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About Helium
by snterra · November 11, 2022
Filling all those giant Hello Kitty balloons in your bedroom is not the only crucial use of helium. This element serves quite essential roles in healthcare, and it can be super-cool. As a liquid it is colorless and transparent and is about a single-eighth the weight of water. It has a boiling point of -269°C, which is the lowest amongst all liquids, and it has been proven to stay in liquid form at atmospheric stress even at absolute zero (-273.15°C), at which point all other elements solidify. When you consider of helium, brightly colored balloons are possibly the very first issues that come to thoughts. It also has many high-tech applications, like sending rockets to space and making electronic microchips.
There is, of course, 1 gas that is even much less dense than helium, and that is hydrogen, whose molecular weight is two.016 g/mol. One particular liter of hydrogen would as a result lift 1.10 g, an raise of about eight % more than what helium could lift. Hydrogen was certainly used in the early days of dirigibles, the most well-known of which was the Hindenburg.
This course of action, known as a PP (proton-proton) chain reaction, emits an enormous amount of power. The power released through one particular second of solar fusion is far higher than that released in the explosion of hundreds of thousands of hydrogen bombs. A lack of helium-3 will also adversely influence the oil and gas market. These detectors are utilised to find hydrocarbon reservoirs, and numerous measurement tools are developed around the use of helium-three, mentioned GE Energy rep Anderson. Other impacted industries incorporate cryogenic study and magnetic resonance imaging. The shortage is so serious, explained Dr. William K. Hagan, acting director of the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office at DHS, that even handheld and backpack detectors employed by the U.S.
This kit includes almost everything you will need to develop an further special celebration. You will have everything you will official website need to design and style and execute the excellent party. A summary of the quite a few identified effects and applications of helium gas in medicine. As opposed to the noble gas xenon, helium does not have anesthetic properties .
As it is progressively cooled and expanded, its temperature drops to about -452° F (-269° C) and it liquefies. Helium is distributed either as a gas at normal temperatures or as a liquid at extremely low temperatures. 4 The gas stream passes via 1 side of a plate fin heat exchanger when really cold methane and nitrogen from the cryogenic section pass by means of the other side. The incoming gas stream is cooled, whilst the methane and nitrogen are warmed. Now, the majority of the helium-bearing natural gas sources are inside the United States.
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It is not sensible, price helpful or effective to extract helium from the air, so that is not how folks obtain helium. Impurities such as water, sulfides and carbon dioxides need to initially be removed, and then the resulting crude helium, which nevertheless contains other elements like argon, neon, hydrogen and nitrogen, is purified at higher pressures. Argon and nitrogen are liquefied, and sooner or later nitrogen evaporates. More filtering with activated charcoal removes other gases.
This encoding occurs by means of a piece of application called a "codec" . All A2DP compatible devices include a codec named read this SBC – this is a uncomplicated codec that makes use of quite little processing power, but loses some audio fidelity. The Helium speakers are compatible with each AAC and Apt-X.
At the end of Might, Airgas corporate workplace notified their distributors of an further fee in the quantity of $12/CCF, which equates to a 20% improve in the all round cost of helium efficient June 26, 2022. In partnership with our local Airgas distributor, we delayed this special charge until recently. The Terms of Use for this internet web-site prohibit the use of any robot, spider, scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this web page. The Terms of Use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen with no the prior written consent of Equibase Corporation LLC.
Founded in 2013, the decentralized wireless network has grown to become the "largest continuous wireless network in the world," according to founder Amir Haleem. Focused on serving the Web of Items , Helium has a presence in 65,000 cities and 170 countries. Close to a million Helium hotspots blanket the globe, quietly connecting intelligent devices to the net.
Adrienne Santos-Longhurst is a freelance writer and author who has written extensively on all issues wellness and life style for a lot more than a decade. Have a seat so you don't have far to fall and keep away from channeling your inner munchkin by inhaling from a helium tank or giant balloon. A one-off breath of helium from a smaller balloon for a laugh is unlikely to be catastrophic, but it can trigger dizziness and make you pass out. Not only are they additional susceptible to obtaining a undesirable reaction, but they're also a lot more prone to inhaling parts of the balloon or choking. If you've inhaled a bit of helium from a balloon and are just feeling a tiny fuzzy or dizzy, or have a mild headache, you are likely fine.
This indicates do not drag, roll, slide or toss the helium cylinder. Safe the helium cylinder when in use, and location it on a flat, stable surface. Do not drop the helium cylinder on sharp or pointed objects.
Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. Its unique attributes make helium beneficial in developing certain environments that are vital for a wide variety of manufacturing processes. Magnetic resonance imaging is the greatest user of helium. The helium is applied to cool MRI scanners' superconducting magnets.
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Politics and Economics: The Shaping of Taxes
Posted on March 7, 2016 March 21, 2018 by GSM London
Economics Lecturer at GSM London, Anna Zimmerman, talks political economics and the shaping of taxes.
Every casual observer knows that, even with waning interest in foreign news, the US gets a disproportionate amount of airtime. For most, this may seem a natural tribute to the world's largest economy and military power. For a select group of misery connoisseurs, there is an enduring fascination to the sheer awfulness of US dysfunctionality, much like crowds once paid to gawp at the ranting madmen in Bedlam. This is not to imply that other nations do not exhibit intriguing lunacy, but where the US excels is in the gap between the self-congratulatory bombast, epitomised in the doctrine of 'American exceptionalism', and the reality of life for many citizens, particularly in these post-industrial, debt be-laden times.
Credit – freeimages.com
For those who like a little purpose to temper their voyeurism, there is another reason. What starts in the US invariably spreads elsewhere; a kind of socio-political Ebola. It was with some alarm therefore that I recently read an article in the US magazine Mother Jones, analysing the underlying reason why police shootings of poor blacks are escalating in the US.
Superficially the deaths in Ferguson and elsewhere that have jolted thousands out of their political apathy and spawned the 'Black Lives Matter' movement seem yet another wearying chapter in an interminable race relations problem. The pattern of black people being arrested, beaten, choked and shot for trivial offences – Eric Garner for selling cigarettes on the sidewalk, Walter Scott and Sandra Bland for driving with broken taillights – is portrayed as symptomatic of bent cops venting their racist spite. This is the story that has been spun in the US itself and the rest of the world. However Jack Hitt, reporting in Mother Jones, has picked up on research carried out by the Public Land Institute in 2014, analysing the transformation of US policing into a profit centre as a result of a slow-burning fiscal crisis at the state and municipal level:
When you ask why such "bad" cops are nevertheless armed and allowed to patrol the streets, one begins to see that lurking beneath this violence is a fiscal menace: police departments forced to assist city officials in raising revenue, in many cases funding their own salaries—redirecting the very concept of keeping the peace into underwriting the budget.
We saw a glimpse of this when the Justice Department released its report on Ferguson in March. In his statement, then-Attorney General Eric Holder referenced a lady in town whose life sounded Walter Scott-like. She had received two parking tickets totalling $151. Her efforts to pay those fines fell so behind that she eventually paid out more than $500. At one point, she was jailed for non-payment and—eight years later—still owes $541 in accrued fees.
The judge largely responsible for the extraction of these fees from Ferguson's poor, Ronald J. Brockmeyer, owed $172,646 in back taxes, a sum orders of magnitude greater than any late fine coming before his bench. Even as he was jailing black ladies for parking tickets, Brockmeyer was allegedly erasing citations for white Ferguson residents who happened to be his friends. After the report's publication, he resigned so that Ferguson could "begin its healing process."
But consider: In 2010, this collaboration between the Ferguson police and the courts generated $1.4 million in income for the city. This year, they will more than double that amount—$3.1 million—providing nearly a quarter of the city's $13 million budget, almost all of it extracted from its poorest African American citizens.
Evidence also suggests that this new form of raising revenue—policiteering?—goes far beyond Ferguson.
Land of the free?
Hitt also cites the escalating number of trivial offences that are being placed on statute books, as a trap for the juridically unwary. In Pagedale, a suburb of St Louis, it is illegal to have a hedge more than three feet high, position a basketball hoop or a barbecue in front of one's house, consume alcohol within 150 feet of a barbecue or wear trousers below the waist in public. It is also prohibited to park further than 500 feet from a streetlamp during the night. Even the hanging of domestic blinds has been strictly regulated. Hitt traces these laughably Draconian strictures back to a law passed in Missouri in 2010, which put a cap on the amount of revenue that could be generated by traffic stops. The intentions were good, but the unintended consequence was an explosion in penalties for trivial offences, in the absence of any other method of generating revenue. It is clearly the barbecuing, alcohol-swilling poor who are the targets. This is not to deny that racism is significant in any analysis of the problem, but of equal importance is the general victimising of the unrich in contemporary America.
This raises the question of why states and cities are so frantic to shore up their revenue that they will invent all sorts of spurious 'crimes' that the police can use to bully an income stream out of the population. Here the explanation is a complex one, implicating globalisation and the off-shoring of jobs, de-industrialisation, financialisation and urban planning – but above all, tax policy.
