text:
\section{Introduction}
\hspace*{\parindent}
Energy loss of a high transverse momentum parton travelling
 in the hot and dense medium created in ultrarelativistic collisions
has been the subject in recent years of intense investigation, reviewed in
\cite{Baier:2000mf,Kovner:2003zj,Jacobs:2004qv,Jacobs:2005tq,d'Enterria:2005hh,Salgado:2005zp}.
 With the aim of being able in particular to assert the existence of
the QGP phase of matter \cite{RHIC}.

It has become clear however, that an important issue is
 the influence of the medium evolution on the radiative energy loss, when
following the BDMPS \cite{Baier:1996kr,Baier:1996sk,Baier:1998kq} - Zakharov
 \cite{Zakharov:1997uu,Zakharov:2004vm} -
Wiedemann \cite{Wiedemann:2000tf} approach.
 The medium cannot be described as being static \cite{Gyulassy:1993hr}~:
 longitudinal and transverse flow have to be considered
\cite{Baier:1998yf,Salgado:2002cd,Wang:2002ri}.
 They may alter substantially the distribution of matter before freeze out.
 The crucial parameter for energy loss is the local transport coefficient
 $\widehat{q}(\tau )$, related to the squared average transverse momentum
transfer -- from the medium to the hard parton -- per unit length.

For an ideal QGP, and in a comoving coordinate system,
 one may relate locally $\widehat{q}$ with the energy
 density of the medium $\varepsilon$~: $\widehat{q} \simeq c~ \varepsilon^{3/4}$
with $c \simeq 2$ \cite{Baier:2002tc,Baier:2006fr}.

Recently from various authors
\cite{Eskola:2004cr,Arleo:2002kh,Arleo:2006xb,Turbide:2005fk}
came the determination of $c$ from data,
 taking into account Bjorken longitudinal expansion
\cite{Bjorken} but neglecting
 transverse flow. In \cite{Eskola:2004cr} $c$
is found to be much larger than 2
 ($c > 8 \cdots 19$, $c\simeq 10$),  leading  to speculations about
 a strongly coupled QGP
\cite{Shuryak:2004cy,Gyulassy:2004zy,Lee:2005gw,Heinz:2005zg,Blau:2005pk,Riordan:2006df}
.
A recent endeavour \cite{Renk:2005rq,Renk:2005ta}
implementing a strong non-Bjorken expansion including radial flow
\cite{Armesto:2004vz},
with a small  value of primordial transverse velocity
$v^i = 0.1$
 has led to a ``moderately optimistic''
scenario reducing $c = 10$ to $c=2$ compatible with perturbative
estimates.

In the present note, we try to reformulate the problem.
We show first how to determine $\hat{q}$ in the presence of transverse
flow by applying a proper Lorentz boost.
We assume a realistic (ideal) hydrodynamical description for
heavy-ion collisions, based on longitudinal Bjorken expansion
\cite{Bjorken} and a
radial flow with vanishing initial velocity.

 We are led  to the conclusion
 that the transverse flow  is a small effect and does not provide the
solution to the perturbative/non-perturbative dilemma.

\section{Moving medium versus medium at rest~: geometry}
\hspace*{\parindent} The problem is to find the relationship between
 $\widehat{q}$ for a moving medium and $\widehat{q}_0$ (medium at rest),
 locally in space and time. We focus on central collisions.\par

We consider -- in the transverse plane $(xy)$ of a collision--
a medium moving with velocity $\vec{v}$ along the $y$ axis towards a
 parton which enters into it
at the origin of our coordinate system  at time $\tau = 0$, at point $A$,
 leaving it at point $B$ with $B^{\mu} = t(1,  \sin \theta ,
 \cos \theta , 0 )$ where we denote by $t$ the time spent by the
 parton in the medium. The dimension of the medium in the velocity
direction being $L$, one finds
\beq
\label{1e}
t = {L \over v + \cos \theta } \ .
\eeq

\noindent The medium at rest has length $\displaystyle{{L \over \sqrt{1 - v^2}}}
\equiv L \ {\rm ch}\ \zeta$ defining $\zeta$ such that $v = {\rm th}\ \zeta$.
 Entering at point $A_0$, the parton leaves the medium at rest,
 at point $B_0$ such that as a result of the Lorentz boost, we find
\beq
\label{2e}
B_0^{\mu} = t \left ( {\rm ch}\ \zeta \left ( 1 + \cos \theta\
 {\rm th}\ \zeta \right ) , \sin \theta ,  \ {\rm ch}\ \zeta \left (
  \cos \theta +\  {\rm th}\ \zeta \right ) , 0 \right )
\eeq

\noindent with
\beq
\label{3e}
A_0B_0 = {L \ {\rm ch}\ \zeta \over \cos \theta_0}
 \equiv t\ {\rm ch} \ \zeta \left ( 1 + \cos \theta\ {\rm th}\ \zeta \right )
\eeq

\noindent The angle $\theta_0$ corresponds to the angle $\theta$, but
evaluated in the rest system of the medium,
 implying
\beq
\label{4e}
\cos \theta_0 = {{\rm th}\ \zeta + \cos \theta \over 1 +
 \cos \theta\ {\rm th}\ \zeta}
\eeq

\noindent and
\beq
\label{5e}
\sin \theta_0 = {\sin \theta \over {\rm ch}\ \zeta \left
 ( 1 + \cos \theta \ {\rm th}\ \zeta \right )} \ .
\eeq

\section{Transverse momentum broadening}

\subsection{Local geometry}
\hspace*{\parindent}
Let us define in the rest frame the initial momentum of the parton~:

\beq
\label{6e}
p_0^{\mu} = p_0 (1, \sin \theta_0, \cos \theta_0, 0)\ .
\eeq

\noindent After travelling on a small distance $\delta \tau$ -- we want to extract
 a {\bf local} information -- and experiencing $p_{\bot}$-broadening
 and energy loss, the parton has a momentum $\overline{p}_0^{\mu}$~:
\beq
\label{7e}
\overline{p}_0^{\mu} = \left ( p_0 - \delta \varepsilon_0\right ) \left
( 1, \sin \left ( \theta_0 + \delta \theta_0\right ) \cos \delta \varphi_0,
 \cos \left ( \theta_0 + \delta \theta_0\right ), \sin \left ( \theta_0 +
 \delta \theta_0\right ) \sin \delta \varphi_0  \right )
\eeq

\noindent where $\delta \varphi_0$ is the azimuthal angle in the $zx$ plane.
 In the moving frame, the corresponding momenta are~:
\bea
\label{8e}
&&p^{\mu} = p \left ( 1 , \sin \theta ,  \cos \theta , 0\right )\\
&&\overline{p}^{\mu} = (p - \delta \varepsilon ) \left ( 1, \sin \left ( \theta
 + \delta \theta\right ) \cos \delta \varphi, \cos \left ( \theta +
 \delta \theta\right  ) , \sin \left ( \theta + \delta \theta\right )
 \sin \delta \varphi \right ) \ .
\label{9e}
\eea

\noindent
The momenta in both frames are related via a Lorentz boost, which leaves the
$x$ component unchanged, leading to
\beq
\label{11e}
p \sin \theta = p_0 \sin \theta_0\ .
\eeq

\noindent
On the other hand $\delta \varphi \equiv \delta \varphi_0$,
 since the Lorentz boost does not affect the projection on the $zx$ plane.
 Using eqs. (\ref{4e}) and (\ref{5e}), we also find~:
\beq
\label{12e}
{\delta \theta \over \sin \theta} = {\delta \theta_0 \over \sin \theta_0} \ .
\eeq

\newpage
\subsection{Comparing frames}
\hspace*{\parindent}

The corresponding transverse momentum broadening is easily obtained
 in both frames~: we sum the squares of the momentum increase in the $z$
 axis direction and in the direction orthogonal to the parton momentum~:
\beq
\label{13e}
\delta p_{0\bot}^2 = \delta p_{0z}^2 + \delta p{'}^2_0 \equiv p_0^2
 \left [ \sin^2 \theta_0 \ \delta \varphi^2 + \delta \theta_0^2 \right ] \ .
\eeq

\noindent Similarly
\beq
\label{14e}
\delta p_{\bot}^2 = p^2 \left [ \sin^2 \theta \ \delta \varphi^2 +
\delta \theta^2 \right ] \ .
\eeq

\noindent Using eqs.~(\ref{11e}) and (\ref{12e}), we find that
 $\delta p_{\bot}^2 = \delta p_{0\bot}^2$ and may immediately infer
 the relation between $\widehat{q}_0$ and $\widehat{q}$~: indeed we get
\bea
\label{15e}
\delta p_{\bot}^2 &=& \widehat{q} \ \delta \tau \qquad \hbox{and} \\
\delta p_{0\bot}^2 &=& \widehat{q}_0 \ \delta \tau_0 =
 \widehat{q}_0 \ \delta \tau \left [ {\rm ch}\
 \zeta \left ( 1 + \cos \theta \ {\rm th}\ \zeta\right ) \right ] \ ,
\label{16e}
\eea

\noindent leading to (locally)~:
\beq
\label{17e}
\widehat{q} \equiv \widehat{q}_0\ {\rm ch}\ \zeta \left ( 1 + \cos
 \theta ~{\rm th} \zeta \right )  \ .
\eeq

\noindent Recently
this transformation property has  been independently derived
in \cite{Urs}, and already used in \cite{Renk:2006sx}.

\noindent $\widehat{q}_0$ may be parametrized as discussed in the Introduction.

