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The I Think I Voted thread
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Author Topic: The I Think I Voted thread (Read 26136 times)
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Meanwhile in the Really, Don't Bother Department:
Some D.C. Voters Encounter Problems
Poll Workers Report Unusually Light Turnout Across Vote-Rich Ward 3
By Bill Brubaker and Theola Labbé
Washington Post Staff Writers
Tuesday, September 12, 2006; 3:40 PM
Voting in the District's primary election got off to a sputtering start today with some electronic ballot machines malfunctioning and several precincts opening late. But the glitches did not create massive problems such as the ones that were reported this morning in Montgomery County.
Still, some would-be voters in the District left their precincts frustrated because they were unable to vote, according to campaign workers for several candidates and an ANC commissioner.
About 70 people could not vote at Hendley Elementary School in Ward 8, for example, because the precinct captain was late showing up, according to O.V. Johnson, an ANC commissioner.
"I'm very upset that people would leave here in droves," Johnson said.
A campaign worker for Kathy Patterson, running to become the next chairperson of the D.C. Council, said polling problems had been reported by supporters in several wards across the city.
No one was at precincts 84 and 130, both in Ward 6, to open the polls on time, Shannon Marshall said.
Ballot machines were not working at the West End library in Ward 2, she said.
Faith Wheeler, a campaign volunteer outside Takoma Educational Center in Northwest Washington, said only one electronic machine was working at the precinct early in the morning. The paper ballots were locked up, and no one had the key, she said.
The line at that precinct moved excruciatingly slowly and several people left in frustration, Wheeler said.
"Some said they cannot come back, they absolutely cannot come back, and some said they would try to come back," she said.
Bill O'Field, spokesman for the District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics, said he had no immediate comment on these problems because he was assessing the situation.
The turnout has been reported light at some precincts in Wards 2, 5 and 6 and average at some in Wards 3 and 4, according to election workers.
The District's two leading mayoral candidates voted early, then started touring polling places, including some where problems had occurred.
Linda Cropp arrived at Powell Elementary to vote at 7 a.m., wearing a jacket in her trademark bright red.
Although she is trailing frontrunner Adrian Fenty in fundraising and pre-Election Day polls, she said, "It's looking good. I'm just trying to see as many people as I can all day long." Her goal was to visit at least two precincts in each of the city's eight wards.
Adrian Fenty voted at C. Melvin Sharpe Health Center on 13th Street in Ward 4 at 7:15 a.m., accompanied by his wife, Michelle, and twin boys, Matthew and Andrew, both 6.
Election volunteer Levitha Suggs checked Fenty in on the voter rolls and sent him off to vote with a paper ballot. Later, Fenty said that after more than 15 months of campaigning, it felt good to finally be able to vote for himself.
"We have been waiting for this day for a long time," Fenty said. "We've put in pure hard work and that's what it takes to be the mayor of the District of Columbia."
Then he was off to greet voters at Shepherd Park Elementary, where voting was delayed by 30 minutes after the 7 a.m. opening time because the ballot machine would not accept ballots. A technician had to be summoned to fix it.
At precinct 38, Bruce-Monroe Elementary School in Ward 1, volunteers with the Fenty campaign reported in the morning that the electronic voting machine was not functioning.
"When you go to vote for someone, it puts that you voted for someone else," said Sundiata Street, who said he became aware of the problem after another Fenty volunteer went in to vote electronically and witnessed the malfunction.
Street said that he reported the problem to the campaign. Meanwhile, Street said he is encouraging all voters who come to the precinct, not just potential Fenty supporters, to vote on paper this morning.
Some voters were showing signs of election fatigue this morning.
In addition to three hotly contested citywide races, Ward 3 voters have been inundated with calls, visits and mailings from nine candidates seeking to represent them on the D.C. Council.
At Janney Elementary in Tenleytown, voters sped through the gauntlet of candidate volunteers, stiff-arming offers of campaign literature, poll workers said. And at Murch Elementary in North Cleveland Park, one woman shouted that she would not vote for any candidate who had called her home.
"It's information overload," said Paul Strauss, one of the Ward 3 candidates. "People are like, 'The seven mailings and eight robocalls were enough, thank you.' "
Marcy Oppenheimer, 43, said she made up her mind months ago on which Ward 3 council candidate to vote for: Sam Brooks, who won her over when he visited her Palisades home and talked with her for 20 minutes. She said she was impressed by his work as a political consultant.
Oppenheimer said she received nine calls Monday night from candidates, and didn't even bother to listen to them all. The only message that impressed her was from the Fenty campaign, but it included information on her polling place.
"It's a very new campaign for me, I'm not used to all of those," she said of the computer-generated calls.
"We were just at precinct 66 -- the big one -- and no one was there except for poll workers," Cropp spokesman Ron Eckstein said this morning, referring to the city's top-voting polling place at Bertie Backus Middle School in on South Dakota Avenue NE in Ward 5.
Turnout there was average or slightly better at Backus by early afternoon.
Election workers reported lower than expected numbers in the early afternoon at several precincts in Capitol Hill (Ward 2) that historically have high voter turnout.
At St. Timothy's Episcopal Church on Alabama Avenue SE only 330 of the precinct's 2,250 registered voters had voted by mid-morning, according to long-time ballot clerk Nellie McDonald.
"This place used to be packed when we had an election," McDonald said. "This time, we have had steady flow but not as much" as in previous primaries.
But in Precinct 36, the Latin American Youth Center in Northwest, election workers said they were busier than usual, with nearly 400 votes cast by 1:30 p.m.
Across the District, voters had strong opinions about the candidates.
"I voted for the lady standing right there," retiree Dale Harger said after voting at St. Timothy's, pointing to Cropp. "She's got the experience and I just trust her."
At the Backus precinct, retired Navy Yard worker Virgelene Braswell said although she has known Cropp for years she voted for Fenty.
"I think she probably win because the people know her," Braswell said of Cropp. "But I think [Fenty] can go more places."
At the Oyster Elementary School precinct on Calvert Street NW, lawyer Anne Stolee said she voted for Marie Johns because she "hated Linda Cropp's negative campaign" and felt Fenty's "heart was in the right place but he didn't have the attention to detail."
Stolee was one of the few voters trickling into Oyster at midday.
Fenty was the frontrunner heading into the day. But his campaign wasn't taking any chances.
Hundreds of Fenty volunteers rose as early as 4 a.m. and assembled under a white tent on Florida Ave NW across from campaign headquarters beginning at 5 a.m. to take part in what the campaign called an unprecedented get-out-the-vote effort that it hoped would translate into a high voter turnout.
The volunteers, about 1,500 total, were armed with "Team Fenty" tally sheets with instructions on how to report voting numbers throughout the day -- e-mail and text messages were acceptable -- as well as a list of contact numbers by ward. In addition to the volunteers who would staff each of the 142 polling places in the city's eight wards, a separate team of "rovers" would fan out throughout the day to deliver food and water, and troubleshoot among the volunteers.
Shouting "1-2-3 Fenty!" and "Win Fenty Win!" volunteers like Albert Pope, 52, of Woodridge, who would be out all day at 18th and Monroe Streets in Northeast, said he decided to help the campaign because he had confidence in Fenty's vision for the city. At 5:30 a.m., he was already calling him "The New Mayor."
Cropp's goal today was to visit at least two precincts in each of the eight wards, and she was the navigator as her small caravan of campaign workers and media maneuvered through the morning rush-hour traffic.
"Linda is her own GPS system," said Eckstein, her campaign spokesman. "She knows every road in the city and every shortcut."
Dressed in a red top--her campaign color--and black slacks, Cropp was often surrounded by as many campaign workers as potential voters, as turnout in some precincts seemed to be lagging. She was low-key--no music, no cheering, no entourage except for a few campaign workers--approaching voters with an extended hand and saying, "Good morning." She seemed to meet many people she knew, hugging them and asking them about family.
For you out of towners, here are the DC Wards. Guess which neighborhoods are filthy rich and which are utterly, crushingly poor:
Ward 1: 46 percent black, 25 percent white.
Ward 3: six percent black, 80 percent white.
Ward 5: 88 percent black, seven percent white.
Ward 7: 97 percent black, one percent white.
Ward 8: 91 percent black, five percent white.
And guess who makes the machines that are breaking: Diebold.
Yep. Montgomery County (my county, in MD) really fucked up. Though they were fine by the time I got there.
With voting so low, you'd think they would try not to make it intensely difficult for those who do care. Discussion I had this morning -- why does this shit happen on weekends? Hell, why are we going out to these places at all? Why not do it through the mail like the Brits?
Was that one guy (who you thought was flaming, with the campaign tshirt) who was voting a provisional ballot because hise machine crashed. That was 8:45-9am.
Some of our Comptroller's escapades.. I couldn't find a direct quote which included context for the Outhouse of Maryland statement, but its utterance was corroborated many places.
http://loper.org/~george/archives/2004/May/915.html
Quote from: fajwat on September 12, 2006, 07:13:16 PM
Quote from: fajwat on September 12, 2006, 11:15:24 AM
I stopped drinking coffee for a while. You'd been maintaining the coffee and I figured you put the beans somewhere else. So Ooookay, we're really out of coffee. I'll try to get some today (or I'll let you know). Your Pete's was good, tho.
Oh, dear, going from Peets to Majorca's coffee is like culture shock.
I should take three weeks off and kick the caffeine habit. That'll be fun. Set up a webcam so everyone can watch the crash.
what happened? I noticed you didn't finish it. I put the Ethiopian in there first.
Nothing happened. I just have to adjust to the different roasting style. Also ran out of time.
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Profitsflow.com supplies world class ERP and CRM software solutions to Irish business. Due to continued expansion, we now have a vacancy for an ERP Support & Development Executive based at our Wexford office. This position will involve helping our customers on the technical support helpdesk as well as being involved in customer projects adding value through development using our product's customisation toolkits. The right candidate will be expected to upskill in the role over time ultimately becoming involved in live system implementations and project delivery. It is a varied role encompassing all aspects of the ERP software life-cycle. A strong candidate will be a recent graduate of a relevant discipline or have experience of a similar role, excellent communication skills, consistent work ethic and a desire to be a part of a fast growing, ever evolving business.
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Salary range and benefits, in line with industry norms and candidate experience.


