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Designing quality improvement initiatives: the action effect method, a structured approach to identifying and articulating programme theory
Research and reporting methodology
Julie E Reed,
Christopher McNicholas,
Thomas Woodcock,
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8592-4322Laurel Issen,
Derek Bell
1NIHR CLAHRC NWL, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Correspondence to Dr Julie Reed, NIHR CLAHRC NWL, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9HN, UK; Julie.reed02{at}imperial.ac.uk
Background The identification and articulation of programme theory can support effective design, execution and evaluation of quality improvement (QI) initiatives. Programme theory includes an agreed aim, potential interventions to achieve this aim, anticipated cause/effect relationships between the interventions and the aim and measures to monitor improvement. This paper outlines the approach used in a research and improvement programme to support QI initiatives in identifying and articulating programme theory: the action effect method.
Background to method development Building on a previously used QI method, the driver diagram, the action effect method was developed using co-design and iteration over four annual rounds of improvement initiatives. This resulted in a specification of the elements required to fully articulate the programme theory of a QI initiative.
The action effect method The action effect method is a systematic and structured process to identify and articulate a QI initiative's programme theory. The method connects potential interventions and implementation activities with an overall improvement aim through a diagrammatic representation of hypothesised and evidenced cause/effect relationships. Measure concepts, in terms of service delivery and patient and system outcomes, are identified to support evaluation.
Discussion and conclusions The action effect method provides a framework to guide the execution and evaluation of a QI initiative, a focal point for other QI methods and a communication tool to engage stakeholders. A clear definition of what constitutes a well-articulated programme theory is provided to guide the use of the method and assessment of the fidelity of its application.
Quality improvement methodologies
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003103
Need for theory in quality improvement
The number of quality improvement (QI) initiatives is increasing in an attempt to improve quality of care and reduce unwarranted variation. It is essential to understand the effectiveness of these initiatives; however, they commonly lack underlying theory linking a change to its intended outcome, which inhibits the ability to demonstrate causality and hinders widespread uptake.1–3
Programme theory is used to describe an intervention and its anticipated effects and is critical to support both high-quality evaluation and the development of interventions and implementation plans.3–6 Development of programme theory can provide a means to tackle common social challenges of QI such as creating a shared strategic aim and increasing acceptance of interventions.7
While QI methods for the identification and articulation of theory and causal relationships exist,8 ,9 there has been little study of their application in practice in healthcare settings. This paper describes the approach developed by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) Northwest London (NWL) to identify and articulate programme theory, the action effect method (AEM).
NIHR CLAHRC for NWL
The NIHR in the UK commissioned regional research programmes, the CLAHRCs, to support systematic and effective translation of evidence into practice, aiming to improve quality of care and outcomes for patients.10 CLAHRC NWL adopted an approach using a suite of QI methods to support a range of research and improvement initiatives across the region, driven by an overarching research agenda to investigate the application and impact of QI methods in healthcare.11–15 In delivering this programme, CLAHRC NWL developed extensive first-hand experience of supporting initiatives to develop programme theory in diagrammatic form.
Background to method development
The AEM was developed using co-design through four iterations that took place over four annual rounds of improvement initiatives, building on driver diagrams.9 In total, 43 unique programme theory diagrams (driver diagrams and action effect diagrams (AEDs)) were produced over this time, each for a specific improvement initiative and setting.
During the early phase of CLAHRC NWL, teams used the driver diagram approach (22 diagrams produced in years 1 and 2 collectively). Driver diagrams are intended to offer an easy-to-read and digestible theory of improvement for an initiative. It was observed, however, that teams struggled to work collaboratively to produce useful theory and perceived diagram construction as low value. Best-practice examples of driver diagrams were provided by expert facilitators,16 but it became evident that there was limited published guidance on what constituted a 'good' diagram, the purpose of such diagrams and how individual components were defined. The driver diagrams produced in practice were of limited value as programme theory, which resulted in time delays and reworks to identify suitable metrics and develop evaluation plans (personal communication; Huckvale K, Woodcock T, Poots A, 2014).
To overcome these challenges, a more systematic approach was developed, describing the components of the diagram and how it can be used consistently to clearly articulate programme theory. The term 'driver' was often deemed confusing by improvement initiative team members, associating the term with strategic influences such as financial and political motivations rather than the actions that could be undertaken by the initiative. In the new approach, the programme theory diagram was named the Action Effect Diagram to more accurately signify its purpose. This approach retains the benefits of the driver diagram visual layout and clearly specifies the necessary programme theory features and their representation in diagrammatic fashion.
The new approach, the Action Effect Method, has been applied in the later phase of CLAHRC NWL QI initiatives (21 diagrams produced in years 3 and 4 collectively), as well as national and regional QI initiatives in England, Scotland and Australia.
The AEM
What is the AEM?
The AEM is a facilitated approach to developing an AED, a visual representation of the programme theory for a QI initiative. Programme theory, in the context of improvement initiatives, is defined as the articulation of an overall aim, potential intervention(s) that will be tested in an attempt to achieve this aim, hypothesised cause/effect relationships linking intervention(s) to the aim and measure concepts that link to the cause/effect chains to support evaluation. The AEM initially engages members of a QI initiative in a group session to share their individual perspectives and aspirations for the project to develop a shared aim and identify factors contributing to that aim. The diagram produced in this initial session is developed into a full programme theory diagram as details of the initiative are discussed and agreed. This programme theory may be contributed to further as the initiative develops over time.
Through this articulation of programme theory, the AEM acts as a multipurpose methodology for practitioners and researchers; it supports the design and execution of QI initiatives as part of a suite of QI methods, highlights existing evidence where available and informs related evaluation activities.
Diagram overview
The diagram consists of an aim, factors, cause/effect arrows, measure concepts and evidence annotations. Factors are categorised into contributing factors, interventions and implementation activities. The aim sits to the left of the diagram, and intervention(s) and implementation activities to the right (definitions are provided below and in table 1). Cause/effect chains, made up of factors linked by arrows, indicate how actions could result in the intended effect and, ultimately, improvement(s). Because the aim is on the left-hand side of the diagram, the arrows always point from right to left to indicate cause and effect (figure 1). An example of an AED is presented in figures 2 and 3 based on a CLAHRC NWL chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) QI initiative. Figure 2 represents the initial diagram produced by the QI team, and figure 3 represents the revised diagram prepared retrospectively at the end of the initiative, incorporating learning gained throughout the initiative.17 Selected examples are given in box 1 to provide further explanation of the diagram's features and share our practical experience regarding how to construct a high-quality programme theory diagram.18 Further examples are given in online supplementary appendix 1.
Definition of action effect diagram features
Schematic action effect diagram: guide to interpreting the components and overall structure of a typical action effect diagram.
Example action effect diagram for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) constructed at the start of a Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care Northwest London improvement initiative (before implementation commenced). The diagram depicts the initial programme theory proposed for how the implementation of a care bundle will contribute to the overall aim of improved care for patients with COPD.
Example action effect diagram for a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease improvement initiative constructed retrospectively at the end of the initiative. The diagram depicts the programme theory for how the implementation of a care bundle was enacted, drawing on learning held at the end of the initiative. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CNS, Clinical Nurse Specialist; GP, general practitioner; PR, pulmonary rehabilitation.
Box 1 Selected examples of action effect diagram (AED) features related to the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) AED in figures 2 and 3 (additional examples can be found in online supplementary appendix 1)
Reading the diagram from left to right answers the question, 'What changes can we make that will result in an improvement?'
▸ Following a single cause/effect chain, one factor influencing the aim is a patient's self-management of their lifestyle including whether the patient smokes. One factor influencing patient smoking behaviour is attendance at and engagement with a smoking cessation service (and so on).
Reading the diagram from right to left answers the question, 'What are we trying to accomplish?'
The aim should be high-level and patient-focused but specific enough to guide the improvement initiative and subsequent evaluation.
▸ A general aim, improving quality of care for patients with COPD, could be specified as: To improve the health, quality of life and experience of care for patients from hospital X who are discharged following an acute exacerbation of COPD.
Contributing factors
The major contributing factors in column 1 should be of a similar type and form a logical group.
▸ In the COPD example, we use the stages of patient care appropriate care in-hospital, self-management postexacerbation and quality of additional clinical care post-exacerbation. The three factors are all of a similar type and form a logical group, in this case, contexts of care.
Interventions and implementation activities
Interventions are intended to become part of routine service delivery, implementation activities are carried out by the quality improvement team.
▸ Interventions can aim to improve consistency of existing service, modify current service, or introduce a new service. Taking 'consistency of existing service' as an example, there may be variation in staff competency and confidence in inhaler technique training, requiring improvement to increase consistency and equity of services. An associated implementation activity is Specialised staff education session on inhaler techniques.
Cause/effect chains
Factors connected by an arrow must be clearly related with no illogical leaps.
▸ The casual link between referral to smoking cessation and whether the patient smokes makes an illogical leap. It is not just the referral itself that influences whether a patient smokes in the future; it also matters what happens following a referral, including whether a patient is motivated to attend or able to complete a smoking cessation programme.
▸ Adding attendance at and engagement with smoking cessation programme helps unpack this connection.
Evidence, predictions, assumptions and measures
Cause/effect relationships may be supported by existing evidence.
▸ An evidence-based cause/effect relationship exists between attendance at and engagement with smoking cessation and whether the patient smokes.19
Measure concepts must be clearly associated with the relevant factor or aim.
▸ The success of staff training to influence patient education for inhaler technique can be measured by the proportion of staff designated as inhaler technique providers who have attended the specialised staff training sessions (indicating extent to which intervention took place) and the impact this training had on percentage of patients who received inhaler education.
Reading from either side, the diagram reflects answers to the questions posed in the model for improvement.9 From left to right, the diagram answers the question, 'What changes can we make that will result in an improvement?'. From right to left, the diagram answers, 'What are we trying to accomplish?'. Both questions are key elements of constructing and interpreting the AED.
As a consequence of the cause/effect direction, factors represented on an AED will move from those under direct control on the right of a diagram (e.g. an intervention or implementation activity that is directly actionable by a member of the improvement initiative such as training staff), through those that are under direct influence (e.g. by training staff you have direct influence over patients being taught correct inhaler technique), to those that are only under indirect influence (e.g. patients' self-management overall or quality of care for patients will be influenced by many factors, only some of which are under direct influence of the QI initiative).
The resulting diagram should clearly represent the rationale and intention of a QI initiative and be sufficiently comprehensive and detailed for a non-expert stakeholder to interpret readily. Additionally, the AED has explicit connectivity to other QI methods to support their systematic use as a suite of methods rather than individual activities (table 2).9 ,19–21
Links to other improvement methodologies
At the far left of the diagram, the aim describes the overall objective of the improvement effort and provides the central focus for cause/effect chains to converge. The aim should be of sufficient detail and specificity to guide the improvement initiative and subsequent evaluation efforts, should be patient-centred22 and should represent the most specific aspiration that all members of the initiative can agree on. Using this method, interventions and measure concepts should not be included in the aim.
Placement on the left is deliberate, using the natural tendency in readers of Western languages to read from left to right to encourage an initial focus on the aim rather than potential solution(s).23 ,24
Contributing factors are boxes representing the logical steps required to connect the interventions and the aim, that is, they are caused by the intervention(s) and the achievement of the aim is caused by them. They indicate how the intervention(s) are intended to collectively cause the aim to be achieved. For clarity and objectivity, factors should not include measure concepts or verbs indicating aspiration (e.g. to reduce, to improve).
Factors in the first column, those directly influencing the overall aim, are referred to as major contributing factors. Major here refers to the first (major) division of the aim into things (factors) that contribute to its achievement rather than to their relative importance. They represent a hypothesis: improvements across all major contributing factors are sufficient to achieve the overall aim. Major contributing factors should be of a similar type to one another, or form a logical group, to support review of the programme theory and assessment of missing factors.
Interventions and implementation activities specify changes to care delivery and associated activities. AEM distinguishes an intervention as a change to service delivery that is intended to become routine. This may represent new practice, modifications to current service delivery or the desire to improve consistency of delivery of current service provision.
Distinctions between contributing factors, interventions and implementation activities may be subjective, with the specific needs of an initiative shaping the perceived focus. The definition of an intervention can therefore be problematic, particularly as initiatives spread to different settings and local adaptations are made. The articulation of programme theory is an important step to support intervention definition and clarification of interactions with other factors that influence the overall aim. This also supports reproducibility and transferability of interventions between healthcare settings.25 To facilitate communication, 'highlighting' boxes may be added to an AED, surrounding a group of factors that all influence another factor or to signify a collection of factors that make up an intervention (figure 3).
Importantly, given the complex nature of improvement in healthcare and the difficulty of predicting what will work in advance, interventions and implementation activities are not final solutions but ideas to be tested and iteratively modified as feedback is received on their effectiveness.17 This connects the AED to plan-do-study-act cycle methodology (table 2).9 ,19 The impact of this iterative development can be seen in the difference between AED produced at the outset and at the end of a QI initiative (figures 2 and 3). The interventions and implementation activities referred to on the AED, and their development over time, require detailed description in supporting documents in order to be reproducible and support transfer of knowledge.
Interventions are connected (with arrows) through the contributing factors to the overall aim forming cause/effect chains. There may be any number of factors in a cause/effect chain. The ordering of factors on the diagram is determined by its position in the cause-and-effect chain(s) that link it to the aim and not by an assessment of its importance. The AED does not draw any conclusions about the relative importance of each factor but can be used in structuring information to support evaluation of relative importance and impact of different factors.
We have developed an aid to support vertical alignment of factors in the diagram once cause/effect chains have been established (see online supplementary appendix 1 example 12). This guidance is only one of potentially several ways to aid the organisation of factors.
The AED is intended to be a live document with iterations or additions made throughout an improvement initiative. Missing contributing factors or substantial new evidence (e.g. publication of guidelines, systematic reviews) identified during an initiative should be added or amended on the AED. When making changes, users need to consider the influence on evaluation; this may involve decisions in the planning stage as to any factors that will not change to support rigorous evaluation.
In essence, the cause/effect chains represent the notion that improving against a particular factor will cause improvement against another factor or achievement of the overall aim. The justification for each connection in a cause/effect chain may be based on existing evidence, predictions or assumptions. Predictions may be based on local ideas or on explicit theories of change.26–29 Predictive cause/effect relationships in the diagram can be identified as those that include measure concepts annotated on each box. Assumed cause/effect relationships are defined as pairs of factors where at least one of the pairs is not measured (thereby limiting the ability to assess cause/effect relationships). Evidenced cause/effect relationships can be annotated to distinguish them from assumed or predicted relationships, for example, in figure 3 we use dotted lines for assumed/predicted and solid lines for definition/evidenced relationships with an additional annotation to denote the level of evidence associated with the relationships. Measure concepts can also be annotated on evidenced relationships.
Measure concepts associated with cause/effect chains are developed into well-defined measures used to test individual predictions and evaluate impact of the intervention(s) (personal communication, Woodcock T, Poots A, Huckvale K, et al, 2014). Evaluation of a programme theory is more comprehensive if there is a distribution of measures across the diagram, from process to outcome measures.30 ,31
The AEM provides a thorough specification of a method for articulating the programme theory of a QI initiative through a clear visual representation of cause/effect relationships between an improvement aim and potential interventions, with annotation of related evidence and measure concepts. As well as clearly identifying the components of programme theory expressed in an AED, links to other QI methods are also demonstrated.
The AEM is designed to act as a prospective guide for improvement teams as well as in support of evaluating the impact and the spread and sustainability of QI initiatives by moving away from individually held tacit knowledge.32 Getting a 'correct' theory prior to initiation is not the goal of the AEM; iterations of the diagram will occur throughout use of this method. As QI initiatives develop over time, the strength or weakness of the assumed cause/effect chains becomes apparent, as well as other factors that were not considered in the original programme theory.17 This iterative process of theorisation and evaluation helps explain the results of both positive and negative trials and can support both prospective process evaluation30 and ex-post hoc analysis.33 The AEM provides a platform for further research to explore what 'good' programme theory is and how it might enable the transfer of learning from one project (e.g. figure 3) to another project.
The need for programme theories and logic models is well articulated.6 ,17 ,34–39 However, there is little practical guidance available on how to construct good quality diagrams. The AEM adds to this through explicit articulation of the components of programme theory and their relationship to one another in diagrammatic form, something that other models often lack. Articulating complex concepts in a single diagram plays an important cognitive role in supporting readers to more readily access large amounts of information to support problem solving and inference-making.40 The AED differs from the 'cause and effect diagram' or the Ishikawa diagram outlined in QI literature8 as the cause/effect chains do not represent only potential problems inhibiting an improvement attempt, but more generally the hypothesised relationships between actions and the improvement aim, including those necessary for measurement and evaluation. The AEM builds on the key principles of driver diagrams, but with additional clarity regarding functions and purpose of different components of the diagram providing a more scientifically rigorous approach to the development and articulation of programme theory.41 This methodological specification will support further research to evaluate the benefits of using the AEM in practice.19
Our experience of developing programme theory diagrams reveals that the process of construction is as important as the resulting diagram in supporting the planning and delivery of improvement. When the construction process is well facilitated, it enables patients, academics and healthcare professionals to share and make sense of multiple sources of knowledge (including tacit knowledge) and evidence in a manner that minimises conflict, with the AED acting as a boundary object to aid communication between these groups.42 The agreement of a shared aim promotes greater engagement with a wide range of stakeholders and can promote patient-centred conversations. The diagram itself is a powerful communication tool, demonstrating the connection between strategic and political drivers of senior management with the actions and motivations of frontline staff.43 The AEM does not distinguish or limit scope to certain levels of change but encourages teams to be aware of and consider all relevant factors that can influence outcome, including those out of direct control of the QI team.
The engagement of diverse stakeholders in the articulation of programme theory is still a significant challenge and can be best addressed by expert and neutral facilitation throughout the process. Further research is necessary to assess the range of the social functions of the AEM, both through the use of the diagram as a boundary object and through the process of facilitating its creation.
The AEM gives structure to the identification and articulation of programme theory, an important step of QI initiative development. It provides a framework to guide execution and evaluation of an initiative, a focal point for other QI methods and a communication tool to engage stakeholders. A clear definition of what constitutes a well-articulated programme theory is provided to guide the use of the method and assessment of the fidelity of its application.
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Contributors JER, TW and DB identified the need for method development and led the intellectual and practical development of the AEM. CM contributed to the development of the AEM. JER and CM prepared the first draft for publication. TW and LI contributed significantly to clarify and articulate the concepts presented in the text and to develop the example COPD diagram and text. All authors contributed to the development and final version of the text.
Funding This article presents independent research commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under the Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) programme for North West London. JR and TW are supported by Improvement Science Fellowships with the Health Foundation. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Health Foundation, the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.


