text:
Q: How variables on websites are managed without clashing the values of different users <?php
    $value = $_POST['value'];   //line 1
    /* Some piece of code which really takes some time to execute */
    echo "Value is :" .$value;  // line 1000
?>

In the above php code I have a variable $value which holds a user input value.
Suppose this particular page is accessed by multiple users at a time, how can the value of the variable remain unaffected for a particular user?
Let me make my question clear.
Suppose if user 'A' access my page and sets the value of variable $value as 10 (line 1),
while executing line no 1000 he should get the value what he entered to be displayed as the output.
I know it wont take much time to reach the compiler from line 1 to 1000 but considering the worst case
if the code in between line 1 and 1000 takes some time for execution (say 2 sec) and by that time another user "B" logs in and
set the value of variable $value as 99 (line 1), will the value of the second user affect the value of the first user?
I have tried this one but i didn't get any error like what i expect. I would like to know why it is like that?

A:
remain unaffected for a particular user?

Each php script gets his own thread.
A user can NOT change stuff from another user.
Or lets say one PHP Script that is run twice can NOT manipulate the other.
(Only if you are using sessions and the same user call the script twice in a browser where each TAB has not his own session)
Its little bit like you starting a progamm twice.

A: The moment you do: $value = $_POST['value']; the value of $_POST['value'] is copied into $value: not by reference but by value; thus even if after 20,000 lines something happens to $_POST['value'], so long as the Page is not reloaded; $value still contains the original/initial data assigned to it; unless you or someone else has access to $value and did something like: $value = 'new value'; Other that those, (and so long as $value is not overridden anywhere in your code:) $value will still stick around and retain its value till the end of your script.


text:
Donald Trump and His Family Targeted by Corrupt D.C. Officials in What "Could Be The End"
(LibertySons.org) – Controversy continues to follow former President Donald Trump even though he's been out of office for months. The latest issue doesn't even involve him directly, but it can create problems for him and his family.
On July 20, 2021, law enforcement officials arrested Thomas Barrack, the chair of Trump's 2017 inaugural committee, on federal charges stemming from his alleged lobbying efforts on behalf of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
To that end, he currently faces accusations of trying to influence foreign policy and push the UAE agenda during Trump's time in office. He also faces conspiracy and obstruction of justice charges.
'It could be the end of the Trump family': Former First Family is in legal jeopardy says ex-Melania aide after arrest of inaugural fund chairman Tom Barrack, 74, for 'acting as an agent of the UAE'https://t.co/4C5kcCguOv
— Daily Mail US (@DailyMail) July 21, 2021
Described as "integral to everything in Trump's universe" by Stephanie Winston Wolkoff, a former senior advisor to Melania Trump, Barrack once sought a role as special envoy for Middle Eastern economic development under the former president. The position never materialized for unknown reasons.
Barrack's relationship with Trump goes back to the 1980s. Political advisor, Roger Stone, described Barrack as the "only person" Trump talks with "as a peer" in 2018. Winston Wolkoff claimed Barrack's arrest could significantly impact the family and may signal the "end."
So far, federal prosecutors haven't implicated Trump and his family in Barrack's alleged activities. However, in light of the arrest of the Trump organization's CEO by Manhattan prosecutors, anything appears possible.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Art of A Loser
Read more about The Art of A Loser
Do you know a person who has lost lots of money and keeps losing, not only with approval ratings in the toilet, but for financial losses in business, government or in politics?
What about a real loser who will not accept defeat with good grace, as specified by we won by cheating or lost the popular vote fair and square? These people should concede and be good losers if not for only one, then for all of US.
How about an individual that put us all at a disadvantage by a chain of unfortunate situations or actions?
Natural Decline
Read more about Natural Decline
Nature is declining globally at rates unprecedented in human history — and the rate of species extinctions is accelerating, with grave impacts on people around the world now likely, warns a landmark new report from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the summary of which was approved at the 7th session of the IPBES Plenary, meeting in Paris.
Read more about Good and Bad News
As I write from one of Marriott Hotels' four star properties while traveling on business with my favorite award winning banker, who does not want me to write a story about her experience because she believes in keeping a low profile, I learned the following.
Marriott International has come up with a new home-rental concept, aiming to take on Airbnb Inc. and other home-sharing companies in one of the lodging industry's hottest segments. Marriott will now compete with Airbnb worldwide.
Only 9 percent of humanity lives in a nation with freedom of the press. May 3 is the date in which the people on earth celebrate the fundamental principles of press freedom, to evaluate the significance, to defend the media from attacks on their independence and to pay tribute to journalists who have lost their lives in the exercise of their profession.
Too Little Too Late?
Read more about Too Little Too Late?
Facebook has taken the bold move to ban certain pages which it considers unacceptable and some are asking what took so long?
Louis Farrakhan, Alex Jones and other pages are now off from its main service, and Instagram after violating Facebook's policy against hate and violence.
Infowars, Milo Yiannopoulos, Paul Joseph Watson, Laura Loomer, Paul Nehlen, and others have been pulled.
Facebook bans Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, InfoWars' Alex Jones and other high-profile people.
Killer Fani
Read more about Killer Fani
An offseason or out-of-the-norm storm could have dire effects on food production in all the areas affected. Climate change is placing million in danger.
Cyclone Fani LIVE Updates: Cyclone Strengthens, Odisha On "Yellow Alert" https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cyclone-fani-live-updates-cyclone-stren…
Maybe Days?
Read more about Maybe Days?
As the world celebrates May Day, Americans in the USA wait for the real truth about the long-anticipated release of the entire #TumpRussia investigation, and the whole world is watching and waiting for a political solution in Venezuela.
Maybe Barr will finally come clean and tell the whole truth about Mueller's findings and maybe Maduro will step down and allow the citizens of Venezuela to pick up the pieces.
General Cover Up
The Washington Post has published a report stating that Robert Mueller wrote a protest letter to William Barr, which he said that Trump's handpicked attorney general's charm offensive in advance of the redacted report's release failed to capture the true 'context, nature, and substance' of the report's contents. Has Attorney General Bill Barr lied to the American people by downplaying the Russian threat?
International Jazz Day
If you have not taken time to groove by celebrating America's musical creativity on International Jazz Day then do it now and today? When my father turned me on to all that jazz and I loved it because #Jazz has no boundaries or borders.
It is a universal language of equality and peace. So, to Happy #JazzDay! http://on.unesco.org/IntJazzDay 🎷🎶
La Salle Birthday
April 30, 1651, marked the birth of Founder, John Baptist de La Salle, Patron Saint of Teachers. #WeAreLaSalle. This was my very first formal schooling's in Habana, Cuba.
De La Salle Christian Brothers is a religious order of educators, teaching the young, They continue to celebrate over 300 years of #Lasallian vocation! #300LaSalle


