text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <title>Protocols  Reference</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/jazzy.css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" />
    <meta charset="utf-8">

          Alamofire 5.6.2 Docs

         (97% documented)

        <form role="search" action="search.json">
          <input type="text" placeholder="Search documentation" data-typeahead>
        </form>

            View on GitHub

            Install in Dash

      Alamofire Reference

      Protocols  Reference

            Classes

                Adapter

                AlamofireNotifications

                AuthenticationInterceptor

                – RefreshWindow

                ClosureEventMonitor

                CompositeEventMonitor

                CompositeTrustEvaluator

                ConnectionLostRetryPolicy

                DataRequest

                DataResponseSerializer

                DataStreamRequest

                – Stream

                – Event

                – Completion

                – CancellationToken

                DecodableResponseSerializer

                DefaultTrustEvaluator

                DisabledTrustEvaluator

                DownloadRequest

                – Options

                – Downloadable

                Interceptor

                JSONParameterEncoder

                JSONResponseSerializer

                MultipartFormData

                NetworkReachabilityManager

                – NetworkReachabilityStatus

                PinnedCertificatesTrustEvaluator

                PublicKeysTrustEvaluator

                Request

                – State

                Retrier

                RetryPolicy

                RevocationTrustEvaluator

                – Options

                ServerTrustManager

                Session

                SessionDelegate

                StringResponseSerializer

                URLEncodedFormEncoder

                – ArrayEncoding

                – BoolEncoding

                – DataEncoding

                – DateEncoding

                – KeyEncoding

                – SpaceEncoding

                – Error

                URLEncodedFormParameterEncoder

                – Destination

                UploadRequest

                – Uploadable

            Global Variables

                AF

            Enumerations

                AFError

                – MultipartEncodingFailureReason

                – UnexpectedInputStreamLength

                – ParameterEncodingFailureReason

                – ParameterEncoderFailureReason

                – ResponseValidationFailureReason

                – ResponseSerializationFailureReason

                – ServerTrustFailureReason

                – URLRequestValidationFailureReason

                AuthenticationError

                RetryResult

            Extensions

                Array

                Bundle

                CharacterSet

                Error

                HTTPURLResponse

                JSONDecoder

                Notification

                OSStatus

                PropertyListDecoder

                SecCertificate

                SecPolicy

                SecTrust

                SecTrustResultType

                String

                URL

                URLComponents

                URLRequest

                URLSessionConfiguration

            Protocols

                AlamofireExtended

                AuthenticationCredential

                Authenticator

                CachedResponseHandler

                DataDecoder

                DataPreprocessor

                DataResponseSerializerProtocol

                DataStreamSerializer

                DownloadResponseSerializerProtocol

                EmptyResponse

                EventMonitor

                ParameterEncoder

                ParameterEncoding

                RedirectHandler

                RequestAdapter

                RequestDelegate

                RequestInterceptor

                RequestRetrier

                ResponseSerializer

                ServerTrustEvaluating

                URLConvertible

                URLRequestConvertible

                UploadConvertible

                UploadableConvertible

            Structures

                AlamofireExtension

                DataResponse

                DataResponsePublisher

                DataStreamPublisher

                DataStreamTask

                DataTask

                DecodableStreamSerializer

                DownloadResponse

                DownloadResponsePublisher

                DownloadTask

                Empty

                GoogleXSSIPreprocessor

                HTTPHeader

                HTTPHeaders

                HTTPMethod

                JSONEncoding

                – Error

                PassthroughPreprocessor

                PassthroughStreamSerializer

                Redirector

                – Behavior

                RequestAdapterState

                ResponseCacher

                – Behavior

                StreamOf

                – Iterator

                StringStreamSerializer

                URLEncoding

                – Destination

                – ArrayEncoding

                – BoolEncoding

                URLResponseSerializer

            Type Aliases

                AFDataResponse

                AFDownloadResponse

                AFResult

                AdaptHandler

                DisabledEvaluator

                Parameters

                RetryHandler

Protocols

The following protocols are available globally.

                    AlamofireExtended

Protocol describing the af extension points for Alamofire extended types.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol AlamofireExtended

                    AuthenticationCredential

Types adopting the AuthenticationCredential protocol can be used to authenticate URLRequests.

One common example of an AuthenticationCredential is an OAuth2 credential containing an access token used to
authenticate all requests on behalf of a user. The access token generally has an expiration window of 60 minutes
which will then require a refresh of the credential using the refresh token to generate a new access token.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol AuthenticationCredential

                    Authenticator

Types adopting the Authenticator protocol can be used to authenticate URLRequests with an
AuthenticationCredential as well as refresh the AuthenticationCredential when required.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol Authenticator : AnyObject

                    CachedResponseHandler

A type that handles whether the data task should store the HTTP response in the cache.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol CachedResponseHandler

                    EventMonitor

Protocol outlining the lifetime events inside Alamofire. It includes both events received from the various
URLSession delegate protocols as well as various events from the lifetime of Request and its subclasses.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol EventMonitor

                    ParameterEncoder

A type that can encode any Encodable type into a URLRequest.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol ParameterEncoder

                    ParameterEncoding

A type used to define how a set of parameters are applied to a URLRequest.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol ParameterEncoding

                    RedirectHandler

A type that handles how an HTTP redirect response from a remote server should be redirected to the new request.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol RedirectHandler

Protocol Conformances

                    RequestDelegate

Protocol abstraction for Request‘s communication back to the SessionDelegate.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol RequestDelegate : AnyObject

UploadRequest

                    UploadableConvertible

A type that can produce an UploadRequest.Uploadable value.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol UploadableConvertible

                    UploadConvertible

A type that can be converted to an upload, whether from an UploadRequest.Uploadable or URLRequestConvertible.

Declaration

Swift

public protocol UploadConvertible : URLRequestConvertible, UploadableConvertible

                    RequestAdapter

A type that can inspect and optionally adapt a URLRequest in some manner if necessary.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol RequestAdapter

                    RequestRetrier

A type that determines whether a request should be retried after being executed by the specified session manager
and encountering an error.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol RequestRetrier

                    RequestInterceptor

Type that provides both RequestAdapter and RequestRetrier functionality.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol RequestInterceptor : RequestAdapter, RequestRetrier

Protocols

                    DataResponseSerializerProtocol

The type to which all data response serializers must conform in order to serialize a response.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol DataResponseSerializerProtocol

                    DownloadResponseSerializerProtocol

The type to which all download response serializers must conform in order to serialize a response.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol DownloadResponseSerializerProtocol

                    ResponseSerializer

A serializer that can handle both data and download responses.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol ResponseSerializer : DataResponseSerializerProtocol, DownloadResponseSerializerProtocol

                    DataPreprocessor

Type used to preprocess Data before it handled by a serializer.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol DataPreprocessor

Empty

                    EmptyResponse

Protocol representing an empty response. Use T.emptyValue() to get an instance.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol EmptyResponse

DataDecoder Protocol

                    DataDecoder

Any type which can decode Data into a Decodable type.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol DataDecoder

DataStreamRequest

                    DataStreamSerializer

A type which can serialize incoming Data.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol DataStreamSerializer

                    ServerTrustEvaluating

A protocol describing the API used to evaluate server trusts.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol ServerTrustEvaluating

                    URLConvertible

Types adopting the URLConvertible protocol can be used to construct URLs, which can then be used to construct
URLRequests.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol URLConvertible

                    URLRequestConvertible

Types adopting the URLRequestConvertible protocol can be used to safely construct URLRequests.

