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My son married a woman who converted to Judaism through the London Beth Din. She now refuses to follow any Jewish practice. Is her conversion still valid? They have a baby boy who is now a year and a half; will he be considered Jewish? By the way she forbids me to have any contact with the child. She is highly unstable and also prevents my son from having any contact with me or his brothers. I am in regular email contact with him. We are a shomer mitzvot family, though I doubt my son keeps anything now.
Click here for a(n) Other answer by Rabbi Dr. Goldie Milgram
Dear Sara:
The heartache of a grandparent cut off from a grandchild, no less a son, is one of life's greatest unnatural sufferings. You sound frustrated and sad. I wonder if you also feel betrayed? Are you experiencing the kind of anger that comes with extreme disappointment? How your daughter-in-law and son now relate to Judaism is so very inconsistent with your expectations, and lack congruity with how things stood when your daughter-in-aw was accepted by the London Beit Din. Your likely dream --of sharing a religious life with them-- is shattered. What are the implications, you ask.
Let's start with your basic question, is your grandson Jewish? Yes. So far as I am aware, once someone has been converted by a well-respected Beit Din, the conversion holds everywhere regardless of how the person's relationship to Jewish practice changes over time. Any children born to a woman so-converted are absolutely Jewish. Were someone born Jewish to cease following core Jewish practices, we would be still be considered Jewish, too. You don't mention if the parents had your grandson circumcised. Though this has no bearing on whether he is Jewish, he does become responsible for organizing this mitzvah for himself, when he is old enough to do.
Recently I coordinated a meeting with a ChaBaD Rabbi who is a licensed psychotherapist and known to me as a real mensch, with a family that was fracturing along Jewish religious lines due to what looked like the daughter-in-law's extreme religiosity. When we explored the issues involved, it turned out to be mostly about unfilled childhood needs. A healing plan is now in place and this is making all the difference to rebuilding that family's capacity for loving connection, regardless of their individual relationships to religious practice.
Please keep in mind that religious practice can vary widely during a life time. I encourage you to avoid showing the kind of aggressive disappointment or coercive threats that will provoke even greater distancing of your family, and your grandson, from you and from their Jewish roots. All is not lost if you have done so, the human capacity for healing is substantial.
To maintain this part of your extended family in your life, it is vital that do your best to be kind and supportive of the couple's secular life. Send appropriate gifts for birthdays. Acknowledge each person's strengths and avoid criticizing weaknesses. Offer financial support if you can afford to, if it is needed. Send photos of yourself at a young age with your own parents, perhaps, in the picture too, send family stories and inquire about photos of your grandson and his parents.
Don't hesitate to extend regular invitations to join you at any time and for Jewish holidays. If rebuffed, don't push the point. A simple: "Perhaps another time, I/we love and miss you" might increase receptivity over the years. Avoid creating dramas and painful encounters that will long-be remembered and traumatic to you, and to them. If they come and don't dress modestly enough, leave it alone rather than turning that into an issue.
Most frum families have relatives who are not; can each co-exist with the other? Kindness and accepting each person for who they are and where they are on the journey right now is the path, imho, to sustainable relationship and personal growth. Trust that your son's feeling for Judaism will gradually be able to return and his wife's Jewish practice spark will return when other family issues resolve in safety. Or, like a vast number of Israelis, perhaps they are content being "just Jewish."
Be careful not to override the parents' religious preferences with the child, while at the same time don't abandon who you are and your own Jewish practice. It's fine if your grandson knows about practices from contact with you and perhaps tells friends "grandma has her own dishes at our home and brings her own food when she visits because she keeps kosher and we don't." Your religious life will be a healthy source of curiosity for your grandchild, keep the door of connection open.
Sitting in our china closet here in Philadelphia is my grandfather Benjamin Fradin's blue bowl that he brought over from Eastern Europe. Only he could eat from it, for he used it to eat kosher dairy when he would visit my childhood home. I keep a kosher home, though my mother didn't (save for not bringing in shellfish or pork). Zeyde also had a Shabbat timer in his room for his bedside light, even though the rest of the house didn't. He never sacrificed the integrity of our family for religious practice, we all accommodated each other gracefully, so far as I could tell growing up. When there is a will for the mitzvah of a peaceful family -- shalom bayit, there are many ways to get there.
I hope you have a good professional counselor or mashpi'ah. If the situation brings you toxic shame, should it become known where you live, you can also seek hashpa'ah via Skype via an organization like ReclaimingJudaism.org. In the absolute worst case scenario, in the face of a failure of the strategies above, it is sometimes possible under civil law to file for regular visitation time with a grandchild—involved grandparents can be very significant to a healthy upbringing. If the physical distance is great, say another country, regular visits via a service like Skype are a worthy form of connection.
In conclusion, Yes, your daughter-in-law is Jewish, and your grandchild is Jewish. If you possibly can, refocus on a long-term plan to foster loving family connections. May your process be blessed.
Answered by: Rabbi Dr. Goldie Milgram
Click here for a(n) Orthodox answer by Rabbi Judah Dardik (Emeritus)
Unfortunately, your very painful question may not be answerable without further detail about the specifics of your daughter-in-law's decline in Jewish observance. However, I can offer some general guidance that may help you towards an answer.
First off, the London Beit Din is a reputable Beit Din and their conversions are accepted throughout the world. As you likely well know, Orthodox conversion requires a complete acceptance and commitment without exceptions to fulfillment of Torah and Rabbinic Law (based on Talmud Bechorot 30B). When a convert seemingly accepts the mitzvot with a Beit Din at the time of conversion and then ceases to be religiously observant afterwards, what arises is a distinction made between those who never really made this commitment and those who truly made this commitment and in the course of time declined in their Jewish observance.
So for example, imagine the case of a person who went through an Orthodox conversion and then lived an observant Orthodox life for ten years and then ceased to be observant. Such a person would (to the best of my knowledge) universally be considered a Jew, albeit a non-observant Jew, unless there was some specific reason to believe that their initial acceptance of the mitzvot ten years prior was somehow incomplete or insincere. In contrast, a person who celebrated the completion of their conversion process by eating at a non-kosher restaurant, or stopped keeping Shabbat right away, would be assumed lacking in their complete and sincere acceptance of these obligations.
The resulting question is then one of what evidence would be acceptable to establish this person as a bona fide Jew who was no longer observant, as opposed to someone who never really accepted the mitzvot in the first place. There are different opinions about this issue, and it is currently a very hotly debated topic within Israel and the Israeli Chief Rabbinate. This is where the details of your daughter-in-law's history become highly relevant.
With regard to your grandson, his status is a function of your daughter-in-law. If her history of observance qualifies her as a Jew who is no longer Orthodox, then your grandson is Jewish. If her history indicates that her acceptance was incomplete or insincere, then her conversion would not be valid and her children would not be considered Jewish.
On a personal level, alongside how disturbing your daughter-in-law's lack of ongoing interest in Judaism is, her need to enforce barriers on communication with your family is also cause for alarm. I hope and pray that your family will be able to get the sort of meaningful counseling that could help bring it to healthier relationships and dynamics. A more healthy and functional relationship would not only enhance the possibilities for your grandson's Jewish exposure, it would also better fulfill Jewish family values as well.
Answered by: Rabbi Judah Dardik (Emeritus)
Click here for a(n) Conservative answer by Rabbi Mark Asher Goodman
First of all, it sounds like this situation is causing significant personal pain for you and your family. Judaism regards the extended family unit as holy, and deeply important to the wellbeing of the child- l'dor v'dor, from generation to generation. I hope and pray that you, your son and his wife can come to some understanding, such that there can be a restoration of relations for the whole family. The specific practices of Judaism that your son and his wife engage or do not engage in are secondary to establishing Shalom Bayit, peace in the home, for you and the entire extended family.
Regarding the status of your son's wife, Jewish law regards a convert as a Jew in all respects once they have undergone conversion. It also regards any offspring as Jews. If a convert reverts to some earlier practices or seems to disregard some or even all of the Mitzvot, their status remains that of a Jew. Even if they openly engage in the practicing of another religion, whether their religion of origin or some other non-Jewish religion, they maintain their status as a Jew.
However, authorities in the Conservative movement agree with the traditional sources (the Teshuvot of R' Zelizer [1995] and R' Abelson and R' Hammer [2012] according to Shulchan Aruch YD 268:12, Rema, Turei Zahav et al) that a convert who reverts to another religion, while still a Jew, must undergo Mikvah and Beit Din again. This is in order to re-affirm their allegiance to Judaism. A child of an apostate from Judaism must also undergo Mikvah and Beit Din.
From your question, it is unclear if your son's wife is simply a non-practicing Jew, for which there are many, and would not need to "re-convert", or whether she has truly abandoned Judaism altogether and might need to re-convert. For you family's sake, this seems less important, though, than the need for all parties to reconcile so that your grandson can have contact with his extended family. If this means turning a blind eye to your son and his wife's religious choices, I would suggest that this is preferable than a child growing up with no contact to his loving Jewish grandparents.
Answered by: Rabbi Mark Asher Goodman
Click here for a(n) Reform answer by Rabbi Yair Robinson
First, I'm sorry for how painful this is for you. For your own relationship with your son, and perhaps for his relationship with his wife, you may want to go to the Council For Relationships for guidance, or consult a local family therapist. http://www.councilforrelationships.org/. Likewise, your son may want to consult a doctor. If this is new behavior for her (perhaps postpartum?) it may be that there is something wrong with her medically and she should get a full workup.
The question is one of her intent in the process. Did she convert in order to 'punch a ticket' so that she could marry your son, or was this for her own personal nourishment on some level? After reviewing Reform Responsa, it is clear that, while conversion for marriage alone is not ideal, we recognize that many people are drawn to Judaism through their spouses-to-be, and embrace our people through them. Assuming that she was sincere in her intent through her process, and she has not explicitly chosen to embrace her former faith, then the conversion stands (and by extension, the Jewishness of your grandchildren). Having said that, it's clear that she needs medical attention—for her own sake, as well as that of her family.
Chazak v'amatz: may you have strength and fortitude as you struggle through this terrible situation.
Answered by: Rabbi Yair Robinson


