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Main articles:
Problems of definition
Cryonics
Reperfusion
Emotional response
In biology
Evolution of aging and mortality
Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include aging, predation, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, starvation, dehydration, and accidents or major trauma resulting in terminal injury. In most cases, bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death.
Death – particularly the death of humans – has commonly been considered a sad or unpleasant occasion, due to the affection for the being that has died and the termination of social and familial bonds with the deceased. Other concerns include fear of death, necrophobia, anxiety, sorrow, grief, emotional pain, depression, sympathy, compassion, solitude, or saudade. Many cultures and religions have the idea of an afterlife, and also hold the idea of reward or judgement and punishment for past sin.
What Is The Purpose Of Death?
What is the Relationship Between Life and Death?
Is Death Something To Be Feared?
Who Creates Life And Death?
Is Death The Extinction Of Life Or Is It Created As A Bounty?
What Do We Feel At the Time of Death?
Why Do Some Innocent People Die In Disasters Along With Others?
The word death comes from Old English dēaþ, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *dauþuz (reconstructed by etymological analysis). This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *dheu- meaning the "process, act, condition of dying".
Dead Camelthorn tree within Sossusvlei
The concept and symptoms of death, and varying degrees of delicacy used in discussion in public forums, have generated numerous scientific, legal, and socially acceptable terms or euphemisms for death. When a person has died, it is also said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms.
As a formal reference to a dead person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of "decease", as in the deceased; another noun form is decedent.
Bereft of life, the dead person is then a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and when all flesh has rotted away, a skeleton. The terms carrion and carcass can also be used, though these more often connote the remains of non-human animals. The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologism cremains.
The concept and symptoms of death, and varying degrees of delicacy used in discussion in public forums, have generated numerous scientific, legal, and socially acceptable terms or euphemisms for death. When a person has died, it is also said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms. Bereft of life, the dead person is then a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and when all flesh has rotted away, a skeleton. The terms carrion and carcass can also be used, though these more often connote the remains of non-human animals. As a polite reference to a dead person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of "decease", as in the deceased; another noun form is decedent. The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologism cremains, a portmanteau of "cremation" and "remains".
Senescence refers to a scenario when a living being is able to survive all calamities, but eventually dies due to causes relating to old age. Animal and plant cells normally reproduce and function during the whole period of natural existence, but the aging process derives from deterioration of cellular activity and ruination of regular functioning. Aptitude of cells for gradual deterioration and mortality means that cells are naturally sentenced to stable and long-term loss of living capacities, even despite continuing metabolic reactions and viability. In the United Kingdom, for example, nine out of ten of all the deaths that occur on a daily basis relates to senescence, while around the world it accounts for two-thirds of 150,000 deaths that take place daily (Hayflick & Moody, 2003).
Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from biological aging, known in life sciences as "senescence". Some organisms experience negligible senescence, even exhibiting biological immortality. These include the jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, the hydra, and the planarian. Unnatural causes of death include suicide and homicide. From all causes, roughly 150,000 people die around the world each day. Of these, two thirds die directly or indirectly due to senescence, but in industrialized countries – such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany – the rate approaches 90% (i.e., nearly nine out of ten of all deaths are related to senescence).
Physiological death is now seen as a process, more than an event: conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible. Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the presence or absence of vital signs. In general, clinical death is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death. A patient with working heart and lungs determined to be brain dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. As scientific knowledge and medicine advance, formulating a precise medical definition of death becomes more difficult.
Main article: Stages of death
Signs of death or strong indications that a warm-blooded animal is no longer alive are:
Respiratory arrest (no breathing)
Cardiac arrest (no pulse)
Brain death (no neuronal activity)
Pallor mortis, paleness which happens in the 15–120 minutes after death
Livor mortis, a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the body
Algor mortis, the reduction in body temperature following death. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambient temperature
Rigor mortis, the limbs of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult to move or manipulate
Decomposition, the reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor.
Main article: Medical definition of death
French – 16th-/17th-century ivory pendant, Monk and Death, recalling mortality and the certainty of death (Walters Art Museum)
The concept of death is a key to human understanding of the phenomenon. There are many scientific approaches to the concept. For example, brain death, as practiced in medical science, defines death as a point in time at which brain activity ceases.
One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends. Determining when death has occurred is difficult, as cessation of life functions is often not simultaneous across organ systems. Such determination therefore requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death. This is difficult, due to there being little consensus on how to define life. This general problem applies to the particular challenge of defining death in the context of medicine.
It is possible to define life in terms of consciousness. When consciousness ceases, a living organism can be said to have died. One of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms which are alive but probably not conscious (for example, single-celled organisms). Another problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. Additionally, many religious traditions, including Abrahamic and Dharmic traditions, hold that death does not (or may not) entail the end of consciousness. In certain cultures, death is more of a process than a single event. It implies a slow shift from one spiritual state to another.
Other definitions for death focus on the character of cessation of something. In this context "death" describes merely the state where something has ceased, for example, life. Thus, the definition of "life" simultaneously defines death.
Historically, attempts to define the exact moment of a human's death have been subjective, or imprecise. Death was once defined as the cessation of heartbeat (cardiac arrest) and of breathing, but the development of CPR and prompt defibrillation have rendered that definition inadequate because breathing and heartbeat can sometimes be restarted. Events which were causally linked to death in the past no longer kill in all circumstances; without a functioning heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of life support devices, organ transplants and artificial pacemakers.
Today, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to "brain death" or "biological death" to define a person as being dead; people are considered dead when the electrical activity in their brain ceases. It is presumed that an end of electrical activity indicates the end of consciousness. Suspension of consciousness must be permanent, and not transient, as occurs during certain sleep stages, and especially a coma. In the case of sleep, EEGs can easily tell the difference.
The category of "brain death" is seen as problematic by some scholars. For instance, Dr. Franklin Miller, senior faculty member at the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, notes: "By the late 1990s… the equation of brain death with death of the human being was increasingly challenged by scholars, based on evidence regarding the array of biological functioning displayed by patients correctly diagnosed as having this condition who were maintained on mechanical ventilation for substantial periods of time. These patients maintained the ability to sustain circulation and respiration, control temperature, excrete wastes, heal wounds, fight infections and, most dramatically, to gestate fetuses (in the case of pregnant "brain-dead" women)."
Those people maintaining that only the neo-cortex of the brain is necessary for consciousness sometimes argue that only electrical activity should be considered when defining death. Eventually it is possible that the criterion for death will be the permanent and irreversible loss of cognitive function, as evidenced by the death of the cerebral cortex. All hope of recovering human thought and personality is then gone given current and foreseeable medical technology. At present, in most places the more conservative definition of death – irreversible cessation of electrical activity in the whole brain, as opposed to just in the neo-cortex – has been adopted (for example the Uniform Determination Of Death Act in the United States). In 2005, the Terri Schiavo case brought the question of brain death and artificial sustenance to the front of American politics.
Even by whole-brain criteria, the determination of brain death can be complicated. EEGs can detect spurious electrical impulses, while certain drugs, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, or hypothermia can suppress or even stop brain activity on a temporary basis. Because of this, hospitals have protocols for determining brain death involving EEGs at widely separated intervals under defined conditions.
See also: Legal death
The death of a person has legal consequences that may vary between different jurisdictions. A death certificate is issued in most jurisdictions, either by a doctor, or by an administrative office upon presentation of a doctor's declaration of death.
See also: Premature burial
Antoine Wiertz's painting of a man buried alive
There are many anecdotal references to people being declared dead by physicians and then "coming back to life", sometimes days later in their own coffin, or when embalming procedures are about to begin. From the mid-18th century onwards, there was an upsurge in the public's fear of being mistakenly buried alive, and much debate about the uncertainty of the signs of death. Various suggestions were made to test for signs of life before burial, ranging from pouring vinegar and pepper into the corpse's mouth to applying red hot pokers to the feet or into the rectum. Writing in 1895, the physician J.C. Ouseley claimed that as many as 2,700 people were buried prematurely each year in England and Wales, although others estimated the figure to be closer to 800.
In cases of electric shock, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for an hour or longer can allow stunned nerves to recover, allowing an apparently dead person to survive. People found unconscious under icy water may survive if their faces are kept continuously cold until they arrive at an emergency room. In science fiction scenarios where such technology is readily available, real death is distinguished from reversible death.
See also: List of causes of death by rate and Preventable causes of death
The leading cause of human death in developing countries is infectious disease. The leading causes in developed countries are atherosclerosis (heart disease and stroke), cancer, and other diseases related to obesity and aging. By an extremely wide margin, the largest unifying cause of death in the developed world is biological aging, leading to various complications known as aging-associated diseases. These conditions cause loss of homeostasis, leading to cardiac arrest, causing loss of oxygen and nutrient supply, causing irreversible deterioration of the brain and other tissues. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds die of age-related causes. In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, approaching 90%. With improved medical capability, dying has become a condition to be managed. Home deaths, once commonplace, are now rare in the developed world.
In developing nations, inferior sanitary conditions and lack of access to modern medical technology makes death from infectious diseases more common than in developed countries. One such disease is tuberculosis, a bacterial disease which killed 1.8M people in 2015. Malaria causes about 400–900M cases of fever and 1–3M deaths annually. AIDS death toll in Africa may reach 90–100M by 2025.
According to Jean Ziegler (United Nations Special Reporter on the Right to Food, 2000 – Mar 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality rate in 2006. Ziegler says worldwide approximately 62M people died from all causes and of those deaths more than 36M died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients.
Tobacco smoking killed 100 million people worldwide in the 20th century and could kill 1 billion people around the world in the 21st century, a World Health Organization report warned.
Many leading developed world causes of death can be postponed by diet and physical activity, but the accelerating incidence of disease with age still imposes limits on human longevity. The evolutionary cause of aging is, at best, only just beginning to be understood. It has been suggested that direct intervention in the aging process may now be the most effective intervention against major causes of death.
Selye proposed a unified non-specific approach to many causes of death. He demonstrated that stress decreases adaptability of an organism and proposed to describe the adaptability as a special resource, adaptation energy. The animal dies when this resource is exhausted. Selye assumed that the adaptability is a finite supply, presented at birth. Later on, Goldstone proposed the concept of a production or income of adaptation energy which may be stored (up to a limit), as a capital reserve of adaptation. In recent works, adaptation energy is considered as an internal coordinate on the "dominant path" in the model of adaptation. It is demonstrated that oscillations of well-being appear when the reserve of adaptability is almost exhausted.
In 2012, suicide overtook car crashes for leading causes of human injury deaths in the U.S., followed by poisoning, falls and murder. Causes of death are different in different parts of the world. In high-income and middle income countries nearly half up to more than two thirds of all people live beyond the age of 70 and predominantly die of chronic diseases. In low-income countries, where less than one in five of all people reach the age of 70, and more than a third of all deaths are among children under 15, people predominantly die of infectious diseases.
Technicians prepare a body for cryopreservation in 1985.
An autopsy, also known as a postmortem examination or an obduction, is a medical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a human corpse to determine the cause and manner of a person's death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present. It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist.
Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes. A forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes. Autopsies can be further classified into cases where external examination suffices, and those where the body is dissected and an internal examination is conducted. Permission from next of kin may be required for internal autopsy in some cases. Once an internal autopsy is complete the body is generally reconstituted by sewing it back together. Autopsy is important in a medical environment and may shed light on mistakes and help improve practices.
A "necropsy" is an older term for a postmortem examination, unregulated, and not always a medical procedure. In modern times the term is more often used in the postmortem examination of the corpses of animals.
Cryonics (from Greek κρύος 'kryos-' meaning 'icy cold') is the low-temperature preservation of animals and humans who cannot be sustained by contemporary medicine, with the hope that healing and resuscitation may be possible in the future.
Cryopreservation of people or large animals is not reversible with current technology. The stated rationale for cryonics is that people who are considered dead by current legal or medical definitions may not necessarily be dead according to the more stringent information-theoretic definition of death.
Some scientific literature is claimed to support the feasibility of cryonics. Medical science and cryobiologists generally regards cryonics with skepticism.
"One of medicine's new frontiers: treating the dead", recognizes that cells that have been without oxygen for more than five minutes die, not from lack of oxygen, but rather when their oxygen supply is resumed. Therefore, practitioners of this approach, e.g., at the Resuscitation Science institute at the University of Pennsylvania, "aim to reduce oxygen uptake, slow metabolism and adjust the blood chemistry for gradual and safe reperfusion."