                        See more

Declaration

Swift

public protocol URLRequestConvertible

© 2022 Alamofire Software Foundation. All rights reserved. (Last updated: 2022-07-17)

Generated by jazzy ♪♫ v0.14.2, a Realm project.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
STUDIONSW
Instagram (ny)
Facebook (ny)
Europan 15 – Raufoss today TOMORROW
Sted: Raufoss
Utmerkelse: Honourable mention
Raufoss is rich in resources. The dynamics of the Industry Park, Amfi and the council, offers big opportunities for the town. They will be used as the first stages, as a starting point to preserve and develop the other resources.
The goal of the project is not to present an utopic and idealistic project. We must be pragmatic in order to transform Raufoss TODAY into a resilient town for TOMORROW.
The project acts into two stages, TODAY and TOMORROW. It integrates with resources Raufoss has TODAY and resources Raufoss should develop for TOMORROW. The Project will answer to the needs of TODAY in three phases and then propose a development of the Project for TOMORROW in which the three first phases are continued.
The project received honourable mention in Europan 15.
Remarks from the jury
The jury would like to extend an honorable mention to the proposal Today Tomorrow for its joyful celebration of an urban future in which the inhabitants appreciate a novel connection to nature that goes beyond the contextual wild landscapes. The proposal brings forth an integrated nature with which people can engage. Hence, this cultivated nature has the potential to become the new civic spaces that Raufoss is searching for. As such they would be informal, inclusive and non-commercial, bringing people together to co-create a sustainable everyday life.
Today Tomorrow envisioned would contribute to Raufoss's identity by contrasting industry with urban farming, and extending conventional urban models of garden city to forest city. Yet as a comprehensive proposal, Today Tomorrow lacks clarity and precision. In terms of urban design, however, the proposal's vision might help to position Raufoss, not only as an industrial innovator, but also as an urban innovator, introducing a future of urban humanity.
About Europan
Europan is an idea competition bringing together European cities and young urban and architectural design professionals (under the age of 40). The competition spans over a two year period in which over 50 European cities and over 2000 teams are involved. The entries are judged by national juries composed of specialists in the fields of architecture and urban planning.
The competition serves a dual purpose: it offers cities and developers new and innovative solutions to local urban planning and development and provides an opportunity for young architects to get commissions by presenting new ideas. These two functions combined create a platform for ongoing debate and research on the spatial framework of the European society.
For more info about the project see the Europan Norway website.
Kategori: Bolig, Næring
Relaterte prosjekter:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Air Canada Struggles With How to Fill Planes in Winter
Brian Sumers, Skift
November 2nd, 2018 at 2:30 AM EDT
Air Canada has built a successful business flying customers between North America and Europe during the summer. But much of that business dries up the rest of the year. Now, Air Canada wants to find a way to produce more revenue in winter. Can it succeed?
After a near-miss with bankruptcy nine years ago, Air Canada is among world's healthier airlines, regularly reporting healthy profit margins while winning passengers with investments in new aircraft, luxurious premium cabins and swanky lounges.
But like nearly every Canadian and European airline since the jet age began, Air Canada still has not solved a structural problem: How to sustain profits from October through March, when Canadians (and Northern Europeans) dig in for winter.
That's something Air Canada management said this week it wants to fix, by investing in routes that will produce higher profits in the airline's weakest months, including new flights in the Americas, and to Australia and India.
The numbers are clear. This year, like most, Air Canada turned in a massively profitable third quarter, reporting net income of C$645 million ($490 million U.S.) with an operating margin of 15.5 percent. That was less than last year's 20 percent margin, but the dip can be blamed on fuel prices that were about 40 percent year than in 2017.
"The numbers were downright phenomenal," Jay Shabat, publisher of Skift's Airline Weekly, wrote in a report.
Yet the numbers are not sustainable, because Air Canada's business will drop off dramatically later this year, as its highly-seasonal (and profitable) transatlantic business slows.
In this year's first quarter, Air Canada reported an operating loss of $10.64 million with a margin of negative 0.3 percent, and executives were happy about it, calling attention to our "strong results" in their press release. Last year's fourth quarter was slightly better, with Air Canada producing about $6.1 million in net income, with an operating margin of 3.5 percent.
Air Canada will always peak in summer, executives said, but they acknowledged they can improve during other quarters by finding counter-seasonal opportunities.
"There's no question that for us Q2, Q3 are such dramatically important quarters that we will always look weaker in Q4 and Q1," Air Canada CEO Rovinescu said on the airline's earnings call. "But I think that the picture is a lot better than it was in the past and we will continue to find these opportunities."
Strong Summer, Weak Winter
Few airline are as strong on transatlantic routes as Air Canada.
This summer, for the first time, Air Canada made more money (by about $144 million U.S.) from its transatlantic business than from domestic flights. Transatlantic routes produced roughly $1.23 billion in revenue, up 20.3 percent, year-over-year.
Unit revenues are up, too. The airline's revenue-per-available-seat-mile increased 9.1 percent on transatlantic routes, despite a capacity increase of 10.3 percent. Overall passenger unit revenue rose 4.2 percent, year-over-year.
Next summer could be better.
"With long-haul premium demand red hot, Air Canada just keeps adding new European routes from its three hubs, the latest being Toronto-Vienna and Montréal-Bordeaux next summer," Shabat said.
But that business is highly seasonal, because leisure travelers for the most part want to fly certain months of the year. How many people want to spend a weekend in Paris in January? And how many of them will pay a premium to do it?
While full-service airlines like Air Canada generate major margins from business traffic, especially on business class and premium economy seats, on long-haul routes they also rely on vacationeers who fill hundreds of seats in the back of each aircraft. Sometimes these leisure travelers score deals on fares, and that may lead to tiny margins. But in peak-summer, when demand is robust, airlines can make a lot of money from economy class.
It's why European airlines, like Primera Air, which folded in October, tend to go bust after the summer travel period, and why some – notably Ryanair CEO Michael O'Leary — wonder whether Norwegian Air can survive this winter. (He said something similar last year, and Norwegian made it.)
To cope with the long winter, many airlines cut capacity and park some airplanes, scheduling aircraft for maintenance. Others lease airplanes during less busy months to airlines with more demand, which is why planes belonging to the European airline Transavia sometimes fly for North American airlines.
A few experiment with unusual routes, including Norwegian Air. This winter it will fly between Pointe-à-Pitre and Montreal with a 737 that usually flies in Europe. It can do that because Guadeloupe is part of France, and thus an EU member.
In winter, Air Canada generally reduces flying, and shifts some focus to its low-cost brand, Rouge. It created Rouge six years ago to cater to leisure travelers, in part hoping it would help it win more business in winter, when the brand flies to what it calls 'sun' destinations in the United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean.
But Rouge hasn't completely fixed the parent company's issue, Rovinescu said.
"Rouge is intended to address in part that challenge by using some of the wide-body airplanes in the summer to Europe and in the winter wide-body airplanes to larger sun destination markets, the Las Vegases of this world as well Floridas, et cetera," he said. "That has worked reasonably well, but has not fully solved our problem to be very direct. And so we continue to look for opportunities."
That includes stretching some summer-only European flights to end in late September or October, rather than in early September, to improve fall numbers.
"We've made a big effort over the last number of years of trying to balance the seasonality differences that we've seen here," Rovinescu said. "You're starting to see some impact of that this year. And we hope to see more of that as things evolve. We've seen it in markets like the Central European markets. We've seen it in Athens."
Counter-Seasonal Routes
Air Canada has other ideas, too.
Executives said they can develop off-season opportunities in South America, though in the short-term that could be challenging, as Air Canada is facing competitive pressure, and many of the region's biggest economies are suffering.
They also suggested Australia and India routes could help the airline produce more revenue in slower months. In the past two years, the airline has started flying from Vancouver to Melbourne and Brisbane, along with its existing Sydney route.
Additionally, Air Canada re-entered India in 2015, first flying from Toronto to Delhi, and then adding Vancouver to Delhi and Toronto to Mumbai. The Toronto-Mumbai route has not performed as well as executives wanted, so Air Canada will suspend it in May, just before it adds more frequency to Vancouver-Delhi.
Then there's opportunity in the traditional sun business. It is performing well, though the airline cited pricing pressure in some markets.
Lucie Guillemette, Air Canada's chief commericial officer, said the Caribbean has been holding up after "a little bit of softness" in the third quarter, but Mexico is still "very competitive on the pricing side" because of added capacity.
Meanwhile, U.S. markets, such as Las Vegas and Florida, are strong, though the airline is reluctant to add too much capacity anywhere for fear of reducing profitability.
"We don't want to fly large airplanes into markets with really deteriorating yields and so we're not going to give the seats away to fill the airplanes," Rovinescu said. "That's definitely not part of our strategy. But we will look to find strategic opportunities to deploy. They will be in and around sun markets, South America, and extension of some of the leisure markets for longer periods of time."
Tags: air canada, airline innovation, norwegian air, transatlantic, westjet
Photo credit: Air Canada has no problem packing its widebody aircraft, like this Boeing 787, in summer. But winter is a challenge. Air Canada