Is your bad credit record creating hurdles in your growth and development? Well then your solution lies in the option of bad credit loans. This loan is specially customized to meet the monetary requirements of the bad credit holders, so that they can widen their scope of advancements. Bad credit record is generally generated on the accounts of defaults, delayed repayments, CCJ, IVAs as well as arrears and these are no major issues to obstruct the growth of a person. Therefore, this loan is actively serving financial aid to people suffering from the adverse results of such trivial remarks.
Bad credit loans are largely available with all sorts of money lenders as it can be offered in both secured and unsecured form. Those who have a decent collateral or security to provide against the loan can opt for the secured bad credit loans; however, the class of the borrowers can also entertain their monetary requirements through the presence of unsecured bad credit loans. Therefore, it is not incorrect to state that the assistance of this loan is variably suiting the needs and demands of the entire society. Moreover, the repayment term and interest rate are also fixed accordingly, so that the borrowers can make easy repayments and can avail the chance of improvising their low credit score.
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On the other hand, the financial firms are also making efficient efforts in offering the bad credit loans with complete suitability of the borrower. And for this they have offered the very convenient provision of online application form. Now, the borrower can enjoy the luxury of sitting in his home and drafting the application for the bad credit loans. The applicant is required to fill his or her personal information and employment details. In case of secured form of this loan, you must also present your collateral related documents. Once your form is posted on the website, the executives of that particular company will immediately start with the loan processing. This way of application saves a person from the toil of copying and faxing the plethora of documents and reports. In fact, the economic professionals from these firms also assist the borrowers with suggestions and advices on the management of their poor credit record.
A bad credit loan is a type of loan that is offered to individuals that have poor credit.
First, before you apply for a loan, you should write the credit bureau to get a copy of your credit report.
How can you tell if you have bad credit?
If you are receiving calls from a collection agency, you have bad credit. You have bad credit if you have three or more late payments on your credit report.
Unpaid closed accounts. This could be credit cards, auto loans, home loans, apartment lease, cellular phone, cable bills and much more.
Any account that is closed and was not paid off will show a charge off on your credit report. This is one of the worst items that you can have on your credit report. It tells the person that checks your credit that you will never pay off the bill. You can also get bad credit by co-signing for another person.
For example, you could co-sign for a person to get a new car, loan or apartment. If the person you co-signed with is ever late of a payment, that would cause you to have bad credit.
If you would like to clean up or repair your credit, your first step is to order your credit report. Once you have received your report, you should either pay off any unpaid bills on your report or contact the account holders to make some type of payment arrangement. It is always better to pay the bill off if possible. If you owe a large amount of money, you may want to contact a debt consolidation service.
For a small fee, they would contact each account holder to work out a payment plan that you could afford. They would combine all of your bills into one monthly payment. This service would improve your credit history over time.
If all of your accounts are paid off and still show a history of late payments, you could hire a credit restoration service. Credit restoration or credit repair companies can contact the credit bureau to try to get them to remove the late payments from your credit report.
These types of services can only help you to clean up your credit history if you have already paid off your accounts. The reason why your account must be paid off for a credit repair company can be able to help you, is because the credit repair service will send a letter to the credit bureau requesting to have all the negative items removed from your credit report.
The credit bureau will send all your account holders a letter stating that you would like to remove the negative information that they sent to the credit bureau about your account. If your account holder does not respond to the credit bureau's letter, the credit bureau would have to remove the information from your credit report. There is a much better chance that the account holder will not respond to the credit bureau if your accounts are closed and paid off. If your accounts are not paid off, the account holder knows if they respond to the credit bureau, the negative items will stay on your credit report.
The bottom line is, you need to pay off all of your accounts before you try to use a credit repair service. The credit repair company can not help you if you have open or closed accounts that are not paid off.
Besides cleaning up or repairing your credit report, you must also add good credit to your report before you would be seen as having good credit.
Below are a number of things you can do to build up your credit.
Get a auto loan. If you are employed, you can get approved for an auto loan, even if you have poor credit. This method will only help your credit, if you make all of your auto payments on time.
Apply for a major credit card. With poor credit, you will need to apply for a major credit card that offers a low line of credit for individuals that have bad credit. Again, this method will only help to rebuild credit if you make all of your payments on time.
What About Personal Loans With Bad Credit?
There are a few companies that offers personal loans for people with bad credit. You will need to look for companies, not banks that offers high risk personal loan programs.
Banks never offer bad credit loan programs. You will need to look for credit unions or small lenders. There interest rates are much higher than a bank because of the higher risk that they are willing to take.
If you need fast cash and have a checking account, you could get a payday loan for up to $1,500 with no credit checks. They are not concerned about your credit history because they would start collecting there payments in about 2 weeks from the time that you have received your loan. Your payment is collected directly from your checking or savings account.
One financial mistake and you are down in dumps. It is under no circumstances a very choicest place to be. But only when you hit the rock bottom you realize that there is no way, except the way up. "Way up" not only sounds good, it is good. In the financial sense the 'dumps' is bad credit and the 'way up' is bad credit loans.
Bad credit is related to difficulty in finding loans. The loan market has expanded considerably within the last few years. So has the market for bad credit loans. The implications for the consumer – consumer has the benefit of getting better opportunities for bad credit loans. There is nothing derogatory with the term bad credit when applying for loans. In fact the loan process for bad credit loan is similar to any other loan barring the fact that they are loans for bad credit. While applying for bad credit loan, you need to have a regular income, pay your bills on time and not have a severe debt condition.
Many people do not know what bad credit means. You can practically have bad credit for a simple reason as not keeping on one address for a long time, or not returning a book you borrowed from library, an unpaid parking ticket. It is not restricted to making errors in repayment of loans. Rendezvous with bad credit has become fairly easy these days. There is something called a credit score which sensibly includes all the credit information available about your credit conduct. Credit score exposes all the credit information which gives an idea about the risk involved with a specific person, when he applies for a loan. A FICO score is the best way to know whether your credit is good or bad. Most lenders take the reference of a fico credit score while deciding whether to extend loan to you or not.
The fico credit score ranges from 300-850. Below 600 the credit score is termed bad. If you happen to find out that your credit score is bad then don't panic. Make a bad credit loan application and be open with your lender about bad credit. Your honesty will favour your Bad credit loans claim. While approving a bad credit loan application, the loan lender is not always paying attention on the credit score. Though it is a very significant criterion. There are other criteria which have as much influence for getting a bad credit loan approved. Equity, job history, income, savings, and the loan type – all will have a say. Also the success of bad credit loan approval depends on your recent credit history. A positive recent credit history will boost your credit application even if you have had credit problems in the past.
Bad credit loan are offered both as secured and unsecured loans. Sometimes Secured and unsecured loans are an added perplexity for bad credit loan borrowers. Secured loan for bad credit will have security as prerequisite for its authorization. Contrasting to them are unsecured loans which require no such obligation. Here higher interest rates act as substitute for collateral. However, with unsecured loans for bad credit act you don't have to worry about repossession.
Conceive bad credit loan as an opportunity for improving your credit. Resort to window shopping before finalizing on a bad credit loan. I mean just look around – for rates, ask for quotes. Quotes are not necessarily accurate but they help in giving a general idea about the loan cost. Find the loan that speaks to your situation. Try taking small amounts for bad credit loan. Make sure your repayments are on time. By doing so you are steadily improving credit. Take the amount that you need, even if you can afford more. Showing commitment with bad credit loan will display a dedication to improve credit. And gradually, you will see that you are qualifying for regular loan instead of bad credit loan.


Alongside Cancer, focus is on marriage, public relations and business partnerships. You are attracted to him but more like opposites attract. When it comes to Cancer, you are encouraged to check in new things. You express your independence much better. You get on top with original and creative ways. Saturn next to the Moon represents the intensity of a purpose. You are ready to start all over again.
Cancer will influence the part of the solar zodiac that will make you aware of the audience and its relationships. Cancer gives you publicity and recognition for your efforts. He will also affect that section related to marriage. You could be permanently bound to him. Although your signs are opposite, there certainly is this chemistry between you two. If you want to get out of your shell, if you want to do public things then you found the right person. Cancer represents a chance for you to be more independent in thought and action. For new beginnings, Cancer is the perfect partner.
Cancer encourages you to be pioneers, to use your experience in a bold manner. Both are aware of your confidence and you have significant gains on the financial plan.


