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Category: Radparts
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, affecting approximately 7.8 million women in the past seven years. Current 3D breast cancer treatment focuses on treatment, tissue regeneration, and physical recovery. From prosthetics to drug-loaded implants, challenges persist. With a novel 4D technology, complexity and customization combine to improve breast cancer management.
Generally, 3D treatments are well-established due to many advantages, such as rapid prototyping, ease of accessibility, structural control, and cost-effectiveness. It also requires low energy, so from an environmental perspective, 3D treatments are eco-friendly, reduce waste production, and do not involve chemicals. There are some hurdles when it comes to 3D treatments, however. Some of these include build size, post-processing, and lack of regulation.
When it comes to revolutionizing the standard treatment for breast cancer, 3D printing has shown a significant impact when it comes to diagnosis, treatment, and aesthetic outcomes.
To help surgeons plan and make decisions, breast and tumor prototypes are used for diagnostic tasks, surgery training, preoperative planning, treatment optimization, and drug screening. These prosthetic models mimic patient anatomy. The 3D models, from a practical perspective, were created to localize tumors and provide physical models for resection guidance.
With 4D treatments, the advantages and disadvantages of 3D technology are present, but 4D can offer a higher level of complexity and customization features. Combined with programmed functionalities, the dynamic abilities of 4D treatments are advantageous for breast cancer treatment.
Some challenges of 4D treatment include material availability, technical aspects, and the design process. New materials and improved biocompatibility should be the primary focus when it comes to printability.
RadParts, a TTG Imaging Solutions Company is the world's largest independent distributor of OEM replacement parts. We specialize in low-cost parts for repairing linear accelerator and radiation equipment. Our mission is to provide high-quality, user-friendly, low-cost parts and support for linear accelerators and radiation equipment. Contact RadParts at 877-704-3838 to learn more.
Written by the digital marketing team at Creative Programs & Systems: https://www.cpsmi.com/
Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) was recently declared by the American Academy of Family Physicians as, "The biggest advance in bedside diagnosis since the advent of the stethoscope 200 years ago."
Many industry professionals, such as anesthesiologists, internal medicine specialists, family practitioners, and more, already use this technology and believe it is beneficial in widespread application. Ongoing advancements in POCUS technology make it an option for radiologists as well.
Thanks to POCUS' ability to rule out suspended pathology at the bedside, Rami Zebian, MD, CMO with Florence Medical Center and Marion Medical Center, said, "The best care is local care. There's a lot of talk about how to do more care locally. While you can have the best technology, a huge hospital setting, and people can travel, the best option is having options locally at the point of care and getting results or answers faster. For example, emergency medicine physicians who graduate from an emergency medicine residency nowadays have ultrasound as part of their training. If we're concerned about bleeding, they do the fast scan to quickly identify an area of concern, and then you go after it. There are a lot of conditions where time is very important."
Ernesto Brauer, MD, RDMS, RDCS, ASCeXAM, FACP, FCCP, ABSM, council chair with the Point-of-Care Ultrasound Certification Academy, says, "A significant number of ultrasound studies are reported as normal studies. This will avoid the unnecessary burden on radiologists."
POCUS offers lower-cost imaging devices that allow organizations to scale their use, enabling high-powered image insights to be at their fingertips. Regarding health care, the impact of POCUS will continue to be substantial, as it has unlimited potential in patient diagnosis.
Physicians use specific tools to understand the complex physiology presented by patients with complicated conditions. POCUS is now being used as an extension of a physical exam.
Ohad Zrazi, president and CEO of Clarius Mobile Health, said, "The emergence of high-quality handheld ultrasound systems that are even more portable, affordable, and easier to use is enabling physicians from diverse specialties to use ultrasound for diagnosis and treatment, often during first visits. As more physicians become proficient with using ultrasound to diagnose simple cases at the bedside, radiologists will have more time to focus on complex cases that require high level expertise."
Brauer said, "So, in a nutshell, the POCUS community is using POCUS in ways that have never been used conventionally by radiologists or sonographers. We are just in the early phase of the evolution of POCUS."
RadParts is the world's largest independent distributor of OEM replacement parts. We specialize in low-cost parts for repairing linear accelerator and radiation equipment. Our mission is to provide high-quality, user-friendly, low-cost parts and support for linear accelerators and radiation equipment. Contact RadParts at 877-704-3838 to learn more.
AI On the Horizon for Radiologists
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been poised to improve the radiological process for some time, yet despite hundreds of conferences, hype, and promises, AI hasn't made a huge impact yet.
Part of the issue with AI's slow integration for radiologists lies within the application. Algorithms can be applied to specific situations and places, but radiologists need to look beyond these narrow views. True workflow integration is the key to fully utilizing AI.
Though other areas of our lives already rely on AI, radiology has not caught up with the trend. Today's viewing software cannot suggest relevant prior imaging exams based on the current image being studied. Two strategies already exist which can help facilitate the AI process.
Activity Pattern Identification
By recording a radiologist's habits, AI can look for clusters of repeated actions to automate. Specifically, viewing particular images and reading aloud numbers on a corresponding screen could be achieved by AI. Or AI could monitor click patterns from radiologists to offer the most appropriate measurement tool. Personal patterns for handling protocols can also be improved by AI, which can shave valuable time and improve radiologists' mental load.
Information Integration
A large number of radiology algorithms accept images and output a diagnosis or prediction; however, after receiving images, the AI could include extra information with the output which would be of use to the radiologist. With this information at their fingertips, radiologists could make better clinical decisions. For example, if a radiologist is examining a specific body part where surgery had been performed, AI could display the most recent pre-operative images to allow the radiologist to compare the two more easily.
Considered some of the most technologically forward physicians, radiologists should harness the power of AI and tap into the potential capabilities. By using pattern detection and information integration, AI can simplify tasks, clarify figures, and help to boost maximum productivity.
RadParts is the world's largest independent distributor of OEM replacement parts. We specialize in low-cost parts for repairing linear accelerators and radiation equipment. Our mission is to provide high-quality, user-friendly, low-cost parts and support for linear accelerators and radiation equipment. Contact RadParts at 877-704-3838 to learn more.
Radiotherapy Equipment to Last a Lifetime
Medical equipment professionals often debate whether machines are useful past their "expiration" date. Newer radiation therapy equipment is touted to last seven or eight years, noting that it took roughly seven years to design and program before its release, doubling its age instantaneously. Therefore, the technology, software, and knowledge associated with a 14-year-old device is severely outdated.
However, this thinking is not necessarily true, as there are machines over 20 years old that are operating safely and reliably. In Latin America, a Varian 6X linear accelerator has been treating patients for more than 40 years.
Since 1953, a GE MaximaR 100 X-Ray Device (also known as a Superficial Unit) has been working at a hospital in the United States. For almost 70 years, this unit has helped treat skin cancer patients by producing mild doses of radiation to destroy cancer cells while preserving the surrounding healthy tissue. This machine is still being manufactured for use in dermatology and radiation oncology clinics.
In the Caribbean, a physician at a radiation oncology center said, "Our 2003 Varian 21EX linear accelerator treats over 50 patients per day. It has all the features we want including RapidArc. The 21EX has successfully treated thousands of patients."
These machines are well-built and are fully capable of lasting longer than seven or eight years. Certain companies purposefully underestimate the life of their linear accelerators to drive sales and increase new model usage. Also, many refurbished linear accelerators use the exact same technology as the current market models.
Are you looking to purchase a refurbished linear accelerator or have yours repaired? Contact RadParts today.
Particle Accelerators Create Potential Cancer Treatment in Lansing
A Lansing company called Niowave has begun producing actinium-225, a silvery metal isotope that barely exists on Earth, with a superconducting linear accelerator. The reason? This isotope is a promising cancer treatment; however, researchers don't know its full potential due to the absence of clinical trials.
Niowave has secured a $5 million deal with Fusion Pharmaceuticals to start production in 2024. Between Russia, the United States, Germany, and Canada, there are only two curies (unit of measurement for radioactive materials) of actinium-225. Niowave plans on making one curie per week.
In 2019, the federal government gave Niowave $15 million, and another $13 million last year, to produce molybdenum 99, which is used for medical imaging. Since other countries subsidize its production, making a profit from molybdenum 99 is tricky.
After working with uranium for years, the federal government determined Niowave could function safely with another highly radioactive element, radium, to create actinium-225.
Cancer therapy isotopes emit beta particles, which can destroy cancer cells but also kill healthy cells around them. Actinium-225 delivers more targeted alpha particles, which can emit more energy at a shorter distance.
Justin Wilson, an associate professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Cornell University said, "If you can get those alpha particles to the cancer cells, they have the capability of doing more damage but in a more confined region. Which, in theory, could prevent hitting healthy cells that maybe aren't part of the small metastatic lesion."
Eric Burak, chief technical officer at Fusion Pharmaceuticals, states that they are working on formulating three separate drugs that use actinium-225. He said the isotope is "One of the rarest elements in the entire planet, and, with more companies interested in its therapeutic potential, everyone is scrambling for actinium supply."
Fusion Pharmaceuticals are investing $5 million to help Niowave create actinium-225 in exchange for a guaranteed share of the end result.
Niowave's superconducting linear accelerator has been moved to a concrete room as radium is extremely radioactive.
Novel Cancer Treatment Headed to McLaren Flint
