text:
1: Chapters
Water 135: Water Quality (Rowe)
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1.12: Water Treatment For Contaminate Removal
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Water Systems Technology
College of the Canyons via ZTC Textbooks
Water Quality Characteristics
Factors Influencing Disinfection
Inorganic Matter
Removal Processes
Disinfection Process
Ultrasonic Waves
Chemical Disinfection
Disinfection Action
Chlorine Reactions in Water
Reactions with Substances in Water
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramination
UV Disinfection and Treatment of Water
Chapter Quiz
Describe water quality characteristics
Describe disinfection processes
Explain chlorine disinfection
Describe the classes of water quality
Explain the structure of water quality characteristics
Water is the universal solvent; and therefore, it carries all types of dissolved materials. Water also carries biological life forms that can cause diseases. Waterborne pathogenic organisms can cause diseases like anthrax, bacillary dysentery, cholera, gastroenteritis, salmonella, shigellosis, typhoid fever polio, amoebic dysentery cryptosporidium, and giardia.
One of the cleansing processes in the treatment of safe water is called disinfection. Disinfection is the process designed to kill or inactivate most microorganisms in water, including essentially all pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria. Water can be disinfected with chlorination, which is the most common method employed because of cost, availability, and reliability. Sterilization is the complete destruction of all organisms. Sterilization is not necessary for water treatment, and it is quite expensive to carry out.
Many factors influence the disinfection of water. These factors include pH, temperature, turbidity, reducing agents, and microorganisms.
The pH of the water being treated can alter the efficiency of disinfection. Chlorine disinfects water much faster and better at a pH around 7.0 rather than at a pH over 8.0.
Temperature conditions influence the effectiveness of disinfectants. The higher the temperature of water then the more efficiently it can be treated. Water near 70 to 85oF is easier to disinfect than water at 40 to 60oF. Longer contact times are required to disinfect water at lower temperatures. To speed up the process, operators use larger amounts of chemicals. Be aware that the higher the chlorine concentration, the greater the dissipation rate of chlorine into the atmosphere. This fact can result in the production of odors and the process wastes chlorine.
Under normal operating conditions, the turbidity level of treated water is low by the time the water reaches the disinfection process. Excessive turbidity will greatly reduce the efficiency of the disinfecting chemical or process. Water treatment plants have demonstrated that when water is filtered to a turbidity of one unit or less, most of the bacteria have been removed.
Suspended matter can change the chemical nature of the water when the disinfectant is added. Some types of suspended solids can create a continuing demand for the disinfecting chemical, and change the effective germicidal properties of the disinfectant.
Organics found in water can consume great amounts of disinfectants while forming unwanted compounds. Trihalomethanes (THMS) are an example of undesirable compounds formed by reactions between chlorine and certain organics. Disinfecting, chemicals often react with organics and reducing agents. Then if any of the chemical remains available after this initial reaction, it can act as an effective disinfectant. The reactions with organics and resulting agents, however, has a significant reducing effect on the amount of chemical available for disinfection.
Inorganic compounds, such as ammonia (NH3) in water being treated can create special problems. In the presence of ammonia, some oxidizing chemicals form side compounds causing a partial loss of disinfecting power. Silt can also create a chemical demand. It is clear that the chemical properties of water while being treated can seriously interfere with the effectiveness of disinfecting chemicals.
Chlorine combines with a wide variety of materials, especially reducing agents. Most reactions between chlorine and reducing agents occur rapidly; however, other reactions are much slower. The side reactions complicate the use of chlorine for disinfection. The demand for chlorine by reducing agents must be satisfied before chlorine becomes available to disinfect. Examples of reducing agents in water that react with chorine are hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ferrous ion (Fe+2), manganous ion (Mn+2), ammonia (NH3), and nitrite (NO2-). Organic reducing agents in water also will react with chloride and form chlorinated organic materials of potential health significance.
The concentration of microorganisms is important because the higher the number of microorganisms, the greater the demand for a disinfecting chemical. The resistance of microorganisms to specific disinfectants varies. Non-spore forming bacteria are generally less resistant than spore-forming bacteria. Cysts and viruses can be resistant to certain types of disinfectants.
Pathogenic organisms can be removed from water, killed, or inactivated by physical and chemical water treatment processes. These processes are:
Coagulation-chemical coagulation followed by sedimentation and filtration will remove 90 to 95-percent of the pathogenic organisms depending on which chemicals are used. Alum usage can increase virus removals up to 99-percent.
Sedimentation-proper design of sedimentation processes can effectively remove 20 to 70-percent of the pathogenic microorganisms. This removal is accomplished by allowing the pathogenic organisms to settle out by gravity, assisted by chemical floc.
Filtration-filtering water through granular filters is an effective means of removing pathogenic and other organisms form water. The removal rates vary from 20 to 99-percent, depending on the coarseness of the filter media and the type of effectiveness of pretreatment.
Disinfection destroys harmful organisms. The process does not sterilize the water. It removes pathogenic organisms from the water. The process can be accomplished physically or chemically. Physical methods can be:
Physically remove the organisms from the water
Introduce motion that will disrupt the cells' biological activity and kill or inactivate them
Chemical methods alter the cell chemistry causing the microorganism to die. The most widely used disinfectant chemical is chlorine. Chlorine is easily obtained, relative inexpensive, and most importantly, leaves a chlorine residual that can be measured. Other disinfects are also used. An increased interest in disinfectant other than chlorine has occurred because of the carcinogenic compound that chlorine may form (trihalomethanes or THMs).
UV light is a physical means of disinfection. It is used to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. To be effective, the rays must come in contact with each microorganism. The ultraviolet energy disrupts various organic components of the cell causing a biological change that is fatal to the microorganisms.
This system does not have a measurable residual and the cost of operation is high. The use of ultraviolet rays is limited to small or local systems and industrial applications. Oceangoing ships have used these systems for their water supplies.
Advances in ultraviolet technology and concern about disinfection byproducts produced by other disinfectants have prompted a renewed interest in UV disinfection.
Heat has been used for centuries to disinfect water. Boiling water for about 5 minutes will destroy essentially all microorganisms. This method is energy-intensive and expensive. The only practical application is in the event of a disaster when individual local users are required to boil their water.
This process is used to disinfect water on a limited scale. Sonic waves destroy microorganisms by vibration. This process is not practical and is expensive.
Iodine is used as a disinfectant in water but its use is limited to emergency situations. It is a good disinfectant but its cost is high. Also, a potential physiological effect on pregnant women prevents its widespread usage. The recommended dosage is two drops of iodine tincture, which is 7% available iodine, in a liter of water.
Bromine is used on a limited basis for water treatment because of handling difficulties. Bromine causes skin burns on contact. Because bromine is a very reactive chemical residual are hard to obtain. Bromine can be purchased for swimming pool and hot tub usage.
Bases can be effective disinfectants but the high pH values leave a bitter taste in finished water. Bases like sodium hydroxide and lime can burn when left too long in contact with skin. Bases effectively kill all microorganisms: and therefore, they can sterilize water. Bases have been used to sterilize pipes.
Ozone is used to disinfect water along with reducing taste and odors. It has limited usage because of its high cost, lack of residual, difficulty in storing, and maintenance requirements.
Although ozone is effective in disinfecting water, its use is limited by its solubility. The temperature and pressure of the water being treated regulate the amount of ozone that can be dissolved in the water. These factors tend to limit the disinfectant strength that can be made available to treat water.
Ozone destroys all microorganisms but significant residual ozone does not guarantee that water is safe to drink. Organic solids may protect organisms from the disinfection action of ozone and increase the amount of ozone needed for disinfection. In addition, an ozone residual cannot be maintained in metallic conduits for any period of time because of ozone's reactivity. The inability of ozone to provide a residual in the distribution system is a major drawback to its usage. However, the formation of THMs by chlorine has resulted in a renewed interest in ozone as an alternative means of disinfection.
Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas with a penetrating and distinctive odor. The gas is two-and-a-half times heavier than air. Chlorine has a high coefficient of expansion. One liter of chlorine liquid will expand 450 times when changing from liquid to a gas. No chlorine containers should be filled to more than 85 percent of their capacity.
Chlorine is not flammable and is non-explosive. It will support combustion. When the temperature rises, so does the vapor pressure of chorine. When the temperature increases the pressure of chlorine gas inside a chlorine container increases. This property of chlorine is considered when feeding chlorine gas from a container or dealing with a leaking chlorine cylinder.
Chlorine exerts a direct action against the bacterial cell destroying it. When chlorine is added to water, several chemical reactions take place. These reactions involve water molecules. Some other reactions involve organic and inorganic substances suspended in the water.
When chlorine is added to water containing organic and inorganic materials, it will combine with these materials and form chlorine compounds. Continued addition of chlorine will reach a point where the reaction with organic and inorganic materials stops. At this point, the chlorine demand has been satisfied.
The chemical reactions between chlorine and organic and inorganic substances produce chlorine compounds. Some compounds have disinfecting properties and other compounds do not. In a similar fashion, chlorine reacts with water and produces substances with disinfection properties. The total of the compounds with disinfecting properties plus any remaining free chlorine is known as the chlorine residual. The presence of this measurable chlorine residual indicates to the operator that all possible chemical reactions with chlorine have taken place and that a sufficient available residual chlorine is left to kill any microorganisms present in the water.
When the amount of chlorine needed to satisfy the chlorine demand and the amount of chlorine residual needed for disinfection, then the chlorine dose is calculated.
Chlorine Dosage = Chlorine Demand + Chlorine Residual
In solutions that are dilute with low concentrations of chlorine and have a pH above 4, the formation of HOCl, hypochlorous acid, is nearly complete and leaves little free chlorine (Cl2). Depending on the pH, some hypochlorous acid will disassociate and produce a hydrogen ion and a hypochlorite ion. Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid and is poorly dissociated at pH levels below 6. Below pH 6 the free chlorine is almost all in the HOCl form. Above pH 9, almost all of the free chlorine is in the OCl- form and none in the HOCl form.
In water with a pH of 7.5, approximately 50-percent of the chorine present is in the form of HOCl and 50-percent is in the form of OCl-. This fact is important in that HOCl and OCl- differ in disinfection ability. HOCl has a much greater disinfection potential than OCl-.
Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia are two inorganic substances that are found in water when it reaches the disinfection stage of treatment. Their presence can complicate the use of chlorine for disinfection purposes because they exert a chlorine demand. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia are reducing agents and they react with chlorine to remove it from the water. They lose electrons and chlorine reacts rapidly to accept these electrons.
Hydrogen sulfide produces an odor that smells like rotten eggs. It reacts with chlorine to form sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur. Elemental sulfur is objectionable because it can cause odor problems and will precipitate as finely divided white particles that are sometimes colloidal in nature.
When chlorine is added to water containing ammonia, it reacts rapidly with the ammonia and forms chloramines. This reaction reduces the chlorine that is available to act as a disinfectant. As the concentration of ammonia increases, the disinfectant power of the chlorine drops at a rapid rate because of the chlorine demand exerted by the ammonia.
When organic material is present in water, the chemical reactions that take place with chlorine can produce suspected carcinogenic compounds (THMs). The formation of these compounds can be prevented by limiting the amount of prechlorination and by removing the organic materials before chlorination of the water.
The use of hypochlorite to treat potable water achieves the same result as chlorine gas. Hypochlorite can be applied in the form of calcium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite. The form of calcium hypochlorite that is used most frequently to disinfect water is known as High Test Hypochlorite (HTH).
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) can be used as a disinfectant. Chlorine dioxide does not form carcinogenic compounds that can be formed by other chlorine compounds. It also is not affected by ammonia, and it is a very effective disinfectant at higher pH levels. In addition, chlorine dioxide reacts with sulfide compounds helping to remove them and eliminate their characteristic odors. Phenolic tastes and odors can be controlled with chlorine dioxide.
Chloramination is used as an alternative disinfection process by operators to:
Reduce the formation of THMs and other disinfection byproducts
Maintain a detectable residual throughout the distribution system
Penetrating the biofilm and reducing the potential for coliform regrowth
Killing or inactivating heterotrophic plate count bacteria
Reducing taste and odor problems
Several factors are used to make a decision concerning the use of chloramine disinfection. These factors are the quality of the raw water, the ability of the treatment plant to meet various regulations, operational practices, and distribution system characteristics.
Three methods are used to produce chloramines for disinfection purposes. These methods include pre-ammoniation followed by chlorination, addition of chlorine and ammonia at the same time, and pre-chlorination with post-ammoniation.
Pre-ammoniation followed later by chlorination is applied at the rapid-mix unit process and chlorine is added downstream at the entrance to the flocculation basin. This approach produces lower THM levels than the post ammoniation method. Pre-ammoniation to form chloramines does not produced phenolic tastes and odors, but this method may not be as effective as post-ammoniation for controlling tastes and odors associated with diatoms and anaerobic bacteria in the source water.
Concurrent addition of chlorine and ammonia is a method that applies chlorine to the plant influent at the same time or immediately after ammonia is introduced at the rapid mix unit process. Concurrent chloramination produces the lowest THM levels of the three methods.
Prechlorination and postammoniation is a method where chlorine is applied at the head of the plant and a free chlorine residual is maintained throughout the plant processes. Ammonia is added at the plant effluent to produce chloramines. Because of the longer free chlorine contact time, this method results in the formation of more THMs, but it may be necessary to use this method to meet the disinfection requirements of the Surface Water Treatment Rule. A major limitation of using chloramine residuals is that chloramines are less effective as a disinfectant than free chlorine.
Ultraviolet (UV) rays are part of the light that comes from the sun. The UV spectrum is higher in frequency than visible light and lower in frequency compared to x-rays. The UV spectrum has a larger wavelength than x-rays and a smaller wavelength than visible light and the order of energy, from low to high, is visible light, UV, and x-rays.
UV is known to be an effective disinfectant due to its strong germicidal (inactivating) ability. UV disinfects water containing bacteria and viruses and can be effective against protozoans, such Giardia lamblia cysts or Cryptosporidium oocysts. UV is used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, beverage, and electronics industries. In the United States, it is used for drinking water disinfection; however, high operating costs compared to disinfection by chlorination has limited its usage.
Because of safety issues associated with the reliance of chlorination and improvements in UV technology, UV has experienced increased acceptance in municipal water systems. Two classes of disinfection systems are certified and classified by the NSF under Standard 55, Class A and Class B Units.
Class A-these ultraviolet water treatment systems must have an intensity and saturation rating of at least 40,000 uwsec/cm2 and possess designs that will allow them to disinfect and/or remove microorganisms from contaminated water. Affected contaminants should include bacteria and viruses. Class A point-of-entry and point-of-use systems covered by this standard are designed to inactivate and/or remove microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cysts from contaminated water. Systems covered by this standard are not intended for the treatment of water that has obvious contamination or intentional source contamination, such as raw sewage, nor are these systems intended to convert wastewater to drinking water. These systems are intended to be installed on visually clear water.
Class B-these ultraviolet water treatment systems must have an intensity and saturation rating of at least 16,000 uw-sec/cm2 and possess designs that will allow them to provide supplemental bactericidal treatment of water already deemed safe, such that no elevated levels of E. coli or a standard plate count of less than 500 colonies per 1 ml exists. NSF Standard 55 suggests Class B UV systems are designed to operate at a minimum dosage and are intended to reduce normally occurring non-pathogenic or nuisance microorganisms only. The Class B or similar non-rated UV systems are not intended for the disinfection of microbiologically unsafe water.
The type of unit depends on the situation for use, source of water, and water quality. Transmitted UV light dosage is affected by water clarity. Water treatment devices are dependent on the quality of the raw water. When turbidity is 5 NTU or greater and/or total suspended solids are greater than 10 ppm, pre-filtration of the water is highly recommended. Normally, it is advisable to install a 5 to 20 micron filter prior to a UV disinfection system.
UV disinfection is based on the principles associated with wavelengths of light that damage the nucleic acids of waterborne pathogens. UV radiation has three wavelength zones, UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C, and it is the last region, the shortwave UV-C, that has germicidal properties for disinfection. A low-pressure mercury arc lamp resembling a fluorescent lamp produces the UV light in the range of 254 nanometers (nm). These lamps contain elemental mercury and an inert gas, such as argon, in a UV-transmitting tube, usually quartz. Traditionally, most mercury arc UV lamps have been the low pressure type, because they operate at a relatively low partial pressure of mercury, low overall vapor pressure (about 2 mbar), low external temperature (50-100o C), and low power. These lamps emit nearly monochromatic UV radiation at a wavelength of 254 nm, which is in the optimum range for UV energy absorption by nucleic acids (about 240-280 nm).
In recent years, medium pressure UV lamps that operate at much higher pressures, temperatures, and power levels have been installed. They emit a broad spectrum of higher UV energy between 200 and 320 nm.
An essential requirement for UV disinfection with lamp systems is an available and reliable source of electricity. While the power requirements of low-pressure mercury UV lamp disinfection systems are modest, they are essential for lamp operation to disinfect water. Since most microorganisms are affected by radiation around 260 nm, UV radiation is in the appropriate range for germicidal activity. UV lamps are available that produce radiation in the range of 185 nm, and they are effective in reducing microorganisms as well. They will also reduce the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the water.
For typical UV systems, approximately 95-percent of the radiation passes through a quartz glass sleeve and into the untreated water. The water is flowing as a thin film over the lamp. The glass sleeve is designed to keep the lamp at an ideal temperature of approximately 104° F.
UV radiation affects microorganisms by altering the DNA in the cells and impeding reproduction. UV treatment does not remove organisms from the water. It inactivates them. The effectiveness of this process is related to exposure time and lamp intensity, as well as general water quality parameters.
The exposure time is reported as microwatt-seconds per square centimeter (µwatt-sec/cm2), and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has established a minimum exposure of 16,000 µwatt-sec/cm2 for UV disinfection systems. Most manufacturers provide a lamp intensity of 30,000-50,000µwatt-sec/cm2. In general, coliform bacteria are destroyed at 7,000 µwatt-sec/cm2.
Since lamp intensity decreases over time with use, lamp replacement and proper pretreatment are key to the success of UV disinfection. In addition, UV systems should be equipped with a warning device to alert operators when lamp intensity falls below the germicidal range.
Used alone, UV radiation does not improve the taste, odor, or clarity of water. UV light is a very effective disinfectant, although the disinfection can only occur inside the unit. No residual disinfection in the water exists to inactivate bacteria that may survive or may be introduced after the water passes by the light source. The percentage of microorganisms destroyed depends on the intensity of the UV light, the contact time, raw water quality, and proper maintenance of the equipment.
If material builds up on the glass sleeve or the particle load is high, the light intensity and the effectiveness of treatment are reduced. At sufficiently high doses, all waterborne enteric pathogens are inactivated by UV radiation. The general order of microbial resistance (from least to most) and corresponding UV doses for extensive (>99.9%) inactivation are: vegetative bacteria and the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia at low doses (1-10 mJ/cm2) and enteric viruses and bacterial spores at high doses (30-150 mJ/cm2).
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): UV light used for disinfection in water treatment – Image by Pam Broviak is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Most low-pressure mercury lamp UV disinfection systems can readily achieve UV radiation doses of 50-150 mJ/cm2 in high-quality water; and therefore, efficiently disinfect waterborne pathogens. However, dissolved organic matter, such as natural organic matter, certain inorganic solutes such as iron, sulfites, and nitrites, and suspended matter (particulates or turbidity) will absorb UV radiation or shield microbes from UV radiation, resulting in lower delivered UV doses and reduced microbial disinfection. Another concern surrounding disinfecting microbes with lower doses of UV radiation is the ability of bacteria and other cellular microbes to repair UV-induced damage and restore pathogenicity, which is a phenomenon known as reactivation.
UV inactivates microbes primarily by chemically altering nucleic acids. However, the UV-induced chemical lesions can be repaired by cellular enzymatic mechanisms, some enzymes act independent of light (dark repair) and other enzymes require visible light (photo-repair or photo-reactivation). Therefore, achieving optimum UV disinfection of water requires delivering a sufficient UV dose to induce greater levels of nucleic acid damage; and thereby, overcome DNA repair mechanisms.
UV units have a maximum flowrate capacity and some equipment have minimum flowrates. If the flow is too high, water will pass through without enough UV exposure. If the flow is too low, heat may build up which can damage the UV lamp. A UV unit with minimum flow requirements should not be placed on the water line supplying pressure stations in a non-recirculating system. UV units are most often used in constant flow systems.
UV lamps do not burn out as normal florescent lamps do. Instead, the UV lamps will solarize, which reduce their intensity to about 60% of a new lamp after about one year of continuous use. When lamps are new, they will generate a dosage level near 60,000 µW-s/cm2. When the dosage drops to 30,000 µW-s/cm2, the minimum dosage needed to effectively kill bacteria, lamps should be replaced. Lamp life will be shortened significantly if the lamp is turned on and off more frequently than once every eight hours.
Water should be sampled and tested for bacteria counts regularly. Sample before and after the UV unit to test its performance. Water should also be sampled in the distribution since bacterial regrowth can occur downstream of the UV unit.
As water passes through the UV unit, minerals, debris and other material in the water will deposit onto the quartz or Teflon sleeve. This activity will limit the penetration of UV rays through the sleeve and into the water. To maintain high clarity, the glass around the lamp must be cleaned regularly. Cleaning frequency depends on the water quality and will be minimal with RO treatment upstream.
UV light intensity meters are available which indicate the penetration of UV light through the glass sleeve and the water. Low intensity means the UV dose is too low to provide adequate disinfection. This meter will indicate when cleaning or lamp replacement is needed.
Ozone is one of the most powerful water treatment compounds available to system managers today. It is a technology that has been in continual commercial use for over 100 years and has distinct properties that allow disinfection of even heavily compromised water streams. With the 1996 reauthorization of the Safe Drinking Water Act, ozone was named as among the best available technologies for water system compliance with National Primary Drinking water Regulations as overseen by the US Environmental Protection Agency.
Ozone (O3) is formed when oxygen molecules are exposed to electron flow. Ozone molecules are unstable and will lose the third oxygen atom over time. Ozone is formation characterization:
Ozone generators provide an electron flow between dielectric and SS tubes
Oxygen is passed through the gap between dielectrics resulting in ozone generation
Oxygen feed gas must be dry and free of particles
Ozone generators must be cooled, and cooling water removes .90 percent of the heat that is generated
Ozone is a powerful oxidant with high disinfectant capacity. Ozone residuals between 0.3 to 2.0 mg/L inactivate viruses. Inactivation rates range from >3.9-log to >6-log, and occur within very short contact periods, 5 seconds. Microorganisms in natural waters are very sensitive to ozone. Giardia and enteric viruses are inactivated by ozone, as a primary disinfectant, with 5 minutes of contact time. Ozone residuals of 0.5 to 0.6 mg/L result in 3-log and 4-log removals, respectively. When ozone is used as a primary treatment, the criteria for its use is based on ozone residuals, competing ozone demands, and a minimum contact time to meet the required cyst and viral inactivation requirements.
Ozone is the strongest oxidant and strongest disinfectant available for potable water treatment. This unique material can be utilized for a number of specific water treatment applications, including disinfection, taste and odor control, color removal, iron and manganese oxidation, hydrogen sulfide removal, nitrite and cyanide destruction, oxidation of organics such as phenols, pesticides, and some detergents, algae destruction and removal, and as a coagulant aid. Even though ozone is the strongest chemical disinfectant available for water treatment, some refractory organics are not oxidized, or oxidize too slowly. In such cases, ozone can be combined with UV radiation and/or hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl free radicals, HO-, which is a stronger oxidant than molecular ozone, O3. Deliberate production of hydroxyl free radicals starting with ozone has been termed ozone advanced oxidation. Groundwater that is contaminated with chlorinated organic solvents and some refractory hydrocarbons are being treated successfully with ozone advanced oxidation techniques.
At ambient temperatures, ozone is an unstable gas, partially soluble in water; generally, more soluble than oxygen. Due to its instability, ozone quickly reverts to oxygen. Ozone cannot be produced at a central manufacturing site, bottled, shipped, and stored prior to use. It must be generated and applied on-site. The installation of an ozone production plant requires storage of pure oxygen on-site as the feed gas. Ozone is generated for commercial uses using corona discharge or ultraviolet radiation. The UV technique produces low concentrations of ozone, whereas corona discharge produces ozone concentrations in the range of 1 – 4.5 % when dry air is fed to the ozone generator. When concentrated oxygen is used as the feed gas, gas phase ozone concentrations of up to 14 to 18% can be produced. Since ozone is only partially soluble in water, once it has been generated it must be contacted with the water to be treated in such a manner as to maximize the transfer of ozone from the gas phase into water. For this purpose, many types of ozone contactors have been developed. However, as higher concentrations of ozone gas are employed, contacting system designs become more critical because of the lower gas to liquid ratios.
The use of oxygen as the feed gas can result in oxygen supersaturation of the treated water causing operational problems and corrosion in the distribution system. Ozone contacting system options include atmospheric tall towers or pressurized gas to liquid mass transfer processes. Fine bubble diffusers, static mixers, or venturi injectors can be used to mix the gas with the water to be treated in full flow or side stream configurations. Once dissolved in water, ozone is available to act on water contaminants to accomplish its intended purposes of disinfection and/or oxidation. At pH levels of 3-6, ozone is present primarily in its molecular form (O3). However, as the pH rises, the decomposition of ozone to produce the hydroxyl free radical (HO-) becomes increasingly rapid. At pH 7 about 50% of the ozone transferred into water produces HO-. At pH >10, the conversion of molecular O3 to HO- is virtually instantaneous.
Because ozone is such a powerful oxidant/disinfectant, the trick to applying it to solve water treatment problems is to do so in a manner that is effective for water treatment, yet at the same safe for the people in the vicinity. Ozone safety issues are handled easily by using proper ambient ozone monitoring, tank venting, and ozone destruction. In the case of systems driven solely by a pumping/injector system, ozone may be produced under vacuum, which ensures no leakage of ozone into the operating environment.
The five basic components of an ozone system include:
Gas preparation–either drying gas to a suitable dew point or using oxygen concentrators
A suitable electrical power supply
A properly sized ozone generator(s). For corona discharge ozone generation, it is critical to feed the generator a clean and dry oxygen-containing gas.
An ozone contacting system
Ozone off-gas destruction or suitable venting system.
Moisture in the feed gas causes two operating problems:
The amount of ozone produced by the application of a given electrical energy level is lowered as relative humidity rises. Consequently, it is usually cost-effective to dry the air to a recommended dew point of minus 65'C (-65'C or -76'F) or lower.
Ozone generated using air in the presence of moisture allows small amounts of nitrogen oxides to react with the moisture to produce nitric acid. In this instance, gas condensation at the cooling/heat transfer surfaces produces a corrosive compound that can cause corrosion problems in the ozone generation equipment with concomitant increases in equipment maintenance requirements.
Because of the high oxidative qualities of gas-phase ozone and the chance of moisture from a failing feed gas unit, system managers must take extra care to make certain that all components in the ozone generator, ozone supply line, ozone gas to liquid mass transfer equipment and the contact vessel are ozone-compatible.
For large scale ozone systems, the equipment for cleaning and drying feed gases can become quite complex. For example, effective air drying can involve multiple treatment steps including air filtration, compression, cooling, desiccation, and final filtration prior to passage into an operating corona discharge ozone generator.
A need exists for efficient ozone contacting and destruction of excess ozone in contactor off-gases. Absent an effective ozone off-gas destruct unit, excess ozone would be present for people in the vicinity to breathe, which is not recommended because of its strong oxidizing nature. Additionally, ozone is heavier than ambient air, and can settle in the vicinity, and attack oxidizable materials. Destruction of contactor off-gas ozone is readily accomplished thermally (370'C), catalytically, thermal-catalytically, and by passing the off-gas through granular activated carbon. Care should be exercised in selecting an ozone destruct method whenever very high concentrations of ozone will be encountered.
Ozone is a critical process for non-reverse osmosis purification. It is usually coupled with biologic activated carbon filtration. The process reduces TOC and trace chemical pollutants, removes protozoans, kills viruses, and is a flocculation aid. Ozone treatment is an oxidation process used as a disinfection and oxidant prior to biologic activated carbon filtration.
Instrumentation and controls for ensuring effective and safe operation of ozone systems are concerned with applying ozone effectively and affordably. System processes control ozone generation, oxygen usage, drying, ozone injection and diffusing, and ozone destruction.
The instrumentation monitors each step, and each step has an alarm associated with the process.
List the factors that affect the chlorination of drinking water?
Describe disinfection as a process in drinking water treatment.
What is the purpose of Chloramination in drinking water?
What is the ozonation of drinking water?
How does UV light effect microorganisms?
Describe the primary reason that chlorine may not be used for drinking water disinfection at a particular drinking water facility.
___________ is the process designed to kill or inactivate most microorganisms in water, including essentially all pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria.
UV treatment
Application of chlorine
Which of the diseases listed is not caused by a waterborne pathogenic organism?
Gastrointestinal anthrax
Shigellosis
All of these are waterborne diseases
The chemical reactions between chlorine and organic and inorganic substances produce chlorine compounds. Chlorine reacts with water and produces substances with disinfection properties. The total of the compounds with disinfecting properties plus any remaining chlorine is known as the ___________.
Chlorine dose
Chlorine demand
Chlorine residual
___________ is a gas that does not form carcinogenic compounds like those compounds formed by chlorine disinfection. It also is not affected by ammonia, and it is a very effective disinfectant at higher pH levels. It is also used to diminish taste and odor problems in the distribution system. It is especially useful in inhibiting Legionella.
Because of safety issues associated with the reliance of chlorination and improvements in ___________ technology, it has experienced increased acceptance in municipal water systems. Two systems are certified and classified by the NSF under Standard 55. The type of unit depends on the situation for use, source of water, and water quality. The dosage is affected by water clarity. When turbidity is 5 NTU or greater and/or total suspended solids are greater than 10 ppm, pre-filtration of the water is highly recommended. It is advisable to install a 5 to 20 micron filter prior to the disinfection system.
Ultraviolet light
___________ is the strongest oxidant and strongest disinfectant available for potable water treatment. This unique material can be utilized for specific water treatment applications, including disinfection, taste and odor control, color removal, iron and manganese oxidation, hydrogen sulfide removal, nitrite and cyanide destruction, oxidation of organics such as phenols, pesticides, and some detergents, algae destruction and removal, and as a coagulant aid.
A major problem with disinfection using ___________ is that bacterial regrowth can occur downstream of the application site in the distribution.
Several factors are used to make a decision concerning the use of ___________ disinfection. These factors are the quality of the raw water, the ability of the treatment plant to meet various regulations, operational practices, and distribution system characteristics.
___________ is a critical process for non-reverse osmosis purification. It is usually coupled with biologic activated carbon filtration. The process reduces TOC and trace chemical pollutants, removes protozoans, kills viruses, and is a flocculation aid. It is an oxidation process used as a disinfection and oxidant prior to biologic activated carbon filtration.
Which of the listed factors does not have an influence on the disinfection of water with chlorine?
This page titled 1.12: Water Treatment For Contaminate Removal is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by John Rowe (ZTC Textbooks) .
1.11: Distribution System Water Quality
1.13: Customer Inquiries, Complaints, and Investigation
College of the Canyons - Zero Textbook Cost Program