Life extension refers to an increase in maximum or average lifespan, especially in humans, by slowing down or reversing the processes of aging. Average lifespan is determined by vulnerability to accidents and age or lifestyle-related afflictions such as cancer, or cardiovascular disease. Extension of average lifespan can be achieved by good diet, exercise and avoidance of hazards such as smoking. Maximum lifespan is also determined by the rate of aging for a species inherent in its genes. Currently, the only widely recognized method of extending maximum lifespan is calorie restriction. Theoretically, extension of maximum lifespan can be achieved by reducing the rate of aging damage, by periodic replacement of damaged tissues, or by molecular repair or rejuvenation of deteriorated cells and tissues.
A United States poll found that religious people and irreligious people, as well as men and women and people of different economic classes have similar rates of support for life extension, while Africans and Hispanics have higher rates of support than white people.38 percent of the polled said they would desire to have their aging process cured.
Researchers of life extension are a subclass of biogerontologists known as "biomedical gerontologists". They try to understand the nature of aging and they develop treatments to reverse aging processes or to at least slow them down, for the improvement of health and the maintenance of youthful vigor at every stage of life. Those who take advantage of life extension findings and seek to apply them upon themselves are called "life extensionists" or "longevists". The primary life extension strategy currently is to apply available anti-aging methods in the hope of living long enough to benefit from a complete cure to aging once it is developed.
Before about 1930, most people in Western countries died in their own homes, surrounded by family, and comforted by clergy, neighbors, and doctors making house calls. By the mid-20th century, half of all Americans died in a hospital. By the start of the 21st century, only about 20 to 25% of people in developed countries died outside a medical institution. The shift away from dying at home, towards dying in a professionalized medical environment, has been termed the "Invisible Death". The "Invisible Death" process was extremely slow and infinitesimal. It took many years to shift to this new location where dying was commonly taking place outside the home.
Main article: Death anxiety (psychology)
Many people are afraid of dying. Discussing, thinking, or planning their own deaths causes them discomfort. This fear may cause them to put off financial planning, preparing a will and testament, or requesting help from a hospice organization.
Different people have different responses to the idea of their own deaths.
Philosopher Galen Strawson writes that the death that many people wish for is an instant, painless, unexperienced annihilation. In this unlikely scenario, the person dies without realizing it and without being able to fear it. One moment the person is walking, eating, or sleeping, and the next moment, the person is dead. Strawson reasons that this type of death would not take anything away from the person, as he believes that a person cannot have a legitimate claim to ownership in the future.
Main articles: Death and culture and Human skull symbolism
See also: Religious Views on Euthanasia
In society, the nature of death and humanity's awareness of its own mortality has for millennia been a concern of the world's religious traditions and of philosophical inquiry. This includes belief in resurrection or an afterlife(associated with Abrahamic religions), reincarnation or rebirth (associated with Dharmic religions), or that consciousness permanently ceases to exist, known as eternal oblivion (associated with atheism).
Commemoration ceremonies after death may include various mourning, funeral practices and ceremonies of honouring the deceased. The physical remains of a person, commonly known as a corpse or body, are usually interred whole or cremated, though among the world's cultures there are a variety of other methods of mortuary disposal. In the English language, blessings directed towards a dead person include rest in peace, or its initialism RIP.
Death is the center of many traditions and organizations; customs relating to death are a feature of every culture around the world. Much of this revolves around the care of the dead, as well as the afterlife and the disposal of bodies upon the onset of death. The disposal of human corpses does, in general, begin with the last offices before significant time has passed, and ritualistic ceremonies often occur, most commonly interment or cremation. This is not a unified practice; in Tibet, for instance, the body is given a sky burial and left on a mountain top. Proper preparation for death and techniques and ceremonies for producing the ability to transfer one's spiritual attainments into another body (reincarnation) are subjects of detailed study in Tibet. Mummification or embalming is also prevalent in some cultures, to retard the rate of decay.
Legal aspects of death are also part of many cultures, particularly the settlement of the deceased estate and the issues of inheritance and in some countries, inheritance taxation.
Capital punishment is also a culturally divisive aspect of death. In most jurisdictions where capital punishment is carried out today, the death penalty is reserved for premeditated murder, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice. In some countries, sexual crimes, such as adultery and sodomy, carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes such as apostasy, the formal renunciation of one's religion. In many retentionist countries, drug trafficking is also a capital offense. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are also punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offenses such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny.
Religious Views on Suicide
Christian Views On Suicide,
Jewish Views On Suicide
Bullying And Suicide
Death in warfare and in suicide attack also have cultural links, and the ideas of dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, mutiny punishable by death, grieving relatives of dead soldiers and death notification are embedded in many cultures. Recently in the western world, with the increase in terrorism following the September 11 attacks, but also further back in time with suicide bombings, kamikaze missions in World War II and suicide missions in a host of other conflicts in history, death for a cause by way of suicide attack, and martyrdom have had significant cultural impacts.
Suicide in general, and particularly Euthanasia, are also points of cultural debate. Both acts are understood very differently in different cultures. In Japan, for example, ending a life with honor by seppuku was considered a desirable death, whereas according to traditional Christian and Islamic cultures, suicide is viewed as a sin. Death is personified in many cultures, with such symbolic representations as the Grim Reaper, Archangel Azrael, the Hindu God Yama and Father Time.
In Brazil, a human death is counted officially when it is registered by existing family members at a cartório, a government-authorized registry. Before being able to file for an official death, the deceased must have been registered for an official birth at the cartório. Though a Public Registry Law guarantees all Brazilian citizens the right to register deaths, regardless of their financial means, of their family members (often children), the Brazilian government has not taken away the burden, the hidden costs and fees, of filing for a death. For many impoverished families, the indirect costs and burden of filing for a death lead to a more appealing, unofficial, local, cultural burial, which in turn raises the debate about inaccurate mortality rates.
Talking about death and witnessing it is a difficult issue with most cultures. Western societies may like to treat the dead with the utmost material respect, with an official embalmer and associated rites. Eastern societies (like India) may be more open to accepting it as a fait accompli, with a funeral procession of the dead body ending in an open air burning-to-ashes of the same.
Main article: Consciousness after death
Much interest and debate surround the question of what happens to one's consciousness as one's body dies. The belief in the permanent loss of consciousness after death is often called eternal oblivion. Belief that the stream of consciousness is preserved after physical death is described by the term afterlife.
After death the remains of an organism become part of the biogeochemical cycle. Animals may be consumed by a predator or a scavenger. Organic material may then be further decomposed by detritivores, organisms which recycle detritus, returning it to the environment for reuse in the food chain, where these chemicals may eventually end up being consumed and assimilated into the cells of a living organism. Examples of detritivores include earthworms, woodlice and dung beetles.
Microorganisms also play a vital role, raising the temperature of the decomposing matter as they break it down into yet simpler molecules. Not all materials need to be decomposed fully. Coal, a fossil fuel formed over vast tracts of time in swamp ecosystems, is one example.
Main articles: Competition (biology) and Natural selection
Contemporary evolutionary theory sees death as an important part of the process of natural selection. It is considered that organisms less adapted to their environment are more likely to die having produced fewer offspring, thereby reducing their contribution to the gene pool. Their genes are thus eventually bred out of a population, leading at worst to extinction and, more positively, making the process possible, referred to as speciation. Frequency of reproduction plays an equally important role in determining species survival: an organism that dies young but leaves numerous offspring displays, according to Darwinian criteria, much greater fitness than a long-lived organism leaving only one.
Main article: Extinction
A dodo, the bird that became a byword in the English language for the extinction of a species[51]
Extinction is the cessation of existence of a species or group of taxa, reducing biodiversity. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of that species (although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point). Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where species presumed extinct abruptly "reappear" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence. New species arise through the process of speciation, an aspect of evolution. New varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche – and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition.
Main article: Evolution of ageing
Inquiry into the evolution of aging aims to explain why so many living things and the vast majority of animals weaken and die with age (exceptions include Hydra and the already cited jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, which research shows to be biologically immortal). The evolutionary origin of senescence remains one of the fundamental puzzles of biology. Gerontology specializes in the science of human aging processes.
Organisms showing only asexual reproduction (e.g. bacteria, some protists, like the euglenoids and many amoebozoans) and unicellular organisms with sexual reproduction (colonial or not, like the volvocine algae Pandorina and Chlamydomonas) are "immortal" at some extent, dying only due to external hazards, like being eaten or meeting with a fatal accident. In multicellular organisms (and also in multinucleate ciliates), with a Weismannist development, that is, with a division of labor between mortal somatic (body) cells and "immortal" germ (reproductive) cells, death becomes an essential part of life, at least for the somatic line.
The Volvox algae are among the simplest organisms to exhibit that division of labor between two completely different cell types, and as a consequence include death of somatic line as a regular, genetically regulated part of its life history.
Main articles: Respect For The Dead and Veneration of The Dead
See also: Death in Norse Paganism, Taoism and Death, Thanatos (Greek mythology)
Death is an important subject of religious doctrine.
In monotheistic religion, the one God governs both life and death. In polytheistic religions or mythologies which have a complex system of deities governing various natural phenomena and aspects of human life, it is common to have a deity who is assigned the function of presiding over death. Many traditional cultures incorporated a god of death into their mythology or folk religion. As death, along with birth, is among the major parts of human life, these deities may often be one of the most important deities of a religion.
See also: Anussati § The ten recollections
In Buddhist doctrine and practice, death plays an important role. Awareness of death was what motivated Prince Siddhartha to strive to find the "deathless" and finally to attain enlightenment. In Buddhist doctrine, death functions as a reminder of the value of having been born as a human being. Being reborn as a human being is considered the only state in which one can attain enlightenment, therefore death helps remind oneself that one should not that for granted. The belief in rebirth among Buddhists does not necessarily remove death anxiety, since all existence in the cycle of rebirth is considered filled with suffering, and being reborn many times does not necessarily mean that one progresses.
Death is part of several key Buddhist tenets, such as the Four Noble Truths and dependent origination.
See also: Reincarnation, and Yama (Hinduism)
In Hindu texts, death is described as the individual eternal spiritual jiva-atma (soul or conscious self) exiting the current temporary material body. The soul exits this body when the body can no longer sustain the conscious self (life), which may be due to mental or physical reasons, or more accurately, the inability to act on one's kama (material desires). During conception, the soul enters a compatible new body based on the remaining merits and demerits of one's karma (good/bad material activities based on dharma) and the state of one's mind (impressions or last thoughts) at the time of death.
Usually the process of reincarnation (soul's transmigration) makes one forget all memories of one's previous life. Because nothing really dies and the temporary material body is always changing, both in this life and the next, death simply means forgetfulness of one's previous experiences (previous material identity).
Material existence is described as being full of miseries arising from birth, disease, old age, death, mind, weather, etc. To conquer samsara (the cycle of death and rebirth) and become eligible for one of the different types of moksha (liberation), one has to first conquer kama (material desires) and become self-realized. The human form of life is most suitable for this spiritual journey, especially with the help of sadhu (self-realized saintly persons), sastra (revealed spiritual scriptures), and guru (self-realized spiritual masters), given all three are in agreement.
"As the embodied soul continuously passes, in this body, from boyhood to youth to old age, the soul similarly passes into another body at death. A sober person is not bewildered by such a change."
—  Bhagavad-gita 2.13
"For the soul there is neither birth nor death at any time. He has not come into being, does not come into being, and will not come into being. He is unborn, eternal, ever-existing and primeval. He is not slain when the body is slain."
Second death
Resurrection of the dead § Christianity
Soul in the Bible
Christian Views On Suicide
Christian eschatology
Intermediate state
Christian conditionalism
Baptism for The Dead
Death is at the very core of the Christian religion. Not only is the cross to be found in cemeteries and places of worship alike, but the premise of the religion is that, by their own action, humans have forfeited immortality. Through abuse of the freedom granted in the Garden of Eden, Adam and Eve not only sinned and fell from grace, but they also transmitted sin to their descendants: the sins of the fathers are visited on the children. And as "the wages of sin is death" (Rom. 6:23), death became the universal fate: "Therefore as sin came into the world through one man and death through sin, and so death spread to all men" (Rom. 5:12). Christian theologians spent the best part of two millennia sorting out these implications and devising ways out of the dire prognosis implicit in the concept of original sin. The main salvation was to be baptism into the death of Jesus Christ (Rom. 6:3–4) [britannica.com].
Islamic View of Death
What About The Angel of Death?
The Appearance Of The Angel(s) of Death To The Dying Person
How Does Angel Azrael Capture The Souls of Many People At The Same Instant?
The Door Half-Opened Through Death
What Does A Man Feel Time of Death?
Will Spirits Of Death Ones Feel Pain On Doomsday?
Death in Islam is the termination of worldly life and the beginning of afterlife. Death is seen as the separation of soul from body, and its transfer from this world to the afterlife.
Islamic tradition discusses elaborately, almost in graphic detail, as to what happens before, during, and after the death, although what exactly happens is not clear and different school of thoughts may end up with different conclusions. However, a continuity between all these ideas derived from the basic sources from the Quran and Islamic narratives. One canonical idea is, that the angel of death (Malak al-Maut) appears to the dying to take out their souls. The sinners' souls are extracted in a most painful way while the righteous are treated easily. More … Islamic View of Death
See also: Jewish Views On Suicide and Bereavement in Judaism
Death is seen in Judaism as tragic and intimidating. Persons who come into contact with corpses are ritually impure. There are a variety of beliefs about the afterlife within Judaism, but none of them contradict the preference of life over death. This is partially because death puts a cessation to the possibility of fulfilling any commandments.
Should We Fear Death?
Prayers for The Dead and Dying
Resurrection of the Dead
What Gifts Can We Send To The Spirit After Death?
Instances Of Death And Revival In The World Indicate The Resurrection
Do Some Parts or Cells of the Body Remain Alive for Some Time More After Death?
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Kodit Khurd is a small village of Purandar taluka in Pune District of Maharashtra State, India, situated on Bank of Karha River.