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With per capita arable land as low as 0.03 ha in some parts of South China, further loss of productive land is a serious problem. A challenge exists now to blend old Chinese technologies with Western science and technology into new systems for land improvement in South China and to apply them to solve the degraded/abandoned land problem. China's population is still growing at about 7-8 million per year placing increased importance on improving their degraded land "resource". "Rehabilitation of degraded places may become the dominant activity of conservationists in the twenty-first century" (Soule, 1989).The climate, parent rock, and topography of South China predispose it to soil erosion problems. Human-induced factors such as rural industrialization, spreading urbanization, expanded transportation systems, over-exploitation of forest resources, opening new agricultural lands, and poor farming practices compound the situation (Zhou G., 1991). To a certain degree, this is a result of early Chinese policy that identified tropical South China as the "nation's breadbasket" and a corresponding goal of having each province become self-sufficient in food production.
China's approaches to reducing soil erosion
Chinese scientists, technicians, and innovative farmers have developed a variety of approaches to reduce erosion quickly (Parham et al., 1993). Commonly, they combine engineering and biological measures first to stop or slow damaging erosion. Plantings include trees, shrubs, grasses, and legumes. However, many of the plants are exotic species and, thus, may have adverse effects on the long-term success of reestablishing China's wildlife population. In addition, establishing a new vegetative cover on barren or highly degraded lands may provide a habitat for unwanted organisms such as insect pests, disease vectors, or poisonous snakes. Engineering measures to reduce soil erosion in hilly regions that are used in conjunction with biological methods focus on check dams constructed of local materials, hillside catchments, hillside diversion channels (cascade ways), and terraces. Check dams placed at the gully mouth, slow runoff and trap sediments, ultimately raising the elevation of the gully's mouth. In cases of severe gully erosion, terraces sometimes are constructed on gully slopes to promote vegetation establishment.
Walter Parham, Ph.D., Sept. 2010