Women have suffered numerous violations under military rule in Egypt to-date. Dozens of elderly women and underage girls have been arrested and detained in prisons among hardened criminals, in violation of Egyptian laws and international conventions, which prohibit detaining minors on remand and criminalize placing them with adult criminals in the same cells.
A large number of women were arrested at army checkpoints in the streets or during their return from anti-coup demonstrations to their homes – the reason given for the arrest being their political affiliation and rejection of the coup.
Sumaiya Shawwaf was arrested as an act of vindictiveness against her father, Dr. Abdul-Rahman Shawwaf, who was also arrested as he worked as a volunteer doctor at field hospitals in all the massacres in Cairo. She was arrested from her home, in the middle of the night, by 20 Central Security Force recruits dressed as civilians who descended on her home in a convoy of 9 Central Security Force vehicles. She was thrown in the back of a prisoner transport van among a group of hardened criminals, all men.
Women suffered violence at the hands of police and military forces. They were beaten, dragged on the ground, humiliated, threatened with sexual harassment, because those security forces know that they would not be held accountable "according to a statement leaked by a security official". At least one woman (of no political affiliation or activity) is known to have been raped while passing through an army check point during the curfew.
Further, police and army snipers have deliberately shot women dead, especially those who were taking photographs. They were immediately shot in the chest in unprecedented violence and cold blooded acts of murder never seen before in Egyptian society. This happened in Rabaa Al-Adaweya, Nahda Square, Ramses Square and Mansoura massacres. In Mansoura, women were attacked by thugs and security forces in civilian clothes who attacked their peaceful march and targeted women, killing four. The youngest of the murdered women there was Hala Abu-Sheasha, who was shot dead with treasonous bullets in the back, in violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as well as the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women.
In a continuation of the same approach of 'maximum force' that indicates a deliberate security strategy to break the will of nonviolent demonstrators, female student Rofaidah Sayf was killed by sniper-fire in a peaceful march on October 6, 2013 in Beni Suef and Somaya Abdallah on January 25, 2014.