References

Pune district

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


He's an ordinary guy. He doesn't want to be stuck in his job even though he's good at it. He wants to do something bigger, even though he doesn't really know what that is yet. He's not this unreachable macho-I'm-hot-and-the-best-at-everything kind of guy that Hollywood so often portrays.
He isn't afraid to show his sense of humor, whether it means playing a prank on Dwight or Andy, humoring Michael with his ridiculous ideas, or making someone (and by someone, I mean Pam) feel better.
Oh come on; yes this is a thing.
-He loved Pam even when she loved someone else.
Yay for The Office season seven premiere tonight!


text:
Q: asp mvc2, How Post and Bind nested objects?
public class PostModel {

        public string Value { get; set; }

        public IList<TestModel> TestValues { get; set; }

}

public class TestModel {

        public string Value { get; set; }

}

jQuery script:
 var testValue1 = {

        Value: "val2"

 };

 var testValue2 = {

        Value: "val3"

 };

var model = {

            Value: "test",

            TestValues: [testValue1 , testValue2]

        };

  jQuery.post(url, model, function (data) {
                alert(data);
            }
        );

public ActionResult Test(PostModel model)

{

     model.Value // is OK, = "test"

     model.TestValues// is OK, count = 2

     model.TestValues[0].Value // why is null ????

     return Content("Ok");

}

How Bind nested objects ?

