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The small coastal town of Picton is a very popular holiday destination in the South Island because it's where you catch the ferry to the North Island (the ferry arrives in Wellington).
Not only is Picton one of the most stunning coastal regions in the world (Queen Charlotte Sound is especially spectacular!) but, there are loads of fun things to do in this small town! From joining the local postman on his delivery route by boat to remote waterside homes to swimming with wild dolphins, you're sure to keep busy while visiting Picton.
One of the best wine regions in the Southern Hemisphere, the Marlborough, is close by too, so you can spend a day wine-tasting and having lunch in one of the stunning vineyard settings. And that's just a tiny snippet of the best things to do in Picton!
In this blog, I list 21 of the best things to do in Picton, New Zealand – enjoy!
21 Things to do in Picton, New Zealand
1. Cruise the Marlborough Sounds
Can you spot the seal?
One of the most beautiful parts of New Zealand to go on a cruise is in the Marlborough Sounds from Picton. There are several tours to choose from, but one of my personal favorites is this particular Mail Boat Cruise. Would you believe the mail is delivered by boat in the Queen Charlotte Sound and has done for over 150 years!?
Join the postman on mail day as he delivers letters and parcels to hard-to-reach homes along the Sounds. You will also likely stop at one of the secluded beaches in Queen Charlotte Sounds if time allows. This is a truly unique way to see Queen Charlotte Sound with a seasoned local. Prices start from $110 NZD per person and you should book in advance to secure your spot.
The other boat tour I personally love is this boat tour combined with a wine tasting tour. The best of both worlds – scenic water views and excellent wines! In the morning, you will cruise through the Sounds on a catamaran, taking in all the spectacular coastal scenery – the water here is so clear!
Around lunchtime, you will go ashore to Saint Clair winery to enjoy lunch and a wine tasting. You will also visit up to 2 other wineries on this tour. Pick-up and drop-off are available from Picton and Blenheim. This tour starts from $291 NZD per person and you should book online in advance.
2. Motuara Island Bird Sanctuary
A cute robin on Motuara Island Bird Sanctuary!
Just an hour away by boat from Picton is this unique bird sanctuary – Motuara Island Bird Sanctuary is home to tui, bellbirds, Kererū, robin fantails, and parakeets. It was made a designated wildlife reserve in 1920 and now, thanks to a heroic effort by volunteers and the Department of Conservation, is predator-free.
On the island, you'll also spot penguin chicks in nesting boxes, and if you're really lucky, the nocturnal Okarito brown kiwi. Remember, kiwis are very shy creatures, so it's difficult to spot them plus, they only come out when it's dark!
Another kiwi species you may see on the island is the Rowi Kiwi. Would you believe there are only 400 of these left in New Zealand?
Motuara Island is part of Operation Nest Egg. This project protects kiwis from predators. When the Rowi are born in Okarito on the West Coast, they are transferred here to safely grow to adolescence – remember, there are no predators here, so they can safely grow away from danger. Once they are big and strong enough, the Rowi are returned home to Okarito.
Boats to Motuara Island depart Picton at 8 am daily, and tickets cost $98 NZD per person. Important to remember this tour only operates between October and April and you should book online in advance to secure your place.
3. EcoWorld Aquarium and Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre
They will rescue any animal that needs help in the area. The best part is, most end up back in the wild! Photo credit: EcoWorld Aquarium and Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre
Discover various animals of the underwater world of the Marlborough Sounds at EcoWorld Aquarium and Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre on Picton's Foreshore. See short-tail stingrays, New Zealand pot-bellied seahorses, giant squid, and starfish. There's a touching tank where you can safely touch the starfish in the presence of staff.
There's also non-marine life to see, such as an endangered parrot species called the yellow and red-crowned kakariki. Because it's a rehabilitation center, there are also lots of rescued animals here, like blue penguins and who will be cared for by the staff until they are strong enough to be released back into the wild.
What I think is great too is that it's a not-for-profit organization, so any money gained through ticket sales goes directly back into the center. Entrance to EcoWorld costs $25 NZD per adult.
4. Dolphin cruise
A beautiful hector dolphin!
Joining a dolphin cruise is definitely one of the best things to do in Picton. On this 4 hour cruise, spy up to 3 different species of dolphins (hector, bottlenose, and dusky) frolicking in the waters of the Marlborough Sounds.
Along the way, your knowledgeable guide will tell you all about the marine life here and will point out fur seals, rare seabirds as well as dolphins. This is a great tour option for photography lovers as the boat will bring you as close as is safe to the sea life.
This tour also includes a short tour of the Motuara Island bird sanctuary, which I've detailed earlier. It costs about $130 NZD and lasts for four hours.
5. Hike the Queen Charlotte Track
The Marlborough Sounds as seen from the Queen Charlotte Track
One of the most popular and most beautiful hikes in New Zealand is the Queen Charlotte Track, which lies between Queen Charlotte and Kenepuru Sounds. The walking track has unrivaled views of both Sounds as well as viewpoints down to gorgeous bays and the chance to explore lush native bush.
Three of the most popular routes on the track are Ship Cove, Endeavor Inlet, and Torea Bay, all varying in length. For example, the Ship Cove to Endeavor Inlet is 17 km (10.5 miles) and will take 5.5 hours, and Endeavor Inlet to Camp Bay is 11.5 km (7.4 miles) and will take 4 hours.
If you wish to walk the entire Queen Charlotte Track, it will take you four days, and it's 73.5 km (45.6 miles) in length, but there are several accommodation options on the track.
This particular tour provides return boat transfers to the start and end of your hike, but you will hike the track you wish unguided. So, it's good to do some research on each track yourself beforehand. If you're on a tight schedule, it's worth noting that you will not be returned to Picton until approximately 6 pm.
6. Go on a wine tour
The Marlborough Sounds Wine Region is gorgeous!
One of the best wine-growing regions in New Zealand, if not the Southern Hemisphere, is the Marlborough region. The Sauvignon Blanc here especially is world-renowned!
Of course, the best way to explore any wine region is on a guided wine tour where you can relax, drink as much wine as you want, and not have to worry about organizing a designated driver. On this tour, you will visit up to 5 wineries where you will taste their wine and tour the vineyards. There's also a lunch stop, which I should note is an additional charge.
You will also get the chance to taste some locally-made chocolates en-route back to Picton at the end of the day. This is a great option for those who wish to sample the wines and not have to worry about driving or arranging transport.
The tour includes pick-up and drop-off in Picton, and prices start from $163 NZD per person. You should secure your place online in advance.
Related Read: If you love wine, be sure to visit some of the best wineries in Queenstown. There are also some really great wine tours in Queenstown.
7. Sea kayaking
The calm waters are perfect for sea kayaking and you never know what will swim past! Photo credit: Wilderness Guides NZ
Get up close to sheltered coves and beaches on this half-day sea kayaking tour through the western side of the Queen Charlotte Sound. See if you can spot blue penguins, fur seals, and even dolphins from your kayak. On the journey, your guide will tell you all about the history of the area as well as point out any important sights or wildlife along the way.
The tour starts in Picton. You will be kayaking for approximately 3 hours, and even though the waters here are generally calm, a reasonable level of fitness is advised.
This is a small group tour and tickets cost from $100 NZD per adult.
8. Coastal Pacific Journey
Check out those views! Photo credit: The Great Journeys of New Zealand
The Coastal Pacific train journey is one of the best train journeys in New Zealand. It starts in Picton and ends in Christchurch.
The highlight of this train journey is that it features 98 km of stunning South Island coastline. In fact, the train tracks are so close to the Pacific Ocean that at times you feel like you could reach out and touch it! When you're this close to the ocean, expect to see fur seals and dolphins frolicking in the ocean from the comfort of your seat.
There is GPS-enabled audio available, and headphones come with every seat so you can learn all about the sights you're seeing as your train passes through.
The train departs on select days of the week from Picton Railway Station. The journey takes 5 hours and 13 minutes one way so I highly recommend spending the night in Christchurch and returning to Picton the next day. Or, simply stay in Chrsitchurch and explore all of the fun tings to do and see there!
Related Read: From Christchurch, you can embark on an epic road trip. Check out the road trip from Christchurch to Lake Tekapo, it's one of my favorites! Or, head from Christchurch to Queenstown!
9. Kaipupu Wildlife Sanctuary
A Kererū on Kaipupu Wildlife Sanctuary
Kaipupu Wildlife Sanctuary is a restored 40-hectare island connected to the mainland near Picton Harbour. It's one of the best places in Picton for wildlife viewing. On the 2.7km loop track, you will spot lots of native wildlife like tui, bellbirds, fantails, kereru, korora (also referred to as "the little penguin"), and a native type of gecko.
From March through July, you are likely to spot dozens of New Zealand fur seals on the jetty here too. It's a relatively easy walking track and is suitable for the whole family. I recommend allowing 2 hours to complete the full loop track.
Fun fact – this area was once a 'kai' or food-gathering site for native Maori.
You can reach Kaipapu on a 10-minute boat ride from Picton, or you can rent a kayak in Picton and kayak here yourself, parking your kayak on the new kayak ramp here. It is free to visit, but a donation is welcome.
10. Go on a scenic flight
How amazing is that view!? Photo credit: Pelorus Air
One of the best ways to see the Marlborough Sounds is on a scenic flight from Picton. From up in the sky you'll see the sparkling blue waters of the Sounds, secluded homes, native bush, and during certain times of the year, whales! There are several tour options to choose from, and all are surprisingly budget-friendly!
This 20-minute flight option flies over the Pelorous, Kenepuru, and Queen Charlotte Sounds and costs from $99 NZD per person.
This 45-minute flight takes in all three Sounds as well as D'Urville Island, Port Gore, and Ship Cove. It even includes a short stop on a remote beach. This particular tour costs $199 NZD per person.
And finally, the longest flight option is this 1 hour 15 minutes tour which follows the Koromiko Valley to the Wairau River and then into wine country. You will also be treated to seeing Tasman Bay and Nelson from high up above before stopping for 20 minutes at a remote beach. This tour costs $299 per person!