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Chase Launches Student Credit Card in Branches Only
The Chase Freedom Student features a $0 annual fee and unlimited 1% cash back on all purchases.
By Melissa Lambarena
Melissa Lambarena
Lead Writer | Credit cards, debt
Melissa Lambarena is a lead writer on the credit cards team at NerdWallet. She has enthusiastically covered credit card-related topics for over six years. Her prior experience includes nine years as a content creator for several publications and websites. Through her work, she aims to help readers extract value from credit cards to meet financial goals like stretching their budget, building credit, traveling to dream destinations and paying off debt. She explores these topics and others in NerdWallet's monthly credit card tips column and the Millennial Money column featured in The Associated Press. Her work has also appeared in The New York Times, Chicago Tribune, The Washington Post, USA Today and Yahoo Finance, among others. Melissa has a bachelor's degree in sociology from the University of California, Los Angeles.
Edited by Paul Soucy
Paul Soucy
Lead Assigning Editor | Credit cards, credit scoring, personal finance
Paul Soucy leads the credit cards content team at NerdWallet. He was an editor with the Des Moines Register, USA Today and Meredith/Better Homes and Gardens for more than 20 years, then built a successful freelance writing and editing practice. He edited the USA Today Weekly International Edition and received the highest award from ACES: The Society for Editing. He has a bachelor's degree in journalism and a Master of Business Administration.
If you're a college student who isn't ready to throw a graduation cap into the air just yet, take a look at the hat Chase just tossed into the ring.
A few months ahead of the new semester, the issuer has launched Chase Freedom Student, a credit card designed for those still in school. As of June 9, 2019, students can apply for the card, but only at a Chase branch. Chase calls that an effort "to encourage a conversation with students and their parents."
Key features of the card include:
A $0 annual fee.
Unlimited 1% cash back on all purchases. Chase says rewards can also be redeemed for travel through Chase Ultimate Rewards®, or for things like gift cards for shopping, dining and more.
A bonus offer: Earn 5,000 points after making your first purchase within the first three months. That's redeemable for $50 cash back.
A $20 Good Standing Reward, available annually for the first five years if you keep your account current.
Reporting to all three credit bureaus — TransUnion, Equifax and Experian.
Free credit score access through Chase's Credit Journey, a website that tracks your credit.
An automatic credit limit increase after five on-time payments made within 10 months of opening an account.
An opportunity to upgrade to the Chase Freedom® or Chase Freedom Unlimited® after graduation with a qualifying credit score.
» MORE: NerdWallet's best college student credit cards
The Chase Freedom Student card is aimed at providing young adults with tools and information that can guide them on a strong path to financial health and independent credit building, a Chase spokesperson said by email.
Chase said the product will have "a low credit limit" and "APRs ordinarily reserved for our most creditworthy customers," but didn't provide specifics.
The card's 1% cash back rate is decent for a student credit card, although it's possible to find more lucrative offers. The free credit score access, automatic credit limit increase and potential upgrade opportunity all make it a solid option for a newcomer to credit. Keep in mind that what's most important with a student card is using it to establish a positive credit history. Learn more in our guide to choosing a student card.
About the author: Melissa Lambarena is a credit cards writer at NerdWallet. Her work has been featured by The Associated Press, New York Times, Washington Post and USA Today. Read more
Best Balance Transfer & 0% APR Credit Cards
NerdWallet's Best Credit Card Tips for January 2023
Find the right credit card for you.
Whether you want to pay less interest or earn more rewards, the right card's out there. Just answer a few questions and we'll narrow the search for you.
Dive even deeper in Credit Cards
How to Pick the Best Credit Card for You: 4 Easy Steps
by Claire Tsosie
Why Nearly Every Purchase Should Be on a Credit Card
by Virginia C. McGuire, Paul Soucy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Die-Hards: Nate Santos' Coach on the Pitt Commit's Game, Leadership Skills
George Michalowski
Wednesday night, Pitt basketball fans breathed a huge sigh of relief as Nate Santos became the first prospect to commit to the Panthers in the class of 2021. Santos, a three-star, 6-foot-7 forward, is a native of Geneva, Illinois, but played his basketball for The Loomis Chaffee School, a boarding school of about 700 students in Connecticut.
Santos played there for three years and was led by head coach Rock Battistoni, a former George Washington standout and now NEPSAC Coach of the Year. Shortly after Santos' commitment, Pittsburgh Sports Now caught up with Coach Battistoni and broke down everything about Nate Santos the kid, and Nate Santos the hooper.
This content is for PSN Die-Hard members only. You can sign-up for $3.99 per month or get a yearly subscription for only $38.00!
Current subscribers, please log in to view.
Related Topics:Die-HardsfeaturedNate SantosPitt basketball Class of 2021 recruiting
Die-Hards: Name To Keep An Eye Out For Jeff Capel and Pitt Basketball
Die-Hards: The Potential Impact of 5-Star Center Efton Reid on Pitt


Ever tasted a flight of Gamays between 8 and 16 years old? What about tasting 10 different vintages of Cabernet? How long will a well made Riesling last?
Come and find out at Darling Estate - Cellar Door open by appointment. Same day tastings often possible.


I am warning you, right here, in advance - My next craft involves cutting a circle. If you can't cut a circle with your scissors, you may want to back out now.
With that said I can go ahead and continue. Today's craft in honor of Earth Day is once again inspired by crap things I have laying around me. This is a quick and easy craft that almost anyone will be able to do (other than those noted in the warning above).
Take your 'circle maker' and trace the circles onto your cardboard or card stock. Cut out your circles with your scissors. Cut them a bit outside the tracing line for safe measure if you wish. You can always cut off more, but you can't add more on.
My box top happens to have a patterned side to it.
Next take your pages and cut a large circle out of them, larger than your coaster base is and glue the top of the coaster to the wrong side of the paper.
Use your scissors to start cutting spokes into your paper circle. Do not cut all the way to the edge of the coaster base, leave about 1/8 inch or so space between. The more spokes you use the smoother an edge will be. This may take a bit of wiggling.
Then grab your mod podge and start folding over and gluing down your spokes. Do it a section at a time as you work otherwise you will end up with gluey fingers.
When you are done cut another circle, slightly smaller than the coaster and glue onto the back. You can use another image or a scrap of paper from something else for the backside. This will clean up the side that will be facing down, towards your furniture. Seal all over with mod podge to finish.
And there you have it, your very own recycled coasters using only a few items. You can jazz them up more with stickers, decoupage or rub-on letters/stencils before sealing if you wish and if you don't like the idea of paper on your table you could use a piece of felt for the bottom of your coaster. Just be sure to attach it after you seal the paper on the top.
I hope you enjoyed today's craft. This is so quick and easy that you could make some for each holiday or season if you wanted. You could even use this to make personalized coasters as gifts.
And, all joking aside, you can do with with other shapes as well. Not just circles. Squares are pretty easy to cut out.


All Fairfax - VA homes currently listed for sale in Fairfax - VA as of 04/21/2019 are shown below. You can change the search criteria at any time by pressing the 'Change Search' button below.
If you have any questions or you would like more information about any Fairfax - VA homes for sale or other Fairfax - VA real estate, please contact us and one of our knowledgeable Fairfax - VA REALTORS® would be pleased to assist you.
"3-level brick colonel back to the park. 5BR,4.5.5BA. Over 6000 sq ft of finished living space on 0.85 acre. On a cul-de-sac. Double storey foyer & Grand sunny great rm with wall of windows.Office/library with french doors for privacy. Gourmet kitchen with SS appliances, granite counter tops, large central island & a sunny breakfast area. 2nd staircase lead from kitchen to upper level sitting area. Master BR en-suite with double vanities, soaking tub, separate shower. His & her walk-in closets. Sitting area with built-in, tray ceiling & ceiling fan. Hardwood floor throughout. 2nd & 3rd bedrm on the other wing share a jack-and-jill full bath. 4th bedrm has its own full bath. Upper level landing is a second family room overlooking the great room. It has built-in shelving units. Walk-out sunny basement has a gas fireplace, large sitting area. One bedroom and a full bath for guest or au pair. Close to I-66 & Toll Road,Fair Oaks Mall, Golf course & major shopping. Shown by 24 hr appointment only. Please email or call lister Bee Lee. Shown very well. Tenant occupied."
"Newer home close to Vienna subway. Solid, 3 level, brick home in premier location. Oversized lot backing to open & treed area, nestled on quiet street with sidewalks. Elevator. Gorgeous hardwood floors. Large, open concept kitchen with granite counters, large center island, gas cooking, stainless steel appliances. Big deck with gazebo off kitchen. Family room and separate library transition off kitchen. Huge master suite with sitting room and luxurious bath / dressing room. Also, 2nd master suite with bath & sitting room. Bedrooms 3 and 4 share a Jack and Jill bathroom. Walk out lower level with billiards room, media / home gym, ample storage and entertainment bar."
"Spectacular home built in 2016 by Evergreene! Largest model in community w/over 4,850 square feet of finished space and backing to 5.5 acres of HOA land/trees. The home includes upgrades galore and focused on energy efficiency. 9' ceilings on all levels, 2x6 exterior construction, Energy Star 3.0 Certified, whole house humidifier, and the list goes on! The main level features beautiful hardwood floors, gourmet kitchen with upgraded stainless appliances and cabinetry, stylish backsplash, large center island, and beautiful granite counters. The kitchen opens to a bright morning room and spacious family room w/gas fireplace ~ perfect for entertaining. The main level also includes an incredible mud room with separate entrance, private office, powder room, and spacious living and dining rooms. The upper level includes 4 large bedrooms, each with its own private bath. The incredible master includes two large walk-ins and luxurious master bath with oversized shower and separate tub. The upper level also features a wonderful laundry room with plentiful cabinet space, granite counters, and built-in sink. The finished walkout basement includes multiple rec rooms, full bath, optional 5th bedroom (ready to be finished), and multiple storage rooms. The minimal maintenance exterior includes custom brick and stone front elevation with covered front porch and balcony, hardiplank siding, and architectural roof shingles. The home truly offers ultimate privacy in central Fairfax location. Laurel Ridge Elementary and Robinson Secondary/High School."


