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Family of Late Ousted Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang Call For His Reputation to be 'Restored'
An alter for Zhao Ziyang at his family home in Beijing's Fuqiang Hutong, which was open to mourners to pay their respects to the late premier, who was purged for his sympathetic stance towards the 1989 Tiananmen pro-democracy movement, on the 13th anniversary of his death under house arrest, Jan. 17, 2017.
Public domain.
The family of late ousted Chinese premier Zhao Ziyang called for his posthumous rehabilitation on Wednesday as they marked the 13th anniversary of his death under house arrest, imposed because he opposed the bloodshed of the Tiananmen massacre.
Zhao's family home in Beijing's Fuqiang Hutong was open to mourners to pay their respects to the late premier, who was purged for his sympathetic stance towards the 1989 Tiananmen pro-democracy movement, and his opposition to the use of force against the students.
Security around the residence was tight, but those who arrived were received by Zhao's son Zhao Erjun.
Zhao's daughter Wang Yannan said the family is growing increasingly frustrated over the failure of the ruling Chinese Communist Party to give permission for his ashes to be laid to rest.
"Chinese people set a lot of store by the laying of a person's remains to rest in the earth," Wang told RFA. "If we find a place, we want to know that there won't be further obstacles in our way. All we can do is wait, and see what happens."
She called for the political rehabilitation of her father's reputation, as well as a full official reappraisal into the weeks of student-led democracy demonstrations on Tiananmen Square in 1989.
"What actually was the June 4, 1989 incident; what was its essential nature? What did the citizens do? What did the government do?" Wang said. "There are still many people who have been unjustly treated [in connection with it], people who were framed,"
"We have been putting up with this for so long, and now the next generation are being affected too," she said, without elaborating. "We would like his former reputation to be restored."
Among the mourners at the Zhao residence was Beijing housing rights activist Ni Yulan, recipient of the U.S. State Department's 2016 International Women of Courage award, who took part in a memorial ceremony alongside around a dozen rights activists.
"There were police cars along our entire route here, although not so many police officers [as in previous years]," Ni said. "There were some plainclothes officers, as well as private security guards who tried to make us leave, but we were already done."
'Spirit of democracy'
The Tiananmen Mothers victims group was among the donors of memorial wreaths, spokeswoman You Weijie told RFA.
"Back in 1989, the Tiananmen massacre, [Zhao] was there on the square, telling the students to leave," You said. "He was against the use of force on the student movement, and I think he was a leader who had a sense of democratic responsibility."
"He didn't care that they shut him up under house arrest for 15 years; he never once regretted having opposed the crackdown," she said. "He represents the spirit of democracy."
Public commemoration of the June 4, 1989 massacre by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) is banned by the government, which styles the 1989 democracy protests a "counterrevolutionary rebellion."
Attempts by the victims' families to call for a reappraisal of the 1989 protests, the pursuit of those responsible, and compensation for the victims' families have fallen on deaf ears, they say.
Diplomatic archives recently declassified by the U.K. government said the troops of the PLA's 27th army were ordered to "spare no-one" as they used dum-dum bullets, automatic weapons and armored vehicles to carry out mass killings in Beijing.
Then British ambassador Alan Donald wrote in a diplomatic cable dated June 1989 detailing how the Shenyang troops had been sent in unarmed to disperse the crowd, followed up by a fully armed 27th Army that rampaged through the city killing civilians and other soldiers alike.
Former Beijing mayor Chen Xitong told a top meeting of China's parliament on June 30, 1989, that "more than 200" people were killed, including 36 undergraduates, while more than 3,000 non-military personnel were injured.
In 2008, the Tiananmen Mothers, founded by retired university professor Ding Zilin, said it had documented the locations of 188 civilian deaths, 71 of whom were students, including Ding's 17-year-old son.
Reported by Gao Feng for RFA's Mandarin Service, and by the Cantonese Service. Translated and edited by Luisetta Mudie.
Taiwan Looks Back At Own Repressive Past Ahead of Tiananmen Anniversary
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Chinese Dissidents Call For Reparation for Persecuted 'Anti-Rightist' Intellectuals
Chinese Police Detain Activists Who Marked Tiananmen Bloodshed in Public, Online
Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi Visits Kayah State as Party Tries to Improve Ties With Ethnic Groups
Myanmar Ex-President's Call to Defend Army From Human Rights 'Neocolonialism' Draws Scorn
Myanmar Satire Group Gets More Time in Prison For Mocking Military

