text:
Bill Buchanan, Characters, Day 4 characters,
CTU intelligence agents
Cold Warriors characters
Residence(s): Washington, D.C.
5 Valley Vista Circle, Los Angeles, CA
Education: B.A. English, Brown University
Allison Taylor administration
Profession: Acting White House Secret Service Operation Director
Director, CTU LA
Regional Director, Division (Los Angeles)
Senior Agent, Division (Seattle)
Intelligence Analyst, Division (Seattle)
Field agent, CTU NY
Spouse(s): Karen Hayes (wife)
Died: Day 7: 8:08pm
Suicide by explosion
Played by: James Morrison
Season(s): 4, 5, 6, 7
First episode: "Day 4: 9:00pm-10:00pm"
Last episode: "Day 7: 8:00pm-9:00pm"
"You're the most ethical, dedicated person I have ever known."
— Nadia Yassir, "Day 6: 12:00am-1:00am"
Bill Buchanan was the former Director of CTU Los Angeles. Before taking command of CTU LA, he was a Regional Division Director at CTU. He was initially sent to CTU Los Angeles by Division Command to oversee the exchange of Jack Bauer for Behrooz Araz in Day 4. When Michelle Dessler resigned as Director of CTU at the end of Day 4, Buchanan took permanent command of CTU. He was forced to step down in Day 6. During Day 7, he was working covertly with Chloe O'Brian and Tony Almeida to uncover a conspiracy within the United States government to aid African dictator General Benjamin Juma. During Juma's attack on the White House, Bill sacrificed himself by creating an explosion that destroyed most of the attack force and allowed the FBI to retake the White House and save President Allison Taylor.
4 After Day 5
Bill Buchanan with Michelle Dessler.
Bill Buchanan had a relative that served with Jack Bauer and Amy Seelaki in Afghanistan in Delta Force. His relative was tortured then beheaded by Oleg Malenov before being fed to dogs.
Buchanan worked closely with Michelle Dessler in Homeland Security restructuring, CTU Seattle, and Division. Bill and Michelle worked well together, but were unable to connect outside of work because she still had feelings for her ex-husband Tony Almeida.
After transferring from CTU Seattle to Division, Buchanan earned a position in Los Angeles as the Regional District Director, replacing Ryan Chappelle. While there he sent Chloe O'Brian and Jack Bauer on a mission to Alaska to stop Russian terrorist Oleg Malenov from releasing a virus in Station 1217 that would cut off wireless communication. The terrorists successfully placed the virus, halting contact between Buchanan and Jack. Buchanan was unable to follow the status of the mission, and was constantly being hounded by the President as to what was happening. Chloe managed to stop the virus and Buchanan and the President decided to say that it was the extreme storm conditions in Alaska that led to the temporary disabling of wireless communication.
Buchanan takes command of the CTU Los Angeles team during Day 4.
During the events of Day 4, Bill Buchanan was sent to CTU Los Angeles to oversee the ongoing crisis. Buchanan was put in charge of running the exchange of Jack Bauer and Behrooz Araz. However, due to both Michelle Dessler and Tony Almeida working at the Los Angeles office during the day, tension was constantly erupting.
Buchanan wasn't willing to just give up Behrooz, as he believed Behrooz might have sensitive information that Habib Marwan may not want to become public. Curtis Manning interrogated Behrooz and Tony did a basic questioning. When it was revealed that Behrooz didn't have any information, Buchanan decided to go forward with the trade, as he believed it may have been the best chance of finding Marwan. Buchanan had trackers placed on Behrooz, one implanted in the back of his neck.
Marwan's men initially planned on taking out Jack and the TAC team, but their attempts failed. Buchanan became furious when Chloe O'Brian reported that all the trackers have been destroyed, including the one implanted in Behrooz's neck. Buchanan, however, was relieved when Jack told him he short circuited wires in the place he was being held. Jack led a team over to the location, after Chloe tracked it down, but Marwan was able to escape and the hostiles destroyed Marwan's hard drive.
Buchanan talks to President Logan.
Jack brought in terrorist collaborator Joe Prado and both he and Bill agreed that Prado would only break through a physical or medical interrogation. However, Prado's attorney David Weiss arrived and took legal action to prevent Prado's rights from being broken. Prado was also guarded by a US Marshal, and Buchanan decided to take the case to the Justice Department. Buchanan wasn't able to find a judge to sign off on torturing Prado, and he called the recently sworn in President Charles Logan for authorization.
President Logan refused to let Prado be tortured and Jack continued to push Prado, while Bill expressed his belief they would both be fired if they tortured Prado. Jack suggested to resign and for Bill to release Prado, so they would both be private citizens. When Prado was released, Jack knocked out the US marshal and physically attacked him. Prado eventually gave in and both Mike Novick and Audrey Raines disapproved of Bill's complicity in the event.
While on the phone with Mike, Bill asked Mike get the president to sign off on Prado's torture, so they could cheat the timeline. Bill then expressed his concern for Logan's leadership skills, and Mike agreed to help. Mike wasn't able to get the president to sign off on Prado's torture and he told Bill that Logan wanted Jack in custody. Secret Service agents sent to apprehend Jack forced CTU to move in before they were ready, and Marwan managed to escape. Afterwards, Logan realized he was wrong and decided to drop the charges against Jack.
Buchanan later learned that Jack and Tony worked together to raid the Chinese consulate, under the authority of President David Palmer. Jack needed to question Lee Jong, who was under China's protection. During the raiding, friendly fire caused Consul Koo Yin to get killed. Cheng Zhi blamed the US government for his death, and wanted someone to be brought to justice.
Though Bill was first angered at Tony and Jack for keeping the operation from him and Michelle, Bill agreed to help create an alibi for Jack's team. When Cheng Zhi came to CTU to question Bauer, Buchanan was able to help obfuscate Zhi's investigation. When it was learned that Howard Bern was identified at the consulate, Bill distracted Zhi, while Jack helped Bern escape from the building.
Bill tells Michelle Dessler that apprehending Mandy is CTU's priority.
When Secretary of Defense James Heller got information out of his son Richard, CTU got a new lead on Marwan. Jack, Tony, and Lee Castle lead a TAC team to apprehend a female suspect. During the midst of the operation, Castle was killed and Tony disappeared. Jack called CTU and told them about the situation.
The hostile Mandy called Michelle and told her that she knew about Tony committing treason in the past in order to save her. Mandy decided to test Michelle's love for Tony, by threatening to kill him if Michelle didn't clear an exit for her. Originally, Michelle was willing to go forward with it, but she broke down and told Bill about Mandy calling her. Bill told Michelle she would act like she was going along with Mandy's plan, in order to trap her. Buchanan assured Michelle he would do everything in his power to save Tony, but capturing the hostile was the priority.
When Mandy learned Michelle double-crossed her, she self-destructed the car she and Tony entered. Michelle was devastated over Tony's death and Bill comforted her. Bill told her it would be best to go home, and Michelle stepped down as the CTU Director. Jack later discovered the hostile sent in body doubles, and he eventually found Tony and the hostile. With help from Curtis, Jack was able to save Tony and apprehend the hostile. Jack called Buchanan to tell him Tony was alive, and he patched Tony over to Michelle.
Buchanan and Dale Spalding realize Jack Bauer is trying to escape.
Buchanan was later informed that the US government was handing over Jack to the Chinese, as Zhi captured Howard Bern and he confessed to Jack leading the operation. Dale Spalding arrived at CTU to pick up Jack, and Buchanan defended Jack's actions earlier in the day. While waiting for Jack, Buchanan and Spalding heard the lockdown alarm go off.
Chloe managed to track down Jack's location and Buchanan discovered Michelle and Tony hovering over Jack's body. Jack was dead and Buchanan broke the news to Audrey, who had a hard time getting over Jack's death. After Michelle and Tony left CTU together, Buchanan decided to replace Michelle's position.
Bill on Day 5
Read more about Bill Buchanan on Day 5
Since Day 4, Bill took over as Director of CTU Los Angeles after Michelle Dessler quit. Lynn McGill from District came and took over his position. Buchanan was accused of insubordination, therefore McGill detained him. McGill was soon removed from his position by Curtis Manning through Section 1.12 so Buchanan was reinstated. When Homeland Security came to take over CTU Buchanan was relieved from duty. Soon after, he was reinstated as Director.
After Day 5[edit | edit source]
Bill and Karen Hayes during the last hour of Day 5
Between Day 5 and Day 6, Karen Hayes helped get Buchanan's job back as Director of CTU Los Angeles. The two became close friends and eventually engaged in a romantic relationship. Bill and Karen married prior to Day 6 but their relationship was a long distance one given that Bill was working at CTU in LA and Karen worked as National Security Advisor under President Wayne Palmer.
Fourteen months prior to Day 6, CTU Seattle detained Abu Fayed and 19 other known terrorists. Seeing there wasn't enough evidence to put Fayed behind bars, Bill signed for his release.
During Day 6, Buchanan was involved in stopping terrorist attacks allegedly originating from Hamri Al-Assad. In an arrangement with the United States government, one of Assad's lieutenant's, Abu Fayed made an agreement to trade Jack Bauer for Assad's location. Buchanan made a prior exchange with Bauer's captors, the Chinese government, in order to deliver him to Fayed.
Buchanan would later continue to work at CTU throughout the day, preventing a series of terrorist attacks within the United States. His efforts would go unrewarded, however, when his wife, National Security Advisor Karen Hayes, was coerced into firing him. Later, Bill aided Jack in the field, helping rescue Josh Bauer from an aerial strike.
Bill left CTU and was pardoned by Vice President Daniels. He was still married to Karen Hayes. Tony Almeida, thought to have been killed during Day 5, then made contact with Buchanan. Almeida had been working with a domestic terrorist group led by David Emerson and learned of a plot to breach the United States' CIP firewall, which would put thousands of American lives at risk, something that Tony did not want. He informed Bill of the conspiracy, which included senior members of President Allison Taylor's administration, to blackmail her from launching an attack on General Benjamin Juma's regime in Sangala. Along with Chloe O'Brian and Almeida, Buchanan set up a covert operation that placed Tony undercover in Emerson's group. The three of them planned to bring the conspiracy to light and stop Juma from attacking the United States.
Buchanan talks to Jack on the phone