Hotmail Email has been a leader of free web based email accounts for everyone to benefit from. With the Hotmail email is incorporated photo upload tool it is easy to send your relatives and friends high quality images via your laptop or computer. Microsoft has eventually facilitated the POP3 email access for all the members of their Hotmail email service. This fundamentally represents that it is now possible to manage the desktop email clients to gain the access to Hotmail to obtain the deliver emails by using the free email provider. Microsoft has verified that the listing is very reliable. They have additionally testified that their listings were not basically breached; if this sounds so accurate this means the list was obtained making use of the conventional phishing attacks. Call us over Toll Free Hotmail Phone Number UK 0800-098-8424 is also available for the users to provide the measures and instructions to fix down the all issues. You may need to dial up a toll free number to get in touch with tech support team.
Microsoft had included many additional features to the Hotmail email during the last week and had promised POP3 admittance. MSN additionally offers a so unique program that lets you to find a person, specially known as the Hotmail search. All you have to do is simply type the family name, the first name, and the middle name of the person which you are searching for in a search box generally designed for searching the other persons. MSN Messenger password recovery is a freeware that lets you to quickly shield or retrieve your hotmail email id password.You can recover your missing password using this free of cost software. MSN mobile also lets you to access your hotmail email in a hassle free form from many a Smartphone.
The all services which hotmail provides to the users are very useful and efficient as the users can easily and perfectly manages their email account in an accurate manner. Hotmail is a superbly designed email service and provide huge online storage space area to keep your personal files and documents in that. You can also feature some advanced features and set down the filters according to your wish. You may need to set the parameters of the filters to get the desired result in an easy manner. The search criteria of the Hotmail are very brilliant and it is consistently works on the user needs to get the perfect results.
The privacy of the Hotmail is very superb as you can successfully keep you email account safe from any unauthorized access. You can clearly make your email account safe and protected and also get the necessary measures to manage the email account.
If you have ever confront while using your Hotmail Account, then you can easily contact to the Hotmail Helpline Number UK 0800 098 8424 to get the instant solutions and useful measures to resolve the all issues. You may also avail proper help and assistance by the technicians to settle down the all issues.