In 1930, 75% of state revenues in the US were obtained from land and property taxes. This was in accordance with classical economic theory which advocated taxing unearned economic rent, rather than productive labour or capital. This policy had a number of significant benefits; taxes were strongly progressive, hard to evade, provided stable revenue and discouraged speculative bubbles in land and house values. They also helped ensure that the cost of living stayed relatively low, and hence labour costs in general – encouraging employment and industry. By 2007 the percentage of revenue from property taxes was down to 16% as policy has steadily switched towards taxing labour and sales, reversing the positive effects of classical free market tax policy. The result has been ever-rising land and property prices fuelled by a huge expansion in bank credit, a rise in the cost of living and dampened consumer demand as ordinary people struggle with their mortgage debt (now commonly 40-50% of disposable income in the US), the discouragement of job creation, and an epidemic of tax evasion amongst large corporations and the wealthy. Together with the dwindling employment opportunities in old industrial cities as multinationals spirit jobs away to cheaper locations, the result has been a fiscal disaster. Given that the problem is deeply structural, it is little wonder that it would take a complete overhaul of economic policy in the US to rectify. Given the political stranglehold of the wealthy on US policy, reform is unlikely any time soon. It is undoubtedly unfortunate that the underlying problem of economic class war against the poor has been obscured by the race relations problem, as without a proper examination of the deeper structural issues matters are set to worsen rather than improve.
Plus ca change
So is it likely that this particularly nasty strain of economic virus will also strike here? There are certainly echoes in our own experience. The UK has also witnessed a shift away from a broadly progressive to a deeply regressive tax policy, where land and capital provide only token and insignificant tax revenues and the bulk of the burden falls on shrinking employment and consumption rates. Our housing bubble is every bit as frothy, and every bit as deflationary and burdensome. We also have a fiscal crisis of our own, aided by the rampant tax evasion/avoidance which is promoted by one of the most significant tax havens in the world – the City of London – and similarly foisted onto the general public in the form of austerity. It is certainly true that recent governments have introduced some instant penalties for minor offences, which cut court costs, but run the risk of summary 'justice' motivated by spite. Are we about to see a trend of British bobbies shooting people for nose-picking and sporting dreadlocks in a crowded area?
Two factors suggest not. Firstly, conditions mercifully unique to the US – so far – are the widespread ownership of guns and the escalating militarisation of the US police. There is a general creep to militarisation elsewhere, but in the US it is far advanced – and gathering pace. Space does not allow a full exploration of this topic, but it gives a sense of the extent of the problem to cite House Bill 1328, passed in August 2015 in North Dakota, that allows domestic drones to use 'less than lethal' weapons. The awful prospect of unmanned police drones bearing down on protestors with rubber bullets, tear gas, Tasers and anything else they can pass as 'non-lethal' is possibly about to become reality. It should be noted that Tasers have killed 39 people in the US in 2015 alone. Given that US police are famously gun-happy, it is a natural development for more deaths to result from the already strained relationship with the public being worsened by the fiscal imperative.
Secondly, the fiscal structure in the UK is very different to that in the US. In the UK the majority of local government income comes from a block grant from the central government. This has the disadvantage of strangling local democracy, but the advantage of ensuring a greater redistribution of income from richer to poorer parts of the UK. In contrast, in the US, where a much greater proportion of income is raised locally, local governments can and do go belly-up, as conditions deteriorate. President Ford's verdict on New York's imminent bankruptcy in 1975 may have been apocryphal (he was misquoted as snarling they should 'drop dead'), but the refusal to help was all too real, as are the more recent difficulties in Detroit, Harrisburg, Stockton and many other post-industrial bleakscapes.
Does this mean we should resist further devolution in the UK as a handcart to fiscal hell? Yes…and no. Clearly devolution without economic and political restructuring would be disastrous and would no doubt lead to a fiscal chase to the bottom, social security decimation and paralysed infrastructure renewal. This is as true of devolving nations as it is of regions. However the problem would not be devolution per se, but the dominant global imperative towards regressive taxes that can be easily avoided by the wealthy, reliance on debt financing, social inequality, unchecked globalisation and the accompanying thrust to deindustrialised, high unemployment economies. All of these inevitably create huge disparities between different regions and different social strata, leading to local financing exigencies. It should be noted here that this is as true in relations between nation states as it is between cities and regions.
Public policy is all about hard choices; effective policy is handicapped when the complexity of the issues and their interconnectivity is not made clear. It is all too easy to focus on the famed nastiness of the US police, but this is clearly the tip of a large iceberg of policy failure that requires the political courage to identify the linkages. Putting cameras on police caps and enrolling more black police will not solve the structural problems in the US, which are unravelling the putative social contract between the government and the people. Until the Black Lives Matter movement succeeds in publicising and addressing this wider framework, we will have more fiscal desperation, more 'policiteering', and more grainy footage of ugly cops choking black people on sidewalks.
Interested in learning more about the links between politics and economics, check out our Economics Degree >
The article in Mother Jones can be read here:
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/07/police-shootings-traffic-stops-excessive-fines
Information about the new drone law in North Dakota can be found here:
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/26/first-state-legalizes-armed-drones-for-cops-thanks-to-a-lobbyist.html
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Purine and pyrimidine are fundamental components of nucleotides in DNA and RNA and are essential for the storage of information in the cell. They also serve as a basic framework for coenzymes and are involved in numerous enzymatic processes. Alterations in purine or pyrimidine metabolism can have a variety of consequences. For example, disorders of purine metabolism lead to increased amounts of uric acid in blood and can result in gout. Nucleotide synthesis inhibitors are used in tumor therapy; ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, for instance, inhibits DNA replication in highly proliferative tumor cells by depriving the building blocks of DNA.
Purine nucleotides can be newly synthesized (de novo synthesis) or recovered from degradation products (salvage pathway).
Kinases phosphorylate AMP and GMP: yield ATP and GTP, respectively.
GTP is involved in the synthesis of IMP to AMP, while ATP is involved in the synthesis of IMP to GMP!
Purine synthesis requires the 2 THF, which are reduced from DHF by dihydrofolate reductase.
Free purine bases can be directly attached to PRPP to yield purine nucleotides. This purine nucleotide synthesis pathway is associated with significantly less energy consumption than de novo synthesis.
HGPRT deficiency leads to Lesch-Nyhan syndrome!
Purine nucleotides are degraded via reaction steps that are different than those used for assembly. Because the purine ring system cannot be enzymatically cleaved in humans, purine is metabolized into uric acid and excreted in urine as urate anion.
Adenosine deaminase deficiency leads to SCID!
An overproduction (e.g., due to excessive purine-rich diet) or underexcretion (most common) of uric acid leads to hyperuricemia and predisposes to the join deposition of monosodium urate crystal, which causes gout.
Excessive alcohol is a common cause of hyperuricemia for multiple reasons, including: increasing purine nucleotide degradation during ethanol catabolism, being consumed in drinks with high amounts of purine (e.g., beer), possibly inhibiting the xanthine dehydrogenase, and inhibiting the renal excretion of urate by promoting lactic acid, dehydration, and possible ketoacidosis.
Uric acid resulting from purine degradation should not be confused with urea resulting from nitrogen of amino acid degradation.
Like purine nucleotides, pyrimidine nucleotides are also newly synthesized or recovered. However, in contrast to de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides, the basic ring structure in the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides is synthesized first and then bound to activated ribose phosphate (i.e.., PRPP).
Pyrimidine nucleotides include the bases uracil, cytosine, and thymine, e.g. in the nucleoside triphosphates CTP (cytidine triphosphate), dTTP (deoxythymidine triphosphate) and UTP (uridine triphosphate). In pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis, uridine monophosphate (UMP) is initially formed, which can be phosphorylated to UDP and UTP. CTP can then be synthesized from UTP. For the synthesis of thymine-containing deoxyribonucleotides, additional reaction steps are required: First, deoxy-UMP (dUMP) is formed and is then methylated to dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate), which is catalyzed by thymidylate synthase.
UMP synthase deficiency leads to orotic aciduria characterized by megaloblastic anemia and orotic acid crystalluria!
The cytosolic carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2 of pyrimidine synthesis should not be mistaken with the mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 of the urea cycle!
Dihydrofolic acid resulting from dTMP synthesis is converted to THF by dihydrofolate reductase.
THF is regenerated to form N5, N10-methylene THF.
The synthesis rate of thymine-containing deoxyribonucleotides depends on the folic acid supply!
Methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil both inhibit DNA synthesis by interfering with the formation of thymine-containing deoxyribonucleotides!
Pyrimidine nucleosides can be converted to pyrimidine nucleotides by kinases using ATP. Free pyrimidine bases without sugar residues cannot be recovered.
In contrast to purine nucleotides, pyrimidine nucleotides can be completely degraded and used for energy generation.
CMP can also be converted to UMP and further degraded.
Deoxyribonucleotides containing the purine bases adenine and guanine and the pyrimidine bases cytosine and thymine are required for DNA synthesis. Except for thymine-containing deoxyribonucleotides, the other dNTPs (deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates) are synthesized by the reduction of ribonucleotides (via ribonucleotide reductase).
Reaction mechanism: To reduce NDPs, a pair of cysteine SH groups of ribonucleotide reductase are oxidized and thereby form a disulfide bridge (-S–S‑).
Thioredoxin also contains SH groups, which are oxidized (forming a disulfide bridge).
The reducing equivalents for the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides are provided by NADPH+H+.
Hydroxyurea prevents nucleotide synthesis (thus decreasing DNA synthesis) by inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase.
Enzymes of purine and pyrimidine metabolism are the targets of various drugs.
1. Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S. Effect of ethanol on metabolism of purine bases (hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid). Clin Chim Acta. 2005; 356(1-2): pp. 35–57. doi: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.01.024.
Angstadt CN. Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism. https://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/pupyr/pp.htm. Updated December 4, 1997. Accessed January 30, 2019.


