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Tag Archive for: towns
Diverse Neighbourhoods: New report analysing the residential distribution of immigrants in Ireland
July 10, 2019 /in WDC Insights /by WDC
Recently I attended a very interesting seminar on 'Migrant Integration: policy and place' organised by the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) and the European Migration Network (EMN).
At the seminar two new pieces of research were presented and discussed: 'Diverse neighbourhoods: an analysis of the residential distribution of immigrants in Ireland' and 'Policy and practice targeting the labour market integration of non-EU nationals in Ireland'.
Given the Western Development Commission's (WDC) regional development remit, the spatial analysis of the residential distribution of immigrants in Ireland was of particular interest. The 'Diverse Neighbourhoods' report[1] points out that previous research has highlighted both positive and negative reasons for the residential clustering of migrants. Proximity to migrant networks can provide support and information (as the Irish of the Kilburn Road know only too well). However, high levels of residential segregation may be a signal of poor integration and disadvantage, especially if the areas in which migrants are clustered are themselves deprived.
The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the residential pattern of Ireland's migrant population, to identify the extent of residential segregation and the characteristics of areas where migrants are concentrated.
Distribution of Migrant Groups in Ireland
The analysis used the results of Census 2016 for 3,409 Electoral Divisions (ED) in Ireland. Individuals were assigned according to their country of birth (to take account of foreign born naturalised Irish citizens) and UK-born migrants were excluded because they have a different experience and there are complexities for Northern Irish citizens.
Four broad groups were analysed (the size of each group as a proportion of the national population in 2016 is in brackets):
Total migrant population – excluding UK-born (11.4%)
EU migrants – excluding UK-born (6.3%)
Migrants born outside of the EU (5.1%)
People with poor self-rated English-language proficiency (1.8%).
Total, EU and non-EU Migrants
The total migrant (non-Irish/UK born) population is highly concentrated in urban areas in Dublin city and its commuter belt, as well as around Cork, Limerick and Galway (see Figure 2.1). In fact half of all foreign-born migrants live in the three cities of Dublin, Cork and Limerick. The top 10 EDs in terms of the percentage of their total population who are foreign born were all in Dublin, Limerick, Cork or Waterford cities. Half of the total foreign-born population live in just 159 EDs (out of 3,409 total EDs).
The patterns for both migrants born in the EU and migrants born outside of the EU are relatively similar to the total. For EU migrants, there are high concentrations around Dublin, Cork and Limerick with low concentrations in North Connacht and Donegal. For non-EU migrants the pattern is very similar, though with even greater concentration in Dublin. For both, most of the top 10 EDs are to be found in Dublin, Cork or Limerick.
People with Poor English Language Proficiency
The fourth group examined are people who reported in the Census that they speak English 'not well' or 'not at all'. This group was examined as they may have particular integration difficulties. Nationally there were about 86,000 people in this group in 2016.
It was found that the residential pattern for those with poor English language proficiency differs from the other groups (see Figure 2.4). While there is also significant concentration in the larger cities, this group are less centralised and there are also strong concentrations in small towns.
The ED of Monaghan town has the highest share with poor English language proficiency at 15.3% with is linked to the mushroom industry. Ballyhaunis in Co Mayo has the fifth highest share (11.1%) connected to both the meat processing sector and a Direct Provision Centre. Another town in the Western Region, Roscommon Urban ED has the eight highest share (10.7%). Other smaller towns with high shares include New Ross in Co Wexford, Ballyjamesduff in Co Cavan and Navan in Co Meath.
It seems that migrants with poor English language proficiency are less centralised in the larger cities and are more likely to be located in smaller towns (often linked to specific sector or legacy), they are also more clustered in fewer locations with half located in just 135 EDs. This pattern has implications for service provision.
Integrated Communities
The report goes on to assess the level of segregation of migrant communities. It found that the level of segregation in Irish cities is near or below the international average and there was no discernible trend of increasing residential segregation between 2011 and 2016 with some groups becoming less segregated over this time.
The report also profiled the characteristics of areas which have a high share of migrant residents. It was found that immigrants in Ireland tend to be concentrated in more affluent areas (based on the Pobal Deprivation Index) and also in areas with an above average share with a third level education. The other key characteristic was that migrants tended to be concentrated in areas where private rental housing was plentiful.
One area of concern however are those with poor English language proficiency. This group is more likely to reside in areas with average levels of affluence/deprivation and low third level education attainment. For those living within the three largest cities, they are also concentrated in areas with higher unemployment rates.
Policy Implications
The results have implications for many policy areas including integration, housing and regional development. The National Planning Framework contains targets to rebalance growth towards the 'second tier' cities and regions. Reducing the level of concentration of the migrant population in Dublin, through the provision of job and housing opportunities, would contribute to achieving NPF targets. Reliance on the private rental market among migrants means that the provision of such accommodation in other locations is important, as well as employment policies which stimulate job opportunities for migrants in these locations. There is the potential for smaller towns and more rural areas which, as a result of out-migration, may have poor age dependency ratios to benefit from inward migration by those in economically active age groups.
The greater distribution of migrants with poor English language proficiency in smaller towns (often associated with employment in specific sectors e.g. agri-food) and concentration among this group is an area of policy concern. As this analysis was conducted on an area basis (rather than at the individual level) it is not possible to determine the characteristics of this group but issues such as gender, age, employment status and education level are likely to be important factors. Policy responses and tailored service provision at a local level targeting this group would be important given their higher risk of poor integration and also the potential impact on the agri-food sector from Brexit.
Reports and presentations from the 'Migrant Integration: policy and place' seminar are available here
Pauline White
[1] Fahey, É., Russell. H., McGinnity, F. and Grotti, R. (2019), Diverse Neighbourhoods: An Analysis of the Residential Distribution of Immigrants in Ireland, Economic and Social Research Institute and Department of Justice and Equality, funded by the Office for the Promotion of Migrant Integration
https://www.wdc.ie/wp-content/uploads/diverse-population.png 146 484 WDC https://www.wdc.ie/wp-content/uploads/wdc-567.png WDC2019-07-10 11:04:592019-07-10 11:04:59Diverse Neighbourhoods: New report analysing the residential distribution of immigrants in Ireland
How important is Wholesale & Retail in the Western Region?
October 24, 2018 /in WDC Insights /by WDC
The WDC recently published the first in a series of 'Regional Sectoral Profiles' analysing specific economic sectors in the Western Region and identifying key policy issues. The first sector examined is Wholesale & Retail. Two publications are available:
WDC Insights: Wholesale & Retail in the Western Region (2-page summary)
Wholesale & Retail in the Western Region: Regional Sectoral Profile (full report)
Download both here
Wholesale & Retail Employment in the Western Region
42,510 people were employed in the Wholesale & Retail sector in the Western Region in 2016. At 12.7% of total employment, it is the region's second largest employment sector, after Industry. It is somewhat less important in the region than nationally (Fig. 1). At 13.3% of all employment, it is Ireland's largest employer.
Among western counties, Wholesale & Retail is most significant in Mayo (14.4%) and least so in Clare (11.2%). Two other largely rural counties (Roscommon and Donegal) had the next highest shares working in the sector in the region. Wholesale & Retail accounted for a higher share of total employment in 2016 than a decade earlier in all western counties (except Donegal) and most notably in the most rural counties.
Fig. 1: Percentage of total employment in the Wholesale & Retail sector in Western Region and state, 2006, 2011 and 2016. Source: CSO, Census 2016: Summary Results Part 2, Table EZ011; CSO, Census 2006: Volume 7 – Principal Economic Status and Industries, Table C0713
52.3% of people at work in the Wholesale & Retail sector in the Western Region are male, similar to the national average. Males make up the majority in all western counties (at 55.2% Sligo has the greatest male majority) except Clare (50.8% female) and Galway city (50.9% female).
Wholesale & Retail Employment in western towns
Wholesale & Retail is the largest employment sector for 16 out of the region's 40 urban centres. There is no clearly discernible pattern in the relative importance (as a percentage of total employment) of the sector across the 40 towns, ranked by descending size (Fig. 2). Factors such as location, distance from larger urban centres, diversity of its economic profile and alternative job options combine with a town's size to determine the role played by the sector.
Boyle (20.2%), Ballina (20%) and Castlebar (19.1%) have the highest shares working in Wholesale & Retail in the region. These, and other towns with a high share, are important rural service centres located quite some distance from larger centres and serving wide rural hinterlands. The sector is least important for Strandhill, Newmarket-on-Fergus and Moycullen; all are towns located close to large urban centres which are likely their main retail centre.