A: The json data posted to the MVC controller must be a collection of key-value pairs representing the names and the values of the posted form. In order to bind to a complex model you need to send something like this.
var jsonData = {};
jsonData['TestValues[0].Value'] = '...';
jsonData['TestValues[1].Value'] = '...'; // binds to model.TestValues[1].Value
jsonData['Value'] = '...'; // binds to model.Value
$.post(url, jsonData, ...);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Gilded age essay outline
The controversy related to the violated rights of us non citizens in president george bushs executiv
Military times essay contest
The thousands who died there weren't warriors but bystanders -- the workers at the factory who happened to draw the shift when the boiler exploded. For aircraft, acceptable safety is Military times essay contest through airworthiness certification.
The curse of the ring, which Wagner himself couldn't see, included hatred and cultural paranoia. Ernie Pyle called this "disappointing.
It's roaring at me again as I write this: At what level of complexity does it become unreasonable to expect that a typical adult can, of their own accord, make a determination whether the risk is acceptable? The Soryu was blasted apart by repeated direct hits. Despite the billons being spent, America is not yet developing a true commercial passenger spaceflight industry.
Retired Air Force Lt. It is reported that a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin could also be in the works. Or it was haunted, or spectral, or uncanny, or supernatural. In both countries extremely racist and xenophobic parties had come to power and begun an explosive military expansion: Sponsored by Forestar and in partnership with Keep Texas Beautiful, the Don't mess with Texas Scholarship recognizes the achievements of high school seniors [ It has now been almost 5 years since the day of her transplant and the day I became a bone marrow donor and I am happy to say that she has been cancer-free ever since!
Throughout the 30s people around the world came to share an unshakable dread about the future, a conviction that countless grave international crises were escalating out of control, a panicked sense that everything was coming unhinged and that they could do nothing to stop it.
Two thousand years later, in ancient Rome, accountability expanded to hold a business owner at fault even if the act causing harm was done by an employee or slave. Things change radically in the more civilized areas of space.
The future looked bright for the greens back then. Its brightness and gentleness stand out in Wagner's universe like a line of sunny rooftops against a blackening thunderstorm. All of this is true enough, yet there's something faintly bogus and overly rationalized about it. How could any commander have ordered troops into such an evil place?
The intent of government safety oversight is not to prevent all harm, but to keep the occurrence at an acceptable very low rate such that normal commerce can proceed without undo concern or serious disruptions should failures occur. The business owners and operators understand that the safety of their product or service will be thoroughly reviewed by independent experts before commercial use can begin to verify that approved safety protocols have been implemented.
A mystique really had been built up around Bayreuth in an attempt to fix it as one of the sacred events of the new Aryan culture.
With no pilot, who would be asked pertinent questions? Germany was falling apart after the decades of social and economic chaos that followed its defeat in World War I.
There were the code numbers of every outfit, road warnings -- bridge blown, crater mines, bad bends -- indications of first-aid posts, gasoline dumps, repair stations, prisoner-of-war cages, and finally a marvelous Polish sign urging the troops to notice that this was a malarial area: Two thousand years later, in ancient Rome, accountability expanded to hold a business owner at fault even if the act causing harm was done by an employee or slave.
While some people champion this as progress, clearly it is not. That's the common fate of mementos.
When asked what the war was all about he would scratch his head and slowly drawl that he guessed the Jerries and Japs had started this fight and they had to get what was coming to them. On other occasions he appears on the state-controlled military channel, CCTV 7, in his neat, sky-blue air force uniform giving lectures to junior officers on air power or conflicts in the Middle East.
Earlier this summer, he graduated - not just from high school, but from community college, too, with associate's degrees in Math and Science, Social and Behavioral Studies, and Humanities, Philosophy and Art.Imprisonment has become the response of first resort to far too many of the social problems that burden people who are ensconced in poverty.
These problems often are veiled by being conveniently grouped together under the category "crime" and by the automatic. Winter Essay Contest Winner: Ellen Walker. School: Wichita State University About: Sometimes, we all need to take care of ourselves.
Ellen Walker wrote to us to explain how she came to this conclusion and how it will help her become better at her job of advocating for the health of others.
Reuters explores the strategy behind China's military ambitions, and reveals how U.S. allies and profit-driven individuals are helping Beijing bypass arms sanctions. Winter Essay Contest Winner: Ellen Walker. School: Wichita State University About: Sometimes, we all need to take care of ourselves.
Ellen Walker wrote to us to explain how she came to this conclusion and how it will help her become better at her job of advocating for the health of others. Reuters explores the strategy behind China's military ambitions, and reveals how U.S.
allies and profit-driven individuals are helping Beijing bypass arms sanctions. There are some truths that I strive to preach, for lack of a better word, in today's information-culture wars propagated in our corrupt mainstream media.
Loans and advances project
The idea of the poem carried by the characters of clod and pebble
Complete dissertation doctoral survive
Boston college mba admissions essay
Essay on speaking in tongues
Cabin crew of role and responsibilities
Research poster presentation
An analysis of the topic of the unknown mutant strain u five nine one four
Business applications quiz 1
Master thesis knowledge management strategy
Business plan storage lot

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Search results for "USA"
Monster Force Zero
In a last ditch effort to gain exposure for his failing comic book "Monster Force Zero" (MF0), Calvin Cashill (aka A.I.) and his team of cos-players enter an underground exhibition…
Don't Look Back
When a young woman overcoming her traumatic past is among several witnesses who see a man fatally assaulted and don't intervene, they find themselves targeted by someone, or something, out…
Killer Weekend
A sexy young coed enjoys a lavish lifestyle thanks to a sugar daddy dating app, accessing their money by having them killed. She soon meets her match, however, in her…
A seemingly perfect romance turns dark when a mother becomes convinced her daughter's new boyfriend has a sinister connection to her own past.
An incredibly gifted pianist makes a Faustian bargain to overtake her older sister at a prestigious institution for classical musicians.
Suspecting his wife of infidelity, Jerry is persuaded by his best friend to accompany him to a brothel to sample 'The Special', which proves to be a lifechanging experience in…
The Burning of Atlanta
"The Burning of Atlanta" is the story of the destruction of a major city near the end of the war, and the desperation and terror this causes in the lives…
Genre: Action, History
Dark October
Four friends are heading to Salem for a Halloween rock concert event. An unexpected detour takes them down a dark path and the girls come face to face with a…
I Am Lisa
A vicious and corrupt small-town sheriff and her deputies brutalise Lisa and leave her for dead in the nearby woods. There she is bitten by a werewolf and bestowed with…
Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie
A blast from Ben's past returning to do double the damage on Team Tennyson and planet Earth itself, forcing Ben to go interstellar to save the day.
Genre: Action, Adventure, Animation
After putting their bodies on the line for countless years, a family of professional wrestlers seek a brand new way to satisfy an impeccable bloodlust.
The Last Exorcist
Two sisters are haunted by the demons of their past.
Which side of history will you be on?
In a quest for a new, more humane society, a counter-culture revolution takes the world by storm. In the first of the InterReflections Trilogy, we look back to the modern…
Genre: Family, Science Fiction
The Haunting at Death Valley Junction
Do you believe in ghosts? At one time I didn't, but they believed in me.
When two idiot friends realize all "faith based" films make buckets of cash, they set out on a mission to make one of their own.
World War Four
A series of escalating incidents around the world lead to greater and greater conflict, placing the superpowers at one another's throats. Armies march, bombs rain down, soldiers storm the beaches….
Genre: Action, Science Fiction, Thriller, War
Bad President
This black comedy answers the question that has obsessed America and the world since November 08, 2016. How did Donald Trump become President of the United States?
The Wolf of Snow Hollow
Hubie Dubois who, despite his devotion to his hometown of Salem, Massachusetts (and its legendary Halloween celebration), is a figure of mockery for kids and adults alike. But this year,…
Genre: Comedy, Mystery
After losing his wife and memory in a car accident, a single father undergoes an experimental treatment that makes him question who he really is.
Genre: Horror, Mystery, Science Fiction, Thriller
Watch On the Rocks (2020) Online Free. Faced with sudden doubts about her marriage, a young New York mother teams up with her larger-than-life playboy father to tail her husband.
Ouija Craft
Two witches use a Ouija board to resurrect their friend after she dies in a tragic accident
Hiding out with his son Taylor on the Mexican coast, Nero hopes to put his violent Special Forces career behind him. But after Nero's home is attacked and Taylor is…
The World Is Full of Secrets
An old woman's voice recalls a terrible event from her distant past: on a summer night in 1996, five teenage girls meet in a suburban house, absent of parental supervision….
Tidy Tim's
A father and son run a rickety used car lot in Southern California. The old man and his boy are left overs from a bye-gone era of Americana.
The Shade Shepherd
In the late 80s, a psychiatrist leads his junkie older brother towards the Canadian border to escape a murder charge.
Caretakers
A young medical student finds himself entrenched in a web of intrigue when he's sent to care for the former US Ambassador to Syria. Christopher Cousins, Vivica A. Fox and…
Interviewing Monsters and Bigfoot
Ms. White Light
Ms. White Light is the story of Lex Cordova, a young woman who counsels terminally ill clients that have trouble letting go. While proving uniquely talented in her ability to…
Cut Throat City
Four boyhood friends return to New Orleans' Lower Ninth Ward after Hurricane Katrina, to find their home decimated and prospects for work swept away. Turning to a local gangster for…
When students in their high school begin inexplicably exploding (literally…), seniors Mara and Dylan struggle to survive in a world where each moment may be their last.
Genre: Comedy, Fantasy, Science Fiction
Happy Halloween, Scooby-Doo!
Scooby-Doo and the gang team up with their pals, Bill Nye The Science Guy and Elvira Mistress of the Dark, to solve this mystery of gigantic proportions and save Crystal…
Genre: Adventure, Animation, Comedy, Family, Mystery