During the first phase of the CIP firewall attack on Day 7, Tony Almeida was apprehended by Jack Bauer and Renee Walker. This put Buchanan's entire operation at risk, because keeping Almeida undercover at that point was going to be very difficult. During his interrogation by Jack, Tony secretly gave Jack an old CTU pass code that led him to Buchanan. He gave Jack some vague details of his operation and informed him that Tony was undercover with the domestic terrorist group and that it was imperative that his cover not be blown. The two devised a plan, along with Chloe O'Brian, to break Almeida out of FBI custody. Buchanan picked up Jack and Tony in a van after they successfully escaped and promised a confused Jack that he would explain everything once they got to their safe house.
When the three former colleagues arrived at Buchanan's base of operations, Tony, Buchanan and Chloe explained their covert operation to Jack and the cover-up surrounding Tony's death. Convinced that what they were doing was worth joining, Jack agreed to help the three place Tony back undercover with Emerson. Buchanan's plan was to get the two of them close to Colonel Iké Dubaku, Juma's second in command, and the CIP device that was being used to breach the firewall. After Tony and Jack left, Buchanan and Chloe ran the operation from the safe house. When they learn through a microphone planted on Almeida that Emerson wanted Bauer eliminated, Buchanan stopped Chloe from acting to help Jack, knowing that uncovering the conspiracy and keeping Tony's cover is more important than Jack's life. He told her that Jack knew this scenario was a possibility when he agreed to help them.
Buchanan and Chloe save Renee from death
When Jack and Tony helped to kidnap Ule Matobo, Chloe told Buchanan they needed to stop the attack to save Matobo's life. However, he remained firm and stressed the necessity of keeping Tony and Bauer undercover with Emerson, even at the expense of Matobo's life. After this, Jack had to fake the execution of Renee, when Emerson told him to kill her. After he and Tony buried her alive in a ditch, Tony contacted Buchanan so he and Chloe could rescue her. They found her and revived her with CPR and a shot of adrenaline. After this, Buchanan was forced to tell her of their covert operation. When Renee told him she needed to contact the FBI, he forbid it, claiming that the FBI had been compromised, as well.
After Jack and Tony overpowered Emerson and his men, and enlisted the help of the Matobos in their plan to get to Dubaku, Buchanan, Chloe and Renee arrived at Northwoods Airfield where Jack was holding Matobo and his wife. They waited for Nichols, the middleman between Dubaku and Emerson, to arrive and pick up the Matobos in exchange for a payment of diamonds from Sangala. Buchanan acted as the look-out and informed Tony and Jack when Nichols arrived.
When Nichols took the Matobos, Buchanan and the rest followed them as they were taken to Dubaku. After Chloe tracked them to an office building, Buchanan, Jack, and Tony climbed on the roof and infiltrated the building. When Jack located Dubaku, Buchanan and Tony stormed their room and engaged in a gunfight. As a result, the CIP device was destroyed but Dubaku fled. Buchanan and the others returned to the safe house before the police arrived.
When they arrived, Buchanan ordered Chloe to use satellite imagery to see if they could track Dubaku. When Chloe insisted that they didn't have the resources to track him down, she suggested they should contact an outside agency. Buchanan refused to reminding everyone of the corruption in the government. However, when Matobo agreed to meet with President Taylor privately, Buchanan agreed. After Matobo arranged the meeting, Buchanan and Jack left to bring him to the White House. When Tony informed them that he planned to stay, Buchanan reminded Jack that Tony was still a fugitive.
Buchanan, Renee and Jack meet with President Taylor
Bill, Jack and Renee arrived at the White House with Matobo and met with President Taylor, who demanded to know what was going on. The three explained their undercover operation to the President and Bill stressed that the loss of life suffered by the CIP firewall breaches was necessary to get to Dubaku. Taylor asked Buchanan why he didn't come to her instead of running an illegal undercover operation and Bill explained it was because her administration was corrupted and he didn't know who to trust.
Colonel Dubaku then phoned the White House and demanded President Taylor withdraw her invasion of Sangala and deliver Matobo or he would kill First Gentleman Henry Taylor. The trio asked for the President's permission to find Henry and stop Dubaku from blackmailing her. She granted it and while Jack and Renee went out in the field, Bill stayed behind at the White House and worked with White House Chief of Staff Ethan Kanin to run the operation.
They devised a plan where a Matobo look-alike would be delivered to Dubaku's men to buy Jack and Renee some time while they found Henry. After Jack discovered the First Gentleman's location from rogue Secret Service agent Edward Vossler, he phoned Bill to tell the President and Kanin. Bill watched with the Chief of Staff and President Taylor from the Oval Office as the decoy Matobo was brought to Dubaku's men. He ordered the agent that was driving the fake Prime Minister to wait, even after they demanded they produce Matobo. When they realized they could no longer dupe Dubaku, they ordered the agent and the decoy to flee. Bill watched via satellite as Dubaku's men destroyed the car carrying both men.
Buchanan watches with Ethan Kanin and President Taylor as the car is destroyed by Dubaku's men
When the President found about her husband being shot, Bill offered to drive her there since they couldn't trust Secret Service. Taylor reinstated him on a provisional basis and made him responsible for her security. After President Taylor talked with Henry, she asked Bill if there was anyone he trusted that could bring her daughter Olivia over to the hospital. Bill then called former Secret Service Agent, Aaron Pierce to pick up Olivia.
After Dubaku was apprehended by Jack and Renee, Bill informed President Taylor and Ethan Kanin about the capture of the Colonel. He stressed that Dubaku's medical condition was critical and the names of the people who had corrupted the government were still unknown. President Taylor got frustrated about the situation and Bill suggested leaving the hospital and returning to the White House. Although she wanted to stay with her husband, Ethan and Bill convinced her to leave.
At the White House, Bill received the information about the corrupted members of Taylor's administration and the government and ordered arrests throughout all agencies. As he informed Taylor, he told her there were close to 100 corrupted members on Dubaku's payroll. Bill took the time to stress the help they got from Jack Bauer and that his actions to stop Dubaku's threat to the nation could be enough to dismiss the Senate investigation against him. Bill told the President that Senator Blaine Mayer had a personal vendetta against Bauer and wanted to use him as an example. He pleaded with President Taylor to talk to Mayer and try and get him to back off of his Senate investigation into Bauer's prior actions at CTU. Taylor told Buchanan she would think about it, which was all Bill could ask of her.
When Jack arrived to the White House with the intel that Tony gave him about the next attack, he attacked Bill with the intention of not involving him. Jack was arrested later for torturing Blaine Mayer's Senatorial Chief of Staff Ryan Burnett, who happened to have information about the attack. Bill was angered at Jack for not coming to him with the information. When Jack told him Burnett was about to confess, he asked Bill to force him to reveal the target. However, Bill refused to torture him.
Bill escorts Allison Taylor to the panic room when the White House is infiltrated by Juma's men
When Bill found out the target was the White House, he started securing the area. It was too late, though and General Benjamin Juma cornered them as he tracked President Taylor. To divert them, Bill took the President's tracker and ran in the opposite direction. He was then captured by Juma giving Jack and the President enough time to reach the safe room. Bill was then taken with the rest of the hostages.
Jack informed Bill that he had opened some natural gas canisters in the safe room. Jack planned to draw the fire of Juma's men, causing an explosion and opening an opportunity for Bill to save the President. Bill then detailed information to Jack about how he had seen Juma getting real-time intel about people in the White House. He said that Jack was more capable of saving the President and finding out who Juma's source within the government was, and before Jack could stop him, Bill ran at a guard and took his gun, firing it near the opening of the safe room which caused an explosion, sacrificing his life so Jack could save the President.
Buchanan's body after the explosion
The President was successfully saved, by a combined effort of Jack Bauer, Aaron Pierce and the FBI that rushed the White House after the explosion. Once the firing had stopped, Jack looked over to Buchanan's body. He walked towards the corpse and collapsed next to it, shedding a tear for his dead friend.
Bill Buchanan is the sixth longest running character on the series (along with Audrey Boudreau) with 64 episodes total, and the second longest-running deceased character. Despite this, he never appeared in every episode of a season. See also the comprehensive list of multi-season recurring characters.
Bill is the tenth character portrayed by a main cast member to die in 24. For the others, see the whole list.
Bill introduced himself as the "Regional Director of Division, Los Angeles" in "Day 4: 6:00am-7:00am", as the "Director of CTU, Los Angeles" in "Day 6: 10:00am-11:00am", and as the "Director of Operations" in "Day 6: 1:00pm-2:00pm".
During Day 5: 1:00am-2:00am, Bill Buchanan's address is shown as being:
5 Valley Vista Circle
Studio City California 91604
Jack tells Bill that he has been a good friend even though they had only met four days on-screen, and had been separated during the intervening years. It is implied that they had worked together in the past, although their on-screen interactions during Day 4, while not hostile, do not suggest a close friendship.
Of all the Directors of CTU Los Angeles since Day 1, Bill had the longest term.
In both Season 5 and Season 6, Bill is Director of CTU Los Angeles at the start of the season. He is removed by night time in circumstances both involving Karen Hayes, then returns, also through Karen's help. Both times, he continues to assist Jack even after being dismissed.
In "Day 6: 5:00am-6:00am," Bill is seen for the first time holding a weapon, and in "Day 7: 2:00pm-3:00pm" Bill is seen for the first time shooting someone.
Bill was honored by a silent clock after his death.
Bill is the fifth of the thirteen main characters to die while still being credited as a main cast member. For the others, see the whole list.
"7:00am-8:00am" "8:00am-9:00am" "9:00am-10:00am" "10:00am-11:00am" "11:00am-12:00pm" "12:00pm-1:00pm"
"Debrief"
24: Redemption
"8:00am-9:00am" "9:00am-10:00am" "10:00am-11:00am" "11:00am-12:00pm" "12:00pm-1:00pm" "1:00pm-2:00pm"
Wiki 24 has a collection of quotations related to Bill Buchanan.
Wiki 24 has 164 images related to Bill Buchanan.
Michelle Dessler
Director of CTU Los Angeles
Nadia Yassir
Ted Hovis
Director of White House Secret Service Operations (acting)
Retrieved from "https://24.fandom.com/wiki/Bill_Buchanan?oldid=341272"