\noindent Writing the transverse flow velocity as $u^{\mu} = ({\rm ch}\ \zeta ,
 0,  - {\rm sh}\ \zeta , 0)$ and with the parton momentum written as
 $\displaystyle{{p^{\mu} \over p_0}} =
(1, \sin \theta,  \cos \theta, 0 )$, we get
\beq
\label{18e}
\widehat{q} = \widehat{q}_0 \ {u^{\mu} \cdot p^{\mu} \over p_0}\ .
\eeq

\noindent A way to understand this relation is to write the transport
 coefficient as the rate of interaction -- the number of interactions
 per unit time -- multiplied by the typical invariant scale
 $\mu^2$ characterizing the momentum transfer to the parton
 in a parton-medium collision~: for a medium at rest
 $\widehat{q}_0 = R_0 \mu^2$ and for a moving medium
 $\widehat{q} = R \mu^2$. The rate of interaction varies indeed like the
inverse of the time spent in the medium~:
\beq
\label{18ea}
{R \over R_0} = {\rm ch} \ \zeta \left ( 1 + \cos \theta \ {\rm th}
 \ \zeta \right )  \ ,
\eeq

\noindent so that eq.~(\ref{17e}) is recovered.

\subsection{Parton transverse broadening}
\hspace*{\parindent}

\noindent Using $\widehat{q}_0 (\tau )$
we may now calculate the transverse broadening
\cite{Baier:1996sk} obtained
 when taking into account the transverse flow for a parton
travelling in a thermalized medium at temperature $T$.
 This last condition allowing
 us to determine the $\tau$ dependence of $T$ and the transverse velocity
$v$ by using hydrodynamical model codes. \par

In Fig.~\ref{fig:N0} we have schematized the situation
 in the transverse plane \cite{Eskola:2004cr}~:
 the vector $\vec{s} (s, \phi )$ defines the point in the plane
 where the hard parton enters the medium. The parton then follows a
 path along the unit vector $\widehat{n}$ and along its way,
 encounters the radial flow along the direction $\vec{r}$ which
 depends on time $\tau$.\par

\begin{figure}[t]
\centerline{\epsfig{bbllx=1,bblly=1,bburx=460,bbury=330,
file=d4.eps,width=80mm}}
\caption{\label{fig:N0}\vspace{0.3cm} View of the kinematics in the transverse plane.
}
\end{figure}

\vspace{0.3cm}

\noindent
We write $\vec{r} = \vec{s} + \tau \widehat{n}$ and defining
 $\theta$ (according to the definition given in sect.~2)
and $\phi$ as in Fig.~\ref{fig:N0},  we find that
\beq
\label{19e}
\cos \theta =  { s \cos \phi - \tau \over \sqrt{s^2 + \tau^2 - 2 s
 \tau \cos \phi}} \ .
\eeq

\noindent Writing ${\rm ch}\  \zeta$ as $\displaystyle{{1
 \over \sqrt{1 - v^2}}} \equiv \gamma (v)$ and
${\rm th}\  \zeta = v$,
where $v$ depends on $r$ and $\tau$. We may now get the following expression
 for the transverse broadening of the parton for a cylindrical medium at
 central rapidity~:
\bea
\label{20e}
(\Delta p_{\bot}^2)_{Bj + flow} &=&
 {1 \over \pi R_A^2} \int_0^{R_A} sds \int_0^{2\pi}
 d\phi \int_{\tau_0}^{\tau_{max}} d\tau\ \widehat{q}_0 \left ( T (r,
 \tau )\right ) \gamma (v) \left ( 1 + v \cos \theta \right )
\eea

\noindent where $\tau_{max}$ is defined as the maximum in-medium path
 length compatible with geometry and taking into account the life-time
 of the thermalized medium $\tau_{QGP}$~:
\beq
\label{21ea}
\tau_{max} = \ {\rm min} \left \{ \tau_{max}^{geom}, \tau_{QGP}\right \} \ ,
\eeq

\noindent with
\beq
\label{21e}
\tau_{max}^{geom} =  s \cos \phi + \sqrt{s^2 \cos^2 \phi + R_A^2 - s^2} \ ,
\eeq

\noindent and $\tau_0$ is the initial time.
In the integral (\ref{20e}) the boundaries are simplified by neglecting the
flow beyond the nucleus radius $R_A$ (c.f. Fig.~\ref{fig:N2}).
 The life-time $\tau_{QGP}$ is
 estimated in the framework of Bjorken expansion \cite{Bjorken}, after having fixed the
 initial temperature and taking the final temperature as $T \simeq 200$~MeV.
 (In the following we take $\tau_{QGP} \simeq 4.5 ~$fm).
\par

We  actually calculate the ratio
\beq
\label{200e}
R_{flow} =
 (\Delta p_{\bot}^2)_{Bj + flow} /(\Delta p_{\bot}^2)_{Bj}
\eeq
in order to quantify the importance of the radial flow in addition to
 Bjorken ($Bj$) longitudinal expansion \cite{Bjorken},
for which
\beq
\label{Bje}
\hat{q_0} (T) = \hat{q_0}(T_0) {(\frac{T}{T_0})}^3 =
\hat{q_0}(\tau_0) (\frac{\tau_0}{\tau})^{3c_s^2} \ ,
\eeq
where $c_s$ denotes the sound velocity (taken to be $c_s =
\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$).

\noindent  The calculation is
 done in the framework of ideal hydrodynamics,
assuming initial conditions relevant for heavy-ion collisions, e.g.
a vanishing flow velocity at initial time $\tau_0$ \cite{Baym}.
 The result is shown as the solid curve in
 Fig.~\ref{fig:N1}
 for a cylindrical medium of radius $R_A = 6.4$~fm ($Au$ nucleus),
fixing the initial time $\tau_0 = 0.5$~fm, as a function of
 the initial temperature $T_0$. \par
The curves are actually calculated using the approximate analytic expressions
derived in \cite{Baym} (see also \cite{Baier:2006gy}).
In the ratio $R_{flow}$ the dependence on the initial temperature $T_0$ cancels.
Ignoring the limit given by $\tau_{QGP}$ results in the dotted curve.
We note that $R_{flow}$ is smaller than 1. This can be understood in the
 following way: the flow has a non
negligible effect  for large enough values of $r$, where $v$
differs significantly from 0.
 But this is only realized (see Fig.~\ref{fig:N0})  when the jet is
moving   with the flow, since then  $\cos \theta  \simeq -1$, and
therefore $\gamma (v) (1+ v \cos \theta) < 1$.
This effect is even larger for the dotted curve.

 We note that the angular dependence
of eq. (\ref{17e}), which is responsible
for the reduction of broadening, and also quenching,
is not present in the ansatz for $\widehat{q}$ given
in \cite{Armesto:2004vz} and used in \cite{Renk:2005rq,Renk:2005ta}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\centerline{\epsfig{bbllx=1,bblly=80,bburx=700,bbury=760,
file=qflow.eps,width=95mm}}
\caption{\label{fig:N1} $R_{flow}$ as a function of initial temperature $T_0$
from eqs.~(\ref{20e}) and (\ref{200e}) (solid curve). Dashed and
dotted curves as described in the text.}
\end{figure}

As an exercise we calculated $R_{flow}$ with the following set-up:
we assume that $\widehat{q_0}(T,\tau)$ follows Bjorken's $\tau$ dependence
(\ref{Bje}), keeping the hydro velocity $v(r,\tau)$ in $\gamma (v)$, but without
the $r$-dependence in the temperature, and dropping the $\cos \theta$ term.
The ratio  $R_{flow}$
becomes larger than one, which can be seen from the dashed curve
 in Fig.~\ref{fig:N1},
because in this case the factor $\gamma (v)$ wins.

Two conclusions emerge~:

a) the effect of the transverse flow is small and of the order $\le 10\ \%$.

b) the ratio $ R_{flow}$ is smaller than 1 which goes against the possibility
that the transverse flow would allow us to solve the
 perturbative/non-perturbative dilemma discussed in the introduction. \par

The smallness of the effect is due to the fact that the
 transverse velocity takes a long time to reach an appreciable value,
 starting from $v = 0$ and cannot provide the possibility of
 compensating the cooling effect. This can be visualized in Fig.~\ref{fig:N2}
 where we have plotted the quantity $(T/T_0)^3\cdot \gamma (v)$ --
 which is essentially the integrand in eq. (\ref{20e}) --
 for different values of $\tau$, as a function of $r$, using ideal
 hydrodynamics \cite{Baym}.

It is interesting to investigate the
effects due to a non-vanishing shear viscosity  compared to the ideal
hydrodynamical description for
the quantity $(T/T_0)^3\cdot \gamma (v)$, which
is plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:N3}. The details of this
calculation may be found in \cite{Baier:2006gy}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\vspace{2.0cm}
\centerline{\epsfig{bbllx=1,bblly=1,bburx=600,bbury=460,
file=qratio.eps,width=100mm}}
\caption{\label{fig:N2}  $(T/T_0)^3\cdot \gamma (v)$ as a function of $r$
for different values of $\tau$ calculated from ideal hydrodynamics
\cite{Baym}.
}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
\vspace{2.0cm}
\centerline{\epsfig{bbllx=1,bblly=1,bburx=720,bbury=540,
file=rfinal.eps,width=95mm}}
\caption{\label{fig:N3} Effects due to non-vanishing shear viscosity $\eta$
\cite{Paul}.}
\end{figure}

No significant effects due to the transverse flow in the presence of
shear viscosity are found, as maybe  expected, when comparing the solid
 and dashed curves in
Fig.~\ref{fig:N3}, although cooling is slowed down at least
for times $\tau$ presented in this figure: $R_{flow}$ stays of $O(1)$.