The magic yoyo, Matthew Noel, artfully brings his stage show to audiences of all ages using magic, yo-yos, juggling, and comedy. He has performed for tens of thousands of people over the last 10 years.
His Grandfather Mitchel Winegeart instilled a love of magic at a young age. A PBS special "In Motion" spurred him to give juggling a try. While living in Singapore Matthew and his brother Jacob learned their crazy yo-yo ninja skills. In 1999 he took his skills back home to the United States. In 2000 Matthew placed 2nd in the East Texas Regionals and 4th in his division at the World Yo-Yo Competition. His passion for performance keeps his show progressing and changing year after year.
The magic yoyo, Matthew Noel, artfully brings his stage show to audiences of all ages using magic, yo-yos, juggling, and comedy. He has performed for hundreds of thousands of people over the last 14 years.
His Grandfather, Mitchel Winegeart, instilled a love of magic at a young age. A PBS special "In Motion" spurred him to give juggling a try. While living in Singapore, Matthew and his brother, Jacob, learned their crazy yo-yo ninja skills. In 1999 he took his skills back home to the United States. In 2000, Matthew placed 2nd in the East Texas Regionals and 4th in his division at the World Yo-Yo Competition. His passion for performance keeps his show progressing and changing year after year. He hopes to inspire kids to follow something that they love, do it with passion, and share it with others.


Residents wait as they evacuate to higher ground following an earthquake in Lombok, Indonesia, Aug. 5, 2018.
At least 82 people have been killed and hundreds injured when a powerful earthquake rocked the Indonesian island of Lombok Sunday, triggering a brief tsunami warning and sending residents and tourists fleeing into the streets.
The quake, recorded at magnitude 7.0 by the U.S. Geological Survey, struck at a depth of 10.5 kilometers in the northern part of Lombok. It was also felt on the neighboring island of Bali, Sumbawa and parts of East Java.
Electricity was knocked out in several parts of the city and patients were evacuated from the main hospital, witnesses and officials said.Singapore Law and Home Affairs Minister K. Shanmugam, who was in the Lombok town of Mataram at the time of the quake, posted pictures of the destruction on his Facebook page and said his 10th-floor hotel room shook violently and walls cracked.
Mutya Aryani, a local resident in Sumbawa, told VOA by phone, "Most of people were at the mosque when the earthquake happened. People ran to the street and a large field outside the mosque. We're still traumatized by the previous earthquake a few days ago which was also quite large."
Last week, 17 people were killed when a 6.4-magnitude earthquake hit Lombok.
Like Bali, Lombok is known for its pristine beaches and mountains.
Indonesia is prone to earthquakes due to its location on the Pacific "Ring of Fire,'' an arc of volcanoes and fault lines in the Pacific Ocean Basin. In December 2004, a magnitude-9.1 earthquake off Sumatra island triggered a tsunami that killed 230,000 people in a dozen countries.
VOA's Indonesia service contributed to this report.
Veggie Burgers Are A Must!
Is Peter the rock in Matthew 16:18?
Will the 3rd Hebrew Temple Be Built?


This ring is made of 750 red gold. As part of a temporary collection, it features a distinctive pyramid guilloche pattern and polished finish. The inside has a brushed finish. A special engraving indicates the weight of the precious metal with which it is made. It can be worn alone or with other LE GRAMME creations.


text:
package com.arenas.droidfan.api.rest;

import com.arenas.droidfan.api.ApiException;
import com.arenas.droidfan.data.model.UserModel;

import java.util.List;

/**
 * @author mcxiaoke
 * @version 1.0 2012.02.23
 */
public interface BlockMethods {

    List<String> blockIDs() throws ApiException;

//    List<UserModel> blockUsers(Paging paging) throws ApiException;

    UserModel isBlocked(String id) throws ApiException;

    UserModel block(String id) throws ApiException;

    UserModel unblock(String id) throws ApiException;

}


Visible results that occur in life is always a function of decisions. A significant amount of people can relate to the fact that the result of what there are now is largely based on decisions they've made at some point or the other. The fact remains your present and future state will be based on the calls you are making right now. Bearing in mind that making the right call is essential to living a fulfilled life, it is imperative to know how to go about it.
I will be leading you through a step by step process of thinking to make the best possible decision using a problem-based approach. Note that in making decisions as regards problem-solving, there are lots of factors to always consider. Check out the first.
Any mistake you make here will definitely land you in making the wrong decision. Stating the problems and not the symptoms is key. Here's an example. Having low profit in a business is not a central problem its just a symptom, poor marketing strategy or poor product packaging might be the underlying problem. If you identify the problem accurately you will discover so many ways of solving it. But if you get the problem wrong even a brilliant solution will not salvage the situation. The next step is very essential.
These should be the relevant factors sponsoring the problem. You will do yourself a great service by listing the major causes of the problem because it becomes easier drawing solutions once you have identified the major source. Asking the following questions will help you get the relevant factors causing the problem.
What is the problem? You would have established that by now.
Why the problem? Causes of the problem.
Where is the problem happening? Location or the aspect where the problem has influence.
When is the problem happening? Here consider when it happened last, and when it likely happens.
Answering these questions gives you a map of the kind of solutions you are looking for. Pay close attention to the next point. It's vital to making the final decision.
Despite having listed plausible solution, it's best to do a thorough scrutiny of each. Putting into consideration which will tackle best, the problem source. Then draw a conclusion. This conclusion will guide your decision.
The beauty of this stage is that you are about making an informed decision with knowledge of the possible outcome, based on the conclusion you have made while analyzing your solutions. Remember the best solutions will have a greater impact in solving the problem while implications of the disadvantages if any, would be minimal.