Added on December 30, 2013 by Annie Ling.
The folks at The Quarterly (A new UK photo publication which I had the pleasure of working with this year) just announced that the digital edition of Issue 2: Life and Culture (128 pages of exclusive, fresh content by 20+ artists) will be free for downloading until the new year kicks in!
The Quarterly was mentioned in the December issue of the formidable BJP - The British Journal of Photography's feature on stand out publications with a photographic bent in their annual issue of everything cool & noteworthy.
Inside, you'll find a new set of images I produced this fall titled Anonymous. A departure from my usual way of working, this series of cyanotypes created in collaboration with gun-owners at a gun club in Pennsylvania meditates on guns as loaded symbols of freedom, defense, control, and power.


Holly Raidabaugh, director of marketing and development for Lakewood Manor, sees the few baby boomers that have moved into the retirement community as the beginning of a trend. "We are getting ready for the wave," she says, noting that the first baby boomers turned 65 in 2011.
In 2000, baby boomers, people born between 1946 and 1964, represented 13 percent of the total population of seniors. That number is expected to grow to 20 percent by 2030, when the U.S. Census Bureau projects there will be 57.8 million baby boomers between the ages of 66 and 84.
In the past few years, retirement communities have been marketing to the silent generation, a group that falls between the greatest generation and the baby boomers, as a kind of test run. "They are folks in their late 60s and 70s that were born into the Great Depression and during World War II," Raidabaugh says. "The silents aren't truly silent. This group came in demanding more choices. They also didn't want traditional activities and programming. They wanted more variety."
Retirement communities have taken this opportunity to not only increase services and options but also to expand their capacity before they are hit with an onslaught of boomers. What these communities have discovered is that the next generation of retirees is not looking for cookie-cutter retirement living like previous generations. "They want choices in what they are paying for," says Marti Miller, marketing director for The Hermitage at Cedarfield. "They don't want to be dictated to."
Retirement communities are making the necessary changes. Six years ago, Lakewood Manor had only one meal plan where residents had to buy a meal a day. Today, it has five, with various options for the frequency of meals. "We only had one pricing option, and now we have six," Raidabaugh says. "Instead of 'here is your retirement option, and here's what you have to choose from,' it's 'let's work together and create a plan that will work best for you.' I think that will increase as boomers start to retire and come into these communities."
Today's seniors want to continue their active lifestyle and are looking for communities that offer a variety of activities, everything from tai chi to continuing-education programs. "We are already starting to see that, and that will continue to grow," Raidabaugh says.
Miller believes some baby boomers will continue to stay involved in activities outside of their retirement community. She is seeing that trend start to materialize. "They will keep up with their external organizations; they'll volunteer and still belong to their country club," she says. "They want to get away from the stigma that when you move to a retirement community, your life stops."
Bill King, vice president of sales and marketing for Westminster Canterbury, has observed that some of his community's younger retirees have decided to forego the interim move from home ownership to downsized accommodations or an active-adult community and have instead decided to settle into a community with a growing number of amenities.
Westminster Canterbury offers a variety of options, including a fully equipped woodworking shop, an art studio, a professional putting green with six holes, a nature trail and a pond stocked with fish. The Sara Belle November Theater, also on campus, gives residents a cultural outlet. "We have shows from Barksdale, Richmond Ballet, Virginia Opera and SPARC, as well as touring acts," King says. "All of that is free to our residents."
Technology is also shaping how retirement communities operate. Many campuses are already equipped with Wi-Fi. "In the future, instead of calling in a doctor's order, [residents] will be doing it electronically," Raidabaugh says. "They will be scheduling day trips electronically."
Heritage Oaks Retirement Community had the impending influx of baby boomers top of mind when it added a full-time activities director. "It's a matter of having a full range of activities available," says Susan Coppage, marketing director.
"The baby-boomer generation is starting to understand that retirement communities are not like your mother's nursing home. People here can enjoy an active social life. It's something to look forward to rather than be depressed about."


Objective: To evaluate the clinical and radiological response of chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder to extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in a single blind study.
Methods: 70 patients showing chronic, symptomatic, calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder were examined. A single blind randomised study was performed with 35 patients undergoing a regular treatment (group 1) and 35 a simulated one (group 2). Pain and functional assessment was carried out according to Constant and Murley. Variations in the dimension of the calcification were evaluated by anteroposterior x ray films.
Results: A significant decrease of pain and a significant increase in shoulder function was seen in group 1. Examination by x ray showed partial resorption of the calcium deposits in 40% of cases and complete resorption in 31% of cases in group 1. In the control group no significant decrease of pain and no significant increase in shoulder function was seen. No modifications were observed by x ray examination.
Conclusion: Because of its good tolerance, safety, and clinical radiological response, ESWT can be considered as an alternative treatment for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder.
The prevalence of calcification in the rotator cuff is reported to be between 2% and 20% in asymptomatic shoulder joints. The reported prevalence in patients with shoulder pain is up to 50%.1–3 The disorder is most common among people between 30 and 60 years of age. The methods of treatment usually adopted include physiotherapy, analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local x ray treatment, steroid injections, needling,4 and surgical intervention.
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is based on the use of shock waves, pressure impulses with a duration of microseconds, capable of producing, depending on the energy used at the level of the areas treated, a reduction of painful symptomatology and fragmentation of calcific deposits.
We aimed at determining the efficacy of ESWT in a single blind study for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder.
Seventy patients (43 women, 27 men) aged between 35 and 68 years, with a mean age of 51.8 years, showing chronic, symptomatic, calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder were examined.
Inclusion criteria were shoulder pain present for a minimum of 10 months (a period of time that is useful for indicating a chronic pathology that is resistant to other treatments) in combination with calcification of the rotator cuff (with a minimum diameter of 10 mm in anteroposterior x ray films), and unsuccessful conservative treatment during the six months before referral to our hospital. In all patients, the calcific deposits were non-homogeneous. According to sonography all calcifications were located in the supraspinatus tendon.
The exclusion criteria were local and generalised arthritis (excluded by bio-humoral, clinical, radiological, and sonographic examination), osteoarthritis, algodystrophy, pregnancy, infectious or tumorous diseases, skin ulcerations, neurological abnormalities, dysfunction in the neck or thoracic region or both, and partial or complete ruptures of the rotator cuff seen by sonography.
All patients had used analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 25 patients from group 1 and 28 patients from group 2 had received local steroid injections, 10 patients from group 1 and seven patients from group 2 had undergone physiotherapy, two patients from group 1 and three patients from group 2 had undergone needling. The patients examined had painful symptoms for at least 10 months and all had undergone physiotherapy during the initial phases of their pathology, with disappointing results. During the six months before ESWT, analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or local steroid injections were carried out and only a small percentage of patients continued physiotherapy.
All patients were informed of and consented to the treatment methods. No other treatment or drugs were used during the four weeks before the trials began or during the study period. During the periods of treatment and follow up the patients were instructed to use the arm but to avoid painful movements.
Consecutive patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups in a single blind study. The patients were unaware of the type of treatment (active or sham), whereas the evaluators were aware of the type of treatments.
Group 1 received ESWT: 35 patients (20 women, 15 men), mean duration of symptoms 15 months (range 10–20 months).
Group 2 was the sham group: 35 patients (23 women, 12 men), mean duration of symptoms 14.5 months (range 10–18 months).
An ESWT system was used ("Orthima" by Direx Medical System Ltd). In group 1 the treatment comprised four treatments (one every 4–7 days), each treatment consisting of 1200 shocks with a frequency of 120 shocks a minute. Because pain could occur mostly during the first treatment all patients were treated with a low energy density of 0.03 mJ/mm2 for the first five minutes, which was then progressively increased to 0.28 mJ/mm2. In successive treatments an energy density of 0.28 mJ/mm2 was used. In group 2 the treatment also comprised four treatments (one every 4–7 days), each treatment consisting of 1200 shocks with a frequency of 120 shocks per minute, but the energy density used was 0 mJ/mm2.
The patients were seated in front of the shock wave generator and the shock wave source was placed in the direction of the calcification that was identified during sonographic examination. No local anaesthetics, analgesics, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used during the procedure.
Pain and functional assessment were carried out according to Constant and Murley,5 at baseline, at the end of the treatment, and one and six months after the end of the treatment. Subjective parameters were pain (15 points) and activities of daily living (work, recreation/sport, unaffected sleep: 10 points; positioning: 10 points). Objective parameters were range of motion (forward elevation, lateral elevation, internal rotation, external rotation: 10 points each) and power (25 points). A maximum of 100 points could be attained.
Variations in the dimension of the calcification were evaluated by anteroposterior x ray films at baseline and one month after the end of the treatment. The single radiologist who carried out the study was always the same, was aware of the radiographic orders but was not aware of the type of treatment being given (active or sham) to the patients; modification of the calcification (a reduction of size of >2 mm) was indicated as disintegration; the total disappearance was indicated as dissolution.
The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test for independent samples was applied to compare differences between the two groups. The non-parametric Wilcoxon test for dependent samples was applied to compare differences within the group.
The mean value of the Constant score in group 1 was 45 points (pain 5.2, activities of daily living 9.6, range of motion 23.2, power 7) at the start of the study. At the end of the treatment there was a mean increase of 58% to 71 points (pain 9.8, p<0.001; activities of daily living 13, p<0.001; range of motion 32, p<0.001; power 16.2, p<0.001) (p<0.001). One month later there was a mean increase from baseline of 64% to 74 points (pain 10.4, p<0.001; activities of daily living 14, p<0.001; range of motion 33.6, p<0.001; power 16, p<0.001) (p<0.001). After six months there was a mean increase of 69% to 76 points (pain 12, p<0.001; activities of daily living 14.6, p<0.001; range of motion 34, p<0.001; power 15.4, p<0.001) (p<0.001) (fig 1).
Mean Constant score before extracorporeal shock wave treatment (ESWT), after ESWT, and one and six months later. *p<0.001, group 1 v group 2; †p<0.001 group 1, baseline v after ESWT, after one month, and after six months.
The mean total shoulder function for patients in group 2 was 48 points (range 22–84 points) at the start of the study. At the end of the treatment the mean was 50 points (range 26–82 points) (p not significant). One month later the mean was 46 points (range 20–70) (p not significant). After six months 23 patients of group 2 left the study, and in the 12 patients remaining the mean was 44 points (range 20–76) (p not significant) (fig 1).
Apart from a self limiting initial pain lasting for a few minutes the patients did not experience any adverse reactions such as worsening of symptoms or relapses of acute periarthritis.
In group 1 one month after the end of the treatment partial resorption of the calcium deposits was seen in 14 (40%) patients and complete resorption was seen in 11 (31%) patients. Radiological disintegration or dissolution of the calcification was significant in group 1 (p<0.001). In group 2 the calcium deposits remained unmodified (figs 2 and 3).
Radiograph of the shoulder before ESWT.
The same patient as in fig 2 one month after the end of the treatment.
High energy extracorporeal shock waves have been used in urology for the disintegration of stone concretions for almost 15 years. Valchanou and Michailov6 and Schleberger and Senge7 introduced high energy shock wave treatment in the treatment of pseudoarthrosis and delayed union of fractures. Since 1992, low energy extracorporeal shock waves have been used in the treatment of pain, in particular of enthesopathy.
In our single blind randomised study we evaluated the efficacy of ESWT in chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder and we also evaluated the placebo effect: one group of patients underwent treatment whereas in the other group treatment was simulated.
In group 1 ESWT effectively reduced painful symptomatology and increased the shoulder function. This was also the case in patients in whom the calcium deposits remained unmodified, confirming that the presence of calcium deposits does not always correlate with clinical symptoms.2,3 The results seen at the conclusion of the treatment were maintained over the following six months. In 40% of cases partial resorption, and in 31% of cases complete resorption, of the calcium deposit was seen.
In the control group, no significant changes in pain levels, in shoulder function, or in the dimension of the calcium deposit were seen.
With its good tolerance, safety, and clinical-radiological response, ESWT should be considered as an alternative treatment for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder refractory to conventional treatments.
Duplay S. De la peri-arthrite scapulo-humerale et des raideurs de l'epaule qui en sont la consequence. Arch Gen Med1872;20:513–42.
Basworth B. Calcium deposits in the shoulder and subacromial bursitis: a survey of 12,122 shoulders. JAMA1941;116:2477–89.
De Palma A, Kruper J. Long-term study of shoulder joints afflicted with and treated for calcific tendinitis. Clin Orthop1961;20:61–72.
Quigley T. The non operative treatment of symptomatic calcareous deposits in the shoulder. Surg Clin North Am1963;43:1495–9.
Constant CR, Murley AHG. A clinical method of functional assessment of the shoulder. Clin Orthop1987;214:160–4.
Valchanou VD, Michailov P. High energy shock waves in the treatment of delayed and non-union of fractures. Int Orthop1991;15:181–4.
Schleberger R, Senge T. Non-invasive treatment of long bone pseudarthrosis by shock waves (ESWT). Arch Orthop Trauma Surg1992;111:224–7.
Rompe JD, Hope C, Kullmer K, Heine J, Burger R. Analgesic effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on chronic tennis elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br1996;78:233–7.
Cosentino R, Falsetti P, Manca S, De Stefano R, Frati E, Frediani B, et al. Efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on the treatment of calcaneal enthesophytosis. Ann Rheum Dis2001;60:1064–7.
Rompe JD, Rumler F, Hopf C, Nafe B, Heine J. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Clin Orthop1995;321:196–201.
Rompe JD, Zoellner J, Nafe B. Shock wave therapy versus conventional surgery in the treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Clin Orthop2001;387:72–82.
Loew M, Jurgowski W, Mau HC. Treatment of calcifying tendinitis of rotator cuff by extracorporeal shockwaves: a preliminary report. J Shoulder Elbow Surg1995;4:101–6.
Loew M, Daeke W, Kusnierczac D, Rahmanzadeh M, Ewerbeck V. Shock-wave therapy is effective for chronic calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br1999;81:863–7.
Seil R, Rupp S, Hammer DS, Ensslin S, Gebhardt T, Kohn D. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in tendinosis calcarea rotator cuff: comparison of different treatment protocols. Z Orthop1999;137:310–15.
Spindler A, Berman A, Lucero F, Braier M. Extracorporeal shock wave treatment for chronic calcific tendonitis of the shoulder. J Rheumatol1998;25:1161–3.