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    private $_tracking;

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     * Concatenate a javascript code $line with $var by reference.
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     * @param string  $line
     * @param string  &$var    reference
     * @param boolean $prepend OPTIONAL
     */
    public static function concat_js($line, &$var, $prepend = false) {
        $line = trim($line);

        if ($line) {
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            $line .= "\n";
            if ($prepend) {
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    /**
     * @return CM_Tracking
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            $this->_tracking = CM_Tracking_Abstract::factory();
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        return $this->_tracking;
    }

    /**
     * @param string $jsCode
     */
    public function onloadHeaderJs($jsCode) {
        self::concat_js($jsCode, $this->_onloadHeaderJs);
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    /**
     * @param string $jsCode
     * @param bool   $prepend
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    /**
     * @param string $jsCode
     */
    public function onloadJs($jsCode) {
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    /**
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    public function onloadReadyJs($jsCode) {
        self::concat_js($jsCode, $this->_onloadReadyJs);
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    /**
     * @param CM_Form_Abstract $form
     * @param CM_View_Abstract $parentView
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    public function registerForm(CM_Form_Abstract $form, CM_View_Abstract $parentView) {
        $className = get_class($form);

        $field_list = array();
        foreach ($form->getFields() as $field_key => $field) {
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        $action_list = array();
        foreach ($form->getActions() as $action_name => $action) {
            $action_list[] = '"' . $action_name . '":' . $action->js_presentation();
        }

        $auto_var = 'cm.views["' . $form->getAutoId() . '"]';
        $js = $auto_var . ' = new ' . $className . '({';
        $js .= 'el:$("#' . $form->getAutoId() . '").get(0),';
        $js .= 'parent:cm.views["' . $parentView->getAutoId() . '"],';
        $js .= 'name:"' . $form->getName() . '",';
        $js .= 'fields:{' . implode(',', $field_list) . '},';
        $js .= 'actions:{' . implode(',', $action_list) . '}';
        $js .= '});' . PHP_EOL;

        $this->onloadPrepareJs($js, true);
    }

    /**
     * @param CM_Component_Abstract $component
     * @param string                $parentAutoId OPTIONAL
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    public function registerComponent(CM_Component_Abstract $component, $parentAutoId = null) {
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        $cmpClass = get_class($component);
        $handler = $component->getFrontendHandler();

        $cmpJs = '';
        $cmpJs .= $auto_var . ' = new ' . $cmpClass . '({';
        $cmpJs .= 'el:$("#' . $component->getAutoId() . '").get(0),';
        $cmpJs .= 'params:' . CM_Params::encode($component->getParams()->getAll(), true);
        if ($parentAutoId) {
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        }
        $cmpJs .= '});' . PHP_EOL;

        $this->onloadPrepareJs($cmpJs, true);
        $this->onloadJs($handler->compile_js($auto_var));
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    /**
     * @param CM_Layout_Abstract $layout
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    public function registerLayout(CM_Layout_Abstract $layout) {
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        $js = '';
        $js .= $auto_var . ' = new ' . get_class($layout) . '({';
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        $js .= '});' . PHP_EOL;
        $this->onloadHeaderJs($js, true);
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    /**
     * @return string
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        $return = '';
        self::concat_js($this->_onloadHeaderJs, $return);
        self::concat_js($this->_onloadPrepareJs, $return);
        self::concat_js($this->_onloadJs, $return);
        self::concat_js($this->_onloadReadyJs, $return);
        self::concat_js($this->getTracking()->getJs(), $return);
        return $return;
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    /**
     * Render a script tags with compiled js code.
     *
     * @return string
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    public function renderScripts() {
        return '<script type="text/javascript">' . PHP_EOL . '$(function() {' . PHP_EOL . $this->_onloadHeaderJs . PHP_EOL . $this->_onloadPrepareJs .
        PHP_EOL . $this->_onloadJs . PHP_EOL . $this->_onloadReadyJs . PHP_EOL . '});' . PHP_EOL . '</script>' . PHP_EOL;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Almost everyone knows that bathroom corner shelves are great for holding toiletries. However, you won't find too many marble distributors giving you creative advice about how you can use theses corner caddies. Most wholesale suppliers are more interested in giving you the measurements and how much they have on hand.
That's not necessarily a bad thing. But, it might be helpful to understand what all you can do with marble corner shelves along with all of the creative ways you can install them before trying placing your order. You might end up needing more than what you originally thought.
What Kind of Marble Distributor Should You Use?
Stonexchange, a marble corner shelf distributor is based in Miami, Florida where this kind of a product in particular is in high demand. Because of this, we know what most buyers prefer and what they'd appreciate—even if they've never thought to use a marble corner shelf in such creative ways.
Eliminates cheap looking shower caddies.
Almost every bathroom has that shower caddy hanging from their shower head. You almost expect to see it in every bathroom. Where else would your buyers keep their fancy creams and lotions? Sure, there are plenty of options: on the ledge of the bathtub is usually the default shelf. But where do you put your shampoos and body soap if you have a claw foot tub? Have you ever thought of that? I suppose we'd go right back to the shower caddy. They come in a variety of styles and materials: nickel-finish, a plastic-coated white, and the steel—all of it will rust over an extended period of time. Then things just start looking kind of gross…The next thing you know, you're replacing your shower caddy with yet another disposable one. And in 6 months, repeat!
A marble shower shelf can hold your towels.
Your marble corner shelves don't always have to be for wet things. Depending on how large your shower is, you might be able to afford to install a marble shower caddy towards the back of the shower where water can barely reach—unless you have the kind of bathroom with multiple shower heads, then that's a totally different situation. At any rate, if you get a big enough marble corner shelf, you won't need to worry about tip-toing across your bathroom floor dampening everything in your path to grab your towel, or worse using your toilet bowl as a towel holder!
Create the most stylish-looking medicine cabinet ever!
Who says that medicine needs to be locked away? Not all bathrooms have medicine cabinets anyway. So where would you keep such items? In cases like this, you have to use your creativity. This is where marble corner shelves can make a big impact. Of course, this will have everything to do with how your bathroom's footprint is laid out. For instance, if your sink is up against a corner, then you can easily install a few marble corner shelves there. However, not all bathrooms are built the same. Many vanities are up against a flat wall. In that case you'd install it in the next assessable corner that not only makes senses, but also looks good!
Install it above your toilet bowl.
Let's face it, there are some things that need to be in close proximity of the toilet bowl! Why not install a decorative marble corner shelf above the toilet? You can get rid of that make-shift bathroom caddy that you have standing over the toilet bowl too. It's fashionable and opens up the space in an already cramped room.
You know you need a shower seat.
You just do. So, you might as well get a professional to install a beautifully crafted marble shower seat to make it look good. This way, you can avoid having your bathrooms look like a nursing home.
You're loofa ball needs a home.
The only reason it might be OK for loofa balls to touch while they hang tangled over a showerhead is because they are colorful. Would you want your wet towel to be draped over someone elses? Probably not. You can install several marble corner shelves above and around the bathtub, allowing every family member to have his or her own designated toiletry shelf.
The soap! Don't forget the soap!
Not everyone uses liquid body wash. Some people still prefer the old fashioned use of bar soap. That is all the more reason to install multiple marble corner shelves into a shower. Like a toothbrush, most people prefer to have their own bar of soap. In this case, they'll certainly need somewhere to place that slippery thing! The corner shelf. That's it! Your buyers' families will be able to set that bar of soap right next to the rest of their toiletries.
Perhaps the purchasing family isn't all that big in numbers after all. Now, they have all of these marble corner shelves with more room in their shower than they know what to do with. In that case, use some of that extra space to place some beautiful ferns there. Stage your bathrooms to make your buyers feel like that they're purchasing an oasis!
Showers stalls have limited space, so every bit of square footage is precious. Even a shower caddy cannot always provide enough real estate to stock all of your toiletries. Installing marble corners shelves in your shower stalls will look great in your new bathrooms.
In case you were wondering, your marble corner shelves do not always have to match the tiling in your bathroom. Get creative and find colors in your bathroom that might otherwise be overlooked. Take a look at Stonexchange's online inventory of marble corner shelves and shower seats here. We even have travertine stone!
Place your order with us by calling 1-305-731-2400 or contact us online today. You can even request a free online catalog here.