The Via is designed for the rider that wants the best of both worlds: premium bike at an affordable price. The Via features genuine Shimano components. The Via has 7 speeds, V-style brakes, and a lightweight aluminum frame. The Via now features front and rear full fenders, making the Via the perfect all around bike.


text:
California legislature OKs health insurance mandate
Posted: Jun 25, 2019 / 04:41 PM PDT / Updated: Jun 25, 2019 / 04:41 PM PDT
SACRAMENTO (AP) The California Legislature has voted to tax people who refuse to buy health insurance, bringing back a key part of former President Barack Obama's health care law that has been eliminated nationwide by Republicans in Congress.
The state Assembly and Senate approved the tax on Monday, sending it to Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom's desk.
Newsom proposed the tax in January and is likely to sign it.
The federal Affordable Care Act required everyone to buy health insurance or pay a penalty.
But in 2017, Republicans in Congress eliminated the penalty beginning this year as part of an overhaul to the federal tax code.
California will join Massachusetts, New Jersey, Vermont and Washington D.C. as the only governments in the U.S. to penalize people who don't buy health insurance.
More California Stories
MURRIETA, Calif. (AP) - Authorities say a gas explosion that destroyed a Southern California home has killed one person and injured more than a dozen others.
by AP/CNN / Jul 15, 2019
BIG PINE, Calif (CNN/AP) -- Missing camper Sheryl Powell was found alive Monday in Big Pine in Inyo County near where her dog was found earlier in the day.
The 60-year-old woman disappeared on Friday after taking the family dog for a bathroom break.
Yosemite landmarks to get names back after suit is settled
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, Calif. (AP) — A company that lost its contract to run Yosemite National Park's hotels, restaurants, and outdoor activities has settled a lawsuit with the National Park Service and the park's new concession operator over rights to the names of famous park landmarks.
The National Park Service said Monday the settlement with Delaware North allows the park to restore the previous names of some properties at Yosemite, including the Ahwahnee Hotel, which is now called the Majestic Yosemite Hotel.


Q: I own a 2,500-square-foot house in Delaware that was built in the fall of 2007. The area over the garage is a wide-open storage area. Daylight can be seen around the edge of the roof where the soffits are located. There is a ridge vent on all the various roofs on the house. Ridge vents and soffit vents are the only aids for ventilation.
It gets very hot in the storage area in the summer. I placed a thermometer about 6 feet off the floor. The roof peak is 15 feet high. On a 95-degree sunny day I got readings of 120-122 degrees Fahrenheit in the storage area. I feel it is too hot for household items and clothing, particularly leather and furs, with a 27-degree difference from the outdoor temperature.
I went on the Internet and searched roof structures and found a site that said industry standards for an attic storage area should be 10 to 12 degrees higher than the outside temperature — it didn't specify a sunny day versus a cloudy day. Is that an accurate assessment? If not, what is the correct differential between outside and attic temperature?
I discussed this with the builders, and they said that they were unsure of any standards, but that the design should be sufficient.
A: I don't know of any standards stipulating an acceptable degree differential between the attic's temperature in a storage area and the outside ambient air.
You mention the size of the soffit vents, which tells me that they are not continuous. How far apart are they? Soffit vents should run the full length of the overhangs and must match the ridge vents' net free ventilation area (NFVA). But this should not be an issue in an open storage space.
One way to reduce the temperature of the attic now is to staple an aluminum reflective film to the bottom of the trusses. It will be somewhat of a challenge because of the web connections, but it should be manageable. You should be able to get aluminum reflective film in building-supply houses.
Another way is to install light-colored shingles when the time for replacement comes.
A: If the flooding is due to rain filling the well in heavy downpours or from the section of a roof without gutters above the well, the easiest way to deal with it is to put a clear plastic cover over the well.
If the problem is because there is a flat or negative grade around the well, and water is entering the well at the joint of the well and the foundation, the grade deficiency should be taken care of by raising it to slope gently away from the house, making sure that there is no way for the water to leak through the joints with the house.
If the top of the well is too low to raise the grade, you can buy metal sections matching semicircular or rectangular wells in building-supply houses.
Or you can raise the well up to four inches by digging a small trench around the exterior of the metal well and setting paver bricks upright, soldier-like, in the trench.
The bricks are 8 inches long, so 4 inches will be buried in the raised grade. Tamp the soil to hold the bricks in place.
If the problem is caused by the soil being too high inside the well, dig out the soil as much as you can and refill the space with stones to within a foot of the bottom of the window.
Ideally, a drainpipe should have been installed leading to some form of drainage, such as footing drains, but if the soil is sandy or loamy, this may not be necessary.
Q: In the very near future, I will be replacing five wood windows with new vinyl windows. The windows are your standard-sized bedroom windows — no fancy designs or dimensions.
I would like your recommendation on what brand names are reliable and have a good track record. When I ask around with builders and people connected to the window business, I can't seem to get a brand name that most people feel good about. Comments are made (positive and negative) about Marvin, Pella, Andersen, Sierra Pacific, etc. I also remember reading one of your columns where you expressed concerns about Pella windows.
I have always trusted your judgment and would love to hear your thoughts on this topic.
A: To keep the record straight, Marvin and Sierra Pacific do not make vinyl windows. Marvin makes all-fiberglass (its Integrity line) and fiberglass/wood windows, while Sierra Pacific makes wood and aluminum-clad windows. Andersen and Pella offer vinyl windows.
My concern with Pella followed its steady refusal to honor its warranty on both doors and windows a number of years ago. Pella fought my clients for months, blaming poor insulation, until the company was threatened with litigation after I became involved and wrote a scathing report. When this became public through my answering a reader's question about Pella windows in my syndicated column, I received several responses from other readers who had had similar experiences.
I do not know if Pella has changed its modus operandi, but I have stayed away from recommending its products ever since. If a manufacturer does not honor its warranty, or offers terrible service, I feel that it does not deserve to be patronized.
I used to install many Pella windows in the '50s and '60s, as one of the top-of-the-line products for years, and had them in our house from the '60s until these unfortunate incidents. This was a time when Pella did do a good job of taking care of its customers.
My research and contacts in the industry speak highly of the Interstate Materials Inc. vinyl windows, series 88, which is only available through accredited retailers. To find a retailer in your area, call Interstate's toll-free line: 800-338-9997. If you are in Vermont, Acme Glass (802-658-1400) in Burlington, Vermont, is an accredited retailer.
In recent years, I have had very good experiences with Marvin windows and doors. They are competitively priced, are of high quality and are very energy-efficient, and Marvin's customer service has been excellent.
Years ago, I was retained by an architect to investigate why all the Marvin windows in her house were rotting. Instead of dodging the bullet, Marvin volunteered that their preservative-treatment subcontractor had done a very poor job. Marvin replaced all the windows at no cost to the homeowner.
When we remodeled our house extensively, we used Marvin windows and doors throughout with great satisfaction.
A: I certainly think that a house is worth fixing rather than abandoning it, if that is what you are asking.
Every effort should be made to track the causes of your extreme moisture condition.
You haven't given me much information, but here are a few hints: If your foundation is made of concrete blocks instead of poured concrete, and the blocks have been waterproofed from the inside, their cores may be filled with water that leaked in from the outside and became trapped in the cores.
In such a case, check the grade around the foundation and make all necessary repairs to it and to any appendages leading water toward the house (walks, patios, exterior basement stairs, driveways, low spot under a deck, etc.), and follow this with the drainage of the blocks.
You may need the help of an experienced contractor or engineer. Draining the blocks can be done by using a star drill and a hammer to drill holes in the mortar joints of the blocks as close to the floor as possible. Using an electric drill is dangerous; if water suddenly surges, it may cause a serious risk of electrical shock.
You will need to drill holes between blocks and in two or three places for each block, as some blocks have two cores and others three. You only need to drill holes in the bottom row; water will flow down to them.
You'll have to plan on dealing with the water coming out. If your house has an old stone foundation and a dirt floor, you will need to make sure that water cannot enter the basement by checking the conditions outside as mentioned above. Then you'll have to do something to control the soil's moisture by either covering it with heavy plastic, which you can buy in agricultural and building-supply stores, or by pouring a concrete slab over a stone base and vapor retarder.
When this is done, hire an experienced contractor to make any necessary repairs to the sill.