A scenic flight is definitely one of the most romantic things to do in Picton, and as you can imagine, is especially popular with couples.
11. Picton Heritage & Whaling Museum
The Picton Heritage and Whaling Museum, located in Picton Memorial Park, is a great place to learn about the area's history. In the museum, hundreds of historical artifacts from the area are displayed, dating as far back as the 1700s. There's a large number of very important Maori artifacts as well as whaling and maritime treasures collected throughout the years.
The Museum tells the story of the families who called Picton home and how Picton was developed from a Pa (a Maori village) named Waitohi.
Picton has a long history of whaling, dating as far back as 1820. In fact, the last whaling station in the country was right here in Picton and was set up by the Perano family in Fishing Bay. It closed, not that long ago actually, in 1964!
Entrance to the Picton Heritage & Whaling Museum costs just $5 NZD per adult. Plus, it is a great place to escape the heat and head indoors for a bit. It can get very warm in Picton during the summer months (with temperatures reaching as high as 23 Celsius or 73 Fahrenheit) and the museum has air conditioning.
12. Edwin Fox Museum
The inside of a ship at the Edwin Fox Museum
The Edwin Fox Maritime Museum on Dunbar Pier is the oldest merchant sailing ship in the world. Visitors can climb aboard the ship to get a real feel of what life on a 19th Century convict ship was like – this ship was used to transport convicts to Australia! You can visit the hull and see where the ship's staff slept.
The Edwin Fox Ship is a fantastic piece of World heritage. As part of the experience, you can watch an informative documentary about the history of the Museum and its founder Edwin Fox as well as check out the numerous artifacts on display, which includes a 100-year-old Marlborough clinker dinghy (a tiny wooden boat)
The ship has been lovingly preserved over the last 30 years and sits in a dry dock here in Picton for all to explore and enjoy.
Allow one hour here. Tickets cost $15 NZD per adult. Children under 14 are free!
13. Tirohanga Track
How spectacular is that view!
Tirohanga Track is a short 1.2 km track that leads through native forest up to a viewpoint with one of the best views of Picton and Waikawa. You can choose to start the track from Garden Terrace, just outside the town center or Newgate Street. The track should take at most 45 minutes to complete. However, if you consider yourself fit, you could easily complete it in 25 minutes. Now, there's a challenge!
Definitely bring a picnic, because the viewpoint is one of the best views in all of Picton. From this high vantage point, you can see Picton Marina, some of Queen Charlotte Sound, and if you time it right, the giant inter-islander ferries making their way to and from Wellington.
Although this track is well-formed, because of the steep climb, I would recommend it for those with a reasonable level of fitness.
14. Paua Pearl Tour
On this tour, take a boat journey to a remote island to see where the Paua Pearls are grown, also called the Blue Pearl. These are incredibly unique, and on your tour, you will get to see various different sizes of Paua.
It's a one-hour boat journey from Picton to Arapawa Island, which is where the Pauas are grown. It's a small island once used as a whaling base. This is a unique tour, which allows you to see the inner workings of the pearling and Paua industry in New Zealand – both are very lucrative markets. The tour on the island will take about an hour, and your informative guides are the owners of the Paua business – the Radon family.
At the end of the tour, you will be taken to the Radon family home, where you will be served some snacks and drinks. Plus, you will get to view the rare and exclusive pearl set in stunning jewelry. Did you know this is the only place in the world where you can buy this unique type of pearl?
Pricing for this private tour is $900 NZD for the first 1-4 guests, and an additional $225 per person after the first 4.
15. Queen Charlotte View
What a beautiful day it was!
If you're after a short walk that offers phenomenal views, then the 30-minute walk from the Snout Track car park to Queen Charlotte View has to be one of the best short walks in the area. It is quite a steep climb to the viewpoint, hence why it's rated as moderate. But the walk-up is quite clear, meaning there's not much bush in the way so the views pretty much the whole climb are great!
Take a picnic and enjoy the incredible views of Queen Charlotte Sound from the viewpoint.
Hot tip: This viewpoint is one of the best places in Picton to catch the sunset!
16. Visit the Snout
The Marlborough Sounds are so beautiful!
Essentially a longer version of the previous hike, the Snout Track is a firm favorite with Picton locals. That's because you're still getting a decent workout in (allow at least 4 hours to complete the track), and you're witnessing some of the best views in the Marlborough Sounds on your walk. In fact, many locals complete this track before or after work during the summer months.
The track starts at the Snout Track car park, above Endeavour Park. The first section of the walk takes you to the Queen Charlotte View, and from here, it's about an hour to the picnic area at the tip of the headland. Both viewpoints boast excellent views of the ocean and Sounds.
You can walk a slightly shorter version by starting at the Victoria Domain car park. This option will take about 3 hours return.
There's also a new mountain biking trail, which takes you to the Snout – the Kanuka Trail is a Grade 2 return trail, which is 3.5 km in length. The trail begins from the Westside mountain bike trail.
17. Picton Memorial Park
Memorial Park, off Waikawa Road in Picton, remembers those New Zealanders who lost their lives during World War II. It is divided into two parts; the northern side of the park was once a tidal lagoon where rowing regattas were held in the early 1900s. This section became part of the memorial park in 1950, and now, there's a large grassy area here that is popular with young families playing football, rugby, and even enjoying picnics.
The second part of the park is the main entrance to Picton Marina and Shelly Beach. The rest of the park is very dog-friendly, and if you're a dog-lover, you'll love it here. However, dogs are not permitted in the second part of the park.
18. Visit a nearby beach
Governors Bay, Picton!
Picton is a beach-lovers idea of heaven. In fact, this is one of my favorite coastal areas in all of New Zealand. New Zealand beaches are known for not only being stunning but also being less crowded than in other countries, and the beaches in Picton are no different.
One of the best beaches in the area, in my opinion, is the peaceful surroundings of Governors Bay. The beach here is small and surrounded by lush green trees. It tends to be a popular spot for locals who bring their boats and yachts into the bay. Worth noting is there is a public toilet located here, but no other facilities. You can reach the beach via a short walking track. It's a 15-minute drive from Picton on the road towards Nelson.
Other awesome beaches include Shelley Beach in Picton town, which is a flat beach popular with swimmers. It can get very busy due to its close proximity to the town center. Bob's Bay is a small beach, a 10-minute walk from Picton Wharf – it's not as popular as the previous two, so it's a great place to come and relax!
19. Enjoy the scenic drive to Havelock
Just one of the epic views along the way
The Queen Charlotte Drive is a spectacular winding road that links Picton to Havelock. It is often described by drivers as one of the most scenic coastal drives in the world. At every turn, you'll have views over the stunning blue ocean, beach bays, and lush vegetation. The drive itself is 34.8 km (21.6 miles) and will take 40 minutes each way but considering all the awesome stops on the drive. I recommend turning this drive into a full-day affair!
The best stops include Cullen Point Lookout and Momorangi Bay which is an area popular with locals for fishing and swimming. Governors Bay which I've described earlier, is also part of this route. And Cullen Point Lookout is well-worth spending a few hours at as it has two lovely walking tracks.
20. Eat seafood
In an area surrounded by the ocean, you better believe there's plenty of good seafood to enjoy in Picton. This area is especially famous for its Snapper and Red Cod!
One of the most up-market seafood restaurants in Picton is located on London Quay. Cortado Restaurant and Bar offers waterfront views with a huge seafood menu. I hear their mussels are excellent!
Also worth a visit is Cockles Seafood Bar and Restaurant on Auckland Street. It's got a buzzing atmosphere but is also a great place for a romantic date. The under-the-sea-themed interior is awesome! Highly recommended is the seafood platter and green-lipped mussels!
For something more casual, Kiwi Takeaways on Wellington Street is a great place to pick up some fresh fish and chips and take it to the Marina to enjoy. This place gets very busy, and it's typically just a one-woman show. Yep, the lady owner tends to do the cooking, the serving, and accepting the payments!
21. Swimming with dolphins!
This is a once in a lifetime experience worth the travel time! Photo credit: E-Ko Tours
Did you know that in the Marlborough Sounds you can go swimming with dolphins, an activity for the bucket list for sure! This tour from Picton actually allows you to swim with wild bottlenose, common, or hector dolphins – provided the water conditions are favorable.
You will receive all the necessary gear (wetsuits with hoods and booties), and your experienced guide will be on-hand to go through the safety briefing. The water temperature here averages 17 Celsius. It's some of the warmest waters in New Zealand – which is a big plus for me!
This tour is Department of Conservation permitted and classed as eco-friendly, meaning the utmost care and consideration is given to the wild dolphins.
The tour departs from Picton waterfront and costs $183 NZD per adult. You must secure your spot in advance as this is easily one of the most popular things to do in Picton.
Where to Stay in Picton, New Zealand
Views of the harbor in Picton!
Picton may be a small town but there are a ton of great places to stay. The truth is, picking a great located hotel is important because Picton is not the most beautiful town. So, you really want to enjoy the natural scenery and be near the coast.
Budget travelers will love the Atlantis Backpackers. I stayed here once when I was transporting my car from Auckland to Queenstown and simply wanted a cheap place to stay. The hostel is fun and it's easy to meet other travelers. It's located close to the marina and right next to Picton Memorial Park.
If you can spend a little more, then you'll really get a nice upgrade. Harbour View Motel is one of my favorite hotels in Picton because of its location and views. Stare out at the gorgeous marina and enjoy sunset drinks on your balcony – my favorite!
If you don't mind spending a little more, the Picton Waterfront Luxury Apartments are one of the most luxurious options in Picton. The hotel's location is as waterfront as you can get and the rooms come with large balconies and ocean views.
I hope this blog has given you some inspiration for your vacation in Picton. As you can see, there is lots to do here (I've only touched the surface in this blog). In fact, I recommend spending a few nights in Picton to truly experience the best the coast has to offer!
Categories New Zealand, South Island, What to do
Tags Picton


