text:
Civil War 2010 Corvallis, Ore.
Oregon State 20
Oregon RB Kenjon Barner (24) makes a dash for it at the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon RB Kenjon Barner (24) in sprint mode at the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon QB Darron Thomas (1) hands the ball off to RB Kenjon Barner (24) during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon coach Chip Kelly (left) speaks with ESPN's sideline reporter Erin Andrews after the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon players douse their coach with water after a 2010 Civil War victory at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon and Oregon State players scramble for a loose ball during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon State QB Ryan Katz (12) drops back to pass during 4th quarter of the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon State QB Ryan Katz (12) drops back to pass during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon State's Lance Mitchell (10) prepares to reset for another play during 3rd quarter of the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon State CB James Dockery (4) horse-collars Oregon WR Jeff Maehl (23) while LB Feti Unga (41) chases during the 4th quarter of the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon State QB Ryan Katz (12) prepares for the snap during 4th quarter of the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon State WR Marcus Wheaton (2) tiptoes down the sideline while Oregon ROV Eddie Pleasant (11) prepares to wrap him up during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon K/P Alejandro Maldonado (41) punts during the 3rd quarter while Oregon State's Micah Hatfield (81) tries to block it during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon State RB Jacquizz Rodgers (1) runs while keeping his eyes peeled on the Oregon Ducks' defense during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon coach Chip Kelly (left) prepares to talk to ESPN's sideline reporter Erin Andrews during half time at the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon coach Chip Kelly (left) charges onto the field to get the attention of his players during the 3rd quarter of the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon LB Cameron Collins (5) reaches out to tackle Oregon outruns the attempted tackle of Oregon RB Kenjon Barner (24) with the help of CB Jordan Poyer (14) during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon RB LaMichael James (21) gets a push from behind by Oregon State CB James Dockery (4) but James scored anyway during the 4th quarter of the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon RB LaMichael James (21) makes a cut to the corner of the end zone but Oregon State Bb James Dockery (4) had other plans during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. James was dropped for a 2 yard loss but the Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon RB LaMichael James (21) makes a cut during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon RB Kenjon Barner (24) outruns Oregon State LB Rueben Robinson (13) but faces Oregon State S Suaesi Tuimaunei (28) during the 4th quarter of the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon RB Kenjon Barner (24) outruns the attempted tackles of Oregon State LB Rueben Robinson (13) and CB Jordan Poyer (14) during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon State TE Joe Halahuni (87) reaches for a pass but Oregon LB Casey Matthews (55) knocks it away with the Ducks ahead of the Beavers 16-7 at the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon WR Markus Wheaton (2) starts to run after a catch for a short gain during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon K Rob Beard (93) gets his PAT blocked by Oregon Staten CB Brandon Hardin (17) during the first quarter 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The kick kept the score close at 7-6 but the Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon WR Jeff Maehl (23) gets twisted in a awkward position during a tackle by Oregon State S Lance Mitchell (10) during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon QB Darron Thomas (1) finishes off a throw during the 3rd quarter of the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon RB Kenjon Barner (24) attempts to elide the tackles of Oregon State DT Kevin Frahm (74) and LB Dwight Roberson (59) during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon QB Darron Thomas (1) throws the the near sideline during the 3rd quarter of the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks defeated the Oregon State Beavers 37-20 to advance to the BCS National Championship game in Glendale, Arizona.
Oregon Rb LaMichael James (21) dives for a touchdown past Oregon State CB Jordan Poyer (14) during second half the the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks beat the Oregon State beavers 40-20.
Oregon State QR Ryan Katz (12) looks to make a pass after a fake handoff to RB Jacqizz Rodgers (1) during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks beat the Oregon State beavers 40-20.
Oregon State WR Marcus Wheaton (2) looks toward the end zone while trying to break the tackle of Oregon's FS John Boyett (20) during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks beat the Oregon State beavers 40-20.
U of O RB Kenjon Barner (24) tries to escape the tackle of Oregon State LB Keith Pankey (35) during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks beat the Oregon State beavers 40-20.
U of O RB Kenjon Barner (24) tries to escape the tackle of Oregon State LB Rueben Robinson (13) during the 2010 Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks beat the Oregon State beavers 40-20.
U of O RB Kenjon Barner (24) bolts after receiving a handoff during the first half of the Civil War game at Reser Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon. The Oregon Ducks beat the Oregon State beavers 40-20.