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07/01/2021 09/04/2020 StephanieDittmerUniversities Of Lawrankings, regulation, subject, university, world
Suffolk University Law School from previous to current. Learn about where we are right now and where we're headed in the future, all whereas staying true to our historic mission. Stay forward of key dates and events; inquire about monetary assist choices; and get assist with questions whenever you apply to Suffolk University Law School.
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The Supreme Court recently took away protections from billionaire investor and philanthropist George Soros' affiliated organizations. Lynn Pinker Hurst & Schwegmann appellate partner David Coale explains the recent move. What it said was Mr. Soros has these oversees, foreign entities that he does some charitable work with, and if he wants the support of the United States foreign aid, he has to agree with certain policy statements that the U.S. requires you to accept.
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!This Audi RS4 got away, but there are more like it here.
No Reserve: 2008 Audi RS4 Cabriolet
Sold for $33,000 on 12/15/22 63Comments
MakeAudi
ModelAudi RS4
CategoryConvertibles
Seller: emailsesh
Location: Miami, Florida 33133
Chassis: WUAYU48H88K800475
4.2-Liter V8
Six-Speed Manual Gearbox
Quattro All-Wheel Drive
Phantom Black Pearl
Silver Nappa Leather Upholstery
19″ Wheels
Power-Operated Black Soft Top
Flared Fenders
Rear Parktronic Sensors
Power-Adjustable Recaro Front Seats
Heated Front & Rear Seats
Audi Navigation Plus System
Bose Audio System
Sold by emailsesh to jcf427435 for $33,000
This 2008 Audi RS4 cabriolet is one of approximately 300 examples imported to the US for the model year. Finished in Phantom Black Pearl over silver Nappa leather, the car is powered by a 4.2-liter FSI V8 linked with a six-speed manual transaxle and a Quattro all-wheel-drive system. Equipment includes a black soft top, 19″ wheels, Dynamic Ride Control, bi-xenon headlights, rear Parktronic sensors, heated power-adjustable Recaro front seats, cruise control, automatic climate control, navigation, and a Bose audio system. The car was sold new in Pennsylvania and was purchased by the seller in 2022. This B7 RS4 cabriolet has 68k miles and is now offered at no reserve with manufacturer's literature, a windscreen, and a clean Florida title in the seller's name.
The RS4 features a wider track with flared fenders, aluminum front-end bodywork, and revised side skirts, bumper covers, and mirror caps when compared to the standard A4. The car is finished in Phantom Black Pearl and features a black convertible soft top, bi-xenon headlights, fog lights, rear parking sensors, and dual exhaust outlets. A December 2017 Carfax report entry notes minor damage to front and right front of the car. Blemishes in the paint are presented in the gallery, and the seller notes a dent in the left-rear quarter panel.
Silver-finished 19″ split-spoke wheels are mounted with 255/35 General GMax RS tires that were installed in April 2022. The car is equipped with Dynamic Ride Control suspension, and stopping power is provided by drilled discs at all four corners, with RS-branded eight-piston calipers over 14.4″ rotors up front. The rear brake pads and front upper control arms were reportedly replaced in 2022.
The heated and power-adjustable Recaro front seats are trimmed in silver Nappa leather with contrasting piping and debossed RS4 logos, while silver trim accents the cabin. Amenities include dual-zone automatic climate control, driver's seat memory settings, heated rear seats, RS4-branded floor mats, Audi Navigation Plus, and a nine-speaker Bose sound system with satellite radio and a six-CD changer. The airbag computer module was replaced in 2020. Discoloration is noted on the infotainment screen.
The leather-wrapped multifunction steering wheel frames a 200-mph speedometer and a tachometer with an 8k-rpm redline as well as gauges for coolant temperature and fuel level. The digital odometer indicates 68k miles, approximately 500 of which were added under current ownership.
The 4.2-liter FSI V8 was factory rated at 420 horsepower and 317 lb-ft of torque. Service in 2022 is said to include replacing the water pump assembly, the cooling system expansion tank, and the air filter in addition to performing an oil change.
Power is sent to all four wheels through a six-speed manual transaxle and a rear-biased Quattro all-wheel-drive system with asymmetric dynamic torque distribution and an electronic differential lock.
Manufacturer's literature and a wind deflector are included in the sale.
The Carfax report shows the aforementioned damage report and lists history in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Florida.
Winning Bid USD $33,000 by jcf427435
11,093 views | 765 watchers


Nobuchika Ginoza is a fictional character from the manga and anime series Psycho-Pass. He was one of the inspector of the first division of the MWPSB until he was demoted and then he worked as an enforcer. He always tried to not follow the path of his father, enforcer Tomomi Masaoka, and best friend, enforcer Shinya Kogami, who were both talented inspector. But despite all his attempt at controlling his psycho-pass, it raise after the death of his father during the confrontation with Makishima.
that could lead them to the same outcome. When come second season, Ginoza character took a major turn, even if the whole season is a filler and have the most annoying character and the one I hate the most, this season is where Ginoza is the best. He is now an enforcer who fully trust Tsunemori who is now his superior. He know what she is capable of and he will do what he can to help her. He still worry a lot about her psycho-pass even if it can't get clouded.


text:
Brussels - EN
Quartier Marolles
Quartier Marolles (7)
The Marolles district is located among the Porte de Hal, the Law courts and the church of Notre-Dame de la Chapelle, and is a truly working class neighbourhood yet also one with a lot of charm.
In the Middle Ages, this was a district of tailors, rag and bone men and prostitutes and later became a residential zone for the artisans who worked in the mansions of the Upper Town. Evidence of this lies in the names of the streets, still preserved today, such as Rue des Charpentiers (or street of the carpenters), and Rue des Brodeurs (or street of the embroiderers).
You will observe that it is currently a district of winding streets in which immigration and native traders merge with art galleries, artisans and bars.
One of the zone's most famous elements is the popular market, which has been held in Place du Jeu de Balle every day since 1640 and where, you can find second hand objects and knickknacks. However, if you would rather buy handicrafts and antiques, go to Rue Haute, the backbone of the district that follows the route of an old Roman road and is also the longest and oldest street in the centre of Brussels. At number 164 you will come across a brick building that is used as the headquarters of the House of Spain and, if you go to number 132 of the same street, you will reach what was once the house of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, who was one of the greatest Flemish painters of the sixteenth century
Do not forget, either, to visit the Porte de Hal, mentioned before, at the southern end of Rue Haute. It is a former prison and a genuine gateway in the walls that originally surrounded the city and are now demolished.
The district, moreover, also features some of the city's most famous taverns such as the lively La Grande Porte, at number 9 of Rue de Notre-Seigneur.
Brussels - Introduction (2)
Brussels, a brief history (1)
Catédrale Saint Michel et Sainte Gudule (38)
Grand Place (3)
Parc de Bruxelles (22)
Stock Exchange - Bourse (8)
Église Notre-Dame du Sablon (33)
Manneken Pis (4)
Place Royal (25)
Townhall - Hotel de Ville (5)
Église Saint Jacques sur Coudenberg (24)
Palais de Justice (36)
Rue des Bouchers (11)
Galeries Saint Hubert (10)
Palais Royal (23)
Rue Neuve (15)
Atomium (52)
Domaine de Laeken (51)
European Parlament (41)
Hotel Ravenstein (27)
Palais de Charles de Lorraine (29)
Parc Léopold (42)
Saint Gilles (47)
Avenue Louise (46)
Église Saint Nicolas (9)
Foret de Soignes (49)
Ixelles (48)
Palais d'Egmont (35)
Place du Grand Sablon (32)
Théâtre Flamand (19)
Basilique du Sacrê Coeur (50)
Église Sanite Catherine (21)
Galerie Bortier (37)
Le Botanique (14)
Palais des Beaux Arts (26)
Place du Petit Sablon (34)
Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie (13)
Chapelle de la Madeleine (39)
Église St.Jean Baptiste au Béguinage (18)
Hotel Mêtropole (16)
Notre-Dame de la Chapelle (6)
Parc du Cinquantenaire (44)
Théâtre Royal de Toone (12)
Belgian Centre of a Comic Strip Art (Centre Belge de la Bande Dessinée) (17)
Musée Instrumental (28)
Maison de la Bellone (20)
Musée Wiertz (40)
Musée Charlier (30)
Musées Royaux des Beaux Arts (31)
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Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (43)