Shhh….Baby's sleeping! The UK has been celebrating the birth of the new Royal Prince recently and with all the coverage in the media, it's hard not to be thinking about babies.
I designed this cut file for a Nursery door hanger – it's reversible: on one side it says "Baby's Asleep" and on the reverse it says "Baby's Awake". Just glue the two overlay pieces onto either side of a centre piece of card in a contrasting colour. Then add the wavy "Ring reinforcer" over the top around the hole.
It will slip easily over a lever style door handle (below). It has a slit in it so it will also fit over a round door knob (as in the very top pic) – but it does have to be put on carefully so the card doesn't get bent.
It fits a few different round door knobs in my house but it may be worth cutting out a test sample of the middle section first in scrap paper or card just to make sure it will fit your particular door knobs. Then you can make any adjustments if needed before you cut the outer panels. If you have lever style handles you could delete the slit if you wanted.
Here's the file if you'd like it!
Thank you for sharing this cute file.
An adorable idea, Pam. Thank you for sharing the pattern too.


text:
Home Family & Parenting Safety Stranger Asks Woman at Beach "Creepy" Questions—When Her Phone Rings, Her Gut...
Stranger Asks Woman at Beach "Creepy" Questions—When Her Phone Rings, Her Gut Feeling Is Confirmed
Bri Lamm
For most people who hear the term "human trafficking," it's likely your mind drifts to one of the three Liam Neeson movies where his daughter or his wife travels to a foreign country, is targeted by scary dudes with accents and guns, and then sold into slavery for incredibly rich prices.
While those scenarios do happen (minus the whole dad who happens to be ex-FBI and blows up entire countries to save your life), human trafficking is so much more than what we see in the movies.
It's not limited to places overseas. And even worse—it's happening in our own backyards.
Wisconsin authorities say that the I-94 corridor between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Chicago, Illinois, is becoming a major stomping ground for human trafficking. The highway—like so many others in our country—is a route that leads to a variety of destinations.
A young woman named Haley Oscar experienced this first-hand while simply laying out on the beach near the Kenosha lighthouse one sunny weekend.
Haley Oscar
That's when a stranger approached her and made himself a little too comfortable before hounding her with bizarre questions.
"About my credit score, where I live, if I'm financially secure and have people who love me," she said. "He asked why I was alone and how far away I live. Then things got more inappropriate, and he started asking me sexual questions and commented that since I have tattoos, I must like pain. I just kept telling him that I was studying, and to please leave me alone. At one point I told him I was uncomfortable, but he just continued to sit right next to me."
Speaking candidly here—as a young woman in my 20s like Haley, this is literally what my worst nightmares are made of.
After 40 minutes of the man's relentless and downright creepy "conversation," Haley finally got ahold of some friends via text message.
She wrote on Facebook:
"I obviously didn't answer these questions, I ignored him and kept asking him to leave me alone."
She says she was "terrified" to stand up and go to her car because it's a lot easier to grab someone standing up than it is when they're laying down. Haley also didn't want him to know what car she drove, or somehow follow her home.
The middle-aged man told Haley he was from Waukegan, Illinois. But he spoke very broken English.
"I'm almost 99% sure he was a sex trafficker based on the questions he was asking me."
When her friend Mandi called to tell her she was on the way, the man finally left.
"The second she called he practically ran away."
As suspected, this isn't the first time sketchy stuff like this has happened in the area.
After sharing her experience on Facebook, Haley was contacted by a mom whose teenage daughters were recently followed home from a local restaurant by two men:
"They pulled aside to let the men in the truck pass, but the truck stopped right next to them," the mother explained. "The driver got out and knocked on the driver-side window, and asked them to get out of the car because he had a question for him. Then the passenger in the truck got out wearing a mask, and carrying a sledgehammer. My girls sped off, and the men chased them through a subdivision."
Luckily the girls got away. But police later confirmed that just hours after the incident with the teens, those same men they'd described to authorities abducted and sexually assaulted a Milwaukee woman before leaving her on the side of the road.
Both men were eventually arrested in Kentucky.
Haley wants others to know that the horror stories we hear about—they're real, and they're happening too close for comfort.
"Please be careful ladies, if you go to the lake alone make sure someone knows where you are and bring protection! I don't think a man has EVER made me that uncomfortable and scared for my safety."
Know the signs— human trafficking is happening every single day. The only way we can combat it is to be educated, keep our eyes open for red flags and continue to share stories like these. They're scary, but they're REAL. And they could wind up saving someone else's life.
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Bri Lamm is the Editor of ForEveryMom.com! An outgoing introvert with a heart that beats for adventure, she lives to serve the Lord, experience the world, and eat macaroni and cheese all while capturing life's greatest moments on one of her favorite cameras. Follow her on Facebook!
'Put Down the Smartphone' — Experts Discover Link Between Child Drownings & Phone-Distracted Parents
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text:
\section{Introduction}