text:
Khp
Abhidhamma
Majjhima Nikaya
PTS: M i 292
Mahavedalla Sutta: The Greater Set of Questions-and-Answers
translated from the Pali by
Thanissaro Bhikkhu
The updated version is freely available at
This version of the text might be out of date. Please click here for more information
I have heard that on one occasion the Blessed One was staying at Savatthi, in Jeta's Grove, Anathapindika's Monastery. Then Ven. Maha Kotthita, arising from his seclusion in the late afternoon, went to Ven. Sariputta and, on arrival, exchanged courteous greetings with him. After an exchange of friendly greetings & courtesies, he sat to one side.
As he was sitting there, he said to Ven. Sariputta, "Friend, 'One of poor discernment, one of poor discernment': Thus is it said. To what extent is one said to be 'one of poor discernment'?"
"'One doesn't discern, one doesn't discern': Thus, friend, one is said to be 'one of poor discernment.' And what doesn't one discern? One doesn't discern, 'This is stress.' One doesn't discern, 'This is the origination of stress.' One doesn't discern, 'This is the cessation of stress.' One doesn't discern, 'This is the practice leading to the cessation of stress.' 'One doesn't discern, one doesn't discern': Thus one is said to be 'one of poor discernment.'"
Saying, "Very good, friend," Ven. Maha Kotthita — delighting in & approving of Ven. Sariputta's statement — asked him a further question: "Discerning, discerning': Thus is it said. To what extent, friend, is one said to be 'discerning'?"
"'One discerns, one discerns': Thus, friend, one is said to be 'discerning.' And what does one discern? One discerns, 'This is stress.' One discerns, 'This is the origination of stress.' One discerns, 'This is the cessation of stress.' One discerns, 'This is the practice leading to the cessation of stress.' 'One discerns, one discerns': Thus one is said to be 'discerning.'"
"'Consciousness, consciousness': Thus is it said. To what extent, friend, is it said to be 'consciousness'?"
"'It cognizes, it cognizes': Thus, friend, it is said to be 'consciousness.' And what does it cognize? It cognizes 'pleasant.' It cognizes 'painful.' It cognizes 'neither painful nor pleasant.' 'It cognizes, it cognizes': Thus it is said to be 'consciousness.'"
"Discernment & consciousness, friend: Are these qualities conjoined or disjoined? Is it possible, having separated them one from the other, to delineate the difference between them?"
"Discernment & consciousness are conjoined, friend, not disjoined. It's not possible, having separated them one from the other, to delineate the difference between them. For what one discerns, that one cognizes. What one cognizes, that one discerns. Therefore these qualities are conjoined, not disjoined, and it is not possible, having separated them one from another, to delineate the difference between them."
"Discernment & consciousness, friend: What is the difference between these qualities that are conjoined, not disjoined?"
"Discernment & consciousness, friend: Of these qualities that are conjoined, not disjoined, discernment is to be developed, consciousness is to be fully comprehended."[1]
"'Feeling, feeling': Thus is it said. To what extent, friend, is it said to be 'feeling'?"
"'It feels, it feels': Thus, friend, it is said to be 'feeling.' And what does it feel? It feels pleasure. It feels pain. It feels neither pleasure nor pain. 'It feels, it feels': Thus it is said to be 'feeling.'"
"'Perception, perception': Thus is it said. To what extent, friend, is it said to be 'perception'?"
"'It perceives, it perceives': Thus, friend, it is said to be 'perception.' And what does it perceive? It perceives blue. It perceives yellow. It perceives red. It perceives white. 'It perceives, it perceives': Thus it is said to be 'perception.'"
"Feeling, perception, & consciousness, friend: Are these qualities conjoined or disjoined? Is it possible, having separated them one from another, to delineate the difference among them?"
"Feeling, perception, & consciousness are conjoined, friend, not disjoined. It is not possible, having separated them one from another, to delineate the difference among them. For what one feels, that one perceives. What one perceives, that one cognizes. Therefore these qualities are conjoined, not disjoined, and it is not possible, having separated them one from another, to delineate the difference among them."
The eye of discernment
"Friend, what can be known with the purified intellect-consciousness divorced from the five [sense] faculties?"
"Friend, with the purified intellect-consciousness divorced from the five faculties the dimension of the infinitude of space can be known [as] 'infinite space.' The dimension of the infinitude of consciousness can be known [as] 'infinite consciousness.' The dimension of nothingness can be known [as] 'There is nothing.'
"With what does one know a quality that can be known?"
"One knows a quality that can be known with the eye of discernment."
"And what is the purpose of discernment?"
"The purpose of discernment is direct knowledge, its purpose is full comprehension, its purpose is abandoning."
"Friend, how many conditions are there for the arising of right view?"
"Friend, there are two conditions for the arising of right view: the voice of another and appropriate attention. These are the two conditions for the arising of right view."
"And assisted by how many factors does right view have awareness-release as its fruit & reward, and discernment-release as its fruit & reward?"
"Assisted by five factors, right view has awareness-release as its fruit & reward, and discernment-release as its fruit & reward. There is the case where right view is assisted by virtue, assisted by learning, assisted by discussion, assisted by tranquility, assisted by insight. Assisted by these five factors, right view has awareness-release as its fruit & reward, and discernment-release as its fruit & reward."
"Friend, how many kinds of becoming are there?"
"Friend, there are these three kinds of becoming: sensual becoming, form becoming, formless becoming."
"And how is further becoming in the future brought about?"
"The delight, now here, now there, of beings hindered by ignorance & fettered by craving: That's how further becoming in the future is brought about."
"And how is further becoming in the future not brought about?"
"Through the fading of ignorance, the arising of clear knowing, & the cessation of craving: That's how further becoming in the future is not brought about."
The first jhana
"What, friend, is the first jhana?"
"There is the case, friend, where a monk — quite withdrawn from sensual pleasures, withdrawn from unskillful qualities — enters & remains in the first jhana: rapture & pleasure born from withdrawal, accompanied by directed thought & evaluation. This is called the first jhana."
"And how many factors does the first jhana have?"
"The first jhana has five factors. There is the case where, in a monk who has attained the five-factored first jhana, there occurs directed thought, evaluation, rapture, pleasure, & singleness of mind. It's in this way that the first jhana has five factors."
"And how many factors are abandoned in the first jhana, and with how many is it endowed?"
"Five factors are abandoned in the first jhana, and with five is it endowed. There is the case where, in a monk who has attained the first jhana, sensual desire is abandoned, ill will is abandoned, sloth & torpor is abandoned, restlessness & anxiety is abandoned, uncertainty is abandoned. And there occur directed thought, evaluation, rapture, pleasure, & singleness of mind. It's in this way that five factors are abandoned in the first jhana, and with five it is endowed."
The five faculties
"Friend, there are these five faculties each with a separate range, a separate domain, and they do not experience one another's range & domain: the eye-faculty, the ear-faculty, the nose-faculty, the tongue-faculty, & the body-faculty. Now what do these five faculties — each with a separate range, a separate domain, not experiencing one another's range & domain: the eye-faculty, the ear-faculty, the nose-faculty, the tongue-faculty, & the body-faculty — have as their [common] arbitrator? What experiences [all] their ranges & domains?"
"Friend, these five faculties — each with a separate range, a separate domain, not experiencing one another's range & domain: the eye-faculty, the ear-faculty, the nose-faculty, the tongue-faculty, & the body-faculty — have the intellect as their [common] arbitrator. The intellect is what experiences [all] their ranges & domains."
"Now, these five faculties — the eye-faculty, the ear-faculty, the nose-faculty, the tongue-faculty, & the body-faculty: In dependence on what do they remain standing?"
"These five faculties — the eye-faculty, the ear-faculty, the nose-faculty, the tongue-faculty, & the body-faculty — remain standing in dependence on vitality."[2]
"And vitality remains standing in dependence on what?"
"Vitality remains standing in dependence on heat."
"And heat remains standing in dependence on what?"
"Heat remains standing in dependence on vitality."
"Just now, friend Sariputta, we understood you to say, 'Vitality remains standing in dependence on heat.' And just now we understood you to say, 'Heat remains standing in dependence on vitality.' Now how is the meaning of these statements to be seen?"
"In that case, friend, I will give you analogy, for there are cases where it is through an analogy that an intelligent person understands the meaning of a statement. Suppose an oil lamp is burning. Its radiance is discerned in dependence on its flame, and its flame is discerned in dependence on its radiance. In the same way, vitality remains standing in dependence on heat, and heat remains standing in dependence on vitality.
Vitality-fabrications
"Friend, are vitality-fabrications[3] the same thing as feeling-states? Or are vitality-fabrications one thing, and feeling-states another?"
"Vitality-fabrications are not the same thing as feeling-states, friend. If vitality-fabrications were the same thing as feeling-states, the emergence of a monk from the attainment of the cessation of feeling & perception would not be discerned. It's because vitality-fabrications are one thing and feeling-states another that the emergence of a monk from the attainment of the cessation of perception & feeling is discerned."
"When this body lacks how many qualities does it lie discarded & forsaken, like a senseless log?"
"When this body lacks these three qualities — vitality, heat, & consciousness — it lies discarded & forsaken like a senseless log."
"What is the difference between one who is dead, who has completed his time, and a monk who has attained the cessation of perception & feeling?"
"In the case of the one who is dead, who has completed his time, his bodily fabrications have ceased & subsided, his verbal fabrications ... his mental fabrications have ceased & subsided, his vitality is exhausted, his heat subsided, & his faculties are scattered. But in the case of a monk who has attained the cessation of perception & feeling, his bodily fabrications have ceased & subsided, his verbal fabrications ... his mental fabrications have ceased & subsided, his vitality is not exhausted, his heat has not subsided, & his faculties are exceptionally clear. This is the difference between one who is dead, who has completed his time, and a monk who has attained the cessation of perception & feeling."
Awareness-release
"Friend, how many conditions are there for the attainment of the neither-pleasant-nor-painful awareness-release?"
"Friend, there are four conditions for the attainment of the neither-pleasant-nor-painful awareness-release. There is the case where a monk, with the abandoning of pleasure & stress — as with the earlier disappearance of elation & distress — enters & remains in the fourth jhana: purity of equanimity & mindfulness, neither-pleasure-nor-pain. These are the four conditions for the attainment of the neither-pleasant-nor-painful awareness-release.
"How many conditions are there for the attainment of the theme-less awareness-release?"
"There are two conditions for the attainment of the theme-less awareness-release: lack of attention to all themes and attention to the theme-less property. These are the two conditions for the attainment of the theme-less awareness-release."
"And how many conditions are there for the persistence of the theme-less awareness-release?"
"There are three conditions for the persistence of the theme-less awareness-release: lack of attention to all themes, attention to the theme-less property, and a prior act of will. These are the three conditions for the persistence of the theme-less awareness-release."
"And how many conditions are there for the emergence from the theme-less awareness-release?"
"There are two conditions for the emergence from the theme-less awareness-release: attention to all themes and lack of attention to the theme-less property. These are the two conditions for the emergence from the theme-less awareness-release."
"The immeasurable awareness-release, the nothingness awareness-release, the emptiness awareness-release, the theme-less-awareness-release: Are these qualities different in meaning & different in name, or are they one in meaning and different only in name?"
"The immeasurable awareness-release, the nothingness awareness-release, the emptiness awareness-release, the theme-less-awareness-release: There is a way of explanation by which these qualities are different in meaning & different in name, and there is a way of explanation by which these qualities are one in meaning and different only in name.
"And what is the way of explanation by which these qualities are different in meaning & different in name? There is the case where a monk keeps pervading the first direction[4] — as well as the second direction, the third, & the fourth — with an awareness imbued with good will. Thus he keeps pervading above, below, & all around, everywhere & in every respect the all-encompassing world with an awareness imbued with good will: abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill will.
"He keeps pervading the first direction — as well as the second direction, the third, & the fourth — with an awareness imbued with compassion ... an awareness imbued with appreciation...
"He keeps pervading the first direction — as well as the second direction, the third, & the fourth — with an awareness imbued with equanimity. Thus he keeps pervading above, below, & all around, everywhere & in every respect the all-encompassing world with an awareness imbued with equanimity: abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill will.
"This is called the immeasurable awareness-release.
"And what is the nothingness awareness-release? There is the case where a monk, with the complete transcending of the dimension of the infinitude of consciousness, [perceiving,] 'There is nothing,' enters & remains in the dimension of nothingness. This is called the nothingness awareness-release.
"And what is the emptiness awareness-release? There is the case where a monk, having gone into the wilderness, to the root of a tree, or into an empty dwelling, considers this: 'This is empty of self or of anything pertaining to self.'[5] This is called the emptiness awareness-release.
"And what is the theme-less awareness-release? There is the case where a monk, through not attending to all themes, enters & remains in the theme-less concentration of awareness.[6] This is called the theme-less awareness-release.
"This is the way of explaining by which these qualities are different in meaning & different in name.
"And what is the way of explaining whereby these qualities are one in meaning and different only in name?
"Passion, friend, is a making of limits. Aversion is a making of limits. Delusion is a making of limits. In a monk whose fermentations are ended, these have been abandoned, their root destroyed, made like a palmyra stump, deprived of the conditions of development, not destined for future arising. Now, to the extent that there is immeasurable awareness-release, the unprovoked awareness-release is declared the foremost. And this unprovoked awareness-release is empty of passion, empty of aversion, empty of delusion.
"Passion is a something. Aversion is a something. Delusion is a something. In a monk whose fermentations are ended, these have been abandoned, their root destroyed, made like a palmyra stump, deprived of the conditions of development, not destined for future arising. Now, to the extent that there is nothingness awareness-release, the unprovoked awareness-release is declared the foremost. And this unprovoked awareness-release is empty of passion, empty of aversion, empty of delusion.
"Passion is a making of themes. Aversion is a making of themes. Delusion is a making of themes. In a monk whose fermentations are ended, these have been abandoned, their root destroyed, made like a palmyra stump, deprived of the conditions of development, not destined for future arising. Now, to the extent that there is theme-less awareness-release, the unprovoked awareness-release is declared the foremost. And this unprovoked awareness-release is empty of passion, empty of aversion, empty of delusion.
"This, friend, is the way of explaining whereby these qualities are one in meaning and different only in name."
That is what Ven. Sariputta said. Gratified, Ven. Maha Kotthita delighted in Ven. Sariputta's words.
Discernment is to be developed because it is part of the fourth noble truth, the path of practice leading to the end of suffering. Consciousness is to be fully comprehended because, as an object of clinging, it is part of the first noble truth, the truth of suffering & stress. See SN 56.11.
Vitality (aayu) is the force that determines the length of one's life.
Vitality-fabrications are the intentions to continue living. The Buddha entered total nibbana three months after abandoning his vitality-fabrications. See DN 16.
The east.
See MN 106.
See also: MN 44; MN 122; SN 22.23; SN 22.79
©2006 Thanissaro Bhikkhu.
The text of this page ("Mahavedalla Sutta: The Greater Set of Questions-and-Answers", by Thanissaro Bhikkhu) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of the license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Documents linked from this page may be subject to other restrictions. Transcribed from a file provided by the translator.	Last revised for Access to Insight on 30 November 2013.
How to cite this document (a suggested style): "Mahavedalla Sutta: The Greater Set of Questions-and-Answers" (MN 43), translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Access to Insight (BCBS Edition), 30 November 2013, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.043.than.html .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How do I change the style of a toggle button in wxPython? I never figured out how to use the style parameter. Can someone tell me how to use it to make nicer toggle buttons? Or if you can't use it directly, is there a way to do it manually?