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Lubbock Christian University Receives a Generous Gift for Athletic Advancement
October 26, 2016 Written by Shannon Sudduth
A generous gift from First Bank & Trust will support Lubbock Christian University's Chaps and Lady Chaps teams and was announced at a lunch Wednesday in the Rip Griffin Center.
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"A Blurry Chair," A Spiritual Reflection by the Student Editor for The DusterToday, Brianna Wallace
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October 19, 2016 Written by Bobby Hooten
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One of the reasons for the great success of the LCU Washington program is a shared vision with The Washington Center (TWC) of preparing students for leadership.
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LCU Theatre Performs Sondheim's "Into the Woods" for Fall Musical During Family Weekend
Sondheim's "Into the Woods" is a musical full of valuable lessons told through fairy tales about wishes, wolves, and witches, but the audience of the musical during LCU's family weekend learned one lesson best – LCU is full of talent.
LCU fall...
"Business as a Calling" Event Explores the Intersection of Faith and Business
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To honor J.L. and Faye after their passing last year, his children, Kathy Woodard, Joni...


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Knives and Guns and Bombs, Oh My!
It is inevitable when you play a role-playing game, regardless of what type, that you will have players who will bring the weaponry and bring it heavy. Not to say this is a bad thing. Many games are based on precisely that, carry a big gun, and shoot it often. In Call of Cthulhu, however, this is not the style of play that gets results. Well, I shouldn't say that it gets results, just not always the ones you wanted. Now it is well known that Call of Cthulhu is not a combat-based game and that it focuses more on story than combat. I agree, but at the same time, you will eventually have combat in a CoC game. There are times that it is unavoidable, and so, out come the guns.
In most cases, there are probably ways to avoid violence. Still, when given a chance, players will generally pull the guns before trying any other solution. Maybe it's just human nature, and it's not like we as humans have a rich history of not resorting to violence.
That being the case, we know that there will be some combat and that it will involve weapons of some sort, maybe it will be useful and perhaps not. Players will want weapons either on their person or available, in a car, or back at home. If they don't have any, they will eventually find something in which to stab, bash, poke, shoot, slash, maim, and otherwise cause bodily harm to those who have bodies. That is not what this article is about, however. The occasional handgun or shotgun is reasonable and believable in most settings. Knives, sure lots of people carry knives, utility knives, pocket knives, and some people walk around with a big knife in a sheath on their belt, really its a thing. What we are talking about here, though, is the excessive use and stockpiling of ridiculous and uncommon weaponry.
Have you ever had a player who has a passion for guns or knives, heck maybe even bombs? If so, you probably have had to tell said player no on more than one occasion. They may know more about their specific weapon fetish than you, and so you can't just hit them with a "they didn't have those at this time." If you do, you may get, "Well in 1918 the first bla bla bla was made by Sir William bla bla bla, and so I can have one." OK, now we are getting into the territory I am talking about. There are times when a weapon can be a significant distraction and take away from the fun of the game. Most of the time, weapons add to the game. They can cause some serious hilarity as the investigator attempts to use said weapon, and does so very poorly. There are times, though, when it just gets in the way.
For example, let's say you allow someone to have a very high powered, fully automatic, belt-fed, water-cooled monster of a gun. It may be fun for a player to mow down the four ghouls hiding in the secret chamber. Still, if that was your big climax for this scene, now it's over, and none of the other investigators got to engage them, and all the built tension is now just "meh." So as much as you wanted to make that player happy with their supergun, you have now allowed the story to become less appealing. If we are of the mind that in Call of Cthulhu, the story is king, well, then we have just made a mess of it. The other players may be cheering and enjoying the carnage, but if that happens over and over, the game is no longer a horror game, it is just a hack and slash dungeon crawl. If that is what you came to the table for then maybe CoC is not the game for you, please catch the next Byakhee back home.
It is not enough that a weapon is available in the period you are playing in or that your character's profession would grant them to access the said weapon. If it is going to take away from the tension and horror of the game, don't allow it. It is a horror game after all, and we are supposed to be setting up some spooky scenes for the players to interact in, bring in a bazooka, and it can take away from that. Again, that is not to say that some powerful weapon would not add to the story positively, if so I say, let the investigators have at it. I do not believe in limiting the player's enjoyment or creativity. For the most part, in my games, I let them do whatever they want. That has bitten me in the backside more times than I can count, however, and it is not always easy to try and recover from a game going off the rails. A good rule of thumb would be to take a look at the story you have. If a weapon will take center stage in place of another critical plot point that is the main focus, then it is probably not something you want to allow. On the other hand, if you have a situation where there is something that needs to be accomplished and is beyond the abilities of the group, but a bomb might do the trick, well then, bombs away.
In Call of Cthulhu, we try to create a sense of desperation and isolation. The feeling we are up against something beyond the ability of human comprehension and beyond our capacity to fight with conventional means. There are minion type advisories that are not so, beyond our ability to fight, and these should be treated as such if it bleeds it can be killed. Again I would caution against allowing even these minion creatures to be quickly dispatched by a barrage of machine gunfire. The reason being, you need these minions to seem powerful and daunting so that we can load the deck for the big boss monster that controls them. If you can quickly kill the minions, well, maybe big daddy isn't so scary after all. Most CoC monsters have some armor or protection against conventional weapons, so use it, don't play nice with the investigators. If they think they can walk in with their Vickers and wrap the scenario up with one glorious hail of bullets, well, won't they be surprised when the smoke clears and only three of the eight creeps in the basement are dead.
Using a Mythos creature's natural protection can amp up the sense of human frailty in the game. I like to allow the players to have what they want within reason. There are times when a player will give a very compelling argument as to how and why it would be possible for their character to acquire some ridiculous weaponry. OK, that's fine, they can have it. Play the Mythos treat with some intelligence however. If the players have had an encounter and used some weapon with much success, the next time the evil mastermind sends out an attack party have them summon something that has a natural ability to defend against it. Your players will be reveling in their glory, patting themselves on the back for getting, and using, that flame thrower to mop up the zombies sent against them. All is right with the world until the Fire Vampires show up. You don't have to follow the scenario to the letter. Your evil antagonist was smart enough to get this far. Do you think these meddling investigators are so crafty that they can handily dispatch big baddy? No, change things up a bit. If the scenario calls for Fire Vampires and the investigators have rigged up an impressive fire extinguishing apparatus which takes them out like it's taking out the garbage, well, send in the Hunting Horror. That will teach them to bring a fire extinguisher to a teeth fight.
I am starting to sound like I am against the investigators using weapons to fight the forces of darkness. I am not, and I like giving the players a chance to win the day. But I do enjoy having them accomplish this through research and cunning plans. If they can do the research and come up with a plan that targets the vulnerabilities of their advisory, well then, kudos, get em, boys and girls. If the answer is to use a bigger hammer, well, that is a bit of a boar. That is the reason I do not enjoy focusing heavily on the heat the players will be packing. To me, the game is the most fun when the investigators are unaware and have to adapt to the situation as it plays out. If your whole team is unarmed because, why the hell would they bring guns to check out out an interesting artifact found at an archaeological dig site, they have to use what is on hand. That can lead to the best of game situations. There is nothing like the day Professor Whimbley beat the ghoul to death with the iron skillet he found in the mess tent. Seriously doesn't that sound better than Professor Wimbley, who has been an academic all his life, walked in with a Maxim Gun, and took out the ghoul. Well, that sounds good too, but you get what I am saying. So be realistic with the weapons your players might have with them, they can always find more along the way, and if they are worried about not having their security blankets, remind them that it is not always practical to pull around a trunk full of guns. I mean, even Buffy the Vampire Slayer had to head back home to get stuff out of her trunk of slaying before going out for a big mission.
There are those players out there, god love em, who will not relent. They have to have their armory and their wild, too heavy to carry, not realistic to their character, weapon of mass disruption. So let them have it, but also be practical. How heavy is this thing, are they going to be able to climb three flights of stairs with it. Make them make CON rolls in such situations. Is this thing concealable, because I am pretty sure the cops will have something to say about the guy who is carrying the FIM-92 Stinger around town? Guns can be confiscated, lost, broken, and any number of different unfortunate circumstances can befall them. Your player may also wind up in the slammer just by carrying the thing around. Also, any weapon unique enough to make this type of player giddy is bound to be uniquely identified by the authorities. It is not like they see crime scenes every day where an automatic grenade launcher is used. Be tough, but be fair. You don't want to lose the player because you are always ruining their good time. If the big weapon is novel and exciting, go ahead have them use it, it might bring some interesting side plots into the game. Just be sure not to let it become the norm. If you do, it will start to be the star of every game and will take away from the atmosphere.
In the end, you are going to pit the investigators up against your main antagonist. That might be a powerful sorcerer, an abomination from outer space, or a dark god who is ready to destroy all humanity. That is what the whole scenario has been building up to. Here it comes from out of the darkness to kill them all, and the player says, "OK, I launch this missile thing at it and go for a sandwich." Boo, that was no fun. So what can we do? Well, don't let the statistics of your monster dictate everything here. If it makes sense and will be suitable for the story and the enjoyment of the game, then let it ride. If, however, it is going to ruin the end that you have all been waiting for, then maybe change it up a bit. Perhaps the weapon produces energy that only makes the thing stronger, or it is so immense that the explosion has no real effect, or maybe this thing sends the projectile into another dimension. Remember that those who sit at the top of the Mythos food chain are not necessarily playing by our laws of physics. That is the point. We shouldn't always be able to use conventional means to get rid of the problem. If we are talking about Elder Gods or Old Ones, then we most definitely won't be killing them outright. They can only be damaged enough to leave this plane of existence, or maybe you only want them to be defeated by a spell that will close the gate or dismiss them in some way. Possibly there was a ritual which had called them forth. The only solution is to stop that ritual, kill the cultists performing it, destroy the artifact that is the catalyst for calling this horrible thing, or maybe you need to reverse the spell that was already cast. See, we didn't fire a shot, and we got rid of the thing. It also makes more sense that an all-powerful being would be dismissed by magic than by blowing it up.
So have fun with your games, but don't let the tools dictate the story. Let the players have fun, but don't let them ruin the mood just because they did an internet search for explosives in the 1920s. Make your threat genuinely threatening, and try to instill a sense of helplessness that is the core of the game. Remember, this is a horror game, not an adventure game, it is supposed to be scary, and the threat is supposed to feel unsurmountable. Remember, too, that running away is always a viable option. In Call of Cthulhu, it is just as fun to fail, and have the keeper explain the horrible result, as it is to win the day. So go forth and defeat the servants of darkness, but realize that it might only take a hidden phrase from an ancient tome, a clever switch of a potent magic artifact at the right time or a bit of poison slipped into the cult leaders wine. Knives, guns, and bombs can be fun, but let's take some time to use our heads and leave them in the tickle trunk.
By: David Pitzel Nov. 27, 2016, midnight
Nov. 5, 2019, 8:50 a.m.
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text:
The Southampton and Dorchester Railway was an English railway company formed to join Southampton in Hampshire with Dorchester in Dorset, with hopes of forming part of a route from London to Exeter. It received Parliamentary authority in 1845 and opened in 1847.