Artist inspiration and artist influences. No biographies, dates or scholarly research here - this is a personal response to the work of Arthur Streeton by Australian artist Fiona Morgan.
Arthur Streeton was another well known 'Australian Impressionist'. He was of the same era and ilk as Tom Roberts. At his best he is considered to be better, but Roberts was the more evenly masterful painter. This is a little like distinguishing between fine brie and camembert cheeses. They were both highly skilled masters of paint.
Like Roberts, he had the ability to capture a very Australia light and colour.
...especially of the poetic, evocative kind. Streeton did this well, hence my admiration. His paintings bounce with feeling.
Seeing these paintings in real life shows off their masterful brushstrokes, teasing us to define if they are little swirls of paint or leaves and grass.
Streeton dabbled in showing life, mostly pioneer bush life, of the time. Though he didn't go as far as making iconic pictures that formed Australia's self image like Roberts, he did make some memorable images of the times.
He made a number of paintings around Sydney that to me really capture a sense of the city.
Streeton was introduced to plein air painting by Roberts. This was a brand new thing in Australia in the 1890's. I sense an excitement and pride in these outdoor paintings, perhaps from being involved in something so new and radical? These paintings have the effect of making me wish I had been there, travelling Australia and painting outside with the little group of master painters, making history.
Another large part of my attraction to Streeton's work is the period of Symbolism that he explored. Using realistically painted landscapes and figures he could evoke an otherworldlyness that was more concerned with memory, mood or a season than ordinary reality. I really enjoy this imaginative aspect of his work, travelling in the mind. It also reminds me of Art Nouveau and the style of Alphonse Mucha.