A: Try something like this:
import wx
class MyForm(wx.Frame):
    def __init__(self):
        wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, "Toggle")
        panel = wx.Panel(self, wx.ID_ANY)
        self.button = wx.ToggleButton(panel, label="Press Me")
        self.button.Bind(wx.EVT_TOGGLEBUTTON, self.onToggle)
        sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
        sizer.Add(self.button, 0, wx.ALL, 5)
        panel.SetSizer(sizer)

    def onToggle(self, event):
        if self.button.GetValue() == True:
            self.button.SetLabel("On")
        else:
            self.button.SetLabel("Off")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = wx.App(False)
    frame = MyForm()
    frame.Show()
    app.MainLoop()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Read more about the costs of driving on California's roads here.


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ready to actively contribute to collaborative research and international teams.
Additional experiences in land cover/land use mapping, advanced image processing and Python or R programming are most welcomed.


The Cobra Tour Trusty Satin wedge is a true performance wedge and is designed with tour inspired; non-offset shaping. It features larger grooves and VFR face milling for maximum spin and optimal surface roughness producing increased spin on shots around the green. It is constructed of durable chrome plated 8620 Carbon Steel and has a Notch K-Grind™ sole to provide heel and toe relief for Tour-trusted versatility. This performance wedge has grooves that conform to the 2010 USGA/R&A Groove Rule and it offers versatile precision and accuracy for every player.
Tour Notch K-Grind™ which provides heel and toe relief for increased shot making and Tour-trusted versatility around the green.


If an initial deposit is requested and paid, no refund will be given if the customer backs out, unless work has not yet started. Once work has been completed according to the agreed schedule, the remaining balance (or full balance if no deposit required) will be due; due to the close and constant communication between Sharco Tech and the customer during the design process, no refunds are issued for completed work.
If the requested script has been successfully installed, no refund will be issued in the event of the customer changing their mind.
As per registrar policy, all domain name registrations and renewals are final. No refunds are given on successful domain registrations or renewals.
Copyright © 2019 Sharco Technology, LLC.


At an early age, I discovered that I was most happy when I was working with my hands, doing a project that required what I term "nit-picky details". Although today I thoroughly enjoy reading, outdoor activities like biking or hiking with my husband and golden retriever, I am still the most relaxed and satisfied working with my hands.
My first pine needle creation was about the size of a walnut and took me 9 ½ hours to finish. Although it did not get any easier for a long time, after the second try, I was hooked and have been coiling ever since. I finally feel like I have found an art that allows me to be creative as well as mechanical. Each basket gives me the opportunity to do something totally different than the last project and the detail in each basket or tray brings me much joy.


Tired of the same old thing? Up your salad game with these fun recipes. Let's face it. Salads sometimes get a bad rap as less-than-exciting meal choices. Well, lettuce change your mind! With the right ingredients, healthy salads can be fun too. There's no such thing as a boring salad, not with these healthy, delicious and packed with power recipes to be enjoyed all year round.


text:
Redditch based FW Thorpe buys 50 per cent share in Dutch business
Redditch-based lighting company FW Thorpe, which design and manufacturers professional lighting systems under brand names such as Thorlux, Portland Lighting and Lightronics, has bought half of the share capital of the Dutch based company Ratio Electric B.V, a specialist in electrical power connection and distribution systems, for €6.8m (circa £5.8m).
Established in 1980, Ratio specialises in the development, manufacture and supply of electrical power connection and distribution systems. Revenues are derived from four core areas, e-mobility (electrical vehicle chargers and cables), marine, data centres, and industry. During 2020, e-mobility accounted for nearly 60 per cent of the business.
FW Thorpe said that theaddition of Ratio will strengthen the Group's portfolio of green economy products with the introduction of electric vehicle charging solutions for the UK, whilst building upon successful sales that Ratio has already established in the Netherlands. The Group's know-how in product development, software and manufacturing will support Ratio's future growth.
The business employs 30 people in Nijkerk, the Netherlands. Products are sold both domestically and distributed overseas.
FW Thorpe Chairman, Mike Allcock, said: "This is an exciting opportunity for the Group. FW Thorpe's know-how in electrical engineering, manufacturing and lighting, combined with Ratio's experience in electrical vehicle charging will allow the introduction of new products into the UK market as well as supporting growth in Ratio's existing markets.
"We see similarities in technology and engineering skills, giving the Group the opportunity to diversify into new areas of engineering with high growth potential."
FW Thorpe specialises in designing and manufacturing professional lighting equipment. It employs more than 600 people.
UK's largest residential land sale transaction this year completed at Lotmead Farm, Swindon
Lifetime Achievement Award for peoplevalue founder at Incentive Awards
Talk Legal webinars showcase Thursfields Solicitors' range of legal services
A series of free webinars have been developed by Thursfields Solicitors, to explain the…
Free legal 'Question Time' seminar to be held live online by Thursfields
Top Midlands law firm Thursfields Solicitors has invited businesses and the general public to…


Enhancement of the bioactive compound content in strawberry fruits grown under iron and phosphorus deficiency.
BACKGROUND: Among berries strawberry fruits are one of the richest natural sources of health beneficial components as micronutrients, antioxidants and phytochemicals. Strawberry quality varies greatly upon genotype, environmental factors, cultivation techniques and nutrient supply. The study aimed to assess the influence of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) deficiency on the bioactive compound content in strawberry fruits grown in hydroponic conditions.
RESULTS: Different nutrient supply clearly influenced the qualitative parameters of strawberry fruits. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that three homogeneous clusters could be identified. The three treatments (control, iron deficiency and phosphorus deficiency) differed especially because of their phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential, being the strawberry fruits grown under Fe and P deficiency richer in pelargonidin-3-glucoside, benzoic acids and flavonols than the control fruits.
CONCLUSION: Nutrient deficiency had a positive effect on nutritional and health parameters of strawberry fruits without impairing fruit yield and quality parameters as acidity, firmness and total soluble solid content. This effect is strongly correlated with the specific nutrient missing in the growth medium, e.g. either iron or phosphorus. The shaping of nutrient availability in the growing medium could thus be of help in producing edible yield with desired qualitative aspects and nutritional value.
12368844 - Acrylamide is formed in the maillard reaction.
11667334 - E(2)-elimination in the decomposition of n-bromoamino acid anions.
16877314 - Synthesis and hydrolytic behavior of ibuprofen prodrugs and their pegylated derivatives.


Receptivity for change is an innovative diagnostic tool to help organisations identify various factors that either enable or inhibit its ability to change – we can identify your transformation potential. We have a validated questionnaire which reliably reveals specifically what you are doing well and what you need development in, so we can recommend future actions to maximise your potential and target executive education interventions.
In more detail, Receptivity recognises that organisations are dynamic. The political, economic, social and technological environment changes rapidly, which demands an equal amount of responsive change from organisations and project teams. Some organisations are better equipped than others to adapt their behaviour. Receptivity attempts to reveal the factors which contribute to organisations or project teams being either open and reactive to change or closed and adverse. By identifying receptivity factors, the critical success factors for change can be better managed and increase performance, leading to success.
Leading Change - This factor identifies the decision-making processes and analyses the actions of key decision-makers.
Institutional Politics – This factor explores how the decision-making processes originate and continue, either through formal or informal networks.
Implementation Capacity – This factor explores where decision-making takes place in greater detail by going beyond structural relationships to explore critical incidents, for example, do staff have the necessary skills and knowledge to implement the change you want.
Ideological Vision – This factor critically analyses the strategic decisions being made by evaluating their purpose.
Possibility Space – This factor captures the creativity in organisational processes; how existing behaviours adapt or new behaviours emerge.
Adaptation and emergence are brought about through four management processes: No Universal Best Practice, Organisational Play, Path Dependency and Choice.
There is no universal best practice because staff use their discretion when they make and implement decisions. This means that when local stakeholders need to decide on the future strategy for their organisation or project team, they use organisational play, which weighs up two factors: learning from the past (path dependency) and anticipating the future (choice).
As a taster of The Receptivity for Change Toolset, from the Workbook, we include the cover page of the Toolset ('Receptivity – Identifying Potential'), the summary report ('Receptivity – Analysis and Reporting') and an example of one of the spidergrams summarising how we would display part of the results ('Receptivity – Analysis and Reporting').
In collaboration with Aston Business School, we have a 60 Second audio-visual summary of receptivity and its main factors.
We also have a 60 Minute Master Class on receptivity given in front of an engaged and highly participative practitioner audience, who asked important questions about application.