Host Terann Hilow recaps the Rockets playoff push, BBVA Compass Bright Perspectives VIP Networking and Power of Preparation events.
Join your Rockets Rewind host, Terann Hilow, as she covers the Rockets playoff push, Blacktop Battle and Best Shots Clinic presented by Toyota.
Terann Hilow is back with another episode of Rockets Rewind for the week of March 14th. Catch up on all things Rockets including Harden's 40 point performance in Toronto, K. J. McDaniels impressive performance in Philadelphia & the Rockets 49 point victory vs. the Grizzlies.
This week on Rockets Rewind, Terann reviews the Rockets road win in Phoenix and the Beyond the Arc Mentoring Program.
This week on Rockets Rewind, Terann reviews 2016 NBA All-Star in Toronto, as well as games against Phoenix, Golden State and Portland.
Terann Hilow makes her debut as host for Rockets Rewind and recaps games against the Cavaliers, Lakers, Clippers and Pistons.
Rockets Rewind recaps with Rockets 5-game winning streak, with game highlights vs. Indiana, Memphis and Minnesota.
Rockets Rewind reviews the past week with games against Golden State, San Antonio and a two game series vs. Utah.
Rockets Rewind reviews the Christmas holiday with games against Charlotte, Orlando, San Antonio and New Orleans.
The Houston Rockets recap wins against the Lakers and Clippers as well as Rockets players and staff giving back to the community for the holidays.
Rockets Rewind recaps Western Conference showdowns against Dallas and Sacramento, as well as their east coast trip vs. Brooklyn and Washington.
Rockets Rewind reviews the Thanksgiving holiday, where the Rockets gave back to Houston-area families, and all the on-court action.
Rockets Rewind looks back on November 18-23 including J.B. Bickerstaff's first win as head coach and the players give back to celebrate Thanksgiving.
A look at the Rockets week of November 11-17 including a visit to Vets on Veterans Day and reasons for optimism after a tough week on the court.