It was promoted by Charles Castleman of Wimborne Minster, and became known as Castleman's Corkscrew because of the meandering route it followed.

Its route across the New Forest was determined by the requirements of the Commissioners of the Forest, and west of Brockenhurst it ran via Ringwood; at that time Bournemouth was not considered an important settlement; Poole was served by a branch to Lower Hamworthy, across a toll bridge from the town.

In the late 19th century, a shorter route via Christchurch and Bournemouth was built, and the former main line between Lymington Junction and Hamworthy Junction was reduced to the status of a local branch line, finally closing in the 1960s. However the end sections, from Southampton to Lymington Junction and from Hamworthy Junction to Dorchester, remain operational and form part of the important South West Main Line.

Origins

The London and Southampton Railway had been promoted with the intention of enabling a connection between the docks at Southampton and the capital. Sensing the opportunity to serve a wider area of the south coast, that company changed its name to the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) in 1839, and the Southampton main line was opened by the LSWR on 11 May 1840.

The LSWR wished to expand its network towards Exeter, but had early on been frustrated by the success of the Great Western Railway (GWR) and its ally, the Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER) in extending into the region. Proposals were put forward as early as 1836, but it was not until 1847 that the company connected Salisbury in to its network, and that was a branch from Bishopstoke (Eastleigh), giving a circuitous route from London.

Before that, in 1844, Charles Castleman, a solicitor prominent in Wimborne Minster, had independently proposed a westward line from Southampton via Ringwood to Dorchester, and possibly on via Bridport to Exeter from there. Many railway schemes had been improbable in conception and Castleman went to some trouble to ensure a practicable and worthwhile scheme; Captain William Moorsom, an experienced railway engineer, was appointed by Castleman's committee of "respected local persons" to survey a route.

Moorsom's route

He presented his report on 18 July 1844; his line would leave Southampton and run through Brockenhurst, Ringwood and Wimborne, then turning south to Poole and west again to Wareham and Dorchester. This alignment was far from direct, later earning the line the epithet "the Corkscrew", but Moorsom was confident that his line was cheaper and served more intermediate settlements than a direct line via the undeveloped heathlands around Poole. Interests in Weymouth were dismayed that the line was to end (for the time being) in Dorchester; they were anticipating the loss of Channel Islands packet traffic (post and the transport of official documents by sea) to Southampton. Moorsom said that the difficult terrain made an approach to Weymouth expensive; atmospheric traction had been considered, but not taken further.

At a public meeting on 19 July 1844 Moorsom's proposed route was accepted, and the Weymouth interest was appeased for the time being by a statement of intent to eventually reach their town, and the possible renaming of the line the Southampton and Dorsetshire Railway; the renaming did not last long.

Finding an ally

Castleman realised that he needed the support of a larger company, and the LSWR was the obvious choice, as it would bring London traffic to them at Southampton, and enable them to extend to Exeter. He approached the LSWR with the idea but was rebuffed; evidently they wished to concentrate on reaching Exeter through Salisbury, and they hinted at branches from such a line into Dorset.  In the ensuing controversy, Castleman's route became known as the Coastal Route to Exeter, and the route via Salisbury the Central Route. Castleman realised that it was unlikely that both routes would be built, and he pressed the LSWR for undertakings not to develop the Central Route; the larger company again rebuffed him and declined further discussion.

Castleman now took the bold step of offering his line to the rival Great Western Railway, in a letter dated 30 July 1844. Referring to the LSWR he said

... An act, however, of undoubted duplicity on their part, makes me fearful to trust them as they have a scheme of their own for supplying the County of Dorset by means of a line from Salisbury ...

He went on to suggest that the Central Route would abstract traffic from the GWR while his Coastal Route, built on the broad gauge and allied to them, would capture a large tract of territory for them.  The GWR agreed to discuss the matter, and after some weeks, a lease of the future line was signed by them.

Throughout its early existence, the LSWR had been at pains to secure territory in which it might be the dominant, or only, railway company, and the gauge of the track with which a new line was to be built determined its alliance with the broad gauge interests (the GWR, the B&ER and other associated companies) or railways with the standard gauge of . (In this context the latter were usually referred to as narrow gauge railways, and the competitive battles to ensure that new lines were specified to be built to the preferred gauge were referred to as the Gauge War.)

The LSWR were therefore alarmed at this development, as it would bring broad gauge trains into Southampton Docks, the heart of territory the LSWR considered its own, and immediately promoted a rival scheme to reach Wimborne and Dorchester from Salisbury, which it had not yet reached. Opinion in local communities largely favoured the Southampton and Dorchester proposals, seeing the LSWR for the obstructive tactic that it was, and welcoming the competition that GWR alliance would bring to an area dominated by the GWR. Moreover, Weymouth would get its connection, through the broad gauge Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway now being promoted via Dorchester; and some favoured a coastal line for its usefulness in defensive troop movements in the event of an attack by France. The major disadvantage was that there would be a break of gauge at Southampton for passengers and goods travelling between Dorset and London.

The Parliamentary bill
Castleman was encouraged now, and Moorsom quickly completed the necessary plans of the route; the GWR guaranteed a 3.5% dividend on S&DR shareholdings, and a Bill was presented to Parliament for the 1845 session.

There were 248 railway bills that session, and a Board of Trade Commission, the Railway Board, informally referred to as the Five Kings, was appointed to determine the relative merits of these schemes and numerous other potentially penetrating routes. At this period it was considered that only one route in any area was supportable, and therefore the Railway Board would choose which. The Five Kings found in favour of certain GWR routes and also the Southampton and Dorchester Railway, and against the LSWR's Central Route. This report was published on 31 December 1844, not mentioning the break of gauge. Shortly afterwards, however the Railway Board recommended that the S&DR line should be leased not to the GWR, but to the LSWR. At a stroke, the fortunes of the GWR and LSWR were reversed, and Castleman had got what he originally wanted.

Lord Dalhousie, the chairman of the Railway Board, encouraged the LSWR, the GWR and Castleman to come to a territorial agreement: there was to be no encroachment into the others' territory without informing each other and the Board of Trade. The GWR lease of the S&DR was transferred to the LSWR.

There was still work to do before going to Parliament, and Moorsom had to defend his planned route. Castleman had given a personal undertaking that the route within Southampton would be on the foreshore, across the mudlands, and would probably have much improved trade in the lower town, but the LSWR were now in control. Castleman's preferred alignment would have enabled the reclamation of a considerable area of useless tidal mud. However the Pier Commissioners demanded the use of horses, and not locomotives, throughout the quays at Southampton, and the LSWR refused to give any such undertaking, and decided upon an alternative route that ran on the landward side of the town and would require a tunnel.