Has anyone had the propane alarm go off while using the stove top in their coach?
Have not had any issues running the cook top. We always use the fan venting to the outside to keep moisture down and the heat down. We do need to come up with a good solution to open up the outside vent flap.
Agree need to come up with a good solution to opening outside vent flap. I purchased a awning hook and use it. Have to be careful not to scratch side of unit when using it. If some one has a better way to open and close vent flap,please let me know.
Are the latches meant for daily use or simply for sealing the trailer during closeup for the winter? I opened mine the day we bought the trailer and have never closed them since then.
I close mine when traveling. Don't want rain to possibly blow into vent when going down the road. Maybe be ok left open just don't want to take a chance.
We were trying to open and close ours, but have given up. After all the dryer vent has no locking mech on it, so it's alway flapping. Generally we would forget to close the stove hood vent, then when we did close it we would forget to open it (case of CRS I guess). And since we never store our RW we just leave the vent open.
I also use an old awning hook wrapped in tape, but it takes me 4 or 5 tries to get it open and closing it isn't easy. I keep it closed except when we are using it to try and keep the stink bug invasion to a few bugs. A friend of ours had stink bugs come in that vent and invade the microwave.
On our last 5th I left the vent flap unlatched and it blew off somewhere along the way. Had to buy a new flap but the mechanic in me was able to make new hinges and reattach without having to remove the outside cover. I make sure that the vent flap is locked in place....This trailer is alot higher. I have not come up with a good way to latch YET.
I have a small step stool that is 3 steps and I can reach the locks. Open when we arrive. Shut when we travel.


– Cu Y24839 Guarantor Agreement Form 16 Free Templates in PDF Word. Guarantor Agreement Form 16 Free Templates in PDF Word. 9 Guarantor Agreement Form Samples Free Sample Example. Guarantor Agreement Form 16 Free Templates in PDF Word. [ Guaranty Agreement Template ] Best Free Home Design. GUARANTOR FORM Addendum to Rental Agreement Free Download. personal guarantee agreement template 28 images. Guarantor Agreement Form 16 Free Templates in PDF Word.
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Introduction: Large splenic artery aneurysms are rare, but comprise 60% of all visceral artery aneurysms. Most are found incidentally and rupture in the non-pregnant patient carries an approximate 25% mortality rate. Historically these have been managed with an open surgical approach for resection.
Methods: We present the case of a 45 year old male with a recent episode of bacterial endocarditis with an incidental finding of a large 6 cm splenic artery aneurysm. There was noted to be splenic vein occlusion and multiple splenic infarcts versus abscesses on pre-operative imaging. There were concerns this represented a mycotic aneurysm. He underwent a laparoscopic en bloc splenic artery aneurysm resection with splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy with the use of pre-operative prophylactic balloon catheter aneurysm occlusion.
Results: His large splenic artery aneurysm was adjacent to the splenic hilum. Due to the splenic vein occlusion there were large collateral vessels complicating the dissection. Additionally, the aneurysm had dense adhesions to the tail of the pancreas from a desmoplastic reaction. To safely remove the aneurysm a distal pancreatectomy was included with resection of the spleen. The specimen was successfully removed intact using the laparoscopic approach. The patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged home on post-operative day two. Final pathology revealed no evidence of bacterial etiology.
Conclusion: Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy is an appropriate minimally invasive option for the treatment of splenic artery aneurysms. This video demonstrates the technical challenges and management options for successfully completing a distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy in the face of a splenic artery aneurysm.


text:
package org.apache.ignite.mxbean;

import java.util.UUID;
import javax.management.JMException;

/**
 * MX Bean allows to access information about cluster ID and tag and change tag.
 */
@MXBeanDescription("MBean that provides access to information about cluster ID and tag.")
public interface IgniteClusterMXBean {
    /**
     * Gets cluster ID.
     *
     * @return Cluster ID.
     */
    @MXBeanDescription("Unique identifier of the cluster.")
    public UUID getId();

    /**
     * Gets current cluster tag.
     *
     * @return Current cluster tag.
     */
    @MXBeanDescription("User-defined cluster tag.")
    public String getTag();

    /**
     * Changes cluster tag to provided value.
     *
     * @param newTag New value to be set as cluster tag.
     * @throws JMException If provided value failed validation or concurrent change tag operation succeeded.
     */
    @MXBeanDescription("Set new cluster tag value.")
    @MXBeanParametersNames("newTag")
    @MXBeanParametersDescriptions(
        "New tag value to be set."
    )
    public void tag(String newTag) throws JMException;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
ActiveRecord::Schema.define(:version => 1) do
  create_table :notes, :force => true do |t|
    t.string :title
    t.text :body
  end
end


text:
Air Niugini > LinkPNG > LinkPNG News > Link PNG presented with an Air Operator's Certificate
Link PNG presented with an Air Operator's Certificate
Link PNG, a subsidiary of Air Niugini has been presented with a three year Air Operator's Certificate (AOC) after successfully completing its Air Operator review conducted by Civil Aviation Safety Authority, PNG (CASA PNG).
The review focused on areas of safety and compliance within the airline and the renewed certificate now gives Link PNG the approval to fly for the next three years.
Link PNG General Manager, Mr Daniel Wanma in receiving the certificate from CASA PNG Director, Mr Wilson Sagati last week said Link PNG has been able to demonstrate to the regulator its high level of safety standards and compliance, maintaining that safety should be adhered to on a daily basis.
Wanma said" Link PNG has been able to prove to the regulator its high level of compliance to the aviation legislation and safety standards, but the airline is fully cognisant of the fact that compliance shall be maintained on a daily basis for the next 3 years without exception."
Mr Wanma also said Link PNG supported by its mother company, Air Niugini has strived to emulate the high standard of safety and compliance which ANG has maintained over many years.
"Aviation environment in PNG is renowned for its challenges and the PNG regulator to its credit has adopted standards and practices that are among the best in the world and we as an airline are proud to have been able to demonstrate and achieve those standards", Wanma said.
Mr Wanma concluded that Link PNG will continue to serve the traveling public at the safest standards as enjoyed with Air Niugini in its 42 years of operations.
Corporate Affairs Department
Link PNG Recieves First Quarter Airfare Subsidy From Enga Provincial Government
Oil Search (PNG) Limited signs contract with Link PNG
All Female Crew
Link PNG resumes Popondetta service
Link PNG to introduce new fares
Air Niugini's Charter Contracts


Breaking news: loris rescued in sting operation!
Thanks to the quick-thinking of an enthusiastic member of ENV's Hanoi volunteer club, ENV was able to rescue a live loris that was being advertised on Facebook today.
Close cooperation between our wildlife crime team and local authorities in Ho Chi Minh City lead to a sting operation, and the subject was caught red-handed. The animal is now in safe hands and waiting to be transferred to Cu Chi rescue center.


CyberLink PowerDVD Ultra 18.0.2705.62 RePack by qazwsxe | Free eBooks Download - EBOOKEE!
Posted on 2019-03-18, by BaDshaH786.
PowerDVD plays more than just DVD and Blu-ray discs. For video, audio, photos, VR 360° content and even YouTube or Vimeo, PowerDVD is your essential entertainment companion. Unlock the potential of your Ultra HD HDR TV and surround sound system, immerse yourself in virtual worlds with access to ever growing collections of 360° videos, or simply unwind wherever you are with unrivaled playback support and unique enhancements on your PC or laptop.
If you haven't experienced virtual reality what are you waiting for? Explore a world of deeply immersive 360º content on your own, or from YouTube & Vimeo, on the latest Oculus, HTC and Windows Mixed Reality headsets. You can even watch 360º video on your PC with an updated interface that shows every angle at a glance so that you never miss a moment.
Cast anything you play in PowerDVD to your TV with a Roku®, Chromecast™, Apple TV®, and now Fire TV™. You can even improve the video and audio quality of any content in real time with CyberLink's unique TrueTheater enhancements!
Access the largest libraries of 360º videos online, ready for you to stream to your PC or into your headset! You can even save videos to watch offline later.
Watch 360º video from every angle simultaneously, even without a headset, and never miss a moment. Perfect if you're watching 360º content on a smaller screen.
- added reset "Area Code" Code "). If you have ended "Region Code" ("Region Code") on your previously installed PowerDVD 18, then it is enough to reinstall this assembly of PowerDVD 18, "Region Code" must be reset.
To install PowerDVD in a quiet option, you need to run the installation package with the / S key.
If the key was specified incorrectly or not specified at all, then the usual installation with all the dialogues and indication of the installation will occur.
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text:
Закон анатомічної кореляції, закон Кюв'є, закон сформульований Ж. Кюв'є (1830), згідно з яким спеціалізація окремого органу будь-якого тваринного організму до певного способу життя викликає відповідні модифікації інших органів того ж організму, що дозволяє йому більш успішно виконувати певні функції. Наприклад, наявність копит та рогів у копитних тварин, ікол і різців у плотоїдних та ін.

