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Pepsi Logo History: What's Behind This Iconic Symbol?
Pepsi in itself has been/is a huge name and was launched by its founder Caleb D. Bradham in 1898. Earlier the drink was referred to as "Brad's drink" which was rebranded to the drink we know today. It was concocted by the pharmacist with a mix of oils, vanilla, and kola nut extract. It was served in a soda fountain of the Bradham Drug Company.
The Pepsi logo has a history of its own and we are here to explain them. Let's cover the basics by knowing the facts below:
The Pepsi logo has undergone a lot of changes in terms of its design and below are the people who influenced these designs in major ways.
Caleb Bradham
Rebranding the logo of Brad's Drink in 1898 has stories behind them and some say it is a portmanteau of the words pepsin and cola. But, the official website of the company says that the pharmacist got the name "Pep Kola" from a competing brand which was later changed to the name we know today.
He then paired a new script logo himself that may look similar to other brands you know. The script had similarities with the wordmark of Coca-Cola whose logo was inspired by the Spencerian script.
Like any other entrepreneur, this small-town inventor had a knack for creating DIY logos that contribute to Pepsi's logo history.
Arnell Group
He designed the Pepsi globe that became a polarizing topic in the industry. Few called it "nonsensical", while the others claimed it to be a clever move. Say what so ever, it created a mark in the Pepsi logo history.
The company was closed down in the year 2013 after almost 30 years of operations.
Gerard Huerta
He specializes in typography, branding, and illustration and is the creator of the current Pepsi logo. This contemporary designer has worked with numerous big brands like Conde Nast, HBO, Bob Dylan, Adweek, Swiss Army Brands, and Calvin Klein.
Huerta took inspiration from the drink's sleek packaging for redesigning the logo.
Pepsi Logo History: The Theory
Is dead?
Yes, you read that right. Consumers allegedly found this cryptic message in most of the brand Pepsi logos when the wordmark was read upside down it said, "isded". Who was dead? What did it mean?
The internet regardless of the situation responded by discovering memes. To date, this logo is considered to be the most popular hidden symbol in brand logos.
1, 2, 3, Smile
The Pepsi globe logo that we have now is said to resemble a grin that makes the audiences connect to the drink with happy times and celebrations and is successful in drawing eyes to itself. There are other brands too that use this smiley face as a welcoming emotion in their logo like, Amazon, Argos, and Crayola among others.
The shockingly true story
The magnetic field, innovation, the golden rectangle is said to be represented through this new globe design. How do they connect to the fizzy drink? The company was said to redesign in a document people describe as "Da Vinci-esque." The Arnell Group created a 27-page long design document that was strategically crafted to become viral and it worked. The Media outlets published various stories concerning the new globe and that Pepsi reportedly paid the Group a million dollars for its redesign.
Pepsi Logo History: The Timeline
Let's now discuss the history of the Pepsi Logo-
The first logo of the drink was a spikey script wordmark that was designed by Caleb Bradham. The Pepsi logo was said to be hard to read as the glyphs had thin strokes and the space was small.
Those days hand-drawn logos were back and the brand's competitor, Coca-Cola, got its logo through a DIY process from Frank M. Robinson who was the bookkeeper of the inventor.
The brand eventually revised the design with broader strokes and the spike details were removed that made the design simpler and adaptive.
The edge of the letter C was hung dramatically as it added a dramatic flair to the design.
The letters P and C got separate glyphs that resulted in refined typography. This font combination created a good contrast between the script and sans serif fonts.
Now, Pepsi's wordmark was no longer alone and the brand released a bottle cap logo. This served as a frame for the wordmark making it pop out even more. The illustration featured a new addition to the brand's color scheme creating a lively design for the company.
The inclusivity was brought after the second world war as the brand's efforts to connect to their country's audience and world events.
The world now bid adieu to the "cola" in the Pepsi wordmark to give it the name that is used to date.
The 1962 version was an eye-catching stamp symbol that adapted well and was easily incorporated in digital ads or on the printed label material. For the first time in Pepsi logo history, the logo was much readable now.
The brand finally decided to omit the decorative border of the Pepsi logo. This gave way to the orb figure called the globe.
The Pepsi logo redesign had a sporty feel to it and the Pepsi wordmark was taken out of the globe for good. The italicized text now was placed atop of the globe with a bold red line that added emphasis to the symbol.
To mark the company's first century, a new logo was released with visual depth to it that caught the attention of audiences.
The brand improved the depth by featuring new details that included the water droplets on the globe. Now, the globe was put atop the text that carried a lot of era-appropriate influences like the 3D and futuristic styles.
The Pepsi logo now adapted a flat design movement from the 3D-inspired design, bringing an end to the transformations in the Pepsi logo history. Big brands like Google and BMW have redesigned their logo to create a crisp graphic mark. The Pepsi logo design now was designed by the Arnell Group while the typography is the work by Gerard Huerta called Pepsi Light. The Pepsi logo is seen as more legible and readable after going for a clean, two-dimensional logo and became more screen-friendly.
This Pepsi logo shows that the brand is not afraid to adapt and reinvent its look when the situation comes.
To conclude:
To survive the ever-changing market and consumer behavior, it is the responsibility of any brand to evolve. For more than a decade now the company has been a trusted brand around the world and has strategically changed over the years.
Pepsi Logo History FAQs
1) What does the Pepsi logo say?
Pepsi unveiled its new bottle cap that featured the script surrounded by red and blue colors on a white background and was recognized with its script. The cap logo was meant to show U.S. patriotism.
2) Which came first, Pepsi or Coke?
With a few years of difference, Coke came before Pepsi. Dr. John S. Pemberton invented Coca-Cola in 1886 while Pepsi did in the year 1893.
3) What does Pepsi mean?
The word 'Pepsi' means indigestion. It comes from the root word dyspepsia.
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For the first time in this Series of Seminars and other forms of scholarly meetings, a Workshop took place at the British Library, London. Customarily they were held at the Parker Library at Corpus Christi College in the University of Cambridge. Already sessions in the Series had taken place in Oxford (20 June 1992 and 13 March 1993) and in Tokyo (November and December 1993). Now the Series turned to the British Library, as the subject and the opportunity invited.
Organised by Mildred Budny, Malcolm Godden, and Andrew Prescott — all of whom issued the 2-page Invitation Letter — the Workshop at the British Library was designed to gather specialists and students, including some from abroad (Germany, The Netherlands, the United States), who would be attending the 6th biannual conference of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists (ISAS). That conference took place on 1–7 August at Wadham College, Oxford.
Therefore we planned for "a Saturday before / after ISAS", and entertained the possibility of holding the event in "Cambridge, Oxford, London". These logistical considerations are recorded at the head of a 1-page planning outline in the set of 3 undated pages of pencil notes by Mildred Budny within the file for this event in the Research Group Archives.
The selected Saturday suited the speakers whom we hoped to hear and a number of participants whom we hoped to include. The stage was set.
© The British Library Board, Cotton MS Tiberius A III, folio 2v. Reproduced by permission.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Tiberius A III, folio 3r. Reproduced by permission.
The Letter summarises the components, and their strays into other volumes in the Cotton collection.
The volume contains a collection of miscellaneous texts in Latin and Old English, including the Regula Sancti Benedicti, supplementary Benedictine texts, the Regularis Concordia, prognostics, confessional prayers and directives, Ælfric's Colloquy, Ælfric's De Temporibus Anni, homilies and a unique copy of monasteriales indicia. Some texts have interlinear Old English glosses. Both the Regula Sancti Benedicti and the Regularis Concordia have full-page framed frontispiece illustrations. Folios 174–9 comprise detached leaves from other volumes, including two Cotton manuscripts: Faustina B. iii, fols. 158–98 (an Old English version of the Regularis Concordia); and Tiberius A. vi, fols. 1–35 (the Abingdon version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). The origin, intentions and use of the miscellany are subjects of considerable interest to Anglo-Saxon studies. The workshop is designed to explore its problems and gather expertise in a wide range of relevant fields.
Francis Junius the Younger (1591–1677). Portrait after Anthony van Dijck. Via Wikipedia Commons.
The Invitation Letter outlines the plan.
"We aim to run the workshop on informal lines, as a round table. This will give plenty of opportunity to respond to the speakers and ask questions. Speakers will include members of the Research Group on Manuscript Evidence and others.
Helmut Gneuss will speak about the origin and provenance of manuscripts, especially Tiberius A. iii.
Hans Sauer will consider the makeup of the manuscript and the origin of its texts.
Mildred Budny will survey the evidence for its Malheimat at St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury, through the identification of the artist in other works.