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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I'm relatively new to JSL (and scripting in general) and am having trouble figuring out a way of manipulating multiple tables.
What I would like to do for each row of one table is turn the data from two columns into two global variables, adjust matching data in a second table, then go on to the next row of the first table, repeat.
One table has a total number of runs for each workweek, one row per week. My second table has many rows for each workweek, but I'd like each row to get the appropriate total runs for that week placed in the appropriate column.
In the scripting guide, calling "Current Data Table(desired table)" is listed as how to move your references from table to table, but I can't seem to make it work.
Is what I'm trying to do possible? Even if I end up finding a different way of solving this particular situation, I'm curious about the general process of going between two tables like this.
It's easier if you point different variables to the two tables.
However you'd be better off using a JOIN command to join the two tables. Use the Tables > Join command to create a new table, and then click on the red triangle to see the JSL commands that were used.
Thanks very much for the quick reply.
The reason I'm avoiding Join is that I'd like to be able to run this repeatedly on the same table, as more data is added over time.
After thinking about it, though, I suspect I'm making it all far more complicated than necessary.
What I'd really like is to, in my original table, count how many rows are present for each week, and then put that total rows per week count into a column.
This would be a script I'd run every time I added data to the sheet, and then automatically it would sum my per-week rows and update that column. I was getting there through a summarize-table and then putting the data back into the original table, but there has to be an easier way.
n such a case you don't need a script. A column formula would do.
Oh that's wonderful, I hadn't figured out the column statistics formulas yet - I've only done straight within-the-same-row formulas.
Playing with that a bit, it works beautifully for numeric columns, is there a way of doing the same thing with character columns?
Out of curiosity - when I look up Col Number it claims it takes only one argument and that it gives the number of "non missing" rows. Obviously giving it two forces some sort of comparison, but what exactly is it doing?
The second argument is optional and represent a "by variable", i.e. it returns separate counts for every level of the by-column.
Under the help menu/JSL functions it is documented (these syntax indexes are very helpful, sometimes more comprehensive than the books or help pages and provide good examples).


Našli jsme další záznamy k osobě יחזקאל (איקי) אברהם.
יחזקאל (איקי) אברהם je pohřben(a) na hřbitově New Kiryat Shmona Cemetery v místě zobrazeném na níže uvedené mapě. Tyto informace o GPS jsou k dispozici POUZE na stránkách BillionGraves. Naše technologie vám pomůže najít umístění hrobu a také další členy rodiny, pohřbené poblíž.
יחזקאל (איקי) אברהם was 17 years old when Star Wars is released in theaters. Star Wars is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. It is the first film in the original Star Wars trilogy and the beginning of the Star Wars franchise. Starring Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, Alec Guinness, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew, the film focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia (Fisher), and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empire's space station, the Death Star.
יחזקאל (איקי) אברהם was 20 years old when Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington, United States, killing 57 people and causing $3 billion in damage. Mount St. Helens or Louwala-Clough is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon and 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle, Washington. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows.
יחזקאל (איקי) אברהם was 34 years old when The Rwandan genocide begins when the aircraft carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira is shot down. The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, was a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority government. An estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 Rwandans were killed during the 100-day period from 7 April to mid-July 1994, constituting as many as 70% of the Tutsi population. Additionally, 30% of the Pygmy Batwa were killed. The genocide and widespread slaughter of Rwandans ended when the Tutsi-backed and heavily armed Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) led by Paul Kagame took control of the country. An estimated 2,000,000 Rwandans, mostly Hutus, were displaced and became refugees.