The onset of frictional sliding motion between two dry surfaces displays an intriguing interplay of effects that have been investigated in many recent works. The existence of precursors, i.e. local slip events before the onset of sliding, has been verified experimentally \cite{Rubin_PRL,Maegawa_precurs,Katano} and captured by many numerical models \cite{UrbakhBouch_PRL,Kammer,KammerRadiguet,Norw_pnas,ZapperiTaloni,Roch}. The propagation of wavefronts with different velocities has also been observed both in experiments
\cite{Rubin_Nature,Rosak_Science,Rosak_SimExp,Fineberg} and in simulations \cite{Braun,Tromborg,Bouchbinder_PRE,Norw1,Norw2,SvetMolinar}, and analogies with fracture mechanics have been highlighted and exploited to quantitatively investigate this aspect of frictional phenomena \cite{Barras,SvetFineberg,Norw3,Molinari_frac}.

On nominally flat surfaces, the regions where slip precursors occur is influenced by the tangential driving force: in \cite{Rubin_PRL} they were observed at the trailing edge and their length, i.e. the their propagation distance, has been predicted by means of fracture mechanics models \cite{Molinari_frac,Fineberg_frac}. The frequency of these precursors, which redistribute the surface stress in a non-uniform way and induce a change of the contact area, grows until a macroscopic rupture front nucleates and propagates along the whole surface. The emergent static global friction properties, i.e. the first maximum load level reached by the total tangential force in a sliding test, is largely determined by these effects, as recently shown in \cite{GvirFineberg}.

These studies are important not only to increase our understanding of basic friction phenomena taking place at the interface between solids, but also for applications in biology and \cite{LabonteInsects,GorbSnake,Tramsen}, in engineering and materials science \cite{Etsion,Gachot,Rosenkranz}, and in geophysics, to interpret the signals recorded during the preparatory phase preceding an earthquake \cite{Dieterich,Rice93,LapustaRice,Bouchbinder_geo,Lambert}.

This body of literature demonstrates the importance of studying slip precursors and the dynamics underlying stress redistribution before and during the transition to sliding. However, the understanding of these phenomena is often complicated by the presence of multiple length scales at the interfaces. Thus, it is crucial to investigate how the interplay between length scales affects the formation and propagation of slip precursors.

In \cite{Our2D}, we investigated how the macroscopic static friction coefficient is affected by two-dimensional surface structures, which give rise to these non-trivial phenomena. We observed a non monotonic behavior of the static friction coefficient with the surface length scales and non linear effects for anisotropic shapes. Moreover, we showed that the global static friction is not only determined by the non-uniform tangential stress distribution before the sliding phase, but also by the dynamics of the transition, i.e. the propagation of the slip front. An example of this is the case of a patterned surface with straight narrow grooves. This configuration has been analysed numerically and experimentally in the literature, in particular in the case of laser textured surfaces \cite{Prodanov, Gachot_cit, Rosenkranz_cit, Valeri}, demonstrating that patterning reduces friction, but with a non-trivial dependence on system geometric parameters. In our study, considering an elastic patterned surface over a rigid flat substrate, we have found that static friction is greater when the grooves are perpendicular to the sliding direction rather than parallel to it. However, the tangential stress on the edges before sliding is larger in the former case, so that we would expect a smaller static friction. This apparent paradox is explained by the subsequent dynamic evolution. When the motion begins, grooves aligned with the sliding direction favor the rupture front propagation, so that the global tangential force peak is smaller. This example illustrates how the stress redistribution after every local slip event is fundamental to understand how a surface structure modifies the onset of dynamic motion.

In this paper, we further investigate these concepts from a more general point of view. We focus on determining the localization of slip precursors and the propagation of the rupture waves, which determine the emergent static friction properties. Due to the stress concentrations on the edges of surface patterns, during the rupture process there is a time
sequence of localized slip precursors leading to the sliding of the whole contact region. The length scale of the patterns has a non-trivial interplay with the occurrence and location of slip precursors, with different regimes in which the transition from a static to a dynamic phase, from sharp becomes smooth. We show how the interplay between
slip precursors and two geometric length scales affect the macroscopic sliding event. We deal with this problem by means of numerical simulations of the two-dimensional spring-block model introduced in \cite{Our2D}, allowing to take into
account simultaneously longitudinal and tangential stress on the edges of surface features.

The paper is organized as follows: in section \ref{sec_mod} we present the model. In section \ref{sec_nopat},
we consider the case of non-patterned surfaces, to clarify the general dynamic of the model and to obtain benchmark results. In section \ref{sec_pat} we consider square pillar patterns to explain the interplay between the pattern length scale and the slip precursors. In section \ref{sec_hpat}, we introduce the hierarchical patterning and in section \ref{sec_dis} and \ref{sec_con} we provide the discussion and conclusions.