text:
George Woodruff
Raider Outboards, Inc.
Learn about Florida Entrepreneur George Woodruff:
Originally from Upstate New York, George Woodruff, President and Founder of Raider Outboards, Inc., spent the first 30 years of his career working for IBM Federal Systems. With degrees in Engineering and Computer Science, along with executive leadership training, Woodruff rose through the ranks making significant impacts within the business development side of IBM. In 1991, he took a job with The Hughes Aircraft Company in El Segundo, CA, where he worked on military programs, F22s and several classified projects. Following Hughes, Woodruff took a position with Lockheed Martin in New Hampshire. As Program Manager in the Advanced Programs Division, he worked with advanced technologies and additional classified projects. When Lockheed Martin acquired IBM Federal Systems, they wanted Woodruff to return to where he started. Instead, he "retired" and moved to Florida.
"I had a friend living in Central Florida," Woodruff said. "When I came down to check it out, I really liked what I saw. Titusville is home to Eckler's Corvette, one of the leading companies for Chevy Corvette Parts and Accessories. At the time, all I wanted to do was work on my Corvette, hunt, fish, play golf and relax. After six months of 'retirement' I got bored."
Identifying an Opportunity
Woodruff identified an opportunity and bought a commercial building and a parking lot in downtown Titusville. He rehabbed the property and formed a new company to take on similar projects. Word got out that Woodruff was no longer retired and before long, with the connections he developed throughout his career, he landed a million-dollar Small Business Innovative Research contract to build a ZipperMast for use with ground robotics. This is currently used in nuclear power plants and military operations. Several years later, Woodruff found himself in the right place at the right time when the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) in Panama City, FL, received funding to replace a motor used to propel military Combat Rubber Raiding Crafts. With his experience working with the military and the federal government, Woodruff knew this was an opportune time to get involved.
"I submitted a Broad Agency Announcement proposal to support that project to build a new multi-fuel outboard engine to replace the Evinrude I-MARS outboard," he said. "We won the $2.5 million contract and got to work building a multi-fuel, air droppable, submersible outboard motor for the military. The first thing we did was partner with another company to build our new motor. Unfortunately, after six months in the contract and the majority of our $2.5 million gone, the vendor had failed, we had nothing to deliver for the contract of four fixed price units. I had to mortgage my business and the house just to stay afloat. After some trial-and-error, which included building a highly technical product and then, based on feedback, reducing the weight and the complexity, we had the motor we wanted."
Raider Outboards quickly outgrew their 3,000 sq. ft building and moved into a 10,000 sq. ft facility located in Titusville's Spaceport Commerce Park. The successful delivery of a light-weight multi-fuel submersible electric start outboard engines led to contracts with the Navy, FBI, NASA, Army Rangers, Seal Teams and, by 2020, the United States Marine Corp.
Woodruff explained, "The Marines needed an outboard motor with protection around the propellers. We came up with the Safety Jet that effectively turns a propeller into a pump jet. The Safety Jet provided protection for military personnel during training exercises preventing injuries that could occur with inadvertent contact with a propeller. We've delivered 40 to the Air Force and will start selling to the Marine Corp next year. This will be our first commercial product offered to the U.S. and international market. It will prevent accidents with swimmers and manatees; excellent for hurricane brown water operations with floating debris."
Along the way, Woodruff and his team experienced their fair share of challenges including, the delayed shipment of motors, capital constraints, having to significantly reduce the weight of their motor, designing and redesigning several new parts and aggressive deadlines. Nevertheless, they pressed on and produced a product that's far superior to anything currently on the market.
"We're lighter, faster, more efficient and easier to fix than our competitor," Woodruff said. "Our products are submersible and run on any type of fuel. We're also very big on customer service, training and maintenance. If there's a problem with one of our products, our guys fix it right away. We recently were awarded a five-year contract for training and another five-year contract for maintenance. We're extremely proud but also humble about our success."
Raider Outboards started with three employees. They currently have 15, with plans to reach 40 once full production of the Safety Jet gets underway. Woodruff, who loves operating his business from Titusville, described the company culture as family oriented, supportive of our military and as having a collective focus on company goals. Community involvement is also important to Woodruff and his team.
"We love our first responders and our military," he said. "We'll loan boats and motors to the Sheriff's Department and work with them when they do search and rescue training. We plan on building a new boat for them in the near future. We also work with SEAL Teams, FBI SWAT Teams and the Army Rangers. Many times, they come to our facility for training."
What it Means to be a Florida Companies to Watch Honoree
Woodruff shared his thoughts on the honor and what it means to be recognized. "We were pleasantly surprised," he said. "The fact that we're still growing and are able to compete in this industry is exciting. Our employees love to be recognized."
Woodruff added, "None of this would be possible without the hard work of our tremendous team and without the support of the economic development people in Brevard County. They've helped us get in touch with NASA people and have been amazing to work with. They truly go above and beyond to help companies like ours. I'd also like to recognize the small business folks in Titusville. Everyone is more than happy to help. They've been great to work with."
Looking ahead, Woodruff has a set of ambitious goals that fit into a three year plan and a five year plan. He relates the goals to a dart board, with the bullseye representing the company's focus on motors, the next ring is focused on Safety Jet, the next on electric outboards and the final on the production of a search and rescue boat. Along the way, they are currently working towards an ISO 9001 Certification. Expansion of sales of Raider outboard motors will continue, along with sales of outboard motors and Safety Jets to Germany and The Netherlands.
Advice for Aspiring Entrepreneurs
What advice does Woodruff have for aspiring entrepreneurs? "Life is precious," he said. "You only have few days here on this earth and you should be accomplishing what you enjoy. Don't be afraid of failure. If you do fail, get back on the horse and keep going. You also need knowledge of what you're doing. Passion alone is not enough. If you love ice cream, but you've never made it before, you might not want to get into that business."


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Sure. Simply allot yourself sufficient time to get a very good evening's sleep. Keep on with a daily sleep schedule as best as you may, fairly than sleeping and waking up at different occasions from each day. Do not train inside 2 hours of sleeping. Do not eat large amounts of food earlier than going to sleep. Avoid caffeine or sugary meals and drinks before sleeping. Try not to use your TV, pc, phone, tablet or any other display shortly before sleeping. Dim your lights before you go to sleep. All of this, mixed with dwelling a healthier way of life throughout ought to enormously enhance your quality of sleep.
It isn't a easy factor to maintain your self from the unhealthy food or unhealthy exercise. The life-style adjustments every so often. The changing lifestyle impacts all components of the body. Stroke not comes as a result of no purpose, it comes with the signs to alert people to do preventive actions. Have you ever ever heard tips about taking the care the physique from stroke? It is the time to get to know more concerning the tips and steps on find out how to stop stroke.
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text:
Internal/stat/tax/vat audit by different persons?
yashsr (CA) (2270 Points)
It is commonly known that Internal Auditor and Stat Auditor can never be the same. However, what about Tax/VAT Audit? Can the Tax/VAT auditor be the same one who is the Internal Auditor or Stat Auditor?
Devendra (Chartered Accountant) (4765 Points)
Yes. The person conducting the Tax Audit also can conduct VAT Audit.
Devendra Kulkarni
Originally posted by : Devendra
Thanks although I already knew that! My question is whether the tax/vat auditor can be the same as the internal auditor or the statutory auditor or all 3 have to be different?
Deepak Gupta (CA Student) (15857 Points)
The Council in its 281st meeting held from 3rd to 5th October, 2008 decided that an internal auditor of an assessee, whether working with the organization or an independently practicing Chartered Accountant being an individual chartered accountants or a firm of chartered accountants, could not be appointed as his tax auditor.
The said decision came into effect from December 12, 2008. As per the decision an internal auditor cannot carryout tax audit on or after December 12, 2008. Subsequently representations have been received pointing out the hardship being caused by the abovesaid decision in respect of those internal auditors who have been appointed as tax auditors for the financial 2008-09 on or before December 12, 2008. The Council considering this hardship has decided that the decision taken by the Council at its meeting between 3rd to 5th October, 2008 shall be applicable to all appointments as tax auditor made on or after December 12, 2008 and accordingly those internal auditors whose appointment have been made as tax auditors before December 12, 2008, can carry out the tax audit of the financial year ending on March 31, 2009, i.e., Assessment Year 2009-2010 only.
https://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=4157
Attached File : 555789 944542 internal auditor cannot be tax auditor.pdf downloaded: 230 times
Thanks for the detailed and perfect reply!
What about Stat Auditor? Can he be appointed as the Tax Auditor or Vat Auditor? For eg. if a an Auditor is doing Company Audit i.e. Stat Audit for a Company and that Company's turnover is >60 lacs which means its also liable for Tax Audit and Vat Audit. Now, the person doing Company Audit can also Tax and Vat Audit, isn't this correct?
Section 44AB stipulates that only Chartered Accountants should perform the tax audit. This section does not stipulate that only the statutory auditor appointed under the Companies Act or other similar Statute should perform the tax audit. As such the tax audit can be conducted either by the statutory auditor or by any other chartered accountant in full time practice.
Refer Para 9.3 of The Guidance Note on Tax Audit u/s 44AB of the IT Act, 1961 (Revised 2005 Edition) issued by the The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.
Anooj (Chartered Accountant) (2130 Points)
Chintan Gosalia (CA Chintan Gosalia) (51 Points)
Please could anyone help me with teh below query.
Whether a qualified Chartered Accountant in service (not a practising chartered accountant) undertake an internal audit of a manufacturinig company? Also if possible please give references to the answer.
Please could anyone help me with the below query.
basavaraju (secretary) (24 Points)
Replied 02 June 2017
In which of the following states can a practicing company secretary conduct vat audit?
a.Tamil nadu
b.Karnataka
c.Madhya pradesh
d.Telengana
reply pls...


