text:
\section{I. Introduction}
One of the fundamental problems in molecular science is the quantum-mechanical origin of chirality. The chiral configurations of a chiral molecule have a many-particle, complex dynamics. This dynamics can be effectively modeled by the motion of a particle in a symmetric double-well potential~\cite{Hund}. The states associated to chiral configurations are assumed to be localized in two minima of the potential. The superposition of chiral states is realized by tunneling through the barrier. If the barrier is high enough to prevent tunneling, once prepared, the chiral state is preserved. Upon a quantitative analysis, however, this explanation seems rather insufficient for low-barrier molecules~\cite{Jan}. As a modern resolution, the chiral interactions, i.e. interactions that prefer a particular chiral state, became important. They can be effectively taken into account by introducing an asymmetry parameter into the symmetric double-well potential. If they are strong enough to overcome tunneling process, the molecule is confined in the preferred chiral state. The most discussed interactions in this context are parity-violating weak interactions~\cite{Let,Has}, intermolecular interactions~\cite{Sto} and interaction with the circularly-polarized light~\cite{Nor}. The problem is that the induced chirality is demolished by the dissipative effects of the surrounding environment. The open chiral molecule has been studied by the mean-field approach, and more completely by the decoherence theory. In the mean-field theory, the environment is envisaged as an effective potential added to the Schr\"{o}dinger dynamics of the system~\cite{Bre}. The resulting non-linear dynamics can be served to stabilize a particular chiral state~\cite{Var,Jon,Gre}. Recently, this approach is extended to include chiral interactions in the Langevin formalism of open quantum systems~\cite{Lan1,Lan2,Lan3,Lan4,Lan5}. \\
\indent The decoherence theory describe the superselection of a preferred set of system's states by the environment-induced, dynamical destruction of quantum coherence between them~\cite{Bre,Sch}. The environment acting upon the molecule might be dilute (e.g., gaseous environment) or condensed (e.g., biological environment). The dynamics of a system in a gas phase was studied by the scattering model or more conveniently collisional decoherence~\cite{Joos,Dio,Adl,Vac}. The application of collisional decoherence to the study of the tunneling of a chiral molecule in a gas phase was first done in the pioneering works of Harris and Stodolsky~\cite{Har1,Har2} and Silbey and Harris~\cite{Sil}. More refined works showed that the environmental collisions induce an indirect position-measurement on the molecule and thus stabilize the chiral states~\cite{Hor,Bah1,Bah2,Gon,Gha}. In a condensed phase, however, since the medium is always present, the idea of a collision is inapplicable. The simplest representation of a condensed phase is a bath of harmonic oscillators. At sufficiently low temperatures, the states of the molecule are effectively confined in the two-dimensional Hilbert space spanned by the two chiral states. When the two-level system couples linearly to the environmental oscillators, the result is the renowned Spin-Boson model studied extensively in the literature, especially by Leggett and co-workers\cite{Leg}. Recently, this model is employed to examine the role of quantum coherence in biological systems~\cite{Gil,Raz}. An elementary application of this model to chiral molecules is found in the work of Silbey and Harris~\cite{Sil}. Recently, Tirandaz and co-workers solved the general Spin-Boson model to examine the interplay between tunneling process and chiral interactions in a biological environment~\cite{Tir}. They showed that despite the powerful racemization effects of the biological environment the chiral interactions induced by the same environment can prohibit the tunneling process and thus preserve the initial chiral state.\\
\indent The description of the decoherence dynamics is usually formulated in terms of the so-called master equations, which yield the {\it approximate} evolution of the reduced density matrix of the open quantum system. The master equation is essentially a mathematical object which maps the initial state to the final state without providing a clear-cut physical understanding of the inner dynamics. Moreover, it is recently discussed that conceptually the state of the closed system and the reduced state assigned to that system when it interacts with the environment are different~\cite{For1,For2}. In order to present a simple and straightforward demonstration of the stabilization of molecular chirality, in this paper, we apply the time-dependent perturbation theory to examine the dynamics of an open chiral molecule. The main emphasis here would be on the comparison between dynamics influenced by dilute and condensed environments. It is demonstrated that the interaction with {\it any} environment can be rigorously mapped onto a system linearly coupled to an oscillator environment, provided the interaction is sufficiently weak and second-order perturbation theory can be applied~\cite{Fey,Cal}. We describe the dynamics of chirality by an asymmetric double-well potential, and the environment is represented by a collection of harmonic oscillators, with different spectral densities for dilute and condensed phases. We exemplify the dilute and condensed phases respectively by an inert background gas and water. Note that for we focus on chiral molecules with high tunneling rates, the strength of chiral interactions can be considered less than the tunneling strength, especially in the dilute phase.\\
\indent The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we describe the chiral molecule and its harmonic environment. We examine the dynamics of chiral states in the third section using time-dependent perturbation theory. In the forth section, we first estimate the parameters relevant to our analysis, specify the spectral densities of dilute and condensed environments and accordingly present our results. Finally, we summarize our findings in the last section.
\section{II. Model}
The total Hamiltonian of the entire system composed of the chiral molecule and the environmental particles is conveniently defined as
\begin{equation}\label{1}
H=H_{M}+H_{E}+H_{ME}
\end{equation}
where $H_{M}$, $H_{E}$ and $H_{ME}$ are the molecular, environmental and interaction Hamiltonians, respectively.\\
\indent A chiral molecule is found at least as two identical enantiomers through the inversion at molecule's center of mass by a long-amplitude vibration known as the contortional vibration~\cite{Tow,Her}. This particular vibration can effectively be described by the motion of a particle in an asymmetric double-well potential. The minima of the potential are associated to two enantiomers of the molecule and the asymmetry can be considered as an overall measure of all chiral interactions. For an isolated chiral molecule, the asymmetry is merely resulted from the internal chiral interactions i.e., the parity-violating weak interactions~\cite{Let,Qua}. For a chiral molecule in interaction with the environment, however, the external chiral interactions e.g., the dispersion intermolecular interactions~\cite{Sto} and interaction with the circularly-polarized light~\cite{Gha} are the main source of asymmetry. An asymmetric double-well potential can be represented by a quartic potential including a linear term
\begin{equation}\label{2}
U(R)=U_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}\Big\{\Big[\big(\frac{R}{R_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}}\big)^{2}-1\Big]^{2}-1-\eta\big(\frac{R}{R_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}}\big)\Big\},\qquad U_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}=\frac{M\Omega^{2}R_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}^{2}}{8}
\end{equation}
where $M$ is the effective mass of the chiral molecule, $\Omega$ is the harmonic frequency at the bottom of each well, $\eta$ is called the asymmetry parameter and $R_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$ is the distance between two minima from the origin for $\eta=0$. To quantify the extent to which the molecule exhibits quantum coherence, we incorporate the dimensionless form of the model. The potential has the characteristic length $R_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$ and the characteristic energy $U_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$ which we adopt as the units of length and energy, respectively. The corresponding characteristic time can be defined as $\tau_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}=R_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}/(U_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}/M)^{1/2}$ which we consider as the unit of the time. Likewise, the unit of the momentum is taken as $P_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}=(MU_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}})^{1/2}$. We then define the dynamical variables, $x$ and $p$, as $R/R_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$ and $P/P_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$, respectively. The corresponding commutation relation is defined as $[x,p]=\imath h$, where Planck constant is redefined as $h=\hbar/R_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}P_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}=\hbar/U_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}\tau_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$, which we call the reduced Planck constant. \\
\indent In the limit $E_{th}\ll\Omega \tau_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}h\ll 1$ (with $E_{th}=k_{\mbox{\tiny$B$}}T/U_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$ as thermal energy, $k_{\mbox{\tiny$B$}}$ as Boltzmann constant, and $T$ as temperature), energy states are confined in two-dimensional Hilbert space spanned by two chiral states $|L\rangle$ and $|R\rangle$. In fact, such a two-level approximation holds for most chiral molecules~\cite{Tow,Her}. Accordingly, the effective molecular Hamiltonian in the chiral basis can be written as~\cite{Leg}
\begin{equation}\label{3}
H_{M}=-\Delta\sigma_{x}-\delta\sigma_{z}
\end{equation}
where we defined
\begin{align}\label{4}
   \Delta&=\frac{h\Omega\tau_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}}{4}  \nonumber \\
   \delta&=\eta\sqrt{\frac{h}{2\Omega \tau_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}}}
\end{align}
in which $\Delta$ is the tunneling strength and $\delta$, known as the localization strength, is a measure of the the energy difference between two enantiomers. If chiral interactions are strong enough to overcome tunneling process, $\Delta\ll\delta$, the chiral states become stable, and thus the chirality problem is resolved. Therefor, here we focus on chiral molecules with low barrier, where the tunneling strength is larger than the localization strength, $\Delta\gg\delta$. The states of energy are described by the superposition of localized states as
\begin{align}\label{5}
|1\rangle&=\cos{\theta}|R\rangle+\sin{\theta}|L\rangle \nonumber \\
|2\rangle&=\sin{\theta}|R\rangle-\cos{\theta}|L\rangle
\end{align}
where we defined $\theta=\frac{1}{2}\arctan\{\Delta/\delta\}$. The corresponding energies are $\mp\frac{1}{2}(\Delta^{2}+\delta^{2})^{1/2}$. For an isolated chiral molecule, the probability of the tunnelling from the left state to the right one is given by
\begin{equation}\label{6}
P_{L\rightarrow R}=\frac{\Delta^{2}}{\Delta^{2}+\delta^{2}}\sin^{2}\{(\Delta^{2}+\delta^{2})^{1/2}t/2\}
\end{equation}
\indent A frequently employed model for an environment is a set of harmonic oscillators. The $\alpha$-th harmonic oscillator in the environment is characterized by its natural frequency, $\omega_{\alpha}$, and position and momentum operators, $x_{\alpha}$ and, $p_{\alpha}$, respectively, according to the Hamiltonian
\begin{equation}\label{7}
H_{E}=\sum_{\alpha}\Big(\frac{1}{2}p_{\alpha}^{2}+\frac{1}{2}\omega_{\alpha}^{2}x_{\alpha}^{2}-\frac{1}{2}h\omega_{\alpha}\Big)
\end{equation}
The last term, which merely displaces the origin of energy, is introduced for later convenience. We define $|vac\rangle$ as the vacuum eigenstate and $|\alpha\rangle$ as an excited eigenstate of the environmental Hamiltonian with energy $\varepsilon_{\alpha}$.\\
\indent The interaction Hamiltonian is generally defined by a linearly-coupled harmonic-environment model as
\begin{equation}\label{8}
H_{ME}=-\sum_{\alpha}\Big(\omega_{\alpha}^{2}f_{\alpha}(\sigma_{z})x_{\alpha}+\frac{1}{2}\omega_{\alpha}^{2}f_{\alpha}^{2}(\sigma_{z})\Big)
\end{equation}
where the function $f_{\alpha}(\sigma_{z})$ is the displacement in each environmental oscillator $\alpha$ induced by the molecule. For simplicity, we assume that the interaction model is separable ($f_{\alpha}(\sigma_{z})=\gamma_{\alpha}f(\sigma_{z})$, where $\gamma_{\alpha}$ is the coupling strength) and also bilinear ($f(\sigma_{z})=\sigma_{z}$).\\
\indent The shift in the molecular energy due to the perturbation $H_{ME}$ is obtained up to the second order as
\begin{align}\label{9}
\delta E_{n}&\simeq\langle n,vac|H_{ME}|n,vac\rangle+\sum_{\substack{m\neq n\\ \alpha\neq vac}}\frac{|\langle m,\alpha|H_{ME}|n,vac\rangle|^{2}}{E_{n}-(E_{m}+\varepsilon_{\alpha})}\nonumber\\
&=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{r}|\sigma_{rn}|^{2}\Omega_{rn}\sum_{\alpha}\frac{\gamma_{\alpha}^{2}\omega_{\alpha}^{3}}{\omega_{\alpha}(\omega_{\alpha}+\Omega_{rn})}
\end{align}
where $\sigma_{mn}=\langle m|\sigma_{z}|n\rangle$, $\Omega_{mn}=E_{m}-E_{n}/h$. The state with the energy shifted to $E_{n}+\delta E_{n}$ by perturbation is not actually stationary and decays with a finite lifetime $\Gamma_{n}^{-1}$ given by Fermi's golden rule as
\begin{align}\label{10}
  \Gamma_{n}&\simeq\frac{2\pi}{h}\sum_{\substack{m\neq n\\ \alpha\neq vac}}|\langle n,vac|H_{ME}|n,vac\rangle|^{2}\delta(E_{n}-(E_{m}+\varepsilon_{\alpha}))  \nonumber\\
  &=\frac{\pi}{h}\sum_{r}|\sigma_{rn}|^{2}\Omega_{rn}\sum_{\alpha}
  \frac{\gamma_{\alpha}^{2}\omega_{\alpha}^{3}\delta(\Omega_{rn}-\omega_{\alpha})}{\omega_{\alpha}}
\end{align}
\section{III. Dynamics}
We assume that the initial state of the entire system can be written as
\begin{equation}\label{11}
|\Psi(0)\rangle=|\psi\rangle|vac\rangle
\end{equation}
where $|\psi\rangle$ is an arbitrary state of the chiral molecule. The state of the total system at time $t$ is obtained by
\begin{equation}\label{12}
|\Psi(t)\rangle=e^{-\imath H_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}t/h}U_{I}(t)|\Psi(0)\rangle
\end{equation}
where we defined $H_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}=H_{M}+H_{E}$ and $U_{I}$ is the time evolution operator in the interaction picture: $U_{I}(t)=e^{\imath H_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}t/h}e^{-\imath Ht/h}$. We expand $U_{I}(t)$ up to the second order with respect to the interaction Hamiltonian to find
\begin{equation}\label{13}
U_{I}(t)\simeq1-\frac{\imath}{h}\int_{0}^{t}dt_{1}H_{ME}(t_{1}) -\frac{1}{h^{2}}\int_{0}^{t}dt_{2}\int_{0}^{t_{2}}dt_{1}H_{ME}(t_{2})H_{ME}(t_{1})
\end{equation}
First, we calculate
\begin{equation}\label{14}
U_{I}(t)|vac\rangle\simeq U_{vac}(t)|vac\rangle+U_{\alpha}(t)|\alpha\rangle+U_{\alpha\beta}(t)|\alpha\beta\rangle
\end{equation}
where
\begin{align}\label{15}
   U_{vac}(t)&=1-\frac{\imath t}{2h}\sum_{\alpha}\omega_{\alpha}^{2}\gamma_{\alpha}^{2}-\frac{1}{2h}\sum_{\alpha}\omega_{\alpha}^{3}\gamma_{\alpha}^{2}
   \int_{0}^{t}dt_{2}\int_{0}^{t_{2}}dt_{1}e^{-\imath\omega_{\alpha}(t_{2}-t_{1})}\sigma_{z}(t_{2})\sigma_{z}(t_{1})\nonumber \\
   U_{\alpha}(t)&=\frac{\imath}{\sqrt{2h}}\omega_{\alpha}^{3/2}\gamma_{\alpha}\int_{0}^{t}dt_{1}e^{\imath\omega_{\alpha}t_{1}}\sigma_{z}(t_{1}) \nonumber \\
   U_{\alpha\beta}(t)&=-\frac{1}{2h}\int_{0}^{t}dt_{2}\int_{0}^{t_{2}}dt_{1}\omega_{\alpha}^{3/2}\omega_{\beta}^{3/2}\gamma_{\alpha}\gamma_{\beta}
   e^{\imath(\omega_{\alpha}t_{1}+\omega_{\beta}t_{2})}\sigma_{z}(t_{2})\sigma_{z}(t_{1})
\end{align}
to find
\begin{equation}\label{16}
|\psi(t)\rangle=\sum_{n=1}^{2}e^{-\imath E_{n}t/h}|n\rangle\Big\{|vac\rangle\langle n|U_{vac}(t)|\psi\rangle+\sum_{\alpha}e^{-\imath\omega_{\alpha}t}|\alpha\rangle\langle n|U_{\alpha}(t)|\psi\rangle+\sum_{\alpha\beta}e^{-\imath(\omega_{\alpha}+\omega_{\beta})t}|\alpha\beta\rangle\langle n|U_{\alpha\beta}(t)|\psi\rangle\Big\}
\end{equation}
where we defined $\sigma_{z}(t)=e^{\imath H_{M}t/h}\sigma_{z}e^{-\imath H_{M}t/h}$. The contribution of the third term of (\ref{16}) in the probability of tunneling, being of order $\gamma^{4}$, and hence beyond the second order, can be securely dropped. The problem is thus reduced to the evaluation of matrix elements of $U_{vac}(t)$ and $U_{\alpha}(t)$. The diagonal matrix elements of $U_{vac}(t)$ are evaluated as
\begin{equation}\label{17}
\langle n|U_{vac}(t)|n\rangle=1-\frac{\imath t}{\hbar}\delta E_{n}^{(1)}+\frac{\imath}{\pi h}\sum_{m}|\sigma_{mn}|^{2}\int_{0}^{\infty}d\omega~J(\omega)\int_{0}^{t}dt'~\frac{1-e^{-\imath(\omega+\Omega_{mn})t'}}{\omega+\Omega_{mn}}
\end{equation}
where $J(\omega)$ is the spectral density of the environment, corresponding to a continuous spectrum of environmental frequencies, $\omega$, defined as
\begin{equation}\label{18}
J(\omega)=\frac{\pi}{2}\sum_{\alpha}\gamma_{\alpha}^{2}\omega_{\alpha}^{3}\delta(\omega-\omega_{\alpha})
\end{equation}
In the third term of (\ref{17}), the result of the integration remains unchanged if the integral is regarded as the principal-value integral which allows us to perform the $t'$-integration term by term as
\begin{align}\label{19}
\langle n|U_{vac}(t)|n\rangle=1-\frac{\imath t}{h}\Bigg\{\delta E_{n}^{(1)}-\frac{1}{\pi}
\sum_{m}|\sigma_{mn}|^{2}\wp\!\int_{0}^{\infty}\!d\omega\frac{J(\omega)}{\omega+\Omega_{mn}}\Bigg\}-\frac{1}{\pi h}\sum_{m}|\sigma_{mn}|^{2}\wp\!\int_{0}^{\infty}\!d\omega J(\omega)\frac{1-e^{-(\omega+\Omega_{mn})t}}{(\omega+\Omega_{mn})^{2}}
\end{align}
where the symbol $\wp$ denotes the principal-value integral. The quantity embraced by the braces in the second term on the right hand side coincides with $\delta E_{n}$ in (\ref{9}). So, the following expression is valid up to the second order
\begin{align}\label{20}
\langle n|U_{vac}(t)|n\rangle&\simeq e^{-\frac{\imath t}{\pi h}\delta E_{n}}\Bigg\{1-\frac{1}{\pi h}\sum_{m}|\sigma_{mn}|^{2}~\wp\int_{0}^{\infty}d\omega J(\omega)\frac{1-e^{-(\omega+\Omega_{mn})t}}{(\omega+\Omega_{mn})^{2}}\Bigg\}  \nonumber\\
  &=e^{-\frac{\imath t}{\pi h}\delta E_{n}}\Bigg\{1-\frac{1}{\pi h}\sum_{m}|\sigma_{mn}|^{2}\Bigg [\wp\int_{0}^{\infty}d\omega J(\omega)\Big[2\Big(\frac{\sin\{(\omega+\Omega_{rn})t/2\}}{\omega+\Omega_{mn}}\Big)^{2}-\imath\frac{\sin\{(\omega+\Omega_{mn})t\}}
  {(\omega+\Omega_{mn})^{2}}\Big]\Bigg]\Bigg\}
\end{align}
We assume that environmental cut-off frequency $\Lambda$ is much higher than the characteristic frequency of the molecule $\Omega$, so at times much higher than $\Omega^{-1}$, we approximate the first term of the integral on the second line by a delta function $\delta(\omega+\Omega_{mn})$. The result of the corresponding integral would be $J(\omega+\Omega_{mn})$, which is zero if $\Omega_{mn}\geq0$. Moreover, in the limit $\Delta\gg\delta$, we can safely approximate $\sigma_{nn}\sim0$. The diagonal elements of $U_{vac}(t)$ are then reduced to
\begin{equation}\label{21}
\langle 1|U_{vac}(t)|1\rangle\simeq e^{-\imath t\delta E_{1}/h}\Bigg\{1-\frac{\imath\sin^{2}(2\theta)}{\pi h}\wp\int_{0}^{\infty}d\omega J(\omega)\frac{\sin\{(\omega-\Omega_{12})t\})}{(\omega-\Omega_{12})^{2}}\Bigg\}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{22}
\langle 2|U_{vac}(t)|2\rangle\simeq e^{-\imath t\delta E_{2}/h}\Bigg\{1-\frac{1}{2}\Gamma_{2}t-\frac{\imath\sin^{2}(2\theta)}{\pi h}\wp\int_{0}^{\infty}d\omega J(\omega)\frac{\sin\{(\omega+\Omega_{12})t\})}{(\omega+\Omega_{12})^{2}}\Bigg\}
\end{equation}
where $\Omega_{12}=-(\Delta^{2}+\delta^{2})^{1/2}$.
The off-diagonal elements of $U_{vac}$ can be approximated as zero in the limit $\Delta\gg\delta$.\\
\indent Matrix elements of $U_{\alpha}(t)$ are obtained by
\begin{equation}\label{23}
\langle m|U_{\alpha}(t)|n\rangle=\frac{\imath}{\sqrt{2h}}\omega_{\alpha}^{3/2}\gamma_{\alpha}\sigma_{mn}
\frac{\sin{\{(\omega_{\alpha}+\Omega_{mn})t/2\}}}{(\omega_{\alpha}+\Omega_{mn})/2}e^{\imath(\omega_{\alpha}+\Omega_{mn})t/2}
\end{equation}
To obtain the explicit forms of matrix elements of (\ref{23}), one can follow a procedure pretty much the same as above. Especially, one can show that the diagonal elements of $U_{\alpha}(t)$ can be estimated as zero in the limit $\Delta\gg\delta$.\\
\indent We suppose that the initial state of the molecule is the left-handed state $|L\rangle$. The evolved state function of the whole system in the chiral basis of the molecule can be written as
\begin{equation}\label{24}
|\Psi(t)\rangle=\Big\{\sin{\theta}|\chi_{1}(t)\rangle-\cos{\theta}|\chi_{2}(t)\rangle\Big\}|L\rangle+
\Big\{\cos{\theta}|\chi_{1}(t)\rangle+\sin{\theta}|\chi_{2}(t)\rangle\Big\}|R\rangle
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}\label{25}
|\chi_{i}(t)\rangle=e^{-\imath E_{i}t/h}\Big\{|vac\rangle\langle i|U_{vac}(t)|L\rangle+\sum_{\alpha}e^{-\imath\omega_{\alpha}t}|\alpha\rangle\langle i|U_{\alpha}(t)|L\rangle\Big\}
\end{equation}
for $i=1,2$. We are interested in the probability of finding the molecule in the right-handed state, i.e.,
\begin{equation}\label{26}
P_{R}=|\langle R|\Psi(t)\rangle|^{2}=\cos^{2}{\theta}~\langle\chi_{1}(t)|\chi_{1}(t)\rangle+\sin^{2}{\theta}~\langle\chi_{2}(t)|\chi_{2}(t)\rangle
+\sin{(2\theta)}~\Re(\langle\chi_{1}(t)|\chi_{2}(t)\rangle)
\end{equation}
\section{IV. Results}