By choosing a panel ready dishwasher you can make the dishwasher blend in with the ambiance in your kitchen. ASKO panel ready dishwashers are delivered from the factory without the outer door to enable custom door installation.
These optional door panels are available as a TouchProof™ Stainless Steel or a customer-supplied custom wood panel that ensures a fully integrated, seamless design solution.
A quality custom panel dishwasher should save you time in the kitchen. Our Flexiracks™ system handles just about any sized dish, so you can do more with every wash. As many as 9 spray zones and a range of advanced programs give you the best cleaning results, while our Turbo Drying™ completes the job. Our XXL line of dishwashers with ASKO's innovative 3 rack solution offers the world's largest loading capacity, making them ideal for large families and those big dinner parties.
We test our products to the limit. For example, we open and close the dishwasher door 300,000 times to assure ourselves that the door lock, hinge and loading racks will last. This is equivalent to opening the door 40 times a day for 20 years. So, all in all, ASKO machines can stand the test of time, year after year, after year.


Termites are some of the worst insects you could have in your home because they eat the wood inside of it, and can cause a lot of damage that's expensive to replace. They can also be incredibly difficult to get rid of because they come in large numbers, and can work their ways into the smallest parts of the inside of your home. If you want to avoid purchasing a lot of termite control products and spending tons of money on repairs, then your best resource is to hire a local exterminator to help you out. Their expertise and experience with termite removal will ensure that the entire process goes smoothly and that you don't have to worry about these little insects costing you more money in the long run.
When an exterminator first comes to your home they'll do an inspection, and then provide you with personalized solutions that will eradicate the problems quickly. Once that is finished, they will tell you how to keep termites out in the future, and other things you can do to minimize the risk of insects getting in.


