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Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson (1836)
NATURE.
COMMODITY.
Our age is retrospective. It builds the sepulchres of the fathers. It writes biographies, histories, and criticism. The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face; we, through their eyes. Why should not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe? Why should not we have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us, and not the history of theirs? Embosomed for a season in nature, whose floods of life stream around and through us, and invite us by the powers they supply, to action proportioned to nature, why should we grope among the dry bones of the past, or put the living generation into masquerade out of its faded wardrobe? The sun shines to-day also. There is more wool and flax in the fields. There are new lands, new men, new thoughts. Let us demand our own works and laws and worship.
Undoubtedly we have no questions to ask which are unanswerable. We must trust the perfection of the creation so far, as to believe that whatever curiosity the order of things has awakened in our minds, the order of things can satisfy. Every man's condition is a solution in hieroglyphic to those inquiries he would put. He acts it as life, before he apprehends it as truth. In like manner, nature is already, in its forms and tendencies, describing its own design. Let us interrogate the great apparition, that shines so peacefully around us. Let us inquire, to what end is nature?
All science has one aim, namely, to find a theory of nature. We have theories of races and of functions, but scarcely yet a remote approximation to an idea of creation. We are now so far from the road to truth, that religious teachers dispute and hate each other, and speculative men are esteemed unsound and frivolous. But to a sound judgment, the most abstract truth is the most practical. Whenever a true theory appears, it will be its own evidence. Its test is, that it will explain all phenomena. Now many are thought not only unexplained but inexplicable; as language, sleep, dreams, beasts, sex.
Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. Strictly speaking, therefore, all that is separate from us, all which Philosophy distinguishes as the not me, that is, both nature and art, all other men and my own body, must be ranked under this name, Nature. In enumerating the values of nature and casting up their sum, I shall use the word in both senses;—in its common and in its philosophical import. In inquiries so general as our present one, the inaccuracy is not material; no confusion of thought will occur. Nature, in the common sense, refers to essences unchanged by man; space, the air, the river, the leaf. Art is applied to the mixture of his will with the same things, as in a house, a canal, a statue, a picture. But his operations taken together are so insignificant, a little chipping, baking, patching, and washing, that in an impression so grand as that of the world on the human mind, they do not vary the result.
CHAPTER I.
To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and vulgar things. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these preachers of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.
The stars awaken a certain reverence, because though always present, they are always inaccessible; but all natural objects make a kindred impression, when the mind is open to their influence. Nature never wears a mean appearance. Neither does the wisest man extort all her secret, and lose his curiosity by finding out all her perfection. Nature never became a toy to a wise spirit. The flowers, the animals, the mountains, reflected all the wisdom of his best hour, as much as they had delighted the simplicity of his childhood.
When we speak of nature in this manner, we have a distinct but most poetical sense in the mind. We mean the integrity of impression made by manifold natural objects. It is this which distinguishes the stick of timber of the wood-cutter, from the tree of the poet. The charming landscape which I saw this morning, is indubitably made up of some twenty or thirty farms. Miller owns this field, Locke that, and Manning the woodland beyond. But none of them owns the landscape. There is a property in the horizon which no man has but he whose eye can integrate all the parts, that is, the poet. This is the best part of these men's farms, yet to this their land-deeds give them no title.
To speak truly, few adult persons can see nature. Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing. The sun illuminates only the eye of the man, but shines into the eye and the heart of the child. The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other; who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. His intercourse with heaven and earth, becomes part of his daily food. In the presence of nature, a wild delight runs through the man, in spite of real sorrows. Nature says,—he is my creature, and maugre all his impertinent griefs, he shall be glad with me. Not the sun or the summer alone, but every hour and season yields its tribute of delight; for every hour and change corresponds to and authorizes a different state of the mind, from breathless noon to grimmest midnight. Nature is a setting that fits equally well a comic or a mourning piece. In good health, the air is a cordial of incredible virtue. Crossing a bare common, in snow puddles, at twilight, under a clouded sky, without having in my thoughts any occurrence of special good fortune, I have enjoyed a perfect exhilaration. Almost I fear to think how glad I am. In the woods too, a man casts off his years, as the snake his slough, and at what period soever of life, is always a child. In the woods, is perpetual youth. Within these plantations of God, a decorum and sanctity reign, a perennial festival is dressed, and the guest sees not how he should tire of them in a thousand years. In the woods, we return to reason and faith. There I feel that nothing can befal me in life,—no disgrace, no calamity, (leaving me my eyes,) which nature cannot repair. Standing on the bare ground,—my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space,—all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. The name of the nearest friend sounds then foreign and accidental. To be brothers, to be acquaintances,—master or servant, is then a trifle and a disturbance. I am the lover of uncontained and immortal beauty. In the wilderness, I find something more dear and connate than in streets or villages. In the tranquil landscape, and especially in the distant line of the horizon, man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature.
The greatest delight which the fields and woods minister, is the suggestion of an occult relation between man and the vegetable. I am not alone and unacknowledged. They nod to me and I to them. The waving of the boughs in the storm, is new to me and old. It takes me by surprise, and yet is not unknown. Its effect is like that of a higher thought or a better emotion coming over me, when I deemed I was thinking justly or doing right.
Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight, does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both. It is necessary to use these pleasures with great temperance. For, nature is not always tricked in holiday attire, but the same scene which yesterday breathed perfume and glittered as for the frolic of the nymphs, is overspread with melancholy today. Nature always wears the colors of the spirit. To a man laboring under calamity, the heat of his own fire hath sadness in it. Then, there is a kind of contempt of the landscape felt by him who has just lost by death a dear friend. The sky is less grand as it shuts down over less worth in the population.
Whoever considers the final cause of the world, will discern a multitude of uses that enter as parts into that result. They all admit of being thrown into one of the following classes; Commodity; Beauty; Language; and Discipline.
Under the general name of Commodity, I rank all those advantages which our senses owe to nature. This, of course, is a benefit which is temporary and mediate, not ultimate, like its service to the soul. Yet although low, it is perfect in its kind, and is the only use of nature which all men apprehend. The misery of man appears like childish petulance, when we explore the steady and prodigal provision that has been made for his support and delight on this green ball which floats him through the heavens. What angels invented these splendid ornaments, these rich conveniences, this ocean of air above, this ocean of water beneath, this firmament of earth between? this zodiac of lights, this tent of dropping clouds, this striped coat of climates, this fourfold year? Beasts, fire, water, stones, and corn serve him. The field is at once his floor, his work-yard, his play-ground, his garden, and his bed.
"More servants wait on man
Than he'll take notice of."—
Nature, in its ministry to man, is not only the material, but is also the process and the result. All the parts incessantly work into each other's hands for the profit of man. The wind sows the seed; the sun evaporates the sea; the wind blows the vapor to the field; the ice, on the other side of the planet, condenses rain on this; the rain feeds the plant; the plant feeds the animal; and thus the endless circulations of the divine charity nourish man.
The useful arts are but reproductions or new combinations by the wit of man, of the same natural benefactors. He no longer waits for favoring gales, but by means of steam, he realizes the fable of Æolus's bag, and carries the two and thirty winds in the boiler of his boat. To diminish friction, he paves the road with iron bars, and, mounting a coach with a ship-load of men, animals, and merchandise behind him, he darts through the country, from town to town, like an eagle or a swallow through the air. By the aggregate of these aids, how is the face of the world changed, from the era of Noah to that of Napoleon! The private poor man hath cities, ships, canals, bridges, built for him. He goes to the post-office, and the human race run on his errands; to the book-shop, and the human race read and write of all that happens, for him; to the court-house, and nations repair his wrongs. He sets his house upon the road, and the human race go forth every morning, and shovel out the snow, and cut a path for him.
But there is no need of specifying particulars in this class of uses. The catalogue is endless, and the examples so obvious, that I shall leave them to the reader's reflection, with the general remark, that this mercenary benefit is one which has respect to a farther good. A man is fed, not that he may be fed, but that he may work.
CHAPTER III.
A nobler want of man is served by nature, namely, the love of Beauty.
The ancient Greeks called the world κοσμος, beauty. Such is the constitution of all things, or such the plastic power of the human eye, that the primary forms, as the sky, the mountain, the tree, the animal, give us a delight in and for themselves; a pleasure arising from outline, color, motion, and grouping. This seems partly owing to the eye itself. The eye is the best of artists. By the mutual action of its structure and of the laws of light, perspective is produced, which integrates every mass of objects, of what character soever, into a well colored and shaded globe, so that where the particular objects are mean and unaffecting, the landscape which they compose, is round and symmetrical. And as the eye is the best composer, so light is the first of painters. There is no object so foul that intense light will not make beautiful. And the stimulus it affords to the sense, and a sort of infinitude which it hath, like space and time, make all matter gay. Even the corpse hath its own beauty. But beside this general grace diffused over nature, almost all the individual forms are agreeable to the eye, as is proved by our endless imitations of some of them, as the acorn, the grape, the pine-cone, the wheat-ear, the egg, the wings and forms of most birds, the lion's claw, the serpent, the butterfly, sea-shells, flames, clouds, buds, leaves, and the forms of many trees, as the palm.
For better consideration, we may distribute the aspects of Beauty in a threefold manner.
First, the simple perception of natural forms is a delight. The influence of the forms and actions in nature, is so needful to man, that, in its lowest functions, it seems to lie on the confines of commodity and beauty. To the body and mind which have been cramped by noxious work or company, nature is medicinal and restores their tone. The tradesman, the attorney comes out of the din and craft of the street, and sees the sky and the woods, and is a man again. In their eternal calm, he finds himself. The health of the eye seems to demand a horizon. We are never tired, so long as we can see far enough.
But in other hours, Nature satisfies the soul purely by its loveliness, and without any mixture of corporeal benefit. I have seen the spectacle of morning from the hill-top over against my house, from day-break to sun-rise, with emotions which an angel might share. The long slender bars of cloud float like fishes in the sea of crimson light. From the earth, as a shore, I look out into that silent sea. I seem to partake its rapid transformations: the active enchantment reaches my dust, and I dilate and conspire with the morning wind. How does Nature deify us with a few and cheap elements! Give me health and a day, and I will make the pomp of emperors ridiculous. The dawn is my Assyria; the sun-set and moon-rise my Paphos, and unimaginable realms of faerie; broad noon shall be my England of the senses and the understanding; the night shall be my Germany of mystic philosophy and dreams.