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'Songs for Bernadette' memorial concert at Holy Trinity Anglican Church
by BART MENDOZA San Diego Community News Group
Published - 10/19/18 - 02:16 PM | 1602 views | 0 | 96 | |
"Songs for Bernadette" a memorial concert for one of San Diego's most beloved music fans, Bernadette Thorn, will take place from 5 to 8 p.m. on Oct. 21 at Holy Trinity Anglican Church. The beloved photographer, who died last month, was a big supporter of both singer-songwriters and power pop artists in particular, so it's only natural that a host of her favorites will take part in this free, all ages event. Performers set to appear include Jim Hinton, Dave Humphries, David Fleminger, Steve Rosenbaum, Liz and Kent Abbott, Bill Hartwell, Scott Samuels and Rex Broome with Christina Bulbenko. This concert promises to be a touching tribute to Thorn, one of the folks in the background, who helped create our current, vibrant music scene.
Songs For Bernadette: Sunday, Oct. 21 at Holy Trinity Anglican Church, 2051 Sunset Cliffs Blvd. 5 p.m. All ages. Free.
A celebration of John Lennon's birthday month, featuring guitarist Fred Benedetti alongside musical family and friends, takes place at Dizzy's on Oct. 26. There are plenty of folks out there playing Beatles and related artists covers, but Benedetti is truly something special. The virtuoso acoustic guitarist, rebuilds the songs, using virtuoso playing and wonderful arrangements to enhance the melodies. Bendetti has several recordings of that include his Beatles covers, but his playing is best experienced live where you can see as well as hear his impressive technique.
Benedetti Celebrates Lennon: Friday, Oct. 26, at Dizzy's at Arias Hall, 1717 Morena Blvd. 8 p.m. dizzysjazz.com.
Micheal Head isn't just the man behind the music each Wednesday at the OB Farmer's Market, he also plays guitar in one of the area's festival favorites, The Country Rockin' Rebels, who appear aboard the Bahia Belle on Oct. 26. The band excels at covers of everyone from Johnny Cash to The Doors, but be sure to give a listen to their solid originals, as heard on their latest album, "Ride Rebel Ride." Songs such as "Too Rock for Country," have a nice touch of boogie that will appeal to fans of Georgia Satellites, ZZ Top and John Fogerty, and are perfect for dancing.
Country Rockin' Rebels: Friday, Oct. 26 at the Bahia Resort, 998 West Mission Bay Drive. 9:30 p.m. 21 and up. $10. bahiabelle.com.
On Oct. 27, hard rock fans will want to head to Brick by Brick to enjoy a tribute band double bill of Blackout (The Scorpions) and Blaze of Jovi (Bon Jovi). Both bands are worthy of tribute, having thrilled fans around the world for decades, but the nod here goes to Blaze of Jovi, who have many hit singles to include in their set. The band reproduces the early '80s Bon Jovi hair metal look really well, but more importantly turns in great renditions of such favorites as "Blaze of Glory" and "You Give Love A Bad Name."
Blaze of Jovi: Saturday, Oct. 27 at Brick by Brick, 1130 Buenos Ave. 8:30 p.m. 21 and up. brickbybrick.com.
There is still a chance to take in one of Campland on the Bay's Saturday dance parties, before the weather starts to chill, on Oct. 27. Taking place on their outdoor beachside stage, the night will feature music from Groove Kitty. Fronted by singer Beth Vitas, the band plays a varied mix of dance hits from the 1970s and 1980s, with fun versions of classics, from KC & The Sunshine Band to Whitesnake. The wide range of cover tunes makes the band a living jukebox and a whole lot of fun for music fans.
Groove Kitty: Saturday, Oct. 27 at Campland on the Bay. 7 p.m. All ages. campland.com.
San Diego's current jazz scene is an embarrassment of riches, with amazing shows that would be the envy of other communities, just about every day. One such event, featuring singer Leonard Patton with guitarist Peter Sprague, will take place on Oct. 30 at Tio Leo's, as part of the venue's Jazz on Tuesdays series. It's a great pairing – Patton is a truly gifted vocalist, while Sprague is both internationally acclaimed and one of the lynchpins of our local music community. So far in 2018, Sprague has toured Denmark and performed at Walt Disney Hall with Dianne Reeves, as well as recorded, produced and played on several albums by himself and others. He is a wonderful musical ambassador for both jazz and San Diego.
Leonard Patton and Peter Sprague: Tuesday, Oct. 30 at Tio Leo's, 5302 Napa St. 7 p.m. 21 and up. tioleos.com.
Copyright 2020 San Diego Community News Group. All rights reserved.
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The small indie science fiction press, JournalStone Publishing, has a new book with some big authors. The press will be publishing a new anthology called Limbus, Inc., along with its sequel, in the spring. The first book, set for April, will feature stories from five authors, including Anne Petty, while the second book, Limbus, Inc. II, will also feature five stories, one by Joe R. Lansdale.
Petty is editing both books and Christopher C. Payne, president of JournalStone, said he expects the books to be "huge" for the small press. To that end, JournalStone is publishing 250 autographed limited edition copies of the anthologies–each will be a leather-bound hardcover with the autographs of all the contributing authors, as well as a bonus novella from Jonathan Maberry. The limited editions will be priced at $69.95 (excluding shipping). A standard print run will also be done, with plans for hardcover, paperback and e-book editions.
A third book in the anthology series is also in the works, though Payne said he has not yet lined up the authors for that title.


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Most of the online trading companies are universal and people can access from anywhere in the world which enable people to trade on movement of prices on shares, currencies, commodities. It speculates security prices therefore one has to check on the bid and the offer if it has a lower bid and a higher offer. One can earn if they do a good speculation and earn from the betting. You only really need to have your computers,phones,modem or wifi connection and electricity to access it from anywhere in the world. An example would be a company quoting a bid of $100 and an offer of $105 for an x stock, and you are certain that it is lower and bet $3 for each dollar falling below the $100 if then the stock came to $90 then you receive $30 but it goes higher then one loses. One has to have a good instinct and follow on the past trends to make best results using platforms like CMC Markets Spread Betting.
People have talent like dancing,acting,painting,that they can use on the streets to raise money that can be helpful to get meals,accommodations or even saving for travelling, most of the countries have always and therefore one should be careful not to get in trouble by breaking any kind if law in a foreign country.
Making connections through social media can be a good arrangement to know what services you can provide in an area you are traveling to for booking placements. It can be web developing, dancing, languages, music; it is fun and enjoyable as you can be able to interact with strangers a lot.
Negotiating a placement in advance say you are travelling in a remote area can be good especially if you have a skill to offer, this can be lecture on a course that the community could be lacking and thus you share knowledge and learn even better when doing this kind of things.
This can be in terms of volunteering in activities they are doing say projects or being creative in many ways, this is fun as summer camps engage in beautiful places like mountains, lakes ,oceanic areas and it's a good way to relax. Many people arranging the summer camps don't charge the volunteers for accommodation or food and hence one saves a lot In the long run.
This is good for people who are go getters and can see opportunity in areas where others feel lazy to explore. In many areas where there are tourists common, they can offer discounts and even commissions on the tourists you bring them. Once you have a good rapport with them then the trust comes in handy and you can be traveling almost free for the deals you cut with the hotel owners and the tours companies.
Most of touristy areas have high season jobs in waiting, meaning one can apply to work in bars, restaurants, but is an advantage if you have a work permit with you as it's easy to integrate and also by learning their language can be so much easier.
In conclusion,everyone should know how easy one can make money even if there are not in their work place or country they live.travelling is fun and refreshing and doesn't have to be enjoyment and relaxing alone.


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Ontario rent increases set at 1.5 per cent for 2017
Ontario has set the 2017 guideline on rent increases, and it's good news for tenants. Next year, landlords will only be able to raise rental rates 1.5 per cent - down 0.5 per cent from 2016.
Jenna Freeman · CBC News · Posted: Jun 17, 2016 12:30 PM ET | Last Updated: June 17, 2016
The Government of Ontario has set the 2017 rent increase guideline at a maximum 1.5 per cent. Though that number sits below the rate of inflation, critics say the guideline needs to be rethought because it excludes too many types of rental units. (CBC)
The Government of Ontario has set the 2017 guideline for rent increases and while the new rate sits below inflation, critics say the rent increase guideline needs to be rethought.
The guideline, which is set by the Province of Ontario, outlines the maximum percentage by which landlords can increase a tenant's rent based on the Ontario Consumer Price Index. Exceptions can be made but only with approval from the Landlord and Tenant Board.
Next year, landlords will only be able to raise rent 1.5 per cent – down 0.5 per cent from 2016.
A flawed system
Kenneth Hale, legal director of the Advocacy Centre for Tenants Ontario, said while the year-over-year decrease is good, he believes the system as a whole is flawed.
"There are some problems with the rent regulation system," said Hale. "This guideline doesn't apply to all private rental housing, as it should."
It applies to most private and residential rental units except vacant residential units, social housing, nursing homes, commercial property or residential units first occupied on or after November 1, 1991.
This chart shows how rent increases have changed over the past decade in Ontario. (Contributed by: Government of Ontario)
Guideline under review
Hale said the government will soon reconsider if the guideline is an appropriate tool, as part of a mandatory five year review.
He said the Advocacy Centre for Tenants Ontario is asking the government to begin considering tenants' ability to pay their rent, when setting the guideline, which has been in place since 2011.
Well-paid renters are often able to absorb rent increase with little difficulty, but he said it's a different story for people at the low end of the income scale.
"We don't really see increases all the time in Ontario works and Ontario disability, for example. So are those tenants falling behind? Are more and more people having to go to food banks in order to make sure they can pay their rent? We don't really know," he said.