For inquiries or bookings, please fill in the form below and I will contact you within the next 24 hours.
Thanks for contacting me! I am probably somewhere taking pictures, but I will get back to you as soon as possible.


text:
Wireless VR gaming here we come, thanks to these Prime Day Wi-Fi 6 router deals
By Jacob Ridley
If your gaming PC is stuck on a wireless connection you might want to invest in Wi-Fi 6.
Wi-Fi 6 comes with new features and capabilities to solve the problem of every device ever made requiring an internet connection... what have we done. Anyways, the improvements it delivers should help keep bandwidth high and connectivity issues low for busy networks. Perhaps most importantly for gamers, Wi-Fi 6 offers the bandwidth to cope with wireless VR gaming, if that's your thing.
Understandably, a new router may not be high up your list of must-have products, but, if you rely on a wireless connection for your gaming PC or laptop, a sturdy Wi-Fi 6 model could help keep you gaming online without interruption. You don't need me to explain why lag sucks—you get it—but just know not all of it is always down to your ISP.
Sometimes you've got to up your game with a new router, especially if you're still rocking your ISP-provided unit from half a decade ago. Routers have come on leaps and bounds since then. Wi-Fi 6 promises higher effective speeds than older specs, more so when you're on a congested network, and Wi-Fi 6E further improves things for compatible devices with 6GHz support.
6GHz remains a bleeding edge technology right now, and support for the frequency depends on where you are in the world, so you'll really want to weigh up whether you need that today. Either Wi-Fi 6 or Wi-Fi 6E will serve you well for a good while yet, anyways.
And as you'll see below, the latest in Wi-Fi technology needn't be a death sentence for your bank account. In fact, some Wi-Fi 6 routers come in a lot cheaper than you might expect, especially with Prime Day deals (opens in new tab) and Newegg's own Fantastech sale (that name, I know) helping them along.
D-Link EXO router | Wi-Fi 6 | $99.99 $69.99 at Amazon (save $30) (opens in new tab)
If you're after a no-frills Wi-Fi 6 router then the D-Link EXO will fit the bill, especially at this new low price. It's a bit lacking on the 2.4GHz performance, but makes up for that with pretty decent speeds over the 5GHz band.
TP-Link Archer AX21 router | Wi-Fi 6 | $99.99 $75.99 at Amazon (save $24) (opens in new tab)
It feels bizarre that we're genuinely talking about budget Wi-Fi 6 routers this Prime Day. Sure, theswe routers don't have all the bells and whistly things of the top devices, but this TP-Link option caters well for a small house so long as you don't have a million wireless connections clogging up its antennae.
D-Link AX4800 router | Wi-Fi 6 | $219.99 $149.99 at Amazon (save $70) (opens in new tab)
This is a great saving on a Wi-Fi 6 router, and this more premium D-Link version will allow you to have more devices running over the 5GHz network than the more budget options on offer this Prime Day. It should also have a little more range to it too, but is still hitting the shelves at a decent price for high-end networking speed.
Netgear Nighthawk AX8 AX6000 router | Wi-Fi 6 | $399.99 $279.99 at Newegg (save $120) (opens in new tab)
The Nighthawk AX8 looks better suited to the Death Star than a living room, and it's anything but a humble home router. It's a high-spec router and that means it's seen high demand at its sale price. It's actually only available to backorder as I write this, but you can still pick it up at the sale price so long as you're happy to wait a little for it to show up.
Netgear Nighthawk AX6000 Mesh Extender | Wi-Fi 6 | $249.99 $199.99 at Newegg (save $50) (opens in new tab)
Sometimes a single router just isn't going to cut it for the area you want to cover. That's where a mesh extender comes in, and these devices offer a better way of extending your Wi-Fi network than a simple extender. They gel especially well with Wi-Fi 6 networks, so this mesh extender is a good pairing with one of the routers above.
Jacob Ridley
Jacob earned his first byline writing for his own tech blog from his hometown in Wales in 2017. From there, he graduated to professionally breaking things as hardware writer at PCGamesN, where he would later win command of the kit cupboard as hardware editor. Nowadays, as senior hardware editor at PC Gamer, he spends his days reporting on the latest developments in the technology and gaming industry. When he's not writing about GPUs and CPUs, however, you'll find him trying to get as far away from the modern world as possible by wild camping.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Are You Painting the Tank Brown?
John Deluca from EMC tells the story of the Great Molasses Flood and the events leading up to this disaster and describes how this can be like many companies disaster recovery plans. Know anyone who is Painting The Tank Brown?
This entry was posted in Disaster Recovery, EMC, Strategy and tagged disaster recovery plans, EMC, great molasses flood, john deluca on September 19, 2012 by Brian.
You've already seen a view a bunch of the screenshots of this new product that caters to the IT generalist.
And – you may have heard some of the cool behind the scenes development tidbits from Chad Sakac's blog here.
I think time will show that this investment was well worth it. So far, every customer I've shown the VNXe demo, cannot believe how easy it is to use!
This entry was posted in EMC, Strategy on January 25, 2011 by Brian.
It's refreshing to see the most recent post on the Exchange team blog promoting real-world, tested Exchange 2010 configurations. EMC's got two white papers we did with Cisco and Brocade highlighting the benefits of virtualizing Exchange for local and remote availability reasons. I'm sure EMC's Dustin Smith will have more to say on this soon enough.
The program was a great idea – led by Microsoft's Rob Simpson that highlights both DAS and SAN connectivity options. In the Exchange world, we've seen plenty of documents and programs and marketing against anti-SAN approaches to the dismay of many very smart folks we talk to in the data center. This program was a healthy dose of accepting reality by a very logical thinker within Microsoft.
But… there is no "DAS vs SAN." The DAS versus SAN debate is not a technology debate and it's not a cost debate and it's not a Microsoft versus storage vendors debate. It's a control issue.
There's been a ton of articles written and TCO studies done to show TCO in both directions.
JBOD style DAS TCO calculations never take into account RAID protection – and I haven't seen any large customer stop using RAID protection (mirroring or otherwise) on their crown jewels – their email systems.
DAS-skewed calculations also crank up the price by utilizing very old technology prices… so maybe we should be more transparent about pricing to show that these prices are typically WAY off and don't take into account list & street price factors.
Also they assume the wrong disk configurations which crank up the perceived price of a storage array – the configurations they are matching against DAS typically use thickly provisioned Fibre Channel drives – way more than you need for Exchange 2010. Thin provisioning let's you allocate storage capacity only as you need it and manage a simple pool of storage that has multiple Exchange databases across it. Large capacity, lower cost/GB SATA drives often make up the bulk of EMC Exchange 2010 configs – unless you have a storage admin who just likes to put Tier 1 applications of FC as a rule (this does happen) and was not expressly told that Exchange 2010 should be put on SATA.
However – when it's a SAN discussion, we obviously suffer from similar blinders. We don't always know about the competitive storage option and what special sauce ingredient they might be using to make our TCO model look invalid. The one thing we do is try to show TCO over a few years and we don't see much of that from DAS models (we stress operational cost savings, DAS models focus on short-term acquisition or CAPEX costs).
Since we are on the topic, the word SAN is often used wrong when companies compete against EMC – the world leader in storage hardware, software, and services. Taken literally, DAS and SAN are only differences in connectivity. DAS is simply direct attached storage – going straight from a server to a storage array without a switch in between. A SAN is a storage area network, formed with server(s), switch(es), and storage array(s). Used in this context, storage vendors like EMC love DAS and SAN. Although there are numerous benefits of having multiple servers sharing storage (for simplified management, protection, and virtualization), we can also let you connect directly from your server directly to an EMC array with your protocol and connection of choice.
While EMC does make the world's best storage arrays – please do not think EMC =SAN and all SAN's = expensive. We have some amazing products in the lower end price bands that be configured "DAS Style" to lower costs. Also, thin provisioning is regularly used on the Exchange mailbox database volumes to decrease the initial storage outlay (running numbers on this is quite easy: 5000 users at 5GB thick versus 5000 users that are thinly provisioned 500MB mailboxes. The savings can be tremendous).
wants something that has a great price/performance – something that works but with a reasonable price tag. They like "standardized solutions." Virtualization integration has become big on this persons list. And they can't forget the big cloud in the room too – hosted/public cloud options.
wants more of what they know – keep it simple and make it easy for them to manage growing volumes of storage. Integration with other tools and virtualization is big for them too. They are into the storage hardware and you need all their requirements met to make them happy.
will go with what they know. After a few classes and conferences and blog posts, they learn a mantra of "go with DAS… not expensive SAN" and they may associate EMC with SAN and forget to think that EMC storage arrays can be direct connected as well… We could make a voice-controlled storage robot that costs $10 and an Exchange admin still may not like it as long as it's controlled by someone else and has the words EMC on it.
For years, putting Exchange on high-end storage arrays was almost required, to get that many FC disks in one place. Now that Exchange 2010 is here, anyone can use lower cost SATA drives. It doesn't mean they have to go with a direct attached deployment model… If the Exchange administrator is in control, they will choose the deployment model prescribed to them again and again. It's not their fault, it's just what they are told and it's all they know to recommend. Just about anyone can ride their bicycle to work – but do they?
The same exact discussion is also taking place with regards to public or private cloud for email…. who controls it? You or the hosting provider? And are you comfortable with that? Some folks are, and some aren't, and some never will be.
In the end, I am very happy to see an alternative approach with this new program. I'm happy that we participated in the program and drove two successful solutions from it. And I'm happy that we offer a choice to customers – whether it's the Exchange admin, or the storage team, or the IT manager that wants to decide to control the storage direction for Exchange… we have a wide range of price points (wait until you see what we have coming next week) and allow any connectivity type our customers want.
I'm disappointed when Exchange 2010 deployment discussions turn into a vendor vs vendor debate, and when bad TCO data is shown, and when our own reps are not aware that Exchange should be on SATA on not FC drives in most cases.
It's tough educating a lot of people at once and it's even tougher to change their mind. The best thing to do as companies is to work together and let our customers tell us where to go next.
This entry was posted in EMC, Exchange Server, Politics, Strategy on January 13, 2011 by Brian.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.PythonTools.Interpreter;
using Microsoft.VisualStudioTools;
using Microsoft.VisualStudioTools.Project;