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Biografia

Orazio Ferraro figlio più giovane e allievo del famoso pittore, stuccatore e scultore Antonio Ferraro, nonché religioso della Compagnia di Gesù. Insieme al fratello Tommaso Ferraro ha lavorato nel laboratorio del padre fino alla morte di quest'ultimo avvenuta nel 1609. Le opere più importanti arricchiscono le chiese della città natale Castelvetrano.

L'artista è sepolto a Casa Professa.

Opere

Agrigento e provincia

Caltabellotta
 Nuova Cappella del Compianto sul Cristo morto o Cappella della Pietà, chiesa di San Lorenzo:
 1594, Ciclo, affreschi raffiguranti lAndata al Calvario ed episodi della Genesi.
 1596, Stucchi, Dio Padre e putti raffigurati con Strumenti della Passione, apparato decorativo in stucco, attribuzione.
 1596, Statue, manufatti in stucco raffiguranti San Giovanni Battista e San Giovanni Evangelista, sulla parete destra la Madonna dell'Itria condotta da due vecchioni, sulla parete sinistra Sant'Anna e San Gioacchino, agli angoli le Sibille, completano la decorazione cariatidi, angioletti e ornati vari, attribuzione.
 XVII secolo, Deposizione, manufatto in terracotta, opera custodita nella chiesa di Sant'Agostino.

Burgio
 1596, Ciclo, affreschi delle volte nella cappella del coro e statue di nicchia in stucco, opere presenti nella chiesa di Santa Maria di Rifesi.
 XVI secolo, Stucchi, apparato decorativo plastico, opere presenti nella Cappella della Madonna di Trapani del duomo di Sant'Antonio Abate.

Sciacca

 1609 – 1624, Stucchi, apparato decorativo, opere presenti nella chiesa di Santa Margherita.

Palermo e provincia
 1609, Stucchi, apparato decorativo realizzato con la collaborazione di Antonio Ferraro, opere presenti nel duomo di San Nicolò di Bari di Gangi.
 1612, Madonna del Stellario, pala d'altare con raffigurati Sant'Agata e San Sebastiano, opera documentata nella chiesa di Sant'Agata al Monte di Pietà e custodita nella Sala di San Placido del Museo diocesano  di Monreale.
 1574 - 1580, Risurrezione, quadro su pannello, opera custodita nell'Oratorio del Rosario di San Domenico di Palermo.
 XVI secolo, Stucchi, apparato decorativo in stucco, opere presenti nella sacrestia di Casa Professa di Palermo.

Trapani e provincia

Castellammare del Golfo

 1605, Crocifissione con San Pietro e Sant'Andrea, opera custodita nel duomo di Maria Santissima del Soccorso.

Castelvetrano

 Chiesa di San Giovanni Battista:
 1602, Adorazione dei Magi, dipinto autografo.
 1613, San Carlo Borromeo orante, dipinto.
 1613, Orazione nell'orto degli ulivi, dipinto, opera proveniente dalla chiesa di San Domenico.
 Duomo di Santa Maria Assunta:
 1619, Assunzione della Vergine, pala d'altare autografa con l'iscrizione "MDCXIX Opus Horatii Ferrarii".
 XVII secolo, Santa Chiara, pala d'altare.
 1619c., Santi Crispino e Crispiniano, pala d'altare.
 Chiesa di San Domenico:
 1574 - 1580, Ciclo, affreschi e apparato decorativo in stucco e terracotta realizzati con la collaborazione del padre Antonino e del fratello Tommaso, opere presenti nel cappellone, coro e arco trionfale della chiesa di San Domenico.
 1613, Madonna del Rosario, dipinto trafugato, opera documentata.
 XVII secolo, Annunciazione, dipinto scomparso alla fine della guerra, opera documentata nella chiesa di Maria Santissima Annunziata o Badia.

Erice
 1599, Nostra Signora della Stella, statua in stucco con storie della Nascita di Gesù nel piedistallo e l'iscrizione "OPVS HORATH FERRARII 1599.", opera custodita nella chiesa di San Cataldo.
 1605, Immacolata Concezione, statua in stucco recante l'iscrizione "CONFRATES SS.ME CONCEPTIONIS SVMPTIBVS PROPRIIS" - "1605, OPVS HORATH FERRARII", opera custodita nell'absidiola sinistra della chiesa di San Giuliano.
 1605c., Gloria di San Martino, raffigurazione in stucco, opera documentata nell'abside della chiesa di San Martino.
Real Chiesa Madrice Insigne Collegiata:
 1622, Sant'Isidoro Agricola, dipinto, opera custodita nella cappella eponima della navata destra.
 1622, Compianto sul Cristo morto sostenuto da un angelo raffigurato con Sant'Enrico e San Carlo Borromeo, olio su tela, dipinto recante l'iscrizione "OPVS HORATH FERRARII 1622.", opera documentata nel primo altare a sinistra della chiesa San Giovanni Battista, e custodita nella Cappella de Scrineis.

Marsala
 XVI secolo, Stucchi, apparato plastico della Cappella del Sacramento con l'aggiunta del Dio Padre nella volta e la diversa dislocazione delle quattro figure inferiori, attribuzione. Opere presenti nella basilica cattedrale di San Tommaso Becket Vescovo di Canterbury.

Mazara del Vallo
 1600, Madonna delle Grazie raffigurata tra i San Pietro e Sant'Andrea, tela firmata e datata, opera eseguita per la chiesa di San Nicolò di Bari.
 1609, Stucchi, apparato decorativo plastico del gruppo absidale della Trasfigurazione realizzato con la collaborazione del padre Antonio Ferraro. Nel 1576 - 1577 per volontà del vescovo Antonio Lombardo fu disassemblato il gruppo del Gagini per essere rimodulato nella scenografia del Monte Tabor. Per commissione del vescovo Luciano De Rubeis qualche decennio più tardi fu realizzata la cortina a baldacchino, la statuaria e gli ornamenti delle pareti dell'ambiente, opere presenti nella cattedrale del Santissimo Salvatore.

San Vito Lo Capo
 1624, Ciclo, affreschi, apparato decorativo pittorico e plastico realizzato nel cappellone del santuario di San Vito di San Vito Lo Capo.
 1624c., Ecce Homo, statua in stucco, opera documentata sull'altare maggiore del cappellone, oggi custodita nel museo del santuario di San Vito di San Vito lo Capo.

Estero
 XVII secolo, San Giovanni Battista, dipinto su tavola, opera custodita nel Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis National Art Museum di Kaunas / Lituania.

Genealogia

Note

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Journal – Page 2 – Earthlimited | Earth Limited?
In my last post I talked about transformational change and referred to my Agri-Nature Foundation friends as a living example of this. It sounds radical and some may think painful. It's only radical if you don't feel some attunement to the principles of Buddhist belief, or in fact the core principles of all religions. These principles are about care for our earth and all forms of life. And there is only pain if you struggle with uncertainty and change.
This whole question of uncertainty and responding to rapid change came up throughout the remainder of my time in Thailand. Sometimes it was the source of banter as I travelled with Ajarn Yak and Khun Wipa.
First stop in this post of my post-forum experiences in Thailand is my favourite hotel. There are many good things about this boutique hotel. Most of all the genuine commitment of the owners shines through from use of recycled materials in the bedrooms, the funky artwork, the organic breakfasts, and their rooftop garden. Otherwise ugly concrete buildings can be transformed into urban oases with the right mindset.
On Saturday 23 October I was collected from Phranakorn Nornlen and we travelled to the Agri-Nature Learning Centre at Maab Ueang, in Chonburi Province. There was a group of about 50 people there on the final day of a 5-day training course. I was asked to speak to them. Inevitably the topic was about our uncertain future with climate change. I talked for a while and then answered their questions. We stayed at Maab Ueang for the next two days, for the initial part of a 5-day workshop on dhamic health. Unfortunately all of the seminars were in Thai (I was the only non-Thai speaker there) and so I missed a lot of the detail. But for two days I experienced a cleansing diet and experienced some other aspects of their programme. I also had the opportunity to talk to participants, prompted by concerns I raised with Ajarn Yak about the plastic waste I noticed as we did rubbish collection duties. This led to me talking to people about the linkages between planetary health and human health, using plastic as an example. The specific examples I gave were the pollution of our oceans and the health effects of Bisphenol A, which is commonly found in drink bottles.
Transformational change starts within, with recognition that each of us is both the source of many of the problems we have, and the solution. So long as we treat the problems in the world as external to ourselves we will continue to view external incremental changes as the solution. In many cases these incremental changes simply add to the problems. When we begin to recognise that change starts within we're on the path to transformation. What we tend to do as humans is use as many external props as possible to eliminate uncertainty in our lives and give us what we perceive as security. This is most evident through consumer behaviour. Simplifying our lives and learning to live with uncertainty are key steps in the process of internalising change and bringing about transformation.
Just when I was settling in to the health programme at Maab Ueang I was told that we were leaving. This happened within the space of an hour. I barely had time to pack my bag. We headed to a nearby town and a restaurant by the river. The cleansing diet came to a rapid end. As the evening progressed there were flashes of lightning in the sky. Despite forewarnings of impending rain we sat there until the thunder was overhead and the rain came pouring down. There was more thunder and lightning the next morning with a flooded street outside the hotel where we stayed.
I ought to mention that preceding my arrival in Thailand there had been heavy rains in northern Thailand. This resulted in flooding in 38 provinces with 104 deaths. Throughout my time in Thailand there was constant talk that Bangkok was under threat. Soon after my departure there was further flooding in southern Thailand.
On Tuesday 26 October we were met by Khun Duangdao, a former Agri-Nature Foundation trainee. She is developing the Dheva Resort on the Bang Pakong river, about 45km from Bangkok. This is going to be a new eco-resort with biogas, solar and wind energy, organic gardens and rice fields, a diverse forest, waste recycling. This is one example of the widening influence of Ajarn Yak's work.
After a crazy trip into Bangkok on Tuesday afternoon, to a TV studio to talk about the flood situation, we finally ended up at a place called Ancient City. More about this soon. Next morning we were on the road again, at least a 3-hour trip to Chanthaburi Province to the Pong Raed Agri-Nature Learning Centre. The main facilitator here, and now a key member of the network, is Ajarn Teera. Ajarn Teera used to be a chemical farmer, but has completely changed. At the Pong Raed Learning Centre they have gained a lot of experience working with youth, including young trouble-makers. Because of their experience with youth they were hosting a 5-day training session that was about to begin, sponsored by AIS the largest telecommunications company in Thailand. We were there for Ajarn Yak to talk to the participants, and I was also invited to talk for a while.
Earlier this year AIS approached the Agri-Nature Foundation about sponsoring a project with schools. The result was that 50-60 schools from the Chao Phraya watershed submitted projects on how they would initiate action to improve the river. The Chao Phraya is the most significant river in Thailand, flowing through many historically significant cities including Bangkok and with a watershed that covers 35 percent of Thailand. From the project submissions 25 schools were invited to send four students and one teacher for a 5-day training session at the Chumphon Cabana Agri-Nature Learning Centre. Each school brought their projects, were taught about the principles and practice of the Sufficiency Economy, and subsequently refined their projects. This training was held in mid October, just before I arrived in Thailand. As a result three schools were selected for a more intensive 5-day programme at the Pong Raed Learning Centre. This time each school was represented by 50 people including students, teachers, school council members and community leaders. The goal for each is to further develop a project that they will take back and action within their communities. The Agri-Nature Foundation will follow through to make sure this is happening.
It was a late return to Ancient City where we were staying. My final day was spent resting at Ancient City and learning something about this amazing place. Ancient City was established by the grandfather of Khun Pan (Kantorn Tongtiw) the current owner. His vision was to preserve the history of Siam, the former Kingdom, for future generations and to develop a living educational resource. Using his own wealth he bought 500 rai (80 hectares) of land on the outskirts of Bangkok, very close to the Gulf of Siam. The land is in the shape of modern day Thailand. He began buying traditional buildings from around Thailand and relocating them to this site. In some cases he built replicas, including the showpiece Sanphet Prasat Palace. The original palace was destroyed by the Burmese invasion and destruction of Ayutthaya in the 18th century. Ancient City has 500 staff and has 500,000 visitors each year. Schools from throughout Thailand come there for school camps. Khun Pan is not simply carrying on his grandfather's vision. He is building on it. He is yet another member of the Agri-Nature network and is currently developing nine learning stations around Ancient City to educate people about the Sufficiency Economy.
Getting back to the themes of transformational change and uncertainty, my second trip to Thailand this year has further enriched my understanding of the Sufficiency Economy. I know that I miss a lot with my lack of comprehension of Thai language, but I have still learned a lot. The Sufficiency Economy brings together old wisdom and contemporary knowledge. It encourages individual responsibility and action, and peaceful co-existence amongst humans and with our earth. In Thailand there are a growing number of people who want to be actively engaged in transformational change. Political, health and environmental crises are motivations for change and the Agri-Nature Foundation is providing practical solutions.