Andrew Prescott will describe the modern history of Tiberius A. iii (since 1731).
Lucia Kornexl will examine the interlinear glossing in the Regularis Concordia.
Rohini Jayatilaka will report on the Regula Sancti Benedicti.
Debby Banham will discuss the monasteriales indicia.
Joyce Hill will examine the text of Ælfric's Colloquy.
Malcolm Godden will consider the Ælfricean material and its implications for the origin of the manuscript.
Page 2 of the Invitation Letter specifies logistics and shows a diagram.
The workshop will take place in the Meeting Rooms on the first floor, Residence 3, in the East Wing of the British Museum, for which a map is enclosed. Coffee will be served from 10:00–10:30. The workshop will begin promptly at 10:30. A sandwich lunch will be provided; if anyone requires different dietary arrangements please let us know. We expect to end at about 5:00. Space is limited so please let us know as soon as possible if you are coming.
The session will be held in the Meeting Rooms on the first floor, Residence 3 (East Wing of the Museum). I enclose a very rough sketch of the position of the rooms. Perhaps Leslie could produce something more artistic (and more correctly proportioned).
Reviewing the completed Invitation Letter at the distance of more than a decade, as we survey the history of the design and layout by the Research Group on Manuscript Evidence for the record on our upgraded website, it seems useful to observe how the designer of the appearance of most of our publications in any form (including our digital font Bembino) took on the task of rendering the supplied information about directions to the Meeting Rooms into a dramatic diagram immediately recognisable for its place and purpose.
The chosen location also gave the benefit of indirect natural light, on a calm summer's day in central London, for examining the manuscripts in the flesh (inks, pigments, and wormholes included).
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Tiberius A III folio 60v. The opening of Ælfric's Colloquy, plus gloss. Reproduced by permission.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Tiberius A III folio 179v. The end of the book, with calendar and prayers. Reproduced by permission.
R.I. Page, Mildred Budny, Nigel Wilkins, Tim Graham, Leslie French, Catherine Hall, Nicholas Hadgraft, Nigel Wilkins, Janet Backhouse, Andrew Prescott, Colin Tite, Nigel Ramsay, Michelle Brown, Robin Alston, Malcolm Godden, Patrick Wormald, Richard Gameson, Rohini Jayatilaka, Debby Banham, Lucia Kornexl, Hans Sauer, Helmut Gneuss, Mechtild Gretsch, Carl Berkhout, William Stoneman, Joyce Hill, Chris Fell.
A broken leg at the ISAS Conference at Oxford and illness respectively kept Carl J. Berkhout and Debby Banham from attending. From Oxford, Carl sent a letter to be read out, reporting some information which he had discovered. Debby subsequently provided her text on the monasteriales indicia.
© The British Library Board. Royal MS 9 C X, after the 1731 fire, unconserved.
Just as the specialists gathered from far and near, so, too, the manuscripts could, by arrangement, join their company and return their gaze. Some of the different manuscripts had formerly, in some measures, belonged to each other, before separation and re-distribution between other sheets and under other covers. In a way, they were rejoining each others' company, for a few hours, in an assembled company which had some backgrounds to appreciate them.
and the Christ Church catalogue apparently listing the miscellany (Cotton Galba E. iv).
Some highlights from the day may come into view here, aided by the current policy for the display of images from the British Library website.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Faustina B III, folio 159r, top. Reproduced by permission.
In combination, wormholes, Lawrence Nowell's transcript prior to the dismemberment and reshuffling in the Cotton Collection, and other features shared between the 45 leaves of Cotton MS Tiberius A III, folios 174–177 (= "T"), and Cotton MS Faustina B III (= "F"), folios 159–198, attest to their original contiguity. They must have stood in the order F 158 (probably originally a flyleaf), T 174–6, F 159–198, T 177. Here are the first recto and the last verso of the portion of text in the Faustina fragment, which the several leaves in the Tiberius fragment would have "sandwiched", while the Faustina "flyleaf" would have preceded the whole meal. Food for Thought. Leftovers included.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Faustina B III, folio 159r. Reproduced by permission.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Faustina B III, folio 198v. Reproduced by permission.
The meeting gave the chance to see some illustrations in different British Library manuscripts among those which had been attributed to the same 11th-century artist's hand in a holistic study of one of those manuscripts.
That study, a Ph.D. dissertation for the University of London (1984), concerns British Library Manuscript Royal 1 E.vi: The Anatomy of an Anglo-Saxon Bible Fragment, available freely for download here. Consider especially its pages 73–74 and 236–254, which record the details of shared features between several illustrations in different manuscripts (preserved in the British Library and elsewhere) apparently denoting the work of a single hand. Besides 3 manuscripts from the Royal and Cotton collections now at the British Library, comprising 2 Biblical manuscripts and the miscellany of Tiberius MS A III, the identified group includes 1 biographical manuscript with 2 added frontispiece illustrations now at the Parker Library (Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, MS 389) and perhaps also 1 liturgical manuscript with 2 added frontispiece illustrations now in Warsaw (Biblioteka Narodowa, MS I. 3311).
© The British Library Board. Royal MS 1 E VI, folio 30v, top. Reproduced by permission.
The Ph.D. dissertation reports how it was the observation of shared pigments that started this part of the quest to understand the nature and evidence of the Royal Bible as a whole in its explorations of the surviving works of Late Anglo-Saxon artists, in connection with the added 11th-century frontispiece in Royal MS 1 E. vi (folio 30v). As part of the research, a comprehensive survey of existing bibliographical accounts of the manuscript brought to light the mention, by-the-way, of an observation by the entymologist and antiquarian John Obadiah Westwood (1805–1893) at proof stage for the publication of one of his own skillfully rendered pre-photographic facsimiles of medieval manuscripts (1868).
The green and red groundwork of this miniature is shaded all round the figures with deeper washes of the same colours, exactly as in the large miniature of St. Mark . . . from the singular MS. Reg. I. E. 6, with which it also agrees in the long attenuated figure, exaggerated movements of the limbs, treatment of the outlines, and shading of the flesh, so completely, that I have but little doubt that they were executed by the same artist.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Tiberius A III, folio 117v, bottom. Reproduced by permission.
Heeding this remark, made by a remarkably keen observer of medieval manuscripts (and other phenomena), inspired our Ph.D. scholar's request (in the late 1970s) for permission to examine directly both these Reserve manuscripts side-by-side in the Manuscripts Reading Room, with this issue in view. Looking directly, closely, and repeatedly at their images offered affirmation of Westwood's conjecture, and led to the exploration of other surviving illustrations, including the other illustration in Cotton MS Tiberius A. III. From there, the rest followed.
© The British Library Board, Cotton MS Tiberius A III, folio 117v.
© The British Library Board, Cotton MS Tiberius A III, folio 2v.
Originally the 2 frontispieces, and their texts, stood in a different order. We show them here in their former order, with the Benedictine Rule placed before the Regularis Concordia. The sequence was apposite. Not only did the composition (or compilation) of the Rule precede by several centuries the composition and promulgation of the Regularis Concordia, sanctioned at the Council of Winchester around 973 CE, but also the principles and practices stipulated by the Regularis Concordia were grounded in the Benedictine Rule, over and above other Rules for Christian monastic life and rituals.
One illustration has inscriptions, the other does not. One is more-or-less finished, with painted figures, furniture, textiles, and settings, as well as ornamented trellis-like frame and inscriptions. The other seems incompleted, with only a few portions painted, and the rest remaining in outline drawing. These differences notwithstanding, the illustrations appear to be the work of a single artist, in different stages of work or work-in-progress.
The enthroned Benedict (without a halo) sits in frontal pose beside a draped lectern and fingers a partly opened book which lies upon it. At the top right, 3 monks cluster in a group, with an elongated book raised to the right with opened pages facing the observer. In the lower register, 2 monks adopt kneeling or partly kneeling poses, with a long scroll unrolling around the larger, agile monk who dominates that scene. Bookish author, bookish audience, and all seems well with the world — while the Great Fire of London at the Library in 1731 lay far in the future.
© The British Library Board, Cotton MS Tiberius A III, folio 117v. Reproduced by permission.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Tiberius A III, folio 117v, top right. Reproduced by permission.