\section{Model} \label{sec_mod}

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{Fig1.png}
\caption{\footnotesize a) Discretization of a square surface into a 2-D spring-bock model, showing the mesh of the internal springs $K_{int}$. The shear springs ($K_s$) attached above the blocks are not shown. b) Side view showing the slider moving at constant velocity $v$ and the shear springs. }
\label{model}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We adopt the formulation of the spring-block model introduced in \cite{Our2D}, considering an elastic
material sliding over a non-deformable rigid substrate. The elastic surface is discretized into elements of mass $m$, each connected by springs to the eight first neighbors and arranged in a regular square mesh (figure \ref{model}a) with $N_x$ ($N_y$) blocks along the $x$($y$) axis at a distance $l_x$($l_y$). In order to obtain the equivalence of this spring-mass system with a homogeneous elastic material of Young's modulus $E$, the Poisson's ratio is fixed to $\nu=1/3$ \cite{Absi},
$l_x=l_y\equiv l$ and $K_{int} = 3/4 E l_z$, where $l_z$ is the thickness of the 2-D layer and $K_{int}$ is the stiffness of the springs connecting the four nearest neighbors of each block, i.e. those aligned with the axes. The stiffness of the diagonal springs must be $K_{int}/2$.

The internal elastic force on the block $i$ exerted by the neighbor $j$ is
$\textbf{F}_{int}^{(ij)}  = k_{ij} (r_{ij}-l_{ij}) (\textbf{r}_j-\textbf{r}_i)/r_{ij}  $, where $\textbf{r}_i$, $\textbf{r}_j$ are the position vectors of the two blocks, $r_{ij}$ is the modulus of their distance, $l_{ij}$ is the modulus of the rest distance and $k_{ij}$ is the stiffness of the spring connecting them.

All the blocks are connected by springs of stiffness $K_{s}$ to the slider that is moving at constant velocity $v$ in the $x$ direction (figure \ref{model}b). Hence, the shear force exerted by the slider on the block $i$ is $\textbf{F}_{s}^{(i)} = K_s ( \textbf{v}t +\textbf{r}_i^{0} - \textbf{r}_i )$, where $\textbf{r}_i^{0}$ is the initial rest position of the block and $\textbf{v} = (v,0)$ is the slider velocity vector. The total driving force on $i$ can be defined as $\textbf{F}_{mot}^{(i)} = \sum_{j} \textbf{F}_{int}^{(ij)} + \textbf{F}_{s}^{(i)}$. The stiffness $K_s$ can be expressed as a function of the macroscopic shear modulus $G = 3/8 E$, so that by simple calculations we obtain $K_s = K_{int} l^2/l_z^2$. In the following, for simplicity we fix $l_z=l$. Thus, the elementary mass is $m=\rho l^3$, where $\rho$ is the material density. Moreover, we consider only a square mesh, i.e. $N_x = N_y \equiv N$.

In the spring-block model, a viscous damping force, proportional to the velocity, is added to eliminate artificial block oscillations, i.e. $\textbf{F}_{d}^{(i)} = - \gamma m \dot{\textbf{r}_i}$, where $\gamma=5 \; ms^{-1}$ is the damping frequency.

The interaction with the substrate is modeled as described in \cite{Our2D,Our1D}, i.e. as an Amontons-Coulomb friction force with a statistical distribution on the friction coefficients: while the block $i$ is at rest, the friction force $\textbf{F}_{fr}^{(i)}$ opposes the total driving force, i.e. $\textbf{F}_{fr}^{(i)} = - \textbf{F}_{mot}^{(i)}$, up to a threshold value $F_{fr}^{(i)} = {\mu_s}_i \; F_n^{(i)}$, where ${\mu_s}_i$ is the static friction coefficient and $F_n^{(i)}$ is the normal force on $i$. When this limit is exceeded, a constant dynamic friction force opposes the motion, i.e.
$\textbf{F}_{fr}^{(i)} = - {\mu_d}_i \; F_n^{(i)} \widehat{\dot{\textbf{r}_i}}$, where ${\mu_d}_i$ is the dynamic friction coefficient and $\widehat{\dot{\textbf{r}_i}}$ is the velocity direction of the block. Given the applied pressure $P$, the normal force $F_n^{(i)}$ can be calculated as $F_n^{(i)} = P l^{2}$ and the total normal force is $F_n = P l^{2} N^{2}$.

In the following, we will drop the subscript $s$,$d$ every time the considerations apply to both the coefficients. The microscopic friction coefficients are extracted from a Gaussian statistical distribution to account for the randomness of the surface asperities, i.e. $p({\mu}_i) = (\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma)^{-1} \exp{[-({\mu}_i-(\mu)_m)^2/(2\sigma^2)]} $, where $(\mu)_m$ denotes the mean of the microscopic friction coefficients and $\sigma$ is its standard deviation. The mean microscopic static and dynamic friction coefficients are fixed conventionally to $(\mu_s)_m = 1.0(1)$ and $(\mu_d)_m = 0.60(5)$, respectively, where the numbers in brackets denote the standard deviations of their Gaussian distributions.

Thus, the Newton's law for the block $i$ is: $m \ddot{\textbf{r}_i} = \sum_j \textbf{F}_{int}^{(ij)} + \textbf{F}_{s}^{(i)} + \textbf{F}_{fr}^{(i)} + \textbf{F}_{d}^{(i)}$. The overall system of differential equations is solved using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm. In order to calculate the average of any observable, the simulation must be repeated various times, extracting each time new random friction coefficients. In repeated tests, an integration time step $h=10^{-8} s$ proves to be sufficient to reduce integration errors under the statistical uncertainty in the range adopted for the parameters of the system.

The global emergent friction force can be calculated from the sum of the longitudinal forces exerted by the slider, i.e. $F_{fr}= | \sum_i \textbf{F}_{s}^{(i)}|$, which corresponds to the longitudinal friction force that would be measured in an experiment of linear sliding.

Realistic values are chosen for the physical system parameters, i.e. a Young's modulus $E = 10$ MPa,
which is typical for a soft polymer or rubber-like material, a density $\rho = 1.2$ g/cm$^{3}$, and a normal pressure $P=0.05$ MPa. We have chosen these values as an average of those used in previous experimental work on these systems \cite{Balestra,Berardo}, but we note that, in the spring-block model, the relevant parameters is the ratio between Young's modulus and applied pressure, so that our results are qualitatively the same for all larger Young's moduli, provided that the pressure is also increased. The slider velocity is $v = 0.05 $ cm/s, similar to those adopted in recent experiments with surface textures \cite{Berardo,Scheibert,Maegawa_patt}. The distance between blocks $l$ in the model is an arbitrary parameter representing the smallest surface feature that can be modeled and is chosen by default as $l = 10^{-3}$ cm.