\section{Energy loss}

The medium-induced radiative jet energy loss is  determined by the
transport coefficient $\hat{q}$.
While the energy loss formalism has been previously developed only for
a medium without flow it is apparent from the discussion at the end of
section 3.B that if one uses $\widehat{q}$, as given in eq.~(\ref{17e}),
to determine the interaction of QCD partons with the medium then there
is no modification of the fundamental energy loss formulas.
Thus eqs.~(25) and (26) of \cite{Baier:1998yf} remain valid in the
 presence of flow.
 The basic quantity
is the radiation spectrum of gluons emitted from the high energy parton.
In the soft gluon energy limit, $\omega$
much smaller than the parton energy, the dominant mechanism consists in
multiple scatterings of the radiated gluon off the "centers" describing
the medium \cite{Baier:1996kr}. For static centers, as well as for a dense (thermal)
 medium which undergoes
longitudinal Bjorken-type expansion \cite{Bjorken}
 the gluon spectrum
obeys the following scaling law in terms of a characteristic
gluon energy $\omega_c$ \cite{Salgado:2002cd,Kovner:2003zj},

\bea
\label{40e}
\omega \frac{dI}{d\omega} = \tilde{I}(\omega/\omega_c)~.
\eea

\noindent
For static centers \cite{Baier:1996kr}

\bea
\label{41e}
\omega_c = \frac{1}{2} \hat{q} L^2~,
\eea
 where $L$ denotes the path length of the energetic jet in the medium.

\noindent
In the expanding case \cite{Baier:1998yf}, eq.~(\ref{41e}) is generalized to
\cite{Salgado:2002cd,Wang:2002ri}

\bea
\label{42e}
\omega_c = \int_0^L ~d\tau \tau \hat{q}(\tau) ~,
\eea
with $\hat{q}(\tau) \approx 1/\tau$, when following Bjorken \cite{Bjorken}.

However, when transverse flow is present in the medium this nice scaling
property does not hold, since $\hat{q}$ appears at different times,
corresponding to the interference product of the emission amplitude
 and the complex
conjugate one (see eg. eq.~(25) in \cite{Baier:1998yf}).
As for the case of $p_\perp$-broadening,
we do not expect large effects due to transverse flow.
Therefore, for simplicity, we calculate the ratio

\bea
\label{43e}
R_{\omega_c} = \frac{(\omega_c)_{Bj + flow}}{(\omega_c)_{Bj}}~.
\eea
In comparison with the calculation of $R_{flow}$, we only estimate
 the first moment
with respect to the path length  $\tau$ of the energetic jet, i.e.

\bea
\label{44e}
(\omega_c)_{Bj + flow} =
 {1 \over \pi R_A^2} \int_0^{R_A} sds \int_0^{2\pi}
d\phi \int_0^{\tau_{max}} d\tau\ \tau\ \widehat{q}_0
\left ( T (r, \tau )\right ) \gamma (v)
 \left ( 1 + v \cos \theta \right ) \ ,
\eea
and accordingly for $(\omega_c)_{Bj}$.

\noindent As we expect from Fig.~\ref{fig:N1} the ratio $R_{\omega_c}$
does not differ significantly from  $1$, when calculated within
(ideal) hydrodynamics and realistic initial
conditions for the flow field
$v(r, \tau_0)$: a typical value is $R_{\omega_c} \simeq
0.85$ for $\tau_0 = 0.5~fm, T_0 = 400 ~MeV$.
From this estimate, we expect small effects of radial flow
on the quenching of large transverse momentum hadrons produced in
nucleus-nucleus collisions.
This conclusion on $R_{\omega_c} < 1$
 is confirmed in the recent analysis in \cite{Renk:2006sx}
using eq.~(\ref{17e}).

\noindent
Our study seems to  rule out the possibility of reducing the
large value of $\widehat{q}$ from model comparisons with data
\cite{Eskola:2004cr} by
including radial flow with initial conditions,
which we assume to be  realistic and causal in heavy-ion collisions.

\vspace{0.5cm}

{\bf Acknowledgements}

We would like to thank P.~Romatschke and
 U.~A.~Wiedemann for stimulating discussions
and useful comments.
We thank K.~Rajagopal for questions and T.~Renk for
comments, which led us to revise our
original paper.
This work was partially supported by the US
Department of Energy.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


CMS Survey Stress, No Sweat!
Karen's 30+ years of nursing has varied - her last 18 years has been as Director of Dialysis for a small hospital-based outpatient dialysis center in rural Upper Peninsula of MI. She has been a member of the NRAA since 2007 and is passionate about quality and service for dialysis patients. She attended a CMS Surveyor Training class in the past and extends her passion from quality and service to a culture of survey readiness. Today she will moderate our expert panelists through The Survey Experience.
Tosha Whitley is the Clinical Director at Northwest Kidney Centers.


text:
Home/The Germs/Music/Vinyl, CD & Tape/Rock & Indie/Punk | Hardcore
The Germs
The Germs Punk | Hardcore 2 Items
Rock & Indie2Punk | Hardcore2
Germs, The
Lions Share
LP | 2019 | EU | Original (Fanclub)
Live At Starwood Dec. 3, 1980
2LP | 2019 | US | Original (Run Out Groove Vinyl)
Release:2019 / US – Original
• First worldwide release of this title on vinyl!
• Pressed on 180g solid white and solid blue mixed color vinyl at Record Industry and comes in a gatefold tip-on jacket
• Includes replicas of the tour poster and fanzine
• Limited and individually numbered based on preorders / The Germs were a punk rock band from Los Angeles (1976–1980) consisting of singer Darby Crash, guitarist Pat Smear, bassist Lorna Doom and drummer Don Bolles (following a short stint by Donna Rhia). They were featured in Penelope Spheeris' 1980 documentary film The Decline of Western Civilization which chronicled the Los Angeles punk scene. Crash and Smear decided to form a band after getting kicked out of high school for allegedly using "mind control" on fellow students. Their original band name was "Sophistifuck and the Revlon Spam Queens" but they decided to shorten the name as they could not afford that many letters on a t-shirt! The Germs initially drew musical influence from Iggy Pop, David Bowie, Ramones, the Runaways, Sex Pistols and New York Dolls. Early on, Smear was the only musically experienced member—remarkably talented and fluid, with critics posthumously acknowledging his lyrics as poetic art; Doom survived early performances by sliding a finger up and down the fretboard of her bass while Rhia generally kept a minimal beat on the bass drum, periodically bashing the cymbal; Crash usually arrived onstage incoherent from drugs, singing everywhere but into the mic and taunting the audience between songs. Early performances drew raucous crowds, usually verging on riotous. The band eventually developed a sound that was very influential while maintaining a reputation as a chaotic live band, delivering intense, theatrical and increasingly musical performances.
Following the release of their only studio album G.I. in 1979 on Slash Records (produced by Joan Jett), the Germs recorded 6 original songs with producer Jack Nitzsche for the soundtrack to the film Cruising starring Al Pacino. Only one of the 6 tracks found its way onto the soundtrack but the others were later released on MIA: The Complete Anthology. In 1980, Crash contacted Smear about doing a "reunion" show to put punk in perspective for the punks on the scene. On December 3, 1980, an over-sold Starwood hosted a final show of the reunited Germs. At one point, Crash told the audience "we did this show so you new people could see what it was like when we were around. You're not going to see it again." Crash committed suicide on Dec. 7, 1980 at age 22, overdosing on heroin.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