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Experts: Content is crucial for cashing in on Latin American markets
By Peter Andringa - November 6, 2017
Experts are encouraging businesses to cash in on the latest content marketing trends – without breaking the bank. But it's a dream few small businesses and startups have been able to fully realize.
These experts point in particular to the Latin American market.
The region has a whopping 640 million customers, and since 2005 the percentage of Latin Americans who use the internet has increased from 16.6 % to 62.3 %. Every year more and more Spanish speakers across the world are logging on to the internet and consuming much more content, user for user, than the rest of the world. In fact, according to VP of Marketing at HubSpot Nataly Kelly, Latin America is a modern marketer's dream.
In order to establish their brand within specific markets and to meet the demands of an industry expected to be worth $300 billion by 2019, businesses worldwide are expanding their content marketing budgets. More than 43% of businesses increased their content marketing staff levels in 2016, according to content marketing company Curata.
However many marketing teams – especially those of small businesses and startups – have not come up with a strategy to effectively target this audience. Because well, it's pretty costly.
While big businesses may be able to afford to inundate a target audience with creative, shareable digital content, often enlisting relatively expensive content marketing services from Google and Facebook, small businesses and startups have had trouble keeping up.
Vertical Measures, a content marketing agency, gives us an idea of the costs of a respectable content marketing campaign:
-a complete research and strategy audit of a site: $5,000-$25,000
-consulting for a content strategy: $5,000-$50,000
-creation of content: $500-$3,000
So, what's the ticket for small businesses and startups entering the Latin American market?
But for small businesses and startups, it's more than just budgets that´s keeping them from reaching the Spanish-speaking world the way they could. It's what to put online, and where.
Latin Americans spend a greater percentage of their time online on social media than their counterparts anywhere else in the world – according to research from a 2015 report by comscore, users in Latin America spent 29 percent of their time connected to social media, as compared to 14 percent in North America. As Getty Images's content marketing expert Alejandro Valencia points out, visual and video content is more important for customers in Latin America.
But according to Content Marketplace platform We Are Content founder Juan Carlos Samper, businesses limit their content too narrowly – they lack the video and audio content that Latin Americans and Latinos are online eating up.
In an interview with content platform Skyword, three global marketing experts gave advice on how to succeed with content marketing in Latin America. Firstly, Digital Marketing Director of Americas Market Intelligence Abel Delgado said one must "reach out to your customers through a diverse range of channels and platforms." He adds in Latin America, video tutorials work well.
International Advisor in Marketing and Digital Transformation and Engage Colombia co-founder Juan Merodio says marketers should pay attention to regionalisms used in specific countries. Isra García – Merodio's partner and Mapmakers co-founder – advises creating a focused strategy that takes into account the impact, strength, and purpose of the content.
"Companies in Latin America are learning fast how to build a content marketing strategy," García says, "but some still confuse strategy with a simple mechanics of distribution of social objects thought social media."
The good news: much of this is tactical and substantial progress with content is possible, even for those with small budgets. The bad news is that producing lots of content is still labor intensive, and consulting services can be invaluable.
Thankfully, there are emerging businesses aimed at offering affordable pricing structures. Among these is We Are Content, which bills itself as Latin America's first Hispanic content marketing firm. In an attempt to level the playing field for small businesses and startups, it offers strategy consulting services as well as text, video/animation, audio/music, and design content from over 2,000 providers – creating content as cheap as $20 per article.
– Article originally posted on Latam.Tech.
Peter Andringa
Home automation: cool, cheap and environmental
The importance of saying thank you in business and beyond
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Creating Synergy Between Man and Machine: How AI is Propelling Business Outcomes
By StartupBeat Team December 5, 2022
The benefits of country clubs for entrepreneurs and investors
By Emily Trujillo November 22, 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Rakuten Viki is the world's leading platform for Asian entertainment and culture, where millions of people watch their favorite TV shows, movies, and influencer videos. With more than a billion words translated into 200+ languages by a community of avid fans, Viki brings global entertainment to fans everywhere.
The Senior Business Intelligence Analyst's role will be to provide meaningful and actionable analysis and KPIs that drive audience growth. The Senior Business Intelligence Analyst will work closely with Product, Marketing, Content Acquisition, Revenue and other stakeholders to help track what our audience loves. You are passionate, analytical, love global pop culture/entertainment and solving problems.
Knowledge of various data platforms (MS SQL Server, MySQL, Redshift, etc.) and how to query / extract data from them (SQL, JSON, etc).
Persistent and pro-active to gain a deep understanding of Viki's products and services.
Desire to innovate and create new systems with wide visibility across the company.
Excellent English communication skills and ability to interact with all levels of end users and technical resources.
Experience with BI tools such as Domo, Looker, Tableau, Microstrategy or similar a plus.
Experience with web reporting tools (Google Analytics, Adobe Analytics / SiteCatalyst, or similar) a plus.
We're small but diverse, with more than 25 nationalities and 40 languages represented among our 100+ employees. Come break down barriers that stand between great entertainment and fans everywhere and help us make a difference as we grow.
Any unsolicited resumes/candidate profiles submitted through our website or to personal email accounts of employees of Viki are considered property of Viki and are not subject to payment of agency fees.
© Viki Recruiting. All rights reserved.


Looking for coffee addiction? Before moving on, read this article.
Drink number one – coffee addiction.
If we exclude water, then coffee ranks first among all drinks. 3 billion cups of this drink is drunk annually. Including coffee addiction. According to statistics, Americans rank 18th in the number of coffee consumed per year. This is 4.4 kg of coffee per person per year. The first three places are: Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden. They consume about 10 kg of coffee per person per year, which is 4-5 cups of espresso per day.
Why do we drink coffee addiction?
Why not drink coffee addiction!
How much coffee addiction do you drink?