Would you like to get the best possible results from growing plants in greenhouses?
Regular and proper irrigation is a sure way to achieve this goal, regardless of whether your plants are in pots, beds outside or in a greenhouse. The innovative drip irrigation running on solar batteries is an easy solution for automatic irrigation. The irrigation system waters the plants every 3 hours and increases water supply if the sun becomes more active, thus creating very good irrigation conditions for your plants, as they consume more water on hot sunny day and require intensive watering. And in case your tank starts running out of water, you will hear a beep in advance – the system comes with a water level sensor.
Irrigation systems are perfect for greenhouses and can be used to grow cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers and other vegetables, flowers and various greens. The systems use solar power to pump water from your tank. The system does not require wires or hoses or connection to an electrical power source in order to operate. The irrigation system is easy to install and only has to be set up once, after that the watering will happen automatically, requiring minimal supervision.
Optionally, you may choose to purchase a small tank to attach to your plumbing system in order to automatically adjust water levels by means of a special valve. Additionally, you could purchase a micro-porous hose, specifically designed for efficient cultivation of various dense herbs. The automatic irrigation system will not forget to water the plants in your absence.
Our watering kits are designed to deliver water exactly where it needs to be delivered (usually at the root of a plant), the water is transported slowly enough for it to be absorbed.
Is there enough sunlight in our country for proper greenhouse irrigation in our country?
The innovative irrigation system was developed and tested in England. Despite the fact that the number of sunny days there is very small, the system is quite popular in Great Britain and has been noted by reputable publications specializing in such equipment.
The irrigation system described above Is best used combined with an automatic ventilation system, which also does not require a connection to an electrical power source.


Michael Carrick has been forced to withdraw from the England squad for Wednesday's friendly clash with the Czech Republic after hobbling out of Manchester United's draw with Newcastle. The midfielder limped out of the action mid-way through the first-half after suffering an ankle injury.Carrick had hoped to force his way into Fabio Capello's England side, but United boss Sir Alex Ferguson says the player has no chance of being fit in time for the Wembley fixture.
"It's an ankle injury and it's very badly swollen," Ferguson told Sky Sports.
"He'll be out for 2-3 weeks which is extremely disappointing."