2308743 2014-09-29 No Violations Noted Well spud by Highland 14 top hole rig on 9/28/14; drilled to 525' TD; set 20 casing @ 507; preparing to cement well.
2347065 2015-01-14 No Violations Noted Well drilled to TD. Well waiting to be fracked.
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Please Take Me Home Before Dark provides inspiration, information, and support to family members and care professionals of Alzheimer's patients. The authors share their mother's progression through Alzheimer's disease to benefit others facing the same situation.
When someone in your family suffers from Alzheimer's disease or other related memory loss diseases, both you and your loved ones face immense challenges. For over twenty years this book has been the trusted "bible" for families affected by dementia disorders. Now thoroughly revised and updated, this guide provides all the practical and specific advice you need to make care easier, improve quality of life and lift the whole family's spirits. It features the latest medical research and news on the current delivery of care, with new appendices including websites and association listings.
When our parents reach a certain age and have difficulty coping, we find ourselves wondering how to provide them with the kind of love, care, support, and attention they need – just as they have done for us all our lives. Parenting your Parent shows, through case studies, that you are not alone and offers advice to help you along this difficult but rewarding journey.
Described as "a must-read for boomers with aging parents, soon-to-be retirees, and young seniors in our country", this book provides practical, step-by-step suggestions on the key care-related topics, which a daughter-son-spouse-senior may be tackling now or will later have to handle during this stage in their own or loved one's lives. Some topics include how to: hire, adjust to, and work with a variety of caregivers; deal with worrisome medications; make an at-home living environment safe; decide on aging-in-place and nursing home care; serve as an advocate at key times; balance work and a family with caregiving duties and obligations; say good-bye and go forwards when care ends.
This book will answer all the financial and legal questions that can arise when caring for the elderly, including: How do you plan for the management of the elder's affairs should he/she become incompetent in the future? Is the proper insurance being carried or can it be restructured to reduce expenses? How much money can I give my elders without impacting government aid? What are the goals of estate tax planning?
Our Turn to Parent offers practical advice on; deciding when you need to step in and help, developing the caregiver relationship with your parents, discussing with the family your parents' hopes and plans for the future, navigating the medical system, organizing your parents' finances before they become incapacitated, making clear your parents' personal care and end-of-life wishes, and caring for yourself.
O'Dell, a member of the "sandwich generation"–made up of boomers taking care of both their own children and their elderly parents–portrays the experience of looking after a mother suffering from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's with brutal honesty and refreshing grace. A beautiful rendering of a difficult but all-too-common situation, told with plenty of humor, a touch of martyrdom, and much love.
More than four million Americans suffer from Alzheimer's, and as many as twenty million have close relatives or friends with the disease. Revolutionizing the way we perceive and live with Alzheimer's, Joanne Koenig Coste offers a practical approach to the emotional well-being of both patients and caregivers that emphasizes relating to patients in their own reality. Her accessible and comprehensive method, which she calls habilitation, works to enhance communication between care partners and patients and has proven successful with thousands of people living with dementia.
Witnessing firsthand the decline of a family member is one of the most difficult things we can go through. How to adapt and give our family members the best care we can is at the heart of this practical, user friendly guide. A Caregiver's Guide is being used by paid caregivers and families all across the country. It provides information on what Alzheimer disease is, as well as its diagnosis and stages, treatments, suggestions for ensuring a safe home environment, and practical tips on communicating, activities, bathing, eating, spirituality, and sexuality.
Aaron and Stella Alterra had been married for more than sixty years when Aaron began to notice puzzling lapses in his wife's memory. Innocuous at first, they became more severe and more alarming. After a series of appointments and tests, the Alterras were informed that Stella was one of the more than 4.5 million Americans with Alzheimer's disease. Alterra chronicles his transformation from husband to caregiver after his wife's diagnosis. The Caregiver is an intelligent, beautifully reflective testimony to how family members turned caregivers become the ultimate advocates for their loved ones in the face of a disease with no cure.
"I want to provide the best care possible. The suffering has gone on for a long time, and I want to be sure the end stage is as comfortable as possible." This common sentiment is expressed by both health care professionals responsible for caring for frail elders experiencing the later stages of dementia and family members trying to ensure the most compassionate care for their loved ones. This guidebook reflects Dr. Gordon's extensive experience with health care professionals and families struggling with these poignant and difficult decisions.
The Comfort of Home series shows family and professional home caregivers how to be ready for all of Alzheimer's stages, with special emphasis on how to provide physical, day-to-day care safely and without conflict. Some of the important topics covered here include responding to problem behaviors, arranging the home to make it safe and comfortable, purchasing equipment, traveling with Alzheimer's patients, handling emergencies, and communicating with healthcare professionals to get effective service.
Still Alice is as compelling as A Beautiful Mind and as powerful as Ordinary People. You will gain an understanding of those affected by early-onset Alzheimer's disease and remain moved and inspired long after you have put it down.
Based on the short story "The Bear came over the Mountain" by Alice Munro (1999).
Away From Her is a beautifully moving love story that deals with memory and the circuitous, unnamable paths of a long marriage. Married for 50 years, Grant and Fiona's commitment to each other appears unwavering, and their everyday life is full of tenderness and humour. This serenity is broken only by the occasional, carefully restrained reference to the past, giving a sense that this marriage may not always have been such a fairy tale. This tendency of Fiona's to make such references, along with her increasingly evident memory loss, creates a tension that is usually brushed off casually by both of them. As the lapses become more obvious and dramatic, it is no longer possible for either of them to ignore the fact that Fiona is suffering from Alzheimer's disease.


CROSBY, Texas — President Donald Trump's support for shifting more power to states took a back seat Wednesday to his affinity for oil and gas production as he aimed to make it harder for states to block pipelines and other energy projects due to environmental concerns. By Darlene Superville and Kevin Freking. SENT: 710 words. With AP photos.
NEW YORK — Amazon is getting cozy with the oil industry — and some employees aren't happy about it. By Joseph Pisani. SENT: 890 words. With AP photos.


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5G smartphones to capture 50% of global market by 2023, says IDC
Currently, the consumer demand for 5G smartphone is very low due to higher price and economic headwinds faced by the market in wake of coronavirus-led lockdown
5G smartphones are expected to capture 50 per cent of the global market by 2023
BusinessToday.In
Updated Sep 08, 2020, 10:41 AM IST
The worldwide smartphone market is expected to decline 9.5 per cent year over year in 2020 with shipments totaling 1.2 billion units, according to a recent International Data Corporation (IDC) report. The smartphone market, however, is expected to return to a full recovery by 2022 on the back of strong 5G push.
"On a positive note, IDC expects the smartphone market will return to a full recovery by 2022, and will achieve a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1.7 per cent over the five year forecast, largely driven by the assumption that smartphones will continue to be the computing platform of choice for most of the world," it said.
As per IDC report, 5G smartphones are expected to capture 50 per cent of the global market by 2023. It expects global 5G smartphone average selling prices (ASPs) to hit $495 by 2023, which would eliminate most of the price concerns voiced by consumers in recent surveys, it said.
Currently, the consumer demand for 5G smartphone is very low due to higher price and economic headwinds faced by the market in wake of the coronavirus-led lockdown. As per the report, the supply-driven 5G push coupled with a poor economic climate will lead the drop in selling price in 2020 and beyond, which would boost demand for the 5G smartphone.
"5G remains a priority for all smartphone original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) despite the challenges with the COVID-19 pandemic and lack of consumer demand," said Ryan Reith, program vice president with IDC's Worldwide Mobile Device Trackers.
"We still believe that consumer demand for 5G is very low and when that is combined with the economic headwinds facing the market, the pressure to drive down hardware and service fees associated with 5G will become increasingly important," Reith added.
The report noted that prior to the pandemic there was an expectation that total smartphone sales would return to growth in 2020, which is unlikely to happen. "Although we expect year-over-year growth of 9 per cent in 2021, that is only due to the large drop in 2020. The real recovery won't happen until 2022 when smartphone volumes return to pre-COVID levels," said Nabila Popal, research director with IDC's Worldwide Mobile Device Trackers.
"Other elements beyond 5G will play a role in the market recovery, most notably the continued opportunity in developing markets. There continues to be a strong shift towards low- to mid-end 4G devices in developing regions, which make up over 80 per cent of smartphone volumes in these regions," Popal added.
By Chitranjan Kumar
Also Read: India's premium smartphone market grew 18% YoY in H1 2020; Samsung leads with 37% share
Also Read: Coronavirus impact: Smartphone shipments to dip 48% in June quarter
Also Read:Coronavirus impact: Xiaomi says anti-China sentiment won't hit India business


This instead of the light stand I was using.
I will put this camera on a shelf in the B&W Room. A light stand won't work there.
The wood is Red Oak, stained black, oiled, and then waxed.
Finished a scrap piece of red oak–sanded, stained, oiled, and waxed. Drilled a 1/4″ hole and fastened the camera base to the board–2 days. Finishing is a slow process [waiting for stain and Tung Oil to dry].


text:
Russia-IC / People / A / Leonid Andreyev
Leonid Andreyev
Born: 21 August [O.S. 9 August] 1871
Deceased: September 12, 1919
Writer, playwright, founder of expressionism.
Leonid Andreyev was born on August 21, 1871 into a middle-class family in the city of Oryol. As a child yet he showed great interest in literature. He got educated in a classical grammar school of his hometown, where he studied from 1882 to 1891. It was followed by entering the St. Petersburg University, where Leonid studied at the law department.
His family was quite well-to-do until the death of his father. Afterwards Leonid endured a period of financial hardships: he was short of money, sometimes even to the brink of starving. At that time Leonid Andreyev wrote his first short stories, but they were not taken for publication. He quit university, and later transferred to the Moscow University to major in law as well. In order to provide for the family he had to work hard and change a few job positions.
After graduating the University in 1897 he went in for legal profession. Around the same time Leonid Andreyev started his journalistic writing for The Moscow Messenger magazine. In 1898 he had his short story first published in a newspaper – it was Bargamot and Garaska, which attracted attention of Maxim Gorky, who advised Leonid Andreyev to focus on his literary work. Thus, the beginning writer soon stopped his law practice and managed to write his first collection of short stories and short novels that was published in 1901 and gained him great popularity, making him a literary celebrity.
From that time till 1905 Leonid Andreyev published a number of short stories on various subjects, among them the way of life in Russian provinces, court cases and prison incidents, etc. Keen on psychology, he conveyed a range of profound insights into human nature, some of his characters destined to become classic characters of Russian literature.
In the course of the first Russian revolution Leonid Andreyev took an active part in social life, standing up for democracy. The atmosphere of that time is very well reflected in his stories, including The Red Laugh (1904), Governor (1905) and The Seven Who Were Hanged (1908). The novelist was put to prison, but soon released on bail.
In November 1905 he left Russia and moved to Germany first, and then to Italy, and Finland. Starting from 1905 he also authored lots of plays, namely The Life of Man (1906), Tsar Hunger (1907), Black Masks (1908), Anathema (1909), The Days of Our Life (1909), and many others. The Life of Man was staged by Constantin Stanislavski at the Moscow Art Theatre and Vsevolod Meyerhold in Saint Petersburg.
World War I echoed in his plays The Sorrows of Belgium, The Life of Man (1917), The Rape of the Sabine Women (1922), He Who Gets Slapped (1922), and Anathema (1923). Though he initially supported February Revolution in Russia he warned against the Bolsheviks. When in Finland, he wrote manifestos to the world against the Bolsheviks' seizing power. An idealistic rebel, the writer spent the last years of his life in poverty and prematurely died of heart failure on September 12, 1919.
His son Daniil Andreyev is a remarkable mystic poet, the author of the world famous Roza Mira, aka The Rose of the World. The Metaphilosophy of History.
Tags: Leonid Andreyev Russian Literature
Russian International Russian space exploration national security Regional Cuisines St. Petersburg Alisher Usmanov Russian Film Distribution Timashevsk Orchestras National Russian Drinks Russian Internet blacklist Cars South Stream Valery Gergiev Travel Moscow Andrei Kirilenko investment Maly Semyachik travel to Russia National Reserve Bank Moscow Parking Sochi Geography The Bolshot Theatre environment St. Petersburg University Wings of Russia Alexandrinsky Theatre Russian women Archaeology Russian business Festivals in Moscow Vladivostok airport Russian tourism Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Russia Exhibitions in Moscow Russian Cinema Russian tennis Irina Yarovaya Nelidovo Vladimir Vysotsky Russian regions business Crown Prince of Russian Empire Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts Brass Band Festival "Fanfares" Aeroflot Russian oil and gas industry Boris Nemtsov Mikhailovsky Theatre