Elsewhere in the volume, the 3 promulgators of the Regularis Concordia sit in the niches of a triple arcade in the larger upper register. The crowned and bearded King Edgar takes center stage, with his saints to either side: Bishop Æthelwold at the left and Archbishop Dunstan at the right, identifiable without inscriptions by their episcopal or archiepiscopal vestments and the text which they face across the opening of the book. The lower register barely contains the agile figure of a single monk, who wraps — as if drying — himself in an unrolled scroll. Another partly unrolled scroll winds its sinuous way across the hands of each of the figures at the top. All told, the jointly handled scroll at the top and the wholly embraced scroll at the bottom betoken a shared bond of literacy, with a belief in the power of the written word (and, of course, the Christian Written Word). Given the context of the identifiable figures and the text which they both face and preface, the assemby of figures, gestures, and textual emblems enact a shared adoption of the meaning and impact of those words, as decreed. All may, at least in outline(s) in the partly unfinished frontispiece, make it manifest that all is well with this world, too, following — and Following — the Benedictine Rule, albeit at a different place and for a different text in the volume.
The 9th-century large-format Royal Bible, made and owned by Saint Augustine's Abbey, with an added 11th-century frontispiece, probably replacing the lost frontispiece or opening page of the Mark Gospel.
The 11th-century illustrated medium-format Old English Hexateuch, made and owned by Saint Augustine's Abbey, with a large cycle of illustrations, some finished and some left in different states of incompletion. Several artists contributed to the work.
© The British Library Board. Royal MS 1 E VI, folio 30v: Title-Page for the (Lost) Frontispiece for the Mark Gospel.
The added Mark Gospel Frontispiece supplies a filler or substitute for a gap introduced by the spoliation — presumably at Saint Augustine's Abbey — of parts of the original large-format Bible manuscript. The full-page addition occupies the originally blank verso (folio 30v) of the full-page inscription or caption (folio 30r) which accompanied the original Mark frontispiece (showing the Baptism, according to the inscription), removed during that spoliation and now lost.
The surviving Initial-Page for the Luke Gospel (folio 43r), for example, manifests the superlative artistry of the 9th-century Master Scribal-Artist. Applying paints, including gold and silver, to the purple-dyed parchment leaves posed no failures for that master. That some of the pigments have rubbed away, and that the silver pigment — yes, it is silver — has mostly darkened and spread, halo-like, beyond its original places over time through corrosion and exposure, does not mar the excellence of the craftsmanship, although they do impinge on the original splendour.
Against such standards, "our" 11th-century artist had some handicaps, perhaps largely because of the large size of the page and the dark purple ground. It could be that he used this opportunity, an originally blank page in an earlier, partly despoiled, book, to perform an exercise, trial, or sketch. Whatever the case, he produced an image of the evangelist, monumentally enthroned, turning toward the unrolled scroll for his text as it descends from the extend Hand of God in clouds at the top of his architectural arcade. The winged evangelist symbol, a crouching lion, holds his own scroll between forepaws as he turns toward the other direction within (or mostly within) his own quatrefoil at the top of the panelled rectangular frame for the frontispiece. Divine inspiration and authority for the Gospel text — that is what it is all about.
© The British Library Board. Royal MS 1 E VI, folio 30v. Reproduced by permission.
Illustrations in some other books by, or probably by, this artist manifest some of the same interests, elements, techniques, and approaches. Among other things, to judge by that œuvre, he had a taste for adding to earlier books, adding authors' frontispieces, adding illustrations to texts, and leaving things unfinished.
Particularly relevant among the candidates for his surviving body of works, not least for the purposes of our Workshop, appear to be the portions among the large cycle of illustrations in the Old English Hexateuch attributed to the same mid-11th-century artist — an artist active at least at Saint Augustine's Abbey, to judge by the ownership patterns of some or all of the manuscripts containing his work. (Hence the "confidence" in using the male pronoun for him in our discourse.) According to the attribution of his handiwork (cited above), the portions in the Illustrated Old English Hexateuch involve, for example, folios 68v–69v, 113v, and 142r. We show those pages here.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Claudius B IV, folio 68v. Reproduced by permission.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Claudius B IV, folio 69r. Reproduced by permission.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Claudius B IV, folio 69v. Reproduced by permission.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Claudius B IV, folio 113v. Reproduced by permission.
© The British Library Board. Cotton MS Claudius B IV, folio 142r. Reproduced by permission.
© The British Library Board. Royal MS 1 E VI, folio 30v, bottom right. Reproduced by permission.
Cotton MS Tiberius A III, meet the Royal Bible. All things considered, don't you think that they look rather well for their age?
The central manuscript and some relatives considered at the August 1993 Workshop figured in presentations and discussions at later Seminars in the Series, especially the Seminar on medieval manuscripts from Canterbury just over one year later.
Following the completion of this Series, and the Research Group's move to the United States in October 1994, there emerged other forms of scholarly events — sometimes over the manuscripts, or some of them, and sometimes not — as reported for our several forms of Seminars, Workshops, Colloquia & Symposia.
Since the Workshop, there have emerged various publications, including by some of its participants, on the "controversial" Cotton MS Tiberius A. iii. They address, separately or in combination, its language, text, script, glosses, art, structure, ownership, relatives, and more. Because this webpost report reviews the Workshop and its setting, variously on the day, in long-term research, and in the Series, rather than presents a study of the book as such, we do not give a full list of those publications. A few are indicated in some links above, as with the recording of a recitation of Ælfric's Colloquy (its text appears on folios 6ov–61r; see the image above) through the British Library.
Corpus MS 389 (The Vitae of Eremetical Saints by Saint Jerome and Felix), made and owned by Saint Augustine's Abbey and augmented there evidently by the same artist as the frontispieces in Cotton MS Tiberius A III, entered the Illustrated Catalogue of Insular, Anglo-Saxon, and Early Anglo-Norman Manuscript Art at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (2 volumes, 1997) emanating from the long-term, integrated research work on selected Anglo-Saxon and related manuscripts at The Parker Library. Its entry reports updates for the attributions.
The stages of the research work are recorded, for example, in the Annual Reports to the Leverhulme Trust, described in our Publications. Many of the catalogue entries, as noted therein, report the results of discoveries and discussions emerging in our series of Seminars, including this one. In that publication, there are gathered entries, and images, from many manuscripts made or owned at Canterbury, in either Christ Church Priory or Saint Augustine's Abbey, as well as observations relevant to the issues surrounding Cotton MS Tiberius A.iii and its relatives.
With a change in direction by its co-publisher, the distribution of the Illustrated Catalogue has transferred to the Research Group on Manuscript Evidence. You might enjoy the Promotional Offer.
Many scholars' and students' paths may lead to the manuscript, and many paths of inquiry, as well as voyages of discovery, may lead from it.
We had the good fortune to gather around Cotton MS Tiberius A III, and some selected relatives in the form of books, on a summer's day in London and in erudite, appreciative, company. Not all of us may have been monks, but the attention and collegiality befitted the meeting of minds, both from long ago and from far away.
Thank you so much for your comment! We enjoy hearing from our readers, and appreciate your praise. Best wishes!


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"Company" is the IIFA Member trading under these Conditions.
"Customer" Means any person at whose request or on whose behalf the Company undertakes any business or provides advice, information or services.
"Goods" Means any person at whose request or on whose behalf the Company undertakes any business or provides advice, information or services.
"Person" Includes persons or any Body or Bodies Corporate.
2 (A) Subject to Sub-Paragraph (B) below, all and any activities of the Company in the course of business whether gratuitous or not are undertaken subject to these Conditions.
4 In authorising the Customer to enter into any Contract with the Company and/or in accepting any document issued by the Company in connection with such Contract, the Owner and Consignee accept these Conditions for themselves and their Agents and for any parties on whose behalf they or their Agents may act, and in particular, but without prejudice to the generality of this Clause, they accept that the Company shall have the right to enforce against them jointly and severally any liability of the Customer under these Conditions or to recover from them any sums to be paid by the Customer which upon proper demand have not been paid.
5 (A) Subject to Clauses 13 and 14 below, the Company shall be entitled to procure any or all of its services as an Agent or to provide those services as a Principal.
provided by the Company acting as a Contracting Principal.
(C) When acting as an Agent the Company does not make or purport to make any Contract with the Customer for the carriage, storage, packing or handling of any goods nor for any other physical service in relation to them and acts solely on behalf of the Customer in securing services by establishing Contracts with Third Parties so that direct contractual relationships are established between the Customer and such Third Parties.
(D) The Company shall on demand by the Customer provide evidence of any Contract entered into as Agent for the Customer. Insofar as the Company may be in default of this obligation, it shall be deemed to have contracted with the Customer as a Principal for the performance of the Customer's instructions.
(E) In all and any dealings with Revenue for and on behalf of the Customer and/or Owner, the Company is deemed to be appointed, and acts as, Direct Representative only.