text:
Principle of deferred decisions is a technique used in analysis of randomized algorithms.

Definition
A randomized algorithm makes a set of random choices. These random choices may be intricately related making it difficult to analyze it. In many of these cases Principle of Deferred Decisions is used. The idea behind the principle is that the entire set of random choices are not made in advance, but rather fixed only as they are revealed to the algorithm.

Applications

The  Clock Solitaire Game
The principle is used to evaluate and determine the probability of "win" from a deck of cards. The idea is to let the random choices unfold, until the iteration ends at 52, where if the fourth card is drawn out of a group labeled "K", the game terminates.

References

Sources
 M. Mitzenmacher and E. Upfal. Probability and Computing : Randomized Algorithms and Probabilistic Analysis. Cambridge University Press, New York (NY), 2005. Section 1.3, page 9.

Randomized algorithms


text:
Arsenal vs Manchester City: team news, match details, key stats & predicted lineup
Arsenal host high flying Manchester City on new year's day, here is a preview of the match
Arsenal will kick off the new year as they host league leaders Manchester City at the Emirates stadium.
The Gunners face a daunting task of putting a stop to Man City's sizzling form on Saturday afternoon. The Citizens are on an outstanding winning streak of 10 Premier League games.
Arsenal on the other hand had won their last four League games while keeping three clean sheets in the process and could have won five in a row had the Wolves game gone ahead.
Arsenal will be without Calum Chambers, Cedric Soares and Takehiro Tomiyasu following positive COVID tests while Sead Kolasinac [ankle injury] remains ruled out.
Mikel Arteta having tested positive for COVID will miss Saturday's match and will be replaced by assistant manager Albert Stuivenberg.
Predicted starting lineup
Ramsdale; White, Holding, Gabriel, Tierney; Xhaka, Partey; Saka, Odegaard, Martinelli; Lacazette.
Arsenal have lost their last nine Premier League games against Manchester City since a 2-2 draw in April 2017, it's their longest ever losing run against an opponent in their league history.
Arsenal have only lost one of their last 10 Premier League games on New Year's Day (W8 D1), going down 2-0 at Southampton in 2015. At home, the Gunners are unbeaten in 11 New Year's Day games (W9 D2) since a 2-1 loss against Tottenham in 1985.
Related Topics:ArsenalEnglish Premier LeagueManchester CityMatch Preview
Manchester United vs Arsenal: team news, match details, key stats & predicted lineup


Find the best foreclosure homes listings for sale — bank-owned, government (Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, HUD, etc.) and others — in and near the Libertytown, MD area at Foreclosure.com. Get information on foreclosure homes for rent, how to buy foreclosures in Libertytown, MD and much more. Save thousands at closing with home foreclosure listings in Libertytown, MD — up to 75% off market value!
Libertytown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Frederick County, in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 950. The Abraham Jones House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
The community is in eastern Frederick County, along Maryland Route 26 (Liberty Road), which leads east 34 miles (55 km) to Baltimore and southwest 11 miles (18 km) to Frederick. Maryland Route 75 crosses MD 26 in the center of town, leading northeast 8 miles (13 km) to Union Bridge and south 7 miles (11 km) to New Market. Maryland Route 31 intersects MD 26 on the east edge of town and leads northeast 17 miles (27 km) to Westminster. Maryland Route 550 leaves MD 26 in the western part of town and leads northwest 5 miles (8 km) to Woodsboro.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Libertytown CDP has a total area of 2.4 square miles (6.3 km2), of which 0.006 square miles (0.015 km2), or 0.23%, is water.
Libertytown is the location of Liberty Elementary School. Liberty opened its doors in 1927, teaching grades 1 through 12. In 1945, Liberty graduated its final senior class and continued teaching junior high until 1962.
Notre Dame Academy is a Catholic elementary school in Libertytown.
There are currently 2 red-hot tax lien listings in Libertytown, MD.


text:
typedef std::function<void(const NFGUID& self, const int nRet, const std::string& strRsp, const std::string& strUseData)> HTTP_RSP_FUNCTOR;
typedef std::shared_ptr<HTTP_RSP_FUNCTOR> HTTP_RSP_FUNCTOR_PTR;

class NFIUrlClientModule
    : public NFILogicModule
{

public:
    virtual int HttpPostRequest(const std::string& strUrl, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxGetParams, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxPostParams, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxCookies, const float fTimeOutSec, std::string& strRsp) = 0;
    virtual int HttpRequest(const std::string& strUrl, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxGetParams, const std::string& strBodyData, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxCookies, const float fTimeOutSec, std::string& strRsp) = 0;

    template<typename BaseType>
    int HttpRequestAs(const NFGUID& self, const std::string& strUrl, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxGetParams, const std::string& strBodyData,
                      const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxCookies, const float fTimeOutSec, BaseType* pBaseType, void (BaseType::*handleRsp)(const NFGUID&, const int, const std::string& , const std::string&),  const std::string& strUseData)
    {
        HTTP_RSP_FUNCTOR RspCB = std::bind(handleRsp, pBaseType, std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, std::placeholders::_3, std::placeholders::_4);

        return HttpRequestAs(self, strUrl, mxGetParams, strBodyData, mxCookies, fTimeOutSec, RspCB,  strUseData);
    }

    template<typename BaseType>
    int HttpRequestPostAs(const NFGUID& self, const std::string& strUrl, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxGetParams,  const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxPostParams,
                          const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxCookies, const float fTimeOutSec, BaseType* pBaseType, void (BaseType::*handleRsp)(const NFGUID&, const int, const std::string&, const std::string&),  const std::string& strUseData)
    {
        HTTP_RSP_FUNCTOR RspCB = std::bind(handleRsp, pBaseType, std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, std::placeholders::_3, std::placeholders::_4);

        return HttpRequestPostAs(self, strUrl, mxGetParams, mxPostParams, mxCookies, fTimeOutSec, RspCB,  strUseData);
    }

    virtual bool StartActorPool(const int nCount) = 0;
    virtual bool CloseActorPool() = 0;

private:
    virtual int HttpRequestAs(const NFGUID& self, const std::string& strUrl, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxGetParams, const std::string& strBodyData, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxCookies, const float fTimeOutSec, const HTTP_RSP_FUNCTOR& RspFucn, const std::string& strUseData) = 0;
    virtual int HttpRequestPostAs(const NFGUID& self, const std::string& strUrl, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxGetParams, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxPostParams, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& mxCookies, const float fTimeOutSec, const HTTP_RSP_FUNCTOR& RspFucn, const std::string& strUseData) = 0;

};