text:
ARTICLES COMEDY WHY QUENTIN TARANTINO PREFERS CHEVY CHASE TO BILL MURRAY
Why Quentin Tarantino Prefers Chevy Chase to Bill Murray
Matt Solomon
Quentin Tarantino has Opinions with a capital O. In his new book of essays, Cinema Speculation, QT sets us straight about Steve McQueen (his sixties movies were way better than Paul Newman's and Warren Beatty's), Invasion of the Body Snatchers (the Pod People were actually the good guys), and Robert Preston (dude was amazing in The Music Man). And when it comes to comedy? Quentin thinks Chevy Chase characters have something going for them that Bill Murray's do not. Basically, Chase's movies allow him to be a "fucking bastard," while poor Murray gets comedy-neutered.
"How does Murray in Stripes go from being an iconoclastic pain the ass, who deserves to be beat up by Drill Sergeant Warren Oates, to rallying the troops (That's the fact, Jack!), and masterminding a covert mission on foreign soil?" wonders Quentin, noting that Stripes was actually one of Murray's hip movies.
In Tarantino's world, Murray's characters are pretty freaking cool just as they are. So why couldn't Murray get the Chase treatment? "More often than not," he observes, "Chase remained the same sarcastic aloof asshole at the film's end he was at the beginning." Or sometimes, those characters even got worse. In National Lampoon's Vacation, Chase's Clark Griswold is a smug, self-absorbed jerk trying to create the perfect family trip. When things don't go his way, does Clark learn a lesson about what it really takes to forge meaningful relationships with his wife and children? Hell no, he goes completely unhinged and pulls a pistol on poor John Candy, eventually tangling with a SWAT team that throws him in cuffs.
Murray, on the other hand, seems to have conversion baked into his comedies like Groundhog Day and Scrooged. In fact, says Quentin, transformation seems to be the whole point.
But does Murray really need converting? "Yeah, maybe he charmed Andie MacDowell, but does anybody think a less sarcastic Bill Murray is a better Bill Murray?" Quentin will take the caustic version. "I've always rejected the idea that Bill Murray's characters needed redemption."
Perhaps redemption's better accomplished for Bill IRL. Chevy let that ship sail long ago.


text:
Q: How to update records of a database permanently? I am using DBeaver to connect to a Microsoft SQL Server database. I want to update all users' login count to zero.
I have tried running an update command as follow
UPDATE app.dbo.users SET login_count = 0 WHERE 1
When I ran a select on the users' table, it shows that the login count has been updated to 0. But when I disconnect from the database and viewed the records again, it has been reverted back to its original value.
How do I change it permanently using DBeaver? This might have something to do with 'view session'.