6 When and to the extent that the Company has contracted as Principal for the performance of any of its services, it undertakes to perform and/or in its own name to procure the performance of those services, and subject always to the totality of these Conditions and in particular to Clauses 27-31 hereof accepts liability for loss of or damage to Goods taken into its charge occurring between the time when it takes the Goods into its charge and the time when the Company is entitled to call upon the Customer, Consignee or Owner to take delivery of the Goods.
(D) to do such acts as may in the opinion of the Company be reasonably necessary in the performance of its obligations in the interests of the Customer.
8 The Company reserves to itself a reasonable liberty as to the means, route and procedure to be followed in the handling, storage and transportation of Goods.
9 The Company shall be entitled to perform any of its obligations herein by itself or by its parent, subsidiary or associated Companies. In the absence of agreement to the contrary any Contract to which these Conditions apply is made by the Company on its own behalf and also as Agent for and on behalf of any such parent, subsidiary, or associated Company, and any such Company shall be entitled to the benefit of these Conditions.
(iii) Shall, upon accounting to the Customer for any balance remaining after payment of any sum due to the Company and for the costs of sale or disposal and/or dealing and/or storage, the Company shall be discharged of any liability whatsoever in respect of the Goods or documents.
(B) When the Goods are liable to perish or deteriorate, the Company's right to sell, dispose of or deal with the Goods shall arise immediately upon any sum becoming due to the Company subject only to the Company taking reasonable steps to bring to the Customer's attention its intention to sell or dispose of the Goods before doing so.
11 The Company shall be entitled to retain and be paid all brokerages, commissions, allowances and other remunerations customarily retained by or paid to Freight Forwarders.
12 (A) Should the Customer, Consignee or Owner of the Goods fail to take delivery at the appointed time and place when and where the company is entitled to deliver, the Company shall be entitled to store the Goods, or any part thereof, at the sole risk of the Customer or Consignee or Owner, whereupon the Company's liability in respect of the Goods, or that part thereof, stored as aforesaid, shall wholly cease. The Company's liability, if any, in relation to such storage, shall be governed by these conditions. All costs incurred by the Company as a result of the failure to take delivery shall be deemed as freight earned, and such costs shall, upon demand, be paid by the Customer.
(ii) Without prior notice, any Goods which have perished, deteriorated or altered or are in immediate prospect of doing so in a manner which has caused or may reasonably be expected to cause loss or damage to the Company or Third Parties or to contravene any applicable laws or regulations.
13. (A) No Insurance will be effected except pursuant to and in accordance with express instructions given in writing by the Customer and all Insurances effected by the Company are subject to the usual exceptions and conditions of the Policies of the Insurance Company or Underwriters taking the risk. Unless otherwise agreed in writing the Company shall not be under any obligation to effect separate Insurance on the Goods, but may declare it on any open or general Policy held by the Company.
(B) Insofar as the Company agrees to arrange Insurance for the benefit of the Customer and or the Owner, the Company acts solely as Agent for the Customer and or Owner and the Company's liability is subject to the limits of liability contained in Clause 30 hereof.
14. (A) Except under special arrangements previously made in writing or under the terms of a printed document signed by the Company, any instructions relating to the delivery or release of Goods in specified circumstances only, such as (but without prejudice to the generality of this Clause) against payment or against surrender of a particular document, are accepted by the Company, where the Company has to engage third parties to effect compliance with the instructions, only as agents for the Customer.
(C) The Company shall not be under any liability in respect of such arrangements as are referred to under Sub-Clauses (A) and (B) hereof save where such arrangements are made in writing.
(D) In any event, the Company's liability in respect of the performance or arranging the performance of such instructions shall not exceed the limits set out in clause 30 (A) (i) of these conditions.
15 Advice and information, in whatever form it may be given, is provided by the Company for the Customer only. The Customer shall indemnify the Company against any liability, claims, loss, damage, costs or expenses incurred and/or suffered as a consequence of passing such advice or information on to any third party and any other persons relying upon such advice or information. Except under special arrangements previously made in writing, advice and information which is not related to specific instructions accepted by the Company is provided gratuitously and without liability.
Customer nevertheless deliver any such goods to the Company or cause the Company to handle or deal with any such goods otherwise than under special arrangements previously made in writing the Company shall be under no liability whatsoever for or in connection with such goods howsoever arising.
(B) The Company may at any time waive its rights and exemptions from liability under Sub-Clause (A) above in respect of any one or more of the categories of Goods mentioned herein or of any part of any category. If such waiver is not in writing, the onus of proving such waiver shall be on the Customer. In any event, the Company's liability in respect of such goods shall not exceed the limits set out in clause 30 of these conditions.
17 Except following instructions previously received in writing and accepted by the Company, the Company will not accept or deal with Goods of a dangerous or damaging nature, nor with Goods likely to harbour or encourage vermin or other pests, nor with Goods liable to taint or affect other Goods. If such Goods are accepted pursuant to a special arrangement and then in the opinion of the Company they constitute a risk to other Goods, property, life or health, the Company shall where reasonably practicable contact the Customer, but reserves the right at the expense of the Customer to remove or otherwise deal with the Goods.
18 Where there is a choice of rates according to the extent or degree of the liability assumed by carriers, warehousemen or others, no declaration of value where optional will be made and/or treated as having been made except under special arrangements previously made in writing by an officer of the Company so authorised and as referred to in clause 30 (D).
19 (A) The Customer's attention is drawn to both the International Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea 1974 (the "SOLAS Convention"), as amended, requiring the mandatory provision of the verification of the gross mass of packed containers ("VGM"), and also, the guidelines regarding the VGM of a container carrying cargo, as amended.
(ii) The Customer shall indemnify the Company and hold the Company harmless from and against any costs, expenses, charges, fines, penalties, indemnities or other losses of whatever nature arising from or in relation to any incorrect or inaccurate information provided by or on behalf of the Customer upon which the Company may rely when providing the VGM.
(iii) The Customer will indemnify the Company and hold the Company harmless from and against any costs, expenses, charges, fines, penalties, indemnities or other losses of whatever nature arising from or in relation to the VGM or any failure or delay in providing a VGM.
(B) that all Goods have been properly and sufficiently prepared, packed, stowed, labelled, marked and/or weighed, and that the preparation, packing, stowage, labelling, marking and weighing are appropriate to any operations, carriage or transactions affecting the Goods and the characteristics of the Goods.
(C) that where the Company receives the Goods from the Customer already stowed in or on a Transport Unit, the Transport Unit is in good condition, and is suitable for the carriage to the intended destination of the Goods loaded therein, or thereon, which includes, (but is not limited to) the Transport Unit having been properly fumigated and/or heat treated and weighed as may be required for the intended carriage.
21 Should the Customer otherwise than under special arrangements previously made in writing as set out in Clause 17 above deliver to the Company or cause the Company to deal with or handle Goods of a dangerous or damaging nature, or Goods likely to harbour or encourage vermin or other pests, or Goods liable to taint or affect other Goods, he shall be liable for all loss or damage arising in connection with such Goods and shall indemnify the Company against all penalties, claims, damages, costs and expenses whatsoever arising in connection therewith, and the Goods may be dealt with in such manner as the Company or any other person in whose custody they may be at any relevant time shall think fit.
22 The Customer undertakes that no claim shall be made against any Director, Servant, or Employee of the Company which imposes or attempts to impose upon them any liability in connection with any services which are the subject of these Conditions and if any such claim should nevertheless be made, to indemnify the Company against all consequences thereof.
(D) Any losses suffered by the Company its servants or agents including any claims made against the Company its servants or agents, arising out of or in connection with any fraudulent activity by the Customer, and/or the Owner of the Goods, and/or the servants or agents of either. The Company shall not in any circumstances be liable in respect of Goods or for any claim whatsoever where there has been such a fraud.
(E) Any claims of a General Average nature which may be made on the Company.
24 (A) The punctual receipt in full of sums falling due from the Customer to the Company is critical to the operation of the Company's business and its performance of its obligations to the Customer. Accordingly the Customer shall pay to the Company in cash, or as otherwise agreed, all sums when due, immediately and without reduction or deferment on account of any claim, counterclaim or set-off. Time is of the essence of payment of any and all sums payable by the Customer to the Company.
(B) Notwithstanding any agreed credit period, the Company may unilaterally revoke such agreed credit period with immediate effect, so that any and all sums due to the Company become immediately payable.
(i) Any and all other sums properly earned by and/or otherwise due to the Company (but which, but for this clause 24(C), would be otherwise be not yet by payable by the Customer, whether by virtue of an agreed credit period or otherwise) shall become immediately payable in full.