For discussion on the effect of these approximations, the comparison with other formulations of the literature, and the choices of parameters, we refer the reader to \cite{Our2D}. We remark here that the formulation is appropriate to describe the transition to sliding for slow velocities, assuming a constant real contact area and neglecting any long-term dynamical effects. For this reason, it is more effective in estimating the values of the static friction coefficient with respect to the dynamic ones \cite{Berardo}. Moreover, the current setup cannot capture phenomena related to the vertical stress distributions \cite{Guarino} or wave propagation in the bulk, and those related to the modification of the real contact area \cite{Balestra,Scheibert}. Nevertheless, the model is able to provide a good qualitative understanding at the onset of sliding at relatively small computational costs with respect to other full three-dimensional methods.

In order to simulate the presence of patterning on the surface, we set to zero the friction coefficients of the blocks located in correspondence with detached regions from the rigid plane. These blocks are not considered in contact with the ground, and the total normal force is distributed only on contact blocks. This is a good approximation to find the in-plane stress distribution at least for shallow structures, i.e. when their length along the vertical axis is larger than surface roughness, but sufficiently small to avoid significant effects due to the vertical shear stress, like deformation, tilting or bending of these structures. In \cite{Berardo}, in which surface structures fulfil this condition, this model is able to reproduce the qualitative trends of the static friction coefficients by varying the structure length.

\section{Results}

\subsection{Non-patterned surface} \label{sec_nopat}

As discussed in \cite{Our2D}, our formulation of the spring-block model (for a non-patterned surface) provides a qualitative description of the onset of the sliding motion. In the following, we will refer to detachment of a single block to indicate its transition from static to dynamic friction.

The typical time evolution of the total friction force is shown in figure \ref{fig1}. Slip precursors occur as single detachment events before the macroscopic sliding phase, corresponding to the weakest microscopic static friction thresholds. From these events,macroscopic rupture waves may nucleate. Parameters like the slider velocity, pressure, or statistical distributions of the local friction coefficients all affect the number of wave fronts, but in any case the time instant
$t_{max}$ at which the maximum tangential force occurs and the global static coefficient is calculated, corresponds to the onset of  propagation. Once the detachment fronts have traveled across the whole contact surface, a non-uniform distribution of residual strains appears, at the time instant corresponding to the relative force minimum after the first peak in figure \ref{fig1}. These residual strains are removed at the beginning of the dynamic phase \cite{KammerRadiguet}, when localized stick-slip motions of small fractions of the contact area take place.

Figure \ref{fig1} displays the corresponding number of blocks detaching over time: the precursors are those occurring before $t_{max}$, while this time instant there is the main sliding avalanche, highlighted by the peak of the number of detachments. The two peaks are clearly separated: $t_{max}$ occurs before the average detachment time calculated over all blocks, namely $t_{avg}$, which corresponds roughly to the propagation instant of the wave fronts over the whole surface. The time sequence of detachments on the two-dimensional surface is graphically illustrated in figure \ref{fig2}. From this we observe that not all the precursors trigger a rupture wave front.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.55]{Fig2.png}
\caption{\footnotesize Time evolution for the total friction force and percentage of detaching blocks, i.e. blocks switching
from static to dynamic friction in small time ranges, for a non-patterned surface. The vertical dotted lines mark the maximum of the total friction force, occurring at $t_{max}$ and the thin solid line the average detachment time $t_{avg}$. Slip precursors appear before $t_{max}$, while the global detachment event occurs shortly after it. This simulation is performed with default parameter values and $N=120$.}
\label{fig1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.55]{Fig3.png}
\caption{\footnotesize Color map of the times $t_{det}$ of the first detachment of the blocks on the surface, corresponding to the time evolution of figure \ref{fig1}. Times are normalized with respect to $t_{max}$, so that blue corresponds to detachment before the force peak and the red to those after that. The slip precursors appear as dark blue spots, not all of which give rise to a detachment nucleation point, e.g. those located in red regions.}
\label{fig2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{Single-scale patterned surfaces} \label{sec_pat}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{Fig4.png}
\caption{\footnotesize Surface patterning using square pillars. A single pillar is highlighted in the enlargement with the coordinates of its points ($x_p,y_p$) adopted in the next plots.}
\label{fig3}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

On non-patterned surfaces, the localization of slip precursors and nucleation points are determined by the statistical distributions of the local friction coefficients. Thus, on average, each point of the surface has the same probability of being a nucleation point, and in repeated simulations the spatial distribution on the surface of the initial detachment time is uniform. This situation changes in the presence of surface patterning. Here, we consider square pillars, which are a simple configuration to investigate these effects from a qualitative point of view.

In order to simulate these structures, we set to zero the local friction coefficients of the blocks not corresponding to the pillar regions. We indicates with $l_p$ and $l_s$ the pillar size and spacing, respectively, which can be normalized by the elementary block distance $l$, so that we can define $n_p \equiv l_p/l$ and $n_s \equiv l_s/l$ corresponding to the pillar and spacing length expressed in terms of number of blocks. Figure \ref{fig3} shows an example of a surface portion characterized by equally spaced square pillars.

The distance between surface edges and the pillars close to them is $l_s/2$ to reduce boundary effects. We have verified in preliminary tests that, with this choice, all the pillars have the same average statistical properties and are subject to the same stress distributions for $n_p \geq 4$. The case $n_p \leq 3$ is peculiar, since the number of blocks on the pillar is too small to induce a non-trivial stress distribution. In this case, the transition to sliding is similar to that for a non-patterned surface, so that in the following analysis we restrict to the cases $n_p \geq 4$.

The non-uniform surface stress distribution occurring on the surface of a single pillar before sliding induces a specific detachment time sequence, as shown in figure \ref{fig4}. First, regions on the corners detach, then those on the boundaries perpendicular to the sliding direction, followed by those on the parallel boundaries. This is because the longitudinal stress exerted on orthogonal edges is larger than in-plane shear stress along parallel ones. This sequence is repeated for the blocks adjacent to those on the borders. These detachments occur before the maximum of the friction force is reached and the global sliding begins, so that they can be considered sliding precursors. Finally, detachment waves are triggered from nucleation points located near the edge and propagate towards the central part of the pillar, which is the last part detaching. The number of wave fronts crossing the pillar and the exact location of the nucleation points is influenced by the random distribution of the local friction coefficients, but the described detachment sequence always occurs,
independently of statistical properties.

The sequence reflects the initial stress distribution and its redistribution after the first detachments, but the macroscopic consequence is the inversion between $t_{max}$ and $t_{avg}$, i.e. the force peak always occurs after the average detachment time. This implies that the sliding precursors are not only a few isolated blocks, but a whole region localized around the edge of the pillar. This is a qualitative change of the dynamics occurring at the onset of sliding motion, which is reflected in the shape of the force time evolution curve that is no longer a sharp peak, and becomes rounded.