I don't like tea. I like coffee. A morning without it is a waste. If I don't drink something with caffeine I feel tired all day. Now when I have to wake up early twice a month to go to school, I don't drink coffee at home. Those days I only drink coffee from a machine. It's not the best though. That's better than nothing. Drinking coffee without milk and sugar taste like poison in my mouth. I once had to drink it straight up because I didn't have milk and it's the worst taste ever. If there isn't coffee I drink Finnish energy drink called Battery. I hate Red Bull and any other I tasted. Nothing beats coffee though.
I only drink two cups per day. Sometimes three if someone offers. Other times not. Since I stopped drinking soda, water, milk, chocolate milk and juices are the only drinks I drink. The best coffee it's the one you make yourself. I'm quite good at it I might add. You get it the way you what it. I also have instant coffee but that's not as good as the one you make in a coffee maker. I only drink instant if I live in a dorm like I did when I studied web design or it's too late to make coffee. Those are days when I sleep too long. That's not that often though. Most of the time I drink coffee after I wake up.
I don't go to coffee houses. I'm not one of those people who sit in a café and sit there for hours. I like my coffee at home. Sometimes I can go to one but that's really rare. Last time I went was with my dad was when we went to a shopping centre. I don't really remember when exactly. Coffee is nothing if you don't eat anything with it. It's usually something sweet. The sweet tooth that I am. Except if it's morning it's a sandwich. I don't drink coffee just the hell of it. I do it for a reason. If I don't drink coffee I get a headache. Tea is the last drink I would drink so don't offer me one. If it's coffee then I'm all, got milk? I wouldn't say no to a cup of great coffee.
Sometimes things you do feels like psychical labour. If it's blogging or job search. It takes a lot to get things out of you. You try to figure out what to write but nothing comes out. You stare at the white paper or screen and you get nothing. You need to write that blog post or that cover letter but you can't find the right words. That's what happens to me a lot. I dislike writing cover letters because I never know what to write. Blogging is easier because most of the time I know what to say.
Recently though, I noticed in the stats that my posts haven't drawn that much traffic to this blog. Things like this shouldn't bother me but I would be lying if it didn't. Maybe August was just a slow month. Luckily this blog is as a hobby so I don't have any pressure to blog. I write to write and not make a profit from it. I haven't really had anything to write about. Maybe it's one of those dry spells. It's like swimming in tar. This is my 5th year in blogging and every post can't get a lot of traffic. Stats don't tell the whole truth either, remember that. Especially if you only write it as a hobby.
Trying to find blogging tips if you don't want a living of it, is like trying to find a needle in a haystack. That's almost forced labour. All you find is how to make money. Maybe one day I should write a post about blogging as a hobby. It's just that I'm not good at giving advice. I can only give my view on it but I'm not very helpful in that field. If you really search on Google, you might find advice about hobby blogging. Blogging is not rocket science. It's easy to start one. It's getting readers and followers to your blog that needs work. It really depends on what kind of blog you have. For me, it took some years but I got there in the end (515 follows so far) Taking part in writing challenges is one way to get noticed. Like this, Ragtag daily prompt. It doesn't feel like labour at all. On the contrary, it gives you more motivation to keep blogging and fun is the word that should describe it all.


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What are the Australian Philanthropy Awards?
The Australian Philanthropy Awards recognise and celebrate extraordinary achievements in contemporary philanthropy for work that is visionary, high impact and transformative. They also celebrate partnerships between philanthropy and for-purpose organisations and honour those who are working to create lasting, positive change.
Now in its fifth year, the Awards program comprises seven categories.
The Leading Philanthropist award is Australian philanthropy's highest honour and it is awarded to an individual philanthropist whose work is visionary, high impact and transformative.
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Am I able to submit a nomination?
Yes! Nominations are accepted from the following groups: Philanthropy Australia members; Philanthropy Australia partners and supporters; members of Philanthropy Australia partner organisations; partner organisations' members and supporters; non-members, members of the public and individuals.
The nomination period for the Australian Philanthropy Awards 2019 closes at 5.00pm (AEST) on Friday 17 May. Please ensure that you plan and allow ample time to complete your nomination and provide any additional materials that may be required by this time.
Nominations will be reviewed by the selection panel in mid-June for announcement at the Australian Philanthropy Awards celebration on Monday 22 July 2019 at the Art Gallery NSW.
The selection panel will review all nominations in mid-June, and nominators will be notified of the outcome of their nomination(s) shortly after this.
All nominations and nominees' names will remain confidential and only recipients' names will be announced. Please note that all decisions made by the Australian Philanthropy Awards selection panel are final.
Please email awards@philanthropy.org.au if you have any additional questions in relation to the Australian Philanthropy Awards 2019.


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Q: Probability the range is disjoint
Let $A=\{1,2,3,4\}$, and $f$ and $g$ be randomly chosen (not necessarily distinct) functions from $A$ to $A$. The probability that the range of $f$ and the range of $g$ are disjoint is $\tfrac{m}{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m$.

I was thinking we do casework on the size of $f$ and in the end multiply by $2$ (because it could occur for $g$) too (or maybe not).
Case 1: Range of $f$ has one term.
$R = \{a\}$ there are $4$ choices for $a$. That leaves three choices for $b$.
Cases 1.1: Range of $b$ has one term.  Then $P = \frac{12}{\binom{4}{2}} = 2 > 1$
I already made a mistake, why is it greater than $1$?

A: "Randomly chosen" isn't clearly defined, but let's take it to mean that we randomly choose the values of $f(1),f(2),f(3), f(4)$ and similarly for $g$.
We'll work case by case, indexed by the size of the range of $f$. I will not complete the calculation, it's a bit messy and I'll leave some of the arithmetic off.
Case I:  Range of $f$ has exactly 1 element.  Now the probability of that occurring is $\left(\frac 14\right)^3$.  Why?  Well, $f(1)$ is whatever it is, then $f(2)=f(1)$ with probability $\frac 14$ and so on.  If we are in this case, the probability that $g(n)≠f(1)$ is $\frac 34$. Hence the probability that $g$ misses the range of $f$ completely is $\left(\frac 34\right)^4$.  Hence case 1 occurs in our count with probability $\left(\frac 14\right)^3$$\left(\frac 34\right)^4$
Case II.  Range of $f$ has exactly 2 elements.  Now, the probability of that occurring is harder to compute.  There are 6 ways to choose a pair of elements out of 4.  Given a choice of two elements, the probability that the range of $f$ is in that pair is $\left(\frac 12\right)^4$.  But then we have to exclude the cases where the range of $f$ is just a single element. As in the first case we see that this means we have to exclude events of probability 2$\left(\frac 14\right)^4$.  Combining all of that, the probability $Range(f)$ has exactly 2 elements is $\frac{3}{2^3} -\frac 3{4^3}\sim .328$  If you are in Case II, the probability that $g(1)$, say, is not in $Range(f)$ is $\frac 12$, hence the probability that $Range(g)$ misses the range of $f$ completely is $\left(\frac 12\right)^4$.  Putting it all together we see that Case II contributes $\left(\frac{3}{2^3} -\frac{3}{4^3}\right)\left(\frac12\right)^4$
Now, it is easier if we consider:
Case IV:  $Range(f)$ has 4 elements. This occurs with probability $\frac{4!}{4^4}$ as there are $4!$ ways for $f$ to just permute the elements of A and there are $4^4$ functions all in all.  In this case, it is impossible for the range of $g$ to miss the range of $f$.
That leaves:
Case III:  $Range(f)$ has exactly 3 elements.  We can compute its probability P by subtraction (that's why we did Case IV out of sequence).  Given that $f$ only misses a single element, the probability that the Range of $g$ misses the range of $f$ is $\left(\frac 14\right)^4$, so case III contributes P*$\left(\frac 14\right)^4$
Combining these cases gives the answer.  Perhaps there is an easier way to do it, but I don't see it!