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The methodology that has become called DevOps is proving to subsist a key driver towards gaining the competitive edge within the business, on par with the massive facts and cloud computing movements that bear swept throughout the market in fresh years. in accordance with the IBM Institute for trade cost, 70 percent of businesses that leverage software construction for aggressive benefits hold an improved bottom line than than their more ordinary peers.
In light of this overwhelming facts, IBM decided that it will subsist a agreeable suggestion to extend its DevOps footprint. This morning the supplier introduced the acquisition of UrbanCode, a Cleveland, Ohio-based mostly issuer of evolution and deployment automation tools.
phrases of the deal were no longer disclosed, however IBM software director of advertising and marketing Randy Newell disclosed that the company's 50 personnel will subsist a allotment of his business's Rational community. UrbanCode's property can subsist integrated into huge Blue's SmartCloud and cellular First initiatives.
IBM boasts that UrbanCode's solution can Cut back free up times from just a few days to a few hours. a web retailer that's the usage of the firm's technology reduce deployment times through ninety five p.c, and an funding company that leverages the application managed to deliver $2.3 million in evolution charges.
… We'd like to command you about their mission and the route you can aid us fulfill it. SiliconANGLE Media Inc.'s trade mannequin is in line with the intrinsic cost of the content material, not advertising. in contrast to many on-line publications, they don't bear a paywall or Run banner advertising, as a result of they wish to retain their journalism open, without paw or the deserve to chase traffic.The journalism, reporting and commentary on SiliconANGLE — together with reside, unscripted video from their Silicon Valley studio and globe-trotting video groups at theCUBE — capture a lot of difficult work, time and funds. holding the character high requires the aid of sponsors who're aligned with their imaginative and prescient of advert-free journalism content.
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The necessity for enterprises to obtain functions into the market sooner and price-with no danger is the next ratiocinative progression within the lifestyles cycle, in line with IBM's Peter Spung. To that end, the trade these days announced the acquisition of UrbanCode, maker of unlock-automation utility in what has become conventional because the DevOps house. terms of the deal had been not disclosed.
in the days before web-primarily based applications and mobile building, software pile instances had been measured in months, whereas the app's shelf existence turned into measured in years. In nowadays's world, "If a shelf lifestyles for an application is six weeks, that you would subsist able to't capture three weeks to installation it," observed Spung.
developers are usually incentivized around providing application more directly, while operations tends to view any change to software or the gadget as a risk. "What UrbanCode has achieved is to construct automation capabilities around deployment and birth that reduces the risk," talked about Spung. "They carry accuracy and predictability around pushing changes in the software via to start." He expressed his exhilaration about working with the UrbanCode group and integrating its tackle into the IBM Rational suite. UrbanCode had sold uBuild, uDeploy, uRelease and uProvision, along with AnthillPro, which has advanced from a construct tool to a continuous-birth platform that integrates with a substantial variety of third-party choices.
In its announcement, IBM indicated the UrbanCode tackle align with the business's MobileFirst and SmartCloud commercial enterprise initiatives.
IBM UrbanCode set up offers us with two forms of plugins: supply plugins and automation plugins. These plugins permit us to integrate with a wide variety of tools akin to middleware tools, databases, and servers. both plugin varieties are made of one or more steps which are accomplished via IBM UrbanCode install to role a inevitable unit of performance. source plugins are used to import artifacts and to create factor models; they only bear a separate step known as the Import version. Automation plugins, then again, are the constructing blocks of any deployment system. IBM UrbanCode deploy ships with many prebuilt automation steps and plugins enable us to create their personal. listed here, you are going to find every thing you should understand with a view to create your own automation plugins.
in an application to create an automation plugin, you are going to deserve to create three XML configuration files: a plugin.xml, data.xml, and upgrade.xml. you'll without doubt create a script file containing your plugin common sense, however they are able to obtain to that. Let's first bear a study at these three leading data.
The data.xml carries the unencumber edition, unlock notes, and different houses that describe the plugin. There are three required aspects: <creator>, <integration>, and <free up-notes>. The writer describes the writer's information like identify, e-mail, and many others. Integration determines the category of plugin and has 4 viable alternate options: source (source configuration plugins), Artifact (plugins retrieving artifacts from a repository), install (plugins that installation to a server), Automation (plugins for other automation tasks).
The unencumber notes factor may silent include notes for the existing and former version of the plugin.
The <unlock-edition> aspect is for pomp handiest, whereas the release note's plugin-version attribute must in shape the edition designated in the plugin.xml file.
The <header> point has three leading baby points: <identifier>, <description>, and <tag>. The identifier specifies the plugin identity, name, and edition. the silhouette describes the plugin and is seen in IBM UrbanCode deploy. As for the tag, it defines the plugin plot inside the system editor.
A primary <step-class> factor consists of a step name and four baby elements; <description>, <residences>, <command> and <put up-processing>. that you could create numerous steps for every plugin, each and every may subsist available in IBM UrbanCode deploy process editor.
Description: the silhouette offers an silhouette in the IBM UrbanCode set up procedure editor. that you can customize the icon of your step, by nascence your description with one among here keywords as mentioned within the documentation.
properties: A property tag has a compulsory identify attribute, optional required ascribe and two feasible child facets <property-ui>and <price>. The <property-ui> factor is used to define the property label, description, default-cost, and kind. There are five obtainable types; textBox, textAreaBox, secureBox, checkBox, and selectBox.
When using the selectBox type, you should specify one or more <cost> elements, in the property. These facets require a mandatory label attribute, used for disclose applications in addition to a worth.
Command: The <command> factor is where you silhouette the genuine executable. there's one mandatory ascribe program, and assorted newborn <arg> features. The software ascribe may too subsist any tool or interpreter installed on the host. The three available styles of arg's are value, route and file. within one of the most file args, you're going to specify the "$PLUGIN_INPUT_PROPS", which is a file containing any of the property values, captures in the manner editor.
there's a few objects that will too subsist leveraged by route of the script cost bringing up. The houses object (which incorporates the entire input homes), the scanner object (which permits you to read content from the steps output log), as smartly because the commandOut object that allows you to write to the log.
inside the post-processing script, you necessity to set the reputation property; if the property is set to Success, the step can subsist indicated as effectively achieved. The exitCode property is commonly examined to investigate the status.
The upgrade XML file is only crucial if you happen to supplant the signature of a step after the plugin has been deployed to IBM UrbanCode deploy. in case you effect alterations to the information.xml or any of your custom scripts, the improve.xml isn't needed; without difficulty re-zip your plugin and add it. agree with the following scenario: in v1 of the plugin.xml, your step become known as MyStep. you then update the step name to a greater significant one MyUpdatedStep, IBM UrbanCode install then wants a route of updating the current cases of your plugin to as an alternative employ the brand new name of your step, here is the plot the upgrade.xml is available in.
For every exchange to the plugin.xml (API alterations), you will too bear to increment the version.
There are three elements worth citing, <migrate>, <migrate-command>, and <migrate-property>. The migrate point requires a two-edition ascribe whereas the migrate command and migrate property elements each bear two attributes; name and ancient to will let you rename the step or property.
this text is greater within the ilk of documentation than a step-through-step e-book. it is why i believed it would subsist most excellent to include an specimen challenge. in the illustration, I stored it elementary, best printing out the residences given to the plugin. The illustration carries the above-outlined three XML files in addition to a groovy script printing the values.
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About IBMIBM Rational Software is a worldwide leader in Automated Software character (ASQ). The ASQ market includes diagnostic products for developers, testing products for character assurance professionals and enterprise-wide products for teams developing and managing Important software projects. IBM Rational offers an integrated set of premier ASQ products designed to enable Windows and UNIX evolution teams to address the challenges of complicated software development.About A Better Solution, Inc.
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The methodology that has become known as DevOps is proving to subsist a key driver towards gaining the competitive edge in the enterprise, on par with the substantial Data and cloud computing movements that bear swept through the market in recent years. According to the IBM Institute for trade Value, 70 percent of companies that leverage software evolution for competitive advantages maintain a stronger bottom line than than their more traditional peers.
In light of this overwhelming evidence, IBM decided that it would subsist a agreeable thought to expand its DevOps footprint. This morning the vendor announced the acquisition of UrbanCode, a Cleveland, Ohio-based provider of evolution and deployment automation tools.
Terms of the deal were not disclosed, but IBM Software director of marketing Randy Newell disclosed that the firm's 50 employees will relate his company's Rational group. UrbanCode's assets will subsist integrated into substantial Blue's SmartCloud and Mobile First initiatives.
IBM boasts that UrbanCode's solution can reduce release times from a few days to a pair of hours. An online retailer that is using the firm's technology Cut deployment times by 95 percent, and an investment firm that leverages the software managed to deliver $2.3 million in evolution expenses.
An emerging firm called Platfora is following in the footsteps of UrbanCode's success in the substantial Data space. The startup recently launched its flagship product, a BI-on-Hadoop solution that eliminates the necessity for legacy systems and makes it viable to extract insights in hours rather than days.
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Like it or not the future of enterprise IT involves hybrid cloud computing in multiple forms. On the one hand, IT organizations will subsist trying to cope with deploying applications on private clouds that might subsist running in their own data focus or in a third-party hosting facility. At the very time, a large number of applications are just as likely to subsist running on multiple public clouds.
Once deployed, those applications are not likely to slip very often; but from a DevOps perspective the fact there are now so many platforms means IT organizations will increasingly necessity a DevOps framework that allows them to easily deploy applications across multiple cloud computing environments.
At the moment, most IT organizations are simply struggling with how to manage DevOps between their own on-premise systems and a separate cloud.
Once deployed on a particular cloud that application will minister to sojourn in that environment. But different cloud environments will subsist optimized for different types of applications. In addition, the minute a company moves to acquire another company, in any probability the company being acquired will subsist running applications on a cloud that is dissimilar to the cloud environments they already have.
In addition, having the processes in plot that effect it viable to slip an application from one cloud to another helps forestall an IT organization from finding itself locked into just one cloud computing environment. That's an especially faultfinding capability to bear at a time when it's probable that many cloud computing service providers are likely to subsist acquired by one organization or another that for whatever reason an organization would prefer not to achieve trade with.
For any these reasons providers of both IT operations tools and platform-as-a-service (PaaS) environments are touting their cross-cloud platform capabilities.
In the case of IBM, for example, the company acquired UrbanCode to add the competence to automate the application release cycle across multiple platforms, including the IBM Bluemix PaaS environment.
Meanwhile, Skytap, a provider of a rival cloud platform, just announced that it will effect IBM UrbanCode Deploy available to its customers to effect it easier to manage application deployment in the cloud.
Elsewhere, OutSystems, a provider of a PaaS environment, says the competence to easily deploy applications into any cloud is becoming a major product differentiator.
Craig Wright, principal for Pace Harmon, an IT management consulting company adds that having those process in plot ultimately gives the IT organizations the flexibility the trade really wants.
No matter the path to hybrid cloud it's inevitable that IT organizations will subsist coping with multiple clouds made up of virtual machines from VMware, Microsoft, Citrix and other running on a gain of clouds that span everything from Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure to private clouds that may subsist running a half a world away. The challenge now is achieve the processes and tools in plot today that will effect managing DevOps across any those cloud computing environments a lot simpler tomorrow.