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Dropdown Image
Speaking Setup Guide
Why Nick Scott
Book Nick
Discovering the Leader Within You
An organization's success depends on the full contribution and productivity of each and every employee. Achieving optimal results for your organization requires full engagement of the diverse perspectives which represent your market place as well as your workforce. Engaged teams are the lifeblood of successful organizations. They produce results that far exceed the sum of the individual capacities of their members.
Influence over yourself determines whether you're fit or overweight, whether you take action or procrastinate, whether you're a victor or victim. Influence with others determines your effectiveness as a partner, business person and leader. Influence is the ultimate skill in achieving overwhelming success.
Nick Scott Tells His Story
Nick Scott was an average 16-year old who played on his high school football team and loved athletics. His was the life of any teenager who went to classes and hung out with friends; but that all changed in an instant. An automobile accident turned the normal life into an exceptional life. Miraculously, Nick escaped death once cleared from the twisted metal of his automobile. Nick suddenly found himself paralyzed from the waist down and confined to a wheelchair. Years of depression and self-abuse begin Nick's sometimes painful, but ultimately uplifting story of how he rediscovered his life by learning to look at things through a new lens.
This is the story of one man's determination to hold tightly to his dreams, his drive to succeed, and his passion for pushing people, including himself, to perform at the optimal level. Audience members will learn how to apply the principles that renewed Nick's life to enhance their own lives and help those under their care. Nick keeps audience members on the edge of their seats as he engages every person and instills the power to achieve dreams. His trials and errors earn him the top ranking in fitness coaching and motivational speaking. How is Nick's presentation different from others? Nick knows more than anyone else does; there are no excuses. There are no excuses for giving up or quitting.
Book Nick Scott
Motivating Millions
Nick Scott brings his motivational talent, charismatic style and his incredible story to speaking engagements worldwide. At 16-years old, Nick was involved in a tragic automobile accident that took his mobility and almost consumed his spirit. The young man settled in depression for several years and was borderline suicidal. The day Nick Scott decided to do something to improve his life is the day the world gained a dynamic, passionate motivating voice.
Instill Solid Management and Life Skills in Your Employees
In an uncertain and changing global marketplace, what provides the real competitive advantage for your company? What type of professional development tools and skills will your employees need to ensure your company will not only survive, but thrive?
Be a Visionary: When you have a vision, it's about changing the perspective of things, helping others to stretch themselves a little more to give their best. Embrace your company's vision. Surround yourself with people who share your vision so they can help you succeed and achieve your goals.
Value Time: Time is the most precious commodity you have; it's the one thing you can't ever get back and it's the great equalizer among us all. Don't you deserve to live with the absolute certainty that you're getting the most from each moment?
Give Employees a Presentation that Ignites Their Enthusiasm
Our deepest fear is not that we may be inadequate; rather, it is that we may be more powerful than we ever imagined. Nick Scott explains this profound truth, helping your people understand that it is the light within each of us, not the darkness, that we so often turn from in fear. That is tragic because pretending to be smaller than we are does not benefit your company and it does not serve the world.
From the time we were children, we were all meant to shine. Nick will encourage every member of your organization to let their own light shine, because in doing so, they give others permission to shine as well. This important message will liberate audience members from their fears, teach them how to recover quickly from mistakes and failures, and equip them to finish the race as stronger and wiser people. Nick will let your organization know that it is possible to triumph in tough times—as long as we view obstacles as opportunities and harness the incredible strength within us.
WHY NICK SCOTT?
CEO / President / Founder Wheelchair Bodybuilding, Inc.
Global Promoter of Wheelchair Bodybuilding
IFBB Professional Wheelchair Bodybuilder
Professional Wheelchair Ballroom Dancer
2-Time World Powerlifting Champion
Master Trainer – ISSA
Award-Winning Actor
EDUCATION + INSPIRATION FOR EMPLOYEES = A SUCCESSFUL EVENT FOR YOUR COMPANY
It's easy to spot a winning organization. Just look for the company that fully engages its employees' minds, hearts, and strengths, and you will find a workforce that is both building value every day and leaving the competition behind. Without strong, enlightened leadership, this kind of organizational performance is simply not possible.
Nick Scott will equip your leaders and managers to unleash their own brilliance so that they, in turn, can help employees release theirs. Your organizational leaders will learn to think about the role they play in the company's success in a new and powerful way. Nick will give them the practical tools they need to focus on key behaviors and the essential organizational ingredients they need to motivate and inspire your team for maximum results.
EXPERIENCED PRESENTER + CUSTOMIZED APPROACH = A MOTIVATED AUDIENCE!
Nick Scott knows leadership. In this challenging presentation, Nick establishes a connection with the leaders in his audience and renews their enthusiasm for pushing toward—and exceeding—the goals they have set for themselves and their organization. Perfect for association executives, sales professionals, business executives, managers, and entrepreneurs, this program will increase listeners' leadership capacities by teaching them how to focus on the possibilities rather than the challenges, and inspiring them to do the things that are necessary rather than the things that are comfortable. Listeners will also learn how to look for opportunities to develop leadership in others. After learning from Nick, your team members will find themselves on a solid course to becoming unstoppable!
Effective Team Management and the value diversity bring to the team selection
Audience members will demonstrate the ability to select team members who will be most effective in setting, defining and achieving the team's common goal. Members will seek-out and implement ideas from team members selected throughout the corporate environment.
Listeners will show the ability to plan for changes in the future of the corporation through the constructive implementation of known strategies and the creation of new strategies.
Overcome fear in changing global markets
Members of the audience will identify personal fears that keep them from acting on opportunities within the corporation and personally. Through self-inventory and planned exercises, these fears turn positive actions that fuel action and resolution.
CORPORATION PROGRAMS
Team Building and Team Management
Nick Scott values the team and strives to build the most effective team structure possible. Teams have the ability and power to overcome problems a single person cannot begin to solve. With diverse opinions and experience gained in areas other members have little knowledge of, problem solving and goals a are met easily. Nick is a team leader in his nonprofit Wheelchair Bodybuilding, Inc. Nick provides athletic opportunities for people in communities where the opportunities are not available. Teamwork is the key to promoting awareness throughout these communities and helping people find their dreams. Nick leads effective teams by listening, planning and acting on the ideas of team members who know the people in the communities. Based on the experience and goals of each team, Nick is able to help more people (the disabled, non-disabled, children and adults) find their way to success in athletics.
Strategic Planning and Execution
Nick Scott is the epitome of planning and execution. From the day the spark ignited inside Nick's soul, his amazing will to succeed proves to all he can and will meet goals. Nick Scott paves the way for wheelchair athletes who want a chance to become professional, sponsored athletes in the world of bodybuilding. Before Nick there was no such achievement anywhere in sports or athletics. Nick decided to open that door himself and through his careful planning and the execution of those plans, Nick is now a sponsored profession athlete, who models, competes and speaks for those sponsors worldwide. Nick continues his education after earning a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration. There is no end in sight for this man as once he sets his eye on a goal, he plans and executes without hesitation. No goal is beyond his reach and no goal will go beyond the reach of audiences after they meet Nick Scott.
Personal Growth in the Face of Adversity
Personal growth is a goal Nick Scott continues to achieve with each life event he pursues. Never has Nick allowed a goal to slip away because he was afraid or someone said he could not do it. The more unobtainable a goal seems, the more determination Nick has to reach it and destroy it. He brings the tools and skills to audiences who need to focus on achievement in the face of the unknown. Corporate growth is frightening as the recession slowly slips to the past and decisions continue to see the past as a way to the future. Nick, through his life experience encourages groups to adopt changes knowing the fear will spur them forward, not bring them to a stop.
Email: info@speakernickscott.com


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I switched vehicles in Monapo, a town right in the midst of the wide, marshy coastal plain decorated only by occasional coconut palms. Two hours later, the shrunken old man driving the pickup truck squinted through his coke-bottle glasses at the narrow roadway, peering over the dashboard full of cabbages, cassava roots, and corn. His eyes straining, he steered a wobbly course across the long one-lane bridge that connects the Ilha de Moçambique to the mainland.
The island's name, chosen by the early Portuguese navigators, is believed to be their adaptation of the name of the local Arab ruler, Moussa ben Mbeki, at the time of their arrival in the late 15th century. When the island became the East African seat of Portugal's global trading empire, the name was given to the surrounding region, and remains so today.
Two and a half kilometers long and never more than half a kilometer wide, Ilha is easy to scout out on foot. So after arriving in the early afternoon, I immediately set off to explore. The island, though densely populated, still contains numerous public spaces—leafy parks and wide avenues along the beach give the place a breezy sense of openness. Ilha is marked by carefully managed urban planning, still very uncharacteristic for the region, even though Mozambique's cities tend to be less chaotic than some of Tanzania's or other neighbors'. Its neat appearance and other elements which add to the island's charm exist largely thanks to UNESCO, which designated the island as a World Heritage Site in 1991. The beautiful mix of Portuguese colonial and Swahili styles evident in the island's architecture have thus been successfully preserved.
Although tourism continues to shape the island, many residents clearly still rely on the traditional means of income—fishing. The local children's constant hounding of any tourist in sight, however, makes one wonder if that simple lifestyle—or the island's tourism potential for that matter—will last even one more generation.
Before sundown, I watched the fishermen return to the beach with the day's catch. The Dutch and British pairs arrived that evening, and I ran into them as I walked back to my hostel along a small street in the old Stone Town. That night at Relíquais, a restaurant along the ocean, we all gorged ourselves on delicious seafood, having been inland for far too long.


text:
Q: Global Header for PHP with S3 Client I have a global header file in a directory that I use to check the user has the correct credentials, and require / include important classes. Every PHP page includes this header file;
    //Connect to Amazon AWS - Include Amazon AWS SDK - Using PHAR Method
    require_once($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . 'php/aws.phar');

    // Instantiate the S3 client with hardcoded AWS credentials
    $s3Client = new Aws\S3\S3Client([
        'version'     => 'latest',
        'region'      => 'us-east-1',
        'credentials' => [
            'key'    => 'MY-KEY',
            'secret' => 'MY-SECRET',
        ],
    ]);

Where the MY-KEY and MY-SECRET are correct.
I am then trying to use the created S3 Client class above throughout my web pages, but it doesn't work. It only seems to work if I copy the above code out of the header file and put it locally within the relevant PHP document.
The document I am currently working with does HTTP POST a form to carry out the action;
//Include connection details and check valid credentials
include_once '../php/header.php';

...

if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST') {
    //Use Amazon S3 Client to upload the file

    .... //IF THE HEADER CODE IS INSERTED HERE THE CODE WORKS

    $result = $s3Client->putObject(array(
        'Bucket' => 'MY-BUCKET',
        'Key'    => $filepath,
        'SourceFile' => $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]
    ));
}

Can anybody explain why my header setup isn't working. I don't want to duplicate the S3 Client credentials. Thanks.