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
4 out of 5 star review of Full Circle from All Music Guide!
Bitter about Sony and the label's handling of his career, Xzibit split from the major and went indie, taking his Open Bar imprint and himself to Koch. In 2006, there are plenty of other major-label rappers in exile at Koch, but few of them have exploited the freedom of indie life as well as Xzibit. With a wide range of topics being covered and former Bomb Squad member Keith Shocklee's name in the credits, Full Circle is an uncompromised album in the classic hip-hop style, with Xzibit eager to get back to business on his own terms.
There's a reference to his job as the host of Pimp My Ride, but there's no ridiculous capitalizing on it and the guest list doesn't pander to who's on top. Hot superstar the Game is on here, but like most of the other choices, he's hard West Coast and fits in perfectly with folks like Daz, Kurupt, and DJ Quik. Surrounded by like-minded artists, Xzibit sounds more comfortable than he has in a long time.
Comfortable enough to deliver "Thank You," an ambitious, sincere, and moving thank-you to his fans that lays out the emotions and doubts in an honest and vulnerable way few other rappers would attempt, fearing they'd get those "gone soft" accusations. Xzibit is fearlessly mature elsewhere, with "Black & Brown" calling for unity between the young people of those colors, because the way he sees it, if a kid's out on the streets rioting, he "ain't learnin' sh*t about math and science." "Family Values" finds the rapper outgrowing hoes ("Do you have anything to offer me besides some ass"), but if you want that visceral, N.W.A type of anger, "Ram Part Division" is hard to the core, with the rapper taking on the cops and their ultimate power ("And if you try to come back with a civil suit/I sit back and watch my system take a sh*t on you").
The worthy single "Concentrate" represents the less heavy side of the album, and a couple misogynist and downright sleazy moments show Xzibit hasn't clamped down entirely or forgotten how to have irresponsible fun. The wise-ass moments are dispensed perfectly among the wise ones, the hooks and engaging productions are plentiful, and his words paint a vivid picture, be it of booty or revolution.
It's strange that the title Full Circle implies the man has returned to square one, because this is grown man's business and just what veteran, enlightened thugs should sound like.
Run out to your local music store and pick up your copy of Full Circle NOW! Otherwise, order your copy of the album online by clicking the banner below!
Order Your Copy Of Full Circle TODAY!
Visit http://www.cduniverse.com for more information!
Discuss Full Circle on the XzibitCentral.com Forums!
Got questions? Got comments about the new album?
Join 200 other hardcore Xzibit fans on the XzibitCentral.com Message Forums! Simply hit https://www.xzibitcentral.com/forums/index.php to get started!
XzibitCentral.com Message Forums!


text:
Stay ahead of the tech curve
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AI identifies new multiple sclerosis subtypes
Date: 9th April 2021
Over 2.8 million people globally are living with multiple sclerosis (MS), a lifelong condition where the body's own immune system attacks the central nervous system (CNS), damaging the protective myelin sheath that covers nerve fibres. MS can be categorised into four phenotypes based on clinical evolution, defined as either relapsing or progressive. Now, researchers have used artificial intelligence (AI) on MRI brain scans to classify MS subtypes based on pathological features, identifying three new subtypes which will better guide effective treatment choice and progression risks.
There are currently two descriptors of the four existing MS phenotypes, the first -disease activity which is determined by relapses or new activity evident by MRI, and the second – progression of disability. Together these are routinely used to select patients and to guide treatments in clinical trials. However, there is an argument that redefining disease subtypes based on biology rather than clinical criteria alone would be more informative, and would better place patients most likely to benefit from investigational medication.
Now, researchers from University College London, UK, have used training MRI datasets from MS patients to define MRI-based subtypes which were then validated on an independent cohort. They identified three new MS subtypes based on the earliest abnormalities and found that they predicted MS disability progression and response to treatment.
There are many similarities between the existing MS phenotypes and patients can transition from one to another, often without knowing. The clinical data is largely subjective, relying on a patient's recall of symptoms, and changes in MRI features and disease pathology, which are hard to distinguish. The team therefore, wanted to a data-driven solution to uncover disease subtypes. So they used their recently developed unsupervised machine learning algorithm, called Subtype and Staging Inference, SuStaIn, to reveal distinct disease subtypes with distinct temporal progression patterns.
SuStain was used on a training dataset of MRI scans from 6322 MS patients, and uncovered three previously unknown MS subtypes with distinct patterns of MRI abnormalities. These were named cortex-led, normal-appearing white matter-led, and lesion-led. In a separate independent cohort consisting of 3068 patients these subtypes were then validated.
The team then wanted to determine whether there were differences in disease activity, progression and treatment response between the newly identified subtypes. By examining the clinical characteristics of each subtype they found the patients with lesion-led subtype had the highest Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) meaning they had the highest risk (>30%) of disability progression, the largest baseline lesion load, and the highest rate of relapse. However, they were also the group that showed positive treatment responses in selected clinical trials. The most frequent subtype was cortex-led, and age and sex had no bearing of MS subtype. Together, these results suggested that the new MRI-based subtypes could predict MS disability progression and response to treatment.
Conclusion and future applications
The team here have presented a data-driven, AI-discovery of three new MS subtypes, characterised by distinct temporal patterns of MRI changes. The results suggest that MRI is strong candidate for AI reclassification, as it better reflects MS pathogenesis than the current indicators, which are based purely on clinical descriptions. SuStain subtypes were predictive of an individual's risk of disease progression and were also associated with response to treatment.
This groundbreaking discovery has the potential to be a real game-changer, and would be a valuable clinical tool for informing specialists of both disease evolution and selection of patients for clinical trials.
Although clinical trials of SuStain will first be required, it is an important milestone in predicting individual responses to treatment. As more novel therapies hit clinical trials and new datasets are acquired, SuStain can evolve alongside, perhaps identifying yet more subtypes and defining groups of patients assigned to the most efficacious interventional trials. The team are now extending SuStain's approach by including other clinical information, with the aim of precision medicine – where an individual patient will have the right treatment, at the right time predicted by AI.
The AI field is currently moving at an astonishing rate and this works adds to ongoing efforts of using AI to drive diagnostics and predict disease outcomes. We have seen AI being leveraged to predict mortality from echocardiograms, to diagnose autism from maternal biomarkers and early-stage breast cancer, as well as predicting dynamics of brain networks in response to microstimulation. AI is starting to have a high impact in the medical and healthcare field, and the reclassification of many disease types, especially those associated with high-resolution imaging, will accelerate precision medicine and improve patient care and outcomes.
For more information please see the press release from UCL
Eshaghi, A., A. L. Young, P. A. Wijeratne, F. Prados, D. L. Arnold, S. Narayanan, C. R. G. Guttmann, F. Barkhof, D. C. Alexander, A. J. Thompson, D. Chard and O. Ciccarelli (2021). "Identifying multiple sclerosis subtypes using unsupervised machine learning and MRI data." Nature Communications 12(1): 2078.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22265-2
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With small size and thumb black shape, T5800 is always for spying GPS tracking, it can be hidden in wallet,student school bag,tool box and animal collar etc. Support SMS locating with Google map link, also GSM/GPRS real-time tracking on platform and mobile Android/IOS APP. The deep sleep working mode that can help the tracker to save power, it can last 40 hours when 1 location upload per 10 mins, and the standby time is 30 days.
Rechargeable 700 mah Lithium battery.