An innovative new technology headed to Flint will be used to treat cancer with proton therapy. The McLaren Proton Therapy Center is the first to receive the new machine that treats patients upright, enabling cancer treatment with more precision.
Leo Cancer Care developed the proton therapy called "Marie," which will take up less space yet provide more accurate treatments since there will be less organ movement.
The Proton Therapy Center in Flint will receive the first two upright units and be used within the next two years, pending FDA approval. The largest proton center in Michigan, the new machine will allow more patients to be treated.
According to a news release from McLaren, proton therapy is a type of radiation therapy that uses protons to accurately target tumor cells and leave healthy surrounding cells undamaged.
Stephen Towe, CEO of Leo Cancer Care, said, "The goal of Leo Cancer Care and McLaren Proton Therapy Center's collaboration is to bring proton therapy to more patients, and we know there are clear advantages with proton therapy. The McLaren Proton Therapy Center is well-positioned to become the first to potentially treat patients with the revolutionary Leo Cancer Care technology."
Construction to add the "Marie" units to the Proton Therapy Center in Flint will start in the spring of 2023 and be fully operational by the fall of 2024.
Deciphering the Difference Between Critical and Mundane Tasks in Radiology
Successful people who thrive in their careers are typically engaged in their workload and manage responsibilities well, with a keen focus uninterrupted by distractions. Generally, it isn't too difficult to decipher actual "work" from mundane tasks that are counterproductive or irrelevant, yet many people are guilty of partaking in the latter more often than not.
Diagnostic radiologists are typically responsible for interpreting images and providing reports outlining the findings. Whether certain clinical questions, managerial roles, or imaging protocols are involved, the overall group functions more efficiently when everyone is equally engaged.
Once in a while, radiologists might feel like they are partaking in mundane activities; for example, if a reporting template doesn't match their personal style or search pattern. Another scenario might include defending one's reporting language against a hypercritical QA reviewer.
Based on what the radiologist believes their work should encompass, one radiologist's critical tasks are another's.
To bridge the gap between critical and mundane tasks, one must note the subtle perverse incentives that might be happening in the workplace. Government, regulatory, and academic fields all succumb to these inadequacies when someone is rewarded for bad behavior or punished for good.
Common issues in radiology include no reward for productivity or no survey of who is contributing to the overall team effort. Radiologists who produce more RVUs might be extra stressed, which increases malpractice liability, both of which are perverse disincentives. To regain equilibrium, the radiologist can reduce their efforts or take more breaks, for example.
When certain team members become more aware of their performance impediments, better tools, more personnel, etc., are appointed. Once leadership is alerted, staff surveys are performed, which could lead to new hardware, software, coworkers, and more.
Without any sign of stress in the system, those who rank higher on the totem pole are unable to specifically outline any issues or provide support. However, with help from other team members through surveys and the like, leadership can improve the situation based on feedback.
Constructive evaluation and prevention is key in reducing perverse incentives and increasing overall morale.
Factors Causing Radiologist Shortages
A radiologist shortage is facing the global market due to factors such as increasing demand for imaging studies as well as Covid-19-related reasons. Additionally, an aging population, higher Medicare enrollment, and fewer radiology trainees make the situation even more dire.
Harprit S. Bedi, MD, vice chairman of radiology education at Boston University School of Medicine, said, "The older population requires more imaging."
The World Health Organization predicts that the percentage of the world's population over 60 years old will increase to 22 percent by 2050, almost double what it was in 2015. The United States Medicare population has greatly overshadowed the number of radiologists entering the field in recent years.
Aditya Khurana, MD, an incoming radiology resident at the Mayo Clinic, said, "The significant increase in Medicare beneficiaries and relative stagnation in DR providers serving the Medicare population could strain the supply and demand balance in the delivery of imaging services."
The global Covid-19 pandemic has hugely impacted both trainees and long-serving radiologists, forcing some into early retirement. Around two out of every five physicians are expected to reach retirement age in the next decade, which will worsen the situation even more.
The United States House of Representatives introduced the Resident Physician Shortage Act of 2021 to address physician shortfalls and fortify the number of Medicare-supported residency positions available. The bill could add more than 2,000 positions yearly between 2023 and 2029, totaling 14,000 new jobs.
Anna Rozenshtein, MD, president of the Association of the Program Directors in Radiology, said, "From a training perspective, the way to address a shortage of radiologists would be to increase the number of radiology resident positions. We must fight to expand the pipeline. This legislation, if enacted, would be a big step forward, with a couple of caveats: radiology residencies would need to be prioritized, particularly in the areas of the country experiencing the greatest shortage of radiologists."
Maria Helena S. Mendonça, MD, assistant professor at Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Sāo Paulo in Brazil, said, "Before 2020, we didn't know if clinicians would be open to remote work or if radiologists would be as productive from home. But Covid-19 exposed what was possible. I believe more trainees will be interested in the wonderful career that is radiology if we demonstrate how rewarding the specialty is. We can motivate ourselves to teach radiology residents and set an example of leadership while continuing to learn from our colleagues, enjoy a life dedicated to study and science, and show compassion and outstanding care to our patients."
Video Radiology Helps Patients Better Understand Test Results
Video radiology reports are made for specific patients using simplified language and clearly annotated images to help them better understand test results, according to a novel study published by the American Journal of Roentgenology.
Radiologists at NYU Grossman School of Medicine lead the study in collaboration with Visage Imaging GmbH and Siemens Healthineers. The study outlines how radiologists can create these patient-focused videos in under four minutes, delivering the results directly to patients and referring partners through an integrated patient portal.
Lead author of the study, Michael P. Recht, MD, the Louis Marx Professor of Radiology and chair of the Department of Radiology at NYU Langone Health, said, "For decades radiologists have provided traditional radiology reports that are full of medical jargon and extremely difficult for patients to understand and decipher. Our findings demonstrate that when radiologists take a more active role in patient-centered care and provide helpful information about a particular diagnosis in an easy-to-comprehend manner, both the patient and clinician benefit."
More than 100 radiologists at NYU Langone Health generated more than 3,500 video radiology reports during a four-month span between September 2021 and January 2022. All imaging modalities were used in the reports, such as MRIs, mammograms, X-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds, etc.
The average length of each video report was 55 seconds. In a survey, 91 percent of patients reported they preferred both a written and video radiology report, suggesting it was helpful at showcasing the most imperative aspects of the overall report.
Researchers created the video radiology reports with Visage Imaging GmbH to integrate and build a tool inside the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS), which is used by radiologists to read imaging studies.
After a series of images were identified, they were brought into the diagnostic viewer screen and recorded with audio while a mouse was used to identify notable anatomical anomalies.
The NYU Langone Health MyChart housed the video radiology reports on the patient portal, with personalized clinical notes and a complete written report.
Dr. Recht said, "Our study disrupts the old adage that radiologists 'sit in a dark reading room all day' and are invisible to patients. Through projects and research like this, our radiologists take a more active approach to patient-centered care that allows our department to provide exceptional, world-class care."
RadParts is the world's largest independent distributor of OEM replacement parts. We specialize in low-cost parts for repairing linear accelerator and radiation equipment. Our mission is to provide high-quality, user-friendly, low-cost parts and support for linear accelerators and radiation equipment. Contact RadParts at 877-704-3838 or visit us on the web: https://www.radparts.com.
Written by the digital marketing team at Creative Programs & Systems: www.cpsmi.com.
Viable Alternative for Diagnosing Coronary Artery Disease on the Horizon
According to a new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Cardiac Computed Tomography (CT) can potentially provide a safer alternative to coronary angiography for assessing patients who suffer from stable chest pain or have undiagnosed Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).
Researchers used a randomized trial to conclude that more than 3,500 patients with stable chest pain in a randomized trial had a lower risk of major procedure-related complications with the use of CT. In contrast, initial cardiac CT and coronary angiography had similar cardiovascular risks.
Marc Dewey, MD, head of the Department of Radiology on Campus Charite Mitte, said, "The trial confirmed that the CT-based examination is safe in patients with stable chest pain and suspected coronary artery disease. Among the patients referred for cardiac catheterization and included in this trial, the risk of major cardiovascular events was found to be similar in both the CT and catheterization groups, occurring in 2.1% and 3.0% of patients, respectively. The incidence of major, procedure-related complications was found to be lower in patients managed with an initial CT strategy."
The study was conducted between October 3, 2015, to April 12, 2019, by 26 European medical centers and involved 3,667 patients who were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to undergo CT or invasive coronary angiography.
Patients eligible for the study were required to be over 30 years old and referred due to stable chest pain with a high probability of obstructive CAD.
The study's primary outcome focus was on major adverse cardiovascular events, some of which include cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke. Secondary procedure-related complications that took place either during or within the first 48 hours after CT invasive coronary angiography were also of interest.
A total of 90 major adverse cardiovascular events occurred among the study participants during the follow-up period.
Henryk Dreger, Deputy Head of Charite's Department of Cardiology and Angiology said, "Now that it has been standardized and quality tested as part of the trial, this method could be made more widely available as part of the routine clinical care of people with intermediate CAD risk."
Written by the digital marketing staff at Creative Programs & Systems: www.cpsmi.com.