An Act secured
Accordingly, the Southampton and Dorchester Railway got its Act of Parliament on 21 July 1845, with authorised capital of £500,000. The lease to the LSWR was authorised in the Act. A branch from Hamworthy to the ballast quay at Poole was also authorised, and the broad gauge Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway (authorised in the same session of Parliament) could be required to lay narrow gauge rails to give LSWR trains access to Weymouth.

The line was to start from a junction near the LSWR Southampton station (later Southampton Terminus) and curve west through a tunnel; at this point the Act required a station to be built at Blechynden Terrace; this became the present-day Southampton station. From there the line was to run westerly, crossing the River Test at Eling, and then run south-west to Brockenhurst. The Commissioners of Woods and Forests intervened in the alignment of the route through the New Forest, and the intended route through Lyndhurst was not permitted, the line instead making a southward sweep near there. From Brockenhurst the line was to run westward through Ringwood and Wimborne, trending southwest through Broadstone and Wareham, and then west to Dorchester.

The line was planned as part of a through route to Exeter via Bridport and Axminster, and the Dorchester terminus was aligned so as to enable this. The Poole Ballast Quay was at the eastern extremity of the spit of land south of the channel between Holes Bay and Poole Harbour.

Disagreements with the LSWR
Although the LSWR had leased the line, the powers to build it rested with Castleman and his colleagues. An early question was whether to build the line as double track; Castleman argued that building as single and doubling later would cost much more, but the LSWR disagreed.  Next the LSWR supported a London, Salisbury and Yeovil Railway and a scheme for an Exeter, Yeovil and Dorchester Railway. In retaliation the GWR sponsored an Exeter Great Western Railway. The support given to these schemes was in direct disregard of undertakings mutually given at Dalhousie's suggestion (see above), and the Southampton and Dorchester directors saw that their supposed protector was improperly sponsoring a line that would abstract from their own. Acrimonious personal accusations were made and some were published, and at a twice-yearly meeting of the S&DR the grievances were aired; the outcome was that the LSWR forced another four of their own nominee directors—they already had four out of twelve—on to the S&DR board; with by far the largest block of shares they were easily able to do this.

Castleman was evidently furious and after further exchanges during the meeting he resigned. He was later persuaded to resume his duties as solicitor to the company, but the LSWR was now in total control.

New Forest
The Act had left the route through the New Forest to be approved by the Commissioners for the Royal Woods and Forests, and they did not approve Moorsom's route. This proved contentious and at length I. K. Brunel was brought in to propose a compromise. It was not until July 1846 that agreement was made; by then the contractor Morton Peto had completed the Ringwood to Dorchester section by the previous November.

Opening at last
The railway was completed and opening was being planned for 1 June 1847; but on 2 May 1847 there was a collapse of the newly constructed railway tunnel at Southampton. The damage extended about  and opened to the surface near the western end of the tunnel; it was caused by disturbance to the ground created around the route of the old Southampton and Salisbury Canal tunnel through which the new tunnel had cut. This was quickly restored, and on 20 May Captain Coddington conducted the formal inspection of the route, which continued the next day.  He was satisfied with the standard of workmanship of the line, but commented adversely on the narrow opening of the overbridges, and the fact that the entire line west of Redbridge was single: the longest such length in England, he thought. He also criticised the sharp curve at Northam where the line joined the existing LSWR route; the company agreed to alter the curve to a larger radius. The public opening was planned for 1 June, but on 30 May the interior of the Southampton tunnel suffered further problems, with a large bulge in the walls indicating a section was sinking. With no connection to the mainline to London, the Blechynden terrace station was the terminus; the LSWR had to transport their locomotives there by road through the streets of Southampton. The Poole branch (to Lower Hamworthy) opened at the same time.

The tunnel was eventually opened in August 1847 after remedial works, Captain Coddington having returned and reported:

About 50 or 60 years ago a Tunnel was constructed for canal purposes which proved a failure and was abandoned, I enquired what precautions had been taken at the crossing, and was informed that the old Tunnel had been completely taken out, and that in addition a length of twenty feet of the old tunnel on either side of the new one had been built solid with rubble masonry.

It appears that Mr Peto the contractor, for the accommodation of those parties whose property lies above the line of the old Tunnel, agreed to strengthen it by building a certain number of cross walls at short intervals. The mode adopted in doing it was to drive a small gallery laterally from the side of the new Tunnel to reach the old one at a point some distance beyond the 20 feet which had been solidly built up. Through this gallery the materials were introduced and 3, 4 or more cross walls about 10 feet apart were built within it.

The old tunnel having been on a level and open at its extremities whatever percolation of water entered it either from the sides or above flowed out at both ends. The crossing of the new tunnel in no way affected this drainage, but by the filling up solid of a portion of it, leaving a hollow interval, the accumulation of water in seeking an egress has entered into, saturated the soil on which the new Tunnel stands, and it is now incapable of supporting its weight.

After opening day

The Blechynden station was a temporary one because of a legal dispute; a permanent structure a little to the west came into use in 1850, later being renamed Southampton West. The section of line from Blechynden to the LSWR terminus only opened for traffic from the night of 5–6 August 1847, although there were passengers on a test train which ran on 29 July 1847.

There was a serious collision on 20 September 1847, near Wool; the mail train from Dorchester was very late in reaching Wareham, and the stationmaster there sent a pilot engine out on the single line to find out what was wrong. At a point on the line where forward visibility was limited on a curve, there was a collision "of a fearful character". There were apparently only two passengers in the train, and they escaped without injury, but "considerable damage is done to both engines, and several carriages are said to be shattered".

The LSWR was embarrassed by the public criticism of the lack of an electric telegraph system, and installed it "by the end of the year".

The stations at opening were:
 , sometimes referred to as the Blechynden Terrace station in contrast to the LSWR terminus;

 , sometimes known as Ashurst at first;
 Beaulieu, or ;
 ;
 , sometimes known as Ossemley Ford or Osmondly Ford;
 ;
 Leonards Bridge; a rudimentary stopping place at a passing loop; probably discontinued during 1847 or 1848;
 ;
 ;
 ; the terminal on the branch, on the south side of the inlet; there was a toll bridge to the town, the original Poole Bridge had been opened in 1834;
 ;
 ;
 ;
 .

The Dorchester station was aligned for extension towards Bridport and Exeter, but its location was probably chosen to enable a joint station with the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway, with which the Southampton and Dorchester was friendly at the time of planning the route.

In the short independent life of the Southampton and Dorchester Railway there was no change to the number of stations or their location, although Leonards Bridge may not have survived long.

In November 1846 the Company applied for Parliamentary powers for an ambitious group of extensions: a short branch to Eling, an industrial centre on an inlet from Southampton Water, and branches to Lymington, Blandford, and a line to Weymouth independent of the WS&WR. The Act obtained the Royal Assent in July 1847, but the financial collapse following the Railway Mania resulted in money becoming impossible to obtain. Only the short Eling line (usually referred to as the Eling Tramway) was built, opening probably in April 1851.

Amalgamation with the LSWR

The Southampton and Dorchester line was worked from the outset by the larger LSWR, and was closely bound to it. Amalgamation was an obvious next step, proposed in 1846 and authorised by Act of Parliament on 22 July 1848 (11 and 12 Vic, c.89), taking effect on 11 October 1848. Southampton and Dorchester shareholders received LSWR shares one to one. John Mills joined the LSWR board, but Castleman did not do so until 1855, becoming Chairman of the LSWR from 1873 to 1875.

Part of the LSWR
There were several major alterations of the original line after the change of ownership:

Weymouth over the rival line

The Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway (WS&WR) opened to  on 20 January 1857, and according to the terms of the original Acts, they had laid narrow gauge rails, so that LSWR trains could run to Weymouth. They had a separate station at Dorchester, and a sharply curved, single-line connection between the LSWR line and the WS&WR line was built, the boundary being at the midpoint. The curve diverged from the LSWR line a short distance east of their Dorchester station, so that down LSWR trains ran into the terminal platforms; they then reversed to east of the junction, and proceeded forward towards Weymouth. Up LSWR trains passed the point of junction and then reversed into the terminal platform.

The connection was doubled in 1878, and in 1880 a platform was provided on the curve for down trains; they could now run through normally, but up trains continued the reversing movement. This was perpetuated until a through up platform on the curve was provided as part of the Bournemouth Line electrification in 1967, which provided enhanced non-electrified services to Weymouth.

Double track
The Southampton and Dorchester line was doubled in stages by the LSWR: from Southampton to Redbridge was double from the beginning, and from Redbridge to Wimborne was doubled by 1 September 1858, and following pressure from the Board of Trade, the remainder to Dorchester was doubled by 1 August 1863.

Southampton improvements
Trains from London to Dorchester had to enter the  station of the original London and Southampton Railway, reversing to continue towards Dorchester. A curve was constructed enabling through running, opening to passengers on 2 August 1858, and on the same day Blechynden station was renamed Southampton West (or West End).