A: By default, SQL Server is set to auto-commit transactions.  However, it is possible for the database to be in manual commit mode (see here).
If you run an update in a session and the update has not been committed, you will see the changes in the session.  But they will not be visible in any other sessions.
The solution is to run commit after the update.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Alliance for Better Nonprofits (ABN)'s first annual Board Excellence Conference sold out, with 95 board members, executive directors, and nonprofit staff in attendance.
The conference, held on May 3, 2016, focused on strengthening nonprofit leadership at the board level and saw 43 board members attend from various East Tennessee nonprofits. With four educational sessions for executive directors, board members, and nonprofit staff, networking opportunities, and consulting time with experts, the conference served as a resource to connect nonprofit board members and staff with best practices.
Breakout sessions included how to manage the strategic planning process, why diversity on a nonprofit board is important, and how to best collaborate to create a lasting impact. Each session was aimed at providing nonprofit members with the tools they need to help make lasting change in the East Tennessee region and in their communities.
Dr. Robin Stacia was the keynote presenter, and is a nationally-recognized Standards for Excellence® licensed consultant and Principal of Sage Consulting Network based in Atlanta. Other presenters included Brad Gray (Center for Nonprofit Management, Nashville), Tommy Smith (Ackermann PR), and Dr. Alex Miller (UT Haslam College of Business).
The next ABN conference will be held in October, focusing on nonprofit staff roles. To register or learn more about ABN, visit the website at betternonprofits.org.


Our Board of Advisors plays an integral role in supporting the Heritage Area's mission to tell the whole story of the Civil War and Reconstruction in Tennessee. The board is comprised of representatives from national, state, and local heritage organizations who bring experience from various professions, interests and areas of expertise. It meets twice a year to review the Heritage Area's projects and programs and to make recommendations for new partnerships.


The condition of the original records and the quality of filming make transcription challenging and at times difficult. Where possible the tithe applotment books for Drumragh (1834) and Cappagh (1827) parishes and Griffiths Valuation (c1858) have been consulted for confirmation of families and townland addresses. Original spelling has been retained.
*Comment by Registrar: Does this mean Widower & widow – bachelor or spinster?
ANDREW SPROULE full age bachelor gentleman Ballinahatty, Drumragh. Father: ANDREW SPROULE gent.


text:
South African History: A Freedom Worth Fighting For
by Vocational Impact|Feb 10 2017|South Africa
South African History; a freedom worth fighting for. I first came across South Africa in school, when I was studying the Discoveries – a period in which Portuguese and Spanish ships ventured to discover the new world. In Portugal's case, it meant finding a maritime route to India that could offer a clear trading path, therefore bypassing the Silk Road and all of its conflicts and squabbles, which strained commerce through that area. One of South Africa's curious attractions are the +2000 shipwrecks, most of which over 500 years old, spread off its troublesome coast, standing as cross-generational testament of the ferocity of its capes, none more fearsome than the now named Cape of Good Hope, formerly designated as Cape of Storms by the first Portuguese sailors who succumbed there.
In a country with a Constitution that recognises 11 official languages across an incredibly diverse multi-ethnic society, the main cultural export has been its unrelenting fight for freedom. From when the Khoikhoi resisted the establishment of a refreshment station at Table Bay by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 to 1994, when the first truly democratic elections were held, putting an end to the regime that drew its power from restraining the liberties and rights of its black population in detriment of the white ruling class.
There's no way to tell the story of South Africa without mentioning the struggle of the black majority of its population during the Apartheid, a period of 43 years of institutionalised racism where any dissenting voices were swiftly silenced by the ruling classes – the Sharpeville Massacre in March 1960 in which 69 protestors were killed by police stands as the prime example of this oppression. In a further escalation of its response to this protest, the government banned the African National Congress, the political movement which sought to ensure the country's vast black population had the same rights as its white citizens, and arrested some of its leaders in the next couple of years, including Nelson Mandela.
Both the ANC and Mandela would see the injustice terminated in 1991 after a prolonged battle fought from exile and prison, with the former being reinstated and the latter released. Mandela would lead the ANC to victory in the following democratic election in 1994 and would also go on to oversee the implementation of one of the world's most liberal and inclusive constitutions, as well as spearhead the efforts to try to right some of the wrongs perpetrated by the Apartheid regime by setting up the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, led by Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu.
This long conflict was followed with great interest by the rest of the world, which celebrated the end of the Apartheid with millions of South Africans, rewarding two of its democratic vanguard heroes with Nobel Peace Prizes. As a consequence of both Mandela and Tutu's Nobel prizes, the street of Vilakazi in Soweto remains the only street in the world to have produced two Nobel prize winners.
This newly-found political stability has helped shaped the growth of South African society into one of Africa's most developed countries, ensuring a solid economic advancement based on the harnessing of vast natural resources (gold, platinum, fruit, oil, coal and biodiversity) and a booming tourism industry capable of hosting worldwide events such as the FIFA World Cup in 2010.
However, South Africa is not without its problems as it has the largest and most high profile HIV epidemic in the world, with an estimated 7 million people living with HIV in 2015. Its fully-fledged economy gives it a huge advantage in tackling its HIV problem as its prevention campaigns are now largely funded from South Africa's own resources.
HIV prevention initiatives are having a significant impact on mother-to-child transmission rates in particular, which are falling dramatically. New HIV infections overall have fallen by half in the last decade. Having said this, there are still way too many and that's precisely what we're working to eradicate with our work at Bobbi Bear – transforming this Cape of Storms into a new Cape of Good Hope.
You can read more about our volunteering programmes in South Africa here. Furthermore, you can find out more about Vocational Impact here.
IndiaTravel Advice


