavia for inspiration). Employers, for their part, can support flexible scheduling or telecommuting so that women achieve their breastfeeding goals. And hospitals and health care providers could be more adamant about training new mothers how to breastfeed—yes, it's a learned skill—which would allow more mothers to succeed at it.
"Support for a mother's delayed return to paid employment, or return at part-time hours, may help more mothers achieve their breastfeeding intentions," the authors conclude. "This may increase breastfeeding rates and have important public health implications for U.S. mothers and infants."
Chelsea Hawkins contributed reporting.
syndicationQuick Studiesquick studies
Avital Binshtock Andrews writes for a range of magazines and newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times (where she was previously an editor), about travel, the environment, and most anything humans do.


The Musée d'Orsay collections are rich and multi-disciplinary: painting, sculpture, decorative arts, architecture and photography. Its masterpieces by Monet, Renoir, Cézanne, Van Gogh, or Courbet, Rodin and Carpeaux, have brought it an international reputation, as well as recognition for its expertise in the history of art in the second half of the 19th century.
Orsay is a museum on a human scale, where everyone, companies, foundations and private individuals, can find a sponsorship option enabling them to play a part in the history of the Musée d'Orsay. The Musée d'Orsay values its sponsors and offers a privileged relationship with a range of advantages.


Guti was one of those weird players who was obviously very technically gifted but never seemed to do anything on the pitch ever. I never saw him do anything that made me go 'wow awesome' - he just plodded along through games. And since he was at Real Madrid that just makes me assume that he was really good.


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18 Pearl Street. Courtesy of Lucy B. Siegel.
While the term "captain's house" may conjure something tall, white, and porticoed overlooking the harbor, there are plenty of ship masters' homes tucked quietly away upland. Capt. John Bell, the master of the schooner Antarctic, purchased this property in 1872. Town records suggests the house was built in the 1850s.
On 31 October 1883, while domiciled here, Captain Bell and his crew departed on a nine-and-a-half-month voyage across the Atlantic in search of sperm whales. We're lucky to have a day-by-day journal of that trip, recorded by George S. Johnson, and digitized by the University of Delaware Library.¹ In it, Antarctic first encountered whales on her 10th day at sea, at a point roughly 730 miles south of the Cape.
A page from the log of the schooner Antarctic, whose master, Capt. John Bell, lived at 18 Pearl Street in the late 19th century. Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, MSS 097, Item 044.
Title to 18 Pearl passed in 1911 to the captain's daughter, Angie Bell, a practical nurse, housekeeper, and baker. She sold the house in 1941 to Oakley Austin Spingler (1908-2003) and his wife, Zilpha Bell (Nelson) Spingler (1916-1988). Miss Bell lived until 1953.
Zilpha, a Provincetown native, had married Oakley, from Newport, R.I., in 1937. He was a Gulf Oil dealer, an officer of the Highland Fish and Game Club (president, from 1947 to 1949), and an artist whose watercolor of a railroad crossing is part of the town collection. During the early years of the Cold War, he also served as an air-raid warden.
Oakley Austin Spingler painted this watercolor of a railroad crossing. Provincetown History Preservation Project, Page 1710.
For $7,000 (about $65,000 in 2019 dollars), the Spinglers sold the property in 1955 to the fisherman Francis J. "Barshie" Santos (1925-1988) — not to be confused with the boatbuilder Francis "Flyer" Santos — and his wife, Veronica M. Santos.
Jacqueline D. "Jackie" Kelly and Karen L. Harding bought 18 Pearl from Mrs. Santos in 1982, for $53,000 (about $145,000), and opened the Greenhouse guest house.
As the house appeared in 2012, when it served as the annex to the Black Pearl Inn at 11 Pearl Street. Photo by David W. Dunlap.
It became the Irving House under the proprietorship of John P. Ransom Jr. and Michael F. Beattie, who purchased the property in 1993 for $175,000, roughly $310,000; accounting for inflation. They sold it in 2004 for $677,500 (or about $920,000) to Guy Plourde-Vargas, proprietor of the nearby Black Pearl Inn, who turned 18 Pearl into an annex of the main guest house, and painted it an eye-popping vermillion, to match 11 Pearl Street.
Lucy B. Siegel of Manhattan acquired No. 18 from Plourde in 2017. She paid $875,000, and returned the property to use as a single-family home.
¶ Last updated on 16 August 2019.
¹ Journal of a Whaling Voiage in the Atlantic Ocean on Board Schr Antarctic, by George S. Johnson, 1881-1884. Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, MSS 097, Item 044.
3 January 2010 by David W. Dunlap	Categories: Lodgings (existing and former)	| Tags: Pearl Street | Leave a comment
17 Pearl Street →