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Titans Awake, Late 1980's. Acrylic on Paper, 35" x 45"
Untitled, Late 1980s. Acrylic on Paper, 35" x 45"
The Sphinx, 1970s. Ink and Acrylic on Paper, 12 1/4" x 15 1/4"
Abstract, 1976. Acrylic on Paper, 19" x 24"
Woman and Flower Vase, 1980s. Watercolor on Paper, 12" x 14"
Untitled, Late 1980s, Acrylic on Paper, 45" x 35"
Self Portrait, 1987. Acrylic on Canvas, 48" x 48"


EVERTON moved into fourth place after a 1-0 victory over Sunderland at the Stadium of Light.
The Toffees started well and had plenty of chances to take the lead early on.
Gerard Deulofeu and Romelu Lukaku forced Sunderland keeper Vito Mannone into action early on and that set the tone for the majority of the first half.
The visitors really should have taken the lead when the in-form Steven Naismith found himself in the middle of the box 10 yards out but the Scotland international blazed his effort over the bar.
Roberto Martinez's men continued to dominate and create chances but failed to take any of them.
The Black Cats slowly began to get back into the game and nearly took the lead just before half time when Ki Sung-Yeung flashed a header just wide of Tim Howard's left hand post after getting on the end of an Adam Johnson corner.
The second half proved to be a much more even affair with both sides having chances to take the lead.
Wes Brown nearly put the Black Cats in-front just after the hour mark but he failed to direct his header on target.
Straight after Brown's missed header Everton went down the other end nearly took the lead through Naismith, but the Scot failed to put the ball in an empty net after skipping past Mannone.
Everton began to pile on more pressure on Gus Poyet's side and it paid dividends in the 75th minute when Wes Brown put through his own net after accidentally getting on the end of a Deulofeu cross.
After taking the lead the Toffees had to endure wave after wave of Sunderland attack but they weathered the storm and held on for an important victory which moves Martinez's men into fourth place and a step closer to the Champions League.


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Surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean, Icelanders have a strong link to the co existence of the life of the local Fishermen. For more than a century the people, from the Island in the north, have strong ethnic links to their harsh life in one way or the other. The saga behind their tales has touched up on nearly every single person in the land whether through growing up in a small village or the capital of Reykjavik, everyone has a story to tell.
The new Autumn Winter 2019 collection embraces the brands strong links to the fishermen and the North Atlantic Ocean by adding new prints and colors. The new prints and styles include cuts that relate the fishermen outfits and prints that have strings of Fish Nets as well as few SeaWorld creatures such as a Starfish and an Octopus. Black is the main color throughout the collection yet still it is being spiced up with Ocean Green, Grey, Sea Blue and Pale Pink.
Establish in 2012, Mói is an urban children's fashion brand originating from Iceland. Mói's primary focus is creating stylish and funky clothes for children with a dash of attitude to inspire sustainable living, being free and of full of desire to make the earth a better place. This is done through certified production methods, which are responsible, ethical and organic.
Preorder Deadline: March 15th 2019.
Launch Date: Estimated August 25th 2019.
February 10, 2019 | Filed under News.


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June 2018 DWI arrests
In June, more than 40 people were arrested on felony DWI charges in Bexar County, bringing the total for the first six months of the year to 335, according to documents obtained by mySA.com. Click ahead to view their mugshots.
In June, more than 40 people were arrested on felony DWI charges in Bexar County, bringing the total for the first six months of the year to 335, according to documents obtained by mySA.com. Click ahead to view
In June, more than 40 people were arrested on felony DWI charges...photo-15856800.183224 - |ucfirst
Rene Ysais was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 17, 2018.
Photo: Bexar County Jail
Rene Ysais was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 17,...photo-15852968.183224 - |ucfirst
Lucas Mendiola was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 24, 2018.
Lucas Mendiola was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852969.183224 - |ucfirst
Robert Hernandez Jr. was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 5, 2018.
Robert Hernandez Jr. was charged with driving while intoxicated on...photo-15852970.183224 - |ucfirst
Nick Evans was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child on June 15, 2018.
Nick Evans was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child...photo-15852971.183224 - |ucfirst
Billy Leonard was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 6, 2018.
Billy Leonard was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852937.183224 - |ucfirst
Michael Martinez was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child on June 24, 2018.
Michael Martinez was charged with driving while intoxicated with a...photo-15852938.183224 - |ucfirst
Edward Fisk was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 27, 2018.
Edward Fisk was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 27,...photo-15852939.183224 - |ucfirst
Lorie Davies was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 11, 2018.
Lorie Davies was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852927.183224 - |ucfirst
Richard Perez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 29, 2018.
Richard Perez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852928.183224 - |ucfirst
Robert Coronado was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child on June 9, 2018.
Robert Coronado was charged with driving while intoxicated with a...photo-15852929.183224 - |ucfirst
Orkis Lebron was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 3, 2018.
Orkis Lebron was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 3,...photo-15852930.183224 - |ucfirst
Hector Romero was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 24, 2018.
Hector Romero was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852931.183224 - |ucfirst
Joe Perez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 2, 2018.
Joe Perez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 2,...photo-15852932.183224 - |ucfirst
Eufracio Rivera III was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 13, 2018.
Eufracio Rivera III was charged with driving while intoxicated on...photo-15852933.183224 - |ucfirst
Gilbert Reynosa Jr. was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 1, 2018.
Gilbert Reynosa Jr. was charged with driving while intoxicated on...photo-15852934.183224 - |ucfirst
Alex Sosa was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 10, 2018.
Alex Sosa was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 10,...photo-15852935.183224 - |ucfirst
Richard Rivas was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 16, 2018.
Richard Rivas was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852936.183224 - |ucfirst
Jesus Calderon-Chavez was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child on June 25, 2018.
Jesus Calderon-Chavez was charged with driving while intoxicated...photo-15852920.183224 - |ucfirst
Ernest Solis was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 15, 2018.
Ernest Solis was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852921.183224 - |ucfirst
Ricardo Santiesteban was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 26, 2018.
Ricardo Santiesteban was charged with driving while intoxicated on...photo-15852922.183224 - |ucfirst
Elsa Rivas was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child on June 17, 2018.
Elsa Rivas was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child...photo-15852923.183224 - |ucfirst
Roland Garcia was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 20, 2018.
Roland Garcia was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852924.183224 - |ucfirst
Adam Garcia was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 3, 2018.
Adam Garcia was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 3,...photo-15852925.183224 - |ucfirst
Tracy Montez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 25, 2018.
Tracy Montez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852926.183224 - |ucfirst
Christopher Durkin was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 18, 2018.
Christopher Durkin was charged with driving while intoxicated on...photo-15852723.183224 - |ucfirst
Jose Gomez was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child on June 17, 2018.
Jose Gomez was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child...photo-15852724.183224 - |ucfirst
Hector Hernandez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 18, 2018.
Hector Hernandez was charged with driving while intoxicated on...photo-15852725.183224 - |ucfirst
Brandon Cone was charged with intoxication assault on June 22, 2018.
Brandon Cone was charged with intoxication assault on June 22, 2018. photo-15852726.183224 - |ucfirst
Roland Cantu was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 24, 2018.
Roland Cantu was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852718.183224 - |ucfirst
Matthew Fuentes was charged with intoxication assault on June 25, 2018.
Matthew Fuentes was charged with intoxication assault on June 25,...photo-15852719.183224 - |ucfirst
Jorge Carbajal Jr. was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 4, 2018.
Jorge Carbajal Jr. was charged with driving while intoxicated on...photo-15852720.183224 - |ucfirst
Marcos Martinez Montiel was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child on June 5, 2018.
Marcos Martinez Montiel was charged with driving while intoxicated...photo-15852721.183224 - |ucfirst
Jose Hernandez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 15, 2018.
Jose Hernandez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852722.183224 - |ucfirst
Rogelio Barron Jr. was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 22, 2018.
Rogelio Barron Jr. was charged with driving while intoxicated on...photo-15852712.183224 - |ucfirst
Jacob Rodriguez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 14, 2018.
Jacob Rodriguez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852713.183224 - |ucfirst
Jose Alvarez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 5, 2018.
Jose Alvarez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 5,...photo-15852714.183224 - |ucfirst
Gabriel Euceda Bonilla was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 10, 2018.
Gabriel Euceda Bonilla was charged with driving while intoxicated...photo-15852715.183224 - |ucfirst
Hunter Carver was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child on June 6, 2018.
Hunter Carver was charged with driving while intoxicated with a...photo-15852716.183224 - |ucfirst
Andrew Beadles was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 7, 2018.
Andrew Beadles was charged with driving while intoxicated on June...photo-15852707.183224 - |ucfirst
Miguel Prado-Alvarez was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 30, 2018.
Miguel Prado-Alvarez was charged with driving while intoxicated on...photo-15852708.183224 - |ucfirst
Nicholas Grainger was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 29, 2018.
Nicholas Grainger was charged with driving while intoxicated on...photo-15852709.183224 - |ucfirst
Melissa McGee was charged with driving while intoxicated with a child on June 1, 2018.
Melissa McGee was charged with driving while intoxicated with a...photo-15852710.183224 - |ucfirst
John Torres Jr. was charged with intoxication assault on June 28, 2018.
John Torres Jr. was charged with intoxication assault on June 28,...photo-15852711.183224 - |ucfirst
Thomas Gerwitz Jr. was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 28, 2018.
Thomas Gerwitz Jr. was charged with driving while intoxicated on...photo-15852706.183224 - |ucfirst
Rose DeJohn was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 2, 2018.
Rose DeJohn was charged with driving while intoxicated on June 2,...photo-15855943.183224 - |ucfirst