text:
Q: Why can't I write to the file mmaped First I create a file and echo some characters to it, and cat the file it shows:
sasdfasdfas
asfdasfsadf
Then in the C program, I open the file with :
int fd=open("file",O_RDWR);

mmaped the file with:
unsigned char *addr=mmap(NULL,length,PROT_WRITE,MAP_PRIVATE,fd,pa_offset);

where length is a int about the size of the file abtained by fstat, and pa_offset is 0.
The open function and mmap function all return well, that are, the open returns a positive integer like 3, and the mmap returns a proper address like 0x7fd36999d000.
I read the file from the addr and everything is OK. When I write to it, it seems write succesfully as I print the memory in the program, but the actual file content is not changed if I cat it.
I have tried some efforts like using msync(),  but all have the same result.
Who of you would be kind to tell me where I was stumbled? I just want to write to the file from mmap-_-

A: You want MAP_SHARED rather than MAP_PRIVATE.
unsigned char *addr=mmap(NULL,length,PROT_WRITE,MAP_PRIVATE,fd,pa_offset);
                                                ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑

From the GNU C library manual (emphasis mine):

MAP_PRIVATE -
  This specifies that writes to the region should never be
  written back to the attached file. Instead, a copy is made for the
  process, and the region will be swapped normally if memory runs low.
  No other process will see the changes.
MAP_SHARED -
  This specifies that writes to the region will be written
  back to the file. Changes made will be shared immediately with other
  processes mmaping the same file.
  Note that actual writing may take place at any time. You need to use
  msync, described below, if it is important that other processes using
  conventional I/O get a consistent view of the file.

See man mmap.
Put another way, MAP_PRIVATE divorces the mapped memory from the backing file by using copy-on-write.


If you're new to gardening, you might have heard of composting before, but maybe don't know where to start. Composting is an easy gardening project that when done correctly, can provide your soil with extra nutrients to help your garden grow.
So what are you waiting for? It's time to get your compost pile started. See the helpful infographic below for more tips on how you can start composting.
Looking for ways to improve your garden this year? Contact a contractor today and receive quotes from pros near you.
Adding compost to your soil can significantly change the health of your garden. By adding compost to your soil, you can reduce the number of pests in your garden, add moisture and give your soil the nutrients it needs to help your plants grow. An added benefit you may not have thought of; composting prevents organic material from going into a landfill. By composting, you're helping the earth in so many ways!
To learn more about how composting can help, see what the Environmental Protection Agency suggests.
If your compost still isn't helping your plants grow, you may want to consider soil testing. A simple test can help you determine what's missing from your soil that would otherwise aid growth. DIY tests are cheap, but will only show you the acidity of the soil. To really determine what your soil needs, you'll want a pro to come and perform the test and analyze the results. The average cost to test soil is $1,142, with most homeowners spending between $947 and $1,550.
Looking for more tips to grow a great garden this year? Read Gardening Tools Every Homeowner Needs.


There are lots of apartment units in a large area. The location is very quiet. The apartment units look pretty new and clean.
"Looking for a new place to call home? Take a look at the apartments at Autumn Woods in Worcester, MA. Located in a quiet neighborhood, you can enjoy some peace and quiet.
There's a parking lot for residents, so street parking isn't something you have to deal with daily. Is a feeling of security something you're looking for in your new home? Features like a gated entrance to the complex help to ease any safety concerns. A newly renovated interior adds to the aesthetics of the apartments.
Call to schedule a tour at 2-51 Upland Gardens Dr in Worcester, MA and to discuss lease terms and availability."
I'm interested in Autumn Woods. Please let me know when this listing is available on ApartmentGuide.