namespace Microsoft.PythonTools.Project {
    static class VirtualEnv {
        private static readonly KeyValuePair<string, string>[] UnbufferedEnv = new[] {
            new KeyValuePair<string, string>("PYTHONUNBUFFERED", "1")
        };

        /// <summary>
        /// Installs virtualenv. If pip is not installed, the returned task will
        /// succeed but error text will be passed to the redirector.
        /// </summary>
        public static Task<bool> Install(IServiceProvider provider, IPythonInterpreterFactory factory, Redirector output = null) {
            bool elevate = provider.GetPythonToolsService().GeneralOptions.ElevatePip;
            if (factory.Configuration.Version < new Version(2, 5)) {
                if (output != null) {
                    output.WriteErrorLine("Python versions earlier than 2.5 are not supported by PTVS.");
                }
                throw new OperationCanceledException();
            } else if (factory.Configuration.Version == new Version(2, 5)) {
                return Pip.Install(provider, factory, "https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=317970", elevate, output);
            } else {
                return Pip.Install(provider, factory, "https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=317969", elevate, output);
            }
        }

        private static async Task ContinueCreate(IServiceProvider provider, IPythonInterpreterFactory factory, string path, bool useVEnv, Redirector output) {
            path = CommonUtils.TrimEndSeparator(path);
            var name = Path.GetFileName(path);
            var dir = Path.GetDirectoryName(path);

            if (output != null) {
                output.WriteLine(SR.GetString(SR.VirtualEnvCreating, path));
                if (provider.GetPythonToolsService().GeneralOptions.ShowOutputWindowForVirtualEnvCreate) {
                    output.ShowAndActivate();
                } else {
                    output.Show();
                }
            }

            // Ensure the target directory exists.
            Directory.CreateDirectory(dir);

            using (var proc = ProcessOutput.Run(
                factory.Configuration.InterpreterPath,
                new[] { "-m", useVEnv ? "venv" : "virtualenv", name },
                dir,
                UnbufferedEnv,
                false,
                output
            )) {
                var exitCode = await proc;

                if (output != null) {
                    if (exitCode == 0) {
                        output.WriteLine(SR.GetString(SR.VirtualEnvCreationSucceeded, path));
                    } else {
                        output.WriteLine(SR.GetString(SR.VirtualEnvCreationFailedExitCode, path, exitCode));
                    }
                    if (provider.GetPythonToolsService().GeneralOptions.ShowOutputWindowForVirtualEnvCreate) {
                        output.ShowAndActivate();
                    } else {
                        output.Show();
                    }
                }

                if (exitCode != 0 || !Directory.Exists(path)) {
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(SR.GetString(SR.VirtualEnvCreationFailed, path));
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a virtual environment. If virtualenv is not installed, the
        /// task will succeed but error text will be passed to the redirector.
        /// </summary>
        public static Task Create(IServiceProvider provider, IPythonInterpreterFactory factory, string path, Redirector output = null) {
            factory.ThrowIfNotRunnable();
            return ContinueCreate(provider, factory, path, false, output);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a virtual environment using venv. If venv is not available,
        /// the task will succeed but error text will be passed to the
        /// redirector.
        /// </summary>
        public static Task CreateWithVEnv(IServiceProvider provider, IPythonInterpreterFactory factory, string path, Redirector output = null) {
            factory.ThrowIfNotRunnable();
            return ContinueCreate(provider, factory, path, true, output);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a virtual environment. If virtualenv or pip are not
        /// installed then they are downloaded and installed automatically.
        /// </summary>
        public static async Task CreateAndInstallDependencies(
            IServiceProvider provider,
            IPythonInterpreterFactory factory,
            string path,
            Redirector output = null
        ) {
            factory.ThrowIfNotRunnable("factory");

            var modules = await factory.FindModulesAsync("pip", "virtualenv", "venv");
            bool hasPip = modules.Contains("pip");
            bool hasVirtualEnv = modules.Contains("virtualenv") || modules.Contains("venv");

            if (!hasVirtualEnv) {
                if (!hasPip) {
                    bool elevate = provider.GetPythonToolsService().GeneralOptions.ElevatePip;
                    await Pip.InstallPip(provider, factory, elevate, output);
                }
                if (!await Install(provider, factory, output)) {
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(SR.GetString(SR.VirtualEnvCreationFailed, path));
                }
            }

            await ContinueCreate(provider, factory, path, false, output);
        }

        public static InterpreterFactoryCreationOptions FindInterpreterOptions(
            string prefixPath,
            IInterpreterOptionsService service,
            IPythonInterpreterFactory baseInterpreter = null
        ) {
            var result = new InterpreterFactoryCreationOptions();

            var libPath = DerivedInterpreterFactory.FindLibPath(prefixPath);

            result.PrefixPath = prefixPath;
            result.LibraryPath = libPath;

            if (baseInterpreter == null) {
                baseInterpreter = DerivedInterpreterFactory.FindBaseInterpreterFromVirtualEnv(
                    prefixPath,
                    libPath,
                    service
                );
            }

            string interpExe, winterpExe;

            if (baseInterpreter != null) {
                // The interpreter name should be the same as the base interpreter.
                interpExe = Path.GetFileName(baseInterpreter.Configuration.InterpreterPath);
                winterpExe = Path.GetFileName(baseInterpreter.Configuration.WindowsInterpreterPath);
                var scripts = new[] { "Scripts", "bin" };
                result.InterpreterPath = CommonUtils.FindFile(prefixPath, interpExe, firstCheck: scripts);
                result.WindowInterpreterPath = CommonUtils.FindFile(prefixPath, winterpExe, firstCheck: scripts);
                result.PathEnvironmentVariableName = baseInterpreter.Configuration.PathEnvironmentVariable;
            } else {
                result.InterpreterPath = string.Empty;
                result.WindowInterpreterPath = string.Empty;
                result.PathEnvironmentVariableName = string.Empty;
            }

            if (baseInterpreter != null) {
                result.Description = string.Format(
                    "{0} ({1})",
                    CommonUtils.GetFileOrDirectoryName(prefixPath),
                    baseInterpreter.Description
                );

                result.Id = baseInterpreter.Id;
                result.LanguageVersion = baseInterpreter.Configuration.Version;
                result.Architecture = baseInterpreter.Configuration.Architecture;
                result.WatchLibraryForNewModules = true;
            } else {
                result.Description = CommonUtils.GetFileOrDirectoryName(prefixPath);

                result.Id = Guid.Empty;
                result.LanguageVersion = new Version(0, 0);
                result.Architecture = ProcessorArchitecture.None;
                result.WatchLibraryForNewModules = false;
            }

            return result;
        }

        // This helper function is not yet needed, but may be useful at some point.