This can be observed in figure \ref{fig5}, which illustrated the time evolution of the force and the number of detachments for various values of  $n_p$. While for $n_p=2$ the behavior is similar to a non-patterned surface, for $n_p \geq 6$ the sliding precursors are numerically relevant and occur for a larger time interval before $t_{max}$. For very large pillars, e.g. $n_p=60$, the static friction coefficient increases again and the transition is sharper. This is because the region
characterized by sliding precursors, localized around the edges of the pillars, becomes negligible with respect to the surface area of the central part, which is involved in the main detachment front after the time $t_{max}$.

The characteristic length of the slip precursors on the pillar sides in orthogonal directions is not symmetric due to the preferential sliding direction. This asymmetric behavior have been observed in recent experiments \cite{Scheibert}. In the 2-D spring-block model, this causes different detachment processes at orthogonal sides of the pillar.

If $\tau_{1}$,$\tau_{2}$ are the detachment times of two points $x_1$ and $x_2$ located on the same pillar side, we can calculate the time correlation function $C(x_1,x_2)\equiv \langle \tau_{1} \tau_{2}\rangle- \langle \tau_{1} \rangle
\langle \tau_{2} \rangle$, where $\langle...\rangle$ denotes the average over repeated simulations. If the correlation is zero, the detachment times in repeated simulations are uncorrelated. This implies that, despite $\tau_{1}$,$\tau_{2}$ have the same average value, they detach independently of each other. Instead, in the presence of correlation, their detachment could be triggered by the same precursor events involving more blocks. The precursor length can be estimated as the
distance over which a significant correlation exists.

In figure \ref{fig6}, we report the correlation function calculated from the central point of each side as a function of the distance along the same side. In symbols, on sides along $x$, the time correlation function are calculated between the points $x_1=(n_p/2,0)$ and $x_2=(np/2+r,0)$ as $c_{x}(r)\equiv C(x_1,x_2)/C(x_1,x_1)$, which is the normalized correlation function. The same definition applies for the side along $y$ between the points $y_1=(0,n_p/2)$ and $y_2=(0,np/2+r)$, with
$c_{y}(r)\equiv C(y_1,y_2)/C(y_1,y_1)$. These correlation functions are shown in figure \ref{fig6} for various $r$ values: while $c_{y}(r)$ decreases rapidly, $c_{x}(r)$ displays a correlation over a wide range of values. From this, we deduce that on sides aligned with the sliding direction slip precursors have a non-negligible characteristic correlation length. Although edges parallel to the sliding direction detach sligthly after the perpendicular ones, their slip involves a larger number of blocks.

The correlation functions decreases exponentially, i.e. $c_{x}(r) \sim e^{-r/l_{c}}$, where $l_c$ is the characteristic correlation length, that can be estimated by fitting the correlation functions. In the inset of figure \ref{fig6}, we report the fit results of $l_c$ for various pillar sizes $n_p$, obtained by averaging the correlation functions. It is difficult to estimate $l_c$ for $n_p \lesssim 10$ since there are few blocks to fit, however we can deduce that $l_c/l
\gtrsim 3$ and that it is slightly increasing with $n_p$.

This means that when the characteristic correlation length is comparable to the total length of the pillars, a slip precursor can lead to the detachment of the whole side of the pillar, leading to a faster detachment process and a globally smaller static friction. This explains why the smallest static friction is obtained for an specific intermediate value of $n_p$, as can be observed in figure \ref{fig5}, and the force peak at the transition is considerably more rounded.

Thus, this formulation of the spring-block model predicts an optimal length scale of the pillars which maximizes the occurrence of sliding precursors, so that the static friction is minimized and the transition to sliding is facilitated. One could argue that this features is inherent to the discretization length of the model. However, such minimum value for intermediate values of the pattern sizes is observed in experimental results \cite{Varenberg,Li,Berardo}. In real systems, there is a characteristic length scale of the precursors \cite{Molinari_frac}\cite{Fineberg_frac} which must be taken into account and compared to the length scale of the patterns. When the precursor length scale is greater or much smaller than the pattern size, the transition is qualitatively similar to that of a non-patterned surfaces, although the effective emergent value of the static friction coefficient can be different due to the different stress distributions. In the intermediate regime, i.e. for precursor length scales comparable to the pattern size, the slip precursors involve a
relevant fraction of the contact surface and the detachments are distributed over a longer time interval around the maximum of the friction force. This leads to a longer duration of the transition between static and dynamic friction.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{Fig5.png}
\caption{\footnotesize Average first-detachment time $t_{det}$ (normalized with respect to $t_{max}$) of the blocks on a single pillar of size $n_p=20$.}
\label{fig4}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{Fig6.png}
\caption{\footnotesize Time evolution of the friction force and block detachments for various $n_p$ values. In the case $n_p=2$, the dynamics of the transition to sliding is similar to that of non-patterned surfaces, while in the other cases the detachment sequence described in section \ref{sec_pat} occurs.}
\label{fig5}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{Fig7.png}
\caption{\footnotesize Time correlation functions $c_{x}(r)$ and $c_{y}(r)$ on orthogonal sides of the pillar for the case
$n_p=60$. A point located on a pillar is identified by its coordinates as defined in figure \ref{fig3} $x=(x_p,y_p)$. On the
side aligned with the sliding direction $x$, the points are $x_1=(n_p/2,0)$ and $x_2=(n_p/2+r,0)$, and $c_{x}(r)\equiv
C(x_1,x_2)/C(x_1,x_1)$. On the side along $y$, the points are $y_1=(0,n_p/2)$ and $y_2=(0,n_p/2+r)$, and $c_{y}(r)\equiv
C(y_1,y_2)/C(y_1,y_1)$. In the inset, the estimates of the characteristic correlation length $l_c$ as a function of the pillar size $n_p$ obtained through the fit of $c_{x}(r) \sim e^{-r/l_c}$.}
\label{fig6}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{Multiscale patterned surfaces} \label{sec_hpat}

Next, we consider the case in which the patterning geometry (i.e. the square pillars discussed in section \ref{sec_pat}) are split into smaller sub-structures, giving rise to the presence of two different length scales in the patterning structure. The simplest structure to consider is a pillar characterized by high-aspect ratio longitudinal or transversal
grooves, as shown in figure \ref{fig8}. We simulate these configurations again by setting to zero the
friction coefficients of blocks corresponding to the grooves. We adopt the same notation of section \ref{sec_pat}, i.e. a point on a pillar is denoted with its coordinates $(x_p,y_p)$. Length and spacing of the first level pillar are denoted with
$l_p^{(1)}$ and $l_s^{(1)}$, respectively. The structure sizes of the second-level, in this case pawls and grooves, are denoted with $l_p^{(2)}$ and $l_s^{(2)}$, respectively. Any length $l_{i}$ with a generic subscript $i$ can be normalized by the elementary length $n_{i} \equiv l_{i}/l$.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{Fig8.png}
\caption{\footnotesize Second level hierarchical patterning with high aspect ratio structures. In the enlargement, a single
first level single pillar and second level structures in the adopted coordinate system.}
\label{fig8}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

This type of multiscale (hierarchical) configuration combines the effects analyzed in the previous section due to the precursors appearing along the sliding direction, with another characteristic length due to the second level structures. As observed in \cite{Our1D,Lucas}, a hierarchical configuration allows to distribute mechanical stresses more uniformly over the surface and, in this case, increases the total effective length of the edges, i.e. the regions giving rise to slip precursors. Thus, there is a precise rupture time sequence as in the single-level patterns, starting from blocks located on the transversal side of the pillar, followed by those on the longitudinal external one. Shortly after these, there is the detachment of the blocks located along the longitudinal internal sides, i.e. along the second level grooves. The last stage of detachment takes place in the internal regions of the pawls.