The Home Furnishings & Interiors auctions typically comprise between 300-500 lots from deceased estates, house clearances and private clients. You are likely to find everything from Jewellery to Furniture, Lighting to Rugs and Paintings to Porcelain. With prices generally ranging from £5-£300 there is something for everyone. Every auction is uniquely different to the next depending on what is consigned that week. This auction remains in the traditional format without online bidding, expect a pace of 150-200 lots per hour. Don't miss it. Sign up to our mailing list and never miss a auction.


text:
Priscila Rezende  (Belo Horizonte, 1985) é uma artista plástica afro-brasileira. Graduada em Artes Visuais com habilitação em Fotografia e Cerâmica pela Escola Guignard da Universidade Estadual de Minas Gerais (UEMG), seu trabalho possui como principal tema a inserção e presença do indivíduo negro na sociedade brasileira.

A partir de seu trabalho em performance a artista evidencia questões sobre identidade, raça e gênero, com foco na promoção do feminismo negro e a luta antiracista.

Ainda, a prática artística de Priscila Rezende aborda padrões hegemônicos de beleza na sociedade e sua construção baseada nos processos de colonização.

Performances & Exposições (seleção)

 Deformação, Mulheres na Arte Brasileira – Entre Dois Vértices, Centro Cultural São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
 Nau Frágil, Ballhaus Naunynstrasse, Berlim, Alemanha
 131, Festival de Arte Negra, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
 Laços, exposição Estratégias do Feminino, Farol Santander, Porto Alegre, Brasil
 Nau Frágil, Malta Festival, Poznan, Polônia
 November 29, 1781, Centraal Museum, Utrecht, Holanda
 Vem… para ser infeliz, Festival Internacional de Teatro y Artes de Calle, Valladolid, Espanha
 Gênesis 03:16, Sesc Pompéia, São Paulo, Brasil
 Reeducação, Conservatório de Música UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
 Bombril, Washington Square Park, Nova Yorque, Estados Unidos
 All of which are american dreams, Art Omi, Nova Yorque, Estados Unidos
 Bombril, Leicester Square, Londres, Inglaterra
 November 29, 1781, Central Saint Martins, Londres, Inglaterra
 £20m, Central Saint Martins, Londres, Inglaterra

Prêmios

 2018 Prêmio Leda Maria Martins, Minas Gerais, Brasil (Categoria: Performance)
 2013 Prêmio de Fotografias Sesc-Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
 2012 Prêmio Profissional BDMG Cultural, Banco de Desenvolvimento de Minas Gerais

Coleções

 Art Omi, Ghent, Nova York, Estados Unidos
 DasArtes, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Carreira

A artista parte de suas próprias experiências e faz uso de seu corpo para tratar da temática da discriminação e esteriótipos, principalmente:

Duas de suas obras são emblemáticas nesse sentido: "Bombril" (2010) e "Vem...pra ser infeliz" (2017).

Em "Bombril" a artista explora a experiência traumática vivida por meninas negras durante o período de formação escolar, contexto em que é comum que cabelos crespos recebam nomes depreciativos, como o da famosa marca de esponja de aço para polir panelas de alumínio. Renata Felinto, também artista afro-brasileira descreve a performance:

Em "Vem... Pra Ser Infeliz", a artista expõe ironicamente a reprodução estereotipada da sexualização e fetichização do corpo da mulher negra, um símbolo do carnaval, dançando ao som de samba-enredo ininterruptamente até a exaustão, encontrando-se seminua e utilizando uma máscara de Flandres.

Ligações externas
 Deformação, Priscila Rezende no Vimeo
 GÊNESIS 09.25, Priscila Rezende no Vimeo
 Barganha, Priscila Rezende no Vimeo

Artistas plásticos de Minas Gerais
Naturais de Belo Horizonte

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Browse our large selection of budget shelving, including garage shelving and metal shelving, ideal for homes and businesses.
At Shelving.co.uk, we offer a wide range of shelving for use in domestic and professional environments. Ideal for warehouses, garages and other storage rooms, our shelving options provide a budget solution for increasing and optimising available storage space.
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Easy to clean, often ventilated and effective in damp areas, hygienic shelving is ideal for use as healthcare shelving, catering shelving, commercial kitchen shelving, retail shelving and cold store shelving. Choose from chrome wire shelving units, anti-bacterial wire shelving units, an aluminium framed plastic shelving system or plastic shelving with solid or ventilated shelves.