text:
Category Archives: PC games
Games, Music, PC games, PlayStation, Sega, Xbox
Unboxing Wayô Records' Shenmue Music Box
I felt like Shenmue merchandise had peaked earlier this year with the official Shenmue rubber duck and cologne, but they've been topped by what is possibly the most beautiful piece of memorabilia I own.
From French record label Wayô Records and part of a series of music boxes, the €275 price tag did give me pause, but this thing is seriously beautiful. I've got a couple of albums from Wayô and always found the presentation of their releases to be top-notch, and the music box is on another level still.
Here's how they unveiled it to the world:
Gorgeous, right?
Well, it looks and sounds just as good in the flesh. It's absolutely stunning. See for yourself…
It also comes with sheet music signed by composer Ryuji Iuchi, which will shortly be on my wall alongside my Shenmue III poster with Yu Suzuki's mark.
Here's the full unboxing, in lovely 4K HDR for those with a capable display.
FeaturedMusicSegaShenmue
Games, Impressions, PC games, PlayStation, Xbox
Jedi: Fallen Order is my favourite Souls game
While many complain about the dearth of PS5 software – not sure what they expected, given the way new consoles work – I've been using mine to partake of some of the best games of the last few years, many of which I skipped due to indifference or poor performance on my launch PS4.
Ratchet & Clank was OK (and free!), Titanfall 2 was superb (also free!), and now I come to another Respawn Entertainment game: the awkwardly punctuated Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order.
I've got so many screenshots that are just me in a high place, admiring a beautiful vista like this.
Fallen Order barely has an original bone in its body. The developers have borrowed freely from Metroid, Uncharted and the Souls series in particular – all classics, to be sure, but if originality is important to you, there's not much of it here. Even Force powers don't really do much more than The Force Unleashed did years ago, or any more recent action games with telekinetic heroes.
But, frankly, I've always been enough of a Star Wars fan that 'something good but now it's in the Star Wars universe' is a winning formula for me, and none more so here. If I'm going to occasionally get spanked by random mooks, better a Scout Trooper or Nightbrother than some skeleton, I say. Mercifully, bonfires meditation circles are more liberally distributed here, though.
I spent the whole game with BD-1 in Gulf livery, because why wouldn't you?
And think about those climbing sequences in Uncharted, but now it's a crashed Venator-class Star Destroyer, and being spotted devolves into actually enjoyable combat rather than a Naughty Dog gunfight. There's even that Shadow of the Colossus boss where you climb up his beard, only now for some reason it's an AT-AT.
One moment where I'd choose Kow Otani's score over John Williams'.
And you know how netting new abilities in Metroid unlocks new areas in previously explored zones? This does that, but new Force abilities are accompanied by flashbacks to Jedi training.
Plenty of Star Wars fan service, too, though not obnoxiously so. You get to play through a formative moment in Cal's past and Star Wars lore, and it follows Rogue One and Rebels in its brilliantly terrifying treatment of an iconic villain. It even confirms a fan theory that links The Clone Wars and The Force Awakens.
Silly hair, slightly derpy face, but a good performance had me liking Cal Kestis by the end. Strong supporting cast too.
Nostalgia isn't all it has to lean on, though – which, frankly, is more than can be said about a lot of post-Disney Star Wars. All of these pilfered ideas are executed with quality and the same eye for the cinematic that made Titanfall 2's campaign so impressive.
There's a next-gen update for Fallen Order coming in June, so if you've so far missed out and are desperate for something to play on that new hardware, it gets my hearty recommendation.
EAJedi: Fallen OrderPC gamesPlayStationPS4Respawn EntertainmentStar WarsXboxXbox One
Games, Nintendo, PC games, PlayStation, Sega
Grandia: An upbeat adventure for these bleak times
As what has been a rather shitty status quo continues to get worse, I didn't feel like the big new releases in Doom Eternal or the Resident Evil 3 remake were the appropriate antidotes. Instead, I've been relying on a little glimmer of light that's been occupying my Switch since "social distancing" entered the vernacular: Grandia HD Collection.
The End of the World… or is it? No, of course not.
The first game's relentlessly optimistic adventure makes it perfect for these bleak times. It was something of a throwback even at release, with its Saturday morning cartoon storyline and colourful, sprite-based characters bucking the trend of dark and gritty post-FFVII RPGs. There are no brooding antagonists and tortured antiheroes – the main character is a young boy, the son of an adventurer and a pirate because why not, intent on making his name as a first-class adventurer by exploring uncharted continents and discovering ancient civilisations with his friends. There's a militaristic empire on the party's heels, of course, but it wouldn't be a Saturday morning cartoon without its Cobra.
Justin doesn't have a brooding bone in his body. His optimism is infectious.
It's a perfectly upbeat change of pace. Not overly challenging, with no esoteric systems to potentially snooker you later on. And it has what remains my favourite RPG battle system ever designed – a perfect mix of turn-based, active time and the spatial awareness of real-time combat that seems simple and yet, once mastered, rewards flawless victories with this soaring, gloriously of-its-time riff. I've spent most of my time with the game with a smile on my face. It's a proper warm blanket of a game.
A little too anime for my tastes, but we forgive it.
The HD collection also contains Grandia II, which is still a great game with Dreamcast era 3D graphics that upscale better than Grandia's sprites – my one complaint about the first game's remaster is the smeared filtering job on the sprites, which is bearable on the Switch's screen but looks worse the bigger your display gets. But the sequel comes with a touch of post-FFVII brooding that I can't bring myself to like as much. Think of it as a nice freebie, with the first game as the real reason to buy this collection.
DreamcastGame ArtsGrandiaJRPGNintendoPS1RPGSaturnSegaSwitch
Games, PC games, PlayStation, Sega
There are those who said this day would never come. What are they to say now?
I'm holding a copy of Shenmue III. I've got another two on the way, but that's not important right now. It's still hard to believe. It had been a punchline for so long, and even that bonkers E3 was four long years ago. But 18 years after I put down the controller to watch the end credits of Shenmue II, not knowing that the series would spend quite that long in stasis but perhaps suspecting its future wasn't quite assured, the long wait is over.
Silly as it sounds, it's actually quite an emotional moment for me. I never really lost hope, even as I've become less involved in the community. At some point I reacquired the domain of the old Shenmue Fan Site when I noticed it become available again. Tempted? Nah. But those were fun times.
Shenmue (December 1999), Shenmue II (September 2001) and Shenmue III (November 2019)
These are my Japanese copies of the first two games. Going from my purchase of the first one, which would have been in the early days of 2000, as soon after the 29 December 1999 Japanese launch as the Video Game Centre (naturally) could get them, these three represent a little shy of a 20-year journey.
There are even some people who I might send a cheeky tweet with a link to this post. Those dirty non-believers on Twitter and my editorial teams who told me to let it go, that it would never happen.
I'm planning to post some more detailed impressions when I've spent some time with the game, but given how sparse my updates here have become, I couldn't let this day pass without some acknowledgement that I'm still here — and so is Shenmue.
KickstarterPS4SegaShenmueShenmue IIIYs NetYu Suzuki
Games, PC games, PlayStation, Sega, Xbox
Shenmue I & II remaster
While not as earth-shattering as the Shenmue III announcement, the weekend's news that the first two games are getting a remaster has been almost as long coming. It's multiplatform, it has a physical release, it has dual languages, and considering that even Sonic Adventure didn't justify a standalone release back when Sega was pushing Dreamcast ports, this series getting one is pretty fucking vindicating.
And even with my intention to support the series by buying every version, it won't cost me as much as the Shenmue III Kickstarter did.
I posted last year with a few of my wishes for a then-hypothetical remaster, so it'll be interesting to see how many we actually get. From what I can tell, these are in the bag:
Japanese language option – The most important feature, without a doubt, and the one thing that will guarantee my happiness with this port. This is the first time, short of messing around with CD-Rs and hacked undubs, that it's been possible to play Shenmue in Japanese with English subtitles. My life feels kind of empty without this drum to bang. What do I complain about now?
Widescreen – It's unclear from the trailer what exactly will be offered here, as the announcement trailer shows both gameplay and cut-scenes from Shenmue II in 16:9, with the first game's gameplay in 16:9 but cut-scenes in letterboxed 4:3. But while we wait for all the details, the important thing we do know is that Shenmue and Shenmue II will both be playable in widescreen.
Fixes for pop-in and slowdown – No mention of this but I'm taking it as a gimme. No way does this get the widescreen TLC and interface polish without making sure it's running smoother than a Dreamcast.
Dual-analogue controls – Admittedly all we know for sure is that "choice of modern or classic controls", but it would be inexplicable for them to not take movement off the D-pad. I'm claiming this one. Giving us the choice is good too – everyone should experience the hideous claw hand required to run and look around at the same time, like Ryo was always doing in the trailers.
It's in widescreen! And it has a new interface! (Note the icons in the bottom right.)
Whether or not it's based on the Japanese Dreamcast versions won't become clear until more media is available but I think it unlikely, simply because of (a) licensing issues and (b) using the Xbox port of Shenmue II saves a lot of work. Online leaderboards/Shenmue Passport are moonshots, but I've seen lower-profile remasters with comparable supplemental material, so let's see.
Unfortunately the backporting of the time skip is a no, which is disappointing given that interface work is happening elsewhere. But even so, enough is going on here to suggest more than simple emulation, as simply making the original game function glitch-free in widescreen, which has so far been impossible with emulators, is no mean feat.
Naturally, I'll be following this one closely.
HD remakesPS4SegaShenmueXbox One
Editorials, Games, PC games, PlayStation, Sega, Xbox
Must-have features for Shenmue HD
Now that Shenmue III is a reality, and with Sega snapping up related domains, it's more likely than ever that we'll see the two Dreamcast games – both among my favourites ever – coming to modern hardware. As I have done with all previous versions, I'll be buying it on every platform available so as to maximise the series' commercial viability and do my part, but what does Sega need to do to make this the best possible revival? I have a few ideas…
Offer a Japanese language option. Freed from the limitations of a GD-ROM, there's no excuse not to rectify the single biggest complaint about the English-language releases. Even if the Hong Kong where everyone spoke Japanese made little sense, the PAL Dreamcast version of Shenmue II was light years ahead of the truly horrendous dub for the Xbox edition, and for a game that so celebrated Japan, the decision to dub the original was baffling. Although I can only understand one word in a dozen, my Japanese copy of Shenmue is my preferred medium for a playthrough nowadays. This shortcoming must be rectified in the re-release, whether it's by including only the Japanese dialogue or by making everyone happy with a toggle.
On similar lines, base it on the Japanese game. The stories of how Sega paid to feature real products in Shenmue – the opposite of how product placement is supposed to be done – is one of the famous examples of the mismanagement that led to the series' crippling budget, but I'd still like to see the realism of buying Coca-Cola while checking my Timex watch added back in. If this is to be the definitive version, we can't overlook how the little touches like this were what made people fall in love with Shenmue's world. And if you don't want to pass the cost on to the consumers, make it paid DLC. I'd buy it.
Port the Dreamcast version of Shenmue II, not the Xbox one. Putting aside the dub issue, although it was technically superior and better in some areas, the odd differences in environmental geometry between the DC and Xbox versions often left the Microsoft one coming up short. If this is to be the full-fat, best-of-both-worlds Shenmue experience, I want all the signs from the Dreamcast game. Someone should also point out that vending machines in Hong Kong offering prices in Japanese yen makes no sense, especially when they correctly operated in Hong Kong dollars the first time around.
But still fix the pop-in and slowdown. This was something that the Xbox game indisputably got right. The slowdown and characters materialising two feet in front of you was bad in Shenmue and downright terrible in Shenmue II, which really pushed the Dreamcast beyond its limits. There won't be any excuse for modern hardware not to be throwing Shenmue round at full speed. And improve the quality of the 32kbps MP3s used for dialogue while you're at it.
Make it widescreen while you're at it. I'd hope this goes without saying, but Sonic Adventure for the Xbox 360 and PS3 was pillarboxed 4:3. Fans have got Shenmue most of the way there with emulators, so Sega can't fall short here.
Dual-analogue controls. We're now far enough removed for me to admit that the Dreamcast controller isn't particularly enjoyable to use. Shenmue did a decent job with the tools available, but the HD version must give us analogue movement and use the two sticks to remove the need for hand gymnastics if you want to run around (up on the D-pad and hold left trigger) while admiring the scenery (analogue stick, also on the left). By all means keep the movement on the D-pad for authenticity's sake, but dual analogue simply must be an option.
Give it online leaderboards and theme them like Shenmue Passport. The oft-forgotten fourth disc of Shenmue offered a cut-scene viewer, music player, and tech demos that gave information on all the systems at play in simulating the world. What it also allowed you to do was go online to read detailed background information on every NPC in the game – finally settle those arguments over the blood type and zodiac sign of the girl in Hokuhoku Lunches – as well as view maps, gameplay stats, and global leaderboards for the numerous mini-games. None of this has worked since 2002, so I'd love to see this all make a comeback with the more robust online infrastructures of the current consoles behind it.
Don't be afraid to use Shenmue II to improve the first one. I might generally prefer the first game, but I'm not so hung up on it being authentic that I'll turn down the backporting of the numerous mechanical improvements of Shenmue II. Being able to skip ahead when waiting for an appointment, for instance, was an undeniable benefit.
No excuses, Sega.
Downloadable gamesHD remakesPS4SegaShenmueShenmue III