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text:
givetwig, Inc.
Boston, MA | http://www.givetwig.org
Faz parte desde fevereiro 2016
givetwig is a registered 501(c)(3) organization that seeks to make charitable giving fun and easy so that it becomes routine. givetwig encourages small, weekly donations ($2, $5, $10) from our donors that are then combined and passed through to other nonprofit organizations at 100%. every week, givetwig identifies and researches a different nonprofit organization and donates the collective weekly amount to them. donors receive a profile every Monday that describes the organization and tells a personal story about the people (or animals!) that they are helping. at the end of each year, givetwig donors will have helped 52 different organizations achieve their missions and will have affected countless individuals. small donations can make a big impact, and givetwig spreads a lot of happiness!
givetwig is a registered 501(c)(3) organization that seeks to make charitable giving fun and easy so that it becomes routine. givetwig encourages small, weekly donations ($2, $5, $10) from our donors that are then combined and passed through to other…
P.O. Box 51214, Boston, MA None, United States


text:
Q: Which files to download for all wikipedia images I want to download all the Chinese Wikipedia data (text + images), I downloaded the articles but I got confused with these media files, and also the remote-media files are ridiculously huge, what are they? do I have to download them?
From: http://ftpmirror.your.org/pub/wikimedia/imagedumps/tarballs/fulls/20121104/
zhwiki-20121104-local-media-1.tar   4.1G
zhwiki-20121104-remote-media-1.tar  69.9G
zhwiki-20121104-remote-media-2.tar  71.1G
zhwiki-20121104-remote-media-3.tar  69.3G
zhwiki-20121104-remote-media-4.tar  48.9G

Thanks!

A: I'd assume that they are the media files included from Wikimedia Commons, which are most of the images in the articles. From https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dumps/media:

For each wiki, we dump the image, imagelinks and redirects tables via /backups/imageinfo/wmfgetremoteimages.py. Files are written to /data/xmldatadumps/public/other/imageinfo/ on dataset2.
From the above we then generate the list of all remotely stored (i.e. on commons) media per wiki, using different args to the same script.

And it's not that huge for all files from the Chinese Wikipedia :-)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
A diszjunktív normálforma, röviden DNF a matematikai logika egy területén, a nulladrendű logikán belül definiálható fogalom, egy logikai műveletet leíró olyan ítéletlogikai formulát jelent, mely a művelet változóinak vagy negáltjainak konjunkcióinak diszjunkciója:

A diszjunktív normálformák tehát olyan nulladrendű logikai formulák, melyekben csak változók és az  operátorok fordulnak elő (és egyéb megkötések is érvényesek).

Tehát, ha a logikai művelet az  változókon van értelmezve, akkor egy diszjunktív normálformája lehet például:

Fontosabb elnevezések

Tekintsük az alábbi, DNF alakú formulát:

 a változókat a (normál)forma atomjainak nevezzük, a fenti példában atomok  ;
 a változókat vagy negáltjaikat közös néven a (normál)forma literáljainak nevezzük; a fenti példában literálok  ; a negálatlan literálokat pozitívnak, míg a negáltakat negatívnak is szokás nevezni.
 a literálok konjunkcióit pedig elemi konjunkcióknak, a fenti példában ezek:  és .

E formuláknak különféle alkalmazásai vannak például a számításelméletben, az automatikus tételbizonyítások elméletében (rezolúciós kalkulus, logikai programozás).

Példák és ellenpéldák

Néhány logikai művelet, diszjunktív normálformában:

A következő formulák viszont nem diszjunktív normálformulák:
 , mert a negáció nem csak atomot köt, hanem egy összetett formulát;
 , mert nem egy elemi konjunkció, hanem egy elemi diszjunkció a konjunkció egy tagja;
 , mert előfordul nem megengedett operátor ( ).

Viszont a fenti formulákkal (műveletekkel) ekvivalensek az alábbi, diszjunktív normálforma alakú formulák:
  (minden elemi konjunkció egytagú, atomi;)

Műveletek és formulák előállítása DNF alakban

Tetszőleges ítéletlogikai műveletet és formulát elő lehet állítani DNF alakban. Néha többféleképp is, azaz az előállítás nem egyértelmű.

Szintaktikus módszerek

Egy nem-, és-, vagy-, implikáció- és ekvivalencia-jeleket tartalmazó nulladrendű formula mindig átalakítható DNF alakba, mégpedig szintaktikusan, azaz csak átalakítási szabályok segítségével; anélkül, hogy a formulát ki kellene értékelnünk.

A következő szabályokat lehet, érdemes alkalmazni egy formula DNF alakba hozásakor:
 ;
 ;
  (De Morgan-szabály I.);
  (De Morgan-szabály II.);
  (disztributivitási törv.);
  (kettős tagadás).

A DNF egyszerűsítésre sokszor még használhatóak az ún. adszorbciós szabályok:

 ;
 .

Szemantikus módszerek. A KDNF

Ha adott egy többváltozós logikai művelet, például értéktáblázattal, akkor ennek ismeretében megkonstruálható egy DNF, ami az illető műveletet leírja. Ez azt is jelenti, hogy az  rendszer funkcionálisan teljes.

Egy diszjunktív normálforma értéktáblázatát elkészítve, a formula adott sorban (interpretációban) pontosan akkor lesz igaz, ha abban az interpretációban legalább egy elemi konjunkció igaz, tehát pontosan akkor hamis, ha abban az interpretációban minden elemi konjunkció hamis. Márpedig egy elemi konjunkció pontosan akkor hamis, ha legalább egy literálja hamis abban az interpretációban, akkor igaz tehát, ha minden literál igaz; azaz negálatlan atomjai igazak, a negáltak pedig hamisak. Adott interpretációt tekintve, ha tehát az atomokat összediszjunkciózzuk úgy, hogy a konjunkcióban negálatlanul szerepeljenek az "igaz" igazságértéket kapott atomok, és negáltan a "hamis" igazságértéket kapottak; akkor a konjunkció értéke igaz lesz. Ezáltal pedig a konjunkciók diszjunkciója is igaz lesz ebben az interpretációban.

Ennek megfelelően a következőképp konstruálhatunk DNF-t tetszőleges művelethez: a művelet értéktáblázata minden olyan sorához (interpretációjához), melyben az f művelet az i (igaz) logikai értéket veszi fel, konstruálunk egy literálokból álló elemi konjunkciót, mégpedig úgy, hogy ha az Xk változónak abban a sorban i értéket adtunk, akkor ez a változó a diszjunkcióba mint negálatlan atom (pozitív literál) kerül be, ha pedig h (hamis) értéket, akkor negáltan. Tehát minden olyan sorhoz/interpretációhoz, melyre f(X1, … , Xn) = i , ily módon létrehozunk egy elemi konjunkciót, mely pontosan ebben az interpretációban igaz. Majd képezzük ezek diszjunkcióját: ez pontosan akkor igaz, ha valamelyik elemi konjunkciója igaz, na de ha a diszjunkció az adott interpretációban igaz, akkor készítettünk egy ebben az igaz interpretációban igaz elemi konjunkciót az előbb, mely a diszjunkció egy tagjaként biztosítja, hogy a diszjunkció igaz legyen. Így egy DNF alakú formulát kapunk, és a fentiek alapján ez valóban "ekvivalens" az eredeti logikai függvénnyel. Az ezen algoritmus eredményeképp kapott DNF-t a logikai művelet/formula kitüntetett diszjunktív normálformájának (KDNF) is nevezik.

Formálisan "polinommal" adhatjuk meg az f KDNF alakját:
 .

Tehát a diszjunkcióképzés az összes olyan interpretációra (kiértékelésre) terjed ki, mely igazzá teszi f-et; továbbá gI-vel jelöltük a g függvény adott I kiértékelésbeli logikai értékét (például ha g=f vagy ha g=Xi), és -1-gyel való "szorzásként" a negálást.

Megjegyzés: e módszerrel nem lehet az azonosan hamis logikai függvényekhez DNF-t rendelni. És valóban, ezeknek nincs is, illetve esetleg azt szoktuk mondani, hogy DNF alakjuk az "üres diszjunkció", amit 0-val (h-val) is szokás jelölni.

Példa

KDNF konstruálása

E módszereket a következő,  kétváltozós függvény példáján illusztráljuk:

Vagyis az  függvényhez/formulához szemantikusan konstruált normálforma a következő lesz:
      (*) .