Benthall is a parish, 1 mile west from Broseley, and 4 miles north-east from Much Wenlock; it is bounded by the river Severn on the north, and is in the Southern division of the county, Wenlock franchise, Madeley union, and diocese of Hereford. The church of St. Bartholomew is an old stone building, it contains some monuments to the Browne and Benthall families. The living is a vicarage, yearly value £90, in the gift of the vicar of Wenlock. The charities are £15 yearly. Here are Benthall and Haybrook potteries, which are extensive; Rockingham and stone ware manufactories, conducted by the Benthall Pottery Company; also an encaustic tile manufactory, conducted by the Messrs. Maw. Bordering on the River Severn Tyke's Nest, the highest point of Wenlock Edge, terminates here; it is 417 feet above the surface of the river Severn. Lord Forester is lord of the manor and sole landowner. The charities are of the yearly value of £18. The soil is a mixture of clay and gravel; the minerals are limestone, ironstone, and coal. The chief crops are wheat, barley, and beans. The population in 1861 was 499; the area is 1,196 acres; gross estimated rental, £1,953; rateable value, £1,824.
Gother Geo., Britannia, cabinet maker, &c.


This fall's comedy season is unusually well fleshed out in advance. And we all could use a laugh right about now.
Theater-scale touring acts include such perennial faves as Brian Regan (Oct. 8), and Lewis Black (Nov. 12), both at Heinz Hall. Still, one of the season's hotter tickets is likely to be rising standup star Tig Notaro; the creative force behind the Amazon Studios series One Mississippi — she also plays "Barb" on Transparent, and won many fans with her candor about facing breast cancer (now in remission) — has a new memoir, I'm Just a Person. Notaro is at the Carnegie Music Hall of Homestead on Oct. 14. Other standup stars taking the stage at the Homestead Carnegie are former Late Late Show host Craig Ferguson, on Nov. 2, and Australia's Jim Jefferies, with his The Unusual Punishment Tour and frequently political material, on Dec. 3.
The Pittsburgh Improv likewise has a mix of familiar names and fresh faces. Harland Williams visits Sept. 30-Oct. 2; Bill Bellamy comes by Oct. 28-30; and Sommore's back Nov. 18-20. On Oct. 27, Pittsburgh gets its first look at Nemr Abou Nassar, a big force on the comedy scene in his home country of Lebanon who's currently in the midst of a U.S. tour.
Pittsburgh these days has its own thriving homegrown comedy scene, with open mics all over town and regular showcases at spots including Club Café. Especially vibrant is the improv-comedy side of things. Improv lives at venues including Downtown's Arcade Comedy Theater, with multiple weekly chances to watch performers and troupes spin laughs out of thin air. One example: the monthly Comedy Royale, which gathers local short-form improvisers and pits them against each other in a "no-holds-barred" competition, with the audience members as judges. Upcoming Comedy Royale dates are Fri., Sept. 16; Oct. 21; and Nov. 18.


text:
AJ Ink. The Musical
Today we had an idea to include "Playbill" covers in an upcoming commercial for OBP Cards for a Cause: Broadway Decks! We thought it might be good to have the cards come out of a "Playbill" that features each musical. Then, we can show characters from the musical playing a certain card game: Spit, War, Gin Rummy (new this week), or President.
So, we're going to have Angie and Jackie play the card games, with us each representing a different character from the musical. At first, we were going to have the cards talk to each other about how to play the card games. But then, we decided that we could play the actual games on screen, because for some elements, it's better to show them, than just explain.
We thought we could hum music from the respective musical in each card game video. But instead we thought we could use Angie's synthesizer, which is a mini-keyboard with Sound Effects. Last week, we wrote rules for most of the games in our blog. This week, we took those rules and broke them up into dialogue sections. We were able to record some of the background music, and will do the dialogue next time.
The plan is to use Rizzo & Kenicke from Grease to demonstrate "War," Sophie & Sky from Mamma Mia to demonstrate "Spit," Nathan Detroit and Sky Masterson of Guys & Dolls to demonstrate "Gin Rummy," and finally Conrad Birdie and Kim McAfee of "Bye Bye Birdie" to demonstrate President. We're going to use fun voices, recorded on a Blue Yeti mic!


For the Designer World we offer you assistance in the design of your Printed Circuit Boards to assure they are designed for manufacture and to keep the cost down to the least amount possible. If you need additional manpower to help in the design of large projects, we have an answer.
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Marthinusen & Coutts has the full range of qualifications and certifications to guarantee a high-quality, reliable working relationship.
M&C is a division of ACTOM (Pty) Ltd and the company has a level one BBBEE status.
The company's policy is to maximise purchases from black or black empowered enterprises. The purpose is to promote entrepreneurship in black communities and to give black business access to the mainstream of business opportunity.
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The group has, to date, established two joint venture companies that are fully BBBEE compliant and approved suppliers to Spoornet, Transnet, Eskom and Rotek.
Employment Equity targets are constantly reviewed and reported on in terms of the Employment Equity Act.


This expansive land lot is one of the last available in Lachlan Parade offering stunning views and all the space needed to build your dream home. Close to great schools, shops and services this is a piece of ground with much to offer.
Large Workshop On 3,329 sq m!
A great opportunity to secure a large, flat and fully fenced block which extends to 3,329 sq m on popular Cracroft Street.