Not less excellent, except for our less susceptibility in the afternoon, was the charm, last evening, of a January sunset. The western clouds divided and subdivided themselves into pink flakes modulated with tints of unspeakable softness; and the air had so much life and sweetness, that it was a pain to come within doors. What was it that nature would say? Was there no meaning in the live repose of the valley behind the mill, and which Homer or Shakspeare could not re-form for me in words? The leafless trees become spires of flame in the sunset, with the blue east for their back-ground, and the stars of the dead calices of flowers, and every withered stem and stubble rimed with frost, contribute something to the mute music.
The inhabitants of cities suppose that the country landscape is pleasant only half the year. I please myself with observing the graces of the winter scenery, and believe that we are as much touched by it as by the genial influences of summer. To the attentive eye, each moment of the year has its own beauty, and in the same field, it beholds, every hour, a picture which was never seen before, and which shall never be seen again. The heavens change every moment, and reflect their glory or gloom on the plains beneath. The state of the crop in the surrounding farms alters the expression of the earth from week to week. The succession of native plants in the pastures and road-sides, which make the silent clock by which time tells the summer hours, will make even the divisions of the day sensible to a keen observer. The tribes of birds and insects, like the plants punctual to their time, follow each other, and the year has room for all. By water-courses, the variety is greater. In July, the blue pontederia or pickerel-weed blooms in large beds in the shallow parts of our pleasant river, and swarms with yellow butterflies in continual motion. Art cannot rival this pomp of purple and gold. Indeed the river is a perpetual gala, and boasts each month a new ornament.
But this beauty of Nature which is seen and felt as beauty, is the least part. The shows of day, the dewy morning, the rainbow, mountains, orchards in blossom, stars, moonlight, shadows in still water, and the like, if too eagerly hunted, become shows merely, and mock us with their unreality. Go out of the house to see the moon, and 't is mere tinsel; it will not please as when its light shines upon your necessary journey. The beauty that shimmers in the yellow afternoons of October, who ever could clutch it? Go forth to find it, and it is gone: 't is only a mirage as you look from the windows of diligence.
The presence of a higher, namely, of the spiritual element is essential to its perfection. The high and divine beauty which can be loved without effeminacy, is that which is found in combination with the human will, and never separate. Beauty is the mark God sets upon virtue. Every natural action is graceful. Every heroic act is also decent, and causes the place and the bystanders to shine. We are taught by great actions that the universe is the property of every individual in it. Every rational creature has all nature for his dowry and estate. It is his, if he will. He may divest himself of it; he may creep into a corner, and abdicate his kingdom, as most men do, but he is entitled to the world by his constitution. In proportion to the energy of his thought and will, he takes up the world into himself. "All those things for which men plough, build, or sail, obey virtue;" said an ancient historian. "The winds and waves," said Gibbon, "are always on the side of the ablest navigators." So are the sun and moon and all the stars of heaven. When a noble act is done,—perchance in a scene of great natural beauty; when Leonidas and his three hundred martyrs consume one day in dying, and the sun and moon come each and look at them once in the steep defile of Thermopylæ; when Arnold Winkelried, in the high Alps, under the shadow of the avalanche, gathers in his side a sheaf of Austrian spears to break the line for his comrades; are not these heroes entitled to add the beauty of the scene to the beauty of the deed? When the bark of Columbus nears the shore of America;—before it, the beach lined with savages, fleeing out of all their huts of cane; the sea behind; and the purple mountains of the Indian Archipelago around, can we separate the man from the living picture? Does not the New World clothe his form with her palm-groves and savannahs as fit drapery? Ever does natural beauty steal in like air, and envelope great actions. When Sir Harry Vane was dragged up the Tower-hill, sitting on a sled, to suffer death, as the champion of the English laws, one of the multitude cried out to him, "You never sate on so glorious a seat." Charles II., to intimidate the citizens of London, caused the patriot Lord Russel to be drawn in an open coach, through the principal streets of the city, on his way to the scaffold. "But," to use the simple narrative of his biographer, "the multitude imagined they saw liberty and virtue sitting by his side." In private places, among sordid objects, an act of truth or heroism seems at once to draw to itself the sky as its temple, the sun as its candle. Nature stretcheth out her arms to embrace man, only let his thoughts be of equal greatness. Willingly does she follow his steps with the rose and the violet, and bend her lines of grandeur and grace to the decoration of her darling child. Only let his thoughts be of equal scope, and the frame will suit the picture. A virtuous man, is in unison with her works, and makes the central figure of the visible sphere. Homer, Pindar, Socrates, Phocion, associate themselves fitly in our memory with the whole geography and climate of Greece. The visible heavens and earth sympathize with Jesus. And in common life, whosoever has seen a person of powerful character and happy genius, will have remarked how easily he took all things along with him,—the persons, the opinions, and the day, and nature became ancillary to a man.
There is still another aspect under which the beauty of the world may be viewed, namely, as it becomes an object of the intellect. Beside the relation of things to virtue, they have a relation to thought. The intellect searches out the absolute order of things as they stand in the mind of God, and without the colors of affection. The intellectual and the active powers seem to succeed each other in man, and the exclusive activity of the one, generates the exclusive activity of the other. There is something unfriendly in each to the other, but they are like the alternate periods of feeding and working in animals; each prepares and certainly will be followed by the other. Therefore does beauty, which, in relation to actions, as we have seen comes unsought, and comes because it is unsought, remain for the apprehension and pursuit of the intellect; and then again, in its turn, of the active power. Nothing divine dies. All good is eternally reproductive. The beauty of nature reforms itself in the mind, and not for barren contemplation, but for new creation.
All men are in some degree impressed by the face of the world. Some men even to delight. This love of beauty is Taste. Others have the same love in such excess, that, not content with admiring, they seek to embody it in new forms. The creation of beauty is Art.
The production of a work of art throws a light upon the mystery of humanity. A work of art is an abstract or epitome of the world. It is the result or expression of nature, in miniature. For although the works of nature are innumerable and all different, the result or the expression of them all is similar and single. Nature is a sea of forms radically alike and even unique. A leaf, a sun-beam, a landscape, the ocean, make an analogous impression on the mind. What is common to them all,—that perfectness and harmony, is beauty. Therefore the standard of beauty, is the entire circuit of natural forms,—the totality of nature; which the Italians expressed by defining beauty "il piu nell' uno." Nothing is quite beautiful alone: nothing but is beautiful in the whole. A single object is only so far beautiful as it suggests this universal grace. The poet, the painter, the sculptor, the musician, the architect seek each to concentrate this radiance of the world on one point, and each in his several work to satisfy the love of beauty which stimulates him to produce. Thus is Art, a nature passed through the alembic of man. Thus in art, does nature work through the will of a man filled with the beauty of her first works.
The world thus exists to the soul to satisfy the desire of beauty. Extend this element to the uttermost, and I call it an ultimate end. No reason can be asked or given why the soul seeks beauty. Beauty, in its largest and profoundest sense, is one expression for the universe. God is the all-fair. Truth, and goodness, and beauty, are but different faces of the same All. But beauty in nature is not ultimate. It is the herald of inward and eternal beauty, and is not alone a solid and satisfactory good. It must therefore stand as a part and not as yet the last or highest expression of the final cause of Nature.
CHAPTER IV.
A third use which Nature subserves to man is that of Language. Nature is the vehicle of thought, and in a simple, double, and threefold degree.
Words are signs of natural facts.
Particular natural facts are symbols of particular facts.
Nature is the symbol of spirits.
Words are signs of natural facts. The use of natural history is to give us aid in supernatural history. The use of the outer creation is to give us language for the beings and changes of the inward creation. Every word which is used to express a moral or intellectual fact, if traced to its root, is found to be borrowed from some material appearance. Right originally means straight; wrong means twisted. Spirit primarily means wind; transgression, the crossing of a line; supercilious, the raising of the eye-brow. We say the heart to express emotion, the head to denote thought; and thought and emotion are, in their turn, words borrowed from sensible things, and now appropriated to spiritual nature. Most of the process by which this transformation is made, is hidden from us in the remote time when language was framed; but the same tendency may be daily observed in children. Children and savages use only nouns or names of things, which they continually convert into verbs, and apply to analogous mental acts.
But this origin of all words that convey a spiritual import,—so conspicuous a fact in the history of language,—is our least debt to nature. It is not words only that are emblematic; it is things which are emblematic. Every natural fact is a symbol of some spiritual fact. Every appearance in nature corresponds to some state of the mind, and that state of the mind can only be described by presenting that natural appearance as its picture. An enraged man is a lion, a cunning man is a fox, a firm man is a rock, a learned man is a torch. A lamb is innocence; a snake is subtle spite; flowers express to us the delicate affections. Light and darkness are our familiar expression for knowledge and ignorance; and heat for love. Visible distance behind and before us, is respectively our image of memory and hope.
Who looks upon a river in a meditative hour, and is not reminded of the flux of all things? Throw a stone into the stream, and the circles that propagate themselves are the beautiful type of all influence. Man is conscious of a universal soul within or behind his individual life, wherein, as in a firmament, the natures of Justice, Truth, Love, Freedom, arise and shine. This universal soul, he calls Reason: it is not mine or thine or his, but we are its; we are its property and men. And the blue sky in which the private earth is buried, the sky with its eternal calm, and full of everlasting orbs, is the type of Reason. That which, intellectually considered, we call Reason, considered in relation to nature, we call Spirit. Spirit is the Creator. Spirit hath life in itself. And man in all ages and countries, embodies it in his language, as the Father.
It is easily seen that there is nothing lucky or capricious in these analogies, but that they are constant, and pervade nature. These are not the dreams of a few poets, here and there, but man is an analogist, and studies relations in all objects. He is placed in the centre of beings, and a ray of relation passes from every other being to him. And neither can man be understood without these objects, nor these objects without man. All the facts in natural history taken by themselves, have no value, but are barren like a single sex. But marry it to human history, and it is full of life. Whole Floras, all Linnæus' and Buffon's volumes, are but dry catalogues of facts; but the most trivial of these facts, the habit of a plant, the organs, or work, or noise of an insect, applied to the illustration of a fact in intellectual philosophy, or, in any way associated to human nature, affects us in the most lively and agreeable manner. The seed of a plant,—to what affecting analogies in the nature of man, is that little fruit made use of, in all discourse, up to the voice of Paul, who calls the human corpse a seed,—"It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body." The motion of the earth round its axis, and round the sun, makes the day, and the year. These are certain amounts of brute light and heat. But is there no intent of an analogy between man's life and the seasons? And do the seasons gain no grandeur or pathos from that analogy? The instincts of the ant are very unimportant considered as the ant's; but the moment a ray of relation is seen to extend from it to man, and the little drudge is seen to be a monitor, a little body with a mighty heart, then all its habits, even that said to be recently observed, that it never sleeps, become sublime.
Because of this radical correspondence between visible things and human thoughts, savages, who have only what is necessary, converse in figures. As we go back in history, language becomes more picturesque, until its infancy, when it is all poetry; or, all spiritual facts are represented by natural symbols. The same symbols are found to make the original elements of all languages. It has moreover been observed, that the idioms of all languages approach each other in passages of the greatest eloquence and power. And as this is the first language, so is it the last. This immediate dependence of language upon nature, this conversion of an outward phenomenon into a type of somewhat in human life, never loses its power to affect us. It is this which gives that piquancy to the conversation of a strong-natured farmer or back-woodsman, which all men relish.