In the time evolution of the longitudinal friction force, the transition from static to dynamic friction is characterized by two load peaks separated by an intermediate quasi-static phase (see figure \ref{fig9}). The geometry of these configurations divides the contact surface into two parts of equal size with distinct dynamics: the edge regions where slip precursors originate, and the internal core of the contact structures. The external edges of the pillars are subjected to larger
longitudinal stresses than the internal ones along the second-level grooves. For this reason, the former detach before the latter, but the correlation functions along the longitudinal edges display the same qualitative shape shown in section \ref{sec_pat}. The typical correlation length is also the same. Thus, all the edges along the second-level grooves are characterized by slip precursor with non-negligible length. This lead to a faster detachment of the boundary regions and, consequently, to the first load peak.

The time interval between the first and the second peak is controlled by the difference between the length scales. The global static friction, which is determined by the force reached at the second load peak, can be manipulated by modifying the pillar length $l_p^{(1)}$, although in general all the factors analyzed in \cite{Our2D} must be considered.

The two load peaks appear only if the second level grooves are aligned with the sliding directions. On the contrary, if the sliding direction is along the $y$-axis, most of the precursors are uncorrelated so that there is no large detachment determining the first load peak observed in figure \ref{fig9}. Thus, this effect is due to two fundamental factors: the concurrent presence of multiple characteristic length scales, $l_s^{(2)}<<l_s^{(1)}$ (hierarchical structure), and the anisotropic shape of the second-level grooves exploiting the occurrence of slip precursors with non-negligible length along the longitudinal edges.

The results obtained for a simple two-level structure can be generalized to multiple length scales and more complex geometries or to other surface patterns, provided that a hierarchical organization is present. Hierarchy is necessary but not sufficient, since the shape of the surface patterns and the alignment with the sliding direction must be designed to maximize the occurrence of precursor length. An anisotropic shape, similar to that of the second-level patterns considered here, is another fundamental factor to obtain such non-trivial frictional behaviors. We expect that these effects remain present when adding further hierarchical levels, although other physical mechanisms should be considered beyond the current model at smaller length scales.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{Fig9.png}
\caption{\footnotesize Time evolution of the friction force and block detachment for various hierarchical configurations.
the transition from static to dynamic friction is characterized by a double peak, corresponding to the distinct
detachments of boundary and central regions of the structures.}
\label{fig9}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion and relevance to seismic phenomena}\label{sec_dis}

The described non-trivial behavior described in the previous section could be exploited in applications involving patterned surfaces for friction control, e.g., whenever a rapid transition from static to dynamic friction is required while maintaining a smooth force behavior. In the phase between load peaks such as those appearing in Fig. 9, the system is in a static friction phase, since the internal regions of the patterning are still at rest, while the regions involved by precursors events undergo a stick-slip motion after the first detachment. However, the whole contact surface is in a stressed state, involving a combination of inhomogeneous stress and partial detachment, which can lead to full detachment in the presence of a small additional force. These effects could also be relevant for understanding the tribology of structured surfaces, including in biological systems. For example, in recent years, the pre-stressed state of the gecko paw has been investigated and identified as one of the key factors responsible for its capability to detach easily despite its strong static adhesion \cite{Gecko_Gao}.

Additionally, the results discussed in this paper are consistent with a large body of seismic data and could provide elements for its better understanding and interpretation. Starting from the seminal paper by Dieterich \cite{Dieterich}, earthquake precursors have been linked to preseismic fault creep and correlated to geometric dimensions of earthquake source zones. Preseismic slip has been found to be an intrinsic part of the process of homogenization of stress along a fault leading to unstable (seismic) slip \cite{Papadimitri}. Precursor activity has been identified as one of the key ingredients in the field of earthquake prediction \cite{Sykes}, with much discussion on whether the probability for large earthquake occurrence is highest during time periods of smaller event activation or quiescence \cite{Rundle}.

Analysis of seismic data sets has highlighted the presence of a complex nucleation phase, characterized by slip events distributed over long times \cite{Linde_Aseismic, Schmittbuhl_Izmit, Schmittbuhl_Precurs, Hasegawa} and sequences of localized precursor events have been observed \cite{Ellsworth_1, Ellsworth_2, Ellsworth_3}. Similar conclusions have also been obtained from rigorous earthquake models involving sliding faults governed by rate and state friction laws \cite{LapustaRice,Lapusta}. The relevance of slip precursors to characterize and possibly to predict macroscopic events has also been highlighted by discrete element models \cite{Ferdowsi} and by spring-block models \cite{Brown_SB2D,Mori_1,Mori_2}.

Our analysis introduces the possibility of correlating the observed phenomenology of seismic events to the geometrical features of the corresponding fault regions, possibly characterising them statistically. In particular, according to our analysis, the presence of an extended precursor phase could be correlated to multiscale fault geometry, involving characteristic length scales of which the fundamental one is expected to be of the order of the precursor correlation lengths. Our analysis on the effects of multiscale hierarchical geometrical features are consistent with studies on the implications on earthquake nucleation of geometric irregularity of the rupturing surfaces in fault lines \cite{Ohnaka}, including when the geometry involves multiscale heterogeneity \cite{Aochi}. Our results also indicate that an extended precursor phase is linked to the presence of pre-existing faults with inhomogeneous stress distributions, reflecting the fact that stress transfer and stress triggering phenomena have been invoked in the past for the onset of seismic activity \cite{Stein}. Specific aspects related to the application of our model to seismic problems will be the focus of future work.

\clearpage

\section{Conclusions} \label{sec_con}

Using a 2-D spring-block model we have investigated the transition from static to dynamic friction in the presence of hierarchical multiscale surface structures. The occurrence of slip precursors and how they affect the global emergent behavior have been discussed. In the case of nominally flat surfaces, isolated precursor events occur before global detachment, leading to the nucleation of a macroscopic rupture front, whose propagation over the whole surface determines the global static friction force.