Help needed: Testing ideas to optimize our membership page and increase sign ups.
I'm currently looking at ways to increase the membership sign up rate and improve/optimize the overall look of the membership page.
Re: Help needed: Testing ideas to optimize our membership page and increase sign ups.
Noticed you're running a button color test. It's a quick test that would've given you an idea of how to go about using Optimizely as a tool for testing. The next step would be to apply some strategy to your testing process which will result in quality ideas that are relevant to your website.
That's just to start. I'd recommend that you don't test many changes at once since it would jumble up the data and you wouldn't be able to test which change is affecting which part. Here's an article from our blog on Design of Experiments that will help with your testing strategy.
Hope this gives you a structured place to start. If you have any questions, reply here and I'll be happy to answer them.
Thank you for your ideas David and Ash. Ash your feedback is a great place to start and I clearly see what you mean. I will certainly be trying out all your suggestions. Thank you for taking the time to give me testing ideas.
No problem Paul. Let us know what you end up testing and how it works out!


To get more details of these and other Glière CDs, and how you can buy them from Amazon.com, visit our mini shop.
To hear these excerpts, you will first need to download this FREE media player. It and the files opposite may take time to download.


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The Ronettes foi um girl group norte-americano de música pop nos anos sessenta.

História
Surgida na cidade de Nova Iorque e trabalhando com o produtor Phil Spector, as Ronettes eram compostas pela vocalista principal Veronica Bennett (também conhecida como Ronnie Spector), sua irmã Estelle Bennett e a prima Nedra Talley. O principal álbum do grupo foi  Presenting the Fabulous Ronettes Featuring Veronica, de 1963, as canções mais famosas da banda foram "Be My Baby" - o de maior sucesso das Ronettes -, "Baby, I Love You", "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up" e "(Walking) in the Rain".

Ligações externas

Bandas formadas em 1959
Bandas de Nova Iorque
Bandas afro-americanas
Bandas de soul
Bandas de R&B dos Estados Unidos
Trios musicais
Girl groups dos Estados Unidos
Artistas incluídos no Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Bandas com irmãos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Emma Mitchell has struggled with depression for 25 years - or, as she calls it, "the grey slug". In 2003, she moved from London to the edge of the Cambridgeshire Fens and began taking walks across the countryside she could now call her home. Each walk, while photographing, collecting and drawing as she went, lifted her spirits and proved to be as medicinal, she believes, "as any talking therapy or pharmaceutical."
In The Wild Remedy, Emma's hand-illustrated diary, we follow the paths and trails around her cottage and reflect on how these encounters impact her mood. This moving and candid account is a powerful testament to how reconnecting with nature may offer some answers to today's mental health epidemic. While charting her own seasonal highs and lows, she also explains the science behind such changes, calling on new research into subjects such as 'forest bathing' and our current understanding of how our bodies and minds respond to plants and wildlife when we venture outdoors - in other words, how nature mends us.
Hatchards are delighted to be joined by Emma's characteristic wit and frankness at 6:30pm on Thursday 24 January. Emma will be in discussion with Kate Bradbury, journalist and author of The Bumblebee Flies Anyway. Tickets cost £20 for a reserved copy of The Wild Remedy and entry on the evening, or £7 for general admission.


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Assaults on the rise
Niamh Aine Ryan
Thursday, 12th September, 2019 8:46am
The massive rise in assaults has been blamed on drug taking and alcohol consumption by one of Cork's top ranking gardaí.
New figures release this week showed that there was 1,350 more assaults in the first eight months of this year compared with the same time in 2018.
Reports of assaults causing harm jumped by 645 incidents from 240 to 885 while minor assaults rose by 705 incident reports from 290 to 995 for all of Cork city and county.
Chief Superintendent Barry McPolin released the figures at the Joint Policing Committee meeting in County Hall for the Cork City, Cork North and Cork West Garda divisions.
He said: "In the past 12 months we've noticed an increase in these categories.
"Why has there been increase? (It could be that) we've noticed an increase in the level of intoxication and this is leading to more serious altercations involving assault type situations.
"It's perhaps also because there has been an increase level of illegal drug taking which may be affecting people's decision making."
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The web could be more a beautiful place if we could spend less time on assembly, manual changes and rework.
We need tools that unlock our inner craftsman.
Designing should be a joy, not a chore, and we deserve the freedom to follow a last minute inspiration, try an even better idea, or completely change creative direction without fear that it might 'waste' project time or money.
What we hand over to developers can be clearer and more useful. Think effortless passing of the relay baton rather than collisions, skinned knees and fumbling on the track.
So we're working to make it a tool that lets us and other designers experience and fulfil these ideals on a daily basis. As Oliver Reichenstein points out, tools can't make your designs beautiful, but ours can help make the beautiful possible with less effort and more reward.
And we think that's a pretty good vision to have.
Before we started this tool, we were Front – a web strategy and design agency in Northern Ireland with 12 years' experience. In late 2010, using conventional tools to design websites bit us in the backside. At the close of one project, the very detailed and refined comps we'd shown the client didn't look the same when viewed in the browser. It wasn't the end of the world, but they weren't pleased either.
It was the first time a client had ever noticed a difference between comps and the live site, but it wasn't exactly a new problem. For some time, our methods had caused frustrations for our designers and developers.
Designers felt dissatisfied when their layouts weren't replicated exactly. And developers felt helpless. They were very skilled, and they doing their best to copy the jpegs they received. It wasn't their fault that web fonts rendered differently, that some system fonts weren't available as web fonts and that they often had to guess measurements in the absence of style guides.
That bite was the push we needed to re-evaluate our design tools and process. We discovered that working with system fonts in Fireworks was faster for our designers, but build was slow because our developers had to interpret fonts and classes, resolve inconsistencies and negotiate font compromises with the designers. Plus there was that pesky problem of comp fonts not always resembling site fonts due to the rendering.
Both approaches had serious drawbacks.
provide the visual feedback, realism and reliability that previewing on font service sites (in the browser) offered.
In September 2011, we released our Typecast® design tool in private beta to trial it with real designers and discover what was working, what wasn't and how we could improve it. That same month, we gave up client work for one year so we could focus entirely on the app. In October 2012, we launched our public beta, and one week later we were acquired by Monotype. On January 30th 2013 we became a commercial product. Today we're testing, refining and building new features every week to get us closer to fulfilling our vision.
With your help, we'll get there.
We're a small team working hard to make our app a tool you'll love using.


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Submitted by Lucas Chu on October 19, 2020 - 11:25am
I think Vertigo also applies to other consuming concepts, like procrastination. Also, because of quarantine, it's so easy to get wrapped up in vertigo on zoom, especially since it's hard for metacognition when one is absorbed in a screen. A possible silver lining is that seeing oneself can make one self-aware. For the overview stance from space, I feel like it just shows how insignificant everything is. Can you give me some other examples of a jolt? We could all benefit.
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Quote Lucas Chu
[quote=Anonymous]I think Vertigo also applies to other consuming concepts, like procrastination. Also, because of quarantine, it's so easy to get wrapped up in vertigo on zoom, especially since it's hard for metacognition when one is absorbed in a screen. A possible silver lining is that seeing oneself can make one self-aware. For the overview stance from space, I feel like it just shows how insignificant everything is. Can you give me some other examples of a jolt? We could all benefit.[/quote]
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Mojito flavor with the finest ingredients, made in U.S.A. NOTE: This product is only for intern..
Excellent blends of Peach, Milk, Tea, Vanilla!This item is for JAPAN Domestic Shipping onlyThe Steam..


If you want an Axes object to use a different colormap than the figure, then set the axes colormap after setting the figure colormap. Starting in R2014b, the default colormap is parula . In previous releases, the default colormap was jet .
Thruster hybrid: Ushered in by Slater, Dane Reynolds, and other World Tour surfers, the thruster hybrid takes your standard thruster outline, shortens the length and adds a bit of girth to the width, giving the board the feel of a thruster with increased paddling power.
Jetboard on display at the California Surf Museum The Jetboard was an early powered longboard surfboard . It is one of the earliest, if not the earliest motorized sufboard, produced from 1965 to 1968.


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Identification of variants of CYP3A4 and characterization of their abilities to metabolize testosterone and chlorpyrifos
Dai, D; Tang, J; Rose, R; Hodgson, E; Bienstock, RJ; Mohrenweiser, HW; Goldstein, JA;
NIEHS, Lab Pharmacol & Chem, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA NIEHS ResTriangle Pk NC USA 27709 em, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA N Carolina State Univ Raleigh NC USA 27695 Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab Livermore CA USA Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA
JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS
fascicolo: 3, volume: 299, anno: 2001,
0022-3565(200112)299:3<825:IOVOCA>2.0.ZU;2-9
ADULT HUMAN-LIVER; AMINO-ACID; GENETIC VARIANT; CLINICAL PRESENTATION; CYTOCHROME-P450 3A4; PROSTATE TUMORS; SMALL-BOWEL; BIOTRANSFORMATION; SUBSTITUTIONS; POLYMORPHISM;
Indirizzo: Goldstein, JA NIEHS, Lab Pharmacol & Chem, NIH, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA NIEHS POB 12233 Res Triangle Pk NC USA 27709 k, NC 27709 USA
D. Dai et al., "Identification of variants of CYP3A4 and characterization of their abilities to metabolize testosterone and chlorpyrifos", J PHARM EXP, 299(3), 2001, pp. 825-831
CYP3A4 is the most abundant isoform of cytochrome P450 (CYP) in adult human liver. It metabolizes numerous clinically, physiologically, and toxicologically important compounds. The expression of CYP3A4 varies 40-fold in individual human livers, and metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates varies at least 10-fold in vivo. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP3A4 were identified by direct sequencing of genomic DNA in 72 individuals from three different ethnic groups, including Caucasians, Blacks (African-Americans and African pygmies), and Asians. A total of 28 SNPs were identified, including five which produced coding changes M445T (CYP3A4*3), R162Q (CYP3A4*15), F189S(CYP3A4*17), L293P (CYP3A4*18), and P467S (CYP3A4*19). The latter four represent new alleic variants. Racial variability was observed for the frequency of individual SNPs. CYP3A R162Q was identified only in Black populationswith an allelic frequency of 4%. CYP3A4 F189S and CYP3A4 M445T were identified in Caucasians with allelic frequencies 2% and 4%, respectively. L293P and P467S were only observed in Asians at allelic frequencies of 2%. The cDNAs for the F189S, L293P, M445T, and P467S mutant alleles were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in an Escherichia coli expression system. Testosterone and the insecticide chlorpyrifos were used to assessthe catalytic activities of the most common CYP3A4 allele (CYP3A4*1) and its allelic variants. CYP3A4 F189S exhibited lower turnover numbers for testosterone and chlorpyrifos, while CYP3A4 L293P had higher turnover numbers for both substrates. The turnover numbers of the CYP3A4 M445T and P467S alleles to metabolize these compounds were not significantly different from those of wild-type CYP3A4.