To examine the effective dynamics of the open chiral molecule, we first estimate the parameters relevant to our analysis. Two extreme cases can be distinguished: chiral molecules with very long tunneling times and chiral molecules with rapid tunnellings. For former, we have $\delta\gg\Delta$, giving $\theta\rightarrow0$, chiral states become stationary states and Hund's Paradox is resolved~\cite{Bar,HS3}. So, here we just focus on latter. The free parameters of the molecule can be chosen to be the effective mass $M$, the characteristic energy $U_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$ and the characteristic length $R_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$. The effective mass of a typical small chiral molecule (e.g., isomeric ammonia, NHDT) is estimated as $M\sim10^{-27}Kg$. The two-level approximation requires that $E_{th}\ll\Omega\tau_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}h\ll 1$, so considering the thermal energy at the room temperature as $k_{\mbox{\tiny$B$}}T\sim10^{-21}J$, we estimate the typical value of characteristic energy as $U_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}\sim10^{-19}J$. We estimate the characteristic length for a typical molecule close to molecular lengths as $R_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}\sim10^{-10}m$. The rest of the molecular parameters are estimated accordingly. We summarize relevant molecular parameters in TABLE I.
\begin{table}[H]
\begin{center}
\def1.2{1.2}
\begin{tabular} {c c c c c c}
  Parameter &\hspace{0.4cm} Value &\hspace{0.4cm} Parameter &\hspace{0.4cm} Value &\hspace{0.4cm} Parameter &\hspace{0.4cm} value\\
  \hline
  $M$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $10^{-27}Kg$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $P_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $10^{-23}Kg.m.s^{-1}$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $\Omega$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $10^{13}Hz$ \\
  $U_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $10^{-19}J$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $\tau_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $10^{-14}s$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $\Delta$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $10^{-3}$ \\
  $R_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $10^{-10}m$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $h$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $0.1$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $\delta$ &\hspace{0.4cm} $\eta$ \\
\end{tabular}
\caption{Molecular parameters relevant for the model.}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\noindent Note that the value of tunneling frequency $\Delta$ coincides with the tunneling frequency of NHDT. Of particular interest is the value of reduced Planck constant obtained as $h\sim0.1$. The parameter $h$ quantifies the extent to which the isolated molecule exhibit quantum coherence. The situation in which $h\ll1$ is called the {\it quasi-classical} situation~\cite{Tak}.\\
\indent For an isolated chiral molecule, the probability of the right-handed state, according to (\ref{6}), as previously reported by Harris and Stodolsky~\cite{Har1,Har2} and recently by Bargue\~{n}o and co-workers~\cite{Lan1}, is implicitly independent of reduced Planck constant $h$. At the tunneling-dominant limit, corresponding to the symmetric double-well potential, the dynamics (blue plot in FIG.~\ref{Fig1},a) shows symmetric oscillations between two chiral states.
\begin{figure}[H]
  \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[scale=0.65]{IsoD.eps}}\centering
  ~~~~~~
  \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{IsoT.eps}}\centering
  \caption{ The isolated chiral molecule: a) dynamics of the right-handed state for $\eta=10^{-4}$ (\textit{blue}), $\eta=10^{-3}$ (\textit{brown}), $\eta=10^{-2}$ (\textit{green}) b) probability of the right-handed state versus the asymmetry parameter $\eta$ at $t=1000$.}
  \label{Fig1}
\end{figure}
\noindent Introducing the asymmetry into the unitary dynamics reduces the symmetry of the oscillations, eventually confining them to the initial chiral state (brown and green plots in FIG.~\ref{Fig1},a). This oscillatory dynamics is the quantum signature of the system. At a definite time, the probability of the right-handed state is decreased quickly with the asymmetry parameter, $\eta$, (FIG.~\ref{Fig1},b). This is because the chiral interactions overcome tunneling process, and thus confine the molecule in the initial chiral state.\\
\indent A molecule, especially in a biological environment, is not really isolated. The environmental effects on the molecule may be classified into {\it decoherence} and {\it dissipation}. The former is the suppression of the relative phases (coherences) between the states of the molecule. The decoherence in the energy basis of the molecule is usually called dephasing. In our approach, the decoherence effect is characterized by the third term of (\ref{26}). The latter is the energy exchange with the environment leading to thermalization which is usually accompanied by decoherence. In our approach, first and second terms of (\ref{26}) are responsible for dissipation effect. In order to examine the dynamics of the open chiral molecule, first we should specify the type of the environment.
\subsection{Dilute Environment}
The interaction of the molecule with a dilute environment can be approximately accounted by two-body collisions. A gas phase is a generic example of such an environment. A gas phase is not actually a collection of harmonic oscillators. In fact, the fluctuating force produced by the gas particles onto molecule is not Gaussian (as it would be for oscillators), but rather looks like a series of random delta peaks. Nevertheless, if every collision is sufficiently weak, then fluctuating force could still approximately considered as Gaussian (when averaged over longer time scales, including many collisions). For the gas phase we obtain a simple expression for the right-handed state dynamics.\\
\indent For the coupling between the molecule and gas particles is weak, we have $\Gamma_{2}\ll\Omega$. At the temporal domain $\Omega^{-1}\ll t\ll\Gamma_{2}^{-1}$, we obtain
\begin{align}\label{27}
P_{1}(t)=\langle\chi_{1}(t)|\chi_{1}(t)\rangle&\simeq\sin^{2}(\theta)+\frac{\cos^{2}(\theta)\sin^{2}(2\theta)}{\pi h}\wp\int_{0}^{\infty}d\omega J(\omega)\frac{\sin^{2}\{(\omega+\Omega_{12})t\})}{(\omega+\Omega_{12})^{2}}\nonumber\\
&=\sin^{2}(\theta)+\cos^{2}(\theta)\Gamma_{2}t\simeq\sin^{2}(\theta)+\cos^{2}(\theta)(1-e^{-\Gamma_{2}t})
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}\label{28}
P_{2}(t)=\langle\chi_{2}(t)|\chi_{2}(t)\rangle&\simeq\cos^{2}(\theta)e^{-\Gamma_{2}t}+\frac{\sin^{2}(\theta)\sin^{2}(2\theta)}{\pi h}\wp\int_{0}^{\infty}d\omega J(\omega)\frac{\sin^{2}\{(\omega-\Omega_{12})t\})}{(\omega-\Omega_{12})^{2}}\nonumber\\
&\simeq\cos^{2}(\theta)e^{-\Gamma_{2}t}
\end{align}
One can easily show that $\cos^{2}(\theta)P_{1}(t)+\sin^{2}(\theta)P_{2}(t)\sim1/2$ and $P_{1}(t)P_{2}(t)\sim1$. So, the effect of the environment manifests itself through the dephasing factor $\langle\chi_{1}(t)|\chi_{2}(t)\rangle$ rather than the dissipation factors $P_{i}(t)$ ($i=1,2$). This is in accordance with the corresponding master equation in the dilute-phase limit of collisional decoherence~\cite{Gon,Lin,Horn}. The dephasing factor is obtained as
\begin{align}\label{29}
\langle\chi_{1}(t)|\chi_{2}(t)\rangle\simeq\frac{\sin(2\theta)}{2}\Bigg\{&e^{-\Gamma_{2}t/2}\exp\Bigg[\imath\Omega_{21}t+\imath(\delta E_{2}-\delta E_{1})t\nonumber\\&+\frac{\imath\sin^{2}(2\theta)}{\pi h}\int_{0}^{\infty}d\omega~J(\omega)\Big(\frac{\sin\{(\omega-\Omega_{12})t\}}{\omega-\Omega_{12}}
  -\frac{\sin\{(\omega+\Omega_{12})t\}}{\omega+\Omega_{12}}\Big)\Bigg]\nonumber\\&+\frac{4\imath\sin^{2}(2\theta)}{\pi h}\int_{0}^{\infty}d\omega J(\omega)\frac{\sin\{(\omega-\Omega_{12})t\}\sin\{(\omega+\Omega_{12})t\}}{\omega^{2}-\Omega^{2}_{12}}\Bigg\}
\end{align}
Finally, the right-handed probability in the temporal domain $\Omega^{-1}\ll t\ll\Gamma_{2}^{-1}$ is reduces to
\begin{align}\label{30}
P_{R}\sim\cos^{2}(\theta)P_{1}+\sin^{2}(\theta)P_{2}-\frac{\sin^{2}(2\theta)}{2}e^{-\Gamma_{2}t/2}\cos\Big\{(\Omega_{21}+\delta E_{2}-\delta E_{1})t+\zeta\Big\}
\end{align}
where
\begin{equation}\label{31}
\zeta=\frac{\sin^{2}(2\theta)}{h}\Big(J'(\Omega_{21})-\frac{J(\Omega_{21})}{\Omega_{21}}\Big)
\end{equation}
where we defined $J'(\omega)=dJ(\omega)/d\omega$. The dephasing effects of the gas phase are manifested in $e^{-\Gamma_{2}t/2}$ and $\xi$.\\
\indent In order to examine the dynamics explicitly, we should specify the spectral density of the gas phase. As Harris and Stodolsky demonstrated, the relevant dynamics of chiral states samples the velocity distribution of the gas molecules, which is strongly temperature-dependent~\cite{Har1,Har2}. Starting from a microscopic model of the collisions with the gas particles, we derive the spectral density
\begin{equation}\label{32}
J(\omega)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dt~\langle X(t)X(0)\rangle_{E}e^{\imath\omega t}
\end{equation}
where $X(t)$ is the interaction-picture position operator of the environmental particles. Note that for simplicity we drop all normalization factors expressed by $2\pi$. The interaction process envisaged here is a sequence of collisions between gas particles and a heavier chiral molecule. We also assume that the collision doesn't lead to any internal transition of the molecule. The position operator of the environmental particles can be expanded as~\cite{Dob}
\begin{equation}\label{33}
X=\int d^{3}r~a(r)\bar{\rho}_{E}(r)
\end{equation}
where $a(r)$ is the interaction function and $\bar{\rho}_{E}(r)$ is the difference between the gas density operator $\rho_{E}(r)$ and its time-averaged value, assumed to be the uniform gas density $\rho$. If we substitute (\ref{33}) in (\ref{32}), we have
\begin{equation}\label{34}
J(\omega)=\int d^{3}q~|\tilde{a}(q)|^{2}S(q,\omega)
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{a}(q)$ is the Fourier transform of the interaction function
\begin{equation}\label{35}
\tilde{a}(q)=\int d^{3}r~a(r)e^{-\imath q.r}
\end{equation}
and we defined
\begin{equation}\label{36}
S(q,\omega)=\int dt\int d^{3}r~e^{\imath(\omega t-k.r)}\langle\bar{\rho}_{E}(0,0)\bar{\rho}_{E}(r,t)\rangle
\end{equation}
which is essentially the spectral density appeared in the first order theory of scattering~\cite{Tay}. The density operator of a gas of free particles is conveniently defined as
\begin{equation}\label{37}
\rho_{E}(r)=\frac{1}{V}\sum_{kq}e^{\imath q.r}b_{k+q}^{\dagger}b_{k}
\end{equation}
where $V$ is the normalization volume and $b_{k}$ is the annihilation operator. If we insert (\ref{37}) into (\ref{36}), we obtain
\begin{equation}\label{38}
S(q,\omega)=\rho\int d^{3}p~\bar{n}_{p}(1\pm\bar{n}_{p-hk})\delta(\omega-\frac{E_{p}-E_{hk}}{h})
\end{equation}
Here, $\rho$ is the density of the gas particles per unit volume, $\bar{n}_{hk}=\langle b_{k}^{\dagger}b_{k}\rangle$ is the Bose or Fermi distribution and $E_{p}=p^{2}/2$ is the single-particle energy. We are interested in the classical, non-degenerate regime, i.e,  $\bar{n}_{p}\ll1$, which leads to $\bar{n}_{p}(1\pm\bar{n}_{p-hk})\approx e^{-p^{2}/2E_{th}}$. After some mathematical manipulation, the spectral density becomes
\begin{equation}\label{39}
J(\omega)=\frac{\rho t_{c}}{R}e^{\omega t_{Q}}\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{|\tilde{a}(q)|^{2}}{q}
e^{\scalebox{1}{$-(\frac{\omega^{2}t_{c}^{2}}{q^{2}}+\frac{t_{Q}^{2}q^{2}}{t_{c}^{2}})$}}
\end{equation}
where $R$ is the range of intermolecular interaction$, t_{c}=(R^{2}/2E_{th})^{1/2}$ and $t_{Q}=h/E_{th}$ are the classical and quantum correlation times, respectively. At room temperature, $t_{Q}\approx10^{-1}$, and for an interaction range $R>1$ and gas particles heavier than Hydrogen molecules, we estimate $t_{c}>1$. Thus, we ignore the term $t_{Q}^{2}/t_{c}^{2}$ ($<10^{-2}$). For a gaussian interaction function $|\tilde{a}(q)|^{2}=e^{-q^{2}}$, and assuming $t_{c}\gg t_{Q}$, the explicit form of the spectral density would be
\begin{equation}\label{40}
J(\omega)=J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}\omega^{\frac{1}{2}} e^{-\frac{\omega}{\Lambda}}
\end{equation}
with coupling strength $J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}\propto\rho E_{th}^{-3/4}$ and cut-off frequency $\Lambda=2(4t_{c}-t_{Q})^{-1}$. The spectral density (\ref{40}) shows a sub-ohmic frequency dependence with a temperature-dependent coupling strength and cut-off frequency. At the room temperature, assuming the dilute gas limit, we estimate $J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}<1$, and $\Lambda>0.5$.\\
\subsection{Condensed Environment}
In a condensed environment, since the medium is always present, the idea of collision is inapplicable. The properties of such an environment can be encapsulated in an ohmic spectral density with an exponential cutoff $\Lambda$ as
\begin{equation}\label{41}
J(\omega)=J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}\omega e^{-\frac{\omega}{\Lambda}}
\end{equation}
in which $J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$ is a measure of the system-environment coupling strength. A condensed environment is more appropriate to represent a biological environment. The interaction of the molecule with a biological environment is, by nature, complex. We assume that the chiral molecule is surrounded by a uniform polar solvent. For simplicity, we describe the solvation process by the well-known Onsager model~\cite{Ons}. The chiral molecule is treated as a point dipole which is surrounded by a spherical cage of polar solvent molecules with Onsager radius $a$, which is typically the size of the molecule. For a Debye solvent, the parameters of the spectral density can be written as~\cite{GiMc}
\begin{equation}\label{42}
J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}=\frac{(\Delta\mu)^{2}}{4\pi\epsilon_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}a^{3}}
\frac{6(\epsilon_{s}-\epsilon_{\infty})}{(2\epsilon_{s}+1)(2\epsilon_{\infty}+1)\Lambda}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{43}
\Lambda=\frac{1}{\tau_{D}}\frac{2\epsilon_{s}+1}{2\epsilon_{\infty}+1}
\end{equation}
where $\Delta\mu$ is the difference between the dipole moment of the molecule in the ground and excited states, $\epsilon_{s}$ and $\epsilon_{\infty}$ are the static and high-frequency dielectric constants of the solvent, and $\tau_{D}$ is the Debye relaxation time of the solvent. For water as the most prevalent solvent we have $\epsilon_{s}=78.3$, $\epsilon_{\infty}=4.21$ and $\tau_{D}=8.2ps$~\cite{Afs}. Using these parameters, we obtain (dimension-less) cut-off frequency as $\Lambda\approx0.01$. Note that if $\Lambda\ll|\Omega_{12}|$, the environmental particles cannot resolve the molecular states and thus the quantum oscillations resulted from tunneling process preserves. Also, if we measure the cavity size and change in dipole moment in angstroms and Debye respectively, then we obtain coupling strength as $J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}=22\frac{(\Delta\mu)^{2}}{a^{3}}$. For a typical small molecule with radius $\approx1{\AA}$, a dipole moment change of just $\sim0.2D$ is sufficient to make $J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}>1$, and this condition seems likely to be met for most small molecules~\cite{Rei}. As an example, for $NHDT$ with $\Delta\mu\approx0.6D$~\cite{Jac}, we have $J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}\approx10$.\\
\indent Now, we compare the dynamics in a dilute phase with that of a condensed phase at short- and long-time limits.\\
\indent {\bf Long-Time Dynamics} The equilibrium state is obviously reached in the dilute and condensed phases at different rates. The condensed-phase equilibrium, as expected, occurs faster than the dilute-phase one (FIG.~\ref{Fig2}). Of course, the value of the rates depends on the details of the corresponding spectral density. For NHDT molecule in hydrogen gas and water, the equilibrium is reached after $\sim10000$ $(10^{-11}s)$ and $\sim1000$ $(10^{-10}s)$, respectively. In the dilute phase, the chiral interactions are relatively weak and the chiral molecule in question has a high tunneling rate, so the dynamics is confined to the tunneling-dominant limit where $\delta\ll\Delta$. In the condensed phase, however, the short-range intermolecular chiral interactions would be significant. At the tunneling-dominant limit, in both dilute and condensed phases, the equilibrium state is a racemic mixture (FIG.~\ref{Fig2},a and blue curve of FIG.~\ref{Fig2},b). Introducing the asymmetry into the condensed-phase dynamics leads to the localization. In the condensed phase, the chiral interactions confine the molecule in the initial chiral state (green curve of FIG.~\ref{Fig2},b). These results are in agreement with those of master equation approach ( for dilute phase~\cite{Gon}, for condensed phase~\cite{Tir}), and Langevin approach~\cite{Lan1} for condensed phase. In both phases, the equilibrium state is independent of the chirality of the chiral interactions (FIG.~\ref{Fig2}). Also, the dilute- and condensed-phase dynamics in our work is compatible respectively with the weak- and strong-damping regimes of Spin-Boson approach~\cite{Sto2,Sto3}. Note that the equilibrium state, as Grifoni and co-workers predicted for the driven Spin-Boson model using the path integral method~\cite{Gri}, is independent of the initial state of the chiral molecule. Obviously, the rate at which the equilibrium state is reached in both phases depends on the coupling strength $J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}$. In the dilute phase, as expected, the equilibrium rate is increased with the coupling strength. However, in the condensed phase, the equilibrium rate is approximately independent of the coupling strength (FIG.~\ref{Fig3}). This is because of the fact that the the number of collisions in the condensed phase are already reached its asymptotic value and thus increasing the coupling strength doesn't change the equilibrium rate. The equilibrium rate also depends on the cut-off frequency of the environment $\Lambda$. In both phases, the equilibrium rate is decreased with the cut-off frequency (FIG.~\ref{Fig4}).
\begin{figure}[H]
  \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{GasDynTilt.eps}}\centering
  ~~~~
  \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{BioDynTilt.eps}}\centering
  \caption{ The dynamics of the right-handed state of the open chiral molecule a) in the dilute phase at $|\delta|=10^{-5}$ for $\delta>0$ (blue) and $\delta<0$ (orange) b) in the condensed phase for $\delta=\pm10^{-5}$ (blue), $\pm10^{-4}$ (orange) and $\pm10^{-3}$ (green).}
  \label{Fig2}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[H]
  \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[scale=0.65]{GasDynCoup.eps}}\centering
  ~~~~
  \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[scale=0.65]{BioDynCoup.eps}}\centering
  \caption{ The dynamics of the right-handed state of the open chiral molecule at $|\delta|=10^{-5}$ a) in the dilute phase for $J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}=10^{-4}$ (blue), $10^{-3}$ (orange) and $10^{-2}$ (green) b) in the condensed phase for $J_{\mbox{\tiny${\mbox{\tiny$\circ$}}$}}=10$ (blue), $20$ (orange) and $30$ (green).}
  \label{Fig3}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[H]
  \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[scale=0.65]{GasDynCut.eps}}\centering
  ~~~~
  \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[scale=0.65]{BioDynCut.eps}}\centering
  \caption{The dynamics of the right-handed state of the open chiral molecule at $|\delta|=10^{-5}$ a) in the dilute phase for $\Lambda=10^{-1}$ (blue), $10^{-2}$ (orange) and $10^{-3}$ (green) b) in the condensed phase for $\Lambda=10^{-2}$ (blue), $10^{-1}$ (orange) and $1$ (green).}
  \label{Fig4}
\end{figure}
{\bf The short-time dynamics} The short-time dynamics in the dilute phase is oscillatory and strongly dependent on the chirality of the chiral interactions (FIG.~\ref{Fig2},a). In the condensed phase, however, the quantum characteristics of the molecule are completely suppressed by to the strong interactions with the environment (FIG.~\ref{Fig2},b).
\section{V. Conclusion}
The dynamics of chiral states of chiral molecules is conveniently examined in the dilute and condensed phases, respectively, by scattering approach (collisional decoherence) and Born-Markov master equation. Two approaches being mathematically different, the extension of the molecular dynamics from the dilute phase to the condensed phase is not straightforward. Here, we examined the dynamics of chiral states, corresponding to the left- and right-handed states of an asymmetric double-well potential, in both phases by a unified approach using the time-dependent perturbation theory. Two phases are described as a harmonic environment. The spectral density of the dilute phase, exemplified by an inert background gas, is temperature-dependent and sub-ohmic (\ref{40}), while the spectral density of the condensed phase, manifested as water, is temperature-independent and ohmic (\ref{41}). As our analysis implies, the dynamics in the dilute-phase cannot be extended to the dynamics of the condensed phase by increasing the coupling strength. This suggest that in the condensed phase, the unexpected features may emerge in the dynamics. Especially, we showed that the chiral interactions in the condensed phase may induce localization in the sense of the quantum Zeno effect (FIG.\ref{Fig2},b), while the dilute-phase dynamics always leads to racemization (FIG.\ref{Fig2},a). Also, in the short-time limit, the dilute-phase dynamics strongly depends on the initial state of the molecule (FIG.\ref{Fig2},a) and on the coupling strength (FIG.\ref{Fig3},a), whereas the condensed-phase dynamics is not. Our results are compatible with the results of the relevant works in the collisional decoherence, the master equation and Langevin approaches.
\section{Acknowledgement}
F.T.G acknowledges the financial support of Iranian National Science Foundation (INSF) for this work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