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text:
Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations
Robert L.Z. Hoye, Philip Schulz, Laura T. Schelhas, Aaron M. Holder, Kevin H. Stone, John D. Perkins, Derek Vigil-Fowler, Sebastian Siol, David O. Scanlon, Andriy Zakutayev, Aron Walsh, Ian C. Smith, Brent C. Melot, Rachel C. Kurchin, Yiping Wang, Jian Shi, Francisco C. Marques, Joseph J. Berry, William Tumas, Stephan LanyVladan Stevanović, Michael F. Toney, Tonio Buonassisi
Recently, there has been an explosive growth in research based on hybrid lead-halide perovskites for photovoltaics owing to rapid improvements in efficiency. The advent of these materials for solar applications has led to widespread interest in understanding the key enabling properties of these materials. This has resulted in renewed interest in related compounds and a search for materials that may replicate the defect-tolerant properties and long lifetimes of the hybrid lead-halide perovskites. Given the rapid pace of development of the field, the rises in efficiencies of these systems have outpaced the more basic understanding of these materials. Measuring or calculating the basic properties, such as crystal/electronic structure and composition, can be challenging because some of these materials have anisotropic structures, and/or are composed of both heavy metal cations and volatile, mobile, light elements. Some consequences are beam damage during characterization, composition change under vacuum, or compound effects, such as the alteration of the electronic structure through the influence of the substrate. These effects make it challenging to understand the basic properties integral to optoelectronic operation. Compounding these difficulties is the rapid pace with which the field progresses. This has created an ongoing need to continually evaluate best practices with respect to characterization and calculations, as well as to identify inconsistencies in reported values to determine if those inconsistencies are rooted in characterization methodology or materials synthesis. This article describes the difficulties in characterizing hybrid lead-halide perovskites and new materials and how these challenges may be overcome. The topic was discussed at a seminar at the 2015 Materials Research Society Fall Meeting & Exhibit. This article highlights the lessons learned from the seminar and the insights of some of the attendees, with reference to both recent literature and controlled experiments to illustrate the challenges discussed. The focus in this article is on crystallography, composition measurements, photoemission spectroscopy, and calculations on perovskites and new, related absorbers. We suggest how the reporting of the important artifacts could be streamlined between groups to ensure reproducibility as the field progresses.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03852
This work was supported as part of the Center for Next Generation Materials by Design (CNGMD), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Science under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. The authors also thank the MRSEC Shared Experimental Facilities at MIT, supported by the National Science Foundation (No.: DMF-08-19762). Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory) was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. P.S. was supported by the hybrid perovskite solar cell program of the National Center for Photovoltaics funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Solar Energy Technology, under Award Number DE-AC36-08GO28308 DOE with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). A.Z. was supported by the Rapid Development project funded by the same agency. Y.W. and J.S. were supported by a start-up fund from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the National Science Foundation under Grant CMMI 1550941. F.C.M. was supported by MIT-Brazil/FAPESP Grant 2012/10127-5 and FAPESP Grant 2014/50718-8.
© 2017 American Chemical Society.
Chemical Engineering(all)
10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03852
Dive into the research topics of 'Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Perovskites Material Science 100%
Material Material Science 30%
Photovoltaics Engineering 20%
Characterization Earth and Planetary Sciences 15%
Halide Earth and Planetary Sciences 15%
Hybrid Earth and Planetary Sciences 15%
Rapid Earth and Planetary Sciences 15%
Hoye, R. L. Z., Schulz, P., Schelhas, L. T., Holder, A. M., Stone, K. H., Perkins, J. D., Vigil-Fowler, D., Siol, S., Scanlon, D. O., Zakutayev, A., Walsh, A., Smith, I. C., Melot, B. C., Kurchin, R. C., Wang, Y., Shi, J., Marques, F. C., Berry, J. J., Tumas, W., ... Buonassisi, T. (2017). Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations. Chemistry of Materials, 29(5), 1964-1988. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03852
Hoye, Robert L.Z. ; Schulz, Philip ; Schelhas, Laura T. et al. / Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials : Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations. In: Chemistry of Materials. 2017 ; Vol. 29, No. 5. pp. 1964-1988.
@article{543229a56ca047309c7f4658de4f5824,
title = "Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations",