Організм уявляється Кюв'є єдиною системою, в яку включені форма і функція. Органи стоять у зв'язку з функцією. Функція з телеологічної точки зору Кюв'є, визначається кінцевою метою і є первинним, вихідним; функція визначає і структуру органу. Раз організм є єдністю, єдиною цілісною системою, то звідси випливає, що окремі частини цієї системи знаходяться в закономірному зв'язку, в рівновазі один з одним. Звідси Кюв'є приходить до встановлення принципу кореляції органів. Цей принцип говорить про взаємну залежність органів, про їх зв'язок, про те, що за будовою одного органу можна з відомою ймовірністю судити про будову інших органів, про те, що зміна одного органу тягне за собою відповідні зміни інших органів. Жодна з цих частин не може змінитися без того, щоб не змінилися інші, і, отже, кожна з них, взята окремо, вказує і визначає всі інші — пише Кюв'є. Принцип кореляції органів відіграв велику роль в науці.

Одночасно з принципом кореляції Кюв'є розробляє принцип, який він іменує законом умов існування.

Посилання
 Бровдій В. М., Гаца О. О. Закони екології: Навч. посібник / За ред. В. М. Бровдія. — К.: Освіта України, 2007. — 380 с.

Еволюційні концепції
Порівняльна анатомія

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Best Way to Watch Line of Duty on BBC Outside of the UK
Line of Duty should be binged by anyone who loves TV dramas. Here's a quick guide showing how easy it is to stream episodes on BBC iPlayer.
If you are living overseas in countries such as Australia, Canada, Ireland and The USA (or anywhere, really) you'll be well aware that it's not possible to watch British TV shows on BBC iPlayer.
Even premium VPNs can't consistently get the job done. Beebs was created as a specialised VPN designed to access the free to air UK television channels.
If you're keen to see record-smashing TV Line of Duty, we can help to make that happen. All of the episodes are just a click away after you subscribe to Beebs.
You'll be streaming Line of Duty in no time. Just follow these steps:
1. Download Chrome Browser (If you aren't using it already)
2. Install the Beebs Chrome Extension
3. Register for BBC iPlayer
Once you've completed the steps listed above, you can start watching series 1-6 (basically every episode ever made) of Line of Duty.
Stream Line of Duty series 6 online
More from the Cast of Line of Duty
Once viewers have binged their way through the entirety of Line of Duty, the best thing to do is to check other film and TV projects from the amazing cast.
Fans of Vicky McClure should stay on iPlayer and find her episode of the anthology series I Am... which is titled I Am Nicola. The actress is also set to direct and star in a new ITV drama which should be on our screens in early 2022. The show sounds promising since it is to be made by the same team behind The Crown.
Vicky's co-star Martin Compston is currently topping the TV ratings thanks to his role in Vigil. The thriller set on a submarine was destined for success since it was created by the same creatives behind Line of Duty, Bodyguard and The Pembrokeshire Murders.
Official Trailer for Vigil TV series on BBC 1
It's hard not to find a TV programme or movie with Stephen Graham in it at the moment. Stephen's character was a central figure in many episodes of Line of Duty in season 5. He stars alongside Sean Bean in the prison drama Time which aired on BBC One in mid 2021. Another project of his was released this autumn.
Stephen acts and produces alongside Jodie Comer in the Channel 4 production Help. Set in a fictional Liverpool care home during the early stages of the 2020 pandemic, it's a drama that h
We can also recommend streaming episodes The North Water on BBC iPlayer which has just gone to air and features an amazing cast of British Irish actors. Once you're done streaming all that you can look forward to Stephen when he appears in the sixth and final season of Peaky Blinders.
Stephen Graham has been cast in 'Peaky Blinders' S6
(via @TheSun) pic.twitter.com/NrtbI51jFc
— Culture Crave 🍿 (@CultureCrave) April 25, 2020
The cast of Peaky Blinders series 6


Thanks for joining Kim and me for the Weekly Run Down. We are really enjoying connecting with so many new friends and supporting them along the way on their fitness and running journeys. This week was all about recovery for me. I did not realize how much I really needed a few days of less activity until I took them. I am glad I did. Here's my Weekly Run Down Recovery Week.
Skipped my morning Peloton classes and opted for a few minutes on the elliptical to loosen up. Did some stretching and abs.
A fun combo of hot yoga and some light strength training. I took it pretty easy with very light weights and lots of stretching.
Finally feeling back to myself and ready for a hard workout. Did not really like my photo from the workout so did not post it. Crazy huh?! Did it really happen? Yes promise 🙂 Also got a fabulous massage which was just what I needed.
A unique combo of yoga and body rolling with different sized and density therapy balls. Hurts so good. I have similar equipment at home but rarely take the chance to use them.
First day on the outdoor bike this season. Felt amazing to get out there and log some miles. I was pretty happy with my pace as well.
First run all week! I have a new plan that Jessie @TheRightfits helped me come up with. Excited to start my Ragnar training and work on reducing my intervals. I must say that 30 seconds of walking feels a lot less than 60 seconds of walking!
That's my Weekly Run Down!
I am taking a week off post marathon and it has been delightful! I really did need it and can't wait to jump back into things next week!
I need to be more like you and Kim and do more of a variety of activities. You mentioned Ragnar? Which one?
I feel much better having taken it easy a bit this week. My body sure needed it!
I have a bunch of the diff sized balls at home too but honestly do not use them on my own. Felt really great!
I always enjoy reading about your variety of fitness activities – stretching, abs, running, biking, yoga, elliptical, body rolling. Whew! And you call this a recovery week? That body rolling class is interesting. I don't think we have any classes near me. It sounds like something I should try.
I changed my walking intervals from a minute to 30 seconds because I found that a whole minute of walking just slowed me down too much — yup, it goes by quickly.
I don't subscribe to the if there's no photo it didn't happen philosophy. However, I will also admit I wasn't really happy with the yoga photo I posted to IG, but I did it anyway!
I liked your yoga photo! Yes the 30 seconds does go by so much faster than a minute. I am going to stick to it for this week as well.
You were smart to listen to your body and cut your workouts back a bit. I've yet to get outside on my bike. Bill went on two group rides this weekend, both on gravel. Yesterday's was really hilly so there's no way I could have kept up, but today's was a no-drop and less hilly ride and he said I would have been fine.
I made the decision after yesterday's race that I have to get rid of those intervals. While they're letting me get my distance in, they are doing nothing for my endurance and speed. Let me know what you learn!
I have been torn w the intervals! They do allow you to get back distance but yes I feel like I have lost endurance and speed. I have a new plan in place where I am hoping to eliminate them in a few weeks. I will keep you posted! I also think a lot of my current issues are psychological but that is a much longer discussion!
I'm jelly of your outdoor greenery and your bike ride. With all the friggin' snow we're getting today, it seems like true spring will never arrive here.
Ragnar training plan? Fun!! Niagara should be really pretty. I went out on my bike for the first time this season on Saturday. It felt so awesome!! I can't wait to get back into regular biking again. I have really missed the feeling of freedom that I get from it.
Sounds like a recovery week is just what you needed. You were still pretty active even though it was a recovery week for you.
Also love that you're working with Jessie – she's so sweet!
This was also a recovery week for me. Those therapy balls look cool – I've tried the hyper ice ball and really liked it.
The therapy balls are good and I have to remember to use them on my own as well. I know I have a few sitting in my gym somewhere.
I love that yoga picture, and I really need to get myself in the right head space to try cycling with friends. I think it would be a good change fo rme.
I'm still down for all my miles, but it's nice to mix things up.
It is fantastic to mix it up. I am used to training for tri races in the spring so biking is always fun for me. It is such great cross training for runners!
Sounds like a good week of recovery – a great variety of activities!
I didn't realize you're doing another Ragnar – which one?
Yes we are doing Ragnar Niagara Falls end of May. Very excited. We need to plan a Ragnar for all the blogger friends wouldn't that be fun?!
That ball class sounds amazing! I could use of some of that "hurts so good" feeling. LoL!
I hope you have the chance to try it sometime it felt great!
A full week even with recovery! Nice work on that 6:30 run 🙂 You'll be Ragnar ready in no time! That particular Ragnar looks really fun. I might have to form a team for next year!
Thanks Jessie excited to start working on my new plan. Yes I am really excited about Niagara I've never been!
15 minutes! Just a loosen up workout. Yes to the cupcakes!
Such a great week! I'm always impressed by people who are so good about xtraining. The only thing I usually do besides run is walk!
I truly love my cross training days. I know for my body I really need them.
I admire the variety of your activities. I need more of that.
That's why you're in such good shape.
Isn't it fun to have a posse to run with?
your week sounds absolutely perfect to me! lots of stretching, rolling, a bit of strength, running, biking…fabulous!! always good to cut back if you feel you need it!
I am trying to learn that I need to take a break when I need it!
I always appreciate a recovery week – like you, I never realize how much I need it until I actually take one.