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text:
Q: Question about bound sequence and the limit We were taught that the limit of the sequence exists if the sequence is monotone and bound.
I understand how to tell if a sequence is monotonic, but I don't understand what "being bound" means. How would you tell if a sequence is bounded?

A: This criteria (theorem) is known as Monotonic Sequence Theorem for Convergence and there are not general rules to determine monotonicity and bounding of the sequence since it depends case by case.
Note that bounded means that $\exists m,M\in\mathbb{R}$ such that $\forall n$
$$m\le a_n \le M$$
A well known example is the sequence
$$\left(1+\frac1n\right)^n$$
for which we can prove monoticity, notably that it is strictly increasing, and bounding since
$$2\le\left(1+\frac1n\right)^n\le3$$
thus the limit exist and we know that it is the number $e$.


text:
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Manitoba Law Journal Offers Top-Flight Content
SSHRC Agrees and Awards Major Grant
The Manitoba Law Journal has been very busy lately. Despite delays caused by the coronavirus pandemic, the staff of the Manitoba Law Journal (both Faculty and student editors) have been able to complete Volume 42 of the MLJ. Volume 43 will be fully available before the end of 2020. Each will consist of 5 issues and more than 40 pieces when released.
This remarkable level of productivity has been supported by a grant received from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada in 2019 (through its 2018 Aid to Scholarly Journals Program competition). The grant, totaling almost $90,000 over three years, has allowed the MLJ to assert itself as one of the top peer-reviewed academic journals in the country. "We were ranked second place – the 'sliver medal' for overall excellence – by the competition committee," said Dr. Bryan Schwartz, who has been co-editor in chief of the MLJ together with Professor Darcy MacPherson since 2010. "That is a stellar result. We were competing with dozens of qualified applicants from across Canada in a broad category: in Economics, Law, Political Science, Industrial Relations, Administrative and Management Studies. There are a lot of great journals out there. It speaks to excellence at the national and international level. The result is a tribute to our faculty, students and contributors; it shows you can be relevant, readable and first-rate academically, all at the same time. The SSHRC jury result is the most credible evidence we could have for our collective achievements."
Schwartz, who also holds the Asper Chair of International Business and Trade Law, estimates that he and MacPherson each volunteer hundreds of hours a year to the MLJ above and beyond their duties as professors. He emphasized both the local and international reach of the Journal. "We aim to bring diverse and multidisciplinary perspectives to issues, drawing on authors from Manitoba, from across Canada and beyond."
In Volume 42 alone, there is an issue dedicated to the legacy of Hugh Amos Robson, former Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, and pioneer in legal education when he helped found the Manitoba Law School. Students would move into the building bearing his name beginning half a century ago. The volume also contains two issues on criminal law (edited by Faculty members of the RobsonCrim group). This is widely read, not only in Canada, but internationally as well.
The impact of the MLJ can also be seen in the fact that its content has been cited three times in judgments issued by the Supreme Court of Canada since 2019.
The MLJ now publishes five regular special issues per volume including "The Current Legal Landscape," covering developments in courts and tribunals; "Underneath the Golden Boy," which focuses on developments in legislation and on parliamentary and democratic reform; "Criminal Law and Practice," in collaboration with the RobsonCrim group, examining the social dimensions of criminal law; "The Legal Profession," which includes histories and major developments and figures in Manitoba law and the rapid evolution of legal practice, and also regular features on "Indigenous Law," the most recent of which was a collection of oral histories on Indigenous Jurists and Policy-Makers from Manitoba.
The five issues of Volume 43 are already being prepared for publication, including the next issue of Underneath the Golden Boy, and three Criminal Law special issues, again guest-edited by RobsonCrim. Also in Volume 43 is a collection of essays on legal history in honour of the recently-retired Professor DeLloyd Guth, whose lecture series brought a decade of internationally renowned legal historians to Robson Hall. Dr. Guth's legacy in this regard continues November 5th with a lecture by University of New Brunswick law professor, Dr. Nicole O'Byrne.
"The commitment of the RobsonCrim group is a key element to the MLJ's success," said MacPherson, "but for Dr. Schwartz and myself as Editors-in-Chief, all of our colleagues collectively – SSHRC, donors, Faculty, staff, students, contributors, reviewers and readers – make it possible for us to produce content of which we hope all of them can be justifiably proud."
Story submitted by Faculty of Law
Bryan Schwartz, Darcy MacPherson, Faculty of Law, Law Donor
Manitoba Law School co-founder 'A labour jurist ahead of his time'
Manitoba Law Journal Volume 39 Captures Oral Histories and The Great Transition in Canadian Legal Education
Building a Criminal Law Research Community in Canada
Faculty of Law celebrates exceptional alumni with new award series
To celebrate the achievements of graduates, the Faculty of Law created the Faculty of Law Alumni Awards to be presented annually. Nominees demonstrate standards of inspiring professionalism in one of three categories including Outstanding Alumni Award, Emerging Leader Award, and the Trailblazer Award.
Alumni, Awards, Dayna Steinfeld, Faculty of Law, Jennifer Schulz, Sherri Walsh
Faculty of Law Alumni appointed King's Counsel
The Faculty of Law proudly congratulates 16 University of Manitoba alumni who were recently appointed as King's counsel in recognition of their outstanding contributions to the practice of law.
Alumni, Faculty of Law, law alumni
Master of Human Rights Practicum Symposium 2022 brings students and mentors together
The Master of Human Rights program's annual Practicum Symposium took place on Thursday, December 8, 2022 at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights. The symposium gives students enrolled in the interdisciplinary graduate degree's practicum stream an opportunity to present their major research papers and share experiences working at their respective placement sites.
experiential learning, Faculty of Law, Kjell Anderson, Master of Human Rights, Nathan Derejko
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Age 7 Beta has begun!
next turn 1hr 7 minutes 47 seconds?
Letter recruiter operates once again.
Cookies Where Is My Chocolate Cookies?!
Whatever happened to taunts on the battlefield ?
Here was I thinking the recruiter was down.
Issue with Armoury and training page.
Does anyone know what Gold Bricks are ?
Start of the new age.
Age 11 Rankings & Stats ..
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Predictions with one week to go.
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TOP RANKING DISCUSSION - AGE 18!
TOP RANKING DISCUSSION - AGE 20.


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