State Highway 94 is a New Zealand state highway connecting the large Southland town of Gore with one of New Zealand's most popular destinations Milford Sound. It also passes the significant townships of Lumsden and Te Anau as well going through the Homer Tunnel (in this area it is also called the 'Milford Road', with the section from Te Anau up to the Sound being 119 kilometres or 74 miles). The road also goes through Fiordland and crosses the Main Divide of the Southern Alps.
It is regarded as one of the most scenic roads in New Zealand, and with a peak elevation of 940 metres (3,080 ft), the country's third highest highway after the Desert Road (SH 1) and the Lindis Pass (SH 8). However, the "Milford Road" part is also one of the more dangerous public roads in New Zealand, with injury crash rates around 65% higher than the rest of New Zealand's network, and a fatality crash rate of almost twice average (per vehicle kilometre travelled), making it the third most dangerous section of New Zealand's State Highway network (as of 2008).


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Why NIO Stock Dropped Today, Then Recovered
The company's shares got caught up in the uncertainty caused by a government crackdown on U.S.-listed Chinese companies.
Howard Smith
(TMFBuilt2Last)
Jul 6, 2021 at 12:46PM
Howard grew up in Philadelphia watching the Philly sports teams struggle for championships. He has been investing since 1989 and been a Fool since 2001. Prior to joining The Fool as a contract writer in 2019, Howard worked in the steel business as an engineer for 28 years. When he isn't writing, he is usually out for a run, or relaxing to the music of the Grateful Dead.
Electric vehicle (EV) stocks tend to be pretty volatile. Shares of Chinese EV maker NIO (NYSE:NIO) followed that pattern today, but it wasn't the EV sector that caused the disruption. Shares of many U.S.-listed Chinese stocks are on the move today. NIO shares first dropped 2.4% before bouncing up to a gain of 2.7%. But as of 12:30 p.m. EDT on Tuesday, shares were back in the red, down about 1%.
The seesaw session comes after the Chinese government cracked down on Chinese ride-hailing company DiDi Global (NYSE:DIDI) over the weekend. DiDi just went public on the New York Stock Exchange last week, and the Chinese government seems to be letting them know who's boss.
Chinese regulatory officials launched a cybersecurity review of DiDi and prohibited new downloads of the company's app, according to reporting by The Wall Street Journal. Most U.S.-listed Chinese stocks dropped at the open today, but subsequent news that the crackdown is focused on technology companies might be why NIO shares bounced back.
NIO has a heavy reliance on the Chinese government. Its EVs are manufactured under an agreement with the state-owned Jianghuai Automobile Group. It recently renewed that agreement out to May 2024. The renewal comes as the company prepares to launch its first sedan, double its production capacity, and begin sales in Norway in its first market outside of China.
Investors seemed a bit nervous early today about news of a new crackdown, but NIO shares recovered as it looks like the government isn't targeting companies with U.S. listings in a broad net.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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'There was something about the whale's eye that drew me in, connected with me and inspired me,' says Kim Bassos-Hull. 'I was on a high school outing to watch whales off Provincetown, Massachusetts, when I had a up-close encounter with a spy-hopping right whale. Then and there I decided to study the fascinating creatures of the sea that we only glimpse before they slip back into their watery world.
'This decision led me to the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC) in 1986, where I obtained my BSc and MSc degrees. Through research opportunities at UCSC I was introduced to Hawaiian spinner dolphins, northern elephant seals and a bounty of marine wildlife in nearby Monterey Bay. I was also able to interact with two lab-bound bottlenose dolphins, Echo and Misha, and eventually return them to Florida and reintroduce them to the wild. At the same time I became a research biologist at Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, Florida, and met my husband, Captain Peter Hull.
'The year 2009 was pivotal for me: I started a kayak and paddleboard tour company and, with my husband, a research project on spotted eagle rays. Targeted by fisheries in some countries, the spotted eagle ray is a species we know very little about. We are lucky to see these graceful, beautiful fish in our coastal waters as they glide over sand shoals and sea-grass flats, sometimes leaping high into the air.
'The amazing times I've spent on and in the water remind me how much my spirit thrives on my connection to the ocean. Imagine a calm day after a large thunderstorm has passed, not another soul on the water, and then 'whoosh', a dolphin and her calf surface next to your paddleboard. Or paddling over a sea-grass flat and watching a bonnethead shark searching for its next meal. These are experiences I share with paddling guests, Mote interns, research colleagues and anyone who wants to take a moment to listen and feel the spirit of the sea.'
Our conservation project on the spotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari is providing much-needed information about its life history, abundance, behaviour, population structure and critical habitat in the Gulf of Mexico and western Caribbean Sea, as well as about the impacts of fisheries on the species. In some parts of the world, including Mexico and Cuba, these rays are targeted by fisheries or taken as by-catch.
We at Mote are working with academic institutions in Mexico (ECOSUR) and Cuba (University of Havana), bringing students from both nations to our field site in Florida and collaborating in all three countries to study and protect this ray. Our public outreach and education programme engages students on several levels, using exhibits on spotted eagle ray conservation, video productions, teacher training and media interviews.
The spotted eagle ray's extremely low fecundity (one to four pups per litter) and vulnerability to fisheries have led to an IUCN listing as Near Threatened with a decreasing population trend. We are filling the gaps in research data needed to protect the species and build international bridges for its conservation.
Our work involves aerial, on-water and fisheries surveys, tag-and-release in the wild, international exchanges and training, and public outreach and education. We are discovering, among other things: fluctuations in the spotted eagle ray's seasonal and annual abundance; growth rates and size at maturity; reproductive biology, including mating and pupping; genetic stock structure; and fisheries characteristics and landings. Our project addresses urgent concerns about the ray's biology and status in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea and serves as a model for collaborative study and protection of this and related species worldwide.
Sea eagles of the Caribbean
Kim and Robert are creating a portrait of the spotted eagle ray in the United States, Mexico and Cuba. Their work is providing important insights into protecting these graceful creatures across international boundaries.