text:
Italy seems to have an uncertain etymology; Thucydides claims that Italos, the Sicilian king gave his name to Italy, while more recently Emilio Spedicato(h) considers that "the best derivation we believe to be the one proposed by the Italian nuclear engineer Felice Vinci (1998), in his monograph claiming a Baltic setting for the Homeric epic: he derives Italia from the rare Greek word aithalia, meaning the smoking one." This is thought to be a reference to Italy's many volcanoes.
Italy today is comprised of territory south of the Alps on mainland Europe including a very large boot-shaped peninsula, plus Sicily, Sardinia and some smaller island groups, which along with the French island of Corsica virtually enclose the Tyrrhenian Sea.
The earliest proposal that Italy could be linked with Atlantis came from Angelo Mazzoldi in 1840 when he claimed that before Etruria, Italy had been home to Atlantis and dated its demise to 1986 BC. Mazzoldi expressed a form of hyperdiffusion that had his Italian Atlantis as the mother-culture which seeded the great civilisations of the eastern Mediterranean region(b).
Some of Mazzoldi's views regarding ancient Italy were expanded on by later scholars such Camillo Ravioli, Ciro Nispi-Landi, Evelino Leonardi, Costantine Cattoi, Guido DiNardo and Giuseppe Brex. Ravioli sought to associate the Maltese island of Gozo with his proposed Atlantis in Italy.
The Italian region of Lazio, which includes Rome, has had a number of very ancient structures proposed as Atlantean; Monte Circeo (Leonardi), Arpino(a) (Cassaro). Another aspect of Italian prehistory is the story of Tirrenide, which was described as a westward extension of the Italian landmass into the Tyrhennian Sea during the last Ice Age, with a land bridge to a conjoined Sardinia and Corsica.. At the same time there were land links to Sicily and Malta, which were all destroyed as deglaciation took place and sea levels rose.
It is surprising that so few researchers have commented on Italy's part in Plato's Atlantis narrative considering that he twice, without any ambiguity, informs us that the Atlantean domain extended as far as Tyrrhenia (modern Tuscany).
Crit.114c. So all these, themselves and their descendants, dwelt for many generations bearing rule over many other islands throughout the sea, and holding sway besides, as was previously stated, over the Mediterranean peoples as far as Egypt and Tuscany. Tim.25a/b. Now in this island of Atlantis there existed a confederation of kings, of great and marvellous power, which held sway over all the island, and over many other islands also and parts of the continent; and, moreover, of the lands here within the Straits they ruled over Libya as far as Egypt, and over Europe as far as Tuscany. (Bury)
The quotation from Timaeus is most interesting because of its reference to a 'continent'. Some have understandably but incorrectly claimed that this is a reference to America or Antarctica, when quite clearly it refers to southern Italy as part of the continent of Europe. Moreover, Herodotus is quite clear (4.42) that the ancient Greeks knew of only three continents, Europe, Asia and Libya.
Philo of Alexandria (20 BC-50 AD) in his On the Eternity of the World(g) wrote "Are you ignorant of the celebrated account which is given of that most sacred Sicilian strait, which in old times joined Sicily to the continent of Italy?" (v.139). The name 'Italy' was normally used in ancient times to describe the southern part of the peninsula(e). Some commentators think that Philo was quoting Theophrastus, Aristotle's successor. This would push the custom of referring to Italy as a 'continent' back near to the time of Plato. More recently, Armin Wolf, the German historian, when writing about Scheria relates(f) that "Even today, when people from Sicily go to Calabria (southern Italy) they say they are going to the 'continente'." This continuing usage is further confirmed by a current travel site(d) and by author, Robert Fox[1168.141]. I suggest that Plato used the term in a similar fashion and can be seen as offering the most rational explanation for the use of the word 'continent' in Timaeus 25a.
When you consider that close to Italy are located the large islands of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, as well as smaller archipelagos such as the Egadi, Lipari and Maltese groups, the idea of Atlantis in the Central Mediterranean can be seen as highly compatible with Plato's description.
If we accept that Plato stated unambiguously that the domain of Atlantis included at least part of southern Italy and also declared that Atlantis attacked from beyond the Pillars of Heracles, then this appellation could not be applied at that time to any location in the vicinity of the Strait of Gibraltar, but must have been further east, probably not too far from Atlantean Italy. This matches earlier alternative locations recorded by classical writers who placed the 'Pillars' at the straits of Messina or Sicily. I personally favour Messina, unless there is stronger evidence that some of the islands in or near the Strait of Sicily such as the Maltese or Pelagian Islands or Pantelleria were home to the 'Pillars'.
(a) http://www.richardcassaro.com/hidden-italy-the-forbidden-cyclopean-ruins-of-giants-from-atlantis
(b) http://www.megalit hic.it/megalitich-team-research/teorie-e-studi-sulle-origini-della-nostra-terra-di-ilenia-lungo/ (Italian)
(c) http://www.giardinodidiana.com/storia-e-archeologia.html (Italian)
(d) http://www.departures.com/articles/four-ways-to-do-sicily
(e) http://www.yourguidetoitaly.com/origin-of-the-name-italy.html
(f) http://www.ine-notebooks.org/index.php/te/article/viewPDFInterstitial/119/175
(g) http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book35.htm
*(h) http://2010-q-conference.com/ophir/ophir-27-10-09.pdf*
Tagged Angelo Mazzoldi, Armin Wolf, Baltic, Calabria, Camillo Ravioli, Ciro Nispi-Landi, continent, Corsica, Costantine Cattoi, deglaciation, Egadi Islands, Emilio Spedicato, Evelino Leonardi, Felice Vinci, Giuseppe Brex, Gozo, Guido DiNardo, Herodotus, Italos, Italy, Lipari Islands, Malta, Ophir, Pantelleria, Pelagian Islands, Philo of Alexandria, Pillars of Heracles, Richard Cassaro, Sardinia, Scheria, Sicily, Strait of Gibraltar, Strait of Messina, Strait of Sicily, Theophrastus, Thucydides, Tirrenide, Tyrrhenian Sea, volcanoes
Magna Graecia
Magna Graecia is the term applied to those parts of southern Italy and Sicily that were colonised by the Greeks, beginning as early as the 8th century BC. An interesting fact is that Philo of Alexandria (20 BC-50 AD) in his On the Eternity of the World(b) wrote "Are you ignorant of the celebrated account which is given of that most sacred Sicilian strait, which in old times joined Sicily to the continent of Italy?" (v.139). The name 'Italy' was normally used in ancient times to describe the southern part of the peninsula(d). Some commentators think that Philo was quoting Theophrastus, Aristotle's successor. This would push the custom of referring to Italy as a 'continent' back to the time of Plato. More recently, Armin Wolf (1935- ), the German historian, when writing about Scheria relates(a) that "Even today, when people from Sicily go to Calabria (southern Italy) they say they are going to the "continente." This continuing usage is confirmed by a current travel site(c). I suggest that Plato used the term in a similar fashion and can be seen as offering a more rational explanation for the use of the word 'continent' in Timaeus 25a, adding to the idea of Atlantis in the Central Mediterranean.
Giuseppe Palermo in his 2012 book Atlantide degli italiani is now bravely promoting the idea that Plato's Atlantis was originally located beneath the town of Acri and the surrounding region of Calabria. He supports his claim by matching measurements provided by Plato with physical features around Acri(e). However surprising this idea may seem, it should be pointed out that according to Plato, Atlanteans had occupied southern Italy as far north as Tyrrhenia (Timaeus 25b & Critias 114c). If all this is not true, as a second prize, Acri can at least claim to be the birthplace of the famous American bodybuilder, Charles Atlas!
The Greeks began their gradual expansion westward between the 9th and 6th centuries BC, a development clearly illustrated on an excellent series of online maps(h). Understandably, they would have taken the shortest route from the Greek mainland to the heel of Italy and later on to Sicily. As they progressed with their colonisation new limits were set, and in time, exceeded. I suggest that these limits were each in turn designated the 'Pillars of Heracles' as they expanded. I speculate that Capo Colonna (Cape of the Column) in Calabria may have been one of those boundaries. Interestingly, 18th century maps shown up to five islands near the cape that are no longer visible(g), suggesting the possibility that in ancient times they could have been even more extensive, creating a strait that might have matched Plato's description. On the other hand the Strait of Messina was one of the locations recorded as the site of the 'Pillars' and considering that mariners at that time preferred to hug the coast, I would opt for the Strait of Messina rather than the more frequently proposed Strait of Sicily. A strait is defined as a narrow sea passage, a description that seems inappropriate for the 96 miles that separates Sicily from Tunisia.