CallReplay 9 allows complete integration with the Memolith screen recorder software, allowing to record user's desktop and displaying these videos in CallReplay, associating calls with videos. There are various configuration options for ScreenRecorder, which are available to change directly via the CallReplay interface. The resulting video files are available via the Replay Calls window. Memolith can be set up to always record the screen or record only when a phone call by a respective user is placed. CallReplay will allow the videos to be uploaded from various desktop users.
When playing a video call, CallReplay will also mix the audio as well, playing both the video and the call. Available video files will be displayed as a blue film instead of gray.
You will need to set a password that all screen recorders will use to connect to CallReplay and upload the video files.
Once a new screen recorder is connected, it will need to be enabled by editing the entry and checking the Enabled box.


A quick post with photos of the awesome public swimming pool next to our camping spot on the edge of town here in Chur, Switzerland. We spent a good chunk of the day here. Jette and I swam and Mila relaxed in the shade at a picnic table by the fancy and very popular charcoal grills.
Stick-in-the-ground ashtrays at the pool.
Yes this is Europe and seemingly everyone still smokes. Yuck!
It is hard to tell from the photos, but the whole giant pool was an "infinity edge" style pool with an elevated edge and drain assembly with water up to the top and spilling over the edge. The pool was not concrete, but enameled or plastic coated steel! It had a smoooooth surface and everything was super, spotlessly clean.
The culture was very different and much more permissive than in the U.S. There were lifeguards, but they were not very obvious. They walked around and watched things from a distance. There was no one staffing the waterslides, even at the very top of the tall, steep stairs. There was never a whistle blown, never a reprimand. Everyone was very well-behaved, but the range of permissible behavior was much greater than at home. Kids ran freely (yes, ran), dove into "shallow" water, went down the waterslides on their knees, backwards, head-first, whatever. Little kids ran around naked. Old grannies wore teeny tiny bikinis and had belly button piercings. No one was injured and everyone seemed to be having fun.