The article below originally appeared on the New Orleans Tribune/Tribune Talk website last week. The prosecution rested its case this week in the Danziger Bridge police violence trial with one final witness testimony, perhaps the most moving.
Bartholomew's testimony punctuated the last days of the prosecution's case that were spent mostly on the testimony of FBI Agent William Bezak, who has been in charge of the FBI investigation of the case since January 2009.
As a so-called "summary witness," Bezak laid out the government's view of the shootings on Danziger Bridge and cover-up from beginning to end. Over the past two years, Agent Bezak interviewed nearly all witnesses associated with the case – including 75 NOPD officers – and reviewed what he said were thousands of pages of documents. As part of his testimony, the government also played an extended video from a television news crew that had been stationed nearby, and audio from a three-hour conversation between officers Jeffrey Lehrmann and Robert Gisevius. Officer Lehrmann, who has pleaded guilty to aiding in the cover-up, secretly recorded the conversation as part of his cooperation deal with the government.
On the profanity-filled audiotape, Gisevius repeatedly says that he thinks none of the officers who were on the bridge that day will "break" or "sing." Lehrmann, tasked by the feds to get Gisevius to admit guilt, continually presses Gisevius on who will talk or not.
In nearly two days of cross examination, defense attorneys questioned the government policy of not tape-recording interviews, expressing doubt about the testimony Agent Bezak had gathered, most of which were based on his hand-written notes, and questioned his interpretation of the evidence. They also asked questions that implied the prosecution had avoid calling some key witnesses whose testimony would not go along with the state version of events. Among the key witnesses not called were officer Robert Barrios, who has already pleaded guilty for his role in the shootings, and Leonard Bartholomew III, who was shot several times on the bridge.
Lawyers for the defense began calling witnesses on the afternoon of Thursday, July 21. The trial is expected to last at least three to four more weeks.


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Q: Validate Cluster Analysis by doing it on two subsamples I am working on validating a cluster analysis. I have read somewhere the approach to cross-validate the cluster analysis. The link of the article is
http://jonathantemplin.com/files/clustering/psyc993_03.pdf
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1. Divide data into two subsets: A and B.
2. Apply clustering algorithm to A – get c classes.
3. Each object in B is assigned to "closest" class in A.
4. Apply clustering algorithm to B – get c classes.
5. Compare partitions of B (based on #3 and #4).
– If agreement is high, have high confidence in result

Regarding the 5th point, do "partitions" refers to cluster members? How can we calculate agreement between both the partitions? Is it a valid technique to cross-validate the cluster analysis?

A: Yes, you can do it. This sort of cross-validation or staibility check aims against overfitting always catching one with a single sample. It is just one among possible strategies. (I'm not in agreement with @Anony-Mousse statement that to use the approach you have to use only clustering based on centroids. But what is true is that A and B subsamples must be about the same size and formed randomly. And the size be large enough, for all the "true" clusters, if any, show up in both halves.)
I have some points to stress.

*

*Assignment to closest cluster (pt 3) must be methodologically
isomorphic to the clustering method used (e.g. if the method of
clustering was hierarchical farthest neighbour so farthest neighbour (only not hierarchical) should be the assignment)$^1$.

*Actually, you don't have to produce just the same number of clusters
c in both clusterings. Due to possible outliers/noise points, it
might be that (say) a 6-cluster solution on A be most similar to 7
cluster solution on B. So, try a small range of solutions on A, on
B, and compare between them all (after the assignment of the points of B an A solution).

*The comparison may be as follows. To compare a clustering solution (partition) produced on B with a one produced on (A + assignment of B-points to the A-clusters) construct 2 binary square matrices between all the B-points, wherein 0 = the two points are in different clusters; 1 = in the same cluster. One matrix is for the assignment results, the other matrix is for the clustering-of-B results. Compare the two matrices by, say, computation of cosine similarity (= Ochiai measure) between them (you can just unwrap the triangular parts of the symmetric matrices into two vectors and compute the measure for the vectors).

$^1$ I have written a function doing simultaneous or progressive assignments of new objects to clusters obtained after hierarchical clustering, 10+ methods of linkage. It is for SPSS, and found on my personal web-page.

A: This is a stability test, but it is unclear to me when you can use this well. There are two hidden assumptions here:

*

*running the algorithm again (on the other half) is likely to produce a similar result (questionable for k-means type algorithms that are sensitive to initialization)

*centroid-type models (k-means type) where assigning objects to their nearest center is meaningful.

IMHO the A/B split would make more sense for DBSCAN (which does not involve randomness), but 1. assigning to the nearest cluster does not work well there (what about noise?), and 2. the parameters of DBSCAN will likely not apply to the full data set. The approach you outlined is approaching the problem too much from a classification point of view, but clustering is a rather different objective.
Last but not least, most clustering algorithm are based on some kind of aggregation. For example, k-means uses means. But of course these are not substantially affected by sampling. The mean of a (random, substantial) sample and the full data set should not systematically differ. So you may not learn much with this approach.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Chicago's own Hebru Brantley teamed up with New Era Cap to create a new limited edition 9FIFTY snapback collection.
The collection is featuring three designs that are sporting some of his iconic Flyboy character in Black. Considering Hebru's growing popularity these will surely not remain available for very long!
The snapback collection is now available at New Era's website for $50 each.