In the presence of surface patterns, non-uniform surface stress distributions before sliding lead to different detachment sequences , and the macroscopic rupture wave is preceded by multiple precursor events originating from the edges orthogonal and parallel to the sliding direction. A characteristic length emerges, which can be estimated from the time correlation function, affecting the global transition to sliding: when the patterning size and the length of the precursors are of the same order, static friction is smaller and the transition load peak becomes smoothed.

In the presence of multiple scale levels in the patterning, the effect is replicated at all size scales, leading to a detachment phase characterized by multiple distinct peaks between which the surface is in a static friction condition but also in a stressed state, allowing a rapid but smooth transition to sliding. We show that this complex behavior emerges in the presence of both multiscale and appropriate anisotropic features in the surface patterning, and present a specific example of surface texture with these characteristics. Various other types of surface patterns could be designed to tune the specific behavior in the transition to sliding. These could be exploited to optimize the frictional properties of artificial devices switching continuously from static to dynamic sliding. Moreover, the discussed mechanisms could be responsible for the observed phenomenology in seismic precursor events and could be helpful in predicting earthquake events, based on the deduced average stress state of the involved fault lines.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
FB and NMP are supported by the European Commission under the FET Open ``Boheme'' grant no. 863179.  GC has received funding from the European union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754462. The authors acknowledge the Province of Trento for the financial support provided with the LP 6/99 for the "Meta-F" project.

Computational resources were provided by hpc@polito (http://www.hpc.polito.it) and by the Centro di  Competenza  sul Calcolo  Scientifico  (C3S)  of  the  University of  Torino  (c3s.unito.it)

\clearpage

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


There are several reasons why the two party system, Republican vs. Federalist, worked so well in the 1790's.
First, when the political parties emerged in the 1790's it was evident that their ideologies were vastly different. The Republican Party wanted a representative form of government that functioned "in the interest of the people." This party, led by Thomas Jefferson, supported a limited central government, with individual states retaining a majority of the control. Jefferson's vision was for a nation of farmers, and farmers do not need big government to survive. They feared a large central government would take away the rights of the people. On the other hand, the Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton, supported a strong central government that would pursue policies in support of economic growth, which in turn would provide the freedom the people wanted. Hamilton's followers also supported a diverse economy.1 It is important to note here however, that both parties knew they would have to become national parties in order to win any elections and both parties had followers in the north and in the south. There was no sectional divide in the parties.


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Home/Others/The facts, preceding the emergence of this feast.
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The facts, preceding the emergence of this feast.
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The annual celebration of the Easter holiday is one of the major events in lives of all religious Christians. While considering the issue of Easter celebration, its peculiarities and traditions, it is significant to mention briefly certain prehistorical motives and facts, preceding the emergence of this feast. Due to the Scripts, after Jesus had crucified himself for the sake of the whole humanity, the act of resurrection has taken place on the third day. According to Christian teachings, exactly this is considered to be the basis of their faith.
The Lord has granted Christians with " a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead" (Walker, 325). Having made a short glance at the background information, we can move forward to the process and model of Easter celebration. Firstly, we cannot but mention that in different areas and nationalities the process and priority of the Easter holiday were subjected to various modifications. The common feature may only remain the fact, that the holiday does not have a certain date, it may most likely occur " between the 22nd of March and the 25th of April" (Wright, 253). Hence, we can consider the Easter celebration date rather flexible, dependent on Gregorian and Julian calendar differences.
Observations from religious point
It can be inferred, that there exist various differences in celebrating Easter in the world of Eastern and Western Christians. The two latter imply the Orthodoxies, the Catholics, and the Protestants. For the majority of Catholics and Protestants the Easter tradition begins with the Easter Vigil, which takes place on the Holy Saturday.
This occasion is preceded with the lighting of a great Easter fire during a liturgy, which symbolically interprets the Christ, who is rising up from the dead, who proves the God's will and aspiration for justice. Further the liturgy is led through priests' readings and telling different biblical stories. Mentioning the tradition of the East world to celebrate Easter, we have to point out, that the word " Pascha" is relevant in this case.
Pascha can not be compared with any other holiday, even Christmas. The Orthodoxies consider the resurrection of the Christ the most important occasion in the whole history of the human race. Generally, the Pascha period starts with a Great Lent, during which not only the consumption of fatty food, but also participation in various entertaining activities, is forbidden. The church celebration of Pascha is also accompanied by Great Liturgy, after which the priest is traditionally blessing the colored Easter eggs and the whole basket of goods.
Observations of Easter customs
Throughout the history of Easter as a holiday, different traditions and customs have appeared. To one of the most popular traditions belongs egg decorating. The attached games Easter eggs may be used at bring joy and elation.
The example may be a situation, when parents hide the eggs, preferably chocolate, all over the house. The children's mission is to find the eggs, delivered by Rabbit Bunny. A reasonable part of people decides on attending the Sunday Mass in the church. And only hereafter they may start the day with self-prepared roasted meat, mostly lamb, and buns. It is also quite significant to mention, that among the representatives of the Western world, different games, such as for example egg rolling, are popular.
In comparison with the Orthodoxies' Easter celebration, the Catholics have more entertaining moments in their traditions. However, we can not state, that by this the importance of the feast is diminished. Easter remains a vital part in religious life of all Christians.
Copyright 2002-2010. United States Copyright Office 01 May 2010
A History of The Christian Church New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970. Wright N. T. Rethinking Heaven, the Resurrection, the Mission of Church HarperOne, 2008.
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Q: Why filename is not getting rendered properly I am in need to redirect output of program to a file and below is the code that I am using to create the output log file name:
set filename "C:\tools\tcl\bin\my.log"
puts "The log file $filename"

But this prints :
 The log file C: ools    cinmy.log

Note I can also receive the filename as argument to script:
set logfile [lindex $argv 1]

How can I resolve the issue for both case when receive logfile as arg and as constant?

A: Tcl will do backslash substitution and these substitution will happen only with double quotes. If you need a literal backslash, you have to escape it. When enclosed with braces, these substitution will not happen.
So, you can define your variable as
set filename "C:\\tools\\tcl\\bin\\my.log"

or
set filename {C:\tools\tcl\bin\my.log}

About the command line argument stuff, don't bother. Tcl will take care of it. It will be received as it is from your terminal.

A:
But this prints :
The log file C: ools    cinmy.log

This is because a literal string between double quotes is subjected to backslash substitution. For example, "\t" is interpreted as the tab control character, and not as a file-path element with \ as separator.
Your options:

*

*Escape the single backslashes: "\t" becomes "\\t"

*Use curly braces, which prevents backslash substitution from happening: "\t" becomes {\t}

*Use Tcl's [file] command to assemble the file path:
file nativename [file join C:/ tools tcl bin my.log]
The latter option is the preferred one.

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