FM Frequency Columnist Charles Carpenter is all about common sense, not stage directions, with this very practical advice on fire safety in facilities.
If you heard someone besides Snagglepuss say "exit, stage right," would you know what to do? Does it mean to exit to the right side of the stage or to your right if you're facing the audience? The answer might not seem important now; however, if safety was "stage right," you might want to know.
Unfortunately, it seems that society takes the concept of exiting for granted. I would imagine that anyone can take a walk randomly into five "consumer" facilities and find at least one exit sign not functioning properly (or worse). While those who would notice might not mention it to the management, the worry should be with the ones who do not notice, since they will need to know the escape route in an emergency.
Things can get worse. While at my nephew's Tae Kwon Do Tournament (not the worse part), I noticed an unilluminated exit sign that pointed the way out of the gymnasium. Deciding to see where "safety" was, I found that the doors were blocked by a rack full of shoes being sold by a vendor who seemed confused by the notion that someone would want to open those doors. In a facility that was unfamiliar to hundreds of people, one exit was already inaccessible.
Things do get worse. The Station nightclub fire in Rhode Island resulted in 100 lives lost, many of whom crowded around the narrow entrance despite the presence of three other exits. Given the thick smoke that was documented during the fire, even functioning egress signage might have been useless. As with retail environments, visitors to other types of businesses will not know how or where to exit, whether it is their first or 40th visit. Facility managers (fms) need to take note.
Problems are not limited to facilities that turn over their occupants every day. Office environments can have problems when messages or procedures do not reach the intended parties. During the 9/11 World Trade Center (WTC) tragedy, it was documented that people tried to escape the building by going up to the roof, as they did during the 1993 WTC bomb blast. But in 2001, those people found the doors to the roof locked. The change of procedure never made it to the tenants. There was ample documentation of safety issues that occurred in the WTC—dating all the way back to 1975, according to the Skyscraper Safety Campaign—however, proper implementation was always something to be desired.
Unfortunately, all the signs and devices in the world will not help fms if the target audience cannot hear the message, does not understand the message, or chooses to ignore it. In our multicultural society, the number of workers or visitors who do not claim English as their primary language means the best possible signs and labels may not be understood. Upper management sends the wrong message when it closes the doors during a fire alarm so a conference call can continue. But the biggest challenge may be the employee in the cubicle who simply does not hear the fire alarm because s/he is listening to tunes blasting away on the old iPod.
Check the exit signs at your facility. Does it illuminate? Does the battery backup work? Did a contractor leave it above the ceiling during a remodel? Have walls moved so many times that the exit signs point the wrong direction?
Modernize. Bulb out? Sign not working? LED bulbs are commonplace and can fit into the oldest of signs. Better yet, take a look at the next generation of egress lighting (Hint: facilityexecutive.com is loaded with product ideas). You may find it's easier to buy something new than to track down a part for current signs.
Invite your fire department in for an inspection. If you think you are lucky that your building has not been inspected, you have the wrong attitude. Fire inspectors will point out what is wrong, and typically, nudge you to get the small problems corrected.
Fire drills are not just for school children. Facilities should have annual fire drills—at least. These drills should be timed to see if the evacuation rate is acceptable and can even be observed by your fire department. It will also be a good time to see if the procedures for accounting people are working.
Take the stairs. Both in your building and elsewhere, the stairs will give you more than exercise. In your building, you may find something wrong. In someone else's building, you will know how to get out alive so you will be around to read the next FM Frequency column.
Be your brother's keeper. If you see something that doesn't look right in another facility, don't be afraid to point out the problem—and suggest how easy a resolution might be.