Many large companies are now implementing data warehouses. They may use them to analyze specific areas such as customer service or financial issues. Many companies will create multiple goals that they will work towards by using data warehouses.
While this approach has worked well for some companies, this tactic is beginning to show a number of notable weaknesses. Both data and meta data are used with numerous data warehouses, and many of the technicians who manage these warehouses are trying to figure how to process and organize the meta data.
One of the main problems with contemporary data warehouse management strategies is that information changes rapidly. Because of this, it is difficult to be consistent when managing data warehouses. For example, what will a data warehouse manager do when the developer of an application decides to change definitions within the application? The impact that can be created by this and other issues has caused many organizations to rethink their data warehouse management strategies. Many of them are not placing an emphasis on the management of meta data. Being able to process meta data across a wide variety of different warehouses will make things easier.
One tool that can allow data warehouse managers to deal with meta data is called a repository. By using a repository, the meta data can be coordinated among different warehouses. By doing this, all the members of the organization would be able to share data structures and data definitions. The repository could act as a platform that would be capable of handling information from a number of different sources. This information could include programs from companies like Microsoft, IBM, or Oracle. In addition to this, the repository could also handle a wide variety of different tools.
One of the best advantages of using a repository is the consistency that will exist within the system. It will create a standard that can be understood among a number of different departments. If a new definition is created for a data mart implementation, a repository can support the change. A number of different departments would be able to share this information. In a nutshell, the transfer of information will become easier. It is important for the repository to function well over the lifecycle of the data warehouse. In order for this to occur, it is important to make sure the database and information is documented. A legacy model can help you in this area, and it can assist you in building a powerful data warehouse.
A repository can help data warehouse managers in a number of different ways. It can help you in the development phase, and it can also help lower the cost of maintenance. There are a number of things you will want to add to the repository to make it operate smoothly. One of the things you will want to add is a database management system. Using an industry standards tends to be better than a DBMS that was created by a vendor. You will have a number of advanced tools that can assist your in managing your database. In addition to this, it can also help you in the reporting process.
When you use an industry standard database management system, you can place an emphasis on the repository. If you decide to use a repository, it is important to make sure it is based on an entity/relationship structure. When you use an industry standard, it will be easier for your to customize information. There are a number of meta data extensions that should be supported by your repository. Some of these are adding an entity type, modifying an entity type, or modifying relationship characteristics. It will also be helpful if the vendor works with the Microsoft Open Information Model. Another thing that you can combine with a repository is API or application programming interface.
When an API is used, it will be easier for a company to custom build a meta data management system. The meta data will be separated from other tools, and this will make it easier to modify. Even if the data changes, there is no need to change the tools. By using these tools and strategies, a company can produce a data warehouse that is much more powerful and efficient.


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bicep with the flick of the hose. His dark hair curled at the ends and dipped into his face.
mouth to make sure I didn't have drool dripping down my chin.
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tossed the mail all over again. Drewy McHottie was Andy!
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While he's best known as the saxophonist and business partner of Alex Cameron, Roy Molloy is now being recognized as a good samaritan after saving a drowning boy in New York.
As Molloy told a local CBS outlet yesterday (September 16), he heard the child's parents calling for help at Rockaway Beach before jumping from the rocks into the sea.
A surfer in the area lent a hand getting the boy onto his board before bringing him to shore. "He was floundering, drowning," Molloy told CBS. "I don't think he'd have been able to get himself in. No way."
On Twitter, Cameron said that Molloy "didn't think twice," calling him "a full time operator." Molloy then urged swimmers to stay in patrolled areas of the beach.