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About RECOM
What Is RECOM?
What is the Coalition for RECOM?
What is RECOM process?
Establishment of RECOM
Justice and Reconciliation
Victims' Voice
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Home | All News | Artists-Belgrade, Serbia-December 16, 2006
Artists-Belgrade, Serbia-December 16, 2006
Regional Consultation with Artists on the Legacy of the Past
The Regional consultation with artists was organized by HLC in cooperation with Haris Pašović, a theatre director and professor at the Academy of Performing Arts, Sarajevo, BiH, and Nenad Prokić, playwright and professor at the Faculty of Dramatic Arts, Belgrade, Serbia. There were 27 participants from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Slovenia, and Kosovo: film and theatre directors, writers, actors, designers, and a dancer/choreographer. Haris Pašović, Nenad Prokić, and Nataša Kandić (Humanitarian Law Center, Serbia) opened the gathering. Danas, Mreža, B92, and CEE Cult media agencies reported on the event.
Discussion unfolded within the sessions—Responsibility of Art, Artistic Freedom and Cultural Space, and Artistic Responsibility and Historical Memory.
Suggestions, opinions, and recommendations
Tags: Consultations
Truth Commission Activists Plan Yugoslav 'Book of the Dead'
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European Union-Western Balkans: for a revised membership negotiation framework
The memory of Srebrenica is fading away
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V 10 Plus introduces the finest range of anti-aging products for your beautiful skin. Premature fine line ruins your gorgeous glow, therefore despite becoming their staple mate; now, you have a revolutionary technique which will cater this anti-aging concern. Our rich ingredients remain tough on wrinkles and provide soft and youthful skin. By using our best anti aging cream products, you can preserve your youthful glow as long as you want.
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text:
18-1302-SAN
Minimum Wage Workers in Idaho – 2017
Of the 477,000 workers paid hourly rates in Idaho in 2017, 5,000 earned exactly the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour, while 11,000 earned less, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Assistant Commissioner for Regional Operations Richard Holden noted that the 16,000 workers earning the federal minimum wage or less made up 3.3 percent of all hourly paid workers in the state. Nationwide, those earning the federal minimum or less accounted for 2.3 percent of the hourly paid workforce. (See table 1. The Idaho minimum wage is equal to the prevailing federal minimum wage.)
In 2003, 11,000 hourly paid workers earned the prevailing federal minimum wage or less in Idaho, the lowest level since data were first available in 2000. The 11,000 workers in this category accounted for 3.0 percent of all hourly paid workers in the state. In 2007, the federal minimum wage began increasing after holding steady for nearly a decade. (See chart 1.) Two additional increases in the federal minimum wage followed, resulting in more Idaho workers falling into this category, peaking at 31,000 in 2012. From 2014 to 2016 the number held steady at 21,000, then decreased to 16,000 in 2017.
From 2016 to 2017, the proportion of hourly paid workers in Idaho who earned at or below the federal minimum wage fell 1.3 percentage points. The percentage of workers earning exactly the federal minimum wage decreased from 2.1 percent to 1.0 percent, while the percentage earning less than the minimum wage fell from 2.5 percent to 2.3 percent.
Among workers earning the prevailing federal minimum wage or less in Idaho in 2017, 11,000 were women. These women represented 4.6 percent of all women paid hourly rates in the state. There were 4,000 men earning the minimum wage or less in Idaho, accounting for 1.7 percent of all men paid hourly rates in the state. (See table 2.)
In 2017, the states with the highest percentages of hourly paid workers earning at or below the federal minimum wage were in the South: Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee (all were about 4 percent). The states with the lowest percentages of hourly paid workers earning at or below the federal minimum wage were in the West or Midwest: California, Washington, Montana, and Minnesota (all were less than 1 percent). It should be noted that many states have minimum wage laws establishing standards that exceed the federal minimum wage. As of January 1, 2018, 29 states and the District of Columbia had minimum wage rates that exceeded the federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. (See table 1 and chart 2.)
The estimates in this release were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey also provides data on earnings, which are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, are excluded from these earnings estimates.
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, respondents may round their hourly earnings to whole dollars when answering survey questions.
Minimum wage worker data, particularly levels, for each year are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years because of the introduction of revised population controls used in the CPS. For technical documentation and related information, including reliability of the CPS estimates, see www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
Some workers reported as earning at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not, in fact, be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the FLSA or state statutes in cases where such standards apply.
Estimates of the number of minimum wage workers in this release pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the federal minimum wage. Consequently, the estimates presented in this release likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage.
The prevailing federal minimum wage was $2.90 in 1979, $3.10 in 1980, and $3.35 in 1981-89. The minimum wage rose to $3.80 in April 1990, $4.25 in April 1991, $4.75 in October 1996, and $5.15 in September 1997. On July 24, 2007, the federal minimum wage increased to $5.85 per hour; on July 24, 2008, to $6.55 per hour; and on July 24, 2009, to $7.25 per hour.
The principal definitions for the main concepts presented in this report are below.
Wage and salary workers. Workers age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the private and public sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Workers paid at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded.
Hourly earnings. Hourly earnings data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and refer to a person's sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.
Median hourly earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The median is less sensitive to extreme wages than the mean; this makes it a better measure for highly skewed distributions.
Table 1. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by state, 2017 annual averages
Number of workers (in thousands)
Percent distribution
Percentage of workers paid hourly rates
At or below minimum wage
Total, 16 years and older
80,439 1,824 542 1,282 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.3 0.7 1.6
1,189 40 26 14 1.5 2.2 4.8 1.1 3.4 2.2 1.2
203 2 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.6 0.5
1,644 29 2 27 2.0 1.6 0.4 2.1 1.8 0.1 1.6
769 14 3 11 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.9 1.8 0.4 1.4
9,685 52 14 39 12.0 2.9 2.5 3.0 0.5 0.1 0.4
4,726 123 6 116 5.9 6.7 1.1 9.1 2.6 0.1 2.5
366 10 1 8 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 2.7 0.4 2.3
1,649 14 6 8 2.1 0.8 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.5
704 29 15 14 0.9 1.6 2.7 1.1 4.1 2.1 2.0
3,415 106 43 64 4.2 5.8 7.9 5.0 3.1 1.2 1.9
6,290 196 78 118 7.8 10.7 14.5 9.2 3.1 1.2 1.9
900 21 13 9 1.1 1.2 2.3 0.7 2.4 1.4 1.0
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons, whether or not their businesses are incorporated. These data are based on a sample and therefore are subject to sampling error; the degree of error may be quite large for less populous states. Unrounded data were used in all calculations.
Table 2. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage and median earnings of hourly paid workers in Idaho, by gender, annual averages, 2007-2017
Median earnings (in dollars)
Total paid hourly rates
At minimum wage
Below minimum wage
222 3 1 2 1.4 0.5 0.9 $12.88
207 4 1 3 1.9 0.5 1.4 13.78
189 12 5 7 6.3 2.6 3.7 12.83
205 12 10 2 5.9 4.9 1.0 13.13
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Data for 2007–2009 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.
Last Modified Date: Thursday, August 09, 2018


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Q: Monitoring and statistics through libvirt Is it possible to monitor and gather statistics in realtime (CPU,
memory, HDD, network, ... - something like dstat) of guest systems
with libvirt through console from host system (KVM based)? If yes, do
those guests need to be created through libvirt?

A: virt-top?
http://people.redhat.com/~rjones/virt-top/

A: virt-manager has some of this built in, but if you want more detail, look at nagios-virt.  Alternatively, you can monitor it by installing the same tools (nagios, ZenOSS, etc) on the guest that you'd use on a non-vm system.

A: I run munin on my virtual clients to gather this kind of information.  Information is gathered every 5 minutes and available in graphical format via rrd.  Data is available via http from my munin server.

A: You can use collectd with libvirt plugin
https://collectd.org/wiki/index.php/Plugin%3alibvirt


One American dies every hour from oral cancer. Late detection of oral cancer is the primary cause that both the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer continue to increase. It is one of the few types of cancer that has not seen a significant reduction in incidence over the past thirty years, and recent research has shown a strong association with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), which can be sexually transmitted. For this reason, many oral health care professionals now believe that all individuals over the age of 18 should have at least an annual oral examination. While, age, tobacco and alcohol use are risk factors for oral cancer, more than 25% of oral cancer victims have no lifestyle risk factors.
Early detection of precancerous tissue can minimize or eliminate the potentially disfiguring effects of oral cancer and possibly save your life.
Pre-malignant changes actually start below the surface, at the basement membrane. These changes may not be apparent to the naked eye until the disease progresses to the surface. The exam is very affordable and may be covered under some insurance policies.