text:
Whither Ripeness Theory?
Pruitt, Dean G.
URI: https://hdl.handle.net/1920/10648
Ripeness theory, in its most common version, concerns the psychological states that encourage parties who are involved in severe conflict to move into negotiation—either bilateral or mediated. This monograph first summarizes ripeness theory as it stands today, while drawing on the writings of I. William Zartman, the founder of this field, and several other international relations scholars. Then it presents a critique, which recasts this important theory in conventional psychological terms; uses the language of variables rather than necessary states; and focuses on the psychological states of individual actors rather than on joint psychological states. The recast theory, which is called "readiness theory," argues that an actor's readiness for conflict resolution is a function of both motivation to end the conflict and optimism about the success of negotiation. This revision appears to (a) fit more historical cases than the original; (b) be more heuristic in the sense of suggesting testable theoretical propositions; and (c) have greater reach, thus casting light on concession making, agreement, compliance, and third-party activation.
Name: wp_25_pruitt_0.pdf
Description: Working Paper No. ...


text:
Home Entertainment The 20 Most Decorated Golden Globe Winners of All Time
The 20 Most Decorated Golden Globe Winners of All Time
Charles Stockdale and John Harrington
Source: Frazer Harrison / Getty Images
5. Jack Nicholson
> Lifetime wins & nominations: 6 wins, 17 nominations
> First win: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama, 1975
> Known for: Chinatown; One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest; As Good as It Gets
Jack Nicholson was nominated four times before winning a Golden Globe for his performance in 1975's "Chinatown." His most recent win came in 2003 for his work in "About Schmidt." When combining wins and nominations, Nicholson has performed better at the Golden Globes than any other male actor in history.
Source: Cameron Spencer / Getty Images
4. Julie Andrews
> First win: Actress In A Leading Role – Musical Or Comedy, 1965
> Known for: The Sound of Music; Mary Poppins; Victor Victoria
One of the most beloved actresses ever, Julie Andrews has endeared herself to audiences in movies, television, and on stage since the 1950s. Andrews has seven Golden Globe wins, among them for Actress in a Musical or Comedy for "Mary Poppins" and "The Sound of Music."
These Are The Best War Movies Ever
Source: Matt Winkelmeyer / Getty Images
3. Jane Fonda
> First win: New Star Of The Year – Actress, 1962
> Known for: Klute; Barbarella; Youth
The acting gene was clearly passed on to Jane Fonda from her father Henry. Fonda has notched seven Golden Globe wins in her storied, and at times controversial, career, including back-to-back wins for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for "Julia" in 1978 and "Coming Home" in 1979.
Source: Emma McIntyre / Getty Images
2. Barbra Streisand
> Known for: Funny Girl; Yentl; The Mirror Has Two Faces
Barbra Streisand took home her first Golden Globe in 1969 as Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy for her role in "Funny Girl." Six other victories have followed that accolade. She is the first woman to have won the Golden Globe for best director, in 1984 for the film "Yentl." Streisand has advocated for more recognition of female directors. At the Golden Globe ceremony in 2017, she chided the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for not doing enough to support women filmmakers.
Source: Kevin Winter / Getty Images
1. Meryl Streep
> First win: Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in any Motion Picture, 1980
> Known for: Out of Africa; August: Osage County; The Devil Wears Prada
Meryl Streep has been called the greatest actress of her generation, and few would dispute that claim. During her career in films and television she won Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy for "Julie & Julia" in 2010, Best Performance by an Actress in a Limited Series or Motion Picture Made for Television in "Angels in America" in 2004, and Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for "Sophie's Choice" in 1983, among many other wins. Streep has amassed a record 23 competitive Golden Globe nominations, including eight wins.
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Session II: strings and piano.
All Honors Symphonic Orchestra applicants are required to audition on one of the Honors audition dates.
Students must be very advanced to audition for this select group. Advanced technical ability, sight-reading ability and musicianship emphasis will be the focal points for these musicians.
* All Honors Symphonic Orchestra applicants are required to audition on one of the Honors audition dates.
**Video auditions are also accepted.
Cellists must know tenor clef.
Reading: Advanced high school orchestral repertoire or Suzuki Book Six.
Honors string players will have extended hours to accommodate chamber music coachings and orchestral rehearsals. Please refer to "Schedule" page for specific camp hours.
Advanced woodwind and brass players may audition for a half-day or full-day camp option during Session I. Percussionists may apply for half-day options only. Contact Jimmy Gilmore at jimmyclarinet@gmail.com for more information.
Full-day option: Winds and brass play in the Honors Symphonic Orchestra and are in Chamber Music and Musicianship classes, extending the camp day longer than regular camp. Please refer to "Schedule" page for specific camp hours.
Advanced pianists may audition for half-day or full-day camp options. This is a fun, unique and enriching experience open to a limited number of pianists!


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RLSSWA's Steph Green with Keep Watch Ambassadors Michelle Ostler, Sharyn Hobbs and Emma Barbaro, and RLSSWA's Lauren Nimmo
Keep Watch achieves 85 percent reduction in toddler drowning
This year marks 20 years since the Keep Watch toddler drowning prevention program was first introduced in Western Australia and since then there has been a dramatic 85% reduction in the rate of toddler drowning deaths in our state.
Lauren Nimmo, Senior Manager Health Promotion and Research at the Royal Life Saving Society WA says "the Keep Watch program has educated parents and made them more aware of the risks and how to keep their children safe when around water. We also have some of the most comprehensive home pool barrier legislation in the country which has contributed significantly to this reduction.
If the rates of toddler drowning seen 20 years ago had continued, 20 toddlers would have drowned last year. Instead only three toddlers drowned in WA last year and while this is a pleasing outcome, we can't become complacent as one drowning is too many. We need to continue to work towards achieving our goal of eliminating toddler drowning."
The Department of Health has supported the Keep Watch program since its inception and has contributed significantly to the improvements we have seen in toddler drowning. Professor Tarun Weeramanthri, Assistant Director General, Department of Health says "The Department of Health and Royal Life Saving Society WA have had a long standing relationship based on a shared concern for drowning prevention, and it is a partnership that has yielded tangible and life-saving benefits for Western Australians. The Keep Watch program ensures families in WA are aware of the need for supervision in and around water at all times, and understand the importance of water safety. I do not want any family to have to suffer the tragedy of the loss of a child or a near drowning incident and ask parents to be particularly vigilant around their children in these summer months."
Despite the significant improvements in toddler drowning deaths, there has been a steady increase in the rate of toddlers hospitalised following a non-fatal drowning incident.
Lauren Nimmo says "on average we see a 14% increase in the rate non-fatal drowning each year in Western Australia. Last year 57 children were hospitalised and a further 77 presented to the emergency department following a non-fatal drowning incident. Unfortunately many parents aren't told the stories of when a child survives a drowning incident, and are unaware of the impact it has on their family and community. These numbers are alarming and we need to focus on providing more information to parents on the possible outcomes of drowning."
Michelle Ostler, Keep Watch Ambassador, knows too well the impact that non-fatal drowning can have on a family. When her daughter Jewel was nearly three years old she was involved in a non-fatal drowning incident in a home pool, while being cared for by a relative. Her drowning resulted in a lengthy hospital stay, and while Jewel survived her family continues to deal with the ongoing health issues and effects of the incident.
Michelle says "after it happened there were days when I would just be on the floor crying. It was so hard to comprehend how this could have happened to my daughter. And now I have two teenage sons who are living through the trauma of seeing their sister pulled from that pool, and travelling to hospital with people fighting for her life. It still affects our life now 4 years later. When she came home from hospital Jewel had two words, Mum and No. She needed intensive speech therapy and although she has improved immensely she still has a language delay and is about 6 to 12 months behind other children in her class."
Michelle has become a Keep Watch parent ambassador to help parents keep their children safe around water so they don't have to go through the same experience she did. Her message for parents is simple;
"Always be vigilant. Never think you can leave the pool gate open because your children have had swimming lessons and you think they will be OK. You need to always be supervising your kids - that's the number one message I would give."
Lauren Nimmo says "we are urging all Western Australians to take toddler drowning seriously and get prepared for summer by making this upcoming weekend their home pool safety weekend – make sure to check that your home pool barrier has been well maintained over winter and is working properly, and remember to Keep Watch and keep your family safe this summer."
The Keep Watch program is proudly supported by the Department of Heath WA and BHP Billiton.
Read tips on how to ensure your home pool is safe at the link below.
Learn how to become a swim instructor and teach children a vital life skill!