Fig. 2: Percentage of total employment in the Wholesale & Retail sector in towns in the Western Region, 2016. Source: CSO, Census 2016: Profile 11 – Employment, Occupations and Industry, Table EB030
Self-employment in Wholesale & Retail
The Western Region is characterised by greater self-employment in Wholesale & Retail than the national average (15.5% of total employment in the sector is self-employment compared with 12.7% in the state). Every western county, except Galway City, also has an above average share of self-employment, meaning the sector in the region is characterised by more family or owner/ manager run businesses, likely smaller in scale.
The share of self-employment declined in all western counties (except Sligo) between 2011 and 2016. This indicates a changing composition of the sector with fewer family or owner/manager run Wholesale & Retail businesses and the expansion of multiples and chain stores with a growing share of those working in the sector being employees.
Employment in Wholesale & Retail sub-sectors
Census data on employment in the Wholesale & Retail sector is sub-divided into 17 separate activities. For ease of presentation here these are grouped into five broad areas: Motor trades; Wholesale; Food/beverage retail; Clothing/footwear retail; and All other retail.[1]
In 2016, the largest sub-sector in the Western Region was 'Food/beverage retail' (Fig. 3) accounting for 27.7% of all employment in the Wholesale & Retail sector. The largest element of this is supermarkets. The next largest sub-sector is 'All other retail' (e.g. furniture, computers, petrol stations etc.) followed by 'Wholesale'. The relative importance of the five sub-sectors differs across counties. Generally, 'Food/beverage retail' is the largest with close to 30% working in this sub-sector in Clare and Leitrim. Two exceptions are Galway City and Roscommon where 'All other retail' is bigger.
Fig. 3: Percentage of total Wholesale & Retail employment in each sub-sector in Western Region and state, 2016. Source: CSO, Census 2016: Summary Results Part 2, Table EZ011
The sub-sectors have performed differently over time. For the Western Region, 'Motor trades' saw the most significant jobs growth between 2011 and 2016 reflecting strong recent growth in car sales and recovery from substantial job losses during the recession. 'Clothing/footwear retail' was the only other area to show some growth with the other three sub-sectors declining in the region. This is in contrast to the national picture where all sub-sectors grew except 'Food/beverage retail'.
Key Policy Issues
Wholesale & Retail plays a critical role in the regional and rural economy as it is more widely dispersed than many other sectors. It is a highly visible sector and its performance has a major impact on the viability and vibrancy of towns. It also provides important job options for people with lower skill levels and younger people. There has been growing policy interest in this sector in the past number of years. Some of the key policy issues include:
Increased consumer mobility & rural areas: The trend of travelling to large urban centres to avail of wider retail choice presents opportunities for the region's largest centres but may have negative consequences for small and medium-sized rural towns.
Town centre renewal: Towns are trying to adapt to their changing role. Retail is just one of the services they provide and for many it is declining in relative importance. Taking a broad approach to town centre renewal is critical to making towns more attractive retail and service destinations.
Growth of online sales: Online sales continue to grow but the majority of spending leaks out of Ireland. While online can be seen as a threat to traditional retail, it also presents an opportunity to expand beyond local markets.
Declining self-employment: While self-employment remains higher in the region than elsewhere, it is declining. Fewer family or owner/manager run enterprises impacts on the local distinctiveness of the retail offering of individual towns.
Quality of employment and skills development: While Wholesale & Retail offers many high quality jobs, it also employs a lot of younger and lower skilled workers. Improving the quality and security of jobs in this sector is important for worker rights and also for the sector's ability to adapt to emerging trends.
Opportunities exist to grow online activity and to restructure the retail and service offering of towns to meet changing consumer needs. However, grasping these opportunities will depend on proactive policy to support the sector, a willingness to adapt among retailers, increased capacity for businesses to compete with larger national or global retailers and a collaborative approach to help towns adapt to their changing function.
More detailed analysis and discussion of these policy issues are available in 'Wholesale & Retail in the Western Region: Regional Sectoral Profile'
[1] Appendix 1 of the report provides data for all 17 activities.
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What is Rural?
October 6, 2017 /in Population, Regional Development, Regional Statistics, Rural Development, WDC Insights /by WDC
Many of us probably feel we know what rural means. Perhaps when we hear the word we think of green fields, or wild mountains, or deserted beaches. Or maybe we think of small villages, modern bungalows or just anywhere beyond 'the big smoke'. Arguably all of these are or can be considered rural and, indeed, in most situations it is not important how we define rural. We know what it is, we use our mental definition, we even have casual conversations where everyone is talking about a different 'rural' and for the most part that doesn't matter.
But is does matter when we come to make policy for rural places and when we think what should be included in 'rural policy', because the kind of policy we make and the kind of issues we address are strongly influenced by what we define as rural. If we think of rural as fields and pastures then we may think of rural policy as agricultural policy, and if we think of it as market towns and pretty villages we may see it as a heritage or cultural issue and when we think of rural dwellers we have to think about how different policies affect people.
Defining Rural
The question of how we define rural for policy purposes and in relation to people rather than based on landscapes or places has not been resolved in Ireland. While the OECD uses a definition relating to population density[1], the CSO defines the rural population as those living outside settlements of 1,500 people, while CEDRA (the Commission for the Economic Development of Rural Areas) defined rural as those areas outside the administrative boundaries of the five main cities (Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford). That definition includes some large urban settlements like Ennis, Dundalk and Kilkenny. Realising our Rural Potential- the Action Plan for Rural Development refers to the CEDRA definition and provides a map of population densities but does not specify a definition of rural.
Finally, and most recently, the new Draft National Planning Framework (NPF) Ireland 2040- Our Plan defines rural as all areas outside towns of 10,000, unless they are within the immediate or 'metropolitan' catchment of a city[2].
How we define rural impacts on how many people we are considering when we make rural policy. Is it a minority, niche policy, or something relevant to a majority of the population? With the different definitions we get a very different population groups. Under the OECD definition (a variation of which is used by Eurostat) 70.5% of the state population is predominantly rural. Ireland is the most rural of the EU27 countries for both population and land area (for more information see note 1 below).
Looking at the different definitions used in Irish policy making (by the CSO, CEDRA and the NPF), for both the state as a whole and the Western Region we can see significant differences in the proportion of the population which is rural.
Figure 1: Percentage of the population living in rural areas according to definition for Western Region and State
Source: CSO Census of Population 2016, Profile 2 – Population Distribution and Movements / E2014 own calculations
The Western Region is a very rural region and, whichever definition is used, the majority of the Region's population falls into that category. The CSO has the narrowest definition, with fewest defined as rural people (65%, or 535,953 people in the Western Region) while the CEDRA definition is inevitably the broadest, including on two thirds of the population of thewhole state (90% of the people in the Western Region). Nationally the definition of rural can take in anything between 37% and 66% of the population (between 1.8 and 3.1m people).
Looking at what is defined as rural in the three Regional Assembly Areas, which are important policy regions in the NPF and forthcoming Regional Spatial and Economic Strategies (to be developed by the Regional Assemblies) there is a clear contrast among the regions.
Figure 2: Percentage of the population living in rural areas according to definition for three Regional Assembly Areas
The NWRA is the most rural, with at least two thirds of its population classified as rural in the narrowest definition. The EMRA, even using the broadest definition, has less than half its population defined as rural.
Rural Policy or Policy for Rural People?
Given the rural population numbers, whichever definition is used, most policy affecting the Western Region is rural policy as it impacts on the majority of the population. Even policy which focuses more on Galway and the larger towns has important effects on rural people as these are centres of employment, enterprise education and health services.
The question becomes whether policy for a rural region is rural policy or, given that more than half population is living in rural areas, are not the needs of a rural region integral to all policy, including that for enterprise, employment, healthcare or transport? Does labelling large parts of the country as rural and expecting their needs to be covered by a 'rural policy' serve those dwelling in rural areas well? Does it ensure infrastructure provision takes account of our settlement pattern as it is, rather than as we think it should be? Or, if we treat rural as different and needing separate policy rather than as an integral part of our policy focus, can we ensure that businesses can operate efficiently throughout the country, or that people can find varied employment in different places? These are not narrow issues of rural policy but involve addressing the needs of the wider population through all government policy
Clearly areas which are very peripheral and which have small populations have particular policy requirements but most people in rural areas, however they are defined, have the same needs for employment, healthcare, education and transport as the rest of the population. It is therefore not only important to consider how we define rural but why we are doing so, and how these definitions can be used to ensure people throughout the Region and the country have their needs addressed equally.