This exhibition brings together artworks which, in different ways and to varying degrees of seriousness or wit, play on some of the issues raised by sport, the politics surrounding it and its representation in the media. Aleksandra Mir's spectacular installation Triumph, 2009, comprises 2,529 trophies; a sound piece by Janice Kerbel presents a specially scripted baseball commentary; and works by Roderick Buchanan, Lucy Gunning, Jonathan Monk, Ariel Orozco and Paul Pfeiffer take football as their subject. In Southwark Old Town Hall, John Gerrard's Exercise (Djibouti) 2012 uses digital technologies to explore aspects of sport, spectacle, military exercise and power. In stark contrast, Michel Auder's low-tech video collage of clips from TV coverage of the 1984 LA Olympics focuses on the human body, eroticised and mechanised in its pursuit of perfection.
Part of SLG Local which is sponsored by Bloomberg and funded by the National Lottery through the Big Lottery Fund.
The installation of Exercise (Djibouti) 2012 at Southwark Old Town Hall is also supported by The White Wall Company.
With thanks to Greengrassi, London; Lisson Gallery, London; Matt's Gallery, London; Thomas Dane Gallery, London; and Selma Feriani Gallery, London.
Installation view of the 2012 exhibition Pursuit of Perfection: the Politics of Sport. Taken off site, this picture shows a video work installed in the Southwark Old Town Hall.


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Coming Out: Sexuality, Gender and Identity – Exhibition in Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, 28th July-5th November
Alien Sex Club, Arts Council Collection, Birmigham Museum & Art Gallery, Coming Out, David Hockney, Gas Hall, James Richards, LGBT, LINDER, Sarah Lucas, Sexuality, Steve McQueen, Visual Culture, Walker Art Gallery
Coming Out: Sexuality, Gender & Identity
Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
28 July – 5 November 2017
The Walker Art Gallery will mark the 50th anniversary of the partial decriminalisation of male homosexual acts in England and Wales (1967 Sexual Offences Act) with a major exhibition drawn from the Arts Council Collection and its own collections.
Coming Out: Sexuality, Gender and Identity will bring together a diverse range of artists who have used their work to explore sexuality and gender identity since 1967. The exhibition will reveal the findings of over two years of research by the Gallery into LGBT history, visual culture, its collection and the Arts Council Collection, revealing hidden queer histories and institutional blind spots that will be addressed through the exhibition's programme of events and performances.
The exhibition will include artists David Hockney, Steve McQueen, LINDER, James Richards and Sarah Lucas among others, as well as new acquisitions to the Walker's collection, including work from Alien Sex Club, generously funded by the Art Fund New Collecting Award scheme. The show will travel to Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery in December 2017 where it will be re-presented within the major Gas Hall exhibition space.


This is everything you need to create the stunning effects that are possible by the proper use of Liver of Sulphur. We have included the best tools and most comprehensive instructions for your success. Create and control the wide array of color and patterns by following the successful techniques of Senior Metal Clay instructor Hattie Sanderson.


text:
Die Pädagogische Hochschule Halle-Köthen war eine Hochschule mit Promotionsrecht im Bezirk Halle, seit 1990 in Sachsen-Anhalt, die vornehmlich der Ausbildung von Lehrern für Oberschulen diente. Sie ging 1988 aus der Vereinigung der Pädagogischen Hochschulen in Halle (Saale) und Köthen hervor und wurde 1993 in die Martin-Luther-Universität Halle eingegliedert.

Pädagogische Hochschule "N.K. Krupskaja" Halle

Bereits in der Weimarer Republik gab es eine Pädagogische Akademie Halle (Saale) von 1930 bis 1933/34.

Die DDR richtete ab 1950 Institute für Lehrerbildung ein, so auch in Halle (Saale). Im Hohen Weg in Halle-Kröllwitz wurde 1952 das Gebäude des Pädagogischen Instituts, ein weitläufiger schlossartiger Bau, errichtet, der mit Rücksichtnahme auf die Umgebung in einem schlichten Farbton gehalten, aber im Stil der Erbauungszeit mit Werken verschiedener Künstler aus dem damaligen Bezirk Halle verziert war.

1969 wurde das Pädagogische Institut nach der russischen Pädagogin und Revolutionärin Nadeschda Konstantinowna Krupskaja benannt und 1972 zur Pädagogischen Hochschule "N.K. Krupskaja" erhoben.

Die Hochschule war in folgende Sektionen gegliedert:
 Biologie/Chemie
 Mathematik/Physik
 Polytechnik (ab Ende der 80er Polytechnik/Informatik)
 Marxismus-Leninismus (diente der in der DDR obligatorischen Ausbildung von Hochschulstudenten in diesem Fach)
 Pädagogik/Psychologie/Freundschaftspionierleiterausbildung

Eine Außenstelle in Dessau betrieb einen Vorkurs, der die Hochschulzugangsberechtigung für Absolventen der 10. Klasse innerhalb eines Jahres ermöglichte.

Pädagogische Hochschule "Wolfgang Ratke" Köthen

1885 begann der Bau des heutigen Ratke-Gebäudes in der Lohmannstraße in Köthen. 1887 wurde es als "Herzoglich Anhaltisches Landesseminar zu Cöthen" eingeweiht. Es beherbergte von 1920 bis 1936 die Deutsche Oberschule. 1950 wurde dort ein Institut für Lehrerbildung eingerichtet, das 1963 zum Pädagogischen Institut und 1974 zur Pädagogischen Hochschule "Wolfgang Ratke" erhoben wurde.

Pädagogische Hochschule Halle-Köthen

1988 wurde die Pädagogische Hochschule "Wolfgang Ratke" Köthen mit der Pädagogischen Hochschule "N.K. Krupskaja" Halle zur Pädagogischen Hochschule "N.K. Krupskaja" Halle-Köthen vereinigt. Rektor bis war Robert Künstner, der schon die PH Halle seit 1985 leitete. Der Mathematiker Werner Jungk wurde als Verdienter Hochschullehrer der DDR geehrt.

1991 legte die Einrichtung den 1969 verliehenen Ehrennamen ab und nannte sich seitdem nur noch Pädagogische Hochschule Halle-Köthen. Im selben Jahr war die Hochschule Gastgeber der internationalen Reformpädagogik-Konferenz.

Das von 1970 bis 1992 bestehende Institut für Schulpädagogik und Grundschuldidaktik der Pädagogischen Hochschule "Wolfgang Ratke", danach der Pädagogischen Hochschule Halle-Köthen, ist seit 1993 ein Institut der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. Seit dem Wintersemester 1997 befindet sich der Sitz des Instituts in den Franckeschen Stiftungen zu Halle, wie auch die ganze Hochschule 1993 der Martin-Luther-Universität angeschlossen wurde.

Das Ratke-Gebäude in Köthen ging 1997 an die Hochschule Anhalt über und wurde durch das Studienkolleg und das Europäische Fernstudienzentrum im Hochschulverbund Sachsen-Anhalt (EFZSA) genutzt. Seit 2000 nutzt es der Fachbereich Informatik und Sprachen.

Studium und wissenschaftliches Leben
Die Studiendauer an Pädagogischen Instituten wurde 1955 von zwei auf drei und 1958/59 auf vier Jahre verlängert. Das Studium wurde inhaltlich und ideologisch den Erfordernissen der 1959 neu geschaffenen POS angepasst. Seit 1982 verlängerte sich die Ausbildungszeit um ein weiteres Jahr, das dem großen Schulpraktikum (einem Referendariat vergleichbar) diente. Das Studium wurde in der Regel mit dem akademischen Grad eines Diplomlehrers und der Lehrberechtigung für zwei Fächer abgeschlossen. Der Sektionsstruktur folgend, wurden also vor allem Diplomlehrer für Mathematik und Physik sowie für Biologie und Chemie ausgebildet. Diplomlehrer für Polytechnik (Werken, ESP und TZ) und Freundschaftspionierleiter wurden in den anderen Sektionen herangezogen.

Als höhere akademische Grade konnten der Dr. paed. und der Dr. rer. nat erworben werden, auch die Promotion B zum Dr. sc. war möglich.