        //public static string FindLibPathFromInterpreter(string interpreterPath) {
        //    using (var output = ProcessOutput.RunHiddenAndCapture(interpreterPath, "-c", "import site; print(site.__file__)")) {
        //        output.Wait();
        //        return output.StandardOutputLines
        //            .Where(CommonUtils.IsValidPath)
        //            .Select(line => Path.GetDirectoryName(line))
        //            .LastOrDefault(dir => Directory.Exists(dir));
        //    }
        //}
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Restore Phone process erases all user data and contacts on the card. It's recommended to have a recent backup of the data. The Reset Default process will set the preference settings to factory default but user data and contacts won't be erased.
Enter the Phone Lock Code (typically the last four digits of the mobile number.
Enter the Phone Lock Code (typically the last four digits of the mobile number).


Shopping for and buying term life insurance online is so easy that — well, it's not always easy. There are many websites that offer quotes and allow you to begin an application online or by telephone. A simple web search will yield dozens of decent results. And that's exactly what makes is difficult at the same time. With so many websites to choose from, it can be frustrating trying to decide where in the world to begin.
Does the website have a modern look with current and updated information? Does it appear as though someone maintains the site? Do you feel comfortable inputting your information? If not, move on. You're sure to find something better.
No offense, but you're likely not an expert on term life insurance. You may have questions about the different types, the amount of coverage or any other number of concerns. Can you easily find a toll-free telephone number to call? What about an email address? A live-chat feature is also a great indicator of the website's value. Is anyone there to help you?
Does the site ask for this? If so, ask yourself why. Do they need your name, telephone number and email address to give you a 'free' quote? What will they do with the information? Will they sell it? Many websites collect this information to market to you or to sell to other life insurance agents as leads. Do yourself a favor and take a pass on these websites. Find one that gives you a genuinely free quote, without asking for your personal information in return.
So we've written about all of these things in past blog posts. And now, we've gone a step further and put together a video so you can both 'see and hear' the difference a good, reputable term life insurance website can make.
Enjoy — and oh, please do let us know what you think of our latest creation! After all, we made it just for you. Happy Holidays!


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Home Internet Top 15 Best Anymovies.xyz Alternatives Online in 2022
Top 15 Best Anymovies.xyz Alternatives Online in 2022
What is Anymovie.xyz?
Anymovies.xyz is a web place to download your dearest movies, web series, and other content without losing your pocket. It provides a high-speed torrent magnetic link to download even faster. Thanks to Any film, you can download full movies and favorite movies in a shorter time. XYZ.
Also, Anymovies.xyz includes peer-to-peer video download servers to download movies, TV shows, etc., via torrents. Any movie hosts don't have torrent files or any download directory. Users can go through various categories such as animation reality, drama fantasy, action & adventure, thrillers, etc.
1. AnimeDaisuki:
AnimeDaisuki
AnimeDaisuki is a website that connects viewers to the latest Japanese anime series and allows them to watch them in high definition. iOS and Android users may watch the latest Japanese anime series and episodes on their phones thanks to the online streaming service. It offers high-definition anime that can be seen on mobile devices, allowing viewers to keep up with their favorite anime episodes.
2. Animecrew:
Animecrew
Animecrew is a fantastic resource for the latest reviews and info on anime figures from all of your favorite studios. The objective of Animecrew is to assist anybody and everyone in the world in enjoying anime. Articles, reviews, news, and anime merchandise help achieve this goal. The site was established for anyone interested in the worlds of anime collectibles and anime toys. It's a fantastic resource for anime enthusiasts who want to learn everything about their favorite figures and toys.
3. AnimeTribes:
AnimeTribes
AnimeTribes is a free internet archive where you can view and stream anime. AnimeTribes is the finest software for watching anime for free. It has thousands of episodes in its library, covering various genres and titles. It's an online community where you can watch anime, talk about it with other anime fans, and discuss current events.
4. Animeowl.net:
Animeowl
Animeowl.net is a website where you may watch free animations without registering. The spirits are categorized by kind of animation and can be found in the following categories: anime, cartoons, and movies. The significant part about this website is its navigation, making finding the animation you want pretty quick and straightforward.
5. Animeheros:
Animeheros
Animeheros is a free online platform where you can view animated shows and movies from various genres. It provides you with the greatest of Japanese animation; we have an extensive library of anime films and series available for viewing online. Animeheros has an app for Android and iOS that allows you to download anime on your mobile and your computer.
6. Animasiindoku:
Animasiindoku
Animasiindoku is a website that allows you to watch thousands of anime series and movies for free. There are no restrictions on how many streaming videos you may view, and you can watch as many as you like. This site does not stream videos directly from the source; instead, it has compiled all videos from any streaming site into one convenient location.
7. YugenAnime:
YugenAnime
YugenAnime is a website that allows you to track, share, and find high-quality anime from a vast library that includes thousands of titles. YugenAnime is a site to keep track of, share, and learn about new anime releases. You can watch your favorite anime and write short reviews for each episode to track what you've seen and rank it.
8. HIDIVE:
HIDIVE is an online platform where you can watch and stream free animated series and movies and receive access to your favorite content from a variety of genres. Action, Adventure, Anime, Children's Shows, etc., and many other categories are supported by HIDIVE. In its quest to offer more tales, creators, and characters, HIDIVE takes a giant stride ahead.
9. StreamAnimeTV:
StreamAnimeTV
StreamAnimeTV is a one-stop-shop for finding and downloading your favorite cartoons with English dubbing. The site provides its users with free and paid streaming services and a large selection of the most recent Anime programs. It has several categories from which you can choose your preferred options. It also allows you to search for episodes of a specific cartoon series. Humor, drama, historical, magic, kids, etc., and others are among the genres available. You can find your favorite movies with a precise selection using various filters.
10. Pantsubase:
Pantsubase
Pantsubase is a great site to watch high-definition versions of your favorite animated films and series. On Pantsubase, you'll find series in various genres, including action, adventure, humor, drama, fantasy, horror, mystery, romance, science fiction, thrillers, etc. Pantsubase has a large selection of high-definition animated films and TV episodes available for free.
11. Hulu:
Hulu is a famous entertainment place for streaming online movies since it offers a multi-platform experience. Thousands of award-winning films and TV programs, including thousands of massive hits, are available on Hulu. This is accessible from all digital media devices and operating systems.
12. Netflix:
Netflix is an online entertainment company that lets you watch high-definition movies and TV shows worldwide. It is a web-based entertainment service that provides dramas, action films, comedy, documentaries, TV shows, and other enjoyable stuff.
13. Because.moe:
Because.moe
Because. moe is a website that allows you to explore the wonderful world of online entertainment in depth. Anime movies and episodes can be streamed in high-definition without buffering. It's built on KissAnime.ru and offers all of the same features as KissAnime.ru and a few unique ones. The platform's ultimate purpose is to deliver everything that an anime fan could ever want. BecauseMoe offers Dragon Ball Super, Eureka Seven, Land of the Lustrous, Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, and a plethora of additional feature films.
14. Animelab:
AnimeLab
Animelab.com is one of the best locations to catch up on the latest anime releases and fast-tracked simulcast series straight from Japan in high definition. Thousands of free episodes are available, and new series are added every week. The site's content is organized into many categories, including Popular Shows, New Series, and Genres. In each category, there are various options.
15. Daisuki:
Daisuki is a Japanese anime studio that also runs an anime streaming service. Funimation is simple to use because it has all anime available for streaming. The site now has premium content. You must subscribe to a subscription plan to watch premium programs and access premium content. Daisuki.net features a user-friendly interface that appeals to people from all over the world. After purchasing the subscription plan, you will enjoy unlimited streaming without any restrictions.
Techbmw will conclude its list of the best Anymovies.xyz alternatives here. Please enlighten us if you have an eye on other Anymovies alternatives to stream movies. Time for me to leave; goodbye!
Anymovies.xyz