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Morgane Beernaert
Passionate about sustainable living, ethical fashion and social justice, Morgane also founded Zero Waste Nest, as an attempt to demystify zero waste living. Her retirement plans are to adopt as many stray cats as she's able to.
From Fast Fashion to Fair Fashion
by Hanna MödderPosted on March 15, 2019 March 17, 2019
– Lauren Engelke's Journey from Fast Fashion to Fair Fashion
Why would you make this job even harder for yourself?
…was the reaction that Lauren Engelke got when she decided to become a fair and sustainable fashion stylist.
Making her way from an on-set tailor to a stylist, her day-to-day job was being on set for photo shoots and creating the best looks for her clients. One day in New York, working on a campaign for a natural cosmetics brand, sustainable stylist Lauren Engelke began to see the conundrum that she found herself in.
"I began to think that something wasn't quite right. As a stylist, you work with garments that come straight from the factory and often, conventional clothes smell of chemicals, which is totally disgusting. So while we were advertising natural and well-produced cosmetics, we were dressing the models in fast fashion [treated with chemicals]."
Lauren then quickly discovered the terrible reality of fast fashion.
"I was shocked when I found out that clothes were still made in a way involving slave labour. In the '90s, I had heard about that but always assumed that these conditions must have been improved by now."
After digging deeper into the subject and educating herself, Lauren finally decided to offer styling for sustainable brands professionally.
"I always had thrifted to find unique clothes, but now it was because I just couldn't go back to buying fast fashion. I wanted to make my work align with my ethics." And although making that shift meant a big change in both private and professional life, Lauren was not scared of doing it. "I have been through career shifts before, and New York seemed ready for a change! I just felt like the time was right."
However, her peers had reservations, as she tells me: "As a stylist, you are always under pressure. You have to source all these different clothes from the companies, style them, then bring them all back. It is a very physically demanding job. Not to mention that, especially in New York, it is very competitive."
Some of Lauren's colleagues thought that focusing on sustainability would be an additional burden on top of all the challenges that stylists have to face, she adds. However, making the switch has been a success for her.
"It helped me set myself apart in an oversaturated industry. And although I had originally planned to only add sustainable styling to all my other services, people became so interested in that option that I am able to exclusively work in line with my ethics."
And not only the garments Lauren worked with changed, but her whole job was also turned upside down.
"I was primarily an on-set fashion stylist and tailor. After posting my fair fashion looks to Instagram, I started receiving requests for private style consultations. I have gone from working on set to becoming a content creator and personal stylist! I am much more independent now, free to travel and in total control of my workload. I sometimes miss the social aspect of working on set; it was always an incredibly interesting group of people, usually from all over the world."
And how has she personally changed, I ask her?
"I now consume much more consciously"
"Whereas I used to have well over 100 pieces in my closet, I now have about 50 and it still feels like too much.
This morning, I stood in front of my closet and looked at three dresses that essentially do the same thing and I asked myself: Why do I even have three of these?
I also have a much closer relationship with each garment. When something breaks, I repair it, and when I stop liking a piece, I try and update it. I now feel reconnected to my creativity and that is huge for me."
So what advice would Lauren give any interested person, private or professional?
"If you are interested in shifting your career towards sustainability, now is a great time. Fair fashion is exploding right now. If you are thinking more in terms of adopting a fair fashion wardrobe, I recommend approaching it piece-by-piece. Identify one piece that you need, maybe a blazer, and try just shopping for that item. It's much less overwhelming that way."
And Lauren points out that consuming consciously is much more affordable than it is often considered.
"Sustainable fashion does not have to be expensive. It can be if you want it to be," she laughs. "I've also come across a lot of brands that are totally accessible. And as making the shift encourages buying less and shopping second hand, it can be budget friendly."
So after going through that process of changing her career and adopting a whole new mindset, I ask her what is her favourite part of working in fair fashion.
"It is fun to work in an industry where I meet people every day who are interested in making a positive change and want to do good," she says and smiles.
Lauren's sustainable fashion favourites:
Life after Death High Rise Jean: "Very comfortable whilst giving you the high waisted denim look."
Dolores Haze Mini Skirt: "It's made from embellished blue satin. I love it!"
Lauren has gathered an impressive list of 500+ brands, which you will be able to discover on her blog divided into categories (looking for sustainable workwear? Sustainable knitwear? Kids' clothes?). Also, make sure to check out Lauren's blog to profit from her massive professional knowledge and amazing sense of style.
This post has been proofread by Kendall Norman.
Hanna Mödder
I am Hanna, a student from Germany. I love writing, talking and researching about fashion, beauty and self-care. After educating myself on the impact of conventional products and switching to conscious consumption privately, I wanted to get further involved in fair fashion whilst doing what I love: Working with creative people that want to make a change! I document my work, outfits and love for everything sustainable on my Instagram.
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Mąstantys žmonės | Egzistento blog'as.
Effective governmental power, Wilton continued (on pages 136-138 of the same edition) is in the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party. In 1918, he reported, this body had twelve members, of whom nine were of Jewish origin, and three were of Russian ancestry. The nine Jews were: Bronstein (Trotsky), Apfelbaum (Zinoviev), Lurie (Larine), Uritsky, Volodarski, Rosenfeld (Kamenev), Smidovich, Sverdlov (Yankel), and Nakhamkes (Steklov). The three Russians were: Ulyanov (Lenin), Krylenko, and Lunacharsky.
Mensheviks (Social Democrats): Eleven members, all of whom are Jewish.
Communists of the People: Six members, of whom five are Jews and one is a Russian.
Social Revolutionaries (Right Wing): Fifteen members, of whom 13 are Jews and two are Russians (Kerenski, who may be of Jewish origin, and Tchaikovski).
Social Revolutionaries (Left Wing): Twelve members, of whom ten are Jews and two are Russians.
Committee of the Anarchists of Moscow: Five members, of whom four are Jews and one is a Russian.
Polish Communist Party: Twelve members, all of whom are Jews, including Sobelson (Radek), Krokhenal (Zagonski), and Schwartz (Goltz).
Out of these 22 "Sovnarkom" members, Wilton summed'up, there were three Russians, one Georgian, one Armenian, and 17 Jews.
Thus, concluded Wilton, out of 61 members, five were Russians, six were Latvians, one was a German, two were Armenians, one was a Czech, one was an Imeretian, two were Georgians, one was a Karaim, one. was a Ukrainian, and 41 were Jews.
Of these 36 Cheka officials, one was a Pole, one a German, one an Armenian, two were Russians, eight were Latvians, and 23 were Jews.


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A story of a bear living near Canmore, Alberta. You start with the capture and release of the bear, and then track it, and other animals as you navigate through out it's home territory. The narration is deliberately thought provoking and extremely interesting, and gives students pause for deep philosophical and ecological questions. It also uses the webcam to immerse the viewer in the experience.
I suggest taking a look through the interactive section to see the stories that are being told.
Check out The Cancer of Time as an irreverent look at "Our chronic inability to do nothing". It is a collaboration between NFB and a French Company. It is also an app on the Play Store, and the App Store.