Szintaktikus konstrukció

Szintaktikusan egy sokkal egyszerűbb, egyetlen elemi diszjunkcióból álló DNF-et tudunk konstruálni:
 érvényes ugyanis (a fentebb megadott 2. szintaktikai szabályt használtuk).

A KDNF egyszerűsítése

A szemantikus módszerrel kapott KDNF-ből a következőképp, a (*) formula alábbi átalakításaival, egyszerűsítésével is eljuthatunk szintaktikus úton a fent leírt sokkal egyszerűbb DNF-hoz; a KDNF utolsó két klózának konjunkciójából álló részformuláját alakítgatjuk:

Tekintetbe véve még az első klózt is;

(E hosszadalmas eljárás egy lentebbi szakaszt kíván illusztrálni).

A DNF nem egyértelmű

Mindebből látható, hogy a DNF tényleg nem egyértelmű, sok esetben egyszerűsíthető a fent megadott, illetve további szintaktikus szabályok (az ítéletlogika törvényei) segítségével.

Problémák és alkalmazások

A DNF-előállító eljárások sok algoritmikus, számításelméleti problémát vetnek fel.

Egyszerűsítő eljárások

Láttuk, hogy a DNF nem egyértelműen létezik egy adott Boole-függvényhez vagy formulához. Felmerül a kérdés, hogy definiálható-e és található-e mindegyikükhöz egy-egy valamilyen értelemben "legegyszerűbb" DNF?

Például a fent leírt szemantikus eljárással kapott DNF-k gyakorta exponenciális sok tagból állnak. Ezért a múlt században (az 1950-es évektől) az elektronikus számítógépek és az áramkörelmélet megjelenése után komoly kutatási terület volt a matematikai logikán belül a normálformák egyszerűsítése. Rengeteg egyszerűsítő eljárást fedeztek fel, a leggyakrabban idézett a DNF-ek kezelésére kidolgozott Quine-McCluskey-algoritmus.

Hivatkozások

Lásd még
 konjunktív normálforma
 Skolem-normálforma
 Horn-logika

Külső hivatkozások

Magyar nyelven
 Sulinet a normálformákról

Angolul
 A DNF-ek vizsgálata számításelméleti szempontból (cikk, PDF)
 Dr. Math leírása, sok példával
 Részletes leírása és kapcsolata a logikai programozással.

Irodalom
 Papadimitriou, Christos H.: Számítási bonyolultság (Computational complexity). Egyetemi tankönyv. Novadat Bt., 1999. .
 Pásztorné Varga Katalin – Várterész Magda: A matematikai logika alkalmazásszemléletű tárgyalása, Panem, Bp., 2003.

Matematikai logika

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Can Selenium use multi threading in one browser? I want to test a web in multi threading but when I open too many chromedrivers they use too much memory. Can I use multi threading in one browser?

A: WebDriver is not thread-safe. The issue of thread-safety isn't in your code but in the actual browser bindings. They all assume there will only be one command at a time (e.g. like a real user). But you can on the other hand instantiate one WebDriver instance for each thread but it will launch multiple browsers which will consume more memory.

A: The multithreading should be done on different instances of Webdriver as Webdriver itself is a single thread.
Different threads can be run on same Webdriver, but then the results of the tests would not be what you expected. Let me explain it.
When you use multithreading to run different tests on different tabs(that't not impossible, little bit of coding is required), the actions you will perform like click or send keys will go to the opened tab that is currently focused regardless of the test running. That means all the test will run simultaneously on the same tab that has focus and not on intended tab.
You can read about multithreading in Webdriver.


The weather has not been kind, but I have had some long journeys to see clients, so have come across some quite lovely views, and my little Nikon S1 has been doing a cracking job. Last week I went to North Yorkshire again, and the sun was arguing with the clouds to see who would win out.
On my way back I went through a village called Ravensworth and came across this ruined castle.The remains here date from the 14th Century, although it's thought there has been a castle there since Norman times. The chap who built this one was Henry Baron FitzHugh. n 1391 he enclosed 200 acres (81 ha) around the castle, creating a park.The castle started to be pulled down in the 16th century, and the stone was used for other buildings in the area.
hmm blew the sky out a bit in t hat 2nd shot but I like the composition so all is not lost.
Last weekend Phil worked on Sunday and I spent a little while trying to get some decent shots of the birds in my garden, through the front window as it was too cold out.
I tried to get a decent shot of the Lady Robin too, but she's a bit more bashful and quicker to jump back into the bushes out of sight as soon as she's got something from the feeder.
This week I had a 3 hour drive over to the west go the country, visiting clients in Whitehaven on the West coast, Penrith,Dalston,and Kewick. Lots of long driving times, I set off at 7.15am and eventually got home at 6.30pm, but was hugely compensated by seeing the mountains and Lake Bassenthwaite on my travels. It's been quite a while since I had to go there, and it was lovely to visit old photo haunts and take new ones with snow in place.
That was the photo highlight of the week really. I am very impressed with what the tiny Nikkon S1 can do, especially with the 11-27mm lens that it comes with which I used for the landscape shots, and I also used the little 300mm zoom I got for it, for taking the bird shots, to the point where I no longer take the big D700 out for work journeys and everyday use. It captures a fair amount of detail, granted that that has to be brought out in Lightroom, but at least it's in there to begin with.
There are some jobs though that only the D700 can do, and one of those jobs was for me to take some decent photo's of Phil's bass guitars. (A commission no less!!) I decided I would shoot each one separately and use a light painting technique. This was a bit of a faff as of course the room has to be completely dark and the room I use is quite small so lots of bumping elbows and knees. I had a black backdrop specially bought on Amazon, it came all the way from china,worked really well and a was a bargain. The photo's have come out really well, and I am going to do some close ups and arty farty shots to go with, here are a couple of the ones I took.
and finally my shot for The Sunday challenge~ theme Gadgets….
I can't claim originality, I saw a similar picture way back when, and always fancied doing my own version.
Posted in birds, cameras, Guitars, landscape, nature, Nikon, photography, robins, Uncategorized, winterTagged apple, bass guitar, compact Nikon S1, Cumbria, fender jazz, Lake Bassenthwaite, Mountains, Nikon D700, Nikon S1, North Yorkshire, Ravensworth Castle, rickenbackerBookmark the permalink.
thanks Francis 🙂 Have great week.
Great images. I particularly enjoy the landscape photos. As you say, one does not need a big camera in order to shoot big photos. Very nice!
thanks so much for your feedback, and am really glad you enjoyed Cumbria and Yorkshire, I must look into Hardknott Pass, as I usually am on the A66 for my work travels. 🙂 By the way, if you ever come back for a visit, I have an interactive map of good locations for photography, it's on my menu bar.