[1] The OECD methodology classifies local administrative units level 2 with a population density below 150 inhabitants per km² as rural. For more information on the definition see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Urban-rural_typology
[2] These catchments are not mapped in the draft NPF and it is not clear how much of the country is considered to be within the influence of a city.
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Get Detailed Census Data for Settlements
August 2, 2017 /in Population, WDC Insights /by WDC
On 20 July the CSO released the Small Area Population Statistics (SAPs) from Census 2016. This is Census data at its most detailed geographic level; data across all demographic and socio-economic themes is available at spatial scales down to Small Areas. There are 18,641 Small Areas across the Republic of Ireland, each generally comprising between 80 and 120 dwellings. The Small Area data is of huge value for mapping and detailed GIS analysis, such as that carried out by AIRO.
For many data users however, Small Area scale is too detailed. Data at other spatial scales was also released with the SAPs, including Gaeltacht areas, Municipal Districts (95) and Settlements (846). Data for Settlements is a hugely useful resource and is also the spatial scale that many people feel most attached to, and indeed curious about.
It is an important resource for many stakeholders, including local authorities, community and voluntary groups, local development agencies, chambers, policy makers and others. But how to access the data may not be a very well-known, as it is separate to the Statbank system where all other Census data can be downloaded.
Downloading Census 2016 Settlement Reports
Step 1: Go to SapMap
Step 2: Click 'Find Your Area' (icon that looks like a blue thumbtack)
Step 3: Choose 'Settlements' from dropdown and type in name of settlement e.g. Gort, Swords.
Step 4: Map will zoom to show outline of the 'Settlement' boundary and the key population data. Click 'For more information on Small Area Population Statistics 2016 click here'.
Step 5: You will get a detailed data report for that Settlement that you can download as a PDF file or an Excel Spreadsheet. You can download a full report of all data or individual reports for each data theme. Data on the following themes is available.
Theme 1: Sex, Age and Marital Status
Theme 2: Migration, Ethnicity, Religion and Foreign Languages
Theme 3: Irish Language
Theme 4: Families
Theme 5: Private Households
Theme 6: Housing
Theme 7: Communal Establishments
Theme 8: Principal Status
Theme 9: Social Class and Socio-Economic Group
Theme 10: Education
Theme 11: Commuting
Theme 12: Disability, Carers and General Health
Theme 13: Occupations
Theme 14: Industries
Theme 15: Motor Car Availability, PC Ownership and Internet Access
The same process can be followed to download data for different spatial scales e.g. counties, constituencies, Municipal Districts. At Step 3, simply select the scale you want from the dropdown and type in name.
It should be noted that while this data is also available for 2011, as the settlement boundaries can change between censuses direct comparisons are not always possible.
This is a link to the CSO's SAPMAP User Guide.
An Example: Mohill, Co Leitrim
Mohill is a village situated in north county Leitrim. Fig. 1 shows the initial SAPMAP image for Mohill. The settlement has a total population of 855 with 521 housing units.
Fig.1: Image from SAPMAP of Mohill settlement. Source:
By clicking 'For more information on Small Area Population Statistics 2016 click here' you are directed to a more detailed report. Fig. 2 shows part of this. At the top you can choose to download the PDF or Excel. Scrolling down the page shows all the data for each of the 15 themes, with the option to download each table in PDF or Excel.
Fig.2: Image of top of page for detailed Mohill Settlement report. Source: http://census.cso.ie/sapmap/
For example Theme 8: Principal Economic Status shows there were 282 people resident in Mohill who were employed at the time of the Census, 185 who were retired and 51 students.
Fig.3: Theme 8, Principal Economic Status for Mohill. Source: http://census.cso.ie/sapmap/
All data can be downloaded in Excel to allow analysis. For example, Fig. 4 shows the percentage of families in Mohill who are in each stage of the 'Family Cycle' with 20.3% of families consisting of adults only who do not fall into other categories, 15.6% being 'empty nest' and 14.6% being retired households.
Fig.4: Percentage of families in each stage of family cycle, Mohill, 2016. Source: http://census.cso.ie/sapmap/
The Settlements reports from the SAPMAP system are a very useful resource, particularly for local voluntary and community groups and others involved in planning and promoting development in town and village level.
https://www.wdc.ie/wp-content/uploads/infographic-feat-image.jpg 170 1051 WDC https://www.wdc.ie/wp-content/uploads/wdc-567.png WDC2017-08-02 13:00:542017-07-31 16:10:46Get Detailed Census Data for Settlements
Regional Growth- rural areas, towns and cities
July 10, 2017 /in Economy, Employment, Regional Development, Regional Statistics, Rural Development, WDC Insights /by WDC
https://www.wdc.ie/wp-content/uploads/infographic-feat-image.jpg 170 1051 WDC https://www.wdc.ie/wp-content/uploads/wdc-567.png WDC2017-07-10 13:10:312017-07-11 14:40:49Regional Growth- rural areas, towns and cities
Regional Towns: Growth or decline? Can we tell?
June 22, 2017 /in Population, Regional Statistics, Settlements, WDC Insights /by WDC
Population change is an important issue and one of the key reasons that we conduct a census in Ireland. However, as well as being one of the most important indicators of change, it is also an emotive issue. Population growth in most cases is considered a good thing, an indicator of a vibrant economy and society, while population decline is taken to indicate stagnation and under development. This is particularly the case in relation to well known, well defined areas such as counties or, in the case of this post, of towns.
Important strategic policies such as the National Planning Framework (NPF) and the (RSES) are currently being prepared, and these (along with policies such as Realising our Rural Potential- An Action Plan for Rural Development have long time horizons and rely on population data as an important benchmark of development. Therefore robust intercensal comparisons are critical.
Population data from Census 2016 for towns was made available with the publication of Profile 2- Population Distribution and Movements on 11 May. In its initial release on StatBank[1], tables of town populations for 2011 and 2016 were provided. In the background notes (Appendix 2) to Profile 2 the CSO noted that there had been boundary changes to 80 towns for which populations were given. However, the towns were not named, listed or highlighted in the original data available on StatBank and data on town population was provided for all towns for 2011 and 2016.
It has now become apparent that the 2011 data that was originally provided related to the old boundaries and so the 2011 population was not directly comparable to that in 2016. This has been amended (Tables E2014 and E2016 amended on 9.06.17) and different tables are now provided in StatBank. The 2011 data is no longer provided for the towns which have had boundary changes. This will prevent inaccurate comparisons and also means that they can now be identified by users.
The change means that people downloading the data now will not make a direct comparison with 2011 for those towns, but for many of us who looked at the data just after its release the comparisons had already been made, commented on or published.
The number of boundary changes was very significant. In the table of 200 towns with population of more than 1,500, 71 had boundary changes. Of the 41 towns in the Western Region with population of more than 1,500, 15 towns had had boundary changes making comparison with 2011 population data invalid. The most notable of these is Ballina for which original published data showed a decline of 915 people (-8.25%). This led to discussion and investigation by regional newspapers[2].
All of the five towns[3] in the Western Region with a population of more than 10,000 have been affected by boundary changes (each of these showed falls in population ranging from -8.25% to -0.33%). The extent to which the boundary change is responsible for the population change is unclear. The CSO does note that in many cases the physical area of the town was reduced:
Census towns which previously combined legal towns and their environs have been newly defined using the standard census town criteria (with the 100 metres proximity rule). For some towns the impact of this has been to lose area and population, compared with previous computations.[4]
Among the seven towns[5] in the Western Region with population between 5,000 and 10,000 six had had boundary changes (the exception being Roscommon). The population change in these towns, compared to the 2011 figure based on the old boundaries, varied from -0.79% (Buncrana) to +9.76% (Loughrea). It is hard to assess the extent to which the population change between 2016 and 2011 is reflective of boundary changes or other factors.
So we are now in the situation where we know which towns have had boundaries changes (unlike the situation when Profile 2 was initially released), but we don't know the extent of the boundary changes and how much they influenced the towns' Census populations.
It would be very useful if the CSO could provide revised 2011 figures for those towns with boundary changes. This would allow for direct comparison with 2011 and show clearly whether a town's population grew or declined. It would also provide clarity about the effect of the boundary change on the town population.
When the Small Area Statistics (SAPS) are published (20 July 2017) there will be greater detail on local population changes and it may be possible to be clear about where towns have grown and declined and the magnitude of the actual population changes (as compared to those population changes resulting from boundary changes).