Thus is nature an interpreter, by whose means man converses with his fellow men. A man's power to connect his thought with its proper symbol, and so utter it, depends on the simplicity of his character, that is, upon his love of truth and his desire to communicate it without loss. The corruption of man is followed by the corruption of language. When simplicity of character and the sovereignty of ideas is broken up by the prevalence of secondary desires, the desire of riches, the desire of pleasure, the desire of power, the desire of praise,—and duplicity and falsehood take place of simplicity and truth, the power over nature as an interpreter of the will, is in a degree lost; new imagery ceases to be created, and old words are perverted to stand for things which are not; a paper currency is employed when there is no bullion in the vaults. In due time, the fraud is manifest, and words lose all power to stimulate the understanding or the affections. Hundreds of writers may be found in every long-civilized nation, who for a short time believe, and make others believe, that they see and utter truths, who do not of themselves clothe one thought in its natural garment, but who feed unconsciously upon the language created by the primary writers of the country, those, namely, who hold primarily on nature.
But wise men pierce this rotten diction and fasten words again to visible things; so that picturesque language is at once a commanding certificate that he who employs it, is a man in alliance with truth and God. The moment our discourse rises above the ground line of familiar facts, and is inflamed with passion or exalted by thought, it clothes itself in images. A man conversing in earnest, if he watch his intellectual processes, will find that always a material image, more or less luminous, arises in his mind, cotemporaneous with every thought, which furnishes the vestment of the thought. Hence, good writing and brilliant discourse are perpetual allegories. This imagery is spontaneous. It is the blending of experience with the present action of the mind. It is proper creation. It is the working of the Original Cause through the instruments he has already made.
These facts may suggest the advantage which the country-life possesses for a powerful mind, over the artificial and curtailed life of cities. We know more from nature than we can at will communicate. Its light flows into the mind evermore, and we forget its presence. The poet, the orator, bred in the woods, whose senses have been nourished by their fair and appeasing changes, year after year, without design and without heed,—shall not lose their lesson altogether, in the roar of cities or the broil of politics. Long hereafter, amidst agitation and terror in national councils,—in the hour of revolution,—these solemn images shall reappear in their morning lustre, as fit symbols and words of the thoughts which the passing events shall awaken. At the call of a noble sentiment, again the woods wave, the pines murmur, the river rolls and shines, and the cattle low upon the mountains, as he saw and heard them in his infancy. And with these forms, the spells of persuasion, the keys of power are put into his hands.
We are thus assisted by natural objects in the expression of particular meanings. But how great a language to convey such pepper-corn informations! Did it need such noble races of creatures, this profusion of forms, this host of orbs in heaven, to furnish man with the dictionary and grammar of his municipal speech? Whilst we use this grand cipher to expedite the affairs of our pot and kettle, we feel that we have not yet put it to its use, neither are able. We are like travellers using the cinders of a volcano to roast their eggs. Whilst we see that it always stands ready to clothe what we would say, we cannot avoid the question, whether the characters are not significant of themselves. Have mountains, and waves, and skies, no significance but what we consciously give them, when we employ them as emblems of our thoughts? The world is emblematic. Parts of speech are metaphors because the whole of nature is a metaphor of the human mind. The laws of moral nature answer to those of matter as face to face in a glass. "The visible world and the relation of its parts, is the dial plate of the invisible." The axioms of physics translate the laws of ethics. Thus, "the whole is greater than its part;" "reaction is equal to action;" "the smallest weight may be made to lift the greatest, the difference of weight being compensated by time;" and many the like propositions, which have an ethical as well as physical sense. These propositions have a much more extensive and universal sense when applied to human life, than when confined to technical use.
In like manner, the memorable words of history, and the proverbs of nations, consist usually of a natural fact, selected as a picture or parable of a moral truth. Thus; A rolling stone gathers no moss; A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush; A cripple in the right way, will beat a racer in the wrong; Make hay whilst the sun shines; 'T is hard to carry a full cup even; Vinegar is the son of wine; The last ounce broke the camel's back; Long-lived trees make roots first;—and the like. In their primary sense these are trivial facts, but we repeat them for the value of their analogical import. What is true of proverbs, is true of all fables, parables, and allegories.
This relation between the mind and matter is not fancied by some poet, but stands in the will of God, and so is free to be known by all men. It appears to men, or it does not appear. When in fortunate hours we ponder this miracle, the wise man doubts, if, at all other times, he is not blind and deaf;
——"Can these things be,
And overcome us like a summer's cloud,
Without our special wonder?"
for the universe becomes transparent, and the light of higher laws than its own, shines through it. It is the standing problem which has exercised the wonder and the study of every fine genius since the world began; from the era of the Egyptians and the Brahmins, to that of Pythagoras, of Plato, of Bacon, of Leibnitz, of Swedenborg. There sits the Sphinx at the road-side, and from age to age, as each prophet comes by, he tries his fortune at reading her riddle. There seems to be a necessity in spirit to manifest itself in material forms; and day and night, river and storm, beast and bird, acid and alkali, preëxist in necessary Ideas in the mind of God, and are what they are by virtue of preceding affections, in the world of spirit. A Fact is the end or last issue of spirit. The visible creation is the terminus or the circumference of the invisible world. "Material objects," said a French philosopher, "are necessarily kinds of scoriæ of the substantial thoughts of the Creator, which must always preserve an exact relation to their first origin; in other words, visible nature must have a spiritual and moral side."
This doctrine is abstruse, and though the images of "garment," "scoriæ," "mirror," &c., may stimulate the fancy, we must summon the aid of subtler and more vital expositors to make it plain. "Every scripture is to be interpreted by the same spirit which gave it forth,"—is the fundamental law of criticism. A life in harmony with nature, the love of truth and of virtue, will purge the eyes to understand her text. By degrees we may come to know the primitive sense of the permanent objects of nature, so that the world shall be to us an open book, and every form significant of its hidden life and final cause.
A new interest surprises us, whilst, under the view now suggested, we contemplate the fearful extent and multitude of objects; since "every object rightly seen, unlocks a new faculty of the soul." That which was unconscious truth, becomes, when interpreted and defined in an object, a part of the domain of knowledge,—a new amount to the magazine of power.
CHAPTER V.
In view of this significance of nature, we arrive at once at a new fact, that nature is a discipline. This use of the world includes the preceding uses, as parts of itself.
Space, time, society, labor, climate, food, locomotion, the animals, the mechanical forces, give us sincerest lessons, day by day, whose meaning is unlimited. They educate both the Understanding and the Reason. Every property of matter is a school for the understanding,—its solidity or resistance, its inertia, its extension, its figure, its divisibility. The understanding adds, divides, combines, measures, and finds everlasting nutriment and room for its activity in this worthy scene. Meantime, Reason transfers all these lessons into its own world of thought, by perceiving the analogy that marries Matter and Mind.
1. Nature is a discipline of the understanding in intellectual truths. Our dealing with sensible objects is a constant exercise in the necessary lessons of difference, of likeness, of order, of being and seeming, of progressive arrangement; of ascent from particular to general; of combination to one end of manifold forces. Proportioned to the importance of the organ to be formed, is the extreme care with which its tuition is provided,—a care pretermitted in no single case. What tedious training, day after day, year after year, never ending, to form the common sense; what continual reproduction of annoyances, inconveniences, dilemmas; what rejoicing over us of little men; what disputing of prices, what reckonings of interest,—and all to form the Hand of the mind;—to instruct us that "good thoughts are no better than good dreams, unless they be executed!"
The same good office is performed by Property and its filial systems of debt and credit. Debt, grinding debt, whose iron face the widow, the orphan, and the sons of genius fear and hate;—debt, which consumes so much time, which so cripples and disheartens a great spirit with cares that seem so base, is a preceptor whose lessons cannot be forgone, and is needed most by those who suffer from it most. Moreover, property, which has been well compared to snow,—"if it fall level to-day, it will be blown into drifts to-morrow,"—is merely the surface action of internal machinery, like the index on the face of a clock. Whilst now it is the gymnastics of the understanding, it is hiving in the foresight of the spirit, experience in profounder laws.
The whole character and fortune of the individual is affected by the least inequalities in the culture of the understanding; for example, in the perception of differences. Therefore is Space, and therefore Time, that man may know that things are not huddled and lumped, but sundered and individual. A bell and a plough have each their use, and neither can do the office of the other. Water is good to drink, coal to burn, wool to wear; but wool cannot be drunk, nor water spun, nor coal eaten. The wise man shows his wisdom in separation, in gradation, and his scale of creatures and of merits, is as wide as nature. The foolish have no range in their scale, but suppose every man is as every other man. What is not good they call the worst, and what is not hateful, they call the best.
In like manner, what good heed, nature forms in us! She pardons no mistakes. Her yea is yea, and her nay, nay.
The first steps in Agriculture, Astronomy, Zoölogy, (those first steps which the farmer, the hunter, and the sailor take,) teach that nature's dice are always loaded; that in her heaps and rubbish are concealed sure and useful results.
How calmly and genially the mind apprehends one after another the laws of physics! What noble emotions dilate the mortal as he enters into the counsels of the creation, and feels by knowledge the privilege to Be! His insight refines him. The beauty of nature shines in his own breast. Man is greater that he can see this, and the universe less, because Time and Space relations vanish as laws are known.
Here again we are impressed and even daunted by the immense Universe to be explored. 'What we know, is a point to what we do not know.' Open any recent journal of science, and weigh the problems suggested concerning Light, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism, Physiology, Geology, and judge whether the interest of natural science is likely to be soon exhausted.
Passing by many particulars of the discipline of nature we must not omit to specify two.
The exercise of the Will or the lesson of power is taught in every event. From the child's successive possession of his several senses up to the hour when he saith, "thy will be done!" he is learning the secret, that he can reduce under his will, not only particular events, but great classes, nay the whole series of events, and so conform all facts to his character. Nature is thoroughly mediate. It is made to serve. It receives the dominion of man as meekly as the ass on which the Saviour rode. It offers all its kingdoms to man as the raw material which he may mould into what is useful. Man is never weary of working it up. He forges the subtile and delicate air into wise and melodious words, and gives them wing as angels of persuasion and command. More and more, with every thought, does his kingdom stretch over things, until the world becomes, at last, only a realized will,—the double of the man.
Sensible objects conform to the premonitions of Reason and reflect the conscience. All things are moral; and in their boundless changes have an unceasing reference to spiritual nature. Therefore is nature glorious with form, color, and motion, that every globe in the remotest heaven; every chemical change from the rudest crystal up to the laws of life; every change of vegetation from the first principle of growth in the eye of a leaf, to the tropical forest and antediluvian coal-mine; every animal function from the sponge up to Hercules, shall hint or thunder to man the laws of right and wrong, and echo the Ten Commandments. Therefore is nature always the ally of Religion: lends all her pomp and riches to the religious sentiment. Prophet and priest, David, Isaiah, Jesus, have drawn deeply from this source.