Die Hochschule bildete nicht nur Lehrer für Oberschulen aus, sondern ihre Wissenschaftler betrieben auch Forschung im pädagogischen Bereich sowie in den als Schul- bzw. Studienfach gelehrten Wissenschaften. Sie publizierten ihre Ergebnisse sowohl in der von der Hochschule selbst herausgegebenen Wissenschaftlichen Zeitschrift als auch in internationalen Fachzeitschriften und Monographien. Ferner leiteten Wissenschaftler der Hochschule auch Schüler der Abiturstufe an, die in den nationalen Chemieolympiaden erfolgreich waren und sich auf die Internationale Chemieolympiade vorbereiteten.

Literatur
 Andreas Herbst u. a.: So funktionierte die DDR, Band 2: Lexikon der Organisationen und Institutionen, rororo, Reinbek 1994, bes. ISBN 3-499-16349-7, S. 775f.
 Heidemarie Kemnitz: Lehrerbildung in der DDR. In: Sigrid Blömeke, P. Reinhold, G. Tulodziecki, J. Wildt (Hrsg.): Handbuch Lehrerbildung. Klinkhardt/ Westermann, Bad Heilbrunn/ Braunschweig 2004, S. 92–110.

Einzelnachweise

Pädagogische Hochschule in Deutschland
Ehemalige Hochschule in Sachsen-Anhalt
Hochschule in Halle (Saale)
Geschichte (Köthen (Anhalt))
Padagogische Hochschule Hallekothen
Padagogische Hochschule Hallekothen
Bildungseinrichtung in der DDR
Padagogische Hochschule
Bildung im Landkreis Anhalt-Bitterfeld

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How can I subtract all items in a list with Python? What I want to do is subtract all the items in that list by order:
>>> ListOfNumbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
>>> 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10  # should be computed
-53

A: You could use the reduce() function:
>>> from functools import reduce
>>> lst = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
>>> reduce(lambda x, y: x - y, lst)
-53

Or using operator.sub instead of the lambda:
>>> import operator
>>> reduce(operator.sub, lst)
-53

Note that in Python 2.x reduce() is a built-in, so you don't need to import it.

A: You can iterate through the array and subtract:
result = ListOfNumbers[0]
for n in ListOfNumbers[1:]:
    result -= n

Or, as vaultah pointed out:
result = ListOfNumbers[0] - sum(ListOfNumbers[1:])

A: With itertools.accumulate and operator.sub functions:
import itertools, operator

l = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
print(list(itertools.accumulate(l, operator.sub))[-1])   # -53

This not pretends to be better than posted functools.reduce() solution, but gives an additional feature - intermediate subtraction results for each pair (the 1st item stays as starting point):
[1, -1, -4, -8, -13, -19, -26, -34, -43, -53]

A: Yet another way of doing it, assuming items as input list.
if len(items) == 0:
    print(0)
elif len(items) == 1:
    print(items[0])
else:
    print(items[0] - sum(items[1:]))


Drunk Monkeys - Episode 53 - Cocktail Time - Loaded Baked Potato.
What we call a "season" of this show is filmed all in one night and just released as separate episodes. So if I say that this is the last episode of Season 7, our longest season yet, perhaps then you'll know why Jen and Erica seem so… tired. A constant quest of the show is to find a way to drink the more savory liquors without just masking them in a Bloody Mary. In this episode, Jen is concocting something she calls a Loaded Baked Potato, using both Bakon (ep29) and Naked Jay Big Dill pickle (ep42) vodkas.
It's the end of Season 7, but we'll be back next week right on schedule with the start of Season 8. Season 8 will feature episodes filmed during our live appearances at Chicago Sketch Fest and at Watershed back in January.