A: Try using require_once('../php/header.php'); Then the code will not execute until that is included. Also, if include_once is returning false after execution it means it is not being included and there may be an issue with the include script.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


What are cosmetics? What is in makeup?
What are the risk factors for cosmetics reactions?
Where do cosmetic skin reactions occur? What are symptoms and signs of a makeup allergy?
What is on the cosmetic label?
What health care specialists diagnose and treat makeup allergies?
How do health care professionals diagnose makeup allergies?
What else could the rash be aside from a cosmetic rash?
What is the treatment for a makeup allergy?
What is the prognosis of a cosmetics allergy? How long do they last?
Is it possible to prevent a cosmetics allergy?
What makeup brands are allergy tested? Which cosmetics brands are the safest?
Most rashes produced by makeup are irritations not allergies.
If a particular product causes irritation, then avoid it.
Makeup and cosmetics are complex mixtures of substances, any of which could produce irritation or allergies.
Other skin problems like seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and rosacea may be confused with cosmetic sensitivities.
Once you are allergic to a particular chemical, the sensitivity persists.
Cosmetics are substances applied to the surface of the skin (moisturizers and makeup), hair (shampoos and conditioners), or nails (polish and lacquer) designed to temporarily alter one's appearance. Cosmetics do not alter the structure or function of the skin, hair, or nails. They are often a complex mixture of perfumes, emulsifiers, sunscreens, pigments, metals, resins, and preservatives, as well as a variety of inert materials. They also frequently contain an array of exotic botanical substances (for example, essential oils) for which the manufacturer may ascribe some obscure benefit. Generally, individuals should remove cosmetics after use. They should be distinguished from permanent makeup, which is essentially a tattoo composed of pigment placed into the deeper layers of the skin with a needle. The FDA and the USDA are responsible for administering laws involving the safety and purity of cosmetics. Revenue of the U.S. cosmetics industry will be about $59 billion in 2014!
Are "Hypoallergenic" Cosmetics Really Better?
When labeling of cosmetics as hypoallergenic first became popular, the FDA attempted to regulate use of the term. In 1975, the FDA issued a regulation governing use of the term hypoallergenic, stating that a cosmetic product could be labeled hypoallergenic only if scientific studies on human subjects showed that it caused a significantly lower rate of adverse skin reactions than similar products not making such claims. The manufacturers of cosmetics claiming to be hypoallergenic were to be responsible for carrying out the required tests. But this regulation was subsequently declared invalid by U.S. courts, leaving manufacturers free to apply the term as they wish, without any required testing to prove that a product is hypoallergenic.
Untoward reactions to cosmetics are reasonably common considering their extensive use. A physician will distinguish documented allergic sensitivity from simple irritation. The true prevalence of cosmetic sensitivity is unknown because affected individuals may just stop using the offending product rather than complain about it to a professional. Cosmetics may irritate the skin directly (by far the most common type of reaction) or induce an immune-mediated allergic response. Usually irritation would occur the first time an individual applies a cosmetic, as opposed to an allergic reaction that would require repeated exposures. Some individuals have extremely sensitive skin that seems to be intolerant to many cosmetics. Individuals with rosacea seem to be intolerant to many cosmetics and makeup brands.
Since people commonly apply cosmetics to the face, this site is most commonly involved in cosmetic skin reactions and inflammatory dermatitis. Women are more frequently affected than men are because they tend to use more cosmetics. The rash produced by such a reaction often appears as a scaling, dry, itchy red area, an eczematous dermatitis, usually confined to the area where the cosmetic was applied (for example, the eyelids may become irritated after applying eye shadow). Occasionally, cosmetic skin reactions can appear as hives (welts). This type of reaction (contact urticaria) can be either allergic or nonallergic. It is often very difficult to distinguish based on appearance whether the reaction is allergic or irritant. Sometimes there may be a stinging sensation soon after an individual applies the offending cosmetic, or the individual experiences a reaction a day or two later. Less commonly, reactions may appear as blackheads, folliculitis, and darkened skin.
The ingredients in a cosmetic appear on the label in order of decreasing quantity. Any ingredient could potentially produce a reaction, but certain ingredients seem to be more likely to cause problems. The use of the terms hypoallergenic, pure, and natural on the label have very little scientific meaning and are essentially marketing jargon. Cosmetics that use the term organic must be manufactured according to certain USDA criteria that have little to do with consumer safety.
Dermatologists have the most experience in dealing with makeup and cosmetic intolerance.
If a cosmetic is being considered as a potential cause of a reaction, the patient can perform a "use" test over three or four days by repeatedly applying the substance to the same site on forearm skin. If a reaction appears, a health care professional can perform further types of allergy testing to determine the precise identity of the offending substance in the cosmetic mixture. One can then avoid the product as well as avoiding further exposure to the same allergenic component in other cosmetic products.
There are a number of common skin diseases that are likely to be confused with cosmetic rashes. Perhaps the best way to distinguish these is to avoid using the particular cosmetic in question for two or three weeks. If the rash resolves and then recurs when an individual uses the cosmetic again, it is reasonably likely that the problem is the cosmetic. If the rash persists, on the other hand, then it is probably due to a skin disease like seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, or some other problem.
Mild cosmetic reactions usually will resolve with no treatment as long as the person avoids the offending product. Reactions that are more serious often respond to treatment with 1% hydrocortisone cream that can be purchased without a prescription. If this fails, then it will be necessary to visit a health care professional for a stronger topical steroid.
If the source of a cosmetic reaction is an irritant chemical, then it seems likely that by avoiding that substance, when present in other products, would be prudent. The immediate reaction subsides in a few days. A dermatologist can help decide which ingredient on the label is likely to be a problem. If a reaction is due to an allergy to an ingredient that documented by patch testing, then it is very important to avoid that particular ingredient by carefully perusing the cosmetic labels. Sometimes this can be challenging because certain additives in beauty products may have a number of brand names. Although the immediate allergic reaction to the chemical will resolve within a few weeks, the propensity to react on re-exposure always exists.
The best way to avoid a cosmetic reaction is to avoid cosmetics entirely. Since this is impractical, using cosmetics with a minimal number of ingredients might be helpful. Some cosmetics may contain labeling using the terms unscented or fragrance-free. This distinction can be important because unscented products often contain fragrance chemicals that disguise odor whereas fragrance-free products are supposed to be devoid of fragrances entirely.
There is no government body that certifies the safety or non-allergenicity of cosmetics or makeup. From the FDA's web site: "FDA does not have the legal authority to approve cosmetic products and ingredients (other than color additives) before they go on the market. We also do not have a list of tests required for any particular cosmetic product or ingredient. However, a manufacturer or distributor of a cosmetic is legally responsible for ensuring that a marketed product is safe when consumers use it according to the directions in the labeling or in the customary or expected way. FDA can take action against the manufacturer of a cosmetic on the market if we have reliable information to show that a cosmetic does not meet the legal requirement for safety."
Dinkloh, A., et al. "Contact sensitization in patients with suspected cosmetic intolerance: results of the IVDK 2006-2011." JEADV 29 (2015): 1071-1081.
Park, Michelle E., and Jonathan H. Zippin. "Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Cosmetics." Dermatol Clin 32 (2014): 1-11.
United States. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). "Product Testing." Oct. 5, 2016. <http://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/scienceresearch/producttesting/>.
WebMD has tips for things you can do in your house to ease the sneezing and itchy eyes that are brought on by hay fever.
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Are you doing right by your skin? Take the Skin and Makeup Quiz to learn how to make the most of your beauty regimen.
There are two types of contact lenses: rigid gas permeable (RGP) and soft.
Topical corticosteroids are synthetic corticosteroid drugs prescribed to treat skin conditions like dermatitis, eczema, rash, itching, and psoriasis. Side effects, drug interactions, storage, dosage, and pregnancy safety information should be reviewed prior to using this medication.
Take this quiz and test your skin savvy on makeup, mascara, and other cosmetic skincare beauty products.
Eczema refers to skin inflammation. There are many different types of eczema that produce symptoms and signs that range from oozing blisters to crusty plaques of skin. Treatment varies depending upon the type of eczema the person has.
Eye allergies, or allergic conjunctivitis, cause itchy eyes and other allergic symptoms. Avoiding allergens and using medicated eye drops can help. Learn about eye allergy triggers like mold and pollen, and eye allergy relief like shots and eye drops.
What medical problems appear on your face? Look into the mirror and find out. Jaundice, glaucoma, skin cancer, and cracked lips are just some of the many health conditions with symptoms that show on your face. Learn to spot common face conditions and safeguard your family's health.
Folliculitis is a skin condition that causes small red bumps to form around the hair follicles. Skin bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas may infect the follicles. Treatment involves over-the-counter bacterial washes, topical antibiotics, and/or topical steroids.
Hives, also called urticaria, is a raised, itchy area of skin that is usually a sign of an allergic reaction. The allergy may be to food or medications, but usually the cause of the allergy (the allergen) is unknown.
This is a close-up view of wheals with white-to-light-pink color centrally and peripheral erythema. See a picture of Urticaria and learn more about the health topic.