This ethical character so penetrates the bone and marrow of nature, as to seem the end for which it was made. Whatever private purpose is answered by any member or part, this is its public and universal function, and is never omitted. Nothing in nature is exhausted in its first use. When a thing has served an end to the uttermost, it is wholly new for an ulterior service. In God, every end is converted into a new means. Thus the use of Commodity, regarded by itself, is mean and squalid. But it is to the mind an education in the great doctrine of Use, namely, that a thing is good only so far as it serves; that a conspiring of parts and efforts to the production of an end, is essential to any being. The first and gross manifestation of this truth, is our inevitable and hated training, in values and wants, in corn and meat. It has already been illustrated, in treating of the significance of material things, that every natural process is but a version of a moral sentence. The moral law lies at the centre of nature and radiates to the circumference. It is the pith and marrow of every substance, every relation, and every process. All things with which we deal, preach to us. What is a farm but a mute gospel? The chaff and the wheat, weeds and plants, blight, rain, insects, sun,—it is a sacred emblem from the first furrow of spring to the last stack which the snow of winter overtakes in the fields. But the sailor, the shepherd, the miner, the merchant, in their several resorts, have each an experience precisely parallel and leading to the same conclusions. Because all organizations are radically alike. Nor can it be doubted that this moral sentiment which thus scents the air, and grows in the grain, and impregnates the waters of the world, is caught by man and sinks into his soul. The moral influence of nature upon every individual is that amount of truth which it illustrates to him. Who can estimate this? Who can guess how much firmness the sea-beaten rock has taught the fisherman? how much tranquillity has been reflected to man from the azure sky, over whose unspotted deeps the winds forevermore drive flocks of stormy clouds, and leave no wrinkle or stain? how much industry and providence and affection we have caught from the pantomime of brutes? What a searching preacher of self-command is the varying phenomenon of Health!
Herein is especially apprehended the Unity of Nature,—the Unity in Variety,—which meets us everywhere. All the endless variety of things make a unique, an identical impression. Xenophanes complained in his old age, that, look where he would, all things hastened back to Unity. He was weary of seeing the same entity in the tedious variety of forms. The fable of Proteus has a cordial truth. Every particular in nature, a leaf, a drop, a crystal, a moment of time is related to the whole, and partakes of the perfection of the whole. Each particle is a microcosm, and faithfully renders the likeness of the world.
Not only resemblances exist in things whose analogy is obvious, as when we detect the type of the human hand in the flipper of the fossil saurus, but also in objects wherein there is great superficial unlikeness. Thus architecture is called 'frozen music,' by De Stael and Goethe. 'A Gothic church,' said Coleridge, 'is a petrified religion.' Michael Angelo maintained, that, to an architect, a knowledge of anatomy is essential. In Haydn's oratorios, the notes present to the imagination not only motions, as, of the snake, the stag, and the elephant, but colors also; as the green grass. The granite is differenced in its laws only by the more or less of heat, from the river that wears it away. The river, as it flows, resembles the air that flows over it; the air resembles the light which traverses it with more subtile currents; the light resembles the heat which rides with it through Space. Each creature is only a modification of the other; the likeness in them is more than the difference, and their radical law is one and the same. Hence it is, that a rule of one art, or a law of one organization, holds true throughout nature. So intimate is this Unity, that, it is easily seen, it lies under the undermost garment of nature, and betrays its source in universal Spirit. For, it pervades Thought also. Every universal truth which we express in words, implies or supposes every other truth. Omne verum vero consonat. It is like a great circle on a sphere, comprising all possible circles; which, however, may be drawn, and comprise it, in like manner. Every such truth is the absolute Ens seen from one side. But it has innumerable sides.
The same central Unity is still more conspicous in actions. Words are finite organs of the infinite mind. They cannot cover the dimensions of what is in truth. They break, chop, and impoverish it. An action is the perfection and publication of thought. A right action seems to fill the eye, and to be related to all nature. "The wise man, in doing one thing, does all; or, in the one thing he does rightly, he sees the likeness of all which is done rightly." Words and actions are not the attributes of mute and brute nature. They introduce us to that singular form which predominates over all other forms. This is the human. All other organizations appear to be degradations of the human form. When this organization appears among so many that surround it, the spirit prefers it to all others. It says, 'From such as this, have I drawn joy and knowledge. In such as this, have I found and beheld myself. I will speak to it. It can speak again. It can yield me thought already formed and alive.' In fact, the eye,—the mind,—is always accompanied by these forms, male and female; and these are incomparably the richest informations of the power and order that lie at the heart of things. Unfortunately, every one of them bears the marks as of some injury; is marred and superficially defective. Nevertheless, far different from the deaf and dumb nature around them, these all rest like fountain-pipes on the unfathomed sea of thought and virtue whereto they alone, of all organizations, are the entrances.
It were a pleasant inquiry to follow into detail their ministry to our education, but where would it stop? We are associated in adolescent and adult life with some friends, who, like skies and waters, are coextensive with our idea; who, answering each to a certain affection of the soul, satisfy our desire on that side; whom we lack power to put at such focal distance from us, that we can mend or even analyze them. We cannot chuse but love them. When much intercourse with a friend has supplied us with a standard of excellence, and has increased our respect for the resources of God who thus sends a real person to outgo our ideal; when he has, moreover, become an object of thought, and, whilst his character retains all its unconscious effect, is converted in the mind into solid and sweet wisdom,—it is a sign to us that his office is closing, and he is commonly withdrawn from our sight in a short time.
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Rock and cakes may seem an incongruous mix, but it was in Patterson's cake shop in Windsor where three music fans - then in their mid-20s and working at the shop - cooked up the concept for their band.
Their first gig came by accident 3 years ago when they went to watch one of their favourite bands, the Powder Monkeys, at Northcote's Commercial Hotel. One of the support bands failed to turn up, so they borrowed some instruments and performed five songs they had been practising at home in front of about 20 people. The Casanovas were born.
After three years, up to 300 fans would pack into the Tote Hotel in Collingwood to sing along to the band's fist-pumping, KISS-meets-AC/DC anthems such as 10 Outta 10, but their crowd had plateaued. That is, until rock became hip again. Last week, they played to a packed house of about 2000 New Yorkers at the Bowery Ballroom with the Datsuns, a young, skinny band from Cambridge, New Zealand. It is in the same neighbourhood as C.B.G.Bs, the bar where bands such as the Ramones, Blondie and Television piloted punk rock's first uprising 25 years earlier.
Having impressed crowds and record company talent-spotters on a 40-date tour of England (their single Nasty made 93 in the British Top 100 singles chart) Europe and the United States, they returned to Australia this week hoping that they might follow the Vines, Jet and the Datsuns as the next Australasian rock band to be signed up with a six-figure record deal.
"When we started, we used to turn our backs and wiggle our arses to the crowd. We had no aspirations," says head Casanova Tommy Love. "But suddenly we're touring Europe, getting treated well, getting meals cooked for us. We never expected any of this, so it's all a bonus."
For honest, hard-working Australian and New Zealand rock bands, it's a case of right place, right time. They had been plugging away for years with gigs at Melbourne's rock institutions, the Tote and the Espy, when the stars suddenly aligned last year. Dance music, which had almost killed off live rock music in England in the mid to late '90s, started running out of ideas, and even started adopting rock fashion.
White Stripes - may have borrowed heavily from '70s New York punk and raw '50s blues respectively, but that did not matter to the record companies.
The "new rock" was a cool, fresh update that was tangible to today's record-buying teenagers, and it did not hurt that the band members were cute.
Suddenly, Melbourne's rock venues were full of international A'n'R (record label artist and repertoire) representatives flying into town looking for the new stars.
NME called the movement "Ayers rock" and heralded New Zealand as "the New Sweden". Major newspapers in London, New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco have been writing feature articles on Down Under's new generation of quality bands.
Rather than following the traditional route of slowly building up a loyal following in Australia, getting signed to a national deal, and then hoping your label will get you a deal overseas - which failed to break Australia's finest rock bands of the past 10 years Powderfinger, You Am I, Spiderbait and Regurgitator overseas - bands started sending demos straight to London labels and influential radio DJs.
After helping Sydney band the Vines sign deals, which resulted in their debut album Highly Evolved hitting top 20s around the world, Sydney management company Winterman and Goldstein has just helped Melbourne's Rocket Science sign a deal with new English label Eat Sleep, and is now trying its chances with Sydney's Neon as well as co-managing Jet.
"Now's the time to get on a plane and try and get a deal overseas. You'd be mad to get signed in Sydney and record four albums that might not even get released," said one band manager.
This is exactly what 17 Australian and New Zealand bands, including Dan Brodie and the Broken Arrow, the Datsuns, D4, Betchadupa (led by Neil Finn's son, Liam) the Casanovas and the Drones did two weeks ago, flying to the world's most influential music conference, South by South West in Austin Texas.
SXSW's Australian representative, Phil Tripp, said this year's event "was pivotal in exposing the bands and labels that took advantage of both countries' music being flavour of the times at the moment".
David Vodika is a lawyer and owner of Melbourne independent label Rubber Records. He released Jet's first EP before they signed with major labels EMI in Australia and Elektra in the US, and signed the Casanovas. He said there were a number of factors that had contributed to Australia's rock renaissance.
"Music goes in cycles. Four years ago, boy and girl bands were all the rage, and people get sick of these things. It's not Britney any more, it's Avril Lavigne, because she's more punky. But to be part of it, you need some luck, some timing, and good music - you need all of the ducks to be lined up in a row," Vodika said.
But what goes up must come down and bands are aware of the faddish nature of the London industry.
Young bands are so keen to sign record deals with major labels, they risk spending so much on recording and marketing that even big record sales might not be enough to recoup their expenses.
And not one band from the new rock movement has become a huge seller, like rap's Eminem and new metal's Linkin Park. The media's love of Strokes, the White Stripes and the Vines has so far outweighed the music-buying public; none of them have sold much over one million CDs worldwide.
"London's so fashion-driven," says Love. "NME's like a straight-out fashion mag, like a gossip magazine, it's really funny. If you don't have the right haircut, you're not quite right. And when you're hot, you're hot, and when you're not, you're not. I imagine it would be really hard to get a start if you were a band from London. They seem to be more interested in bands from foreign lands. Europe and even America are more driven by what's good rock 'n' roll."
"NME have decided Jet are it, which I think is good," said Andy Kelly, from Winterman and Goldstein. "It's great to be in fashion, but we'll probably soon be into bands that aren't in fashion. At least NME are genuinely excited about new music."
The spotlight is now back on Australia in a way that has not been seen since the 1980s with bands such as INXS, Men at Work, AC/DC, Midnight Oil and Crowded House.
"US and UK record companies are a lot more open and interested in Australian bands now, which will benefit other Australian bands. The gap has been further closed by the net, because you can email MP3s of songs to the other side of the world overnight," says Cavilier Music boss Jeff Samin.
Patrick Donovan is The Age music writer.


The Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, NIT Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, and Krishi Sanskriti, New Delhi are organizing a Conference on Contemporary Issues in Engineering, Agriculture, Applied Sciences and Humanities (EAH-2019) during June 22-23, 2019.
The Conference aims to bring together academia, researchers and students in order to exchange and share their experiences and research results about all aspects of specialized and interdisciplinary fields.
This event provides an opportunity for all to network, share ideas and also present their research work. In addition, discussion on the latest innovations, trends and practical concerns and challenges faced in these fields are also encouraged.
Track I: Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering.
Track II: Civil, Architecture, and Environmental Engineering.
Track III: Computer Science & Information Technology.
Track IV: Electronics and Electrical Engineering.
Track VI: Basic Science & Applied Science.
Abstracts not exceeding 300 words on any of the aforesaid themes should be sent to the Organizing Secretary through email at info.nitsrinagar@gmail.com on or before 15th June 2019.
All selected papers will be published in conference proceeding with ISBN and few high-end papers will be published in international journals having ISSN which will be issued to authors on the day of the conference.
SAARC/ African Country Delegates: 125 USD.
Rest of the countries: 200 USD.
SAARC/ African Country Delegates: 100 USD.
Rest of the countries: 150 USD.
SAARC/ African Country Delegates: 75 USD.
Rest of the countries: 100 USD.
SAARC/ African Country Delegates: 15 USD.
Rest of the countries: 20 USD.
SAARC/ African Country Delegates: 20 USD.
Rest of the countries: 30 USD.
SAARC/ African Country Delegates: 25 USD.
Rest of the countries: 35 USD.
Abstract Submission Deadline: June 15.
Submission of Full-Length Research Paper & Copyright Form: June 17.
Submission of Registration Details: June 18.