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Category: Trove Tuesday
Trove Tuesday – Australia Day 1915
Australia Day has not always been 26th January. In 1915, it was celebrated on 30th July in order to raise funds to help sick and wounded soldiers.
Wattle, watercolour by Caroline Peebles. ca. 1870-ca. 1910 http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/141407
On Saturday 2 October, The Australasian published a letter by a young girl describing some of the sights in the Rutherglen district on that day. It was obviously a memorable day for her. She describes selling wattle "to help the soldiers" in the morning and a ride on the teacher's motorcycle to see the cars and flags on display.
Times have definitely changed – her teacher would most certainly not be praised for taking "little girls on his motor-bicycle" today!
THE YOUNG FOLK. (1915, October 2). The Australasian (Melbourne, Vic. : 1864 – 1946), p. 53. Retrieved January 26, 2016, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article142980183
Nathalie Dugay from Dugay's Bridge, Rutherglen). – "Dear 'Patience,' – I was very glad to see my letter in the 'Young Folk's Page,' and I am going to write you a longer one this time. I am in the third grade at school now; my brother Lance is getting on well, too, he's in the second grade. We have a new teacher since I wrote to you last; but we have only got half-time school now, and I do not like it so well as the full time, as I sometimes forget things the teacher tells me when there is a day in between with no school. Our new schoolmaster has a motor cycle; and sometimes he takes us children for little rides up the road; it is lovely to ride on it. On Australia Day he took two of us in to Rutherglen to see the motor cars and the shops all decorated with flags and wattle; we had a half-holiday; I enjoyed myself very much, I sold some bunches of wattle in the morning at our school to help the soldiers. We had our school decorated with flags and wattle, and the Union Jack, and the Australian flags. My father put a French flag on the longest pole, because it is the flag of his native land. On the days that there is no school our grandma gives lessons in French; we do not know much yet, but some day I hope we will, because my father and grandma speak French as well as English. We have had a lot of rain lately, and the grass is growing well; also the crops. This is very pleasant to see after the drought. I remain your correspondent, 'Nathalie.' " – I must compliment you on your writing, Nathalie; it is so well formed and very clear. In learning French you have a great advantage over most children, as you hear it spoken in your own house by French people; and that is quite the best way to acquire a language. What a good natured teacher you have to give you those rides; it is not every man that will take little girls on his motor-bicycle. – Love from "Patience."
Author MaureenPosted on January 27, 2016 Categories Trove Tuesday2 Comments on Trove Tuesday – Australia Day 1915
Trove Tuesday – Bushfires in Emerald
Some areas have floods, we have bushfires!
Fortunately, not all the time, but it is always a summer risk, especially on very hot days with strong northerly winds. Today was hot but not too windy, so the 'beep' of the Fire Ready app on my mobile phone this afternoon didn't cause alarm. It was fairly close to home this time – a stump fire in the Puffing Billy yard according to a friend. It must have been fairly easily dealt with, as it soon disappeared from the app. Not so, many of the much larger fires in other areas of Australia already this summer. Six of our local brigades were reported as sending teams to continue the blacking out and patrolling of the Crib Point fire this afternoon.
Fire was even more of a problem for our early settlers. I have been correcting the text on newspaper articles about earlier bushfires for some time and intend to share some which have links to my family and/or the places they lived in a series of TroveTuesday posts.
There were many fires in February of 1926 and newspapers included quite a bit of information about the firefighting efforts of the local people – including the congregation of one of the churches!
MANY BUSH FIRES. (1926, February 1).The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 – 1957), p. 11. Retrieved January 14, 2016, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3732268
EMERALD. – A bush fire broke out in the town on Sunday morning. It began in Ferres Gully, and came up near the house owned by Mr. Walton. Help was forthcoming, and the house was saved. The flames went on and up to the main road, and crossed the road by the Church of Christ. The morning service was in progress. The congregation left the church and beat the flames out in the vicinity of the building. The fire turned back, and burnt a shed at the back of Mr Walton's house. Men beat back the flames, and made Mr. Paling's house safe. A number of beaters went to the top of the hill and burnt a break around Mr. Tyrer's house. A break was burnt along King's road, and the fire gradually died out. The house occupied by Mrs. Warren in Williams's Orchard Estate was in danger for a time.
This extract of a much larger article makes it very clear that the bushfire was right in the centre of Emerald.
Ferres Gully is a description not in use today, but it obviously referred to the steep gully between the two present-day sections of Ferres Road. My great uncle George Ferres ran a dairy farm in the far side of that road and from 1922 to 1949 used a horse and cart to deliver milk and cream to houses in both Emerald and Clematis. George's farm was probably in no danger from the fire which was rushing up the opposite side of the valley.
From Ferres Gully, it appears that the fire crossed the main road somewhere near the present Emerald Co-Op (Mitre 10) store heading up the hill past the Church of Christ ( now the Community House hall) towards the highest point in Emerald, Kings Road.
The quick-thinking members of the congregation who raced out to fight the fire with branches hastily pulled from nearby trees no doubt helped reduce the spread of this fire. Their 'Sunday best' clothes are likely to have suffered somewhat in the process, I guess.
I have been unable to identify the reference to 'Williams's Orchard Estate'. There is a William St and an Orchard grove in Emerald, but not near the area in which the bushfire was burning.
As an amazing coincidence, whilst I was working on this post, the Fire Ready app beeped again – a 'bushfire' at the top of the same section of Ferres Road. It was declared 'safe' fairly quickly, but nearly an hour later the app reports that there are still two CFA vehicles in attendance!
We are very fortunate not to have to fight fires the way our ancestors did!
Author MaureenPosted on January 20, 2016 Categories Bushfires, Trove TuesdayLeave a comment on Trove Tuesday – Bushfires in Emerald
TroveTuesday – Frederick Arthur Roberts, Driver
Where or when my grandfather, Frederick Arthur Roberts, learned to drive is a mystery to me, but drive he did, both during and after World War 1. The first record I can find is from 12th February 1916 when he enlisted in the AIF as a Motor Driver.
Perhaps he was the driver for bread deliveries or supplies when his father moved the family from their 10-acre selections on the "Olinda hill" in 1910 and built a bakery in Monbulk? This seems very unlikely to me on two grounds: affordability and the likely state of the roads in Monbulk at the time!
Fred served as a driver in France in the 3rd Australian Ammunition Sub-Park till early in 1918 when he was transferred to the 3rd Australian Divisional Mechanical Transport Company. His Service Record gives few personal details of his experiences during the war: two weeks leave in February 1918 and the "crime" of driving a lorry at excessive speed in June of that year – deprived of 3 day's pay!
Drivers were obviously needed to move people and supplies for some time after the War was over, so his return was delayed till the end of 1919, six months after his anxious mother had written asking whether the F. A. Roberts returning home at that time was her son. It obviously wasn't!
After returning to Australia, Fred presumably spent some time with his family. I have heard that he also spent some time in Queensland, cutting sugar cane. For how long, I have no idea. Perhaps it was to earn sufficient money to buy a car? In any case, it appears that he was back in Monbulk in possession of a brand new car during October 1922, when The Argus reported on this mishap:
COUNTRY NEWS. (1922, October 28). The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 – 1957), p. 25. Retrieved December 20, 2015, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1851149
"MONBULK - Mr. F. Roberts, of Monbulk, was driving a new motor car from Monbulk to Ferntree Gully across Zercho's bridge at Upwey on Wednesday night when the car struck the side rails of the bridge. But that the rails are strong and withstood the shock of the impact, the car must have fallen over the embankment into the gully below. The front of the car was considerably damaged. Mr Roberts escaped injury."
I have not been able to find any reference to Zercho's bridge but, from the description in the article, assume it must have been the one pictured below where the old Main Road crossed the railway line before turning left and down the hill towards Ferntree Gully. The present Burwood Highway bypasses Upwey township on the far side of the railway line, the section going down towards Ferntree Gully often being referred to as the "mad mile".
THE BRIDGE LOOKING EAST, UPWEY, VIC.; Rose Stereograph Co; c1920-1954
Car accidents are a great shock and bother today, but at least, most of the expense of repairs is covered by our insurance. I have no idea if there was such a thing as car insurance in 1922. Having what must have been a very expensive car at the time being damaged would have been a great disappointment. The added expense of repairs would have been quite a burden I suspect.
Next post: Fred Roberts – Car for Hire
Author MaureenPosted on January 12, 2016 January 26, 2016 Categories ROBERTS, Trove TuesdayTags Frederick Arthur ROBERTS, Monbulk1 Comment on TroveTuesday – Frederick Arthur Roberts, Driver
Trove Tuesday – Finding Gold
One particular line in this article published by the Mount Alexander Mail in 1861 caught my eye today. It said that someone called Peter Peterson had put a claim in for a Government reward for finding gold at "Emerald Diggings and 10 miles from Emerald". This was rather unexpected as most of the stories about the early mining discoveries in the area refer to a "Jack Emerald" who was supposedly murdered after discovering gold – or perhaps emeralds – in the area in the late 1850s.
A BILL. (1861, January 11). Mount Alexander Mail (Vic. : 1854 – 1917), p. 3. Retrieved December 1, 2015, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article199606821
REWARDS FOR NEW GOLDFIELDS. — Appended to Mr Pyke's report of the proceedings of the prospecting Board, is the following list of goldfields alleged to have been discovered, and claims for rewards, &c., as officially reported to the Government during the past year, giving the date of discovery, the name of the discoverer, and the locality of each goldfield:- September 13, John Tunnell and party, between La Trobe River and Mount Baw Baw; September 19, S. B. Morrison, Corner Inlet; September 22, Patrick O'Hannigan Upper Yarra; October 3, S. Shepherd, Wombat Creek; October 10, Peter Peterson, Emerald Diggings and 10 miles from Emerald; Oct. 29, James Mason and others, near Bennanah Flat; November 5, E. W. Gladman, Good Hope Creek, &c., refers to letters dated November, 1859, and January, 1860. The following note is added to the list: — "Since the date of the above report, James Keene and party have applied for a reward for the discovery of the Wahgunyah Goldfield, in a letter dated November 26; and Michael Cassidy has announced the discovery of a payable goldfield on the Coliban, in a letter dated November 24. From the reports of M'Crea and others, it appears that several spots have been opened which yield wages equal to about 12s. per diem per man. These prospectors have not yet made a claim for rewards, but some of them have applied for extended claims. The same remark applies to the discoverers of the Londonderry Goldfield."
Author MaureenPosted on December 2, 2015 Categories Trove TuesdayTags goldLeave a comment on Trove Tuesday – Finding Gold
Trove Tuesday: Solving the Mystery of That Photo – almost!
I always enjoy reading other bloggers Trove Tuesday posts so it is probably fitting that my first family history post relates to the fabulous resources on that site.
This photo has puzzled me for some time. It was obviously an important occasion as most of the people depicted are quite formally dressed. Many of the individuals are difficult to distinguish, unfortunately.
Picnickers at Clontarf, Middle Harbour, Sydney, 2nd June 1870
The letter on the back provided some clues, the most important of which was the date of the picnic: 2nd June 1870
The very formal style of the letter seems to indicate that the writer and the recipient were acquaintances rather than family or friends.
My dear Sir
I send you a photo, not certainly a very perfect one, of our picnic held at Clo?lar? Middle Harbour on the 2nd inst.
You…ly
Thos Ri?h?? Continue reading "Trove Tuesday: Solving the Mystery of That Photo – almost!"
Author MaureenPosted on November 19, 2013 January 18, 2014 Categories FERRES, Trove TuesdayTags Clontarf, Government Printer, John FERRES, Trove Tuesday8 Comments on Trove Tuesday: Solving the Mystery of That Photo – almost!