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Ways to Faith > Blog > Historical Evidence > Archaeology > Hebrew Writing Prior to Babylonian Invasion
Hebrew Writing Prior to Babylonian Invasion
Posted in May 14, 2020 by David
Tags: Biblical History
By https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/scrolls/images/damasc-b.jpg – Library of Congress, CC0, Link
Skeptics have proposed the Old Testament story was written after the Babylonian Invasion. They support this belief with the conventional wisdom that writing was not common until after the Invasion.
The age of the Old Testament has been controversial between those who believe in the literal truth of the Old Testament versus secular scholars who believe it to be a relatively new invention.
A recent study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests the Hebrew Bible is older than most believed. The study was performed at the Tel Aviv University in Israel and analyzed multi-spectral images of sixteen ancient Hebrew inscriptions.
The letters are written in the ink of broken pottery shards (ostraca) using a proprietary software program specially designed for this purpose. The ostraca itself dated back to 600 BC and was originally found at the Judahite fortress of Arad in southern Israel. This would be just before Nebuchadnezzar's destruction of Jerusalem.
Hand Writing to Determine the Age of the Old Testament
The study's authors could discern at least six different handwriting styles on the ostraca concerning the movement of troops and food expenses.
The authors note that the letters were likely not written by professional scribes but by less educated army officials. The authors note,
The results indicate that in this remove fort, literacy had spread throghout the military hierarchy, down to the quartermaster and probably even below that rank.
Now our job is to extrapolate from Arad to a broader area. Adding what we know about Arad to other forts and administrate localities across ancient Judah we can estimate that many people could read and write during the last phase of the First Temple period. We assume that in a kingdom of some 100,000 people, at least several hundred were literate.
Scholars have debated whether the Old Testament was written after the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem or much earlier. However, literacy was more widespread in ancient Israel than previously thought, as the texts were written before the Babylonian invasion.
The authors argue that there is enough evidence on these ancient ostraca to conclude that.
already by 800 BCE there was sufficient intellectual infrastructure, that is, well-trained scribes, able to produce sophisticated historical and literary texts.
The recent discovery of even more ancient Hebrew writing dating back to the 10th century BC places it within the reign of King David. This would support the opinion that Scripture was written centuries earlier than previously thought.
The Great Isaiah Scroll – By Jb344tul – Own work by the original uploader, CC0, Link
The oldest parts of the Bible were likely written down in an early form of Hebrew ("proto-Hebrew") that would be difficult, although not impossible, for modern Hebrew readers to interpret.
Gershon Galil a professor of Biblical Studies at the University of Haifa in Israel, noted,
It [the inscription] indicates that the Kingdom of Israel already existed in the 10th century BCD and that at least some of the biblical texts were written hundreds of years before the dates presented in current research.
The writing was discovered on a pottery shard during excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa near modern Israel's Elah valley. Archaeologist Yosef Garfinkel of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem carried out these excavations. The inscription was difficult to interpret at first, but Galil was finally able to interpret the text. He notes,
It uses verbs that were characteristic of Hebrew … which were rarely used in other regional languages. Particular words that appear in the text … are specific to Hebrew and are written differently in other local languages.
The text is written in ink on a shard of pottery about 6 inches by 6.5 inches and appears to be a social statement about how slaves, widows, and orphans should be treated. It translates to,
you shall not do [it], but worship the [Lord]. Judge the slave and the widow, judge the orphan and the stranger. Plead for the infant, plead for the widow. Rehabilitate the poor at the hands of the king. Protect the poor and the slave, support the stranger.
The context is similar to Biblical scriptures.
Summary Concerning Literacy Prior to the Babylonian Invasion
The importance of his article can hardly be overstated. Many modern scholars believe Jews in the second or third century BC were authors of the Old Testament. Secular scholars argue this dating due to the prophetic nature of much of the Old Testament material – being secular, accurate prophecies can not have been written before the prophetic events. This particularly concerns the major prophets Daniel, Ezekiel, and Isaiah.
However, most modern evangelical Christians would agree the Old Testament was almost certainly written before the Babylonian destruction in 586 BC.
While we have the Isaiah Scroll found with the Dead Sea Scrolls that have carbon-dated to about 300 BC, we do not have ancient Daniel or Ezekiel scrolls.
Secular scholars, in particular, have doubted the portions of Daniel, which predict in great detail the Greek rulers over second BC Israel could have been written before the events. These new studies of Biblical archaeology give scientific credence to the ancient origins of prophetic scripture. Writing was not restricted only to the scribe class but was more common throughout society.
Labayu Letters
The Labayu letters are important in establishing the historicity of the Old Testament – especially some of its most contested parts. There are 382 preserved letters from the Egyptian city of Amara. About 150 of these letters were written from Canaan to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep at around 1400 BC…. Read More »
The Shishak invasion of Israel by the Egyptian armies of Shishak is described in Scripture and illustrated on a wall located in Egypt. The reign of King Rehoboam was tumultuous. He was the son of Solomon and a grandson of David. The Kingdom of David was still united when Rehoboam… Read More »
Moabite Stone Altar
by David : Categories: Archaeology, Historical Evidence Tags: Biblical History
The recently discovered Moabite stone altar attests to the historicity of an ancient Jewish conflict between Israel and the Biblical Kingdom of Moab. The Kingdom of Moab Moab was a country near ancient Israel founded by the descendants of Lot, the nephew of Abraham. The Bible notes this country was… Read More »
The "Lost" Gospels
The Gospel Authors
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Yellowstone is inviting the public to review and submit comments on its draft World Heritage Report. The document shows recent progress addressing some threats to park resources which were first identified two decades ago.
The park was designated a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1978.
Because of some specific threats to values which make Yellowstone unique, the U.S. Government agreed to allow the park to be placed on the "List of World Heritage in Danger" in 1995.
As a stipulation for removal from the list in 2003, Yellowstone is required to regularly report on both the original threats and the progress made resolving the issues.
The latest draft progress report is available for public review and comment through January 11, 2015 on the National Park Service Planning, Environment and Public Comment web site at https://www.parkplanning.nps.gov/YELLWHR2014.
All comments will be reviewed by the National Park Service and transmitted, in their entirety, along with the final report to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre for consideration by the World Heritage Committee.
All member nations of the World Heritage Convention voluntarily nominate their own sites embracing outstanding natural or cultural values. Member nations retain complete sovereignty over each site and over the operation of locations added to the World Heritage List.


We've released a new client version for beta testing. This release adds a new and improved Web interface which is cleaner, hopefully more intuitive and displays your personal and team points. In addition, there are a number of bug fixes and enhancements over the last public v7.3.6 release. This version also includes access to the new GPU backup Assignment server.
Details can be found in a thread in the folding forum.