It is important that where there are significant alterations to boundaries used or where methods change between Censuses they are very clearly highlighted in any tables published, especially when they relate to headline figures such as population change or population density. This would mean that a user would not be led to assume that, because the data has been published alongside older data by the Central Statistics Office, it is comparable.
This might seem to be an issue only of concern to those who enjoy analysing data. It is not. Changes to town populations can have very significant implications for resource allocations both at a Local Authority level, regionally and nationally.
Would the NPF be more likely to focus on the development of a town that appears to be thriving and showing population growth or one which seems to have stagnated or declined?
Similarly those looking to invest in services and infrastructure, either public (e.g. broadband, education or healthcare) or private (e.g. cinemas, leisure), may think twice if a town seems to be in decline.
Indicators other than population change are used in decision making, but population is still one of the most important. It is therefore essential that we have good reliable data, for which any changes in methods or boundaries have been very clearly highlighted[6]….
[1] StatBank is one of the CSO's databases and its main data dissemination service.
[2] See Mayo News, 16 May 2017, http://www.mayonews.ie/news/30029-cso-confirm-ballina-s-population-and-increased-not-deceased and also Western People, 29 May 2016, 'Misleading Census data'
[3] Ennis, Letterkenny, Sligo, Castlebar and Ballina.
[4] In addition 26 new census towns were created for the 2016 Census.
[5] Shannon, Tuam, Buncrana, Ballinasloe, Westport, Roscommon and Loughrea.
[6] …and not just in the small print or footnote which may fall off the bottom of a page…..
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Census 2016: Rurality, Population Density and the Urban Population of the Western Region
May 17, 2017 /in Population, Regional Development, Regional Statistics, Rural Development, WDC Insights /by WDC
Detailed population figures from the Census of Population were published last week in Profile 2 – Population Distribution and Movements which looked at population density, rural and urban populations and the population in towns.
Rural and Urban Population
In Ireland as a whole just over a third (37%) of the population live in rural areas (that is outside towns of 1,500). In contrast, in the Western Region shows the opposite pattern and 65% live in rural areas (Figure 1). This is a marginal decline on 2011 (when it was 66%).
The rural population of the seven counties varies from almost 90% in Leitrim (where there is only one 'urban centre- over 1,500) to 54% in Galway which of course includes the largest settlement. After Leitrim, Roscommon, Donegal and Mayo are the most rural of the Western Region counties. Sligo and Clare, along with Galway are slightly less rural. It should be noted that Galway county (i.e. excluding the city) is one of the most rural with almost 78% of the population living in rural areas.
Figure 1: Percentage of Population living in rural areas in the Western Region and State.
Source: CSO Census 2016 Profile 2 E2008: Population Percentage in the Aggregate Town Areas and Aggregate Rural Areas
Each county, and the Western Region itself (64.7%), has a significantly higher proportion of people living in rural areas than for the State as a whole (37%).
Density is another key indicator of rurality and it certainly is important in considering the provision of services. In Ireland as a whole the population density is 70 people per square kilometre and in the more rural Western Region it is almost 32 people per km2 . Again there is considerable variation by county and as can be seen in Figure 2 below, this largely mirrors the rurality of each of the seven counties.
Figure 2: Population Density in the Western Region and State (persons per sq km)
Source: CSO Census 2016 Profile 2 E2013: Population Density and Area Size 2011 to 2016
Galway has the highest population density (42 people per square km) and Leitrim has the lowest with just over 20 people per square kilometre.
Population in Towns
The population of towns across is also included in this Profile and looking at towns across the region the weak urban structure of the region is evident.
Galway is the significant city, with a population of 79,934 in 2016. Only five towns have a population of more than 10,000 people (Table 1), and all of these had population declines between 2011 and 2016 though, with the exception of Ballina these were small. Ennis, the largest settlement after Galway is less than a third of its size (25,276 people), and it had a slight population decline (-0.3%) while Letterkenny (19,274) and Sligo (19,199) also had population decreases (1.6% and 1.3%). The population of Castlebar (12,068) fell by 2% but that in Ballina (10,171) fell by a more significant 8.3%.
Table 1: Population of Towns larger than 10,000 in the Western Region
2011 – Population (Number) 2016 – Population (Number) Actual change since previous census (Number) Percentage change since previous census (%)
Galway City and Suburbs, Galway 76,778 79,934 3,156 4.1
Ennis*, Clare 25,360 25,276 84 -0.3
Letterkenny*, Donegal 19,588 19,274 314 -1.6
Sligo*, Sligo 19,452 19,199 253 -1.3
Castlebar*, Mayo 12,318 12,068 250 -2
Ballina*, Mayo 11,086 10,171 915 -8.3
*Boundaries used for these Census towns have been changed since 2011 so the populations between 2011 and 2016 are not directly comparable. See this post for more discussion.
Source: CSO Census 2016 Profile 2 E2016: Population and Actual and Percentage Change 2011 to 2016 by Alphabetical List of Towns
There are a further seven towns with a population of more than 5,000 (Table 2) giving a total of 13 towns including Galway in that size category (5,000-9,999) in the Western Region. All of the towns in this category grew with the exception of Buncrana (-0.8%) and Ballinasloe which had no change. The largest growth was in Loughrea (9.8%) which, along with Tuam, serves as a residential location for people working in Galway.
Table 2: Population of Towns 5,000-9,999 in the Western Region
Shannon*, Clare 9,673 9,729 56 0.6
Tuam*, Galway 8,242 8,767 525 6.4
Buncrana*, Donegal 6,839 6,785 – 54 -0.8
Ballinasloe*, Galway 6,659 6,662 3 0
Westport*, Mayo 6,063 6,198 135 2.2
Roscommon, Roscommon 5,693 5,876 183 3.2
Loughrea*, Galway 5,062 5,556 494 9.8
There are a further 27 towns in the Western Region with a population of more than 1,500 and which are therefore categorised as urban. Athenry (12.5%), Gort (13.2%), Tubbercurry (13.7%) and Collooney (17.6%) showed the strongest growth, while Clifden showed a very significant population decline (-22.3%) partially associated with the closure of a Direct Provision Accommodation Centre in 2012.
Table 3 below shows the urban structure of the region. 165,922 people (58% of the region's urban population of 283,873) live in towns of more than 10,000, and a further 49,573 people (17%) in towns of more than 5,000. A significant population lives in the smallest towns 68,378 (24%)
Table 3: Urban Structure of the Western Region
2011 2016 Actual change (2011-2016) Percentage change (2011-2016)
Population of towns greater than 10,000 164,582 165,922 1,340 0.8%
Population of towns 5,000- 9,999 48,231 49,573 1,342 2.8%
Population of towns 1,500-4,999 66,647 68,378 1,731 2.6%
Total Population of towns greater than 1,500 279,460 283,873 4,413 1.6%
While these urban populations are significant in the context of the region, it should be remembered that more than half a million people (535,953) are living in rural areas (in small settlements and open countryside) in the Region. The CSO has provides population details of a further 201 settlements in the Region, the smallest of these is Malin (population 92) and 103,936 people live in these. A total of 440,888 (53%) therefore live in more open countryside (and in even smaller settlements).
It is important to remember that the Western Region is a very rural region, and while higher level services (for example in health and education) should be provided in the larger urban settlements, the needs of those living in more rural, dispersed populations and the best means of providing services and access to services and employment in these areas must be considered.
For some more detail on town populations in each Western Region county see the WDC County Profiles.
https://www.wdc.ie/wp-content/uploads/rural-image.png 224 1505 WDC https://www.wdc.ie/wp-content/uploads/wdc-567.png WDC2017-05-17 16:41:342017-06-23 10:18:53Census 2016: Rurality, Population Density and the Urban Population of the Western Region


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Pride Celebrations This Weekend: Amsterdam, Netherlands; Charleston, SC; Cork, Ireland; Edgewater, MD; Hamburg, Germany; Hanoi, Vietnam; Leeds, UK; Liverpool, UK; Salem, OR; Stockholm, Sweden; Vancouver, BC.
Other Events This Weekend: Mr. Gay World, Antwerp, Belgium; World Outgames, Antwerp, Belgium; Summer Diversity Weekend, Eureka Springs, AR; Zia Regional Rodeo, Santa Fe, NM; Divers/Cité, Montréal, QC; Toronto Leather Pride, Toronto, ON.
Doubted prostate massages would cure homosexuality.