Add any comments or questions about traveling with a pet here.
Can rescue dogs travel by plane?
Vaccination documents checked at destination?
Tarzan refuses to go into the kennel!
Motorhomes for Dogs... My Pets Love RV Traveling now!
From Russia to Uzbekistan. Can I take my puppy and which docs are needed?


text:
River Ave. Blues » Yankees acquire Frazier, Robertson, Kahnle from White Sox
Yankees acquire Frazier, Robertson, Kahnle from White Sox
July 18, 2017 by Mike Leave a Comment
Game 92: Stay in Postseason Position
DotF: Andujar has a huge day in Scranton's doubleheader
Any question about whether the Yankees would be buyers or sellers has been answered. Tuesday night the Yankees swung their largest trade deadline deal in several years, finalizing a seven-player trade with the White Sox that brings Todd Frazier, Tommy Kahnle, and David Robertson to New York. Tyler Clippard, Blake Rutherford, Ian Clarkin, and Tito Polo are going the other way. Both teams have announced the trade. It's a done deal. Officially official.
"Those are all guys who can help us accomplish what we're trying to," said Brett Gardner, who texted Robertson after the trade, to Bryan Hoch following Tuesday's game. The Yankees are assuming the remainder of Robertson's contract, which isn't bad by any means. He's owed the balance of his $12M salary this year plus $13M next year. Frazier is a rental and Kahnle will remain under team control through 2020 as an arbitration-eligible player.
Frazier, 31, is hitting .207/.328/.432 (103 wRC+) with 16 home runs in 81 games this season, and while that doesn't sound exciting, it's a massive upgrade over what the Yankees have been getting from first base this year. Joe Girardi confirmed Frazier will play both first and third bases, and I'm sure he'll be in the lineup everyday. Also, Frazier is an A+ clubhouse dude. He's great with young players and in general. The Yankees value that.
Robertson and Kahnle will help a bullpen that has been way too shaky this season. Kahnle, 27, was originally selected in the fifth round by the Yankees in the 2010 draft. They lost him to the Rockies in the 2013 Rule 5 Draft and he eventually made his way to the White Sox. Kahnle has been unreal this season. Dude has a 2.50 ERA (1.47 FIP) with 42.6% strikeouts and 5.0% walks in 36 innings. He's been better than Robertson.
The 32-year-old Robertson has a 2.70 ERA (3.05 FIP) in 33.1 innings with 35.6% strikeouts and 8.3% walks, so typical David Robertson stuff. Welcome home, D-Rob. He and Kahnle are going to give the bullpen a huge shot in the arm. The Yankees are — and this isn't hyperbole — replacing one of the worst relievers in baseball this season (Clippard) with one of the best (Kahnle). And then getting Robertson on top of that.
The big piece going to the White Sox in the trade is Rutherford, New York's first round pick in last year's draft. The 20-year-old outfielder is hitting .281/.342/.391 (112 wRC+) with two home runs in 71 Low Class-A games this season. That's pretty good for a 20-year-old kid in full season ball, though maybe not quite what everyone hoped coming into the season. Either way, Rutherford remains an excellent prospect.
Polo and Clarkin, both 22, are decent prospects and nothing more at this point. Clarkin was one of the Yankees' three first round picks in 2013, so once upon a time he was a pretty big deal, but he hasn't really been the same since missing the entire 2015 season with an elbow issue. Polo came over from the Pirates in last year's Ivan Nova trade and projects as a fourth outfielder. He's very likely to play in MLB at some point.
Clippard was thrown into the trade as a way to offset some salary, and also clear a 40-man roster spot. (The Yankees still have to clear two more 40-man spots.) Clippard started the season in the Circle of Trust™, but he's been getting bombed the last few weeks, forcing the Yankees to use him in lower leverage spots whenever possible. He has a 4.95 ERA (4.98 FIP) in 36.1 innings this year. Yuck. Addition by subtraction.
Now that it's crystal clear the Yankees are going to add pieces at the trade deadline, they figure to buckle down and look for a starting pitcher. Michael Pineda is done for the season and running guys like Bryan Mitchell and Luis Cessa out there every fifth day isn't a good idea. I don't think the Yankees will trade top prospects for a someone like Sonny Gray, necessarily, but I do expect them to search around for a veteran innings guy.
Filed Under: Trade Deadline Tagged With: Blake Rutherford, Chicago White Sox, David Robertson, Ian Clarkin, Tito Polo, Todd Frazier, Tommy Kahnle, Tyler Clippard

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Today Spick and Span window cleaners went to East Dulwich to clean the windows of a three storey property which had some difficult to access windows at the rear. Four of the windows were above a kitchen extension and so could not be cleaned using a ladder. Spick And Span window cleaners were able to reach three of them using ladder-less window cleaning technology the fourth was cleaned safely from on top of a wall above the roof.


text:
Broken Arrow police: negro sexually assaulted woman, left her unconscious in street
voiceofreason
Junior News Editor
https://www.kjrh.com/news/local-news...ious-in-street
BA police: Man sexually assaulted woman, left her unconscious in street
Posted: 1:14 PM, Apr 04, 2019
BROKEN ARROW, Okla. — Broken Arrow police have arrested a man who they say sexually assaulted a woman and then left her unconscious in the street.
Officers said they responded to the 1700 block of North Firewood Avenue at 1 a.m. on Tuesday. Police say the suspect, Franklin Atkinson, 28, met the victim at a bar in the 1300 block of North Aspen. He offered to give her a ride home, and the woman said when she got into his vehicle, he sexually assaulted her.
Police said Atkinson drove the woman to the location on Firewood Avenue and struck her once, which left her unconscious. He left her in the street and drove off in a light-colored sedan, police said.
Once the victim regained consciousness, police said she crawled to a nearby home for help.
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text:
Das Schloss Deining ist ein Schloss in der oberpfälzischen Gemeinde Deining im Landkreis Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz. Die Anlage ist unter der Aktennummer D-3-73-119-6 als denkmalgeschütztes Baudenkmal von Deining verzeichnet. Ebenso wird sie als Bodendenkmal unter der Aktennummer D-3-6735-0100 als "archäologische Befunde des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit im Bereich des ehem. Schlosses in Deining, darunter die Spuren von Vorgängerbauten bzw. älterer Bauphasen" geführt.