text:
Citat: Police have no responsibility to protect individuals
Public Rights | 2005 | compiled by Neal Seaman
Police have no legal duty to respond and prevent crime or protect the victim. There have BEEN OVER 10 various supreme and state court cases the individual has never won. Notably, the Supreme Court STATED about the responsibility of police for the security of your family and loved ones is "You, and only you, are responsible for your security and the security of your family and loved ones. That was the essence of a U.S. Supreme Court decision in the early 1980's when they ruled that the police do not have a duty to protect you as an individual, but to protect society as a whole."
"It is well-settled fact of American law that the police have no legal duty to protect any individual citizen from crime, even if the citizen has received death threats and the police have negligently failed to provide protection."
7/15/05 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES No. 04-278 TOWN OF CASTLE ROCK, COLORADO, PETITIONER v. JESSICA GONZALES, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS NEXT BEST FRIEND OF HER DECEASED MINOR CHILDREN, REBECCA GONZALES, KATHERYN GONZALES, AND LESLIE GONZALES
On June 27, in the case of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, the Supreme Court found that Jessica Gonzales did not have a constitutional right to individual police protection even in the presence of a restraining order. Mrs. Gonzales' husband with a track record of violence, stabbing Mrs. Gonzales to death, Mrs. Gonzales' family could not get the Supreme Court to change their unanimous decision for one's individual protection. YOU ARE ON YOUR OWN FOLKS AND GOVERNMENT BODIES ARE REFUSING TO PASS THE Safety Ordinance.
(1) Richard W. Stevens. 1999. Dial 911 and Die. Hartford, Wisconsin: Mazel Freedom Press.
(2) Barillari v. City of Milwaukee, 533 N.W.2d 759 (Wis. 1995).
(3) Bowers v. DeVito, 686 F.2d 616 (7th Cir. 1982).
(4) DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services, 489 U.S. 189 (1989).
(5) Ford v. Town of Grafton, 693 N.E.2d 1047 (Mass. App. 1998).
(6) Warren v. District of Columbia, 444 A.2d 1 (D.C. 1981).
"...a government and its agencies are under no general duty to provide public services, such as police protection, to any particular individual citizen..." -Warren v. District of Columbia, 444 A.2d 1 (D.C. App. 1981)
(7) "What makes the City's position particularly difficult to understand is that, in conformity to the dictates of the law, Linda did not carry any weapon for self-defense. Thus by a rather bitter irony she was required to rely for protection on the City of NY which now denies all responsibility to her."
Riss v. New York, 22 N.Y.2d 579,293 N.Y.S.2d 897, 240 N.E.2d 806 (1958).
(8) "Law enforcement agencies and personnel have no duty to protect individuals from the criminal acts of others; instead their duty is to preserve the peace and arrest law breakers for the protection of the general public."
Lynch v. N.C. Dept. of Justice, 376 S.E. 2nd 247 (N.C. App. 1989)
New York Times, Washington DC
Justices Rule Police Do Not Have a Constitutional Duty to Protect Someone By LINDA GREENHOUSE Published: June 28, 2005
The ruling applies even for a woman who had obtained a court-issued protective order against a violent husband making an arrest mandatory for a violation.


text:
Crizbav, mai demult Crisbav (in , în dialectul săsesc Kriszbich, în ) este satul de reședință al comunei cu același nume din județul Brașov, Transilvania, România. Se află la 10 km de DN 13 și la 6 km de calea ferată. Aparține regiunii istorice Țara Bârsei.

Etimologie

Crizbav, respectiv Krizba, provine din variațiunea dialectală săsească a denumirii germane Krebsbach, care a fost tradus din maghiară (Rákospatak), însemnând pârâul cu raci.

Istoric

Localitatea a fost întemeiată în sec. XIV și s-a concentrat în jurul fortificației din sat. În apropierea satului se află ruinele cetății construite de Ladislau cel Sfânt regele Ungariei în 1080, care a fost reparată de aristocratul secui Mihály Nemes în anii 1200. Fortificația a fost utilizată pe vremea răscoalelor săsești din 1324 și 1332.

Demografie

Populația Crizbavului numără în jur de 1.710 persoane, dintre care 46% români, 38% rromi și 17% maghiari. După sex, bărbații reprezintă 47% din populația comunei, iar  femeile - restul de 53%.

Economie

Activitățile economice principale ale satului se bazează pe agricultură (creșterea animalelor, cultivarea terenurilor) și pe exploatările forestiere. De asemenea bianual este organizat un târg animale, pe 17 aprilie și pe 16 octombrie.

Obiective turistice

 Cetatea Heldenburg, cod LMI 2004: BV-II-m-A-11662
În apropierea Crizbavului, la cca. 4 km vest de sat, la cota 1104 m, se află cetatea Crizbavului (Heldenburg), construită se pare la începutul secolului al XI-lea de regele Ladislau cel Sfânt al Ungariei. Astăzi se mai păstrează doar un donjon care îndeplinea rolul de apărător al porții. De aici se poate vedea o priveliște deosebită cu întreaga Țară a Bârsei și toți munții care o înconjoară, de la Apața până la Zărnești.
 Situl arheologic de la Crizbav, cod LMI 2004: BV-I-s-A-11273
 Fortificație medievală, cod LMI 2004: BV-I-m-A-11273.01
 Așezare hallstattiană, cod LMI 2004: BV-I-m-A-11273.02
 Fortificație dacică, cod LMI 2004: BV-I-m-A-11273.03
 Biserica evanghelică-luterană Crizbav În jurul anului 1427 exista deja biserica veche, care era autonomă, înainte fiind doar o filie a bisericii din Feldioara. Piatra de fundație pentru biserica nouă, actuală, a fost pusă în 1850, iar biserica a fost sfințită la 25 mai 1854, la sărbătoarea Înălțării Domnului.
 Biserica ortodoxă cu hramul "Înălțarea Domnului" a fost ridicată în perioada 1829 -1836.