The English is… series uses a creative approach to learning to inspire students to embrace the English language in all its variations and develop key skills in reading, understanding and creating. It includes structured inquiry into the big ideas or concepts that support English, underpinned by the skills needed for literate citizenship. Our range of English is…Value Packs offer students an interactive and engaging suite of resources, including textbooks, eBooks and online games that build core skills for success in English.


text:
The kris, or keris in the Indonesian languages, is an Indonesian asymmetrical dagger with distinctive blade-patterning achieved through alternating laminations of iron and nickelous iron (pamor). Of Javanese origin, the kris is famous for its distinctive wavy blade, although many have straight blades as well, and is one of the weapons commonly used in the pencak silat martial art, native to Indonesia.

A kris can be divided into three parts: blade ( or ), hilt (), and sheath (). Each part of the kris is considered a piece of art, often carved in meticulous detail and made from various materials: iron, precious or rare types of wood, gold, or ivory. A kris's aesthetic value covers the  (the form and design of the blade, with around 60 variants), the  (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 250 variants), and  (the age and provenance of the whole). Depending on the quality and historical value of the kris, it can fetch thousands of dollars or more.

Both a weapon and a spiritual object, the kris is often considered to have an essence or presence and to possess magical powers, some blades possessing good luck and others bad. Krises are used as talismans with magical powers, weapons, sanctified heirlooms (pusaka), auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, accessories for ceremonial dress, indicators of social status, symbols of heroism, or simply objets d'art. Legendary krises with supernatural power and extraordinary ability are mentioned in folktales, such as those of Empu Gandring, Taming Sari, and Setan Kober.

The kris is promoted by the Indonesian government as a cultural symbol of Indonesia. While it is commonly associated with the Javanese within Indonesian society, other ethnic communities are familiar with the weapon as part of their culture, such as the Balinese, Sundanese, Malay, Madurese, Banjar, Buginese, and Makassar people. Kris have been produced in many regions of Indonesia for centuries, but it is particularly associated with the culture of Central Java, as it is embedded in a mutually connected whole of ritual prescriptions and acts, ceremonies, mythical origins, and epic poetry. In 2005, UNESCO gave the kris the title of Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity from Indonesia.

Etymology
The word kris derived from the Old Javanese term "ngiris" (Javanese: ) which means "to slice" or "wedge". The spelling of "kris" is more frequently used in the West, but "keris" is more popular in the dagger's native lands, as exemplified by the late Bambang Harsrinuksmo's popular book entitled Ensiklopedi Keris (Kris Encyclopedia).

In Javanese, kris is known in three names according to the degree or level of linguistic politeness; ngoko:  (Javanese: ); lit. "to slice"; krama: ; and in krama inggil: wangkingan (Javanese: ). In Malay, Indonesian, Sundanese, Balinese and Sasak it is spelled keris (Pegon and Jawi: کريس). Other names include karih in Minangkabau, and sele (ᨔᨙᨒᨙ) in Buginese and Makassarese.

Two notable exceptions are the Philippines where it is usually called kalis in Tagalog, although the Filipino kalis is more like a sword rather than a dagger, and Thailand where it is always spelled kris and pronounced either as kris or krit (กริช) in Thai, while in the Yala dialect it is spelled kareh. In Cambodia it is spelled as kris (គ្រីស) in Khmer. Other alternative spellings used by Europeans include "cryse", "crise", "criss", "kriss" and "creese". In English, the plural form is often simply "kris" as well.

History

Origin

The Kris's history is generally traced through the study of carvings and bas-relief panels found in Java, Indonesia. Some of the most famous renderings of a kris appear on the bas-reliefs of Borobudur (825) and Prambanan temple (850), originated from Hindu-Buddhist Mataram Kingdom of Central Java.

The term kris was mentioned in several ancient Javanese inscriptions, including Humanding inscription (707 Saka or 875 CE), Jurungan inscription and Haliwangbang inscription (708 Saka or 876 CE), Taji inscription (823 Saka or 901 CE), Poh inscription (827 Saka or 905 CE), and Rukam inscription (829 Saka or 907 CE).

The description of a small dagger from Java reminiscent of kris can be found in Chinese source from the 10th century Song dynasty. In 992 the envoy from She-po (Java) arrived in Chinese court bearing a lot of gifts, consists of a dagger with exquisite hilt made of rhino horn and gold, silk woven with floral motifs made of gold threads, ivories, pearls, silk of various colours, fragrant sandalwood, cotton clothes of various colours, turtle shells, betel nut preparation kit, rattan mat with the image of white cockatoo, and a small model of house made of sandalwood adorned with valuable ornaments.

However, Raffles' (1817) study of the Candi Sukuh states that the kris recognized today came into existence around 1361 AD in the kingdom of Majapahit, East Java. The scene in bas relief of Sukuh Temple in Central Java, dated from 15th century Majapahit era, shows the workshop of a Javanese keris blacksmith. The scene depicted Bhima as the blacksmith on the left forging the metal, Ganesha in the center, and Arjuna on the right operating the piston bellows to blow air into the furnace. The wall behind the blacksmith displays various items manufactured in the forge, including kris. These representations of the kris in the Candi Sukuh established the fact that by the year 1437 the kris had already gained an important place within Javanese culture.

In Yingya Shenglan—a record about Zheng He's expedition (1405–1433)—Ma Huan describes that

This Chinese account also reported that public execution by stabbing using this type of dagger is common. Majapahit knows no caning for major or minor punishment. They tied the guilty men's hands in the back with rattan rope and paraded them for a few paces, and then stabbed the offender one or two times in the back on the gap between the floating ribs, which resulted in severe bleeding and instant death.

Currently, the Kris of Knaud is the oldest known surviving kris in the world. Given to Charles Knaud, a Dutch physician, by Paku Alam V in the 19th century Yogyakarta in Java, the kris is on display at the Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam. The kris bears the date of 1264 Saka (which corresponds to 1342 AD) in its iron blade. Scientists suspect that due to its special features the kris might be even older, but was decorated during Majapahit period to celebrate an important event. The kris bears scenes from the Ramayana on an unusual thin copper layer which partially covers it.

Development and distribution

Although the people of Southeast Asia were already familiar with this type of stabbing weapon, the development of the kris most probably took place in Java, Indonesia. From its origin in Java, kris culture spread throughout the Indonesian archipelago, as far as Singapore, Malaysia, Southern Thailand and Southern Philippines through maritime trade links. The spread of the kris to other nations such as Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines, experts say, was credited to the growing influence of the Majapahit Empire in Java around the year 1492.

The Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian canto XVII, a Sundanese manuscript dated from Saka 1440 or 1518 AD, describes the kris as the weapon of kings, while the kujang is the weapon of farmers. There exist claims of earlier forms predating the Majapahit kris but none are verifiable. In the past, the majority of kris had straight blades but this became less frequent over time. Tomé Pires, in the early 16th century, describes the importance of the kris to the Javanese.

Usage

While it is commonly believed that kris were the primary weapons wielded by fighters in the past, they were actually carried by warriors as a secondary armament if they lost their main weapon, which was usually a spear. For commoners however, kris were worn on a daily basis, especially when travelling because it might be needed for self-defense. During times of peace, people wore kris as part of ceremonial attire. Ceremonial kris were often meticulously decorated with intricate carving in gold and precious stones. Heirloom blades were handed down through successive generations and worn during special events such as weddings and other ceremonies. Men usually wore only one kris but the admiral Hang Tuah is said in the Hikayat Hang Tuah to have armed himself with one short and one long kris. Women also wore kris, though usually of a smaller size than a man's. In battle, a fighter might have carried more than one kris; some carried three kris: his own, one from his father-in-law, and one as a family heirloom. The extra two served as parrying daggers, but if none were available the sheath would serve the same purpose.

Kris were often broken in battle and required repairs. Yearly cleanings, known in Javanese tradition as , is required as part of the spirituality and mythology surrounding the weapon, often left ancient blades worn and thin. The repair materials depended on location and it is quite usual to find a weapon with fittings from several areas. For example, a kris may have a blade from Java, a hilt from Bali and a sheath from Madura.

In many parts of Indonesia and the Malacca Sultanate, the kris used to be the choice weapon for an execution known as the hukuman salang. The executioner's kris had a long, straight, slender blade. The condemned knelt before the executioner, who placed a wad of cotton or similar material on the subject's shoulder or clavicle area. The blade was thrust through the padding, piercing the subclavian artery and the heart. Upon withdrawal, the cotton wiped the blade clean. In the Malay world and Java, an honourable form of execution was death by kris to the heart.

Kris were used commonly in battle, during the early modern period, instead of having professional armies, most kings within the region relied on their courtiers to mobilize for war whenever required and since most Javanese, Malay and Makassarese would own a kris, the weapon would have seen regular combat. During amok, the kris was used in a furious charge to scatter or kill a number of enemies even at the cost of one's own life.

In the 16th century, European colonial powers introduced firearms into the archipelago that contributed to the decline of using the kris as the weapon of choice in battle. The forging of edged weapons went into decline from the moment that the sultans or rajas were subjugated and their realms annexed by the British or Dutch East Indies colonial state. In number of regions, a ban was placed on carrying of cutting and stabbing weapons.

In Java, the turning point was the end of the five-year-long Java War when the rebellious Prince Diponegoro was defeated and detained, and had to hand his kris over to the Dutch in 1830. This event marked the disarmament of the kris as a combat weapon among the Javanese populace. Its ceremonial function, however, as part of traditional costumes, as sacred heirloom and as a protective personal amulet, remains.

However, the kris saw continuous use and forging in the Philippines, which comprised most of the Spanish East Indies. Kris-forgers and swordsmen were referred to as juramentados by the Spanish. Juramentados practice a ritual of sacrifice, a form of Jihad against not only Spanish soldiers, but also against Christian Filipinos alike.