For a brief history of the rise and fall of Magna Graecia, have a look at the classical wisdom website(f).
It is also noteworthy that there are still a number of towns in Calabria where ancient Greek is still spoken(i).
(a) http://www.ine-notebooks.org/index.php/te/article/viewPDFInterstitial/119/175
(b) http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book35.html
(c) http://www.departures.com/articles/four-ways-to-do-sicily
(d) http://www.yourguidetoitaly.com/origin-of-the-name-italy.html
(e) http://www.atlantid.info/?page_id=539
(f) http://classicalwisdom.com/magna-graecia-greater-greece/ (Offline Octyober 2018)
*See: https://web.archive.org/web/20180824200049/https://classicalwisdom.com/magna-graecia-greater-greece/*
(g) http://www.academia.edu/1152285/Discovery_of_Ancient_Harbour_Structures_in_Calabria_Italy_and_Implications_for_the_Interpretation_of_Nearby_Sites
*(h) http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/greek_colonies/ (offline Feb. 2015)
See: https://web.archive.org/web/20141105204103/http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/greek_colonies/*
(i) http://www.madeinsouthitalytoday.com/mysterios-places.php
Tagged Acri, Armin Wolf, Calabria, Capo Colonna, Charles Atlas, continent, Giuseppe Palermo, Italy, Magna Graecia, Philo of Alexandria, Pillars of Heracles, Scheria, Sicily, Strait of Messina, Strait of Sicily, Theophrastus, Tyrrhenia
Theophrastus (372–287 BC) was a student of Aristotle, whom he eventually succeeded at the Lyceum, the home of the Peripatetic school of philosophy,*which he headed for thirty-six years. Eventually, he was succeeded by Strato of Lampsacus.*
Theophrastus is frequently quoted as referring to Atlantis having colonies in the 'sea'. Philo of Alexandria in his De Aeternitate Mindi[1423] has cited Theophrastus' belief in the reality of Atlantis. Thorwald C. Franke expands on this in Appendix F of his Aristotle and Atlantis[880].
Theophrastus is sometimes referred to as the 'father of botany' and was one of the earliest writers to note that trees gained an extra outer layer each year. However, it would take over two thousand years before this fact led to the development of today's invaluable science of dendrochronology.
Tagged Aristotle, dendrochronology, Lyceum, Philo of Alexandria, Strato of Lampsacus, Theophrastus, Thorwald C. Franke
Strait of Sicily
The Strait of Sicily is the name given to the extensive stretch of water between Sicily and Tunisia. Depending on the degree to which glaciation lowered the world's sea levels during the last Ice Age; three views have emerged relating its possible effect on Sicily during that period:
(i) Both the Strait of Messina to the north, between Sicily and Italy together with the Strait of Sicily to the south remained open.
(ii) The Strait of Messina was closed, joining Sicily to Italy, while the Strait of Sicily remained open.
(iii) Both the Straits of Messina and Sicily were closed, providing a land bridge between Tunisia and Italy, separating the Eastern from the Western Mediterranean.
I find it strange that what we call today the Strait of Sicily is 90 miles wide. Now the definition of 'strait' is a narrow passage of water connecting two large bodies of water. How 90 miles can be described as 'narrow' eludes me. Is it possible that we are dealing with a case of mistaken identity and that the 'Strait of Sicily' is in fact the Strait of Messina, which is narrow? Philo of Alexandria (20 BC-50 AD) in his On the Eternity of the World(a) wrote "Are you ignorant of the celebrated account which is given of that most sacred Sicilian strait, which in old times joined Sicily to the continent of Italy?" (v.139). The name 'Italy' was normally used in ancient times to describe the southern part of the peninsula(b). Some commentators think that Philo was quoting Theophrastus, Aristotle's successor.
It is worth pointing out that the Strait of Messina is sometimes referred to in ancient literature as the Pillars of Herakles and designates the sea west of this point as the 'Atlantic Ocean'. Modern writers such as Sergio Frau and Eberhard Zangger have pointed out that the term 'Pillars of Herakles' was applied to more than one location in the Mediterranean in ancient times.
In 1910, the celebrated Maltese botanist, John Borg, proposed[1132] that Atlantis had been situated on what is now submerged land between Malta and North Africa.*A number of other researchers, Axel Hausmann and Alberto Arecchi, have expressed similar ideas.
The Strait of Sicily is home to a number of sunken banks, previously exposed during the Last Ice Age. As levels rose most of these disappeared, an event observed by the inhabitants of the region at that time. The MapMistress website(c) has proposed that one of these banks was the legendary Erytheia, the sunken island of the far west. The 'far west' later became the Strait of Gibraltar but for the early Greeks it was the Central Mediterranean.*
(a) http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book35.html
(b) http://www.yourguidetoitaly.com/origin-of-the-name-italy.html
*(c) http://www.mapmistress.com/pantelleria-erytheia-sicily-tunisia.html*
Tagged Alberto Arecchi, Atlantic Ocean, Axel Hausmann, Eberhard Zangger, Italy, John Borg, Malta, Philo of Alexandria, Pillars of Herakles, Sergio Frau, Sicily, Strait of Gibraltar, Strait of Messina, Strait of Sicily, Theophrastus, Tunisia
The term 'Continent', is derived from the Latin terra continens, meaning 'continuous land' and in English is relatively new, not coming into use until the Middle English period (11th-16th centuries). Apart from that, it is sometimes used to imply mainland. The Scottish island of Shetland is known by the smaller islands in the archipelago as Mainland, in fact its old Norse name is Megenland, which means mainland. In turn the people of Mainland, Shetland, will apply the same title to the Britain, who in turn apply the term 'continuous land' or continent to mainland Europe. Consequently it is clear the term is clearly relative.
The term has been applied arbitrarily by some commentators to Plato's Atlantis, usually by those locating it in the Atlantic. In fact Plato never called Atlantis a continent, but instead as the sixteen instances below prove, he consistently referred to it as an island, probably the one containing the capital city of the confederation or alliance!
[Timaeus 24e, 25a, 25d Critias 108e, 113c, 113d, 113e, 114a, 114b, 114e, 115b, 115e, 116a, 117c, 118b, 119c]
A number of commentators have assumed that when Plato referred to an 'opposite continent' he was referring to the Americas, however Herodotus, who flourished after Solon and before Plato, was quite clear that there were only three continents known to the Greeks, Europe, Asia and Libya [4.42]. In fact prior to Herodotus only two landmasses were considered continents, Europe and Asia, with Libya sometimes considered part of Asia. So when Plato does use the word 'continent' [Tim. 24e, 25a, Crit. 111a] we can reasonably conclude that he was referring to one of these landmasses, and more than likely to either Europe or Libya (North Africa) as Atlantis was in the west, ruling out Asia.
Philo of Alexandria (20 BC-50 AD) in his On the Eternity of the World(b) wrote "Are you ignorant of the celebrated account which is given of that most sacred Sicilian strait, which in old times joined Sicily to the continent of Italy?" (v.139). It would seem that in this particular circumstance the term 'Sicilian Strait' refers to the Strait of Messina, which is another example of how ancient geographical terms often changed their meaning over time (see Atlantic & Pillars of Herakles).
The name 'Italy' was normally used in ancient times to describe the southern part of the peninsula(d). Some commentators think that Philo was quoting Theophrastus, Aristotle's successor. This would push the custom of referring to Italy as a 'continent' back to the time of Plato,*who clearly states (Tim. 25a) that the Atlantean alliance "ruled over all the island, over many other islands as well. and over sections of the continent." (Wells). The next passage recounts their control of territory in Europe and North Africa, so it naturally begs the question as to what was 'the continent' referred to previously? I suggest that the context, had a specific meaning, which, in the absence of any other candidate and the persistent usage over the following two millennia can be reasonably assumed to have been southern Italy.*
Centuries later, the historian, Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) refers at least twice[1523.6.209/10] to the 'continent of Italy'. More recently, Armin Wolf (1935- ), the German historian, when writing about Scheria relates(a) that "Even today, when people from Sicily go to Calabria (southern Italy) they say they are going to the "continente." This continuing usage of the term is confirmed by a current travel site(c) and by author, Robert Fox in The Inner Sea [1168.141].
I suggest that Plato used the term in a similar fashion and can be seen as offering a more rational explanation for the use of the word 'continent' in Timaeus 25a, adding to the idea of Atlantis in the Central Mediterranean.
Giovanni Ugas claims that the Mediterranean coast of southern Spain and France, along with the Italian peninsula constituted the 'true continent' (continente vero) referred to by Plato. (see below)