Geschichte
Deining gehörte zu dem Reichsgutkomplex Neumarkt und dort bestand seit dem Spätmittelalter der Sitz der "Unteren Hofmark" des Schultheißenamtes  Neumarkt. Nach einer Urkunde vom 16. Juni 1278 stand Gotfried von Heideck die Vogtei über Theingen zu, welche zuvor die Edelfreien von Holnstein innehatten. Als Ministeriale der Heidecker ist nach einer Urkunde vom 6. Juni 1291 ein Dietrich von Teiningen als Zeuge erwähnt. Noch hundert Jahre später (1391) wird hier von einem Lehen der Herren von Heideck gesprochen. Um 1300 sind hier die Rohrenstätter zu finden, denn 1322 verkauft Friedrich von Rohrenstatt eine Mühle zu Deining an das Spital zu Neumarkt. Nach diesem Rohrenstätter findet man Erasmus und Martin Truchseß von Waltersheim als Besitzer von Deining. Im 14. Jahrhundert saßen hier die Schweppermänner. 1345 soll Hartung von Schweppermann der hiesige Besitzer gewesen sein, urkundlich erwähnt werden 1387 Heinrich Schweppermann und am 12. März 1396 sein Bruder Ulrich. Auf dem Heiratsweg gelangte Deining über die Schwester des Heinrich Schweppermann an die Ittelhofer. Ein Konrad Ittelhofer wird 1401 als Zeuge für das Kloster Kastl genannt, Rüdiger Ittelhofer erscheint mehrmals zwischen 1419 und 1426. Dann hatten zwischenzeitlich J. Pertolzhofer (1463), Wolf Sazenhofer und Heinrich Steiner (1468) die Hofmark inne. Dann sind hier wieder die Ittelhofer ansässig, genannt werden Friedrich Ittelhofer (1488–1507) und Hans Ittelhofer (1507–1518), dann folgen Erasmus (1535) und Jakob Ittelhofer (1539) als Erben, schließlich verkauften die Brüder Ulrich, Ludwig und Anton Ittelhofer das Gut an ihren Schwager Eberhart von Roßtal und seiner Frau Cäcilia.

Bedingt durch die Reformationswirren verkaufte Hans von Ittelhofen am 5. Mai 1544 seine Güter zu Deining am Kurfürst Friedrich III. und die letzten Güter wurden von Hans Adam Ittelhofer zu Hain am 30. März 1595 an den Kurfürst Friedrich IV. veräußert. Um 1600 hat Michael Liedl das Gut erworben, das "vorher in Abgang gekommen ist"; dieser musste, da er nicht adelig war, die Landsassenfreiheit käuflich erwerben. 1620 verkaufte er das Gut an Sigismund Theophilus Richius aus Regensburg. Im Zuge der Rekatholisierung musste dessen Erbin, Anna Cordula Richius, Deining 1652 an Kaspar Geiß(s)ler verkaufen. Allerdings war durch die Ereignisse des Dreißigjährigen Krieges das Schloss abgebrannt. 1692 kaufte Freiherr Johann Heinrich Franz von Löwenthal, Truchsess und Forstmeister zu Neumarkt, das Gut und ließ das Schloss wieder aufbauen. Auf ihn folgte Johann Andreas Felix von Löwenthal (1740) und Felix von Löwenthal (1760). Johann Nepomuk von Löwenthal hatte als letzter aus dieser Familie Deining bis 1828 inne; unter ihm wurde Deining zu einem Patrimonialgericht I. Klasse. Johann Nepomuk von Löwenthal auf Deining ist der Verfasser der 1805 in München erschienenen "Geschichte des Schultheißenamtes und der Stadt Neumarkt".

1830 wurde August von Haubner Eigentümer. Der nachfolgende Gutsherr Graf von Holnstein bot es dem Staat Bayern zum Kauf an und König Ludwig I. genehmigte den Kauf, verlieh es aber 1844 an Anton Reichsfreiherrn von Gumppenberg, dieser musste aber die Patrimonialgerichtsbarkeit am 2. Juli 1848 an den Staat abgeben.

Ab 1844 gehörte das Schloss der Linie von Gumppenberg–Oberbrennberg. Erwähnenswert ist aus dieser Familie Friederike von Gumppenberg, die bis zu ihrer Vermählung 1857 mit ihrem Vetter Ludwig von Gumppenberg aus Deining Hofdame der Kronprinzessin und späteren Königin Marie von Bayern war. Wegen ihres anziehenden Äußeren ließ König Ludwig I. durch Joseph Karl Stieler von ihr ein Porträt malen, das in die Schönheitengalerie des Königs aufgenommen wurde.

Die Familie Gumppenberg musste 1961 das Schloss wegen großer Schulden verkaufen, seitdem befindet es sich in Privatbesitz.

Baulichkeit
Das heute bestehende Schloss wurde nach  1690 von Freiherrn Johann Heinrich Franz von Löwenthal errichtet, es besitzt noch einen gotischen Kern. 1985 wurde das Schlossgebäude umfassend saniert. Es ist ein zweigeschossiger Mansardwalmdachbau mit einem Türmchen auf der Nordostseite und einem Säulenportal mit einem Sprenggiebel. Zu dem  Ensemble zählt auch noch ein Nebengebäude aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, ebenfalls ein Walmdachbau, und die Umfassungsmauer mit einer Toreinfahrt.

Literatur
 Sixtus Lampl: Denkmäler in Bayern – Ensembles, Baudenkmäler, Archäologische Geländedenkmäler: Band III. Oberpfalz. Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege (Hrsg.),  München 1985.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Deining
Baudenkmal in Deining
Barockbauwerk in Bayern
Erbaut in den 1690er Jahren

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text:
Diplomatist > Regions > Asia > Home Featured > Myanmar: New Pitstop In The Asian Grand Prix?
Myanmar: New Pitstop In The Asian Grand Prix?
by Ashwin Venu - 2 March, 2021, 12:00 1379 Views 0 Comment
A swiftly executed putsch and the unceremonious dismantling of a nascent democratic setup have thrust Naypyidaw into the centre of the world's circles of political discussions. The occurrence though shocking was foreseeable, considering the brittle power-sharing mechanism that existed in Myanmar. It was anybody's guess that the constitution and the civilian government would be acceptable only so long as the power bubble of the Tatmadaw and their bosses were intact.
The episode's facet as an assault on the global movement of democracy and human rights has invited strong reactions from across the globe. Apart from this, the political flux in Naypyidaw is likely to have ramifications beyond its borders, triggering new geopolitical machinations. The recent acrimony in India- China relations, exemplified by their recent games for diplomatic one-upmanship suggests the prospect of Naypyidaw emerging as a new battlefront for the two regional heavyweights.
Stakes for the Elephant and the Dragon!
Unrelenting strategic power projection in the Indo-Pacific region coupled with grandiose projects such as the OBOR point to Beijing's sustained efforts in customizing the Monroe Doctrine to the Eastern Hemisphere. Concurrently, India is foraying into its extended eastern neighbourhood to shore up ties under the vision of SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region), vexing the Mandarins in Beijing. India's closer embrace of the US and the establishment of the QUAD, have further heightened the Dragon's misgivings, with wolf warrior diplomats disparagingly labelling QUAD as an Anti- China coalition.
Myanmar's unique geographical position nestled in between South Asia and South East Asia makes it the perfect gateway for India to expand its connectivity via the North East. The Kaladan Multimodal project, the India-Myanmar- Thailand Trilateral Highway project, as well as the development of the Sittwe port, have been envisaged with Myanmar as a vital cog in India's Act East Plan. Besides peace in India's North Eastern states calls for Myanmar's receptiveness towards India's security concerns. A porous border, as well as hideouts deeply entrenched in Myanmar territory, allows militant outfits such as NSCN to carry out operations with impunity. Therefore, close cooperation with security agencies across the border becomes imperative and a reticent government in Myanmar will not help New Delhi's cause.
Contrarily, Myanmar as a co-dependent ally will serve China's interest in two ways-Strategically, Myanmar can serve as a gateway to the Indian Ocean as well as prevent India from fledgling its muscles as well as attaining a foothold beyond its border. Commercially Myanmar could be another prospective market for Chinese goods. The fluid scenario in Nyayipidaw will therefore accelerate elaborate maneuvers from both parties in order to bolster their influence.
Global responses across the world have been wide-ranging. While the western hemisphere led by Washington has strongly denounced the development, China in its characteristic response manner opted for a muted response. However, the relatively toned-down response from South Block, New Delhi deserves attention. Pointers suggest a reorientation of approach in India's diplomatic tacks: from 'Putting all eggs into one basket' to a 'wait and watch' policy.
Such a change possibly stemmed from the mixed fortunes of the approach followed previously in Maldives, Sri Lanka and Nepal. While Maldives was a success story, the rest could not be claimed so. India's gamble to put its weight behind the Maldivian Democratic Party and its leaders Mohammed Nasheed and Ibrahim Solih during the heydays of President Dictator Abdullah Yameen unabashedly pro-Chinese, paid it rich dividends. A thumping mandate to the MDP and the ouster of Yameen saw Maldives gravitating back firmly to the Indian sphere of influence.
Conversely, a similar policy in the Lankan soil by backing the disparate and fractured grouping of Sirisena and Wikramsinghe to the Rajapakshas, seen as Pro-Chinese, burned its fingers. Not only did the unwieldy grouping crumble but also the Rajapakshas rode back to power in some style. Perhaps, the seeds of the 'Wait and Watch policy' were laid there as New Delhi went into damage control mode after the debacle. Nevertheless, India had lost much ground by then while China invested massively in the Rajapakshas. More recently, the unilateral termination of Indo-Japanese involvement in the East container terminal development project in the Colombo Port by the Gotabaya Rajapakshe government is alleged to have Chinese hands behind it. In Nepal, Anti-India sentiments have been toyed around with, by the ruling party while the Sino-Nepalese friendship has gone from strength to strength. Chinese Mandarins brokering for peace between bickering factions in the Nepalese government have been considered as the new normal in Kathmandu.
Burmese Dilemma: To deal or not to?
Myanmar nonetheless will prove itself to be a tricky customer. A layman's logic will find a natural affinity between a military administration and the Chinese government's policies. Having said that, various reports indicate that prior history between the Tatmadaw and China does not inspire confidence in the halls of power in Beijing. Previous instances such as the scrapping of the Myitsone project as well as the Military backed government's attempt to flirt with the idea of shoring up ties with the Western powers had riled Beijing. On the other hand, Aung San Su Kyi's popular appeal in Myanmar coupled with Su Kyi's willingness to deal with China could signify Beijing considering her as the better bet, evident in the way the red carpet was rolled for her during her visits to Beijing. Nevertheless, a scenario where Beijing throws its weight behind Su Kyi, who is seen as a pro-democracy icon, will be interesting since it can send in unwanted signals, especially when embers of unrest in Hong Kong haven't been doused entirely.
On the contrary, Su Kyi's personal ties with India as well as the warm relations with the National League for Democracy make it the natural choice for India to put its weight behind. Yet, Su Kyi's passionate defence of the Tatmadaw in the International Court of Justice against the persecution of the Rohingyas clearly points out that Su Kyi as an administrator will not shy away from embracing the dark side if required on grounds of national interest. Alternately, the present Indian administration has also not shied away from crossing the rubicon in the Rohingyan crisis by turning a blind eye to the idea of non-refoulment. Thus, the apprehension of an NLD- China entente and a value-neutral diplomacy stimulated by the Chinese bogey makes Indian choices unpredictable currently.
The Iranian parallel
Sanctions slapped on Myanmar's military officials by the Biden Administration meanwhile could bring back memories of the 'Maximum pressure' campaign on Iran unleashed by the previous White House occupant. It not only failed in its primary objective but also caused an ally significant collateral damage (including the exclusion of India from the Zahedan Railway project). Moreover, it became the perfect opportunity for Beijing to deepen its clout in West Asia which it did through a comprehensive economic package with Iran. Therefore, mere economic sanctions without channels for dialogue and persuasion could be playing right into China's hands. India will be keen to avoid a repeat of the Tehran dilemma in its backyard.
What's on the cards?
Reports suggest that the milder tone adopted by the UNSC resolution expressing "deep concern", (falling short of condemning the military's actions) were due to the mediatory role played by India at the Security Council meetings. It is therefore highly probable that New Delhi will be reluctant to sever ties with the military establishment in Naypyidaw yet. While such a subdued reaction may seem a departure from its western allies' positions as well as democratic traditions, New Delhi will prefer a 'balancing act' in a situation filled with uncertainty. Odds are stacked such that New Delhi will prioritize the 'preservation of strength in the backyard' over 'preservation of values', at least during this initial stage. However, if Beijing decides to throw the gauntlet behind the military government and the latter reciprocates, backing the democratic challenger will stand India in good stead and closer to its values. Until then, Naypyidaw will continue to be the perfect platform for a game of chicken between the Dragon and the Elephant!
Ashwin Venu
Author is a lawyer from the National University of Advanced Legal Studies. As a keen observer of India's neighbourhood policy and relations, he seeks to share his insights as a budding foreign policy analyst.