The early 20th century saw the decline of kris forging as carrying edged weapons was banned in the Dutch East Indies. However its spiritual and ceremonial function still continues and is celebrated mainly in kraton and istana (courts) throughout Indonesia, Malaysia and the Muslim-inhabited parts of the southern Philippines.

Today

In Java, the traditional art of kris-making is preserved in the Javanese culture heartland, the keraton (royal court) of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, and also the princedom of Mangkunegaran and Pakualaman. The Javanese kings and nobles of these courts are known to employ some kris blacksmiths (empu) and become the patrons of their works, although the activity of kris-making is declining. Until the 1990s, kris-making activities in Java had almost come to a standstill due to economic difficulties and changing socio-cultural values. However, thanks to several concerned kris experts, the tradition is being revived and kris craftsmanship has increased again.

Over the past three decades, kris have lost their prominent social and spiritual meaning in society. Although active and honoured smiths who produce high quality kris in the traditional way can still be found in some places such as Madura, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Makassar and Palembang, their number is dramatically decreasing, and it is more difficult for them to find successors to whom they may transmit their skills. The traditional kris-making industry still survives in some villages, such as Banyu Sumurup village in Imogiri subdistrict, Bantul, Yogyakarta, either specially made as a sacred amulet ordered by a kris enthusiast who seeks its spiritual power, or merely as souvenirs for tourists.

Description
Physically, the kris is a form of dagger with a blade measuring between 15 and 50 centimetres long, sharp on both edges and tip, broader and asymmetric shape near the hilt, made of a combination of several kinds of metals. A kris's aesthetic value covers the  (the form and design of the blade, with around 150 variants), the  (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 60 variants), and  referring to the age and origin of a kris.

Blade

The kris blade is called a  or . Kris blades are usually narrow with a wide, asymmetrical base. The kris is famous for its wavy blade; however, the older types of kris dated from the Majapahit era have straight blades, as do more than half of all kris prior to the modern era. The number of curves on the blade (known as luk or lok) is always odd. Common numbers of luk range from three to thirteen waves, but some blades have up to 29. In contrast to the older straight type, most kris today have a wavy blade which is supposed to increase the severity of wounds inflicted upon a victim.

According to traditional Javanese kejawen, kris contain all the intrinsic elements of nature:  (water),  (wind),  (fire),  (earth, but also interpreted as metal or wood which both come from the earth), and aku (lit: "I" or "me", meaning that the kris has a spirit or soul). All these elements are present during the forging of kris. Earth is metal forged by fire being blown by pumped wind, and water to cool down the metal. In Bali, the kris is associated with the nāga or dragon, which also symbolizes irrigation canals, rivers, springs, wells, spouts, waterfalls and rainbows; thus, the wavy blade symbolizes the movement of the serpent. Some kris have the head of a naga (dragon) carved near the base with the body and tail following the curves of the blade to the tip. A wavy kris is thus a naga in motion, aggressive and alive; a straight blade is one at rest, its power dormant but ready to come into action.

In former times, kris blades were said to be infused with poison during their forging, ensuring that any injury was fatal. The poison used to polish kris blade is called . The process of chemical coating was done by  or  (washing) the blade with acid and minerals that contains arsenic compounds. The process of doing so was kept secret among smiths. Different types of whetstones, acidic juice of citrus fruits and poisonous arsenic bring out the contrast between the dark black iron and the light colored silvery nickel layers which together form , damascene patterns on the blade.

Pamor

The distinctive  patterns have specific meanings and names which indicate the mythical properties they are believed to impart. There are around 60 variants of  recognized today in traditional kris blades. Some examples of  include , , ,  and . The kris blade forging uses iron with a small content of nickel to create this pattern. The faint  pattern has been found in the kris from Majapahit period, which was acquired from iron ores with small nickel content. Most probably this iron ore was imported from the island of Sulawesi, as the  from Luwu region is quite well known in Sulawesi and Java.

The best material for creating  however, is acquired in a quite unusual way, as it is made from rare meteorite iron. Traditionally the  material for the kris smiths connected with the courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta originates from an iron meteorite that fell to earth at the end of 18th century in the neighborhood of the Prambanan temple complex. The meteorite was excavated and transported to the keraton of Surakarta; from that time on the smiths of  (the Royal territories) used small pieces of meteoric iron to produce  patterns in their kris, pikes, and other status weapons. After etching the blade with acidic substances, it is the small percentage of nickel present in meteoric iron that creates the distinctive silvery patterns that faintly light up against the dark background of iron or steel that become darkened by the effect of the acids.

Hilt

The handle or hilt () is an object of art, often carved in meticulous details and made from various materials: precious rare types of wood to gold or ivory. They were often carved to resemble various animals and Hindu deities, although this became less common with the introduction of Islam. In Bali, kris handles are made to resemble demons coated in gold and adorned with semi precious and precious stones, such as rubies. In Java, kris handles are made in various types, the most common design being the abstract stylized representation of the human form. Examples of hilt designs include Tunggak Semi Putri Kinurung hilt from Surakarta, Batara Guru and Pulasir hilt from Madura, Punukan hilt from Palembang, Ratmaja from Bali, Pulungan hilt from Cirebon, Pekaka hilt from Pattani, and a seabird-like hilt from Lampung and Sulawesi. The kris usually has a curved pistol-grip hilt that aids in stabbing strikes. It allows the palm of the holding hand to add pressure to the blade while stabbing. A kris only offers minimal protection for the hand by the broad blade at the hilt.

Sheath

As with the hilt, a kris' sheath (warangka) is also an object of art. It can be made from various materials, usually a wooden frame to hold the blade which can be coated with metals such as brass, iron, silver, or even gold, usually carved in sulur floral motifs. The upper part of the sheath formed a broad curved handle made from wood or sometimes ivory. It could be adorned with precious or semi-precious stones.

Forging
The making of a kris was the specialised duty of metalworkers called empu (lit. "possessor") or pandai besi (lit. "iron-skilled"). In Java the honorary title empu refer to those ironsmiths who possess the special skill of forging the kris. According to Javanese beliefs, a kris empu should possess knowledge, technical skills and also spiritual prowess, since kris are believed to have physical and spiritual presence. This was meant to differentiate the masters from common pandai besi that mostly create common metal tools or peasant's weapons like parang or golok. In old Majapahit, a kris bladesmith was referred to as pande and all were reputed to be able to work hot iron with their bare hands. The people of Majapahit would eventually flee to Bali where the occupation has been preserved by the Pande clan to this day, members of whom also make jewellery. A bladesmith makes the blade in layers of different iron ores and meteorite nickel. Some blades can be made in a relatively short time, while more intricate weapons take years to complete. In high quality kris blades, the metal is folded dozens or hundreds of times and handled with the utmost precision. Empu are highly respected craftsmen with additional knowledge in literature, history, and the occult.

Cultural beliefs

Kris were worn at special ceremonies, with heirloom blades being handed down through successive generations. Both men and women might wear them, though those for women are smaller. A rich spirituality and mythology developed around the weapon. Kris are used for display, as talismans with magical powers, weapons, sanctified heirloom, auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, as an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc.

In the Barong dance of Bali there is a segment called keris dance, in which the villain Rangda magically enchants Airlangga's soldiers to commit suicide, while another magician makes them invulnerable to sharp objects. In a trance state, the male dancers stab themselves in the chest with their own kris but remain unhurt.

Keris dance is actually a dangerous dance, since it can lead to a fatal accident that may cause injury or death. In February 2021, a 16 years old boy keris dancer was stabbed to death right in his heart by his own kris in a trance, during a Rangda dance performance in Banjar Blong Gede, Pemecutan Kaja, Denpasar, Bali.

In Javanese culture the kris is revered as tosan aji (Javanese for "sacred heirloom weapon") and considered a pusaka. The kris is believed to have the ability to infuse bravery upon its holder: this property is known as piyandel in Javanese which means "to add self-confidence". The pusaka kris or kris-tipped spear given by a Javanese king to nobles or his subjects, was meant to symbolize the king's confidence bestowed upon the receiver and is considered a great honor. During the Javanese wedding ceremony, a kris is required to be adorned with chains of jasmine flower arrangement as an important part of Javanese groom's wedding costume. The addition of jasmine arrangement around the kris was meant as a symbol that a man should not easily be angry, cruel, fierce, too aggressive, tyrannical and abusive.

Kris-makers did more than forge the weapon, they carried out the old rituals which could infuse the blade with mystical powers. For this reason, kris are considered almost alive because they may be vessels of spirits, either good or evil. Legends tell of kris that could move of their own volition and killed individuals at will. Some kris are rumored to stand upright when their real names are called by their masters. It was said that some kris helped prevent fires, death, agricultural failure, and many other problems. Likewise, they could also bring fortune, such as bountiful harvests. Many of these beliefs were derived from the possession of different kris by different people. For example, there is a type of kris in Java that was called Beras Wutah, which was believed to grant its possessor an easy life without famine. This kris was mainly assigned to government officers who were paid, in whole or in part, with foodstuffs such as rice.

There are several ways of testing whether a kris is lucky or not. A series of cuts on a leaf, based on blade width and other factors, could determine if a blade was good or bad. Also, if the owner slept with the blade under their pillow, the spirit of the kris would communicate with the owner via dream. If the owner had a bad dream, the blade was unlucky and had to be discarded, whereas if the owner had a good dream the dagger would bring good fortune. However, just because a blade was bad for one person didn't mean it would be bad for another. Harmony between the weapon and its owner was critical.

Because some kris are considered sacred and believed to possess magical powers, specific rites needed to be completed to avoid calling down evil fates which is the reason warriors often made offerings to their kris at a shrine. There is also the belief that pointing a kris at someone means they will die soon, so silat practitioners precede their demonstrations by touching the points of the blades to the ground so as to neutralise this effect.

Legendary and historic krises
Several folktales—linked to historical figures—mention legendary kris that possess supernatural power and extraordinary ability. Most of the magical kris are of Javanese origin, while the tales are mainly derived from Javanese ancient manuscript and Babad (Javanese chronicle).