An unnamed 17-year-old was taken into police custody the other day in Ohio, following a threat that he'd commit suicide to an in-game Blizzard representative (known as a GM). The staffer contacted local emergency services, who showed up at the kid's house. The kid told the GM that "he was suicidal and the game was the only thing he had to live for". Other people have tried stuff like that on Blizzard before, but this is the first time that someone's been arrested over it.


We all have different goals at work— whether it's building products, finding new customer opportunities, or creating marketing campaigns -- but one thing we all have in common is that we have way too much to do, with too few resources, while our customers deserve the very best from us. To meet those goals without reaching the breaking point, you'll need to embrace a better way of working: one that enables you to thrive in your job -- not just survive. But where do you start? Check out this infographic for steps you can take today to work out loud -- and love your job!


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L'expédition austro-hongroise au pôle Nord est une expédition arctique, menée entre 1872 et 1874, qui découvrit la Terre François-Joseph.

Selon Julius von Payer, l'un des leaders de l'expédition, le voyage était destiné à découvrir le passage du Nord-Est. L'expédition explora réellement la région au nord-ouest de la Nouvelle-Zemble. Selon l'autre leader, Karl Weyprecht, le pôle Nord était un objectif secondaire.  Le coût estimé de l'expédition fut de , financé par des nobles austro-hongrois.

Le navire principal de l'expédition était le Tegetthoff, nommé d'après l'amiral autrichien Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, sous les ordres duquel Weyprecht avait servi. Le navire avait été construit par  Teklenborg & Beurmann à Bremerhaven.  C'était une goélette de 3 mats de  de long, équipée d'une moteur à vapeur de 100 cv (). L'équipage venait de toute l'Autriche-Hongrie mais principalement d'Istrie et de Dalmatie.

Voyage
Le Tegetthoff et ses 24 membres d'équipage quittèrent Tromsø en juillet 1872. À la fin du mois d'aout, il fut pris dans les glaces au nord de la Nouvelle-Zemble et dériva alors vers des régions polaires inconnues. C'est durant cette dérive que les explorateurs découvrirent un archipel qu'ils nommèrent Terre François-Joseph d'après l'empereur d'Autriche-Hongrie François-Joseph .

En mai 1874, le capitaine du navire, Weyprecht, décida d'abandonner la goélette toujours prise dans les glaces pour essayer de retourner vers la terre ferme avec traineaux et chaloupes. Le , les membres de l'expédition atteignirent la mer libre et le  la terre ferme en Russie.

Résultats
Les découvertes lors de l'expédition apportèrent une contribution significative à la science polaire et à la découverte du passage du Nord-Est par Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. Elle contribua également à un glissement, des expéditions individuelles de type plutôt sportif vers une coopération scientifique internationale dans l'exploration des régions polaires.

L'expédition ramena des résultats divers dans les domaines de la météorologie, l'astronomie, la géodésie, le magnétisme, la zoologie et décrivit les aurores boréales. Ils furent publiés par l'Académie des Sciences en 1878. Un livre fut aussi publié (Expédition austro-hongroise du pôle Nord 1872-74) ainsi que les tableaux peints par Payer.

Bibliographie
 Karl Weyprecht, Die Metamorphosen des Polareises. Österr.-Ung. Arktische Expedition 1872-1874  (The Metamorphosis of Polar Ice. The Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition of 1872-1874)
 Julius von Payer New Lands within the Arctic Circle (1876)
 Andreas Pöschek: Geheimnis Nordpol. Die Österreichisch-Ungarische Nordpolexpedition 1872-1874. - Wien: 1999 (download as PDF)

Voir aussi
 Christoph Ransmayr : Les Effrois de la glace et des ténèbres, éd. Maren Sell, 1989. Roman qui entremêle l'histoire de l'expédition Payer-Weyprecht avec l'aventure d'un narrateur fictif voyageant un siècle plus tard.
 Expédition autrichienne autour du monde en 1857