abstract = "Recently, there has been an explosive growth in research based on hybrid lead-halide perovskites for photovoltaics owing to rapid improvements in efficiency. The advent of these materials for solar applications has led to widespread interest in understanding the key enabling properties of these materials. This has resulted in renewed interest in related compounds and a search for materials that may replicate the defect-tolerant properties and long lifetimes of the hybrid lead-halide perovskites. Given the rapid pace of development of the field, the rises in efficiencies of these systems have outpaced the more basic understanding of these materials. Measuring or calculating the basic properties, such as crystal/electronic structure and composition, can be challenging because some of these materials have anisotropic structures, and/or are composed of both heavy metal cations and volatile, mobile, light elements. Some consequences are beam damage during characterization, composition change under vacuum, or compound effects, such as the alteration of the electronic structure through the influence of the substrate. These effects make it challenging to understand the basic properties integral to optoelectronic operation. Compounding these difficulties is the rapid pace with which the field progresses. This has created an ongoing need to continually evaluate best practices with respect to characterization and calculations, as well as to identify inconsistencies in reported values to determine if those inconsistencies are rooted in characterization methodology or materials synthesis. This article describes the difficulties in characterizing hybrid lead-halide perovskites and new materials and how these challenges may be overcome. The topic was discussed at a seminar at the 2015 Materials Research Society Fall Meeting & Exhibit. This article highlights the lessons learned from the seminar and the insights of some of the attendees, with reference to both recent literature and controlled experiments to illustrate the challenges discussed. The focus in this article is on crystallography, composition measurements, photoemission spectroscopy, and calculations on perovskites and new, related absorbers. We suggest how the reporting of the important artifacts could be streamlined between groups to ensure reproducibility as the field progresses.",
author = "Hoye, {Robert L.Z.} and Philip Schulz and Schelhas, {Laura T.} and Holder, {Aaron M.} and Stone, {Kevin H.} and Perkins, {John D.} and Derek Vigil-Fowler and Sebastian Siol and Scanlon, {David O.} and Andriy Zakutayev and Aron Walsh and Smith, {Ian C.} and Melot, {Brent C.} and Kurchin, {Rachel C.} and Yiping Wang and Jian Shi and Marques, {Francisco C.} and Berry, {Joseph J.} and William Tumas and Stephan Lany and Vladan Stevanovi{\'c} and Toney, {Michael F.} and Tonio Buonassisi",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported as part of the Center for Next Generation Materials by Design (CNGMD), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Science under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. The authors also thank the MRSEC Shared Experimental Facilities at MIT, supported by the National Science Foundation (No.: DMF-08-19762). Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory) was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. P.S. was supported by the hybrid perovskite solar cell program of the National Center for Photovoltaics funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Solar Energy Technology, under Award Number DE-AC36-08GO28308 DOE with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). A.Z. was supported by the Rapid Development project funded by the same agency. Y.W. and J.S. were supported by a start-up fund from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the National Science Foundation under Grant CMMI 1550941. F.C.M. was supported by MIT-Brazil/FAPESP Grant 2012/10127-5 and FAPESP Grant 2014/50718-8. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 American Chemical Society.",
doi = "10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03852",
journal = "Chemistry of Materials",
Hoye, RLZ, Schulz, P, Schelhas, LT, Holder, AM, Stone, KH, Perkins, JD, Vigil-Fowler, D, Siol, S, Scanlon, DO, Zakutayev, A, Walsh, A, Smith, IC, Melot, BC, Kurchin, RC, Wang, Y, Shi, J, Marques, FC, Berry, JJ, Tumas, W, Lany, S, Stevanović, V, Toney, MF & Buonassisi, T 2017, 'Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations', Chemistry of Materials, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1964-1988. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03852
Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials : Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations. / Hoye, Robert L.Z.; Schulz, Philip; Schelhas, Laura T. et al.
In: Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 29, No. 5, 14.03.2017, p. 1964-1988.
T1 - Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials
T2 - Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations
AU - Hoye, Robert L.Z.
AU - Schulz, Philip
AU - Schelhas, Laura T.
AU - Holder, Aaron M.
AU - Stone, Kevin H.
AU - Perkins, John D.
AU - Vigil-Fowler, Derek
AU - Siol, Sebastian
AU - Scanlon, David O.
AU - Zakutayev, Andriy
AU - Walsh, Aron
AU - Smith, Ian C.
AU - Melot, Brent C.
AU - Kurchin, Rachel C.
AU - Wang, Yiping
AU - Shi, Jian
AU - Marques, Francisco C.
AU - Berry, Joseph J.
AU - Tumas, William
AU - Lany, Stephan
AU - Stevanović, Vladan
AU - Toney, Michael F.
AU - Buonassisi, Tonio
N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported as part of the Center for Next Generation Materials by Design (CNGMD), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Science under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. The authors also thank the MRSEC Shared Experimental Facilities at MIT, supported by the National Science Foundation (No.: DMF-08-19762). Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory) was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. P.S. was supported by the hybrid perovskite solar cell program of the National Center for Photovoltaics funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Solar Energy Technology, under Award Number DE-AC36-08GO28308 DOE with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). A.Z. was supported by the Rapid Development project funded by the same agency. Y.W. and J.S. were supported by a start-up fund from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the National Science Foundation under Grant CMMI 1550941. F.C.M. was supported by MIT-Brazil/FAPESP Grant 2012/10127-5 and FAPESP Grant 2014/50718-8. Publisher Copyright: © 2017 American Chemical Society.