Kris Mpu Gandring

One of the most famous legends from Java comes from the Pararaton (Book of Kings). It describes a legendary bladesmith called Mpu Gandring or Empu Gandring and his impatient customer, Ken Arok, in the last days of the Kediri kingdom in the 13th century. The customer ordered a powerful kris to kill the mighty chieftain of Tumapel, Tunggul Ametung. Ken Arok eventually stabbed the old bladesmith to death because he kept delaying the scheduled completion of the kris. Dying, the bladesmith cursed the kris through prophecy that the unfinished or incomplete kris would kill seven men, including Ken Arok. Ken Arok used Mpu Gandring's cursed kris to assassinate Tunggul Ametung, cunningly put the blame to Kebo Ijo, and built a new kingdom of Singhasari. The prophecy finally came true, with four men enlisted as the kris' first death roll, including Mpu Gandring himself, Tunggul Ametung, Kebo Ijo to whom Ken Arok lent the weapon, and finally Ken Arok himself. The unfinished kris then disappeared.

Another version of the tale describes that the kris passed to Ken Arok's stepson Anusapati which in turn killed his stepfather after recognized that his biological father was killed by Ken Arok with the same kris. The bloody feud continued on and on until the reign of Kertanegara, the last king of Singosari Empire

Kris Taming Sari

Taming Sari ("flower shield") is one of the most well-known kris in Malay literature, said to be so skilfully crafted that anyone wielding it was unbeatable. In some versions of the legend, the weapon would grant its user physical invulnerability. The legend took place sometime during the fall of Majapahit Empire and the rise of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century. Tun Sri Lanang's book, the Sejarah Melayu, tells that it was made by a Javanese empu and first used by the champion of Majapahit, a pendekar named Taming Sari. He was defeated in a duel to the death by the Melakan admiral Hang Tuah, after which the king of Majapahit presented the weapon to the victor.

After being framed by a jealous official, Hang Tuah was ordered to be executed, but he managed to escape and go into hiding with the help of a minister who knew the truth. Hang Tuah's kris and title of Laksamana (admiral) were passed on to his comrade Hang Jebat. Furious that his best friend was unfairly put to death, Hang Jebat rebelled against the royalty and took over the palace. The desperate ruler of Melaka pardoned the minister so long as Hang Tuah could win him back the throne. Having trained under the same master since childhood the two friends were nearly equals but of the two, Tuah was the superior fighter. However, even after a long battle in the palace, neither could best the other because the Kris Taming Sari evened the odds. Only after taking his weapon back did Hang Tuah manage to stab Jebat, who died soon after.

Kris Setan Kober

Javanese folk story tells of Arya Penangsang, the mighty viceroy (adipati) of Jipang who was killed by his own kris called Setan Kober ("devil of the grave"). It was forged by Empu Bayu Aji in the kingdom of Pajajaran, and had 13 luk on its blade. Near its completion when the empu tried to infuse the weapon with spiritual power, he was disturbed by a crying demon (djinn) from the graveyard. As a result, although powerful, the kris had a temperamental evil nature that caused the wielder to be overly ambitious and impatient.

The story took place in the 16th century, during the fall of Demak Sultanate that had replaced Majapahit as the ruler of Java. Setan Kober was safely kept by Sunan Kudus, one of the nine Islamic saints of Java. However Sunan Prawoto, son of Prince Trenggana and grandson of Raden Patah, stole it and used it to assassinate his uncle Raden Kikin by the river. Since then, Raden Kikin is also referred to as Sekar Seda Lepen (flower that fell by the river). Raden Trenggana rose as a sultan and later after his death, was replaced by Sunan Prawoto. Kikin's son, Penangsang of Jipang with the help of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, took revenge by sending an assassin to kill Prawoto using the Setan Kober kris. Prawoto younger sister Ratu Kalinyamat seeks revenge on Penangsang, since Penangsang also murdered her husband. She urged her brother in-law, Hadiwijaya (Joko Tingkir) the ruler of Pajang, to kill Arya Penangsang. Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and also his son in-law Sutawijaya, who would later become the first ruler of the Mataram dynasty.

During a battle, Sutawijaya stabbed Penangsang with the Kyai Plered spear in the gut. However, Penangsang was believed to possess aji or kesaktian (spiritual power), he kept fighting with an open wound in the stomach. He encircled his hanging intestines on his kris hilt, and continued to fight. When trying to attack his opponent, the reckless, fierce and impatient Panangsang pulled his Setan Kober off its sheath, but accidentally cut his own intestines and died.

The Javanese tradition of putting jasmine garlands around the kris hilt, especially on groom's kris during the wedding ceremony, is said to originate from this tale. It is to symbolize that the groom should not be reckless, easily get angry, impatient and abusive like Arya Panangsang. To replace the intestine, the kris is coiled with a floral garland of jasmine chain that resemble intestine. The jasmine is to symbolize sacredness, patience, grace, humility, kindness and benevolence, the qualities lack in Panangsang. However another source mentioned that actually Sutawijaya admired Penangsang's fighting spirits, still fighting although his intestine encircled around his kris. Impressed by Penangsang's deed, later he command his male descendants to follow his step, adorned the kris with "intestine" made from the chain of jasmine, as a symbol of bravery. The story of Arya Penangsang has inspired and performed as Javanese ketoprak drama.

Kris Diponegoro

During the Royal Netherlands state visit to Indonesia in March 2020, King Willem-Alexander returned the kris of Prince Diponegoro to
Indonesia, received by President Joko Widodo. Today considered as Indonesian national hero, Prince Diponegoro of Yogyakarta was the charismatic leader of the mass rebellion against Dutch colonial rule in Central Java, that was defeated and taken prisoner after the conclusion of Java War in 1830. His kris was long considered lost, but has now been found, after being identified by the Dutch National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. The kris of Prince Diponegoro represents a historic importance, as a symbol of Indonesian heroic resilience and the nation's struggle for independence. The extraordinary gold-inlaid Javanese dagger previously was held as the Dutch state collection, and is now part of the collection of the Indonesian National Museum. There is great doubt whether the Kris is the original Kris of Dipenegoro. Experts think not.

Symbolism

Throughout the archipelago, the kris is a symbol of heroism, martial prowess, power and authority. As a cultural symbol, the meticulously decorated kris represent refinement, art and beauty, as the pride and prized possession for its owner; however, as a weapon it is associated with violence, death and bloodshed. Probably for this reason, although the kris is widespread in Javanese culture, it is not used to symbolise Javanese culture or royalty, as Javanese tradition promotes harmony and discourages direct confrontation (hence the absence of knives on Indonesian dinner tables). This is also why the Javanese traditionally wear the kris on their back, to symbolize violence as the last resort. Balinese and Sundanese also wearing kris on their back. However, in other parts of archipelago, from Sumatra to the Malay Peninsula and to Sulawesi, the kris is worn on the front or left side on the hip.

The kris is depicted on different flags, emblems, coats and logos such as those of the Mataram Sultanate, Riau Islands Province, Terengganu and Selangor. The former emblem of Siam uses the kris to represent the southern territories. It can also be seen on an obverse copper-zinc-tin RM1 coin with a songket pattern in the background. The Malaya and British Borneo dollar 1 cent coin of 1962 also depicted a pair of crossed kris.

Since the independence of Malaysia, the kris has become a symbol of Malay nationalism, particularly of ketuanan Melayu, the doctrine of the Malay race as the dominant race at their homeland. It has been incorporated into the Sang Saka Bangsa, the official flag of the United Malays National Organisation.

In the Philippines, the kalis, a larger sword variant of the kris, is a symbol of Moro and southern Filipino culture, and a resistance to Spanish rule and influence. It is incorporated into the flags of the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. It has also been incorporated into the flag of Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, historical flags of the Sultanate of Sulu, as well as the emblem of the Cotabato Province.

Gallery

Popular culture

 A kris is featured in the short story "The Crab Who Played with the Sea"' from Rudyard Kipling's 1902 Just So Stories.
 Higeoyaji Moustache used a kris knife on the 1997 Jungle Emperor Leo anime film.
 Duke Org Jindrax used kris knives in the 2002 television series, Power Rangers: Wild Force.
 In 2010, a kris dagger was featured in season 11, episode 7 of the television series Midsomer Murders.
 Kris Swordsman is a unique unit of Indonesian civilization in the second expansion of the Civilization 5 game, Civilization 5: Brave New World (2013).
 Kris knives were shown in the Age of Empires II 2016 expansion pack, Rise of the Rajas, on the cutscenes of the Gajah Mada campaign. They also appeared in Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition (2019).
 In 2019, a kris was featured in season 6, episode 7 of the History Channel competition show Forged in Fire, as the round three finale weapon to be created.
 In the manga series Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (2016–2020), a character named Obanai Iguro wields a bent katana similar to a kris.

See also

 Flame-bladed sword
 Keris bahari, rapier version of keris
 Kris of Knaud, oldest surviving kris
 KRISS Vector, US submachine gun named after the blade
 Kujang, dagger from West Java

Notes

References

Further reading
 David van Duuren, The Kris: An Earthly Approach to a Cosmic Symbol. Wijk en Aalburg (The Netherlands): Pictures Publishers, 1998.
 David van Duuren, Krisses: A Critical Bibliography. Wijk en Aalburg (The Netherlands): Pictures Publishers, 2002.

 Gardner, Gerald B., Keris and Other Malay Weapons Orchid Press; Reprint Edition 2010  (Originally printed 1936 Singapore:Progressive Publishing Company)
 W. H. Rassers, "On the Javanese Kris", in: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 99, 1940, pp. 377–403.
 Victor A. Pogadaev. "Ya Khochu Obruchit'sya s Krisom" ("I Want to Be Engaged to a Keris"). In: Vostochnaya Kollektsia (Oriental Collection). Moscow, Russian State Library. N 3 (30), 2007, 133–141. .