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A esquistossomose, também conhecida como barriga d'água, xistose, febre do caramujo ou bilharzíaze, é uma doença causada pelos platelmintos do gênero Schistosoma. O trato urinário e/ou intestinos podem ser infectados.

A doença é transmitida por contato com água doce contaminada com parasitas, que são liberados a partir de caracóis infectados de água doce. A doença é especialmente comum entre as crianças em países em desenvolvimento como elas são mais propensas a brincar na água contaminada. Outros grupos de alto risco incluem: agricultores, pescadores ou pessoas que utilizam a água suja para uso diário. Ela pertence ao grupo de infecções helmínticas e o diagnóstico é através da identificação de ovos do parasita, na urina ou fezes da pessoa. Também pode ser confirmada pela identificação de anticorpos contra a doença no sangue.

Métodos de prevenção da doença incluem a melhoria do acesso a água potável e a redução do número de caracóis. Em áreas onde a doença é comum, o medicamento praziquantel pode ser dado uma vez por ano, para todo o grupo. Isto é feito para diminuir o número de pessoas infectadas e, consequentemente, a propagação da doença. O praziquantel também é o tratamento recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) para aqueles que estão infectados.

A esquistossomose afetou cerca de 252 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo em 2015. Estima-se que 4.400 a 200.000 pessoas morrem a cada ano. A doença é mais comum na África, bem como a Ásia e a América do Sul. Em torno de 700 milhões de pessoas, em mais de 70 países, vivem em áreas onde a doença é comum. Em países tropicais, a esquistossomose é segunda apenas para a malária entre doenças parasitárias com o maior impacto económico. Está listada como uma doença tropical negligenciada.

Causas

Existem seis espécies de Schistosoma que podem causar a esquistossomose ao homem: S. hematobium, S. intercalatum, S. japonicum, S. malayensis, S. mansoni e S. mekongi. Destas, apenas S. mansoni é encontrada no continente americano.

Esses vermes se reproduzem dentro de caramujo, seu hospedeiro intermediário, e suas metacercárias penetram ativamente na pele e mucosas das pessoas que nadam ou ficam períodos dentro de rios e lagos com caramujos contaminados. Ou ainda podem ser deglutidos em alimentos contaminados com as cercárias, porém se elas atingirem o estômago são destruídas pelo suco gástrico (altamente ácido), entretanto na maioria dos casos relacionados a ingestão das cercárias, as larvas penetram nas mucosas antes de chegar ao estômago e dessa forma dão continuidade ao ciclo.

Progressão e sintomas

A fase de penetração corporal é o nome dado a sintomas que podem ocorrer quando da penetração da cercária na pele, mas frequentemente é assintomática, exceto em indivíduos já infectados antes. Nestes casos é comum surgir eritema (vermelhidão), reação de sensibilidade com urticária (dermatite cercariana) e prurido e pele avermelhada ou pápulas na pele no local penetrado, que duram alguns dias.

Na fase inicial ou aguda, geralmente aparece após três a nove semanas após a penetração das cercárias quando há disseminação das larvas pelo sangue, e principalmente o início da postura de ovos o paciente apresenta a síndrome de Katayama caracteriza por:

Náusea,
Cefaleia (dor de cabeça),
Astenia (fraqueza)
Dor abdominal,
Diarreia com sangue,
Dispneia (falta de ar),
Hemoptise (tosse com sangue),
Artralgias (dores em articulações),
Linfonodomegalia (gânglios linfáticos inchados)
Hepatomegalia (aumento do fígado),
Esplenomegalia (aumento do baço),
Urticária (alergia na pele com coceira).

Complicações
Os sintomas crônicos são quase todos devidos à produção de ovos imunogênicos. Estes são destrutivos por si mesmos, com o seus espinhos e enzimas, mas é a inflamação com que o sistema imunitário lhes reage que causa os maiores danos. As formas adultas não são atacadas porque usam moléculas self do próprio hóspede para se camuflar. Os sintomas desta fase crônica podem ser a hepatopatias/enteropatias com hepatomegalia, ascite, diarreia no caso da esquistossomose mansônica, única que existe no Brasil. As formas mais graves com hepatomegalia e hipertensão portal são as principais causas de morte por esquistossomose no Brasil. A esquistossomose hematóbia, que existe em países africanos pode levar a patologias urinárias como disúria/hematúria, nefropatias, câncer da bexiga.

Outras formas de esquistossomose graves são as formas ectópicas cujas mais importantes são neurológicas que pode ser medular, conhecida como mielopatia esquistossomótica ou esquistossomose medular, ou cerebral, quando atingem o cérebro, existem também casos de esquistossomose ectópica na pele, pulmão, tuba uterina e outras vísceras.

O ciclo da esquistossomose
Machos e Fêmeas adultos instalam-se nos vasos sanguíneos do intestino, do fígado e do baço do ser humano, onde se reproduzem.

Diagnóstico
Nas análises sanguíneas há eosinofilia (aumento dos eosinófilos, células do sistema imunitário antiparasitas).  Estes quadros só ocorrem secundariamente à hipersensibilidade ao parasita, sendo uma doença mais comum em pacientes moradores de áreas não endêmicas que se expõem a coleções hídricas contaminadas. Estes quadros duram em geral alguns dias, mas podem durar até meses e em casos raros podem ser fatais. Estes pacientes apresentam grandes granulomas periovulares necrótico-exsudativos dispersos pelos intestinos, fígado e outros órgãos. Estes sintomas podem ceder espontaneamente ou podem nem sequer surgir, mas a doença crônica silenciosa.

Os ovos podem ser encontrados no exame parasitológico de fezes, mas nas infecções recentes o exame apresenta baixa sensibilidade. Para aumentar a sensibilidade podem ser usados de coproscopia qualitativa, como Hoffman ou quantitativo, como Kato-Katz. A eficácia com três amostras chega apenas a 75%.

O hemograma demonstra leucopenia, anemia e plaquetopenia. Ocorrem alterações das provas de função hepática, com aumento de TGO, TGP e fosfatase alcalina. Embora crie a hipertensão portal, classicamente a esquistossomose preserva a função hepática. Assim, os critérios de Child-Pught, úteis no cirrótico, nem sempre funcionam no esquistossomótico que não tem associado hepatite viral ou alcoólica.

A ultrassonografia em mãos experientes pode fazer o diagnóstico, sendo patognomônico a fibrose e espessamento periportal, hipertrofia do lobo hepático esquerdo e aumento do calibre da mesentérica superior.

A biopsia retal é uma técnica também utilizável, tendo uma sensibilidade de 80%.

Prevenção
Saneamento básico com esgotos e água tratada. Controle dos caramujos que são hospedeiros intermediários da doença. Proteção dos pés e pernas com botas de borracha com solado antiderrapante. Informar a população das medidas profiláticas da doença. Evitar entrar em contato com água que contenha cercárias. A Educação em saúde é fundamental para o controle da doença. No entanto deve ser pensada em conjunto com a população local para que tenha um impacto sustentável ao longo do tempo.

Em junho de 2012, a Fundação Oswaldo Cruz anunciou a criação de uma vacina contra a esquistossomose, utilizando a proteína SM14, que se encontra em fase final de testes.

Tratamento
O tratamento é feito com um antiparasitário de baixa toxicidade (principalmente praziquantel ou oxamniquina), que deve ser prescrito para todos os pacientes cujo exame de fezes ou de mucosa retal apresente ovos viáveis do parasita.

O praziquantel é uma droga de administração oral em dose única cujos principais efeitos colaterais são diarreia e dor abdominal. Ele atua alterando a capacidade do parasita de contrair sua musculatura, fazendo com que se solte e seja eliminado. No Brasil, é o medicamento preferencial no tratamento de todas as formas clínicas da esquistossomose.

A oxamniquina é também de administração oral em dose única. Ela atua sobre o Schistosoma mansoni com eficácia um pouco inferior à do praziquantel, mas não atua sobre outras espécies do verme.

História
Com o desenvolvimento da agricultura, a esquistossomose passou de doença rara a problema sério. Muitas múmias egípcias apresentam as lesões inconfundíveis da esquistossomose por S. haematobium. A infecção pelos parasitas dava-se nos trabalhos de irrigação da agricultura. As cheias do Nilo sempre foram a fonte da prosperidade do Egito, mas também traziam os caracóis portadores dos schistosomas. O hábito dos agricultores de fazer as plantações e trabalhos de irrigação com os pés descalços metidos na água parada, favorecia a disseminação da doença crônica causada por estes parasitas.

A doença foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez em 1851 pelo médico alemão Theodor Maximilian Bilharz, que lhe dá o nome alternativo de bilharzíase.

Ligações externas

Helmintíases
Doenças negligenciadas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
A simple SSTable format and implementation in Go.

...or, "Why Yet Another SSTable???"

TODO: Documentation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Who better to talk about an eclipse than some big stars?
Katy Perry, Paris Hilton and Chelsea Handler are only some of the big names who are chatting about the solar eclipse ready to take over the sky today (August 21). They and more of Hollywood's greatest — like we — eagerly swarmed Twitter to share their thoughts on the highly-anticipated celestial event, the views of which will stretch across the continental United States.
We're particularly fond of Sarah Michelle Gellar's tweet, in which she references a Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode in where the town mayor becomes a demon during an eclipse. Way to go retro in honor of the big day.
Check out some of the other great tweets below. And don't worry, you don't need any special glasses to enjoy them.