N2 - Recently, there has been an explosive growth in research based on hybrid lead-halide perovskites for photovoltaics owing to rapid improvements in efficiency. The advent of these materials for solar applications has led to widespread interest in understanding the key enabling properties of these materials. This has resulted in renewed interest in related compounds and a search for materials that may replicate the defect-tolerant properties and long lifetimes of the hybrid lead-halide perovskites. Given the rapid pace of development of the field, the rises in efficiencies of these systems have outpaced the more basic understanding of these materials. Measuring or calculating the basic properties, such as crystal/electronic structure and composition, can be challenging because some of these materials have anisotropic structures, and/or are composed of both heavy metal cations and volatile, mobile, light elements. Some consequences are beam damage during characterization, composition change under vacuum, or compound effects, such as the alteration of the electronic structure through the influence of the substrate. These effects make it challenging to understand the basic properties integral to optoelectronic operation. Compounding these difficulties is the rapid pace with which the field progresses. This has created an ongoing need to continually evaluate best practices with respect to characterization and calculations, as well as to identify inconsistencies in reported values to determine if those inconsistencies are rooted in characterization methodology or materials synthesis. This article describes the difficulties in characterizing hybrid lead-halide perovskites and new materials and how these challenges may be overcome. The topic was discussed at a seminar at the 2015 Materials Research Society Fall Meeting & Exhibit. This article highlights the lessons learned from the seminar and the insights of some of the attendees, with reference to both recent literature and controlled experiments to illustrate the challenges discussed. The focus in this article is on crystallography, composition measurements, photoemission spectroscopy, and calculations on perovskites and new, related absorbers. We suggest how the reporting of the important artifacts could be streamlined between groups to ensure reproducibility as the field progresses.
AB - Recently, there has been an explosive growth in research based on hybrid lead-halide perovskites for photovoltaics owing to rapid improvements in efficiency. The advent of these materials for solar applications has led to widespread interest in understanding the key enabling properties of these materials. This has resulted in renewed interest in related compounds and a search for materials that may replicate the defect-tolerant properties and long lifetimes of the hybrid lead-halide perovskites. Given the rapid pace of development of the field, the rises in efficiencies of these systems have outpaced the more basic understanding of these materials. Measuring or calculating the basic properties, such as crystal/electronic structure and composition, can be challenging because some of these materials have anisotropic structures, and/or are composed of both heavy metal cations and volatile, mobile, light elements. Some consequences are beam damage during characterization, composition change under vacuum, or compound effects, such as the alteration of the electronic structure through the influence of the substrate. These effects make it challenging to understand the basic properties integral to optoelectronic operation. Compounding these difficulties is the rapid pace with which the field progresses. This has created an ongoing need to continually evaluate best practices with respect to characterization and calculations, as well as to identify inconsistencies in reported values to determine if those inconsistencies are rooted in characterization methodology or materials synthesis. This article describes the difficulties in characterizing hybrid lead-halide perovskites and new materials and how these challenges may be overcome. The topic was discussed at a seminar at the 2015 Materials Research Society Fall Meeting & Exhibit. This article highlights the lessons learned from the seminar and the insights of some of the attendees, with reference to both recent literature and controlled experiments to illustrate the challenges discussed. The focus in this article is on crystallography, composition measurements, photoemission spectroscopy, and calculations on perovskites and new, related absorbers. We suggest how the reporting of the important artifacts could be streamlined between groups to ensure reproducibility as the field progresses.
U2 - 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03852
DO - 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03852
JO - Chemistry of Materials
JF - Chemistry of Materials
Hoye RLZ, Schulz P, Schelhas LT, Holder AM, Stone KH, Perkins JD et al. Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations. Chemistry of Materials. 2017 Mar 14;29(5):1964-1988. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03852


text:
Q: Loading mod_spatialite using sqlite3 for Python in Windows I have been successfully using the mod_spatialite extension for sqlite in Linux for a while now, but a client wants an application that relies on mod_spatialite to work in Windows.
I have extracted the required dlls to a folder that I have added to the Windows PATH variable. This lets me start a standalone version of sqlite3.exe and load mod_spatialite with SELECT load_extension('mod_spatialite');. However, when trying to load this extension in Python using the sqlite3 module, I get an error:

sqlite3.OperationalError: The specified procedure could not be found

In linux, I can simply use SELECT load_extension('/path/to/mod_spatialite');, but sqlite3 gives the same 'specified procedure could not be found' error.
Am I missing something here?

A: The problem was with the version of Sqlite Python was using. The sqlite3.dll shipped with ArcGIS's Python 2.7.5 could not load the mod_spatialite extension.
So solve the issue, I simply downloaded the .dll for the newest version of sqlite3 (available here) and then replaced the sqlite3.dll found in C:\Python27\ArcGIS10.2\DLLs with the new one.


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