CETA is an inspirational place to work and learn. It provides a high quality school based learning opportunity for trainee teachers in partnership with the Gloucestershire Initial Teacher Education Partnership (GITEP). We have a strong track record of working with trainee teachers for many years and fully embrace the energy, enthusiasm and drive they offer to a school community. Within our alliance there are five primary schools working collaboratively to provide support, challenge and a diverse and exciting experience for our trainees.
Prior to admission to the programme, all applicants are required by the NCTL to have: – normally a degree (with a 2:2 or above) or an equivalent qualification in a subject relevant to the proposed main teaching subject.
Candidates should ensure that they clearly indicate their achieved or predicted degree grade and, if graduated within the past 5 years, at least one academic reference should be supplied.
Further information on EU accepted equivalences can also be found here.
We are looking for ambitious trainee teachers who are passionate and enthusiastic about working with primary aged children.
Your commitment should be demonstrated by meaningful experience of working with children of this age. For example, you may have been involved with some work with children in previous jobs or on a voluntary basis. You may have direct experience in schools through visits which you have organised or through some other scheme. You may have done some tutoring of other learners, again this might be in a variety of contexts, perhaps in your own school days, as a friend or neighbour or in a more formal setting. We will also expect you to be able to write in your application about what interests you in teaching, what you think you have to offer and what you think you have to learn.
We will expect you to have some basic ICT skills to build on but will not necessarily expect these to be directly linked to how ICT is used in teaching that will be part of your work on the programme.
We expect applicants to come from a wide range of backgrounds and, therefore, with a wide range of skills. This is a strength of the programme as it allows us to use your differences so that you can learn from one another. Some student teachers will come straight from a first degree, some will be making a fairly early career change, some will be returning to study and work after spending time bringing up children and some will be changing career later in life. All are very welcome and we believe our School Direct Programme is enriched by this variety.
Bussage Primary School will be coordinating the recruitment process and will be hosting interviews on behalf of CETA. Senior members of staff from our primary schools and a representative from Bath Spa University will be fully involved in the formal interviews.
If you are invited for interview, you will receive full details of what will be expected of you in a letter of invitation. You will be expected to be familiar with key issues and developments in primary schools. It will help you to read the educational press and to talk to teachers and those currently undertaking teacher training.
The best preparation, (and a requirement), for interview is a visit to a school. If you are considering a career in teaching this is one of the first steps you should take. When you visit a school be sure to talk to teachers and children and participate if you are encouraged to do so. Try to evaluate what is being learned and the way in which the teacher encourages this learning. You will be expected to discuss your observation visit at interview and to be able to go beyond a mere description of what you have seen by analysing the experience and showing an understanding of the deeper processes. It may well help to take notes and to refer to these at the interview.
The training provider is the Cotswold Edge Teaching Alliance, with Marling School as the lead School. Our accrediting partner is Bath Spa University. There are eleven primary schools in the partnership.
Much of the training will be delivered by expert teachers in the partnership schools. This will be enhanced by attendance at Bath Spa University. You will be assigned to one of the schools in the partnership in which you will do a teaching placement in the autumn and summer terms. Part of your spring term will be a teaching placement in a contrasting school.
You will have full access to Bath Spa University's dynamic facilitators of both innovative and traditional approaches to teacher training.
You will be assigned a mentor from the staff of your placement school. From the beginning you will be treated like a member of staff and will attend staff meetings and development days. You will be in school from the first day of the school year so you will feel part of the team from day one.
Our mentors are outstanding teachers but they are required to undertake a rigorous training programme to develop their mentoring skills. This includes coaching, effective classroom observation and feedback skills. Therefore, although teacher training is demanding, you are assured of a high level of personal and professional support in a programme which is well managed at all levels.


Turkmenistan expected to launch the new flights from septiembre 17, however this was postponed until noviembre 2 before a decision was made to cancel the flights for this winter season. The flag carrier of Turkmenistan intended to perform regular flights on the route Ashgabat-Tbilisi-Ashgabat twice a week on a Boeing 737-757 aircraft.
Turkmenistan Airlines was founded in mayo 1992, the year after the nation became independent upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


The cath lab, also known as a catheter laboratory or cardiac catheterisation laboratory, is part of a hospital's cardiac department. Find out what happens there.
A cath lab is where tests and procedures including ablation, angiogram, angioplasty and implantation of pacemakers / ICDs are carried out. Usually you'll be awake for these procedures. A cath lab is staffed by a team of different specialists, usually led by a cardiologist. A cath lab shouldn't be confused with an operating theatre, where you would have surgery such as a heart bypass operation, under a general anaesthetic.


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Jewelry worth Rs 50 lakh stolen from Aamir Khan's house
Imran Mirza November 30, 2016 Jewelry worth Rs 50 lakh stolen from Aamir Khan's house2016-11-30T09:10:38+01:00 BreakingNews No Comment
BANDRA: Jewelry worth Rs 53 lakh was reported stolen from Bollywood actor Amir Khan's house belonging to his wife Kiran Rao. According to details, a First Information Report was filed…
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PARIS: Hollywood actresses take over the 2017 Pirelli calendar, with Uma Thurman, Helen Mirren, Kate Winslet and Nicole Kidman among the big names featuring in the latest edition unveiled in…
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Andrew Bonzani made an average of $2.6M in compensation at Interpublic Group of Companies from 2013 to 2018.
In 2018, Andrew Bonzani earned a total compensation of $2.9M as EVP, General Counsel and Secretary, IPG at Interpublic Group of Companies.
Andrew Bonzani's 2018 compensation ranked 2,739th out of 8,692 executive pay records tracked by us this year.
Bonzani earned more than 68.5% of all executives tracked by us in 2018.
In the industry group of Advertising, Bonzani's pay ranked 9th out of 10 executive pay records tracked by us in 2018.
Bonzani earned more than 10.0% of executives in this group.
Bonzani received $1.2M in non-equity incentive plan, which accounts for 42.03% of total compensation.
Bonzani also received $800K in salary, $791.2K in stock awards and $83.1K in other compensation.
For fiscal year 2018, the annual total compensation for Andrew Bonzani was $2,888,293 and for the median employee at Interpublic Group of Companies was $73,494. The resulting ratio of Andrew Bonzani's pay to the pay of median employee was 39 to one.
In 2017, Andrew Bonzani earned a total compensation of $3.1M as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, IPG at Interpublic Group of Companies.
Andrew Bonzani's 2017 compensation ranked 3,272nd out of 13,224 executive pay records tracked by us this year.
Bonzani earned more than 75.3% of all executives tracked by us in 2018.
In the industry group of Advertising, Bonzani's pay ranked 8th out of 15 executive pay records tracked by us in 2017.
Bonzani earned more than 46.7% of executives in this group.
Bonzani received $1.1M in stock awards, which accounts for 37.08% of total compensation.
Bonzani also received $1M in non-equity incentive plan, $800K in salary and $81.5K in other compensation.
In 2016, Andrew Bonzani earned a total compensation of $3.5M as Senior Vice President General Counsel and Secretary at Interpublic Group of Companies.
Andrew Bonzani's 2016 compensation ranked 2,614th out of 13,877 executive pay records tracked by us this year.
Bonzani earned more than 81.2% of all executives tracked by us in 2018.
In the industry group of Advertising, Bonzani's pay ranked 7th out of 21 executive pay records tracked by us in 2016.
Bonzani earned more than 66.7% of executives in this group.
Bonzani received $1.5M in non-equity incentive plan, which accounts for 42.19% of total compensation.
Bonzani also received $800K in salary, $1.1M in stock awards and $74.8K in other compensation.
In 2015, Andrew Bonzani earned a total compensation of $2.4M as Senior Vice President General Counsel and Secretary at Interpublic Group of Companies.
Andrew Bonzani's 2015 compensation ranked 3,973rd out of 13,574 executive pay records tracked by us this year.
Bonzani earned more than 70.7% of all executives tracked by us in 2018.
In the industry group of Advertising, Bonzani's pay ranked 9th out of 25 executive pay records tracked by us in 2015.
Bonzani earned more than 64.0% of executives in this group.
Bonzani received $963K in non-equity incentive plan, which accounts for 39.93% of total compensation.
Bonzani also received $700K in salary, $724.9K in stock awards and $23.8K in other compensation.
In 2014, Andrew Bonzani earned a total compensation of $2.3M as Senior Vice President General Counsel and Secretary at Interpublic Group of Companies.
Andrew Bonzani's 2014 compensation ranked 3,962nd out of 12,876 executive pay records tracked by us this year.
Bonzani earned more than 69.2% of all executives tracked by us in 2018.
In the industry group of Advertising, Bonzani's pay ranked 12th out of 22 executive pay records tracked by us in 2014.
Bonzani earned more than 45.5% of executives in this group.
Bonzani received $855.2K in non-equity incentive plan, which accounts for 37.26% of total compensation.
Bonzani also received $700K in salary, $724.9K in stock awards and $15K in other compensation.
In 2013, Andrew Bonzani earned a total compensation of $1.5M as Senior Vice President General Counsel and Secretary at Interpublic Group of Companies.
Andrew Bonzani's 2013 compensation ranked 4,797th out of 11,965 executive pay records tracked by us this year.
Bonzani earned more than 59.9% of all executives tracked by us in 2018.
In the industry group of Advertising, Bonzani's pay ranked 12th out of 22 executive pay records tracked by us in 2013.
Bonzani received $600K in salary, which accounts for 39.40% of total compensation.
Bonzani also received $425K in non-equity incentive plan, $483.1K in stock awards and $14.6K in other compensation.


text:
/*
 * The Plaid API
 *
 * The Plaid REST API. Please see https://plaid.com/docs/api for more details.
 *
 * API version: 2020-09-14_1.205.3
 */