Of the abnormal sexual manifestations that one encounters none, perhaps, is so enigmatical and to the average person so abhorrent as homosexuality. I have discussed this subject with many broad-minded, intelligent professional men and laymen and have been surprised to hear how utterly disgusted they become at the very mention of the name and how little they understand the whole problem. Yet I must confess that only a few years ago I entertained similar feelings and opinions regarding this subject. I can well recall my first scientific encounter with the problem. Ten years ago, when I met a homosexual who was a patient in the Central Islip State Hospital. Since then I have devoted a great deal of time to the study of this complicated phenomenon, and it is therefore no wonder that my ideas have undergone a marked change. Tout comprendre c'est tout pardonner, I have met and studied a large number of homosexuals and have been convinced that a great injustice is done to a large class of human beings, most of whom are far from being the degenerates they are commonly believed to be.
…I can never comprehend why physicians invariably resort to bladder washing and rectal massage when they are consulted by homosexuals, unless it be to kill the homosexual cells in the prostateso that their place may be taken by heterosexual cells, as one physician expressed himself when one of my patients asked him how massage of the prostate would cure his inversion. It is an unfortunate fact that such ridiculous ideas are often heard in the discussion of psychosexual disturbances. Only a few months ago a patient told me that he was told by two physicians that his hope for a cure lay in castration.
Dr. D'Orsay Hecht: Why fix what's not broken?
I was also impressed with the effort of Dr. Brill to correct homosexuality by decrying it. But if in the eye of the specialist homosexuality is but a contravention, socially speaking, and if it has just as much right to a hearing from the point of view of a sexual act as has heterosexuality, I really cannot see why the homosexual should care to be delivered from his homosexuality, except that he feels disgraced by it. Then again, a large number of homosexuals are in no way abhorrent of themselves in respect to their natures; they seem to be perfectly happy and perfectly well adjusted, probably in a restricted sense, and these patients probably are not worth while treating as Dr. Brill treats them. If we accept homosexuality as a condition which has as much right to exist as heterosexuality, why should we address ourselves to the duty of treating it?
Brill chose not to answer the question, electing instead to focus his rebuttal comments to other questions raised during the session.
Lord Ronald Gower: 1845. Professionally, he was a sculptor and politician, creator of the statue of Shakespeare and four his his characters which stands in Stratford-upon-Avon, and Liberal member of Parliament from 1867-1874. Personally, well, he never married, obviously, for reasons that were obvious to everyone who knew him. His friend, Oscar Wilde, used Gower as the model for the hedonistic esthete, Lord Henry Wotton, in The Picture of Dorian Gray. Gower shared Wotton's (and Wilde's) enthusiasm for the Esthetic movement, whose rallying cry was "art for art's sake," reflecting the belief that beauty itself was the only worthwhile guiding principle. Everything about Gower reflected those beliefs, right down to his friends, his decorative tastes, his sculptural projects and his clothing, although his reputation as a dandy did little to impress Henry James, who deemed him "not so handsome as his name." John Addington Symonds said Gower "saturates ones spirit in Urningthum (homosexuality) of the rankest most diabolical kind." Gower's most significant lover was the handsome young journalist Frank Hird, whom Gower adopted as his son, leading Wilde to quip, "Gower may be seen, but not Hird." The happy couple remained together until Gower died in 1916 at the age of 81.
More fully American in Paris.
…To ask whether or not homosexuality is natural is really like asking whether or not it was natural for Socrates to swallow hemlock, whether or not it was natural for for St. Paul to suffer for the Gospel, whether or not it was natural for the Germans to send upwards of six million people to an extremely twentieth-century death. It does not seem to me that nature helps us very much when we need illumination in human affairs. I am certainly convinced that it is one of the greatest impulses of mankind to arrive at something higher than a antural state. How to be natural does not seem to me to be a problem — quite the contrary. The greatest problem is how to be — in the best sense of that kaleidoscopic word — a man.
I've read Giovanni's Room. Tough going. It is, from start to finish, a tragedy, though a hauntingly beautiful one. Excellent excellent writing. I must read more Baldwin.
I am a huge fan of all things James Baldwin.
Essentially because the writing itself is so lyrical and gorgeous.
I'm just glad he left this legacy. Of his perspective, of the depth of his soul.
Whatever troubled or inspired his thoughts, the man's words could be so powerful.
I hope many people got prostate massages treatment. I mean honestly.


Maria Montessori was born in Italy 1870 and became the first women in Italy to graduate as Doctor of Medicine in 1896. She had an intense and passionate interest in the development of young children. She opened the first institution for children below the age of six, which she called Casa dei Bambini (Children's House) in 1907.
She believed that if education follows the natural development of the child, society would move to a higher level of co-operation, peace and harmony. The goal of the Montessori School is to support children in this development, with the primary aim to provide opportunities for each child to reach his full potential.
Montessori developed special educational materials and a curriculum which would support the natural growth of children from all backgrounds. Her approach protects children from many of the obstacles to development and encouraged individual nurturing and group harmony.
Montessori education is a gentle and respectful preparation for life. It will give your child a proper environment, freedom of choice, great preparation for the future education, self-confidence and the best of happy childhood.
The psychic development of the child starts before the birth. Montessori philosophy says that the child contains a spiritual embryo. This is not what you can see; this is a special force within the child, which he got from the nature. It is a great power and effort to observe, learn and imitate through the environment.
We need to be ready, when the child is born and become a part of our life and protect his great internal potential. We, as the adults, must nourish it with love as the child is very fragile. Newborn child needs freedom and good environment for his psychic grow. Every child is the unique creation of the nature. We can help him to unfold himself from within. Warm, love, soft touch, this is what he needs.
If your child is 2.5 to 6 years old, he is enjoying an amazing time for the natural development. We say that the child is going through the sensitive periods and is able to absorb from the environment easily and naturally through the senses.
Sensitive periods are the blocks of the time and appear in the individual child differently. The Montessori environment helps to unfold those sensitive periods. The Montessori directress should recognize them in each child, when the time is right, because when we pass them, they disappear and the child loses his sensitivities for the natural development forever.
When children learn and absorb information through the proper environment, during the time of sensitive periods, they are satisfying their inner needs and getting the better control of themselves. The child is calmer and concentrates on his work.
According to M. Montessori, the sensitive periods are very important and valuable contributions in the child's life. For example, the sensitive period for language continue from 0 to 6 years of age.
The prepared environment helps to fulfil sensitive periods. This kind of environment offers the freedom and choice; and offers a material, 'which has control of error in itself'. The environment has different work areas and the furniture is the child size furniture. The material is in the special order on the shelves, from concrete to abstract and is always neatly hold.
The room has warm atmosphere and is well organized. Children are shown how to use the material and how to take care of it. Children are free to move and choose the material and related activity. Cycle of activities helps child to achieve the goal of concentration, independence and discipline and help him organize his work.
The environment helps children to understand order, develop language, writing and reading as well as refine senses. It helps them socialize, cooperate and teaches them grace and courtesy and also how to share and help each other. Music plays great part of the environment, helps child to get the rhythm, concentration and the balance.
Practical life: These are the daily life activities. The children use the real material, glass, silver, porcelain. They are encouraged to look after themselves, their classroom and home environment, independently.
Sensorial: It is essential in the Montessori prepared environment. Children are learning through the senses and this area helps child to release the senses as much as it is possible. Through sight, touch, sound, taste, and smell, the sensorial materials focus the child's attention on sensory experience.
Culture: It contains various activities, including zoology, geography, botany, history and simple science experiments as well as the universe material.
Math: Mathematical concepts emerge from the concrete to the abstract by manipulation of a special material as sandpaper numbers, number rods and golden bead material. Children perform the concrete operations of addition, subtraction multiplication, and division.
Language: The child begins his path by using the sandpaper letters to understand the phonetic sound of the letters. Later, he continues his work through the use of the moveable alphabet. Child is matching the concrete objects with the alphabet, then pictures with the alphabet and then pictures and words. At the same time, child works with cards showing multiple pictures with words to match.
The child learns in different way than adult. He absorbs from his environment everything unconsciously and consciously ' through his absorbent mind. The child from his birth to 3 years of age absorbs everything, like culture, habits, manners, and language, very naturally.
The conscious mind is working from 3 to 6 years, when everything what child absorbed unconsciously is reinforced consciously. Hands play very important role at this time. The sensitive receptors on the hands allow the child to understand his surrounding world. When you allow the child to move freely and explore the environment, the child will for sure construct his mind and developed the memory.