Job Definition | Human Resources (HR) Dictionary | MBA Skool-Study.Learn.Share.
A job can be defined as a group of similar tasks that an employee performs in an organization in exchange for pay or salary.
These tasks consist of duties and responsibilities defined for each employee to keep the organization up and working towards its short-term objectives and long term goals.
Examples of jobs are engineering, teaching, administration, accounting, etc. All the jobs pertain to different functions in the organization. And there are professionals working on each job as employees.
Browse the definition and meaning of more terms similar to Job. The Management Dictionary covers over 7000 business concepts from 6 categories.
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Libstar listing is proceeding and I am not taking part. I do think the market will love it but Google the private equity sellers (Abraaj) lots bad happening their and the company has declared a R800million pre listing dividend – while raising R1.5billion?
Consol has pulled their JSE listing citing "challenging market conditions". Have the market conditions really changed that much in the last few weeks or was the market just not excited by the listing?
The local auditing profession is having a tough time of it with the Auditor General (Thembekile Makwetu) commenting on The Money Show with Bruce Whitfield he said that that the professions reputation was "in the gutter".
I wanted to understand what we as investor really can expect from an auditor? Are they to blame for Steinhoff (JSE code: SNH) and other recent collapses or is that beyond their scope?
Keith McLachlan, fund manager at Alpha Wealth, studied as an auditor and is now a fund manager so decided to have a short chat with him to get some perspective. The short chat ended up being a long chat and I suspect we missed a number of angles but one thing did stand out for me, the word "material".


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text:
Under Biden, the Justice Department is expected to again police the police
By Robert Klemko
December 29, 2020 at 9:10 p.m. EST
The Rev. James Manship shakes hands with East Haven Police Officer Jonathan Andino as he meets with officers after a visit from Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch during a community policing tour in 2015. Manship's 2009 arrest triggered a federal investigation of the police department for civil rights violations. (Jessica Hill/AP)
EAST HAVEN, Conn. — The FBI agent whose investigations revealed unchecked racial discrimination within the police department here described the worst officers as "bullies with badges." They parked their squad cars near the banks of the Quinnipiac River along a handful of roads connecting New Haven and East Haven and pulled over drivers for the color of their skin. They stalked Latino businesses, harassing, arresting and assaulting customers and business owners, then lied about their actions in police reports.
A White Catholic priest, swamped in complaints from his parishioners about the department, stood up to the police. His arrest in 2009 for obstruction set in motion a rare rebuke for a small-town force: a court-ordered agreement known as a consent decree between the Justice Department and local authorities to clean up police practices in their community.
"They were keeping communities of color afraid, in check," said the Rev. James Manship, the arrested priest, "and the contact with the officers was becoming more and more violent. And I really felt that we were headed to a fatality."
The Justice Department under President Barack Obama described the discriminatory pattern of traffic stops and a host of other practices by the East Haven Police Department as unconstitutional policing. Court-negotiated changes came alongside charges for four officers, each of whom did prison time.
Forced changes at police departments bring mixed results
The five-year path to completion had the effect of reversing a long legacy of discrimination and vaulting the department into the ranks of the most progressive in Connecticut, local activists, advocates, officers and early opponents of the department said.
But using consent decrees as an instrument to restructure police departments was largely abandoned by the Trump administration, which broadly rolled back civil rights efforts by the Justice Department. The Obama administration opened 25 "pattern or practice" investigations of police departments compared to one under Trump.
In January, the department is expected to resume policing the police as President-elect Joe Biden has said he intends to make civil rights a major focus of his administration. It comes at a moment when scrutiny of American policing has never been higher.
A 2015 Washington Post examination of police department changes compelled by the Justice Department found that the departments modernized some aspects of policing, but had a limited impact on the use of force.
Some experts hope the Biden administration will focus on collaboration as an alternative to legal action against departments, while reserving that option when egregious behavior is discovered, as happened in East Haven.
"The Department of Justice must have subpoena power for pattern or practice investigations into systemic misconduct by police departments and force these departments to reform," Biden wrote in a USA Today guest column in June.
He also said he would revive the Justice Department's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, which in the Obama administration examined police practices through a program known as "collaborative reform" but stopped doing so under Trump.
A priest's arrest
East Haven has been hailed as an example of what is possible with buy-in from departments. Loretta E. Lynch, Obama's attorney general, visited the Connecticut shore town in 2015, two years before it completed its decree, and praised the amount of progress.
"This could have been a situation where the police just sort of checked a box and did what they did to show the Department of Justice they were complying," Lynch said. "But if the people who really felt victimized don't see a difference, then we would not view it as a success."
Police Chief Ed Lennon and members of his staff said the department undertook systematic changes, and they continue to monitor progress. The command staff, for instance, closely monitors traffic stop data to ensure drivers are treated consistently no matter their race.
The department actively recruited Spanish-speaking officers. And it was among the first in Connecticut to wear body cameras, beginning in 2014.
"We kind of smirk when we see some agencies that don't have body cameras yet show resistance, and then they ask us our take on it," said East Haven Capt. Joseph Murgo. "We wouldn't do this job without them. We have an actual unbiased representation of the interaction that's in place and it's transparent."
Most of the officers from the late aughts are gone, and the ones who stayed wanted change, said Lennon, the 41-year-old department chief.
"We do the best job we possibly can and treat people with respect. And I think that's the best way to gauge the success of the police department," Lennon said. "The big calls, the major assaults, the armed robberies — you're having a big impact on somebody's life and they're going to remember that. But that person picks up on the way you treat them on those little calls: the damage to motor vehicles. If you treat them just as good for those, it's just as important because those are more reflective of real life, because those happen every single day."
One city's struggle to police the police
The impetus for the federal government involvement in East Haven can be traced back to Feb. 19, 2009, when officers confiscated decorative license plates from the wall of an Ecuadoran market under the pretense that it was illegal to hold onto old license plates. During the incident, they arrested a man in a black coat, black hat and scarf covering his clerical collar. Manship, then the pastor at New Haven's St. Rose of Lima Church, entered the store to film the interaction and left in handcuffs, charged with interfering with a police officer and creating a public disturbance.
Manship at the time described the arrest as the "tip of a toxic iceberg" of racial profiling targeting Latinos in the city.
He reached out to then-Mayor April Capone and then-Police Chief Leonard Gallo, who rebuffed him and denied there was any racial profiling in East Haven. Contacts with state officials went unanswered. So Manship contacted the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division.
After the Justice Department concluded its investigation and put the department under decree, Lennon became the compliance coordinator in charge of spearheading the department's response. Meanwhile, the new police chief sparred with Manship and other advocates over the depth of dysfunction in East Haven. Police Chief Brent Larrabee, hired in 2013, insisted to Manship that a functioning internal investigations unit would have corrected the issues.
"And I said, if there's any organization in the world that knows that it cannot investigate itself," Manship said, "it's the Roman Catholic Church. Cops cannot investigate cops."
Meanwhile, Larrabee and Lennon went about rebuilding the department, which saw a slew of retirements following the decree. To boost diversity in recruiting, they awarded points in the application process for a new set of skills, including college degrees and language proficiency; the more than 50-strong department now has officers who speak Greek, Italian, Vietnamese, Arabic, Mandarin and Cantonese as well as Spanish.
The department trained officers on de-escalation techniques, amping up recruits for a high-stress simulation, then putting them in a less urgent scenario, requiring officers to quickly pivot to a new response. A recruit, for instance, might be told he's about to encounter a hostage situation with actors playing the roles of hostage takers and hostages, and then walk into a simple case of shoplifting.
Police de-escalation training gaining renewed clout as law enforcement seeks to reduce killings
Lennon and a handful of officers rewrote an antiquated policy manual, and enacted a use-of-force rule, requiring investigations into each incident and sign-off from the chief or deputy chief on the outcome.
"Once we got out of the consent decree, we didn't pull back all those changes and just say, hey, you know what, we don't really need to do that anymore," said Capt. David Emerman, the department's highest-ranking Spanish speaker. "We maintain those things for two reasons. Obviously we want to be the best we can be. Also, those are the best practices now. I mean, we probably leapfrogged about 30 or 40 years."
Paul Matute, the 29-year-old son of the owners of My Country Store, the Ecuadoran American market where Manship was arrested in 2009, says the consent decree created a new environment, one in which the family business could flourish.
"I think people felt uncomfortable going out. They were scared to get harassed," Matute said. "People were afraid to come to the store because they thought they'd get pulled over for being Hispanic. Now people are comfortable. That would never happen again in this town."
The 2012 arrests of four officers, advocates said, had a significant effect on discrimination in the city. Officers Jason Zullo, David Cari, Dennis Spaulding and Sgt. John Miller were charged with obstruction of justice (writing a false police report) and conspiracy against civil rights, false arrest and excessive force. John Jairo Lugo of Unidad Latina en Acción (Latinos United in Action), a New Haven-based group, said that while effective change came to East Haven, the region remains a hostile place for Latinos.
"Seeing police officers go to jail was a big deal," Lugo said. "You see officers kill unarmed people and not even go to jail. That gave a lot of people in the community the power to speak up. On some level, the police are more careful, but that doesn't mean the culture changed. Maybe they don't have those problems anymore in East Haven, but we still have those problems in New Haven. That's a constant fight."
A collaborative model
Lennon's been asked to spread the word about East Haven's successes across the country. He talks about effective tweaks to the hiring process, modern training techniques in de-escalation and how to delegate oversight to supervising officers — but mostly at places like the Harvard Kennedy School and the FBI Academy.
He's yet to be invited to speak at police chiefs association meetings for Connecticut or south central Connecticut.
"Locally, there hasn't been that much interest," Lennon said. "I think it's just their perspective on it. We could be two miles down the road from each other and we each have different problems."
Said Manship: "It says a lot. A lot of these [Connecticut] cities want to pretend they don't have the same problems, but they do. This genteel racism is systemic in our state."
Lennon says many regional departments at the time of the decree felt their problems were different from East Haven's and saw little value in learning about East Haven's experience. His predecessor, Larrabee, left the regional chiefs associations after feeling his colleagues had distanced themselves from East Haven.
Lennon, who has rejoined the associations, wonders if a Justice Department emphasis on another Obama-era program, collaborative reform — basically consent decrees without the court mandate — would be a more successful approach for more police departments. "But with that," he said, "you really have to have buy-in at every level, locally, from the department to the local government."
Kathleen O'Toole, the former Seattle police chief who consults with the Justice Department on the issue and was the monitor who worked directly with East Haven, said police chiefs across the country often see consent decrees as long, drawn-out, expensive processes they can't afford. The Oakland Police Department in California has been under consent decree since 2003, and taxpayers have shelled out more than $16 million to an independent monitoring team assigned by the federal government.
"Most chiefs I speak to are eager to rebuild trust in policing and are looking for models for reform and innovation," she said. "Chiefs are much more likely to embrace the model if it's a collaborative one."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This article shows how Using the Plus operator lets you largely bypass any auto correction features on the main search engines. If you look closely, you'll also see a minor bug in Bing.
There's a Blog competition worth entering. Win a great prize for affiliates. If you don't have a blog… or just want to say thanks for the info, maybe put in a vote for me?
There are very very "Link maps" in the world commercially available to the public. A link map is the hardest element to replicate in Google's search algorithm. There are really only two companies with commercial link maps available now to the masses. This article helps you choose between the two.
Bing is going to be all the rage for a few weeks – and hopefully longer. But looking at localized international results from our Bedfordshire office needed a bit of working out. Here's what we found.