Quillichew ER (Generic Name: methylphenidate hydrochloride) is the only extended-release, chewable central nervous system stimulant primarily used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children ages 6-12, adolescents, and adults. It is especially useful for the one-third of children who can't swallow pills. Quillichew ER may improve focus, and decrease impulsivity and hyperactive behavior, hallmark symptoms in some patients with the condition. It contains the same active ingredient as medications like Ritalin and Daytrana. According to the FDA, Quillichew ER is a federally controlled substance (CII) because it can be abused or lead to dependence. It has not been studied in children under the age of 6.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends treatment with behavioral therapy before medication for children under the age of 6. For children ages 6 to 11, the AAP says "The primary care clinician should prescribe US Food and Drug Administration–approved medications for ADHD and/or evidence-based parent- and/or teacher-administered behavior therapy as treatment for ADHD, preferably both." Likewise, the National Institute of Mental Health finds the most successful treatment plans use a combination of ADHD medication, like Quillichew ER, and behavior therapies.
Before starting or refilling a Quillichew ER prescription, read the medication guide included with your pills, as it may be updated with new information.
As with all medications, follow your Quillichew ER prescription instructions exactly. Tablets are available in 20mg, 30mg, and 40mg dosages. 20mg and 30mg tablets are scored and can be cut in half if necessary to achieve the right dose.
It is taken once daily in the morning with or without food. Chew each tablet well, and swallow with a full glass of water or another liquid. The time-release formulation is designed to maintain a steady level of medication in your body throughout the day.
The recommended starting dose of Quillichew ER for patients 6 years and above is 20 mg once daily in the morning. The dose may be titrated weekly in increments of 10 mg to 20 mg. Daily dosages above 60 mg have not been studied and are not recommended.
The optimal dosage varies patient by patient. It is not determined by age, weight, or height, but rather by how a person metabolizes the medication, and by the condition treated. Your doctor may adjust your daily dosage until you or your child experiences the best response — that is, the lowest dosage at which you experience the greatest improvement in symptoms without side effects.
During treatment, your doctor may periodically ask you to stop taking your Quillichew ER so that he or she can monitor ADHD symptoms; check vital statistics including blood, heart, and blood pressure; or evaluate height and weight. If any problems are found, your doctor may recommend discontinuing treatment.
Some patients report developing a tolerance to Quillichew ER after long-term use. If you notice that your dosage is no longer controlling your symptoms, talk to your doctor to plan a course of action.
The most common side effects of Quillichew ER are as follows: decreased appetite, trouble sleeping, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, stomach pain, weight loss, anxiety, dizziness, irritability, mood swings, fast heartbeat, and increased blood pressure.
Other serious side effects include slowing of growth in children and priapism, which is an unwanted, persistent erection.
Report to your doctor any heart-related problems or a family history of heart and blood pressure problems. Patients with structural cardiac abnormalities and other serious heart problems have experienced sudden death, stroke, heart attack, and increased blood pressure while taking Quillichew ER. Stimulants can increase blood pressure and heart rate. Physicians should monitor these vital signs closely during treatment. Call your doctor immediately if you or your child experiences warning signs such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting while taking Quillichew ER.
Also disclose to your physician all mental health issues including any family history of suicide, bipolar illness, tics, or depression. Quillichew ER may create new or exacerbate existing behavior problems, or bipolar illness. The manufacturer recommends evaluating patients for bipolar disorder prior to stimulant administration, which can cause psychotic or manic symptoms in children and teenagers. Call your doctor immediately if you or your child experiences new or worsening mental health symptoms including hallucinations or sudden suspicions.
Discuss circulation problems with your doctor before taking Quillichew ER, which has been known to cause numbness, coolness, or pain in fingers or toes, including Raynaud's phenomenon. Report to your doctor any new blood-flow problems, pain, skin color changes, or sensitivities to temperature while taking Quillichew ER.
Stimulants like Quillichew ER have a high potential for abuse and addiction, especially among people who do not have ADHD. It is a "Schedule II Stimulant," a designation that the Drug Enforcement Agency uses for drugs with a high potential for abuse. Other Schedule II drugs include Dexedrine, Ritalin, and cocaine. People with a history of drug abuse should use caution when trying this medication. Taking the medication exactly as prescribed can reduce the potential for abuse.
Store Quillichew ER in a secure place out of the reach of children, and at room temperature. Do not share your Quillichew ER prescription with anyone, even another person with ADHD. Sharing prescription medication is illegal, and can cause harm.
You should not take Quillichew ER if you have any of the following conditions: allergy or hypersensitivity to methylphenidate or any of the ingredients in Quillichew ER medications, phenylketonuria, or if you are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
You should use caution taking Quillichew ER if you have a history of heart or mental problems or circulation problems.
If you're thinking of becoming pregnant, discuss the use of Quillichew ER with your doctor. Animal studies indicate the potential for fetal harm. Quillichew ER is passed through breastmilk, so it is recommended that mothers do not nurse while taking it.
The safety of Quillichew ER for children under 6 has not been established.
Before taking Quillichew ER, discuss all other active prescription medications with your doctor. Quillichew ER can have a dangerous, possibly fatal, interaction with antidepressants including MAOIs.
Quillichew ER contains phenylalanines, which can be dangerous for patients with phenylketonuria.
Share a list of all vitamin or herbal supplements, and prescription and non-prescription medications you take with the pharmacist when you fill your prescription, and let all doctors and physicians know you are taking Quillichew ER before having any surgery or laboratory tests; it can cause false positives on certain tests. The above is not a complete list of all possible drug interactions.
My son has been taking Quillichew ER for almost a year now. We started on Quillavent, but had to switch to Quillichew ER when there was a production shortage. I prefer Quillachew ER as my son says it tastes good & we don't have any morning power struggles to get him to take this medicine. It has worked wonders for his focus & attention at school! And his anger outbursts reduced significantly! The down side…..my son rebounds from the medicine HARD come 3:30-4:30p. I call it the witching hour. Not just upset, it's out of control emotions. You can see it in his eyes & it is not fun to be around. It was soooo bad at first I switched him to Adderall – big mistake. Didn't work as well, caused emotional outbursts ALL DAY, & so we switched back after a month to Quillachew ER. I've learned to allow for relaxation time, & don't run errands or do homework during this time. Letting him watch TV or play Legos during this time allows him to do something undemanding while the Meds exit his system quickly. This has been the best way I've found to handle it. And hey, he's performing so well at school now, I'm sure he needs the release at home where he knows he's safe & can act out. The Med does make his appetite suppressed at lunchtime, but he makes up for it after school & at dinner.
My child has been taking Quillivant XR for a few years and it's worked very well but because of their shortage I've had to order Quillichew ER and am hoping to receive it this week. I've noticed the pharmacies in my area are on back order with Quillichew. Is anyone else seeing this problem? I've called Tris Pharma, the company who is now handling Quillivant and Quillichew, but they said they can only take my phone number down and someone will call me back. I've yet to hear back from them. It's no use calling their 800# since it appears that they are reading off a script. It's best to call their phone number in New Jersey. I just googled Tris Pharma and called the number on their website. I wish they would release an updated statement on their status of their backlog. This is the only medication that works well for my child. His grades are going to really suffer if this shortage is not resolved.


The first course of action you will need to take will involve getting some support, with the process of claiming inheritance being one which most people have no experience in. It's always a good idea to call a lawyer now or when it is a little more appropriate, when you're dealing with this part of life, as they will be able to make the legal side of things far simpler. Alongside this, you could also think about talking to your bank, giving you the chance figure out what you'll do with the money when you have it.
Before you make too many plans, though, it will be worth finding somewhere nice and safe for the money you've received. Bank accounts are often the best for this, with options which can be kept separate from your main account is perfect for those who struggle to save money. Doing this will help to ensure that the inheritance isn't spent before you get to do anything proper with it.
Once you've got the cash somewhere safe, you will be ready to start making some plans for it, usually with the goal of making as much out of it as possible. Investment is perfect for this, as it will happen in the background once you have it all set up. Alternatively, though, you could also think about something like building your own business. There are loads of positive ways to use money like this, and it doesn't have to simply go towards keeping yourself afloat.
Finally, as the last area to consider, once you have wealth in your family, it's important to try and keep hold of it. As a big part of this, you should be working hard to pass this inheritance to your children. The work you've done should have made it grow nicely, giving your little ones the chance to try their hand at this sort of work. Of course, though, it will always take some research before you can get started.
With all of this in mind, you should be feeling just about ready to get started on handling your next wave of inheritance nice and smoothly. Thinking about money during this process isn't morbid, with the effort being just as much for you as it is for the person who has passed. If you leave this for too long, money could be lost, effectively wasting your loved one's time.


As previously discussed here, one of the software packages used in my shop is Clarivate Analytics' EndNote bibliography software.
Recently, EndNote X8 was released. When the new version's installer was downloaded, it was discovered to be an installer application, which can pose problems for deployment.
By itself, the change to an installer application may not have been a huge problem as long as it had options for running the installation process from the command line. However, when I checked with EndNote support about the new installer, I was told that there was no option for installing EndNote X8 on a Mac using the command line.
Since the EndNote X8 installer does not have the option of command line installation, the only real option I thought I had was to install EndNote X8, then re-package it as either a drag-and-drop install or an installer package. However, when I dug deeper into the installer, I discovered a .zip file buried inside the installer.
When expanded, this .zip file proved to be a complete install of EndNote X8.
4. Launching the EndNote X8 application, which automatically loads the EndNote X8 Customizer screen if EndNote hasn't been configured.
1. Download the installer application from the vendor.
Copy the zip file from the EndNote X8 installer application.
Uncompress and move the EndNote X8 application directory into the proper location inside the package-building directory structure.
Build an installer package which installs the EndNote X8 application directory into /Applications.
The Licence is still at root of the.app so the method for X7 of how to licence it can still be used.
Is there a way to make the Customizer run after install for computers that already have 7 on them?