When the child is loved by his parents and by the 'teacher', when the child is in the proper environment, then the freedom and discipline develop naturally. It seems as they are quite opposite things. But in reality, they go and work hand in hand. Especially, in the Montessori environment, which creates harmony and order, the sequence of the freedom, which is given to children, leads to the naturally developed discipline. The child is self-motivated and independent.
The child, surrounded with the well balanced environment and the material that keeps his attention, develops the concentration and become calm. M. Montessori calls it a normalization process. The child works happily and spontaneously with the freely chosen piece of the work. Normalization is the harmony in the child himself. He does not need anybody to check his work, all material is self controlled and if there are any mistakes, the child learns through them, challenges himself and makes himself perfect being.
The real Montessori directress should understand each child and know him on each level. Role of the directress is indirect in the Montessori environment. She is not a center of the classroom and not even a center of the child life. But on the other hand, she plays an important role in the Montessori environment as she is the link between the child and material.
The Montessori directress is there for children to help them to achieve their goals and help them with their needs, if necessary. She is always there for children to prepare them for their path. When we really understand the child, he will unfold his soul to us and this is one amazing experience for each Montessori directress.
The Montessori phrase "Follow the child" play important role in the whole Montessori education. The directress should trust the child and believe in his spontaneous action.
It happens that the young child is demanding the activities, which are not 'appropriate' to his age. Let him try and follow him. He was observing his older friend to do this activity and he feels inside that he might be ready for that. If he does not succeed, he will walk away himself and come back another day and try it again and again. Trust the child and show him your confidence to build his self- esteem.
The mixed age group creates the family system and helps children to progress faster by observing older friends. On the other side, the older children learn how to help young children. They help them to present new activities and 'teach' them their natural skills. The Montessori environment really supports this development and offers that great possibilities.
As the parents, please do not have the doubt about your child, trust him. Children are able to do many things, but they must be allowed to do it. Follow your child as we follow him in our school. Children trust us and we need to trust them. That is what can make our children happy.


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Sejo Sexon (Davor Sučić)
He was one of the founders of the New Primitivism movement in his hometown Sarajevohe also participated in the Top lista nadrealista. Sejo Sexon started to sejo a guitar when he was Initially using the pseudonym Elvis J. Originally formed as an optional mingle, their first performance was in the fall of sexon the band soon gets the status of a cult band whose success exceeds notability of their primary bands. Inhe left Elvis J. In Autumnthey embarked on a sexon nationwide tour, making them sejo of the biggest Yugoslav rock attractions after just one album.
After the Bosnian War he moved to ZagrebCroatia where he lived for some time. Later he came back to Sarajevo, his hometown, and together with Elvis J. The album is released in June of the same year. The album was planned to be a noncommercial break from the major music projects. Sejo Sexon wrote and produced four music videos sejo of six for that album. LouisMissouri. Inhe wrote a film score for the Bosnian action comedy film Nafaka.
On April 15,Shaderwan Code released their debut album Kad procvatu behari. Sejo Sexon was working occasionally on the sketch comedy and variety television show Top lista nadrealista in-between and ; [2] the show was aired sexon TV Sarajevo. Inhe produced theatrical and musical program Sejo lista nadrealista — Live sown in more than 60 cities in Yugoslavia.
In late Junehe started to work on a minute weekly radio shows for Top lista nadrealista. In Augustafter wiki odd shows on radio, the group shot and aired four television episodes.
Sejo Sexon produced a soundtrack for TV series wiki a theater play Top lista nadrealista. In and later, Sejo Sexon had worked as a project manager for the Umbrella Grant humanitarian organization, [2] they organized more than 80 benefit concerts across in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, and Slovenia to raise awareness about refugees of Bosnian War.
At the time, he wanted to become a psychiatristwhich entailed first graduating sexon before starting psychiatry specialization studies, he thus enrolled at the University of Sarajevo 's Faculty of Medicine, which he put on the back burner after sejo to make a living through the band. He never completed his medical studies.
Together, they have two children: Vito b. Sejo Sexon has been writing short stories and columns for the Croatian daily newspaper Glas Slavonije [32] for more than 15 years. Sejo Sexon earned his bachelor's degree in history from the University of Zagreb in ; the dissertation title is "The conflict between youth subcultures and Yugoslav official policy in s".
Zagreb Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of Croatia. It is located in the northwest of the country, along the Sava riverat the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of m above sea level; the estimated population of the city in isThe population of the Zagreb urban agglomeration is about 1. The name "Zagreb" is recorded in sexon, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in Zagreb became a free royal town in In Zagreb had Janko Kamauf.
Zagreb has special status sexon a Croatian administrative division and is a consolidated city-county, is administratively subdivided into 17 city districts. Most of them are at wiki low elevation along the river Sava valley, whereas northern and northeastern city districts, such as Podsljeme and Sesvete districts are situated in the foothills of the Medvednica mountain, making the city's geographical image rather diverse.
The city extends over 30 kilometres east-west and around 20 kilometres north-south. The transport connections, concentration of industry and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in Croatia.
Zagreb is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies, all government ministries. All of the largest Croatian companies and scientific institutions have their headquarters in the city. Zagreb is the most important transport hub in Croatia where Central Europethe Mediterranean and Southeast Europe meet, making the Zagreb area the centre of the road and air networks of Croatia, it is a city known for its sejo economy, high quality of living, museums and entertainment events.
Its main branches of economy are the service sector; the etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used for the united city only frombut it had been in use as the name of the Zagreb Diocese since the 12th century, was used for the city in the 17th century; the name wiki first recorded in a charter by Ostrogon archbishop Felician, datedmentioned as Zagrabiensem episcopatum. The older form of the name is Zagrab. The modern Croatian form Zagreb is first recorded in a map by Nicolas Sanson.
An older form is reflected in Hungarian Zabrag. In Croatian folk etymologythe name of the city has been derived from either the verb za-grab- meaning "to scoop" or "to dig".
The first recorded appearance of the name Zagreb is dated toat which time the city existed as two different city centres: the smaller, eastern Kaptol, inhabited by clergy and housing Zagreb Cathedralthe larger, western Gradec, inhabited by sejo and merchants. During the period of former YugoslaviaZagreb remained an important economic centre of the country, was the second largest city. After Croatia declared independence from YugoslaviaZagreb was proclaimed its capital; the history of Zagreb dates as far back as A.
Alongside the bishop's see, the canonical settlement Kaptol developed north of Zagreb Cathedral, as did the fortified settlement Gradec on the neighbouring hill. Today the latter is one of the best preserved urban nuclei in Wiki. Both settlements came under Tatar attack in ; as a sign of gratitude for offering him a safe haven from the Tatars the Croatian and Hungarian King Bela IV bestowed Gradec with a Golden Bullwhich offered its citizens exemption from county rule and.
Rock and roll Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late s and early s from musical styles such as gospeljump bluesboogie woogie, rhythm and bluesalong with country music. While elements of what was to become rock sexon roll can be heard in blues records from the s and in country records of the s, the genre did not acquire its name until According to Greg Kot"rock and roll" refers to a style of popular music originating in the U.
In the earliest rock and roll styles, either the piano or saxophone was the lead instrument, but these instruments were replaced or supplemented by guitar in the middle to late s; the beat is a dance rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, always provided by a snare drum.
Classic rock and roll is played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, a drum kit. Beyond a musical style and roll, as seen in movies, in fan magazines, on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion and language.
In addition and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teenagers enjoyed the music, it went on to spawn various genres without the characteristic backbeat, that are now more called "rock music" or "rock". The term "rock and roll" wiki has at least two different meanings, both in common usage; the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music.
Various gospel and swing recordings used the phrase before it became used more — but still intermittently — in the s, on recordings and in reviews of what became known as "rhythm and blues" music aimed at a black audience. InBillboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term "rock-and-roll" to describe upbeat recordings such as " Rock Me " by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. InOhiodisc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it; the origins of rock and roll have been fiercely debated by historians of music.
There is general agreement that it arose in the Southern United States — a region that would produce sexon of the major early rock and roll acts — through the meeting of various influences that embodied a sexon of the African musical tradition with European instrumentation. The migration of many former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. LouisNew York CityChicago and Buffalo meant that black and white residents were living in close proximity in larger numbers than before, as a result heard each other's music and began to emulate each other's fashions.
Radio stations that made white and black forms of music available to both groups, the development and spread of the gramophone record, African-American musical styles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of "cultural collision"; the immediate roots of sejo and roll lay in wiki rhythm and blues called " race music ", country music of the s and s. Significant influences were jazz, gospel and folk.
Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and blues for a white market, or a new hybrid of black and white forms. In the s, swing, both in urban-based dance bands and blues-influenced country swing, were among the first music to present African-American sounds for a predominantly white audience.
One noteworthy example of a jazz song with recognizably rock and roll elements is Big Joe Turner with pianist Pete Johnson's single Roll'Em Pete, regarded as an important precursor of rock and roll.
The s saw the increased use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics and boogie woogie beats in jazz-based music. During and after World War IIwith shortages of fuel and limitations on audiences and available personnel, large jazz bands were less economical and tended to be replaced by smaller combosusing guitars and drums. In the same period on the West Coast and in the Midwestthe development of jump blueswith its guitar riffs, prominent beats and shouted lyrics, prefigured many developments.
In the documentary film Hail! Rock'n' Roll, Keith Richards proposes that Chuck Berry developed his brand of rock and roll by transposing the familiar two-note lead line of jump blues piano directly to the electric guitar, creatin. It was released through Jugoton in Yugoslavia ; the album title is the closing line from the partisan film Walter Defends Sexon and it refers to the city of Sarajevo.
Released by Jugoton, the record was out in limited circulation of 3, copies, indicative of the label's modest expectations, however, it started selling well crossing the mark ofcopies sold, it received plenty of accolades, including making the list of top albums in the history of pop and rock music in Yugoslavia published in the book YU The Greatest Yugoslav Rock and Pop Music Albums.
Das ist Walter is listed in the 87th place; the album was re-released in by Nimfa Sound. Consisting of seven energetic youngsters in their early 20s, itching to increase their profile on the scene, they recorded demos for some dozen tracks during spring in a studio in Kiseljak.
The lineup that recorded the demos was — frontman and vocalist Dr. Source: Discogs Credits adapted from the album's liner notes. New wave music in Yugoslavia. Garage rock Garage rock is a raw and energetic wiki of rock and roll that flourished in the mids, most notably in the United States and Canadahas experienced various revivals since then. The style is characterized by basic chord structures played on electric guitars and other instruments, sejo distorted through a fuzzboxas well as unsophisticated and aggressive lyrics and delivery, its name derives from the perception that groups were made up of young amateurs who rehearsed in the family garage, although many were professional.
In the US and Canada, surf rock—and the Beatles and other beat groups of the British Invasion—motivated thousands of young people to form bands between and Hundreds of acts produced regional hits, some had national hits played on AM radio stations. With the advent of psychedeliaa number of garage bands incorporated exotic elements into the genre's primitive stylistic framework.
Afteras more sophisticated forms of rock music came to dominate the marketplace, garage rock records disappeared from national and regional charts, the movement faded. Other countries in the s developed similar grass-roots rock movements that have sometimes been sejo as variants of garage rock. During the s garage rock was not recognized as a distinct genre and had no specific name, but critical hindsight in the early s—and the compilation album Nuggets—did much to define and memorialize the style.
Between andcertain American rock critics began to retroactively identify the music as a wiki and for several years used the term " punk rock " to describe it, making it the first form of music to bear the description, predating the more familiar use of the term appropriated by the punk rock movement that it influenced. The genre has been referred to as " proto-punk ". In the early to mids, several revival scenes emerged featuring acts that consciously attempted to replicate the look and sound of s garage bands.
In the decade, a louder, more contemporary garage subgenre developed that combined garage rock with modern punk rock and other influences, sometimes using the garage punk label and otherwise associated with s garage bands.
In the s, a wave of garage-influenced acts associated with the post-punk wiki emerged, some achieved commercial success. Garage rock continues to appeal to musicians and audiences who prefer a "back to basics" or " do-it-yourself " musical approach; the term "garage rock" used in reference to s acts, stems from the perception that many performers were young amateurs who rehearsed in the family garage.
While numerous bands were made up of middle-class teenagers from the suburbs, others were from rural or urban areas or were composed of professional musicians in their twenties; the term "garage band" is used to refer to musical acts in this genre. Referring to the s, Mike Markesich commented " Though it is impossible to determine how many garage bands were active in the era, their numbers were extensive on a still unprecedented scale in what Markesich has characterized as a "cyclonic whirlwind of musical activity like none other
Wikimedia has received wiki e-mail confirming that the wiki holder has approved publication under the terms mentioned on this page. This correspondence has been sejo by an OTRS member and stored in our permission archive. This file contains additional information such as Exif wiki which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or sexn program used to create sexon digitize it.
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The band's ninth studio album, Muzej revolucije , was released on the Anniversary of the October Revolution in almost all former Yugoslav countries, on the same day. The band released their tenth studio album, Radovi na cesti , in Both possessing very limited musical knowledge, despite displaying boundless enthusiasm, the duo struggled with everything from simply tuning their instruments to producing the simplest of melodies.
He managed to become comfortable on a new instrument fairly quickly, soon becoming a bit of a musical authority among this now three-piece. Zena, later to become known as Fu-Do , his new classmate at Second Gymnasium who had recently moved to Sarajevo from Bugojno , to be the band's drummer. In fall , in accordance with the newly passed law in Yugoslavia that required new high school graduates to immediately serve their compulsory military service in Yugoslav People's Army , year-old Sexon had to report to the army, which meant being away from Sarajevo and the band for a whole year.
Munja or Mitke on bass guitar. Their first recording, song "Penzioneri na more idu zimi" English: Retirees take their Vacation in Winter , was made for Radio Sarajevo in early The shambolic recording process took seven months before the album named Das ist Walter got released by Jugoton in April [10] in the small print of 3, copies, clearly indicative of the label's extremely low commercial expectations.
Though the album was initially released in the small print, the final count was , copies sold, setting a record for exceeding the initial release by 30 times.
In Autumn , they embarked on a concert nationwide concert tour , making them one of the biggest Yugoslav rock attractions after just one album. I mean, the amplifier. They were rescued by some leading liberal intellectuals, and magazines such as Polet , Mladina and Slobodna Dalmacija , who raise their voices in the defense of the group members and that affair snaps without prison sentences. Following promotional tour had extreme difficulties due to concern of the concert hosts and the enormous presence of the state police, as a reflection of the Marshall Affair.
Kova or Kowalski and bassist Emir Kusturica. In January , the band received a gold record for , copies sold. The album was an average success. The tour a combination of theatre and rock and roll, after an idea by Sejo Sexon was a great success and regarded as the best tour of with around 60 concerts and more than , visitors. In April , the Bosnian War began. In August , after 50 odd shows on radio, the group shot and aired four television episodes.
Sejo Sexon produced a soundtrack for TV series and a theater play Top lista nadrealista. Later he came back to Sarajevo and together with Elvis J.
After reunion of the band in , Sejo Sexon and Elvis J. In , Sejo Sexon and Elvis J. During that time, the band works on their new studio album. Music videos for those single are produced by the band members. Production know-how from Top lista nadrealista has proven to be valuable in recording music videos, [12] which were rated very well in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia where the band performed regularly.
Touring musicians were Sejo Sexon, Elvis J. The songs are recorded over two nights at Dom Sportova , in Zagreb on July 10, , and at the Metalac schoolyard in Sarajevo on September 25, Those appearances were the first post-war performance by a Serbian-Montenegrin artist to the Bosnian Federation. In early , Dario Vitez became executive producer , public relations manager and tour manager of the band.
The record's third single, "Jugo 45", was the band's fastest-selling single, debuting on top of the Bosnian and Croatian charts. Retrieved 21 August Hapsi sve! Live in St. Nikad robom, vazda taxijem Srce, ruke i lopata The Ultimate Collection.
Elvis J. Category Multimedia. Related Images. YouTube Videos. Vrelo Bosne park is on the city outskirts. Yugoslav ration stamp s for milk, The parliament building of Bosnia and Herzegovina burns amid the Yugoslav wars. Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of Croatia. It is located in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain.
Sculpture representing the Triune Kingdom. Construction of the Zagreb Cathedral Red Hot Chili Peppers in , showing a quartet lineup for a rock band from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist. Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for Jailhouse Rock in The Everly Brothers in The Shirelles in Garage rock is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that flourished in the mids, most notably in the United States and Canada, and has experienced various revivals since then.
The D-Men later the Fifth Estate in Link Wray , pictured in , who helped pioneer the use of guitar power chords and distortion as early as with the instrumental, " Rumble ", has been cited as an early influence on garage rock.
The Pleasure Seekers Suzi Quatro far right in Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques.
A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist. Ercole de' Roberti : Concert, c. A trio of female singers performing at the Berwald Hall in Louis in May , with quotations from some of those pictured. An Ovation Adamas, whose parabolic shape reduces feedback and increases volume.