(iii) No omission to seek compensation for breach of 24(A) and (B) above by the Company shall constitute a waiver or release to the Customer from any liability under 24(A) and (B) above during the application of these terms unless agreed in writing by authorised officers of the Company and Customer.
25 Despite the acceptance by the Company of instructions to collect freight, duties, charges or other expenses from the Consignee or any other person the Customer shall remain responsible for such freight, duties, charges or expenses on receipt of evidence of proper demand and in the absence of evidence of payment (for whatever reason) by such Consignee or other person when due.
26 Where liability for General Average arises in connection with the Goods, the Customer shall promptly provide security to the Company or to any other party designated by the Company in a form acceptable to the Company.
27 The Company shall perform its duties with a reasonable degree of care, diligence, skill and judgement.
(B) any cause or event which the Company is unable to avoid and the consequences whereof the Company is unable to prevent by the exercise of reasonable diligence.
29 Except under special arrangements previously made in writing by an officer of the Company so authorised, the Company accepts no responsibility with regard to any failure to adhere to agreed departure or arrival dates or times of the Goods.
(b) a sum at the rate of two Special Drawing Rights as defined by the International Monetary Fund (hereinafter referred to as SDR's), per kilo of gross weight of any Goods lost or damaged whichever shall be the lesser.
(C) 75,000 SDR's in respect of any one transaction whichever shall be the lesser. For the purposes of Clause 30 (A) the value of the Goods shall be their value when they were or should have been shipped. The value of SDR's shall be calculated as at the date when the claim is received by the Company in writing.
(B) Subject to Sub-Clause (A) above, and Sub-Clause (D) below, the Company's liability for loss or damage as a result of failure to deliver or arrange delivery of Goods in a reasonable time or (where there is a special arrangement under Clause 29) to adhere to agreed departure or arrival dates shall not in any circumstances whatever exceed a sum equal to twice the amount of the Company's charges in respect of the relevant transaction.
(C) Save in respect of such loss or damage as is referred to at Sub-Clause (B) and subject to Sub-Clause (A) above and Sub-Clause (D) below, the Company shall not in any circumstances whatsoever be liable for indirect or consequential loss such as (but not limited to) loss of profits, loss of market or the consequences of delay or deviation however caused.
(D) By special arrangement agreed in writing, the Company may accept liability in excess of the limits set out in Sub-Clauses (A) to (C) above upon the Customer agreeing to pay the Company's additional charges for accepting such increased liability. Details of the Company's additional charges will be provided upon request.
31 (A) Any claim by the Customer against the Company arising in respect of any service provided for the Customer or which the Company has undertaken to provide shall be made in writing and notified to the Company within 14 days of the date upon which the Customer became or should have become aware of any event or occurrence alleged to give rise to such claim and any claim not made and notified as aforesaid shall be deemed to be waived and absolutely barred except where the Customer can show that it was impossible for him to comply with this Time Limit and that he has made the claim as soon as it was reasonably possible for him to do so.
(B) Notwithstanding the provisions of Sub-Paragraph (A) above the Company shall in any event be discharged of all liability whatsoever howsoever arising in respect of any service provided for the Customer or which the Company has undertaken to provide unless suit be brought and written notice thereof given to the Company within nine months from the date of the event or occurrence alleged to give rise to a cause of action against the Company.
32 These Conditions and any act or contract to which they apply shall be governed by the laws of the Republic of Ireland and any dispute arising out of any act or contract to which these Conditions apply shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of the Republic of Ireland.
The Customer's attention is drawn specifically to Condition 3. Condition 3 (ii) has been included herein solely to relieve the owner of the Goods (including any associated packing and equipment) the subject of this contract ("the Goods "), or the owner's agent, of the additional costs that the Company would need to include to recover insurance charges were its liability not limited as provided for in Condition 3 (ii). Condition 3 (iii) will become operative at the option of the Customer on the terms provided therein.
1 The Customer warrants that it is either the owner of the Goods or is authorised by such owner to accept these Conditions on the owner's behalf.
(a) When presented for warehousing, the Goods shall be securely and properly packed in compliance with any statutory regulations or official or recognised standards and in such condition as not to cause damage or injury or the likelihood of damage or injury to the property of the Company or to any other Goods, whether by spreading of damp, infestation, leakage or the escape of fumes or substances or otherwise howsoever.
(b) Before presentation of the Goods for warehousing, the Customer will inform the Company in writing of any special precautions necessitated by the nature, weight or condition of the Goods and of any statutory duties specific to the Goods with which the Company may need to comply.
(c) It will reimburse all duties and taxes that the Company may be required to pay in respect of the Goods , except to the extent that the Company is required to accept responsibility for them in accordance with Condition 3.
(d) Unless prior to acceptance of the Goods by the Company, the Company receives written notice containing all appropriate information, none of the Goods constitute "Waste" as defined in the Environmental Protection Act 1990.
(e) Unless prior to acceptance of the Goods by the Company, the Company receives written notice containing all appropriate information, none of the Goods are or contain substances the storage of which would require the obtaining of any consent or licence or which, if they escaped from their packaging, would or may cause pollution of the environment or harm to human health.
(ii) Notwithstanding any notice under Condition 3 (iii), if there is a breach of contract by the Customer, the Customer will indemnify the Company against any loss or damage it suffers which is related to the and the Company's reasonable charges for, dealing with the breach and its consequences. The Customer will pay an extra storage charge equal to the amount of any fine or penalty payable by the Company wholly or partly as a result of a breach by the Customer of this contract. If the Company suspects a breach of warranty in Condition 1 or of any undertaking in Condition 2 (i), it may demand the immediate removal of any Goods held for the Customer, or itself arrange their removal without notice, at the Customer's expense.
3 (i) Except as provided in Condition 3(iii) below, the Company does not insure the Goods and the Customer shall make arrangements to cover the Goods against all risks to the full insurable value thereof.
(ii) The Company excludes liability for any claim relating to loss, damage, deterioration, delay, non-delivery, mis-delivery, unauthorised delivery or miscompliance with instructions of or to or in connection with the Goods ("Claim"). This exclusion does not apply if a Claim arises from the neglect or wilful act or default of the Company, its employees (acting in furtherance of their duties as employees) or sub-contractors (acting in furtherance of their duties as sub-contractors). In any case, the Company's liability shall not exceed a total of Euro127 per tonne weight of that part of the Goods in respect of which a claim arises. In no case shall the Company be liable for any loss of profit or indirect or consequential loss of any kind.
(a) The Customer shall give written notice to be received by the Company at least 7 days before the date on which the increased liability is required to be operative and shall specify the nature and the maximum value of the Goods to be at risk inclusive of duty and taxes paid or payable thereon. Under no circumstances will the Company's liability to the Customer exceed the value given under this notice.
(b) The Customer shall accept an increase in the Company's charges to cover the costs incurred in insuring against the Company's additional liability hereunder.
(iv) (a) The Company shall not be liable for any Claim unless it has received written notice of the Claim from the Customer within 21 days (7 days in the case of sub-contract carriage) of the cause of the Claim coming to the Customer's knowledge or of the Goods being delivered by the Company to or to the use of the Customer, whichever is the later.
(b) No legal proceedings may be brought against the Company unless they are issued and served, and no counterclaim may be raised unless full written details are received by the Company, within 9 months of the event giving rise to the Claim.
(v) The Company shall not be liable hereunder for any loss or damage to the extent that the same is caused or contributed to by a breach of any of the Customer's warranties and undertakings (or by any of the circumstances by virtue of which the Company is relieved of its contractual obligations in accordance with Condition 8).
4 (i) The Customer and the Owner of the Goods will not take any proceedings against any employee or sub-contractor of the Company for a Claim.
(ii) Without prejudice to Condition 4 (i), if an employee or sub-contractor pays or is liable to make a payment to the Customer or Owner of the Goods in connection with a Claim, the Customer and the Owner of the Goods will each fully indemnify the Company against any claim (including all costs and expenses) by the employee or sub- contractor against the Company for reimbursement of or indemnity against that payment to the extent that it exceeds €127 per tonne weight of that part of the Goods the subject of a Claim or any higher figure agreed under Condition 3(iii).
(iii) In any of the circumstances referred to in Condition 4 (iv) hereof, and otherwise with the written consent of the Customer, the Company shall be entitled to sub-contract all or any part of its business and in this event these Conditions shall apply to such services. The Company shall be entitled to sub-contract with others for the security, cleaning, maintenance, repair and other services and works at the premises where the Goods are located.