Bournemouth and Christchurch

When the Southampton and Dorchester line had been conceived, Bournemouth was an insignificant hamlet surrounded by barren and hilly heathland, and there was no reason to make a railway connection. The market town of Christchurch was served by stagecoach from the station at . As sea bathing, and seaside holidays, developed, Bournemouth grew considerably. The town was reached by the opening of the Ringwood, Christchurch and Bournemouth Railway which opened a branch to the town from Ringwood on 14 March 1870. The route was still circuitous, and was a branch off the main line, so that many express passenger trains divided at Brockenhurst, with separate portions for Weymouth via Wimborne and Bournemouth via Christchurch.

It was not until 5 March 1888 that the LSWR opened the Sway line, running direct from Lymington Junction (near Brockenhurst) to the RC&BR at Christchurch, and the connecting line through Bournemouth and Poole. The Ringwood route was now relegated to rural branch line status, although occasional through passenger trains took the route on summer Saturdays in the twentieth century.

Poole
The town of Poole had a station on the south side of the Quay Channel, and road access to Poole itself was over a toll bridge. The branch line to this Poole station made an east-facing junction with the main line at what is now  station, then called Poole Junction. The branch seems to have extended eastwards from Poole station to a "Ballast Quay" at the eastern extremity of the headland.

From 1 November 1860 the Dorset Central Railway opened its line from Wimborne to Blandford. Their engines were serviced there, and LSWR engines took their goods wagons onwards to Poole. Moreover, as the price for the Dorset Central dropping a proposal to extend its own line into Poole, the LSWR was obliged to take Dorset Central through passenger coaches to Poole from Wimborne. In 1863, the Dorset Central merged with the Somerset Central Railway to form the Somerset and Dorset Railway.

On 2 December 1872 the LSWR opened a new connecting line from what became  station via the eastern side of Holes Bay to a new Poole station in the town itself, which connected end-on with the LSWR's new direct line through Bournemouth. The later Broadstone station was in fact called New Poole Junction at first, in contrast to Poole Junction which was renamed Hamworthy Junction on the same day. The old Poole station was renamed Hamworthy, and continued in passenger service until 1 July 1896 when it was reduced to goods-only status.

New Poole Junction was renamed Poole Junction in January 1875, and after further renamings became Broadstone. Passengers from Poole to Dorchester had to change trains at Broadstone until the Holes Bay line (from Poole to Hamworthy Junction) opened in 1893.

Stations after amalgamation

The stations on the route have experienced some changes:

 The original Blechynden station was replaced by a new station, called  (sometimes Southampton West End), a short distance to the west, in July 1858. The station had two through lines, and was extended on 1 November 1892. It was much extended again with the provision of four through lines, opening as Southampton Central on 7 July 1935, and the line was quadrupled from the station to Millbrook. The suffix Central was dropped from 10 July 1967, but was reinstated on 29 May 1994.
  station was opened as Southampton Millbrook on 1 November 1861, and renamed Millbrook (Hants) on 1 May 1980.
 A station was opened at Eling Junction in 1859, and was renamed  (sometimes Totton for Eling) later the same year. The junction for Eling and the signalbox called Eling Junction had been open for several years, and has led a website  to assert erroneously that the station had opened in 1847.
 Lyndhurst Road station was renamed  in June 1997.
  (sometimes referred to simply as Beaulieu in the early years).
 . The Lymington branch line, opened on 12 July 1858, diverges from the main line at a new Lymington Junction, a little west of Brockenhurst, which became the junction station for the branch, and was called Brockenhurst Junction between 1876 and 1888. On opening of the  line on 5 March 1858, Lymington Junction, and Brockenhurst as the junction passenger station, became more important still. Brockenhurst station was extended in 1936.
 Christchurch Road was renamed  from 14 November 1862. The station building was impressive, no doubt reflecting the importance of Christchurch rather than Holmsley, and survives today as a tea room.
 .
  was opened on 1 April 1927.
  was opened on 1 August 1867; it was the station at which the Salisbury line of the friendly Salisbury and Dorset Junction Railway converged.
 . From 1 November 1860 the Dorset Central Railway joined here. Their engines were serviced at Wimborne, and LSWR engines took their goods wagons on to Poole. Moreover, as the price for the Dorset Central dropping a proposal to extend its own line to Poole, the LSWR was obliged to take Dorset Central through passenger coaches to Poole from Wimborne.
 ; originally called New Poole Junction, opening on 2 December 1872; it was renamed Poole Junction in January 1875; then Poole Junction and Broadstone from July 1883; then Broadstone and New Poole Junction from January 1887; Broadstone Junction from February 1889; and Broadstone on 7 July 1929. The station had four through platform lines, reflecting its importance as an interchange station.
 Poole; the terminal on the branch, on the south side of the inlet; there was a toll bridge to the town; Poole Bridge had been opened in 1834; Poole was renamed Hamworthy on 2 December 1872 when the new Poole line opened, and was reduced to goods only status from 1 July 1896.
 : originally called Poole Junction until renaming as Hamworthy Junction on 2 December 1872; renamed Hamworthy on 1 May 1972.
 , opened for goods in 1915 and passengers in 1924;
 ;
 ;
 Moreton;
 Dorchester, renamed  on 26 December 1949.

The line today

The line remains open from Southampton to the site of Lymington Junction, a mile west of Brockenhurst, and from Hamworthy Junction to Dorchester.

The middle section, between Lymington Junction and Hamworthy Junction closed to passenger traffic on 4 May 1964, although part of this section was kept open for freight access to private sidings for some time. Track lifting began on the section between Lymington Junction and Ringwood, being completed in 1965.

The line from Broadstone to Hamworthy Junction was closed to freight in 1966. Freight traffic continued to Ringwood until August 1967 before being truncated yet again, this time back to a military fuel dump at West Moors. Trains continued to serve West Moors until 1974, before being cut back further still to Wimborne. A light freight service and the use of the sidings at Wimborne for stabling of an exhibition train kept the line open for a further 3 years. Finally the remaining stub from Holes Bay Junction to Wimborne was closed in 1977.

Present-day passenger trains between London and Weymouth run from Lymington Junction via Christchurch and  on the South West Main Line. The mileposts along the surviving portions of the Southampton & Dorchester Railway west of Hamworthy Junction are measured from London Waterloo via the direct route through Sway, Bournemouth and Poole. However, bridges on that route section retain their numbering via the Ringwood route from Southampton.

Much of the disused portion between Ringwood and Hamworthy Junction forms the Castleman Trailway, a path which passes through the villages of Ashley Heath, West Moors, Oakley, Broadstone and Upton, as well as Upton Heath, Upton Country Park and Moors Valley Country Park

A report from the Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC) published in June 2009 recommended the rebuilding of part of the line from Brockenhurst to Ringwood. It looked into the feasibility of reopening disused lines and stations, and concluded that there was a business case for investing £70m in the new link with an hourly service.

In January 2019, the Campaign for Better Transport released a report identifying the line between Brockenhurst and Ringwood was listed as Priority 2 for reopening. Priority 2 is for those lines which require further development or a change in circumstances (such as housing developments).

Notes

References

Bibliography

 R V J Butt, The Directory of Railway Stations, Patrick Stephens Ltd, Sparkford, 1995
 J H Lucking, Railways of Dorset, Railway Correspondence and Travel Society, 1968
 B L Jackson, Castleman's Corkscrew, Oakwood Press, 2007,
 Vic Mitchell and Keith Smith, Branch Lines Around Wimborne, Middleton Press, Midhurst, 1992,
 Leslie Oppitz, Lost Railways of Dorset, Countryside Books, 2001,

 Alfred Temple Patterson, A Selection from the Southampton Corporation Journals, 1815-35, and Borough Council Minutes, 1835-47, Southampton at the University Press, 1965,
 Bradshaw's Rail Times for Great Britain and Ireland, March 1850, facsimile edition, Middleton Press, Midhurst, 2012,

External links
 Malcolm Smith's Railway Routes - The Southampton and Dorchester Railway in Photos
 Google map showing route of Southampton to Dorchester Railway
 East Dorset Railways

Closed railway lines in South East England
Closed railway lines in South West England
Rail transport in Dorset
History of Dorset
Rail transport in Hampshire
History of Hampshire
Railway companies established in 1845
Railway lines opened in 1847
1845 establishments in England