External links

 Surprising find at Okinawa temple – The Star online
 The Kris in Java and Bali, Indonesia
 OLD BLADES (introducing krises)
 Makna Ricikan Keris (Meaning of Kris accessories)

Blade weapons
Daggers
Indonesian culture
Indonesian inventions
Indonesian words and phrases
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Ritual weapons
Weapons of Indonesia
Weapons of Java


Following a second hour retirement in the Rolex 24 Hours, the opening round of the TUDOR United SportsCar Challenge, last weekend DeltaWing Managing Partner, Don Panoz has confirmed a split rom long time gearbox partner EMCO.
EMCO Gears has been a trusted Panoz racing supplier, having supported many Panoz racing cars and Panoz teams over the years. This relationship factored into the decision to run EMCO Gears in the DeltaWing Coupe's transmission.
In a letter addressed to al the Deltawing fans published on Wednesday Panoz explained to fans the problems the DeltaWing had been facing over the past months with missed delivery dates and staff turnover.
"The new gearbox was scheduled to be delivered to the team on November 15, 2014, which would give us ample time to test the new component." Panoz wrote in an open letter to the fans on the DeltaWing website.
"We were disappointed when the due date came and passed and even more alarmed to learn our key EMCO Gears contact retired and the engineer assigned to this project left the company." he continued.
"EMCO Gears repeatedly adjusted the delivery date. Finally, the new gearbox was promised for delivery in time for The Roar Before the Rolex 24. In the end, it didn't arrive until after The Roar, forcing the team to use the old EMCO gearbox at The Roar and to go into the race with an untested new component.
You can read the full letter on the DeltaWing website.


text:
More Wii Fits coming, says Nintendo
Best "shop around" if you want to pre-order.
News by	Ellie Gibson, Contributor
Updated on 16 April 2008
Nintendo UK has responded to concerns about the fact Wii Fit appears to have sold out before it's even on shelves - insisting that "many retailers are still accepting pre-orders".
That doesn't include Play, Amazon, GAME, Shopto or Zavvi, however, all of whom have stopped offering the product for pre-order. But there's no need to worry, according to Nintendo. A statement issued to GamesIndustry.biz reads, "All retailers in the UK and Ireland have been aware of their Wii Fit allocations for launch since early March and as such we would see any stopping of pre-orders a sensible precaution on their part to ensure all current orders are met. Many retailers are still accepting pre-orders and we would advise people to shop around to secure their copy.
"As with all our launches, we are working very hard with all our retail partners to be as open and as transparent as possible with further deliveries," the statement continues.
"We're disappointed if even one person can't get hold of one of our products and we are doing everything we can to ensure we have as much stock as possible coming into the UK and Ireland not just at launch, but continually, to try and minimise any potential disappointment as much as possible."
Japan has already gone bonkers for Wii Fit, with 1.4 million sold since it launched there in December. It's out in Europe on April 25th, priced at GBP 69.99 / USD 89.99. Look out for Eurogamer's review very soon.
Visit GamesIndustry.biz, where they spend all day down the factmines to ensure there's always enough news to meet demand.
More about Wii Fit
Wii Fit Review
Ellie Gibson
Ellie spent nearly a decade working at Eurogamer, specialising in hard-hitting executive interviews and nob jokes. These days she does a comedy show and podcast. She pops back now and again to write the odd article and steal our biscuits.


It is with sadness that we advise Glenda Turner, a Foundation Member of the Ray White Group at the Mangonui office in the Far North passed away suddenly on Wednesday, 6 February 2019.
Glenda joined Mark Saxton Real Estate in 1986 and became Branch Manager of the Mangonui office when it changed to Ray White in 1993. Glenda remained Branch Manager through the transition to Far North Circle Real Estate Limited and owner Gary Steed.
Over many years, Glenda received recognition including status at the Elite, Premier and Executive levels. During her tenure with the company she was also acknowledged as the Northland Salesperson of the Year and was consistently ranked in the Top 50 Supreme Sales Members.
Glenda is survived by her partner, Dennis, three daughters and grandchildren. Glenda's farewell is a private service being held on Tuesday, 12 Febrary at Coopers Beach.


Dimension 4" H x 8" W x 2 1/2" D.
This adorable Alligator Bank from Burton & Burton is a fun way for the kids to save money. Not only does it love to chomp change, it's colorful and cute so it matches any home decor. The bottom rubber stopper allows for easy access to your savings, but be careful, this gator loves his green so watch your fingers!


text:
IJFP-20211206_Supplementary material.pdf (138.23 kB)
Population estimates of the endangered Callithrix aurita and Callithrix hybrids records in a large Atlantic Forest remnant
posted on 2022-04-15, 09:00 authored by Carla C. Gestich, João M. Gonçalves Jr., Bruno H. Saranholi, Patrícia D. Freitas, Pedro M. Galetti Jr.
Forest-dependent species are among the most threatened species due to landscape changes, and this is the case of the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix aurita), an Atlantic Forest endemic primate. Besides its extensive habitat reduction across Atlantic Forest, the species suffers from the negative impact of the presence of non-native congeners that threatens its local populations due to competition and hybridization events. Knowing the population status of this endangered species is important to guide conservation efforts. Thus, we estimated the population density of C. aurita and recorded the presence of invasive Callithrix species and Callithrix hybrids in Serra do Japi, a large forest remnant with mountainous terrain within the most human-populated region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. We surveyed a 14.8 km² area with 387.2 km of survey effort. We estimated a sighting rate of 4.4 groups/10 km walked. The maximum number of individuals recorded per group ranged from 7 to 12. We identified 15 groups throughout the sampled area, totalling 1.01 groups/km². Two individuals from two distinct groups presented body pelage characteristic of hybrids between C. aurita and other Callithrix species. No individuals of other Callithrix species were recorded within the surveyed area. Considering the total size of this remnant and the potential population size of C. aurita inhabiting this area, this local population may be an important source of individuals for helping the conservation and long-term persistence of the species. However, the presence of Callithrix hybrids in the area is worrying and may threaten the local native population. Our study reinforces the concern with C. aurita conservation and the need for studies focused on the management of hybrids and invasive Callithrix species. Mitigation measures should be directed to readily control hybridization to keep this large population of Serra do Japi safe.
Other biological sciences not elsewhere classified
densitymarmosetsplaybacksSerra do Japisighting rate


The next storybook palette from Storybook Cosmetics that I'm trying out is the Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Storybook Palette which is an official collaboration with the Roald Dahl Literary Estate. And they give 10% of all Roald Dahl income from this palette to their charity partners.
In this palette you get 12 shadows inspired by the colorful, Whipple-Scrumptious candies each with 0.043 oz product for $55. The Storybook Cosmetics x Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Storybook Palette features a delicious, patent pending, storybook style palette complete with gold and purple foil details and full-sized mirror. You have a mixture of matte, metallic, frost, and glitter finishes. The palette also has a very subtle chocolate scent. Unlike the previous palette this one is also gluten and paraben free.
I didn't find the bright colors transfer from swatch to eye very well if you don't use a very pure white base. It ends up being more subtle without that pure white base as you'll see from my photos of the look I created using this palette. I tried to use every color I could even if they don't all translate or stand out. Not that the subtle colors bother me as I love the look I created using this palette. But if you want vibrant, make sure you use a white primer to get their full payout.
The mattes in this palette did have quite a bit of kick back but I didn't notice them sticking to a specific spot or have trouble blending them out. I did have some fall out but it was very minimum. As for the glitter shades I felt those more looked like pearl shades as compared to glitter on the eyes. And the metallic shades were gorgeous… but I also apply those with my finger so they look just like the swatches. And screwing up a metallic shade is very hard to do.
Overall, I like the palette but like the Wizardry and Witchcraft Storybook Palette I would probably never end up using it after the review (if it were mine, again this is my sister's that she lets me borrow). They would end up just being collector's items on the shelf that never get grabbed just due to the fact that the palette is so bulky. I know it's the style but it's just not something I would personally reach for when doing my makeup. Especially when it comes to traveling or using the mirror… it just makes the entire process a bit much as compared to a regular sized palette.
What do you think of the Storybook Palette style? Would they just end up being collector's items for you that never get used or something you would reach for on a daily eyeshadow look?
Also which film did you prefer: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (remake with Johnny Depp) or Willy Wonka and the Chocolate factory (original film with Gene Wilder)? Personally I like the newer one more, soley due to the fact that Charlie was the only "good" kid and didn't break any rules thus making him the rightful winner of the Chocolate Factory. Whereas, in the original Charlie messed up too and only won as he returned the candy to Wonka stating he wasn't going to give it to Wonka's competitor. However, I do say Gene Wilder was a much better Willy Wonka… and Johnny Depp is well a Johnny Depp character.


text:
package es.weso.computex.entities
import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.Statement

class Cfoo (val statement:Statement){

/*  if (resource == null) {
      try {
        val literal = statement.getLiteral()

        literal.
      } catch {
        case e: LiteralRequiredException => resource
      }
*/
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This item was to be released on October 4th and that morning everyone received an email saying the item was on extended delivery and will not be in until FEBRUARY 2019. Really? This is an auto ship that was ordered back in August to be shipped in October, December and February. If we are not to get our first AS till February, does that mean they all are being pushed back by 4 months? I write to Sara Davies about this matter. This was her reply…'We at Crafter's Companion have not delayed this so I would think it is a typo, please do give HSN customer service a ring'. With that begins said…WHAT IS THE PROBLEM???
If CC is not holding up the product, why can't you delivery it?
Spoke to a very pleasant and knowledgeable agent this morning. He said that the item was over sold. I just don't understand how things can be over sold. Not with the technology running everything. Once you hit the clip level, stop taking orders. Stop promising delivery dates that you know you can't come close to. I guess it is all about sales. Get us to buy things you / HSN knows will not be filled. I know HSN has not billed us yet for these delayed products but there is little trust left.
I am so furious as well. Seems to be constant problems with HSN and Crafters Companion. I have written to Sara as well. Hope Sara can help. Hope someone can help.