(iv) The circumstances referred to in Condition 4 (iii) hereof are actual or anticipated storm, flood, fire, explosion, breakdown or failure of plant and/or machinery, riot civil disturbance, industrial dispute, labour disturbance, requirement of a responsible Authority or any emergency reasonably requiring such action by the Company.
5 The Customer may give written authority for the Goods or any part thereof to be transferred by the Company to the account of another party but subject to the Customer ensuring before the effective date of the transfer that such other party notifies the Company in writing that it is to become the Customer and is to be bound by these Conditions and by any notice given under Condition 3(iii) (a). Further, the Customer agrees to continue to pay the Company's charges until receipt by the Company of the other party's written notification.
6 The Company's charges, which may be increased from time to time by at least 21 days prior notice to the Customer, shall be payable free of any deductions at such periodic intervals as may have been agreed between the parties and in any event on the earlier of (a) the expiry of any agreed period of credit and (b) the time immediately before the removal of the Goods from the Company's custody or control. Interest on amounts due and unpaid shall be payable from the date when payment of such amounts fell due and shall be calculated at the rate of 2 per cent for each calendar month during all or part of which a payment is overdue. Further, the Company shall have on the Goods a particular lien, as well as a general lien entitling it to retain the Goods as security for payment of all sums due from the customer on any account (relating to the Goods or not). Storage charges shall continue to accrue on any Goods detained under lien.
7 (i) The Goods shall be removed by the Customer from the custody or control of the Company at such date as may have been agreed between the parties. In the absence of such agreement, and otherwise where reasonably necessary, the Company may at any time by notice in writing to the Customer require the removal of the Goods within 28 days from the date of such notice or, in the case of perishable Goods , within 3 days.
(ii) In the event of failure by the Customer to pay any amount due to the Company or to remove any of the Goods from the custody or control of the Company (notice in accordance with Condition 7 (i) having been given) at the due time, the Company may, without prejudice to its other rights and remedies against the Customer, give notice in writing to the Customer of the Company's intention to sell or otherwise dispose of the Goods at the Customer's entire risk and expense if such amount is not paid and/or such Goods are not removed within 28 days, or in the case of perishables within three days from the date of such notice. On the expiry of such period, if such payment has not been made and/or the Goods have not been so removed the Company shall be entitled to sell or otherwise dispose of all or any part of the Goods at the Customer's own risk and expense by the best method reasonably available, and the proceeds of any sale or disposal shall be remitted to the Customer after deduction there from of all expenses and all amounts due to the Company from the Customer on any account.
(iii) In the case of perishable Goods , notice under Condition 7 (ii) may be combined with a notice under Condition 7(i).
8 The Company shall be relieved of its contractual obligations to the extent that their performance is prevented by, or their non-performance results wholly or partly, directly or indirectly from the act, neglect, or default of the Customer, including any breach by the Customer of these Conditions, or by storm, flood, fire, explosion, breakdown or failure of plant and/or machinery, riot, civil disturbance, industrial dispute, labour disturbance or cause beyond the reasonable control of the Company.
9 (i) Each exclusion or limitation in these Conditions exists separately and accumulatively.
(ii) When reasonably necessary and at the discretion of the Company the Goods may be carried, stored or handled with other compatible Goods or transferred between stores.
(iii) Any notice or statement of account given by the Company to the Customer shall be duly given if left at or sent by first class post to the last known address of the Customer or by facsimile to the last notified number and such notice or account shall if posted be deemed to have been given 2 working days after posting and, if by facsimile, the next working day.
10 All contracts between the Company and the Customer shall be governed in all respect by the Laws of the Republic of Ireland and the Customer hereby submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of the Republic of Ireland.
11 If the business undertaken comprises or includes any of the following activities, then these Conditions shall still apply to the activity except to the extent that they are inconsistent with the Company's own standard terms (if any) for such activity in which case those standard terms shall apply.
referred to in Condition 9 (ii) ).
(b) Vehicle repair and maintenance.
IIFA does not accept any responsibility for these conditions which are for use by IFFA Members only.


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Home/Data and activities/Thousands of women joined a demonstration in Barcelona marking 25 November International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, convened by the Novembre Feminista Collective. Demonstrators who included Women Defend Rojava Barcelona Committee, protested patriarchal oppression and all kinds of violence against women. On its way from Jardinets de Gràcia to Plaza Catalonia, the demonstration stopped in front of the Turkish Consulate, where the Women Defend Rojava Committee read a manifesto over the loudspeakers condemning "centuries of patriarchal exploitation and oppression, colonial violence, fascist occupations, rapes perpetrated as a weapon of dominance, police violence at the side of the generals who made us disappear… The invader is one, and it has many faces; today, here, it is the Turkish state, under whose bombs brave women comrades continue to fight and resist for the new world we carry in our hearts. But the invaders are also the militias in the streets of Santiago de Chile, the husband who has stepped over a red line, or the heads of companies that in many parts of the world continue to exploit and assault their workers." The moving speech in front of the consulate was concluded by commemorating the women who have given their lives fighting in Rojava against patriarchal oppression and the Turkish invaders, with protesters shouting "present!" after the name was read out of each of the martyrs – Hevrin Khalaf , Ceren Güneş and Göze Altunöz – and all the companions of the YPJ. In the closing part of the demonstration, which was held under the motto "feminist self-organization against sexist violence" calling for individual and collective empowerment against violence, the internationalist spirit of the march was felt as representatives of organized feminist struggles throughout the world, from Chile, Nicaragua, Bolivia, and Honduras to Kurdistan had the stage to share their demands and calls for action against the patriarchal and colonial forces that oppress, violate and make women invisible. Here, the Women Defend Rojava committee read the statement issued by Kongra-Star and women's movements in northern and eastern Syria commemorating November 25.
Thousands of women joined a demonstration in Barcelona marking 25 November International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, convened by the Novembre Feminista Collective. Demonstrators who included Women Defend Rojava Barcelona Committee, protested patriarchal oppression and all kinds of violence against women. On its way from Jardinets de Gràcia to Plaza Catalonia, the demonstration stopped in front of the Turkish Consulate, where the Women Defend Rojava Committee read a manifesto over the loudspeakers condemning "centuries of patriarchal exploitation and oppression, colonial violence, fascist occupations, rapes perpetrated as a weapon of dominance, police violence at the side of the generals who made us disappear… The invader is one, and it has many faces; today, here, it is the Turkish state, under whose bombs brave women comrades continue to fight and resist for the new world we carry in our hearts. But the invaders are also the militias in the streets of Santiago de Chile, the husband who has stepped over a red line, or the heads of companies that in many parts of the world continue to exploit and assault their workers." The moving speech in front of the consulate was concluded by commemorating the women who have given their lives fighting in Rojava against patriarchal oppression and the Turkish invaders, with protesters shouting "present!" after the name was read out of each of the martyrs – Hevrin Khalaf , Ceren Güneş and Göze Altunöz – and all the companions of the YPJ. In the closing part of the demonstration, which was held under the motto "feminist self-organization against sexist violence" calling for individual and collective empowerment against violence, the internationalist spirit of the march was felt as representatives of organized feminist struggles throughout the world, from Chile, Nicaragua, Bolivia, and Honduras to Kurdistan had the stage to share their demands and calls for action against the patriarchal and colonial forces that oppress, violate and make women invisible. Here, the Women Defend Rojava committee read the statement issued by Kongra-Star and women's movements in northern and eastern Syria commemorating November 25.
On the occasion of the international day for the elimination of violence against women on 25 November, activists of the Kurdish Youth Leipzig visited the Clara Zetkin Monument and decorated it with a flag of the Kurdish Women's Defense Units, YPJ.
The youth group said the following:
"The struggle for women's rights that Clara Zetkin led is being continued today by the Kurdish women of the YPJ. Since Clara Zetkin was also an internationalist, the fight of the YPJ is also hers, so we hung the flag in her honour.
In Northern Syria, targeted humiliations, acts of violence, rapes and murders of women take place every day because explicitly the fighting woman is the enemy image of the jihadist militias, who are at war for the Turkish state. Despite all the atrocities, our friends do not let themselves be dissuaded from their struggle. The YPJ fights on behalf of all martyrs and all women who are oppressed and kept down by domestic violence or other mechanisms of patriarchy. To commemorate them, to give them some strength and to convey solidarity greetings with all our heart, this is our little act to support the resistance and the struggle on this day".