// Code generated by OpenAPI Generator (https://openapi-generator.tech); DO NOT EDIT.

package plaid

import (
	"encoding/json"
)

// NetPay An object representing information about the net pay amount on the paystub.
type NetPay struct {
	// Raw amount of the net pay for the pay period
	CurrentAmount NullableFloat64 `json:"current_amount,omitempty"`
	// Description of the net pay
	Description NullableString `json:"description,omitempty"`
	// The ISO-4217 currency code of the net pay. Always `null` if `unofficial_currency_code` is non-null.
	IsoCurrencyCode NullableString `json:"iso_currency_code,omitempty"`
	// The unofficial currency code associated with the net pay. Always `null` if `iso_currency_code` is non-`null`. Unofficial currency codes are used for currencies that do not have official ISO currency codes, such as cryptocurrencies and the currencies of certain countries.  See the [currency code schema](https://plaid.com/docs/api/accounts#currency-code-schema) for a full listing of supported `iso_currency_code`s.
	UnofficialCurrencyCode NullableString `json:"unofficial_currency_code,omitempty"`
	// The year-to-date amount of the net pay
	YtdAmount NullableFloat64 `json:"ytd_amount,omitempty"`
	Total *Total `json:"total,omitempty"`
	AdditionalProperties map[string]interface{}
}

type _NetPay NetPay

// NewNetPay instantiates a new NetPay object
// This constructor will assign default values to properties that have it defined,
// and makes sure properties required by API are set, but the set of arguments
// will change when the set of required properties is changed
func NewNetPay() *NetPay {
	this := NetPay{}
	return &this
}

// NewNetPayWithDefaults instantiates a new NetPay object
// This constructor will only assign default values to properties that have it defined,
// but it doesn't guarantee that properties required by API are set
func NewNetPayWithDefaults() *NetPay {
	this := NetPay{}
	return &this
}

// GetCurrentAmount returns the CurrentAmount field value if set, zero value otherwise (both if not set or set to explicit null).
func (o *NetPay) GetCurrentAmount() float64 {
	if o == nil || o.CurrentAmount.Get() == nil {
		var ret float64
		return ret
	}
	return *o.CurrentAmount.Get()
}

// GetCurrentAmountOk returns a tuple with the CurrentAmount field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
// NOTE: If the value is an explicit nil, `nil, true` will be returned
func (o *NetPay) GetCurrentAmountOk() (*float64, bool) {
	if o == nil  {
		return nil, false
	}
	return o.CurrentAmount.Get(), o.CurrentAmount.IsSet()
}

// HasCurrentAmount returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *NetPay) HasCurrentAmount() bool {
	if o != nil && o.CurrentAmount.IsSet() {
		return true
	}

	return false
}

// SetCurrentAmount gets a reference to the given NullableFloat64 and assigns it to the CurrentAmount field.
func (o *NetPay) SetCurrentAmount(v float64) {
	o.CurrentAmount.Set(&v)
}
// SetCurrentAmountNil sets the value for CurrentAmount to be an explicit nil
func (o *NetPay) SetCurrentAmountNil() {
	o.CurrentAmount.Set(nil)
}

// UnsetCurrentAmount ensures that no value is present for CurrentAmount, not even an explicit nil
func (o *NetPay) UnsetCurrentAmount() {
	o.CurrentAmount.Unset()
}

// GetDescription returns the Description field value if set, zero value otherwise (both if not set or set to explicit null).
func (o *NetPay) GetDescription() string {
	if o == nil || o.Description.Get() == nil {
		var ret string
		return ret
	}
	return *o.Description.Get()
}

// GetDescriptionOk returns a tuple with the Description field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
// NOTE: If the value is an explicit nil, `nil, true` will be returned
func (o *NetPay) GetDescriptionOk() (*string, bool) {
	if o == nil  {
		return nil, false
	}
	return o.Description.Get(), o.Description.IsSet()
}

// HasDescription returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *NetPay) HasDescription() bool {
	if o != nil && o.Description.IsSet() {
		return true
	}

	return false
}

// SetDescription gets a reference to the given NullableString and assigns it to the Description field.
func (o *NetPay) SetDescription(v string) {
	o.Description.Set(&v)
}
// SetDescriptionNil sets the value for Description to be an explicit nil
func (o *NetPay) SetDescriptionNil() {
	o.Description.Set(nil)
}

// UnsetDescription ensures that no value is present for Description, not even an explicit nil
func (o *NetPay) UnsetDescription() {
	o.Description.Unset()
}

// GetIsoCurrencyCode returns the IsoCurrencyCode field value if set, zero value otherwise (both if not set or set to explicit null).
func (o *NetPay) GetIsoCurrencyCode() string {
	if o == nil || o.IsoCurrencyCode.Get() == nil {
		var ret string
		return ret
	}
	return *o.IsoCurrencyCode.Get()
}

// GetIsoCurrencyCodeOk returns a tuple with the IsoCurrencyCode field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
// NOTE: If the value is an explicit nil, `nil, true` will be returned
func (o *NetPay) GetIsoCurrencyCodeOk() (*string, bool) {
	if o == nil  {
		return nil, false
	}
	return o.IsoCurrencyCode.Get(), o.IsoCurrencyCode.IsSet()
}

// HasIsoCurrencyCode returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *NetPay) HasIsoCurrencyCode() bool {
	if o != nil && o.IsoCurrencyCode.IsSet() {
		return true
	}

	return false
}

// SetIsoCurrencyCode gets a reference to the given NullableString and assigns it to the IsoCurrencyCode field.
func (o *NetPay) SetIsoCurrencyCode(v string) {
	o.IsoCurrencyCode.Set(&v)
}
// SetIsoCurrencyCodeNil sets the value for IsoCurrencyCode to be an explicit nil
func (o *NetPay) SetIsoCurrencyCodeNil() {
	o.IsoCurrencyCode.Set(nil)
}

// UnsetIsoCurrencyCode ensures that no value is present for IsoCurrencyCode, not even an explicit nil
func (o *NetPay) UnsetIsoCurrencyCode() {
	o.IsoCurrencyCode.Unset()
}

// GetUnofficialCurrencyCode returns the UnofficialCurrencyCode field value if set, zero value otherwise (both if not set or set to explicit null).
func (o *NetPay) GetUnofficialCurrencyCode() string {
	if o == nil || o.UnofficialCurrencyCode.Get() == nil {
		var ret string
		return ret
	}
	return *o.UnofficialCurrencyCode.Get()
}

// GetUnofficialCurrencyCodeOk returns a tuple with the UnofficialCurrencyCode field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
// NOTE: If the value is an explicit nil, `nil, true` will be returned
func (o *NetPay) GetUnofficialCurrencyCodeOk() (*string, bool) {
	if o == nil  {
		return nil, false
	}
	return o.UnofficialCurrencyCode.Get(), o.UnofficialCurrencyCode.IsSet()
}

// HasUnofficialCurrencyCode returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *NetPay) HasUnofficialCurrencyCode() bool {
	if o != nil && o.UnofficialCurrencyCode.IsSet() {
		return true
	}

	return false
}

// SetUnofficialCurrencyCode gets a reference to the given NullableString and assigns it to the UnofficialCurrencyCode field.
func (o *NetPay) SetUnofficialCurrencyCode(v string) {
	o.UnofficialCurrencyCode.Set(&v)
}
// SetUnofficialCurrencyCodeNil sets the value for UnofficialCurrencyCode to be an explicit nil
func (o *NetPay) SetUnofficialCurrencyCodeNil() {
	o.UnofficialCurrencyCode.Set(nil)
}

// UnsetUnofficialCurrencyCode ensures that no value is present for UnofficialCurrencyCode, not even an explicit nil
func (o *NetPay) UnsetUnofficialCurrencyCode() {
	o.UnofficialCurrencyCode.Unset()
}

// GetYtdAmount returns the YtdAmount field value if set, zero value otherwise (both if not set or set to explicit null).
func (o *NetPay) GetYtdAmount() float64 {
	if o == nil || o.YtdAmount.Get() == nil {
		var ret float64
		return ret
	}
	return *o.YtdAmount.Get()
}

// GetYtdAmountOk returns a tuple with the YtdAmount field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
// NOTE: If the value is an explicit nil, `nil, true` will be returned
func (o *NetPay) GetYtdAmountOk() (*float64, bool) {
	if o == nil  {
		return nil, false
	}
	return o.YtdAmount.Get(), o.YtdAmount.IsSet()
}

// HasYtdAmount returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *NetPay) HasYtdAmount() bool {
	if o != nil && o.YtdAmount.IsSet() {
		return true
	}

	return false
}

// SetYtdAmount gets a reference to the given NullableFloat64 and assigns it to the YtdAmount field.
func (o *NetPay) SetYtdAmount(v float64) {
	o.YtdAmount.Set(&v)
}
// SetYtdAmountNil sets the value for YtdAmount to be an explicit nil
func (o *NetPay) SetYtdAmountNil() {
	o.YtdAmount.Set(nil)
}

// UnsetYtdAmount ensures that no value is present for YtdAmount, not even an explicit nil
func (o *NetPay) UnsetYtdAmount() {
	o.YtdAmount.Unset()
}

// GetTotal returns the Total field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *NetPay) GetTotal() Total {
	if o == nil || o.Total == nil {
		var ret Total
		return ret
	}
	return *o.Total
}

// GetTotalOk returns a tuple with the Total field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *NetPay) GetTotalOk() (*Total, bool) {
	if o == nil || o.Total == nil {
		return nil, false
	}
	return o.Total, true
}