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text:
TERRY ROSS
Senior Trial Counsel
terry.ross@kyl.com
Print or save PDF
For the last 42 years, Terry has tried class actions to completion as well as jury and bench trials in federal and state courts throughout the nation and its territories, and has defended hundreds of securities industry arbitrations nationwide. He has cultivated and maintained a broad litigation practice that runs from business disputes through professional malpractice and personal injury defense.
EDUCATION/ADMISSIONS
Commercial & Residential Real Estate Lending Litigation
Construction, Engineering & Project Management
Consumer & Business Lending Litigation
Employment Litigation & Advisory
J.D., University of Southern California (1973)
B.A., Stanford University (1970)
Bar Memberships/Admissions
California (1973)
All United States District Courts in California
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Pro hac vice in various federal circuits and U.S. territories
Recent Representative Results
Successful defense on a $493 Million Claim in a 37-day AAA Securities Arbitration; in addition, client recovered $2 Million in attorneys' fees from Claimants.
FINRA Arbitration dismissal of $12 Million Claim.
Defense of Engineering Firm in a $100,000,000 5-week Jury Trial in Denver resulting in a Plaintiff's verdict of $1.
Defense Judgment for community bank on $22 Million Claim After 29-day Bench Trial And Judgment in Favor of bank on its $650,000 Counterclaim.
Summary Judgment against a $30 Million Wrongful Foreclosure Claim in Federal Court, affirmed by Ninth Circuit.
Securities Class Action Tried to Verdict.
Published Cases
Dale Burns v. Prudential Securities, Inc., 145 Ohio App. 3d 424 (2001) (in a securities case alleging unauthorized trading by 250 putative class members, defendant appealed a trial court order certifying the plaintiff class; court of appeal affirmed the order granting class certification).
Steven Clark v. Prudential Securities, 44 Cal. App. 4th 1498 (1995), (court reversed trial court order denying securities brokerage firm's motion to compel arbitration), rev. granted, 50 Cal. Rptr. 2d 74 (1996), rev. dismissed, 56 Cal. Rptr. 2d 49 (1996)
Jean Schmitz v. Carlos Zilveti, Nicholas S. Meris, and Prudential-Bache Securities, Inc., 20 F.3d 1043 (9th Cir. 1994) (district court denied plaintiff's motion to vacate arbitration award and confirmed defense award to judgment; Ninth Circuit reversed based on apparent arbitrator bias)
Jepson, Inc. v. Makita Corp., 34 F.3d 1321 (7th Cir. 1994) (Seventh Circuit affirmed district court's order dismissing complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) for failure to plead predicate acts of mail fraud and wire fraud with specificity).
Shearson Lehman Brothers, Inc. v. M&L Investments, 10 F.3d 1510 (10th Cir. 1993) (Tenth Circuit reversed trial court's order dismissing broker-dealer's breach of contract claim, finding that broker's violation of Regulation T did not provide customer with an affirmative defense on a claim that he failed to maintain adequate collateral for securities positions).
Marshall Mars v. Wedbush Morgan Securities, Inc., 231 Cal. App. 3d 1608 (1991) (court of appeal affirmed trial court's order granting summary judgment to the defense, finding that a clearing broker is not responsible for the actions of the introducing broker-dealer).
Eluid Torres v. Johnson Lines, 932 F.2d 748 (9th Cir. 1991) (Ninth Circuit affirmed district court's judgment in favor of the defendant because severely injured longshoreman failed to establish that vessel breached its duty of care, failed to establish that exclusion of expert testimony was error, and failed to establish prejudice in connection with the erroneous admission of evidence in light of a curative jury instruction).
Bernard Lewis v. Prudential-Bache Securities, 179 Cal. App. 3d (1986) (court affirmed trial court order enforcing mandatory arbitration of putative plaintiff class action).
Unioil, Inc. v. E.F. Hutton & Co., 809 F.2d 548 (9th Cir. 1986) (Ninth Circuit affirmed order imposing $294,000 in Rule 11 sanctions against plaintiff's counsel as a result of plaintiff's failure to conduct a reasonable inquiry before initiating suit).
Bradley Eaton v. Connolly-Pacific, Inc., 134 Cal. App. 3d 825 (1982) (Court of appeal affirmed trial court's order dismissing plaintiff's complaint on the ground that plaintiff was not a seaman as defined by the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. § 668).
Lecturer at California State University, Long Beach (topics: Legal and Regulatory Environment of Business; Ethics)
Fellow, Litigation Counsel of America
Selected to Southern California Best Lawyers in America© List (Employment and Securities/Capital Markets Law) (2020)
Listed in Best Lawyers of America©
Selected to Southern California Super Lawyers List (Thomson Reuters) (a designation limited to 5% of attorneys in a geographic region)
National Futures Association Arbitrator
AV® Preeminent™ peer review rating from Martindale-Hubbell (highest level of professional excellence)
Managing Shareholder of Keesal, Young & Logan (1988–2014)
TERRY'S RELATED ARTICLES
Ten KYL Shareholders Named to 13 Different Specialties in the 2020 Edition of The Best Lawyers of America©
Keesal, Young & Logan is proud to announce that ten of its shareholders have been recognized as "Best Lawyers®" in the 2020 list of "The Best Lawyers in America©." The Best Lawyers recognition is based on an extensive peer review process and is aimed at ...read more
KYL Southern California Lawyers Honored as 2019 Super Lawyers and Rising Stars
Keesal, Young & Logan is pleased to announce that Skip Keesal, Steve Young, Michael Gless, Terry Ross, Neal Robb, and Stacey Garrett were named to the 2019 Southern California Super Lawyers list, and Ryan Lean and Kristy Sambor were named to the Southern ...read more
Nine KYL Shareholders Named to 13 Different Specialties in 2019 Edition of The Best Lawyers in America©
The 2019 list of "The Best Lawyers in America," the results of an extensive peer review process, was released today. Keesal, Young & Logan (KYL) lawyers have been listed in Best Lawyers for 26 years straight and the firm is proud to have nine of its ...read more
Recent Result: $12 million FINRA Arbitration Claim Dismissed
Keesal, Young & Logan shareholders Terry Ross, Stacey Garrett and associate Ashley Impellitteri obtained an order dismissing a $12 million FINRA claim because it was ineligible for arbitration. After an all-day hearing, the San Diego-based arbitrators ...read more
Recent Result: Victory for the Respondent on a $493 Million Claim in a 37-day AAA Securities Arbitration. In Addition, Respondent Recovered $2 Million from Claimants
Keesal, Young & Logan shareholders Terry Ross, Michele Underwood and Stacey Garrett obtained a defense award in a 37-day securities arbitration conducted before the American Arbitration Association in which the claimants sought $293 million in compensatory ...read more
Defense Judgment on Behalf of Community Bank in 29-day Bench Trial With $22 Million at Stake
Keesal, Young & Logan shareholders Terry Ross and Stacey Garrett obtained a defense judgment on behalf of their client, a community bank, in a 29-day bench trial conducted in the Superior Court of Santa Barbara (Santa Maria). The plaintiffs sought $22 million ...read more
15 KYL Lawyers and 10 Practice Groups Recognized by "Best Lawyers" and "Best Law Firms" for 2018
U.S. News & World Report and Best Lawyers today announced its 2018 "Best Law Firms" rankings and Keesal, Young & Logan (KYL) has been named to several National and Metropolitan Tier lists. Firms like KYL which are included in the 2018 "Best Law Firms" ...read more
Two Lawyers from Keesal, Young & Logan Receive "Lawyer of the Year" Award and 14 are Included in the 23rd Edition of The Best Lawyers in America©
LONG BEACH, CA – August 15, 2016 – Two lawyers from the Keesal, Young & Logan (KYL) Long Beach office have received "Lawyer of the Year" awards as listed in the 23rd Edition of The Best Lawyers in America©, which was released today. The two lawyers are Albert ...read more
KYL Lawyers Honored by Their Peers as 2016 Best Lawyers
Keesal, Young & Logan is proud to announce that 16 of the firms' attorneys were nominated by their peers to the national 2016 Best Lawyers listing, excelling in 14 different practice areas and continuing an honor achieved by members of the firm for nearly a ...read more
34 KYL Attorneys Recognized as Super Lawyers and Rising Stars
Keesal, Young & Logan is proud to report that 34 of the firm's lawyers are currently listed as Super Lawyers or Super Lawyers Rising Stars. The Super Lawyers designations show the breadth and depth of the firm's practice, listing multiple KYL attorneys in ...read more
36 KYL attorneys recognized as Super Lawyers and/or Best Lawyers in America
Keesal, Young & Logan is proud to report that 36 of the firm's lawyers are currently listed as Super Lawyers or Best Lawyers in America. KYL attorneys Stacey Garrett, Lisa Bertain, Ben Suter, Philip McLeod, William Collier, Scott Pratt, Terry Ross, Peter ...read more
10 KYL attorneys selected as 2014 Southern California Super Lawyers
Keesal, Young & Logan is proud to report that 10 of the firm's shareholders were recently named to the list of 2014 Southern California Super Lawyers. Super Lawyers magazine selects attorneys using a rigorous, multiphase rating process. According to the ...read more


Google will make your home smarter with the Intelligent Home-speaker-an intelligent speaker who will organize and assitere to control your home.
It is controlled mainly by plain speech in which Google's voice recognition technology to understand, when you ask to get switched off the light, find a movie and display it on your tv or turn down the music in the nursery. Assuming you have smart bulbs, smart TVs and smart-speakers that supports the necessary Google Cast technology.
Thus Google Home an embodiment of the digital personal assistant, which today can be found in your smartphone in the form of Apple's Siri, Google Now or Windows Cortana.
It looks like a decorative vase, and the intention is for it to be included in the home regardless of whether it is in the living room, the bedroom or the kitchen. A design with interchangeable bottoms in different colors and materials makes it possible to match it to your home.
It takes up no more than a coffee mug, and hides a simple driver which, despite its size, loves, of Google, to deliver a rich bass and well-defined tweeters when playing music. Together with Google Cast technology, Google can Home be grouped together with the home's other multi-room speakers.
Where the smart phone is personal, is Google Home thought of as the home's butler, who listens to all residents want and connects them with the home's paired devices.
Google Home will only support a simple account at launch, but multi-user support should be ready shortly after launch.
When it can be bought, or just how much Google Home will cost, according to the search giant, has not yet.
It puts it in direct competition with Amazon's corresponding Echo-speaker today can be acquired for 179 u.s. dollars, equivalent to about 1,200 kroner.
How to Make Free Phone Calls on Google Home!
How to Make a Vlog Success?