Personalități
 Mózes Árpád (n. 25 iulie 1931 Crizbav – d. 1 mai 2013 Budapesta) preot evanghelic, episcop din Transilvania, revoluționar în 1956
 Seres András (n. 23 martie 1935 Crizbav – d. 25 noiembrie 1992 Arcuș), renumit etnograf din Țara Bârsei

Galerie imagini

Referințe

Bibliografie

Legături externe

 Primaria Crizbav
 Date despre comună
 Informații despre Cetatea Heldenburg
 Dicționar de localități din Transilvania

Crizbav, Crizbav

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
One of Arkansas's Most Powerful Men: Shen Yun 'Phenomenal'
LITTLE ROCK, Arkansas—Herren C. Hickingbotham was in attendance for Shen Yun Performing Arts at Little Rock's Robinson Center Music Hall on Jan. 2.
"It was amazing. The talent was just overwhelming," Mr. Hickingbotham said.
Mr. Hickingbotham, principal of Hickingbotham Investments Inc., is a man of considerable influence. As recognition for his striving to make a difference while serving others, he was voted one of Arkansas's "Powerful Men 2012" by AY Magazine.
As well as being a philanthropist, his family business, Hickingbotham Family Limited Partnership, owns several automobile franchises including Rolls-Royce, Bentley, Porsche, Mercedes, BMW, and others.
"The choreography, the costumes, and the orchestra and the music was phenomenal," he said.
"A Shen Yun performance features the world's foremost classically trained dancers, a unique orchestra blending East and West, and dazzling animated backdrops—together creating one spectacular performance," reads Shen Yun's website.
Through its unique mixture of music and dance, Shen Yun seeks to revive 5,000 years of nearly lost traditional Chinese culture. Its stunning beauty and tremendous energy leave audiences uplifted and inspired.
Such energy was not lost upon Mr. Hickingbotham, who said that he was impressed by the performance's costumes, culture, and history, but most of all by the music and live orchestra.
"Oh, they were amazing," he said of the orchestra. "So talented."
Shen Yun's orchestra combines the spirit and beauty of Chinese music with the grandeur and precision of a Western Orchestra. Audiences are in for something truly musically memorable at each Shen Yun performance.
"They were hand-in-hand with the performers," he added, "but they made the show."
Reporting by Teresa You and Michael Fitzgerald