Source

Expédition en Arctique
Terre François-Joseph
Marine austro-hongroise


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Tags: slave traders
Freedom House Museum
The Freedom House Museum was once part of the headquarters for the largest domestic slave trading firm in the United States, Franklin and Armfield. Enslaved Africans were brought from the Chesapeake Bay area and forced to the slave markets in Natchez, Mississippi and New Orleans either by foot or ship. The building has a long history. In 1828, it was leased by Isaac Franklin and John Armfield and used as a "Negro Jail" or slave pen for slaves being shipped from Northern Virginia to Louisiana. During the American Civil War the museum and its surrounding sites were used firstly as a military prison for deserters, then as the L'Ouverture Hospital for black soldiers, and finally as the barrack for contraband-slaves who fled the confederate states and sought refuge with Union troops.
The building is currently owned by the Northern Virginia Urban League but the museum is managed by the office of Historic Alexandria. It operates as a reminder to the people of Alexandria of the city's role in historic slavery.
In the basement of the building there is a powerful exhibition which depicts the harsh reality of the domestic slave trade and Alexandria's role in it, through the use of first person narratives from enslaved men and women. These are complemented with a range of contextual text panels, artefacts, images and maps.
Knaresborough Festival of Entertainment and Visual Arts, 2007
Historian Audrey Dewjee gave a talk on the Yorkshire links with slavery, abolition and emancipation during Knaresborough's annual Festival of Entertainment and Visual Arts in 2007, entitled 'Merchants, Plantations and Slave Traders'.
Response of Jacqueline and Sonia Brooks
As descendants of enslaved Africans, Jacqueline and Sonia Brooks expressed their own independent responses to the bicentenary. Jacqueline designed a limited edition postcard to display the horrors of a slave ship. Sonia wrote the poem Amazing Trade, which was performed during the National Maritime Museum's programme for Slavery Remembrance Day.
Songs of Slavery
The Songs of Slavery CD and booklet were produced by a community-based project, led by the Hull and East Riding branch of the Historical Association. The project was part of the Wilberforce 2007 initiative in Hull. Songs of Slavery recorded 19 songs relating to slavery, alongside six short narratives. Most of the songs date from the mid-19th century and were originally composed and sung by enslaved peoples. Some were based on religious beliefs, others also contained coded messages to aid escape and resistance. The Songs of Slavery tracks were sung or narrated by local choirs, singers and musicians, together with students from local schools and colleges.
The Adventures of Ottobah Cugoano
The Adventures of Ottobah Cugoano is a book written for young readers, written by Marcia Hutchinson and Pete Tidy, and published by Primary Colours as part of the Freedom and Culture 2007 initiative. Ottobah Cugoanao was an African abolitionist, captured in 1770 in Fante (present-day Ghana) and sold into slavery. He was eventually made free and baptized John Stuart in London. Stuart became active in Sons in Africa and through his publications campaigned for abolition. A Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3 Teaching Pack was produced to accompany the adventure story, written by Marcia Hutchinson, Pete Tidy and Shazia Azhar, with a foreword by David Lammy MP.
Slavery: marking the 200th anniversary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act
The official publication from the Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister in association with the Northern Ireland Office, based on the research of historian Nini Rodgers.
Towards Liberty: Slavery, the Slave Trade, Abolition and Emancipation
This booklet was produced to mark the bicentenary in 2007 and to highlight the material available in Sheffield Local Studies Library and Sheffield Archives for the study of slavery, the slave trade, abolition movements and emancipation. It looks, in particular, at the role of the city of Sheffield and the surrounding areas, and its local residents. Sheffield benefited from the slave system in that goods manufactured in the city's factories were used on the plantations in the West Indies and America. Sugar and coffee produced on the plantations was consumed by residents. There were active anti-slavery groups in Sheffield, including the Ladies Anti-Slavery Society, and petitioning and boycotts were common. Hannah Kilham, a Sheffield Quaker, published a memoir of her experiences in West Africa as a teacher in the 1820s and 1830s.
Faces of Freedom: Hammersmith and Fulham and the Slave Trade
The Museum of Fulham Palace is housed in the former palace of the Bishops of London, and former home of Bishop Porteus, the leading advocate for abolition within the Church of England in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Faces of Freedom exhibition featured Porteus alongside other individuals associated with slavery and abolition who had links with the area. The abolitionist Granville Sharp lived and is buried nearby, while Crisp Road was named after the slave trader and bead manufacturer Sir Nicholas Crisp. The exhibition included glass beads (very likely produced to be used for barter in Africa) excavated by the Museum of London on the site of Crisp's Hammersmith home. Also featured was the story of Ellen and William Craft, fugitive slaves from Georgia who made Hammersmith their home, and the contributions of local residents Marcus Garvey, Jamaican Pan-Africanist, and nurse Mary Seacole. The exhibition included video footage and posters relating to slavery and freedom, created by pupils from the nearby Phoenix High School.
Hammersmith and Fulham Urban Studies Centre is a voluntary educational organisation which offers opportunities to children and young people to learn about the local urban environment. The online curriculum resource 'Remembering Slavery' aimed to inform teaching and learning about the transatlantic slave trade by tracing the links of people and places in Hammersmith and Fulham to enslavement, the slave trade and its abolition. It explored the lives of enslaved Africans and their descendants, detailing their experiences and contributions in the local area. The resource aimed to encourage teachers to develop a locally-based Black history focus across curriculum programmes. It consisted of resource guides and animated films across four broad time frames: pre-Victorian, Victorians, Britain in the 1930s and 40s, and Britain since 1948.
Dark Heritage
Dark Heritage from Bee Arts Community Interest Company comprised The DARK, a sonic art installation, and accompanying participatory educational activities. The DARK touring installation is a pitch black space designed to bring home the horrors of the transatlantic slave trade in the 18th century. The three dimensional soundscape uses ghosts as metaphors for the hidden aspects of the past, based on the Liverpudlian slave-ship worker Edward Rushton, slave ship Captain John Newton, and Kunie, an African man who met Rushton aboard an American ship. A programme of public sessions and creative educational workshops aimed at schools, colleges, youth and community groups were produced in collaboration with Kingswood Primary School in Lambeth. Dark Heritage travelled to six locations in the UK in 2007-08 starting in Greenwich, travelling to Ipswich, Gloucester, University of Hertfordshire, Norwich and finishing in Manchester.
Dumfries and Galloway and the Transatlantic Slave Trade
An exhibition exploring the connections between the Scottish region of Dumfries and Galloway and the transatlantic slave trade toured Dumfries Museum, the Stewartry Museum in Kirkcudbright and Stranraer Museum. At each venue, the exhibition was accompanied by displays of material and a lecture. The catalogue of new research to supplement the exhibition by Frances Wilkins set out to correct misunderstandings about the role of people from the region in the transatlantic slave trade, to prove a history of connections independent of Glasgow or anywhere else. Evidence suggests that men from smaller towns such as Dumfries and Kirkcudbright were involved in the transatlantic slave trade as merchants, slave traders or plantation owners. For example, in the late 18th century, plantation supplies were sent from Kirkcudbright to the island of Grenada; the vessels returned with rum, sugar, and cotton wool.
African Snow: Secrets of the Trade
In conjunction with York Theatre Royal, Riding Lights Theatre Company produced a new play written by Murray Watts, directed by Paul Burbridge, with original music by Nigerian musician Ben Okafor. African Snow: Secrets of the trade was originally commissioned by the Church Mission Society, an organisation founded in 1799 by representatives of the abolition movement, including William Wilberforce. The play sought to explore the ideas associated with antislavery and how they can be put to use in the modern day campaign for the end of slavery. Opening at York, the play went on to have a West End Transfer followed by a national tour. The main characters are John Newton, the converted slave-trader who later wrote 'Amazing Grace', and the former slave and abolitionist Olaudah Equiano. The play saw them confronting each other's differing perspectives, creating a dialogue in which the audience could witness alternative views towards slavery. A 'snow' was a class of ship, commonly used for the transportation of slaves. 'The African' was the first slave ship on which John Newton sailed.
Guernsey and the Slave Trade
A display in the entrance foyer of Guernsey Museum in 2007 explored the island's connections with slavery and the slave trade. Relevant items from the museum's collection included a slave collar and chain from a slaver intercepted by a Guernsey captain on anti-slavery patrols, and a 17th-century portrait of Anne de Beauvoir and a slave child. Guernsey was involved in the transatlantic slave trade via islanders directly involved in the traffic (for example, Thomas Ebworthy of the ship 'Anne Galley'); ships known to be involved, such as the 'African' and the 'Fanny'; and islanders' involvement with the supply of goods or services.
Hidden Connections: Ulster and Slavery 1807-2007
The Hidden Connections exhibition was a result of partnership between the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI) and the Linen Hall Library in Belfast. The exhibition explored Ulster's links with slavery after 1807 via people, events and places, and looked at both the pro and anti-slavery debates in Northern Ireland. It drew on documents from PRONI's archives, artefacts from the Ulster Museum and contemporary books and pamphlets from the Linen Hall Library and elsewhere. After its launch at Linen Hall Library, the exhibition toured Northern Ireland, travelling to Down Museum, the Harbour Museum in Derry, Lisburn City Library and the Ulster American Folk Park.
The wider Hidden Connections programme featured workshops exploring archival sources, performances and lectures by leading scholars. There was a panel discussion on 'Slavery Now', a walking tour of Belfast sites associated with the slavery issue, and a boat trip on the Lagan focusing on the port's links with slave colonies. Gerry McLaughlin's 'Blood sugar' is a drama documentary devoted to the literature of slavery, music and song. 'Freedom and Liberty' was the theme of the UK-wide Archives Awareness Event. PRONI organised special events and produced a catalogue, 'Ulster and Slavery', listing the references to slavery to be found in the archive.
To mark the bicentenary, the National Trust for Scotland put together a wide-ranging programme of events to engage their audiences with Scottish connections to slavery and abolition. Three National Trust for Scotland properties in the West of Scotland – Culzean Castle, Brodrick Castle and Greenbank House – illustrate the ways in which Scotland was involved in the transatlantic slave trade. A touring exhibition based on this new research was shown at these sites and others in the West of Scotland. The Beckford Collection of furniture, silver and China at Brodrick Castle, on the Isle of Arran, once belonged to William Beckford, owner of several sugar plantations in the West Indies. Scipio Kennedy from 'Guinea' lived at Culzean Castle, Ayrshire, from 1710, first as a slave and then as a paid servant. The Allason brothers of Greenbank House were traders in tobacco and slaves. David Livingstone spent much of his life campaigning against the slave trade based in East Africa. His work is remembered at the David Livingstone Centre in Blantyre.
The 2007 Learning Programme involved workshops for local community groups and a resource pack for teachers and youth leaders. Events included a celebration of Scottish and African culture at the David Livingstone Centre; a survey and excavation in search of the ex-slave Scipio Kennedy's home in the grounds of Culzean Castle; and a Commemoration Service arranged in partnership with Action of Churches Together in Scotland (ACTS).
Slaves and Highlanders
An exhibition developed by Cromarty Courthouse Museum in the Scottish Highlands recording the role of Highland Scots in the slave trade and slave plantations of the Caribbean and South America and, in particular, British Guiana. The striking illustrations were by John McNaught. The exhibition told individual stories of Scottish merchants, plantation owners and their slaves, such as a slave called Inverness, bought, sold, exploited and hunted as a runaway by Scots in Demerara. It also looked at the freed slaves who found a place in Scottish society. Connected to this project was the placing of a plaque in the former Royal Northern Infirmary (now the executive office of the University of the Highlands and Islands). It remains one of the few acknowledgements of the use of profits from the slave plantations to fund charitable public institutions, and the only known one in Gaelic.
It Didn't Happen Here! Edinburgh's Links in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
This exhibition at the Museum of Edinburgh explored the city's links to the slave trade and, in particular, trading connections with the Americas. Imports to the Port of Leith from North America and the West Indies included tobacco, rum, sugar, cotton, rice and indigo. The exhibition looked at Scots who sought fortunes in the West Indies, as well as Black residents who made their homes in Edinburgh. It also explored Edinburgh's connections to the abolition movement.
Unfair Trade
A touring exhibition from Herefordshire Museums, which explored Herefordshire's hidden history of slavery. Local connections include Moccas Court near Hereford, the country house once home to the Cornewall family, owners of a sugar plantation on Grenada at the time of the Grenadian uprising of 1795. Another county connection to the history of slavery is Lady Hawkins' School in Kington, the construction of which was bequeathed in 1632 by the widow of Sir John Hawkins, England's first slave trader. The nineteenth-century poet and abolitionist Elizabeth Barrett Browning also had family connections in Herefordshire. The exhibition was taken on tour around Herefordshire and Warwickshire on a specially commissioned Abolition Bus.
The Abolition of the Slave Trade
Kirklees Council ran a range of events in 2007, focused on local connections with slavery and abolition. Kirklees Civic Sunday was the official commemoration at Huddersfield Parish Church, with a performance by a local gospel choir and a presentation by actors as historical characters. The links between Yorkshire and the Caribbean were also explored: 8,500 people of African-Caribbean descent live in the borough of Kirklees. Events such as the Jamaica National Independence Cultural Festival, Deighton Carnival and Huddersfield Carnival celebrated African and Caribbean culture. Part of the Kirklees programme was to host the Equiano Project's touring exhibition at the Hudawi Centre in Huddersfield. The Centre went on to name one of its rooms after Equiano. Other events included talks from historians, including Richard Reddie and Paul Crooke, church services, choir concerts and theatre productions.
Hidden History of the Dales
This project was a collaboration between the Dales Countryside Museum in Hawes and North Yorkshire Record Office to research people and places of the Yorkshire Dales connected with Africa, the Caribbean and India. 'Hidden History' collected local stories of slave owners and traders, abolitionists, Africans and Asians who moved to the Dales, and others like the actor Ira Aldridge who passed through. The project included various community activities. Working with actor Joe Williams, pupils from the Wensleydale School explored the life of Olaudah Equiano and performed alongside Joe at the exhibition opening. There were drop-in sessions on exploring family history, carnival costume making, talks and music. The exhibition toured to other locations in Yorkshire, including Boroughbridge Library. The Dales Countryside Museum has continued to collect information relating to individuals who were connected with the Yorkshire Dales and the wider world.


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An old favourite among skaters, artists and musicians, the Vans Old Skool brings a classic back to the main stage. These grey kicks are built from a soft suede upper and waffle rubber outsole for a throwback look. Finished with the iconic Vans side stripe for recognizable style.