Furthermore, the text informs us that this opposite continent surrounds or encompasses the true ocean, a description that could not be applied to either of the Americas as neither encompass the Atlantic, which makes any theory of an American Atlantis more than questionable.
Modern geology has definitively demonstrated that no continental mass lies in the Atlantic and quite clearly the Mediterranean does not have room for a sunken continent .
(e) http://luccav.com/2015/01/16/the-elusive-location-of-atlantis-part-1/
Tagged America, Armin Wolf, Asia, Atlantic, Atlantis, Calabria, continent, Europe, Giovanni Ugas, Graecia Magna, Herodotus, island, Libya, Mediterranean, Philo of Alexandria, Plato, Robert Fox, Scheria, Shetland Islands, Sicilian Strait, Sicily, Solon, Strait of Messina, Theophrastus
Classical Writers Supporting the Existence of Atlantis
Although many of the early writers are quoted as referring to Plato's Atlantis or at least alluding to places or events that could be related to his story there is no writer who can be identified as providing unambiguous independent evidence for Atlantis' existence. One explanation could be that Atlantis may have been known by different names to different peoples in different ages, just as the Roman city of Aquisgranum was later known as Aachen to the Germans and concurrently as Aix-la-Chapelle to the French. However, it would have been quite different if the majority of post-Platonic writers had completely ignored or hotly disputed the veracity of Plato's tale.
Alan Cameron, a devout Atlantis sceptic, is adamant that "it is only in modern times that people have taken the Atlantis story seriously, no one did so in antiquity." Both statements are clearly wrong, as can be seen from the list below and my Chronology of Atlantis Theories and even more comprehensively by Thorwald C. Franke's Kritische Geschichte der Meinungen und Hypothesen zu Platons Atlantis (Critical history of the hypotheses on Plato's Atlantis)[1255].
H.S. Bellamy mentions that about 100 Atlantis references are to be found in post-Platonic classical literature. He also argues that if Plato "had put forward a merely invented story in the Timaeus and Critias Dialogues the reaction of his contemporaries and immediate followers would have been rather more critical." Thorwald C. Franke echoes this in his Aristotle and Atlantis[880.46]. Bellamy also notes that Sais, where the story originated, was in some ways a Greek city having regular contacts with Athens and should thertefore have generated some denial from the priests if the Atlantis tale had been untrue.
Homer(c.8thcent. BC)wrote in his famous Odyssey of a Phoenician island called Scheriathat many writers have controversially identified as Atlantis. It could be argued that this is another example of different names being applied to the same location.
Hesiod (c.700 BC) wrote in his Theogonyof the Hesperides located in the west. Some researchers have identified the Hesperides as Atlantis.
Herodotus (c.484-420 BC)regarded by some as the greatest historian of the ancients, wrote about the mysterious island civilization in the Atlantic.
Hellanicus of Lesbos (5th cent. BC) refers to 'Atlantias'. Timothy Ganz highlights[0376] one line in the few fragments we have from Hellanicus as being particularly noteworthy, "Poseidon mated with Celaeno, and their son Lycus was settled by his father in the Isles of the Blest and made immortal."
Thucydides (c.460-400 BC)refers to the dominance of the Minoan empire in the Aegean.
Syrianus (died c.437 BC) the neoplatonist and one-time head of Plato's Academy in Athens, considered Atlantis to be an historical fact. He wrote a commentary on Timaeus, now lost, but his views are recorded by Proclus.
Eumelos of Cyrene (c.400 BC) was a historian and contemporary of Plato's who placed Atlantis in the Central Mediterranean between Libya and Sicily.
Aristotle (384-322 BC) Plato's pupil is constantly quoted in connection with his alleged criticism of Plato's story. This claim was not made until 1819, when Delambre misinterpreted a commentary on Strabo by Isaac Casaubon. This error has been totally refuted by Thorwald C. Franke[880]. Furthermore it was Aristotle who stated that the Phoenicians knew of a large island in the Atlantic known as 'Antilia'. Crantor (4th-3rdcent. BC) was Plato's first editor, who reported visiting Egypt where he claimed to have seen a marble column carved with hieroglyphics about Atlantis. However, Jason Colavito has pointed out that according to Proclus, Crantor was only told by the Egyptian priests that the carved pillars were still in existence.
*Crantor (4th-3rd cent. BC) was Plato's first editor, who reported visited Egypt where he claimed to have seen a marble column carved with hieroglyphics about Atlantis. However, Jason Colavito has pointed out(a) that according to Proclus, Crantor was only told by the Egyptian priests that the carved pillars were still in existence.*
Theophrastus of Lesbos (370-287 BC) refers to colonies of Atlantis in the sea.
Theopompos of Chios (born c.380 BC), a Greek historian – wrote of the huge size of Atlantis and its cities of Machimum and Eusebius and a golden age free from disease and manual labour. Zhirov states[458.38/9] that Theopompos was considered a fabulist.
Apollodorus of Athens (fl. 140 BC) who was a pupil of Aristarchus of Samothrace (217-145 BC) wrote "Poseidon was very wrathful, and flooded the Thraisian plain, and submerged Attica under sea-water." Bibliotheca, (III, 14, 1.)
Poseidonius (135-51 BC.) was Cicero's teacher and wrote, "There were legends that beyond the Hercules Stones there was a huge area which was called "Poseidonis" or "Atlanta"
Diodorus Siculus (1stcent. BC), the Sicilian writer who has made a number of references to Atlantis.
Marcellus (c.100 BC) in his Ethiopic History quoted by Proclus [Zhirov p.40] refers to Atlantis consisting of seven large and three smaller islands.
Statius Sebosus (c. 50 BC), the Roman geographer, tells us that it was forty days' sail from the Gorgades (the Cape Verdes) and the Hesperides (the Islands of the Ladies of the West, unquestionably the Caribbean – see Gateway to Atlantis).
Timagenus (c.55 BC), a Greek historian wrote of the war between Atlantis and Europe and noted that some of the ancient tribes in France claimed it as their original home. There is some dispute about the French druids' claim.
Philo of Alexandria (b.15 BC) also known as Philo Judaeus also accepted the reality of Atlantis' existence.
Strabo (67 BC-23 AD) in his Geographia stated that he fully agreed with Plato assertion that Atlantis was fact rather than fiction.
Plutarch (46-119 AD) wrote about the lost continent in his book Lives, he recorded that both the Phoenicians and the Greeks had visited this island which lay on the west end of the Atlantic.
Pliny the Younger (61-113 AD) is quoted by Frank Joseph as recording the existence of numerous sandbanks outside the Pillars of Hercules as late as 100 AD.
Pomponius Mela (c.100 AD), placed Atlantis in a southern temperate region.
Tertullian (160-220 AD) associated the inundation of Atlantis with Noah's flood.
Claudius Aelian (170-235 AD) referred to Atlantis in his work The Nature of Animals.
Arnobius (4thcent. AD.), a Christian bishop, is frequently quoted as accepting the reality of Plato's Atlantis.
Ammianus Marcellinus (330-395 AD) [see Marcellinus entry]
Proclus Lycaeus (410-485 AD), a representative of the Neo-Platonic philosophy, recorded that there were several islands west of Europe. The inhabitants of these islands, he proceeds, remember a huge island that they all came from and which had been swallowed up by the sea. He also writes that the Greek philosopher Crantor saw the pillar with the hieroglyphic inscriptions, which told the story of Atlantis.
Cosmas Indicopleustes (6thcent. AD), a Byzantine geographer, in his Topographica Christiana (547 AD) quotes the Greek Historian, Timaeus (345-250 BC) who wrote of the ten kings of Chaldea [Zhirov p.40]. Marjorie Braymer[198.30] wrote that Cosmas was the first to use Plato's Atlantis to support the veracity of the Bible.
There was little discussion of Atlantis after the 6th century until the Latin translation of Plato's work by Marsilio Ficino was produced in the 15th century.
*(a) http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/the-first-believer-why-early-atlantis-testimony-is-suspect*
Tagged Aelian, Alan Cameron, Antilia, Aristotle, Atlantis, Cosmas Indicopleustes, Crantor, Diodorus Siculus, Eumelos of Cyrene, Frank Joseph, Hellanicus of Lesbos, Herodotus, Hesiod, Hesperides, Homer, Marcellus, Marjorie Braymer, Marsilio Ficino, Odyssey, Philo of Alexandria, Plato, Plutarch, Pomponius Mela, Posseidonius, Proclus Lycaeus, Scheria, Statius Sebosus, Strabo, Syrianus, Tertullian, Theogony, Theophrastus of Lesbos, Theopompos of Chios, Thorwald C. Franke, Thucydides
Philo of Alexandria (L)
Philo of Alexandria (20 BC-50 AD) also known as Philo the Jew, was a philosopher based in Alexandria. He was a firm supporter of the reality of Atlantis' existence. He wrote on the subject in his On the Eternity of the Earth[1423.v.141](a) where he is thought by some to be quoting Theophrastus, Aristotle's successor. This view is held by Thorwald C. Franke[0880.131] and J. V. Luce in Atlantis: Fact or Fiction[0522.51].
Tagged Aristotle, J.V. Luce, Philo of Alexandria, Theophrastus, Thorwald C. Franke