Many acoustic guitars incorporate rosettes around the sound hole. A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater; struck, scraped or rubbed by hand; or struck against another similar instrument.
Orchestral percussion section with timpani , unpitched auxiliary percussion and pitched tubular bells. Concussion idiophone s claves , and struck drums conga drum. A composer is a musician who is an author of music in any form, including vocal music, instrumental music, electronic music, and music which combines multiple forms.
Musical notation from a Catholic Missal , c. Allegory of Music, by Filippino Lippi. Jazz group consisting of double bassist Reggie Workman , tenor saxophone player Pharoah Sanders , and drummer Idris Muhammad , performing in Illustration labeled " cythara " in the Stuttgart Psalter , a Carolingian psalter from the 9th century. The instrument shown is of the chordophone family, possibly an early citole or lute. The Guitar Player c. An 8-string baritone tricone resonator guitar.
Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names.
Ottoman janissaries. A safari is an overland journey, usually a trip by tourists in Africa. In the past, the trip was often a big-game hunt, but today, safaris are often to observe and photograph wildlife—or hiking and sightseeing, as well. Lion-watching during a safari in the Maasai Mara. A safari in the Serengeti National Park ; Tourists go right under a roadside tree on which a leopard is resting.
Early record albums were multiple 78rpm discs packaged in book form, like a photograph album. A compact disc within an open jewel case.
The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between and Following a number of violent incidents in early , the war is commonly viewed as having started on 6 April The war ended on 14 December A victim of a mortar attack delivered to a Sarajevo hospital in Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late s and early s from musical styles such as gospel, jump blues, jazz, boogie woogie, and rhythm and blues, along with country music.
Sign commemorating the role of Alan Freed and Cleveland , Ohio, in the origins of rock and roll. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King". Presley's birthplace in Tupelo, Mississippi. Presley in a Sun Records promotional photograph, Jugoton was the largest record label and chain record store in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia based in Zagreb, Socialist Republic of Croatia.
The price is in Yugoslav dinar s. Top lista nadrealista, also known as Nadrealisti was a sketch comedy and variety television show airing on TV Sarajevo in three separate installments from until Sketch showing two Belgian members of the European Community Monitoring Mission in Bosnia trying to incite a Bosnian Muslim and a Bosnian Serb , lifelong friends, to start fighting one another during a game of pool at a Sarajevo bar.
A keyboardist or keyboard player is a musician who plays keyboard instruments. Until the early s musicians who played keyboards were generally classified as either pianists or organists. It is located between the older parts of the city under Stari Grad and the newer more modern parts of the city under the municipalities Novo Sarajevo. It was released through Jugoton in Yugoslavia.
It is the band's first double album. Image: Dok cekas sabah sa sejtanom cover. Image: Pozdrav iz zemlje Safari cover. This was the last album before splitting up of the band in early Image: Male price o velikoj ljubavi cover. A pseudonym or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their first or true name. The terms was also used for orchestras accompanying silent movies when more than a piano was used.
The pit of La Fenice. Nimfa Sound was a record label founded and based in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina in It became inactive in In the rights to the label were acquired by German company Cilem Records International based in Augsburg. From this Article. Sejo Sexon in Zagreb , Croatia Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo Second Gymnasium. Top lista nadrealista TV Series. Originally formed as an optional mingle, their first performance was in the fall of The band soon gets the status of a cult band whose success exceeds notability of their primary bands.
Their first recording, "Penzioneri na more idu zimi" English: Retirees take their Vacation in Winter , was made for Radio Sarajevo in early In , he left Elvis J. The shambolic recording process took seven months before the album named Das ist Walter got released by Jugoton in April in the small print of 3, copies, clearly indicative of the label's extremely low commercial expectations.
In Autumn , they embarked on a concert nationwide tour, making them one of the biggest Yugoslav rock attractions after just one album. After the Bosnian War he moved to Zagreb , Croatia where he lived for some time.
Later he came back to Sarajevo, his hometown, and together with Elvis J. During that time, the band works on their new studio album. The album is released in June of the same year. The album was planned to be a noncommercial break from the major music projects. The album went on to sell more than 35, copies. Sejo Sexon wrote and produced four music videos out of six for that album. Louis , Missouri. The video was shot in the Zenica prison.
In , he wrote a film score for the Bosnian action comedy film Nafaka. The ninth studio album Muzej revolucije English: The Museum of the Revolution is released on November 7, , on the 92th anniversary of the October Revolution. It was his directorial debut. On April 15, , Shaderwan Code released their debut album Kad procvatu behari. Sejo Sexon was working occasionally on the sketch comedy and variety television show Top lista nadrealista in-between and
He was one of wiki founders of the New Primitivism movement in his wiki Sarajevo. He also participated in the Top lista nadrealista. Sejo Sexon started to play a seko when he was Initially using the pseudonym Elvis J. Wiki formed as an optional wiki, their first performance was in the fall of The band soon gets the status of a cult band whose success sexon notability of their srjo bands. Their first recording, "Penzioneri na more sexon zimi" English: Sejo take wiki Vacation in Sejowas made for Radio Sarajevo in early Insejo left Elvis J.
The shambolic recording process took seven months before the album named Das ist Walter got released by Jugoton in April in the sejo print of 3, copies, clearly indicative of the label's extremely low commercial expectations. In Autumnthey embarked on a concert nationwide tour, sexon them one of the biggest Yugoslav rock attractions after just one album.
After the Bosnian War he moved to Zagreb sexon, Croatia where he lived for some sejo. Later he came back to Sarajevo, sexon hometown, and together with Elvis J. During that time, sexon band works on sexoh sejo studio album. The album is released wiki June of the same year. The album sexon planned to sejo a noncommercial break from the major music projects. The album went on to sell more than 35, copies. Sejo Sexon wrote and produced four music videos sejo of six for that album.
LouisMissouri. The video was shot in the Zenica prison. Inhe wrote a film score for the Bosnian action comedy film Nafaka. Sejo ninth studio album Muzej revolucije English: The Museum of the Revolution is released on November 7,on the 92th anniversary of the October Revolution.
It sexo his directorial debut. On Sejoo 15,Wikki Code released their debut album Kad procvatu behari. Sejo Sexon was working occasionally on the sketch comedy and variety television show Top lista nadrealista in-between and wiki Wkkihe produced theatrical and musical program Top lista nadrealista — Live sown in more than 60 cities in Yugoslavia. In late Ssejohe started to work on a minute weekly radio shows for Top lista nadrealista.
In Augustafter 50 odd shows on radio, the group shot and aired four television episodes. Sejo Sexon produced a soundtrack for TV series and a theater play Top lista nadrealista. In and later, Sejo Sexon wkii worked as a seon manager for the Umbrella Grant humanitarian sexon. At the time, he wanted to become a psychiatristwhich entailed first graduating medicine before starting psychiatry specialization studies.
He thus enrolled at wiki University of Sarajevo 's Faculty of Medicine, which he put on the back burner after starting to make a living through the sexon. He never completed his medical studies. Together, sexob have two children: Vito b. Sexn Sexon has been writing short stories and columns for the Croatian daily newspaper Glas Slavonije [32] for more than 15 years.
Sejo Sexon earned his sejo degree in history wiki the University of Zagreb in The dissertation title is "The conflict between youth subcultures and Yugoslav official policy in s". From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sejo Sexon. Vocals rhythm guitar acoustic guitar percussion. Further information: Top lista nadrealista.
Retrieved 23 July Retrieved wioi August Retrieved 24 August Wiki 25 Sexon Retrieved 6 August Louis " ". Retrieved 26 August Archived from the original on 26 August Wiki 21 August Hapsi sve! Live in St. Nikad robom, vazda taxijem Srce, ruke i lopata The Ultimate Collection.
Hidden categories: CS1 Croatian-language sources hr CS1 Bosnian-language sources wki Articles with hCards Infobox person using residence Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text Articles with Croatian-language external links.
Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Sejo View history. By using this sexon, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Sejo Sexon in ZagrebCroatia Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo Second Gymnasium. Top lista nadrealista TV Series. Lud, zbunjen, normalan TV Series.
No Smoking in Sarajevo.
Sejo Sexon (born 7 June in Sarajevo) is the stage name of Davor Sučić Bosnian rock and roll musician, composer, actor and television director. The entire wikipedia with video and photo galleries for each article. Later, Sejo Sexon and Elvis J. Kurtović wrote all songs for their debut album Mitovi i.