text:
Burnett & Company Inc. to be rebranded as QBE International Markets
By Sandra Villanueva
Senior Media Relations Manager
QBE European Operations announces the rebranding of its US-based underwriting arm, Burnett & Company, Inc. (Burnett), to QBE International Markets with immediate effect.
Burnett, which specialises in underwriting marine and energy lines and has operated in the London market for over 50 years, was acquired by QBE Insurance Group in 2009. With two offices in the US, in New Orleans and Houston, Burnett employs over 20 people.
Since 2009, Burnett has operated as a distinct but integrated trading platform for QBE's Marine & Energy Syndicate 1036, which forms part of QBE International Markets.
Peter Burton, Executive Director of QBE International Markets commented "Our acquisition of Burnett has proven a very successful route to market for our Marine and Energy business in the U.S. and the timing is right to now bring Burnett under the QBE brand name so that we can build on distribution opportunities and provide an enhanced product and service offering to our customers in the U.S. We also work in concert with our colleagues at QBE North America to deliver integrated solutions to our customers, and the rebranding makes our global strength all the more apparent."
<ends>
Sandra Villanueva, Corporate Communications
Tel: + 44 (0) 20 7105 5284
Email: Sandra.villanueva@uk.qbe.com
Visit us on the web at www.QBEeurope.com
Follow us on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/qbeeo
Notes to editors:
About Burnett & co.
Burnett & Company, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of QBE Underwriting Limited, one of the largest managing agents at Lloyd's.
About QBE
QBE European Operations is part of QBE Insurance Group, one of the world's leading international insurers and reinsurers and Standard & Poor's A+ rated. Listed on the Australian Securities Exchange, QBE's gross written premium for the year ended 31 December 2016, was US$14.3 billion.
As a business insurance specialist, QBE European Operations offers a range of insurance products from the standard suite of property, casualty and motor to the specialist financial lines, marine and energy. All are tailored to the individual needs of our small, medium and large client base.
We understand the crucial role that effective risk management plays in all organisations and work hard to understand our clients' businesses so that we offer insurance solutions that meet their needs – from complex programmes to simpler e-trading solutions – and support them in minimising their risk exposures. Our expert risk management and rehabilitation practitioners focus on helping clients improve their risk management so that they may benefit from a reduction in claims frequency and costs.
Sandra Villanueva
Sandra.Villanueva@uk.qbe.com


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text:
Find the right bachelors program at the right institution.
Leeds Beckett University, UK
BSc (Hons) Computing
BSc (Hons) Hospitality Business Management
MBA (Executive)
MBA (Graduate)
MSc Information and Technology
The British College (TBC) Successfully Conducts Undergraduate Orientation Programme 2021
The British College launches BHM course
Leeds Beckett University began with the founding of Leeds Mechanics Institute in 1824. With a 190 year history of education, the University now includes more than 28000 students from over 100 countries all over the world. As the only university to hold both the Customer Service Excellence Award and Investors in People Gold Standard, LBU contributes an estimated £477 million to the economy every year.
The British College, Nepal offers the BSc (Hons) Computing, MBA (Graduate) and MBA (Executive) which are degrees awarded by Leeds Beckett University (LBU).


text:
Q: How to resolve this, without providing any default value? When I am trying to run python3 manage.py makemigrations it shows :
You are trying to add a non-nullable field 'topic_id' to journey_template without a default; we can't do that (the database needs something to populate existing rows).
Please select a fix:
1) Provide a one-off default now (will be set on all existing rows with a null value for this column)
2) Quit, and let me add a default in models.py
Select an option:
enter code here
from django.db import models

class Topic_Table(models.Model):
    topic_id=models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
    topic_name = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True)
    weightage = models.CharField(max_length=15, blank=True)
    grade = models.IntegerField( null=True)
    subject = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True)
    sequence = models.IntegerField(null=True)
    month = models.CharField(max_length=15, blank=True)

class Journey_template(models.Model):
    student_id = models.IntegerField(default=1)
        topic_id = models.ForeignKey('Topic_Table',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    subtopic_id = models.IntegerField()
    journey_template_key = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)

How would I fix this?

A: You are adding the topic_id field on Journey_template model.
This model already has data on your database.
You have a few options:
1 - provide a default value (like entering the number 1)
2 - delete your database and start with a fresh migration

A: If you table already has data, adding a non-nullable column without any default will violate the non-null constraint. Django migration doesn't check the table for data, so it assumes there is some.
If your table has no rows, you can go ahead and give it any legal default value. The default does not change your model, it just gives Django a value it can fill in. Since there are no rows of data in the table, it will have no effect other than to make Django happy.
If you table has rows, then if you can think of a sensible value to populate the existing rows with, then use it. Your other option is to change the model by adding null=True to the field and Django will just put nulls in that field for existing rows. (Later, you can put your own values in to those fields with Django or other methods and change the field back to null=False if you like. You will get the same question when you migrate but the answer will have no effect if the fields are not null). null=False is the default for any field in your model.