// HasTotal returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *NetPay) HasTotal() bool {
	if o != nil && o.Total != nil {
		return true
	}

	return false
}

// SetTotal gets a reference to the given Total and assigns it to the Total field.
func (o *NetPay) SetTotal(v Total) {
	o.Total = &v
}

func (o NetPay) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	toSerialize := map[string]interface{}{}
	if o.CurrentAmount.IsSet() {
		toSerialize["current_amount"] = o.CurrentAmount.Get()
	}
	if o.Description.IsSet() {
		toSerialize["description"] = o.Description.Get()
	}
	if o.IsoCurrencyCode.IsSet() {
		toSerialize["iso_currency_code"] = o.IsoCurrencyCode.Get()
	}
	if o.UnofficialCurrencyCode.IsSet() {
		toSerialize["unofficial_currency_code"] = o.UnofficialCurrencyCode.Get()
	}
	if o.YtdAmount.IsSet() {
		toSerialize["ytd_amount"] = o.YtdAmount.Get()
	}
	if o.Total != nil {
		toSerialize["total"] = o.Total
	}

	for key, value := range o.AdditionalProperties {
		toSerialize[key] = value
	}

	return json.Marshal(toSerialize)
}

func (o *NetPay) UnmarshalJSON(bytes []byte) (err error) {
	varNetPay := _NetPay{}

	if err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &varNetPay); err == nil {
		*o = NetPay(varNetPay)
	} else {
		return err
	}

	additionalProperties := make(map[string]interface{})

	if err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &additionalProperties); err == nil {
		delete(additionalProperties, "current_amount")
		delete(additionalProperties, "description")
		delete(additionalProperties, "iso_currency_code")
		delete(additionalProperties, "unofficial_currency_code")
		delete(additionalProperties, "ytd_amount")
		delete(additionalProperties, "total")
		o.AdditionalProperties = additionalProperties
	}

	return err
}

type NullableNetPay struct {
	value *NetPay
	isSet bool
}

func (v NullableNetPay) Get() *NetPay {
	return v.value
}

func (v *NullableNetPay) Set(val *NetPay) {
	v.value = val
	v.isSet = true
}

func (v NullableNetPay) IsSet() bool {
	return v.isSet
}

func (v *NullableNetPay) Unset() {
	v.value = nil
	v.isSet = false
}

func NewNullableNetPay(val *NetPay) *NullableNetPay {
	return &NullableNetPay{value: val, isSet: true}
}

func (v NullableNetPay) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	return json.Marshal(v.value)
}

func (v *NullableNetPay) UnmarshalJSON(src []byte) error {
	v.isSet = true
	return json.Unmarshal(src, &v.value)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Enjoy double benefit of tax savings under section 80c and wealth creation by investing in tax saving diversified equity (ELSS) funds. ELSS funds generate attractive returns and allow you withdrawal facility from fourth year onwards. Investguru suggests you the best mutual funds for tax savings and manages your portfolio to provide you the best investment experience.
Are tax saving funds different for other mutual funds?
Tax saving funds also called Equity Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS), is a type of equity diversified mutual fund which is qualified for tax exemption under section 80C.
There is no upper limit for investment in ELSS. However, tax deduction available from ELSS investment is upto Rs. 1.5 Lakhs within the limits of Section 80C of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
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Tax saving mutual funds has a shortest lock-in period compared to other 80C products. Along with the tax deduction, the investor also gets the potential upside of investing in the equity markets.
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Yes, investment can be done in ELSS through SIP.
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Yes, more amount can be added to existing tax saving fund any number of times.
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In Tax saving mutual funds, we can expect returns around 5% over and above prevailing inflation rate. As an indicator, returns in these funds have been 12-15% historically.
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Yes, you can remain invested in the fund as long as you want.
What documents are needed to start tax saving fund?


Back to flax, ahead to sustainability?
Oilseed crops are being grown again on a historical farm run by CFAES's research arm, OARDC. Flax, canola, sunflower, and camelina "have the potential to add complexity to crop rotations, provide valuable ecosystem services, and deliver additional value chains in the form of on-farm biodiesel, cooking oil, and highly nutritious feed for animals," writes Hannah Whitehead, pictured in a field of canola in bloom, who works in OARDC's Agroecosystems Management Program. Read her story.
What can you do to bring more pollinators to your garden? Denise Ellsworth, CFAES's program director for honey bee and native pollinator education, offers tips in this new video about how to attract bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds (2:19).
Ohio State is giving a webinar tomorrow (7/11) on Great Lakes climate education. You still have time to sign up.
"To protect Ohio water resources, phosphorus fertilizer must be put in the right place," says Steve Prochaska, an agronomy field specialist with CFAES's outreach arm, OSU Extension. A program coming up on July 18 in Wood County will show farmers how to do just that while also maintaining high yields. Details.


The Intellinet Fast Ethernet Single Mode Media Converter was specifically designed to offer the network designer a device for migration from copper-based Ethernet to Fiber Ethernet. Now migration or expansion of existing networks can be achieved with minimum cost and complexity. The converter is completely transparent to the network so the network performs exactly the way it did before - only now it can support both copper and fiber mediums.


text:
Q: Questions about LED strip circuit and current I have several questions but I will split it up into two (main) questions.
The first 'series' are about double LED strip 'controller' circuit. Below is the the

I'm intending to use a (5V) 74HC595 through a level shifter as I want it to use on a 3.3V ESP32. The level shifter I didn't show (not so important for the questions I think).
The red dashed box is a part that will not be part of the main PCB, as I don't want to add the 24V power supply on the PCB. Instead it will be a small separate manually made PCB.
The LED strips should be max 3.3A per led strip (of 5 m). Are my following calculations/insights correct (not having an electronic background):
I intend to use a GX16-8 connector for connecting the LED strips to the enclosure, and a JST_XH connector to connect to the PCB. For the JST_XH and GX pins 1 to 4, the max current is 3.3 A / 4 = 0.83 A. Both well within specs of 3A per pin.
Questions:

*

*Can I use a transistor after the LED strip? In most cases I see them before the LED strip, but afaik it doesn't matter. This way I can place the transistors on the main PCB.

*For the JST_XH and GX pins 5 to 8, the GND is 3A. Since this is just on the limit, I use all remaining pins resulting also in 0.83 A / pin. Maybe there is a small deviation between the GND pins 5-8 as GND finds the shortest way but I assume it will be 'more or less' spread around the pins?

*In the picture below I show the power (the GND of the 12 V LED strips assumes to go through this, I assume this is ok, as all GND needs to be connected together?). I guess I also would need 4 pins for that (thus not unlike the picture just 1 JST XH pin, having 3A max rating, or using a different kind of connector able to handle more than just 3A). Is this true?

A:
I'm intending to use a (5V) 74HC595 through a level shifter as I want it to use on a 3.3V ESP32.

If you use a HCT595 then you don't need the level shifter, it will read 3V3 levels correctly when powered by 5V.
Since ESP32 has a very nice PWM peripheral, you could use that and a HCT245 as 8-way level translator/mosfet driver instead of the HCT595.
If you want to get rid of the 5V power supply and only keep the 12V, you can use a canned switching converter.

Can I use a transistor after the LED strip? In most cases I see them before the LED strip, but afaik it doesn't matter. This way I can place the transistors on the main PCB.

No idea what "before" or "after" means... your schematic shows low-side switching, which means the switching transistor is on the ground side. So it has to be a N channel MOSFET and this is the most practical way to do it. No problem.
Since RGB LED strips are all common anode you have to use low side switching anyway.
Note the N MOSFETs are connected the wrong way around on your schematic. Look at the built-in diode, current will always go through and you won't be able to turn the LEDs off. Just swap drain and source.
IRLZ44 has 28 mOhm RdsON at Vgs=5V so it will work fine. Personally I would use SO-8 dual MOSFETs for a more compact pcb.
If you put a P channel MOSFET to switch the positive supply, it's called high-side switching. Not a good option here as you'd have to drive the gate to 12V to turn it off, so you'd need an extra transistor.

For the JST_XH and GX pins 5 to 8, the GND is 3A. Since this is just on the limit, I use all remaining pins resulting also in 0.83 A / pin. Maybe there is a small deviation between the GND pins 5-8 as GND finds the shortest way but I assume it will be 'more or less' spread around the pins?

It's common to use several pins to share current. No problem.

In the picture below I show the power (the GND of the 12 V LED strips assumes to go through this, I assume this is ok, as all GND needs to be connected together?).

Yes, all grounds together.
As I said I'd use a 5V dc-dc to get rid of the 5V supply.
If you keep the 5V supply, better use a USB connector to use a phone charger, for example.
The 5V connector only needs to be able to handle the current on 5V. So if it is just powering an ESP32, you don't need amps, the 2 pin JST will be fine.

A:
For the JST_XH and GX pins 5 to 8, the GND is 3A. Since this is just on the limit, I use all remaining pins resulting also in 0.83 A / pin. Maybe there is a small deviation between the GND pins 5-8 as GND finds the shortest way but I assume it will be 'more or less' spread around the pins?

Bad assumption: current doesn't divide equally because of significant variations in the wire crimp and especially in the contact area between mates.
Although it is commonly done, it's bad practice. What happens is that one contact carries more than its far share of the current and overheats. Instead, choose a different connector, one in which each contact is rated for the total current.

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Q: Find & Replace in 80mb file? Is there a command line or a  tool in Ubuntu to "Find & Replace" a word in a 80mb file that accours about 150000 times?
I want to replace http://www.old-domain.com/subfolderA with http://www.new-domain.com/subfolderB
I tried it with gEdit and Atom but both crashed.

A: sed can do:
sed -i.bak '/oldword/s//newword/g' very_big_file

This edits the file directly leaving a backup named very_big_file.bak. It scans your file for lines containing oldword and replaces every occurence with newword, which should be much faster than running s/oldword/newword/g over every line (see Replace text quickly in very large file). Quoting sed1line:

OPTIMIZING FOR SPEED: If execution speed needs to be increased (due to
  large input files or slow processors or hard disks), substitution will
  be executed more quickly if the "find" expression is specified before
  giving the "s/.../.../" instruction. Thus:
sed 's/foo/bar/g' filename         # standard replace command
sed '/foo/ s/foo/bar/g' filename   # executes more quickly
sed '/foo/ s//bar/g' filename      # shorthand sed syntax

If oldword and/or newword contain slashes you can either escape them with backslash (e.g. http:\/\/www) or use a different delimiter, e.g. underscore:
sed -i.bak '/oldword/s__newword_g' very_big_file
sed -i.bak '\_oldword_s//newword/g' very_big_file
sed -i.bak '\_oldword_s__newword_g' very_big_file

In your exact case I would do:
sed -i.bak '\_http://www.old-domain.com/subfolderA_s__http://www.new-domain.com/subfolderB_g' very_big_file