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Wal-Mart: Tip of Bribery Iceberg
The retailer is getting most of the ink these days for alleged corruption in Mexico, India, and perhaps other countries. But every global company i...
Caroline McDonaldDecember 6, 2012
Wal-Mart, embroiled in bribery investigations first in Mexico and now India, is hardly alone in its purported involvement in corruption, experts say. In fact, the mammoth retailer is "the tip of the iceberg," says Charles Pautsch, a partner at law firm Arnstein & Lehr.
Pautsch observes that enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) was strong in the early 1980s, then "waned for a while but lately has been picking up substantially." And as companies seek to do business in more places in the world, corruption will become an even bigger problem, he says.
Most often — up to 90% of the time, according to some estimates — violations are committed by third parties to which companies outsourced international operations. Large, global companies may not be able to eradicate such behavior, but to comply with U.S. and foreign regulations — and avoid million of dollars in fines and possible jail time — they need to make a very good effort.
New FCPA guidelines released in October help businesses understand corruption guidelines and outline measures they can take to support compliance, including technological means of identifying and flagging questionable expenditures.
Last April The New York Times reported that Wal-Mart had suppressed evidence that Mexican officials were bribed to procure locations for Wal-Mart stores. Stores were awarded desirable sites through zoning changes and despite environmental concerns, the article said.
On November 15, Wal-Mart announced that it is conducting its own investigations in "a number of foreign markets, including but not limited to" Mexico, India, China, and Brazil. Last week the company's Indian joint venture, Bharti Walmart, reportedly suspended its CFO and legal team and delayed store openings.
"As these matters are currently under review, it would be inappropriate for us to comment further on the specific allegations until we have concluded the investigations," Wal-Mart said in a statement. "We are working diligently to strengthen our compliance programs and dedicating considerable resources to this effort. In fact, the company has spent more than $35 million on its global FCPA compliance review efforts over the past 18 months."
Myriad regulations in some countries, like India, mean that a project on the scale of a new Wal-Mart could take years just to get the needed approvals, Pautsch says. Bribing government officials can greatly speed up the process, or even make a project happen that wouldn't otherwise.
Indeed, FCPA compliance with respect to bribery in foreign countries is a tall order for most global organizations. "Over the years, I've found it to be the toughest compliance issue that exists in business," Pautsch says. "Training and computer-assisted guidance are necessary to stay on top of what has become a mammoth project."
Organizations are learning more about identifying suspicious transactions and unusual patterns, says John Verver, vice president of product strategy and alliances at ACL, a maker of compliance, audit, and risk software. "No matter how good your overall policies are, it's hard to beat the benefits of actually monitoring vast numbers of transactions on an ongoing basis," he says.
Red flags include keywords referred to in FCPA guidelines, like "facilitation payments," as well as unusual consulting fees, commissions, or charitable donations, notes Verver.
Other telltale signs are officials working overseas who have higher expenses than others in comparable positions, and expenses charged to entertainment or "other," says Norman Marks, an internal-audit and risk-management practitioner with SAP.
An organization that monitors for such red flags stands a good chance of catching fraud and bribery early, and if it does, the government will give it "a lot of credit," Marks says.
During the past four years, companies have paid more than $2 billion in fines to the U.S. government arising from FCPA violations, says IPSA International, an investigative consulting service. As recently as 2004, the annual total was only $11 million.
Germany-based conglomerate Siemens alone paid a total of $1.6 billion to U.S. and German authorities in 2008 for violating FCPA accounting and record-keeping provisions.
Pautsch says companies may not examine applicable regulations carefully enough before launching operations in a new country. If they did exercise more care, they might in some cases choose not to do business there after all. But the business opportunities in a country may look so great that a company is willing to take on significant FCPA risk, Pautsch notes. And some companies may believe expanding into a new market is possible because they employ an intermediary familiar with the local regulations and customs.
Companies should investigate whether such a third party shares their cultural values. One that is too eager to help "may guide you into the worst dark alley," Pautsch notes. In the case of Wal-Mart in Mexico, he observes, "the startling thing was that [many] of the accused intermediaries were law firms."
Criminal penalties under the FCPA for those found liable for such transactions include jail time of up to 5 years for bribery and 20 or more years for accounting fraud, says Pautsch.
Accounting activities that most often run afoul of the FCPA include maintaining internal controls and systems for auditing third parties. There is "extensive tie-in" between the FCPA and controls required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Pautsch says, and violations can result in fines under both laws.
A key to maintaining compliance is continuous training, says Marks. A retail company, for example, with high employee turnover — say, 20% to 30% — should be training every quarter, he says.
Company executives focused on performance and day-to-day operations may be comforted by having training programs as well as an FCPA policy and a code of ethics. But those measures aren't sufficient without a mechanism showing that people understand the correct procedures and are following them, Marks says. Internal audit should take the lead in examining the company's preventive activities and determining whether the message is coming through.
FCPA, SAP, Sarbanes-Oxley, SEC, Wal-Mart
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Focus Media Group
Reliable Solutions, Trustworthy Service
A&H EquipmentBy Claire Suttles
View in E-MagazineView Brochure
A&H Equipment is a leading distributor of municipal and environmental product solutions. From top quality street sweepers and snow removal trucks to sewer cleaners and sewer inspection equipment, the company sells, rents, and services a wide range of equipment for customers throughout Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
After featuring the company in March 2017, Focus Media Group sat down with President Tripp Amick again to catch up on the latest news – and the news is exciting. "2019 was the third consecutive record year for the company," Amick says. Most significantly, after spending 56 years in a 16,000 square foot building, the company relocated its headquarters from Bridgeville, Pennsylvania to a 30,000 square foot facility in Zelienople, Pennsylvania, just outside of Pittsburgh. The spacious new building comes with a lot of advantages. "Our service facility is now three times the size of the old service shop, maybe more," Amick says. "Our parts department has more than doubled. We also have more usable land around us as well for equipment storage and better parking."
A&H Equipment has expanded its product lines and markets in addition to expanding its headquarters. One of the most popular additions is the TRUVAC line. Also known as a hydro excavator or HXX truck, this equipment uses either high-pressure air or water for soft excavation. This process allows workers to dig without any risk of puncturing underground pipes. Punctured pipes are extremely dangerous and can cause natural gas explosions, so avoiding them is essential. Typically, construction personnel must call 811 to ensure a safe dig, but with TRUVAC equipment, they can skip that step and get to work. "You're not going to break any lines, so it gets rid of a lot of the bureaucracy and such," Amick says. The equipment has been particularly helpful to the region's oil and gas industries.
The company has also added Grapple Loaders by Peterson Industries to its product line. These trucks have a large grapple hook mounted on them for collecting bulky items that a traditional garbage truck cannot handle, such as trees, appliances and construction waste. In addition, the team now supplies Asphalt Recyclers by Stepp MFG. This efficient, money-saving equipment allows municipalities to create fresh, 300-degree asphalt in any temperature, for a permanent pothole-patching solution. "We've also vastly increased our rental fleet size," says Amick. "We probably have tripled our rental business since the last [FMG article]."
Of course, the company's tried and true equipment brands remain available. These mainstay product lines include Elgin Street Sweepers, Vactor Sewer Cleaners, Envirosight Inspection Sewer Equipment, OshKosh Snow Removal Trucks, and the company's very own A&H Bodies. "We're still handling all those products," Amick says. "We are still in the dump body business and we are still in the snow and ice control business."
A&H Bodies – the company's house brand – go far beyond the typical, cookie cutter solution with a limited availability of configurations. These dump bodies are custom built to handle a complete range of uses and demands. This is invaluable for customers such as municipalities that depend on dump trucks to keep busy city streets clear of ice and snow. To them, a dump truck isn't just a dump truck – it's critical public safety equipment that needs to be just right for the job, so it is important that these trucks meet certain technical requirements to ensure top performance.
To this end, A&H Bodies are loaded with sophisticated computer and GPS controlled hydraulic systems that can deposit a carefully measured amount of material on the roadway ideal for the weather conditions at the time. These high-tech features don't come cheap, but the equipment saves money in the long run by controlling material usage and reducing the damage that over-application can create.
When the team finds strong, reliable manufacturers, they maintain the relationship long-term. The company has, for example, represented Elgin Sweeper Co. since A&H Equipment was founded over half a century ago. Other manufacturers have been with the company for 20, 30, and even 40 years, including Vactor Sewer Cleaners, Envirosight Pipeline Inspection, New Way and Loadmaster Refuse Packers.
A&H Equipment holds on to employees as well. It is common for people to stay with the company for 10 or 20 years. The fact that A&H is a small, family company helps maintain these ties and strengthens relationships throughout the business. Everyone knows one another's names, and there is communal effort to maintain the company's goals and philosophies. In short, everyone is in it together.
The team's commitment to service sets the company apart – and wins repeat business. "We have the ability to service all [our] equipment," Amick says. "The core of our business has always been in product support, taking care of the customer by taking care of the equipment and keeping it up and running." This commitment extends to customer service. "We try to be as credible a company as we can to deal with. The base philosophy is just do the right thing."
The company's customer base does not fluctuate, so keeping existing customers on board is essential to staying in business. "We're in a weird market," says Amick. "They don't make new municipalities… so we always spend an awful lot of time and effort in customer retention. Because, you know, the city of Pittsburgh is never going to go away and there's never going to be another city of Pittsburgh where they are. It just doesn't happen that way. So it's important to pay attention to the customer, what they want, make sure they're taken care of." While this is most critical in the municipality market, the team extends the philosophy to other areas as well. "We do that with every market that we're in. That's our main goal."
A&H Equipment is managing to get through the COVID-19 quarantine relatively well. "We were very fortunate in that we were deemed to be essential," Amick says. "We never laid anybody off due to the pandemic." Despite the shutdown, municipalities, airports, the federal Defense Logistics Agency, and other regular customers still need critical equipment and parts, so A&H Equipment employees have been able to keep working. "Our business never really truly stopped, and we have our customers to thank for that because they were truly the essential people. We're just there to support them."
Orders kept rolling in throughout the spring because customers tend to order ahead for the upcoming season. "Much of our equipment that was going to be delivered this year has already been ordered," Amick says. "We have long lead time… Much of our sales have such a lead time that we take an order today and we don't see it from six to ten months. So we continued to get orders through the initial phases of the pandemic. It did fall off a little bit, but we're starting to see it ramp back up as people become more used to the much overused term, 'new normal.'"
As the nation adjusts to this new normal, the team is considering how they can help keep people safe. "We see a potential of using existing – or finding new – products, to be used to clean and disinfect equipment and public spaces," Amick says. The team particularly wants to help municipalities utilize existing equipment for an efficient, money-saving solution. "Our street sweepers all have water tanks. They all have pumps. And it's not just us doing it – our manufacturers are also looking at how we can adapt those things so somebody can go out and disinfect a building or a park or a playground or whatever." The team is also considering adding new product lines that are specially designed to disinfect indoor public spaces such as classrooms or offices. "We're looking at other products," Amick says. "Even if [COVID-19] goes away, people are going to be afraid it hasn't, so we are going to need that type of solution for a while."
The team is optimistic regarding the company's long-term future. "I think we're going to continue to see our rental arm continuing to grow," Amick says. "I believe we're going to continue to enter new markets with both existing and new products, both for sales and rental." With A&H Equipment in business since 1963, and still growing steadily, the stage is certainly set for ongoing expansion.
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Silver (and Steel) Linings
The construction industry has managed to overcome some massive hurdles in 2020. Despite a range of challenges, from orders to halt work during the shutdown to navigating new health and safety requirements to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the industry kept going. As the year draws to a close, it is time to celebrate some of its notable success stories.
January 15, 2021, 4:01 PM EST
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The Best Newcomer award follows Inca's IIP Silver accreditation gained in 2016 held by just 10 other accountancy firms in the UK. Inca is also one of the only employers in Oxfordshire to be accredited by IIP.
Lesley Carson, Head of Practice and co-founder of Inca, said: "We're delighted to become an award-winner with Investors In People and there isn't a better accolade to win than one that recognises the commitment we have to developing the Inca team.
IIP judges recognised the support gives to clients is mirrored in its people management strategies, particularly training and development.
Inca has offices in Lydford, near Wantage, and Henley.
Visit the Inca website here.