Amid rising air temperatures, a fire on the southern side of the Degirmenlik-Alevkayası road broke out this afternoon.
Fire crews brought the blaze under control. Around 100 donum of trees and scrubland were burnt.
How it started remains unknown at the present time.


Smart systems are the future so get involved now! Sensor System Engineering is an exciting master's programme that teaches students to build and develop smart systems that are able to interact with their environment. Students will be able to move beyond simply generating data. They will actually be implementing intelligence at the point of data generation to enable smart interventions in response to changes in the environment. This master's programme will challenge you to always look beyond what is known to be possible.
You will work closely with fellow master students from all over the world, forming a tight, committed community. A dedicated staff of experienced lecturers and professionals in their field are ready to push you ahead: teaching you new skills and supporting and stimulating you to make the most of your time at our institute and acquiring the skills of a future engineer.
Be prepared for a bright future in the fascinating world of advanced sensor applications. You'll be immersed in the challenging field of health care or energy. Sectors that demand you to be on top of your game at all times, for there's no room for error and mistakes can be costly or harmful. Succeeding here means you can put your talents to good use everywhere. Welcome to the Big Leagues!
opbouwDuring the first six months you will learn how to set up a sensor data system and how to analyse real-time data and data streams. You'll spend the second half of your master's programme working at innovative health and energy related companies.
For this amount of workload you will receive 70 ECTS at the end of the year.
Students can do their master thesis abroad.
The programme has the following prerequisites with respect to the English level of students: By means of an internationally used test, the student has demonstrated the required command of the English language (a minimum score of two B2s and two C1s according to the Common European Framework) or comparable IELTS score of 6.5, with no subscores below 5.5, or an equivalent score on the TOEFL test. Students who have a qualification from the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain or Ireland are exempted from the language requirement.
Students that qualify for the Sensor System Engineering master's programme can either be admitted directly or will be required to do a special Minor Sensor System Engineering, bridging programme, before they can start the Master. Admission is based on several criteria.
a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from a university in the Netherlands or another European union member state.
a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from non-EU university of an equivalent educational programme with sufficient similar content (will be assessed based on the detailed grade list).
Students with Bachelor's degrees in non-Electrical and Electronic Engineering background can be accepted after successful completion of the Minor Sensor System Engineering of 30 ECTS.
Affinity to mathematics and computing is demonstrated in the transcript of the degree and/or by the CV and/or by a convincing motivation letter.
A minor/major in Electronics or Embedded Systems or knowledge of Digital Signal Processing will significantly contribute to the ease of study.
You can make a career in the health domain, energy domain or hightech systems, developing products and services that involve sensor innovations. Another promising career move is to apply for a job in the technology domain, where you will develop technical sensor applications. A scientific research environment is another great place for you as a master. Here you will work alongside scientists who are focused on high tech research projects such as genome sequencing or seismic monitoring systems.
Sensors affect and benefit the lives of billions of people world-wide. Healthcare, energy and hightech systems are major areas where the innovative application of sensors becomes increasingly important. The field of advanced sensor applications is moving ahead so rapidly that it is almost impossible to give a complete overview of your prospects and job opportunities. Every day new applications are developed, leading to fascinating possibilities and brand new career opportunities.


Marijuana delivery is now a reality in Vancouver Canada and is proving to be delightfully welcome by all of the new customers getting their heads around what just happened. VWD does not carry a huge amount of marijuana or concentrate strains but what they do have it quality products and quick delivery. Vancouver has more dispensaries then all of the rest across the country put together and multiplied. Downtown Vancouver has quite a bit as well but slowly are dying off or just going away. A little bird told me they are shutting down all the dispensaries on Granville Street and cleaning it up. Vancouver Weed Delivery is your only flower delivery service that will get you your order with in 30 minutes. If you are outside of the downtown core your order will be expected to take longer. Deliveries are carried out by bicycle couriers who are professional and have at least 1 year experience as a professional bicycle courier. When I take the time to think about a bike couriers job you have to think, they must be in amazing shape, and just a little crazy. Dealing with drivers of vehicles, pedestrians running into the streets, drunks trying to scare them as they drive by, and so many more things. These bicycle couriers are a part of the veins that run through this city and deserve respect for what they do ever day and still go home to their families after a shift just like everyone else. Give them tips, they deserve them!
Marijuana has been getting more difficult to find since official legalization. Suppliers are changing their names and jacking prices. Granville Street dispensaries are getting shut down. All dispensaries in Ontario have been raided. BTW, McChronalds is officially a real legit Incorporated cannabis business. We have always done things by the book corporately and paid our employees top salaries, benefits, bonuses, time off, and so much more. Although we have had out fair share of trouble and accidents along the way, we have never been stopped from doing what we love and are so passionate about. In fact, they like what we do and that is a matter of fact. We love giving to those less fortunate and those who others shun and look at in disgust. We do what is right regardless what other peoples opinions or actions project in order to stop the progress of the greater good. Loving others and showing people that caring is an important of the human soul and without that key factor we are nothing else but animals living amongst the concrete jungle.
See the main delivery zone for 30 minute marijuana delivery below.
Marijuana Delivery in Vancouver is covered by the best of McChronalds bicycle team. Guaranteed quality product and expert service enables anyone 19+ with Valid Government Photo ID and a secondary ID such as Bank Card, or anything else with your name on it will be sufficient in order to gain access to the newest industry in the America's.
This entry was posted in Style and tagged downtown pot delivery, marijuana delivery, vancouver weed delivery, weed delivery.
My ordsrt number #41269 has still not arrived can you please help?
We haven't got any. Sorry.


From your Expense profile, you can update information such as personal information, contact information, and emergency contacts. You can add your expense delegates, view the approvers for your expense reports, and add favorite attendees for your use in expense reports.
1. To access your Expense profile, from the Concur home page, click Profile, and then click Profile Settings.
You will find the most common profile tasks on the Profile Options page. You can also use the menus on the left to select a setting to update.
Your Information - Review and update your personal information, contact information, and emergency contacts. Verify your Email addresses, and add or update credit cards that are available to use for purchases.
Expense Settings - Add expense delegates that can create, edit, and/or submit expense reports for you. View the approvers for your expense reports, and add favorite attendees for your use in expense reports.
3. In this example, you will add an expense delegate. Click Expense Delegates.
4. Click Add, and then specify which tasks you want the delegate to perform on your behalf.
5. When you are finished adding your delegates, click Done .