text:
Germany 1918-1939
To what extent did Fascist governments rely on fear to stay in power? 1933 " 1939.
To what extent did Fascist governments rely on fear to stay in power? 1933 - 1939. On January 30th 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany. By the mid 1930's he was almost in complete control of Germany and had created a one-party state. The Nazis maintained power from 1933-1939 not only because of fear but because of a combination of reasons. Their consolidation of power played a vital role as did their large lack of opposition and also their popular policies that appealed to a wide band of Germans. After being appointed chancellor of Germany, Hitler found himself in a very weak position. Out of the twelve ministers in the cabinet only two were members of the Nazis. Also, the Nazis did not control a majority of the Reichstag; they had only gained 33% in the November 1932 elections. And finally, President Hindenburg who had appointed Hitler as Chancellor could dismiss him at any time. The Nazis relied on terror considerably to maintain their regime. The Gestapo were the official secret police of Germany; they were in charge of denunciations. They taught German citizens to spy on their neighbours and report anything that seemed "unusual". ...read more.
The March election of 1933 was neither fair nor free and was also illegal by the standards of parliamentary democracy. The Nazis gained 43.9% and won 233 seats, this was mainly because the SPD and KPD were banned from participating. Also in March of 1933 the Enabling Act was passed. This gave Hitler the right to act without reference to the Reichstag. Hitler proposed he should be allowed to govern alone for 4 years. This was the first step to Hitler becoming a dictator. In July 1933, Hitler passed a law creating a one party state with the Nazis as the only party in the Reichstag. Ernst Rohm, the leader of the SA was seen as a large threat to Hitler as he had plans to unite the SA and the German army. However, Hitler wanted to keep the army loyal to him and was fearful that Rohm would overthrow him if his plan went ahead. Thus he decided to purge the SA this was called the Night of the Long Knives. The SS shot approximately 400 people, yet only admitted to 77. One of those murdered was Ernst Rohm. This further consolidated Hitler's power and kept the army on his side. ...read more.
Hitler faced no real opposition, this was due to many different reasons. Organised opposition to the Nazis became almost impossible after the one-party state was created. Many Germans were happy to accept Hitler's rule and so there did not oppose as they provided a strong government. Nazi propaganda was extremely effective, the Nazis created the cult of Hitler, this emphasised the superiority of the Germans over other races. Finally, the protestant and catholic churches did not oppose the Nazis mainly because the Nazis had crushed the communists and they did not want to suffer the same fate. Almost all opposition had been demolished; this helped the Nazis stay in power as it prevented anyone from opposing and gave them no rivalry. There is no denying that fear played a central role in Hitler's maintain of power. The consolidation of power and the nazification process created a state which eliminated all possible opposition. The period of 1933-1939 was seen as a success for most Germans; Hitler was seen as responsible for restoring Germany's pride and had dealt with problems holding Germany down. By 1939, Hitler's popularity had increased and most Germans eagerly accepted Hitler, this was mainly due to fear but also due to the way Hitler had restored Germany and brought back respect. ...read more.
This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Germany 1918-1939 section.
Related GCSE Germany 1918-1939 essays
"Propaganda, the Secret of the Nazi's Success?"
The SA also could have scared people into voting Nazi with this form of propaganda. The SA focussed a lot of their propaganda on the communist threat. The increasing communist threat was actually a good thing for the Nazis! This was because the communist threat worried many German businessmen, industrialists
There were many reasons why Hitler became chancellor in 1933.
On the other hand they quickly forget. Such being the case all effective propaganda must be confined to a few bare essentials and these must be expressed as far as possible in stereotyped formulas. These slogans should be persistently repeated until the very last individual has come to grasp the idea.
Hitler and the Nazis - how the Nazis gained power and how they used ...
THE NAZIS AND THE JEWS Hitler had an obsessive hatred of Jewish people and from 1933 he was able to use his power to persecute the, Anti-Semitism became Government policy. Laws against the Jews: These represented that Jews were banned from Government jobs, they were forbidden to join the army and so could not serve their own country.
Who was responsible for the Reichstag fire?
the Communists, which could have invented the confession to blame the Nazis. Source H, an extract from a history book, describes how the Nazis planned "to destroy the Communists after the election, when they would be in a stronger position to deal with them".
To What Extent Were The Nazis Helped Into Power?
Secondly, he realized that he needed the support of the army and the business community. The army had refused to support Hitler in the Munich Putsch, resulting in its failure. But when he was released from prison he won the support of the army by reassuring them that he would
Describe how Jews were discriminated against in Germany from 1933 to 1939
and S.A. Unlike the many opposing parties, Hitler was able to rule the country confidently in times of crisis. So most of the Germans believed that Hitler was a great leader who could deliver them from fear and starvation. With these basic problems solved, people bestowed great trust in Hitler
How Did The Nazis Take And Maintain Control 1933 - 1941?
He realised power could not be achieved through force alone and instead he sought power through legal means. He would take part in the parliamentary process he despised and then destroy it once in power. Between 1924 and the beginning of 1929 Germany recovered from some of its earlier problems and experienced happier times.
After the elections of March 5, 1933, the Nazis began a systematic takeover of ...
Dressed in their handsome uniforms sprinkled with medals, they watched a most reverent Adolf Hitler give a speech paying respect to Hindenburg and celebrating the union of old Prussian military traditions and the new Nazi Reich. As a symbol of this, the old Imperial flags would soon add swastikas.
How important was propaganda to Nazi control over Germany in the years 1934-39?
How important was the use of violence in helping Hitler to become dictator


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3 Tell this rebellious people a parable and say to them: 'This is what the Sovereign Lord says: "'Put on the cooking pot; put it on and pour water into it.
6 "'For this is what the Sovereign Lord says: "'Woe to the city of bloodshed, to the pot now encrusted, whose deposit will not go away! Take the meat out piece by piece in whatever order it comes.
9 "'Therefore this is what the Sovereign Lord says: "'Woe to the city of bloodshed! I, too, will pile the wood high.
16 "Son of man, with one blow I am about to take away from you the delight of your eyes. Yet do not lament or weep or shed any tears.
21 Say to the people of Israel, 'This is what the Sovereign Lord says: I am about to desecrate my sanctuary—the stronghold in which you take pride, the delight of your eyes, the object of your affection. The sons and daughters you left behind will fall by the sword.
22 And you will do as I have done. You will not cover your mustache and beard or eat the customary food of mourners.
23 You will keep your turbans on your heads and your sandals on your feet. You will not mourn or weep but will waste away because of your sins and groan among yourselves.
26 on that day a fugitive will come to tell you the news.


text:
Q: How to add a tag to scriptmethod so that it can be excluded/included based on tag? I am trying to execute all the scriptmethods in my code. But few script methods should be excluded from it.
function new-TestSuite {
$testsuite = [pscustomobject]@{

    Data1 = 'value1'
    Data2 = 'value2'

}

$testsuite | Add-Member -MemberType ScriptMethod -Name Testcase1 -Value { "Testcase 1" <# Code using Data1 #> }
$testsuite | Add-Member -MemberType ScriptMethod -Name TestCase2 -Value { "TestCase2" <# Code using Data2 #> }
$testsuite | Add-Member -MemberType ScriptMethod -Name teardown -Value { "teardown" <# Code using Data2 #> }
$testsuite | Add-Member -MemberType ScriptMethod -Name setup -Value { "setup" <# Code using Data2 #> }

$testsuite
}

function Invoke-Testcase
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        $Testsuite,
        $testcase =$null,
        $Exclude = @("TearDown","Setup")
    )
    if($Testsuite -eq $null)
    {
        throw "Test suite is null"
    }

    if($null -eq $testcase)
    {
        $ScriptMethods = $Testsuite.psobject.Methods | Where {$_ -is [psscriptmethod]} #| Foreach Invoke

        foreach($sm in $ScriptMethods)
        {
            if(-not ($Exclude -contains $sm.name))
            {
                $sm.Invoke()
            }
            else
            {
                Write-verbose "scriptmethod $($sm.name) will not be executed as it is in exclude list"
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        foreach($tc in $testcase)
        {
            $Testsuite.psobject.Methods | Where {$_ -is [psscriptmethod] -And $_.Name -eq $tc } | foreach Invoke
        }
    }
}

Set-Alias -Name InvokeTestCase -Value Invoke-Testcase

$ts = new-TestSuite
InvokeTestcase $ts -verbose

InvokeTestcase $ts teardown

In the above function (Invoke-Testcase) i am using exclude list and achieve it. But if any new method need not to be executed then excludelist has to be updated.
Instead of it if there is a tag can be added into scriptmethod property it will have more control to include/exclude. Is there any way to create a tag for scriptmethod?

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