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text:
Weird Science: The Birds Could Happen and the Worst Way to Die
By Tom Burson | May 2, 2017 | 10:15am
Science Features Oddities
This Week in Weird Science: Like humans, pigeons can share stories across generations. For pigeons' sake, let's hope they won't have to deal with grandfather's who endlessly talk about their fishing lessons as a child in Muskegon. Next, we talk about the worst ways to die. Turns out: Sleep won't kill you but a particle accelerator definitely will. And, lastly, we see what happens when a Soundgarden song comes to life: a black hole sun washes away much more than rain.
Pigeons can share information across generations.
It was previously thought that only humans and some species of primates could transfer knowledge from generation to generation. New research out of the Department of Zoology at Oxford University in the U.K. indicates that homing pigeons also share this ability. In doing so, the researchers have made the film The Birds scarily accurate and that much more terrifying.
The study, published in Nature Communications, analyzed how homing pigeons can gradually improve their flight paths, over time—like from North to South … or from sky to Tippi Hedren's hair. To accomplish this, ten chains of birds were released from the same site and "generational succession" was simulated with the continuous replacement of birds familiar with the route and and those who'd never flown the course. The idea was that the birds familiar with the route would pass their expertise to the Clark Griswold's of the bird-world.
As it just so happens, the student becomes the teacher and those birds most familiar with the journey passed their learnings onto the newcomers.
"We have demonstrated that, by facing the same problem repeatedly, collective intelligence in animal groups can become a cumulative process," said co-authors Takao Sasaki and Dora Biro. "We would predict similar accumulation of knowledge in other multi-generational social groups, ranging from the establishment of 'traditional' foraging areas in social insects to long-distance migration routes in whooping cranes."
Let's just hope that these animals won't also be subjected to the "collective intelligence" of, say, how to flea a bear, according to that one time Grandpa got lost in the woods outside of Muskegon.
What are the worst ways to die? Death by sound? Explosion? Super soaker filled with chlorine trifluoride?
The question's been covered extensively. Would you rather die by freezing to death or burning to death? Would you rather die by drowning or dehydration? What's the worst way to die?
A physicist and a writer spent the last two years pondering the absolute worst ways to die, from outlandish to gruesome to extreme to "death by the devil's Super Soaker" and wrote a book about them: And Then You're Dead: What Really Happens If You Get Swallowed by a Whale, Are Shot from a Cannon, or Go Barreling over Niagara.
The duo, writer Cody Cassidy and co-author Paul Doherty, a senior scientist with the Exploratorium Museum in San Francisco, took to Reddit for an Ask Me Anything (AMA) about their grim findings like "what would happen if you swam out of a deep-sea submarine, were swallowed by a whale" ... which can happen and will in fact kill you.
The most popular question of the AMA was asked by redditor, mechanon05, "Is it possible to produce a sound that's loud enough to kill a person?"
Uhhhh, yeah. "A shock wave from a bomb blast or meteorite strike can produce a pressure wave which will blow out the alveoli in your lungs. And maybe the 190 dB sound wave would destroy alveoli as well. Any volunteers?", answered the authors.
This was a tame question by Reddit standards because the curiosity about gruesome—truly gruesome—deaths progressed the conversation. Questions like: "How would it kill you if you put your hand into a particle [eccelerator]?" or "If i were floating near a [nuetron] star say within 1 mile, how spectacular would my death be?"
According to the authors, both deaths would be spectacular—though it's definitely possible to survive the particle accelerator, as exhibited by Anatoli Bugorski, who survived a beam of the Russian U-70 accelerator through his head.
Thankfully, the team did manage to answer a few questions that have been bothering stoner philosophers for decades like if you're trapped in a falling elevator, will you survive if you jump before reaching the bottom?
No, you won't survive. And that seems to be the moral of the story. Anything and everything can kill you.
What happens when a black hole meets the sun? Hint: It won't wash away the rain.
"Black hole sun, won't you come, and wash away the rain?" This video suggests that a collision course between a black hole and the sun—or simply a star in this case—may not wash away the rain, but it's definitely breathtaking.
This phenomenon is called a "tidal disruption event," in which tidal forces of the black hole pull the star into its center through "spaghettification"—an actual scientific term that does not mean "the process of transforming household objects into spaghetti like this author originally thought. Spaghettification is, as perhaps expected, the compression of objects into a noodle-like shape. Think: What happens to a cartoon character's arm when an anvil falls onto it. And it's actually pretty terrifying.
That said, if a black hole sun could wash away the rain, based on "the noodle effect," one could realistically expect something cloudy with a chance of meatballs.
Top photo by jocelyn CC BY 2.0
Tommy Burson is a travel writer, part-time hitchhiker, and he's currently trying to imitate Where in the World is Carmen San Diego but with more sunscreen and jorts.
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text:
Community Liaison Worker/Case...
Rona Mackay MSP
REPAYMENT OF VAT TO SCOTLAND'S POLICE & FIRE SERVICE REMAINS 'LIVE ISSUE' SAYS HOLYROOD COMMITTEE
SCOTLAND SHORT-CHANGED BY £175 MILLION POLICE AND FIRE TAX The Scottish Parliament's Justice Committee has concluded that Police Scotland not being exempt from paying VAT remained a 'live issue' and remained 'an issue of debate'.
The conclusions were part of Holyrood's Justice Committee review of the 2012 Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act which is also concluded that the reforms had led to 'greater consistency of service across Scotland ... [which had] ... particularly benefited victims of crimes such as domestic or sexual abuse'.
Tory Justice Spokesperson at Holyrood, Liam Kerr, is a member of the committee while his party colleague Margaret Mitchell serves as the committee's Convener.
Commenting on the report SNP MSP Rona Mackay - the Deputy Convener of the Committee - said: "It is significant that a report by a Committee on which two Tory MSPs sit - one of whom is the Convener - is prepared to say that the issue of a VAT repayment being withheld by the Tory government in Westminster has concluded that the issue remains live. "Despite the fact other territorial police and fire services VAT exempt the current Westminster government is short-changing Scotland's emergency services to the tune of £175 million. "The SNP has consistently called for the debt to be repaid. Whilst Police Scotland and the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service may no longer pay VAT, this repayment remains outstanding. "Whilst the Westminster government will happily squander billions on a Brexit shambles of their own making, or a pay-off for the DUP they continue to refuse to refund punitive VAT charges which have needlessly deprived Scotland's emergency services of extra resources." Notes:
1. Report on post-legislative scrutiny - The Police Service of Scotland - Download 2. Reporton post-legislative scrutiny - The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service - Download
EAST DUNBARTONSHIRE NURSERIES TO BENEFIT FROM £1M WINTER OUTDOOR LEARNING FUND
RONA BACKS "AMBITIOUS" STEPS TO TACKLE CLIMATE EMERGENCY
£11 MILLION FUNDING REACHES EAST DUNBARTONSHIRE TO TACKLE IMPACT OF COVID-19
Rona Mackay was elected in May 2016 with a 8,100 majority in Strathkelvin and Bearsden.
Prior to this, she was a journalist in national newspapers for more than 20 years, before becoming Parliamentary Assistant to Clydebank and Milngavie MSP Gil Paterson, with whom she worked for nine years before becoming elected.
© 2019 Rona Mackay | Data Protection Privacy Notice | Jobs


text:
Drift Stage coming to Kickstarter next week, but you can play a demo now
By Tom Sykes 2015-01-04T17:00:00.3Z
How can it be that we haven't mentioned Drift Stage before now? I mean, look at it. It's an 80sy/90sy racing game that mixes gorgeous, low poly car models and environments with beautifully chunky pixel art. The result is something that would have felt right at home on the Sega Dreamcast. Because this is the space year 2015, however, it's coming to Kickstarter next week, though developers Super Systems have released a very early pre-alpha demo to keep us occupied in the meantime.
Comprising a time trial race around a single, nighttime city track, this might initially seem like a bit of a slim demo, but that's before you hit Start (on the 360 pad, at least) and see the heavenly words 'Photo Mode' jutting out at you. A few dedicated people are going to spend a lot of time getting some great shots with this feature, which lets you pause the game at any point and fly around with a free camera to take the perfect snapshot (the screenshot key is F9, by the way).
The full game, judging by the menu, will feature a fulsome range of career and multiplayer modes, with Steam Workshop support integrated from the main menu. (It's already been Greenlit, in case you were wondering.)
I'll leave you with a video of the time trial mode in action. Man, I miss OutRun.


Proper ventilation is one of the essential factors to consider when installing glazing systems to protect stained-glass windows.
Stained-glass windows artistically illuminate and beautify the interior of a building and form an integral component of the architectural texture of the building's exterior. Traceries of a compound window frame, as well as the texture of the stained-glass windows' leaded panes, can be obscured by the protective glazing, reducing the exterior reveal or even eliminating the aperture. This can drastically reduce or even eliminate the visibility of significant and costly architectural features on a building's facade.
To know in detail please download the PDF "Stained-Glass Protection 1"
To know in detail please download the PDF "Stained-Glass Protection 2"
To know in detail please download the PDF "Stained-Glass Protection 3"
To know in detail please download the PDF "Traditional Building Cover Page"


text:
Bay Venture Law
The Success of Your Business is Our Business ®
Community & Legislative
Community & Legislative Services
Every company has both positive and negative impacts on its surrounding community. This can become particularly acute when a company introduces disruptive technologies into existing infrastructures. We work with our clients and their environmental and engineering consultants to identify the source of the new operations that is impacting the local community and to minimize the adverse impact. We also work with the diverse community stakeholders to enhance the company's position as a responsible member of the local community.
Sometimes existing business or legal solutions are not adequate or available. In those situations, we actively engage in the legislative and regulatory processes by working directly with legislators to author legislation, by providing written or in-person public testimony on pending regulations or legislation, or by registering as a lobbyist to actively participating with an established local lobbying firm to help legislators understand the policy and practical business issues before them. Examples of legislative and regulatory services include:
North Carolina House Bill 1030
An act to modify the current operations and capital improvements appropriations act of 2015 and to make other changes in the budget operations of the State, including the elimination of the sales and use tax on the machinery and equipment employed in the scrap recycling industries and the imposition of a privilege tax not to exceed $80 per article of equipment. Sessions Law 2016-94.
OSHA Docket No. OSHA-2013-0023
Proposed regulatory amendment to rules governing the reporting and tracking of workplace injuries and illnesses to prohibit employers from taking adverse actions against the reporting employee even where the reporting employee's injury or illness was caused by the reporting employee's violation of the employer's workplace safety policies and procedures. 79 Fed. Reg. 47605, August 14, 2014.
California Senate Bill No. 399
An act to amend multiple sections of the Corporations Code and to add and repeal provisions of the Government Sections to provide for the conversion of California corporations into limited liability companies, limited partnerships, or general partnerships, and to provide for the formation of a California corporation upon the conversion of a foreign or domestic limited liability company, limited partnership, or general partnership or upon the conversion of a foreign corporation. Chapter 480 of the Statutes of 2002.
California Assembly Bill No. 601
An act to amend Sections 16601, 16602, and 16602.5 of the Business and Professions Code to restrict competition by the seller of corporation, partnership, or limited liability company business to the broadest geographic area in which the selling business was conducted. Chapter 179 of the Statutes of 2002.
California Assembly Bill No. 1970
An act to amend Section 17942 and to repeal and add Section 17943 of the Revenue and Taxation Code to fix the annual gross receipt taxes imposed on limited liability companies and to eliminate the Franchise Tax Board's authority to administratively impose annual increases on the gross receipt taxes. Chapter 391 of the Statutes of 2001.
An act to amend Sections 17001, 17050, and 17101 of the Corporations Code to permit single member limited liability companies. Chapter 490 of the Statues of 1999.
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