WDR Barcelona: Invasion in N. Syria is also patriarchal violence
54 women murdered in North Kurdistan in one year


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SHU Baseball (6-10, 1-1): Seton Hill split its PSAC West opening double-header with Slippery Rock on Sunday losing 7-4 in game one and rallying to win game two 6-5. In game one, Colton Carney and Chris Law had two hits a RBI each, Perry Dellavalle (1-4) took the loss. In the nightcap, the Griffins battled back from a 5-0 deficit to end their seven game losing streak. Carney's walk-off two-out single scored Tom McCarthy with the winning run. McCarthy, Carney, Ryan Grieco and Tyler Sullivan had two hits apiece. Neal McDermott (1-0) (GCC) earned up his first collegiate win in relief of Patrick Monteverde. The Griffins travel to Slippery Rock for a rematch Monday (1 p.m.) and open a four-game series with Gannon on Friday. SHU will visit Gannon Friday (1 p.m.) and host the Golden Knights Saturday at 1 p.m.
>> Outfielder Colton Carney has been named PSAC West Player of the Week. Carney went 4-for-7 with two doubles and two RBIs in the double-header against Slippery Rock on Sunday.
SHU Softball (8-6, 0-0): The Griffins swept a doubleheader from Salem University Sunday afternoon by scores of 9-1 and 8-0. Paige Hertzog led the Griffins with three hits and a pair of RBIs in game one. Laken Ryan smacked her first home run of the season in the second inning. Leighann Pettis and Skyla Greco tossed three innings each with Pettis (2-1) picking up the win. In game two, Devyn Terry (4-3) pitched a three-hitter in a complete game shutout. Christiana Skrabek had two hits including her first home run of the season and three RBI's. The Griffins host West Liberty Tuesday (3 p.m.), travel to Edinboro Friday (2:30 p.m.) and return home to host Mercyhurst Saturday at 1 p.m.
SHU Men's Lacrosse (7-1, 1-0): John Hofseth scored five goals to lead the Griffins past Chestnut Hill College 18-4 Saturday afternoon. Jack Moran added three goals and four assists, while Logan Maloni chipped in with three goals and two assists. SHU will host Ohio Valley University Saturday at Noon.
SHU Women's Lacrosse (2-5, 1-2): The Griffins snapped a four-game losing streak with an 11-4 win over Edinboro Tuesday afternoon. Brooke Lawrence, Katelynn Cressman and Mackenzie Kilduff led SHU with two goals and one assist. Nellie Phillips added a goal and two assists. SHU fell to West Chester Saturday afternoon 16-3. Savannah Moore tallied twice and Ellie Uecker once for the Griffins. Seton Hill will host Bloomsburg Wednesday (4 p.m.) and travel to Lock Have Saturday for a 1 p.m. contest.
SHU Women's Basketball: Jenna Kaufman was named a Women's Basketball Coaches Association Honorable Mention All-American selection. She is the first Griffin to earn the honor since the school made the move to the NCAA. Kaufman led the Griffins in scoring, averaging 17.4 points and 8 rebounds per game.
UPG Baseball (5-6, 0-0): The Bobcats split a pair with Grove City Monday afternoon, losing the first game 10-5 and taking the nightcap 4-2. Reno Rainey (Norwin) had two hits in game one and Chris Common (Penn-Trafford) drove in two runs. In game two, Rainey had three hits and three RBIs, while Tyler Holland added two hits. Andy Prentice (2-0) earned the win and Ben Green picked up the save. The Bobcats host Bethany Monday (3 p.m.), visit Penn State-Altoona Wednesday (1 p.m.) and host Thiel Thursday (3 p.m.) and Alfred State College Saturday (1 p.m.).
UPG Softball (4-8, 0-0): The Bobcats softball team split a doubleheader Monday afternoon against Waynesburg. The Bobcats were limited to five hits in game one and dropped a 10-1 decision to the Yellow Jackets. In game two, UPG got a solid pitching performance from Kayla Seidl (3-3) in a 7-2 victory. Seidl allowed only three hits, no earned runs and tallied four strikeouts in the complete game win. Jen Miller was 2-for-4 while Panza and Katlyn Keenan both drove in two runs. UPG hosts Washington and Jefferson Tuesday (3 p.m.), visits Franciscan University Wednesday (3 p.m.) and return home to host Hilbert College at 1 p.m. Saturday.
SVC Baseball (5-9, 1-1): The Bearcats split a pair with Westminster Sunday afternoon. Jimmy Malone (3-1) tossed a complete game in an 11-3 win in the first game of the doubleheader. Bobby Flinn's fourth inning grand slam broke the game open for the Bearcats. Flinn finished with six RBI's in the contest. SVC dropped the nightcap 7-5. Ramon Milke (Norwin) had three hits, while Stone Holtzman and Patrick McElfish added two hits each. Saint Vincent hosts Mount Aloysius Tuesday (1 p.m.) and Grove City Wednesday at 1 p.m.
SVC Women's Softball (9-3, 0-0): Emily Duerr and Erica Smiley tossed complete game victories in a doubleheader sweep of Penn State-Altoona Monday afternoon. In the opener, Duerr (2-0) scattered six hits and allowed one earned run in the 3-1 win. Victoria Culver, Shelby Noel (Latrobe) and Kelsey Hunter had two hits apiece. Culver also added two RBIs. In the second game of the twinbill, Smiley (2-1) scattered nine hits in a 2-0 win. The Bearcat runs were scored on a wild pitch and a RBI single by Emily Duerr. SVC welcomes Geneva Monday (3:30 p.m.) and Penn State-Beaver Tuesday (3 p.m.) in scheduled doubleheaders.
SVC Men's Lacrosse (6-3, 3-0): The Bearcats scored eight goals in the second period to propel them to a 13-7 win over Chatham Wednesday evening. Zach Novelli tallied three goals, while Ben Price, Jeremy Kennedy and Hunter Sharp had two each. Sunday afternoon, the Bearcats defeated Transylvania 11-10. Kennedy scored three goals, while Hunter Sharp and Frank Casile added two goals each. Saint Vincent returns to action April 4, when they visit Franciscan Wednesday for a 4 p.m. contest.
SVC Women's Lacrosse (4-1, 2-0): Maggie Nelson had ten goals and four assists, as the Bearcats rolled to a 23-11 victory over Muskingum Tuesday afternoon. Naomi Schwaiger added six goals and two assists, while Courtney Kloos chipped in with four goals and one assist. Saturday afternoon, Maggie Nelson hit the ten goal mark for the third straight game and Naomi Schwaiger added five more, as the Bearcats defeated Mount St. Joseph 17-9. Sunday afternoon, the Bearcats cruised past Thomas More 20-3. Maggie Nelson and Schwaiger led SVC with six and four goals respectively. The Bearcats travel to Washington and Jefferson Wednesday for a 6 p.m. contest.
SVC Track and Field: The Bearcats sent a split squad to a pair of regional track meets Saturday, the Amy Adams Memorial and the California University Early Bird Invitational. At Cal U., SVC competed in just one event, the mixed 10,000 meter run. Kevin Augustine (Latrobe) led the Bearcats with a 13th place finished. At the Adams Memorial, Maggie Czapski was second in the women's 5000 meters, while Rochelle Valore (GCC) was seventh. Sarah Wozniak finished seventh in the shot put. Laurence Jaross and Frankie King (Greensburg Salem) earned the top two spots in the men's 800. In relay action, the Bearcat men's team of Alex Dignazio, Will Green, Jaross and King won the 4x400. SVC returns to action on Saturday in the Slippery Rock Invitational.
SVC Swimming: Jacob Davis finished seventh in the Men's 100 Freestyle NCAA Division III Championships over the weekend, earning him All-American status. Davis is the first All-American swimmer in the 14-year history of the SVC swimming program.
WCCC Baseball (0-6, 0-0): All games scheduled for this week were cancelled. The Pack travels to Penn State-Dubois Monday (5:30 p.m.) and hosts Lakeland Community College Tuesday (1 p.m.) and Jamestown Community College in a pair of doubleheaders scheduled for Friday and Saturday beginning at noon.
WCCC Softball (0-2, 0-2): The softball team opened their season Monday afternoon with a pair of losses to Butler County Community College by scores of 16-1 and 9-1. No further details were available. The doubleheader against Penn State-Dubois scheduled for Wednesday was postponed. The Pack will host Garrett College Monday and Penn State-New Kensington Tuesday. Both contests are scheduled for 3 p.m.


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Bay Journal Travel
Summer 2017 /
Mountains seclude Cowans Gap
Karl Blankenship
Karl Blankenship is editor of the Bay Journal and executive director of Bay Journal Media. He has served as editor of the Bay Journal since its inception in 1991. .(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address).