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text:
Capitol Attack Turns Super-Spreader
Biden's COVID Relief Push
How the School Year Was Sandbagged
A Messy Vaccine Rollout
The Forgotten F-Word in the Pandemic
Monica Lewinsky wonders if these times demand a prominent mental health czar.
By Monica Lewinsky
By Damon Winter/Redux.
It was around 10:30 p.m. on March 10, 2011.
I am in L.A., driving home from a Meshell Ndegeocello concert, talking on my cell phone with a friend. To focus on our conversation, I pull over onto a well-lit street in Hancock Park, several blocks from my apartment building. A man is walking three dogs ("It must be safe here," I think to myself.) Years of being hounded by the paparazzi (and #YesAllWomen) have keenly sharpened my constant awareness of my surroundings.
Five minutes later, still engaged in conversation, I hear a car pull up behind me. Doors open and shut. There are voices. I figure it is just people coming home.
My side-view mirror reflects a steady stream of light, until it is cut off. Someone is standing outside my car door. He is wearing a widely striped, bright turquoise and gray sweatshirt. I assume he wants directions, but I am alone, and it is nighttime. As I am about to shoo him away, I look up into his face. It is then I see a menacing look about him, and as I glance away I notice something other than the brightly colored sweatshirt.
He is gripping a gun, brandished at his waist. I am looking straight down the barrel of A Gun. I feel pure terror. Panic courses through my veins, and "what if I die" thoughts rumble through my head. I duck and brace to hear a gunshot, imagining next: I'll be shot in the back. But for my own heartbeat, it's silent, like the moment before an avalanche. And then, "Get out of the car, bitch!"
Now, the passenger-side door is being rattled by another person. (Thank God my doors are locked.) Wait. There are voices—plural. I understand that this is a group—with a gun. This jolts me into survival mode. I jam my Prius into drive, gun the accelerator, and move forward with my head down. Tires squealing. Praying there are no cars parked in front of me. I speed away in horror.
For many weeks, I find it next to impossible to return to the way I formerly made decisions and dismissed quotidian fears. Thoughts that often would not even come across my conscious radar are now sounding alarms. (What I used to tell myself was "Oh, just the upstairs neighbor," becomes, "Maybe someone is in the apartment?") In situations like these, the heuristics we use to discern danger become obsolete. How can I learn to trust the world again?
I have been in therapy for years. And I'm sure you wouldn't be surprised to learn that after that night I needed additional counseling. The trauma required someone to walk me through both the shock and terror of a potentially deadly experience: an expert who could help me begin to navigate a new normal. In an instant, I had entered a world that would never be the same for me again, and yet, yet, I also wanted to be able to move into this new world—and function. There was anxiety, depression, and fear.
So why, at this moment in 2020, am I focused on that evening in 2011? What if I told you that for me, The Gun Incident (as it lives in my brain) has become a metaphor for what's transpired for all of us this past year—since we've been threatened with death and disruption brought on by the coronavirus? Lately, I have asked myself this question: Could I have moved forward from that moment without any assistance with my mental health and state of well-being? Probably. But having had that help—that guidance—made a world of difference in metabolizing the trauma of the experience and navigating a new terrain.
We've sequestered ourselves for months. We've told our kids they can't play with their friends or hug their relatives, and we've avoided doing the same with our own. Now we're sending them back to school and we're being told it's generally safe to go out as long as we wear masks and practice social distancing. Friends and relatives have begun returning to their offices. And yet, how do we step out into this new world—emotionally? What about the mental health costs of the underlying anxiety of the times?
There's an authority figure and voice that has been missing from the COVID-19 conversation since day one: a mental health commissioner or czar. In other words, a mental health version of Anthony Fauci. What would it have meant to have had this kind of authoritative expert—live from the briefing room—consistently telling the nation about what is normal to—here comes the F-word—feel? In a global pandemic? What would it have been like if information about what to expect and how to get help had been given commensurate airtime, so that our social and emotional well-being could have been addressed along with our physical health? And what if, alongside the valued billboards thanking our essential workers, there were also clever ad campaigns that might have reminded us to take care of our psyches?
I'm not suggesting that since the beginning of the crisis no one has mentioned a blip about our emotional states. What I'm suggesting, instead, is that the administration has overlooked a dire need—and that decision is a reflection of our values and priorities in this country.
To be honest, we'd already had depression, alienation, and loneliness epidemics raging in America for the past few years. In 2017, suicides among teen girls hit at a 40-year high. And now with COVID-19? "At the end of June," NPR's Anya Kamenetz reported, "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveyed Americans on their mental health [and found that] almost 11% of all respondents to that survey said they had 'seriously considered' suicide in the past 30 days. For those ages 18 to 24, the number was one in four—more than twice as high." In the early weeks of the pandemic, there was a 34.1% jump in anti-anxiety prescriptions, according to an Express Scripts study. Alcohol sales have gone up nationally. Companies that sell edibles saw their sales increase dramatically. And this spring the United Nations put out a report, stating emphatically: "Psychological distress in populations is widespread.… A long-term upsurge in the number and severity of mental health problems is likely." Why has there been such scant national attention paid to this?
It turns out, in fact, that we do have a psychiatrist high up in government—Elinore McCance-Katz. (Heard of her before? Yeah, me neither.) She is assistant secretary of health and human services for mental health and substance use, a role that has even been referred to as our mental health czar—created as a result of the 21st Century Cures Act, passed during the Obama administration. (Who knew?) She attended a Cabinet meeting in May. *Shrugs shoulders.* But, for whatever reason, she is not a part of the Trump administration's White House Coronavirus Task Force.
I won't bore you with identifying the members of that body, led by Vice President Mike Pence. But I will characterize the group for you: a couple women, a few people of color, a lot of white men—a lot of older white men. Government agency officials. No psychologists or psychiatrists. No social workers.
We need the loud, culturally relevant presence of an expert in mental health, preferably on the task force. Someone trusted who knows how to address Americans' very real qualms about the threat of a deadly disease. Someone who can speak sense to a nation shuttered and shuddered inside—some of us alone, some with their abusive spouses, some with a family too big for their house or apartment, and many frightened of paying their bills and losing their homes. No matter the circumstances, virtually none of us have been immune to the anxiety, depression, fear, anger, and loneliness that's been exacerbated or spread, just like the virus itself. And, yet, there's been little guidance that has broken through the noise about how to handle those aspects of the pandemic. (Unlike, say, #WearADamnMask.)
I texted numerous friends and family around the world, trying to ascertain if we can look to other countries for a blueprint: England, India, France, Hong Kong, Nigeria, and Australia. All of them answered, "No," with the exception of a friend in Sydney who said she felt the chief medical officers there actually touched upon the mental health impacts of the virus. No one, however, was able to identify a Dr. So-and-So as the go-to mental health voice of COVID-19. Again, like the U.S., these countries do concentrate on myriad psychological concerns through commissions that release reports and strategies. But the general public seems to be unfamiliar with that information and few spokespeople have risen to become a part of the cultural conversation. Imagine going back a generation or so, when seat belts were introduced to car design, but never having been told how to use them or why.
Last year, psychologist Kirk Schneider, in Scientific American, presciently urged Congress to create an office dedicated to public mental health in the form of a counterpart to the surgeon general—a psychologist general. (I guess he'd not heard of our mental health czar either.) "He or she," Schneider wrote, would "oversee and advise the public regarding strictly psychological (that is, nonmedical) approaches to public mental health care. Such a position could be filled by a psychologist, a counselor, a social worker, a researcher or a psychiatrist.... A psychologist general at the forefront of mental health research and delivery would send a strong message that psychological well-being is prized on a par with physical health—a message in keeping with the phrase 'Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.'"
Yes, we know the rules by now—even if some choose not to follow them. We know that to protect others we should wear face coverings. In order to protect ourselves, we need to wash our hands with soap and hot water, use hand sanitizer, and stay six feet apart from one another. But what are the rules for taking care of our mental health? How do we allay the underlying anxieties that, obvious or hidden, impact our minds, our nervous systems, our feelings? There are so many complicating factors in society's "new normal." We can't see a stranger's smile because it is cloaked behind a mask. We have odd associations with face coverings, many of us having been previously conditioned to associate masks with people committing crimes or being sick, underscoring latent fears of the Other. Our social spheres have shrunken. Our real-world interactions have been curtailed. Even the tribalization of our ideological and political worlds are now cocooning us, further, into our social pods.
Those of us who had already traversed the terrain of mental health issues were a bit better prepared. We had therapists and doctors in place. We were already on medication. We knew this wasn't our first panic attack rodeo. The same held true for those who have been through unimaginable grief.
In general, we're an industrious lot. We picked up the slack where we could. I don't know about you, but some of my friends took it upon themselves to create spaces to connect us—to abate the isolation and loneliness, even if for just a little while. At the start of the lockdown, 17-year-old Demi Weitz wanted to raise $10,000 for a charity. Six months later, after she and her father, Richard Weitz, started Quarantunes—a weekly fundraising Zoom concert that featured the likes of Billie Eilish, John Legend, Rod Stewart, and the cast of Hamilton—they've raised over $10 million. A friend of mine opened Café Quarantine, where we could all gather to commiserate, force ourselves to laugh, or play virtual Mafia (aka Werewolf). But these are stopgaps. We needed and still need something systematic, something broad and comprehensive and federal, someone with expertise who can guide us in ways that we wouldn't necessarily think of or know of. And someone whom we trust. Someone who might become so familiar to us that she or he would turn into a regular character depicted on Saturday Night Live.
There's a larger issue here at play. Who would that person be? It's true that many of us couldn't have name-checked Dr. Fauci prior to 2020. But his field is virology. (I'd bet that a year ago, you might have guessed that a virologist was someone who studied memes—and how these cultural nuggets of data go viral online.) But we live in times where self-help books and apps are a booming business. (People even have therapists for their dogs.) And so why shouldn't we be able to field a fantasy team of prominent, respected psychologists on our national stage? Instead, all we're left with are fictional characters from television—paging Dr. Frasier Crane (Frasier), Dr. Jennifer Melfi (The Sopranos), Dr. Noelle Akopian (Crazy Ex-Girlfriend), Charlie Brown's pal Lucy, and, of course, all of Larry David's therapists on Curb. In all seriousness, this speaks to a significant imbalance in our society.
As only Michelle Obama could do, the former first lady reminded us in her Democratic National Convention speech—with warmth, humanity, and authenticity—that we're suffering individually and collectively. She had earlier revealed on her eponymous podcast that as a result of the lockdown, the administration's response to the pandemic, and the nation's recent racial unrest, she herself had been suffering from a low-grade depression. It reminded me of an astute remark a friend made a few months ago: We are using the wrong metric to talk about the coronavirus. As tragic as the fatality rate is, we are, nonetheless, using Death, instead of Suffering.
Vivek Murthy, the former surgeon general and current health (and pandemic) adviser to former vice president Joe Biden, participated in a Twitter Q&A the other week. Murthy insisted that in order to deal with this virus head on, "It will mean choosing the right people to lead [Biden's COVID-19] response team." It's time to focus on our mindsets, our angst, our feelings. It's time to acknowledge and chip away at this Year of Too Much Suffering. (Okay, or maybe four years. But who's counting?) As Viktor Frankl—the psychiatrist, neurologist, and Holocaust survivor—once said, "To suffer unnecessarily is masochistic rather than heroic."
— How Gabby Giffords Survived a Shot to the Head, and Outsmarted the NRA
— Michael Cohen's Daughter Reflects On His Time With the President
— How Jared Kushner Let the Markets Decide America's COVID-19 Fate
— Donald Trump Goes Full Dictator, Vows to Stay in Office Regardless of Election Results
— An Ex-Republican Strategist Surveys the Wreckage of Trump's GOP
— How Everyone Is Quietly Lining Trump's Pockets
— As Election Approaches, Trump Fears Fox News Is Going Rogue
— From the Archive: The Trump Kids Are Bound by Their Desire to Cash In
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Parents currently using childcare vouchers may be aware that last April the Government introduced new legislation lowering the savings limits for new joiners of the scheme.
This legislation had significant financial implications, particularly for those higher rate taxpayers who wished to sign up and make use of the savings.
For parents already on the scheme their level of savings was unaffected, but their existing level was only protected provided that they ordered childcare vouchers at least once in every twelve month period.
So many parents could now be in danger of losing out - unless they act quickly.
And it is not just higher and additional rate taxpayers who stand to lose out – see how this issue could affect you.
If you are a higher or additional rate taxpayer who joined your employer's childcare voucher scheme before 6th April 2011, then while you remain eligible you have a right to a higher level of savings. This means you can receive up to £243 per month in childcare vouchers.
If you have ordered vouchers in the past twelve months, or do so now before the twelve months is up, then you will remain at this level for a further year. This will mean you are still able to make savings of up to £1,224* a year in tax and National Insurance payments if you are a higher rate taxpayer, or £1,516* a year if you are an additional rate taxpayer.
For a basic rate taxpayer, you may also want to order childcare vouchers within this 12 month period to retain your protected rights. This means you will be able to receive childcare vouchers up to £243 per month if you ever become a higher rate taxpayer.
If you lose your protected rights then you can continue to receive childcare vouchers up to £243 per month, but ONLY while you remain a basic rate taxpayer. Remember, as a basic rate taxpayer you can still save up to £933 per annum in tax and National Insurance payments.


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Q: iOS App was building fine yesterday, but it won't build today Yesterday I pushed my first Flutter app to TestFlight in the App Store. While the app was running okay on my iPhone 5 and my iPhone Xr when I build directly to my device, when I run it through TestFlight, the Bluetooth never seems to see my devices nor connect to them. (I'm using the flutter_blue_plus module. Note that I am not building a watchOS app.)
Now, I am trying to figure out what is going on and I cannot build to my iPhone Xr. (I can build to my Android device.) Instead, I now get this message:
Launching lib/main.dart on Dan's iPhone in debug mode...
ProcessException: Process exited abnormally:
Command line invocation:
/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/usr/bin/xcodebuild -list
User defaults from command line:
IDEPackageSupportUseBuiltinSCM = YES
2022-05-10 15:01:55.696 xcodebuild[23296:39395199] Requested but did not find extension point with identifier Xcode.IDEKit.ExtensionSentinelHostApplications for extension Xcode.DebuggerFoundation.AppExtensionHosts.watchOS of plug-in com.apple.dt.IDEWatchSupportCore
2022-05-10 15:01:55.696 xcodebuild[23296:39395199] Requested but did not find extension point with identifier Xcode.IDEKit.ExtensionPointIdentifierToBundleIdentifier for extension Xcode.DebuggerFoundation.AppExtensionToBundleIdentifierMap.watchOS of plug-in com.apple.dt.IDEWatchSupportCore
xcodebuild: error: The directory /Users/danielshepard/FlutterProjects/towgo_app/ios contains 2 projects, including multiple projects with the current extension (.xcodeproj). Specify the project to use with the -project option.
Command: /usr/bin/arch -arm64e xcrun xcodebuild -list
screen shot of error
Can anyone help me figure out why this is not working today?

A: After many tries I solved in this way:

*

*Update MacOS

*Update Xcode and command lines tools

*Run flutter pub upgrade, flutter pub get in the project folder

*Delete podfile.lock in ios folder of the project

*Run cd ios, pod repo update, pod install in the project folder