So close, yet so far away
The cool lake at Cowans Gap State Park was created in the 1930s when the Civilian Conservation Corps built a dam on a mountain stream. Historic cabins from the CCC camp can be rented for overnight stays. (Karl Blankenship) Bring your own kayak, paddleboat, canoe or rowboat to Cowans Gap State Park, or rent one. (Karl Blankenship) Eleven miles of trails traverse the historic mountain pass at Cowans Gap State Park. (Karl Blankenship)
By Karl Blankenship on June 26, 2017
From my campsite, I could hear coyotes calling in the mountains, as well as the eerie cry of a loon from the lake.
But I wasn't in a remote mountain hideaway far beyond the Chesapeake region. I was camping in a Pennsylvania state park, barely two hours from downtown Washington, DC.
Cowans Gap State Park is a popular draw not just for Pennsylvanians, but also for residents of Maryland and the District of Columbia seeking to get a taste of the wild without traveling too far from their urban and suburban homes.
"If you're living in an urban situation, there is a lot to do here that can give you that feel of nature," said Kenneth Gwin, the park manager.
The big attraction at Cowans Gap, without question, is its 42-acre lake, bounded on one side by a wide, 500-foot beach. People can swim in the cool water and gaze up to the surrounding mountains.
The park is in Allens Valley, which is a narrow highland valley. While the valley floor is several hundred feet lower than the Tuscarora and Cove mountains on either flank, it is still several hundred feet higher than the valleys on the other sides of those mountains.
Much of this high valley outside the park is part of Buchanan State Forest.
While the lake may be the big draw, the combination of landscape features in the park and surrounding area provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, such as deer and turkey, as well as smaller mammals such as chipmunks and raccoons.
Hearing coyotes at night is common. Bears are in the area, too: Our camping neighbors came across bear scat while hiking a portion of the rugged Tuscarora Trail that runs through the park. Timber rattlesnakes might be seen in some rocky areas.
Birders might spot forest-dwelling species such as ovenbirds or the Eastern towhee. Migrating raptors are a common site in the fall as they follow the mountains. We saw loons that stopped at the lake during their autumn migration.
Cowans Gap is named for John Samuel Cowan, a resident of Boston and a British loyalist during the Revolutionary War. His future wife, Mary Mueller, was from a family of patriots. When her family didn't approve of the marriage, the couple eloped and headed west for Kentucky.
They never made it past Pennsylvania's Conococheague Creek, in nearby Fort Loudon, where their wagon broke down. Cowan traded the wagon and horses to a Tuscarora Indian leader for land in the area, including what is now the park.
In the following centuries, and through a succession of owners, the landscape went through major changes.
The area was repeatedly clearcut from the late 1700s through the 19th century, initially to provide fuel for a nearby iron furnace and later for timber.
In the 1930s, the area became a Civilian Conservation Corps camp. The CCC helped reforest the land and built the rustic cabins and picnic pavilions still used in the park today. The cabins, which are on the National Register of Historic Places, can be rented for overnight stays.
Over a period of three years, the CCC also built the earthen dam that created Cowans Gap Lake. Along with swimming, the lake provides visitors with opportunities to enjoy canoes, paddleboats and kayaks (rentals are available) and to fish from the shore.
Today, the park offers two modern campgrounds with a combined 201 sites, which make an ideal starting point to explore the park, its 11 miles of trails, surrounding forest and historic sites.
The Lakeside Trail is an easy 1.5 mile flat stroll around the lake and across the top of the dam, winding through woods, around the beach and along wetlands. We walked it numerous times over several days; in early morning, dusk and even in the fog. The mood of the lake was different each time.
Being nestled in a narrow valley, many of the hikes involve climbs up mountains. The Knobsville Road Trail is a stiff climb up the side of Cove Mountain that will leave you gasping for breath. On the way up, you can pause at the site of a landslide that took place in January 1996, when 40 inches of snow fell on the mountain followed by a warm front that brought heavy rain. Together, they triggered a landslide of rock, dirt and ice that crashed 1,500 feet down the mountain along a 50-foot wide path, gouging a gully and uprooting all but the largest trees — its impact is still clearly visible.
A bit farther up the trail are the concrete remains of an old incinerator operated by the CCC, a reminder that human impacts were never far from the forest. After exploring the remains, hikers can continue a bit farther up the mountain and reach a spectacular overlook of Allens Valley and Cowans Gap Lake.
I also hiked the One Mile Trail, (interestingly named as it's only about a half-mile long), which passed through some incredibly dense mountain laurel. I hiked this trail not long after it had rained, and the water-tinged leaves of the laurel, along with thick growth of moss along the ground, seemed to offer every shade of green that could possibly exist.
The park is surrounded by a section of Buchanan State Forest, which stretches up and down Allens Valley and offers hiking including the Tuscarora Trail — a spur of the Appalachian Trail — and a number of overlooks.
Two other historic sites are within 10 miles:
• Buchanan's Birthplace State Park, an 18.5-acre park that contains a memorial to James Buchanan, the 15th president of the United States and the only president from Pennsylvania (though also generally considered one of the worst to occupy the office).
• Fort Loudoun, a Pennsylvania State Historic Site that features a reconstructed wooden stockade built during the French and Indian War to protect settlers along the frontier from raids.
In fact, at Cowans Gap, nothing is ever that far away — nature or cities — all of which, Gwin notes, can easily be accessed by campers who use the park as a base camp for exploring the whole region.
"You are truly in the woods, but you are not so far away that you have to make everything focused on the woods," Gwin said. "And that's what I like about it."
Escape to Cowans Gap
Cowans Gap State Park is in Fulton County, PA, north of Route 30 between McConnellsburg and Chambersburg. The park is open sunrise to sunset daily. Day use areas close at dusk. The swimming beach is open 8 a.m. to sunset May to late September. For information, visit dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/ and click on "Find a Park."
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Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa's 'Riverdale' Instagram About Archie & Veronica Is Worrying Fans
By Dylan Kickham
Things are already off to an unsettling start in Season 3 of Riverdale, but although the biggest shocks from the premiere centered on a spooky new supernatural element in town, fans are also starting to worry about the romantic drama that the new season has in store for its core four. Showrunner Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa's Riverdale Instagram about Archie and Veronica has some fans worrying that we will see a major break up sometime soon in Season 3.
Of course, #Varchie shippers are already on edge about the relationship after the ending of the Riverdale Season 3 premiere. Although Archie and Veronica got in some fireside action and Veronica fiercely stood up to her father over how he has schemed against her boyfriend, in the end, Archie wound up confessing to a murder he did not commit and was carted off to two years in juvie as Veronica tried in vain to protest the arrest. Now that Archie and Veronica are separated, can their relationship withstand the distance?
Well, Riverdale showrunner Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa's recent Instagram post is not making things sound hopeful. The new photo shows a police officer inspecting Archie's mouth, presumably as a precaution before Archie enters the juvenile detention facility that will be his home for the next two years. What is really causing fans to worry, though, are the emojis that Aguirre-Sacasa posted in the caption. At the end of a string of emojis, Aguirre-Sacasa posted a broken heart, which a number of people are fearing could be foreshadowing Archie and Veronica's break up.
KJ Apa did not make things sound to promising for Archie and Veronica in Season 3, either. Before the season kicked off, Apa warned that the new run of episodes will put a definite strain on Archie and Veronica's relationship:
I don't think it's looking good for Varchie this season. I think their relationship will definitely be put to the test … Archie kind of finds himself alone this season, for a bit of it.
And that tension will begin in Wednesday night's new episode, "Fortune and Men's Eyes." As the teaser trailer for Season 3 Episode 2 reveals, the new episode will focus on Archie's first few days at juvie, and Veronica will throw on a blonde wig as a disguise in order to visit him.
Riverdale on YouTube
And when Veronica is not finding ways to visit her incarcerated boyfriend in the upcoming episode, she will be running her brand new speakeasy located beneath Pop's Diner. Entertainment Tonight shared some first-look photos at Veronica's Old Hollywood-inspired establishment, which she brought up at the very end of Season 2 when she acquired the ownership of Pop's from her father.
While Archie and Veronica seem to be drifting apart into two very different worlds, Riverdale's other central couple appears to be getting closer than ever. With weirdness at an all-time high in Riverdale, Betty and Jughead will team up to do what they do best: investigate. Well, at least we still have one couple that looks like it will stay together this season.


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Barát, János, and Hajnal, Péter. "The arc-width of a graph.." The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics [electronic only] 8.1 (2001): Research paper R34, 8 p.-Research paper R34, 8 p.. <http://eudml.org/doc/122094>.
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