text:
American Journal of Industrial and Business Management
Vol.4 No.6(2014), Article ID:46985,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ajibm.2014.46034
Auditing and Weak Bonding Function in Relation to the Agents of Zaibatsu (Large, Family-Owned Industrial Conglomerates) in Japan during 1930s
Ichirou Shiobara
Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
Email: ishiobara@yahoo.com
Received 1 April 2014; revised 30 April 2014; accepted 10 May 2014
This paper has been inspired by the paper issued by Evans, and the title of which is "Auditing and Audit Firms in Germany before 1931" in 2003 on Accounting Historians Journal [1] . Although some academics in the field of international accounting refer to accounting events during 1930s in some specific nations in the world as the main subject in their research, it seems to be rare to make allusion to events surrounding external statutory audit by professionals (ESAP, hereafter) in the world during 1930s, the decade characterized as the inter-war period, collectively. Under such a situation Evans Lisa tried to shed light on the comparatively slow development of the statutory audit in Germany, examine the different attitudes to the legal and organizational forms of audit firms, and to analyze the development of German auditing and audit firms prior to their statutory regulation in 1931. Evans' work, however, has the other aspect of developing the critique of agency theory assumptions in historical contexts. In this aspect, this paper shall rely on the agency theory as the framework of searching the reasons of Japan's specialty in relation to introducing the external statutory audit by professionals during the decade when EVANS referred to, especially focusing on the monitoring and bonding mechanism of ZAIBATSU. In literature, many papers on agency theories focus on monitoring and the way of incentives by principals. In this respect, the development of German ESAP justifies EVANS' approach. On the contrary, in reaching the profound reasons that underlie the behaviors of related parties in relation to introducing ESAP, it's important to pay attention to the conducts of managements that are agents, especially their bonding manner. According to Jensen and Mecling, there is no difference that actually makes the monitoring expenditures and also it will pay the owner-manager to engage in bonding activities and to write contracts which allow monitoring as long as the marginal benefits of each are greater than their marginal cost. If so, generally we can say that the balance of monitoring and bonding might be beneficial to both principals and agents. And also we can expect the situation in which too strong monitoring by the principals might lesson the bonding efforts by the agents. In this paper, I would like to deepen the understanding of the roles and places of managements of ZAIBATSU during 1930s in addition to the situation of Japanese modern big companies, especially those of which occupied the status of followers of ZAIBATSU.
Keywords:Zaibatsu, Governance, Agency Theory, Principal, Agent, Internal Control, Internal Auditing, External Statutory Audit by Professionals, Monitoring, Bonding
I've written some essays on 1930s regime of External Statutory Audit by Professionals (ESAP) in relation to JAPAN.
Especially in the paper in English titled "External Auditing in Japan—Its participation in 1930s regime of US based External Auditing" [2] in which I insisted that "although some academics in the field of international accounting refer to accounting events during 1930s in some specific nations in the world as the main subject in their research, it seems to be rare to make allusion to events surrounding external statutory audit by professionals (ESAP, hereafter) in the world during 1930s, the decade characterized as the inter-war period, collectively".
Under such a situation Evans tried to shed light on the comparatively slow development of the statutory audit in Germany, examine the different attitudes to the legal and organizational forms of audit firms, and to analyze the development of German auditing and audit firms prior to their statutory regulation in 1931.
In the above mentioned article, we focused our attention to the decade of the 1930's not only from the perspective of specific nations but also from that of collections of nations as the representatives of the world in which I referred to 5 countries. I would like to, however, delete France in this paper because of my intention to avoid unnecessary arguments.
Moreover we tried to base our arguments on the historical facts and observational propositions on facts as far as possible, so as to create the useful tool to explain anomalous phenomena surrounding ESAP in Japan that is no entry to American based 1930s regime by giving our interpretations to these facts [1] .
Also, this paper shall rely on the agency theory as the framework of searching the reasons of Japan's specialty in relation to introducing the external statutory audit by professionals during the decade when EVANS referred to, especially focusing on the monitoring and bonding mechanism of Zaibatsu.
According to Jensen and Meckling [3] , an agency relationship was defined "as a contract under which one or more persons (the principal (s)) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent". Of course in the case of Zaibatsu also, as shown below, there were some traits of possibility to look upon them as the nexus of contracts. So it might be allowed in the following sessions to argue the matters in the framework of agency theories [2] .
1.1. What's Zaibatsu?
Before entering into the subject matter, some methodological affairs shall be pointed out. As Watts and Zimmerman [4] did, "the evidence analyzed in this paper is qualitative in nature and does not lend itself to hypothesis testing using large samples and econometric methods." In this paper also, we would like to follow them.
According to economic historians majoring in Zaibatsu, the concept of Zaibatsu is a little ambiguous. Here we shall be satisfied with citing the explanation given by Hiroshi Matsumoto [5] in his farewell lecture at YOKOHAMA UNIVERSITY titled "Zaibatsu in Japan" He shows us some of definition list. Some of them shall be shown below:
1) A group of parent companies invested by the family and its relatives, at the core of which those subsidiaries occupied by them are compelled to be engaged in the operation of some businesses and big ones of which led the some industries to the state of oligopoly.
2) Multilateral business entities which were under the control of closely related family and its relatives.
3) Multilateral business entities which were under the control of closely related family and its relatives which had the monopolistic states.
We intend to rely upon some of them according to necessity to develop our arguments. Putting aside definition problems, they can be classified into two groups. The ones are business entities grown up from businessmen with prerogative power including MITSUI and SUMITOMO. The others are the business entities grown up from businessmen with political contacts with the government at the ties of MEIJI RESTORATION, which include MITSUBISHI, YASUDA, HURUKAWA, OOKURA, FIJITA and others. Among both of them, as shown by the figure, MITSUI, MITSUBISHI, SUMITOMO and YASUDA are called Big Four according to their occupation of industrial markets (Table 1).
Among them we would like to focus our attention in the following section to MITSUBISHI Zaibatsu.
1.2. Development of Mitsubishi during 1930s and Years before Them
Zaibatsu existed during 78 years from 1867 to 1945. We intend to describe the matters during 1930s. We would like to treat MITSUBISHI Zaibatsu, however, from its embryo stage to 1930s as the introductory part of the main section.
The founder of Mitsubishi zaibatsu, that is, IWAZAKI family, established MITSUBISHISHA to control several businesses under their holdings. By this control system each business had to ask for MITSUBISHA's order about the business which needed the increase of fixed assets. On employment affairs also needed the permission of MITSUBISHISHA. The other parts of the businesses were delegated to the chief of the businesses.
According to one historian of ZAIBATSU this control system of MITSUBISHISHA were said to be possible by means of modern accounting system which MITSUBISHI introduced at the early stage of its development. After having introduced double entry book-keeping, its accounting system developed following enlargement and diversification of its businesses. MITSUBISHI used this system for controlling businesses under their holdings [6] .
Later in place of MITSUBISHISHA, MITSUBISHI limited partnership company was established to get clear the legal status of holdings by IWAZAKI family. This company introduced the divisional system in 1908 to control businesses under its holding [6] .
IWAZAKI K KOYATA who inherited from KYUYA presidency of MITSUBISHI limited partnership company performed some revolutionary changes of its system of control by introducing holding companies [7] .
In 1917 one of divisions, "shipbuilding business" of MITSUBISHI limited partnership company became Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. Then in 1918 Mitsubishi Mining Company Ltd., was established and assumed the assets of mining-related divisions [8] , including the establishment of Mitsubishi Corporation absorbing business division and that of Mitsubishi Warehouse Co., Ltd. as the successor of Mitsubishi, Logistics Corporation [9] , in 1919 Mitsubishi Bank, Ltd. after bank division and MITSUBISHI Marine and Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. after insurance division.
As shown above, these newly established companies were engaged in their own businesses which held a controlling block of shares in the affiliated companies concentrated on control of these affiliated companies after having exchanged contracts to transfer the right of doing businesses [5] .
On the reasons why IWAZAKI KOYATA performed such revolutionary changes of its system of control by introducing holding companies, Masashi AOCHI argued the following three:
Table 1. Constitution of investment in the area of industries by big four.
(Cited from Hiroshi Matsumoto, ibid). In the parenthesis, sums of investment are shown; monetary unit is ¥million.
1) The Way to Reduce Taxes.
In 1913 tax law was reformed to levy corporation tax at the predefined rate of 25 - 1000 ths for limited partnership company and 62.5 - 1000 ths for stock holding companies. Furthermore to the MITSUBISHI limited partnership company was to be applied progressive tax. It should have been favorable to it to change its businesses to holding companies. The reason why MITSUBISHI limited partnership company itself did not take the form of stock holding company can be found in the reason.
2) Evading Risks and Planning the Diffusion of Its Businesses.
If it divides its businesses into several holding companies, it should have been favorable to it because limited partnership company could be stock holders of its holding companies, and also establish several holding companies but one contributes to diffusion of its businesses which help each holding company avoid bankruptcy at the same time compared to the risk which it should have encountered.
3) Intention to Fund Social Money from the Market.
By means of getting its businesses into holding companies, making their shares public could permit it fund social money. This was the way IWAZAKI K KOYATA himself supported in his special messages [3] .
4) Intention to Efficiently Integrate Different Sorts of Businesses.
IWAZAKI K KOYATA himself made it clear in his speech that the rapid development of JAPAN caused businesses of his limited partnership company to have developed and to change the system by getting them to holding companies [7] .
On the other hand IWAZAKI KOYATA did not change his limited partnership company to the form of stock holding company. Its reasons are argued by historians in the reversal ways given to way of introducing holding companies. These are:
a) Realization of merits of limited liability by becoming shareholders of its holding companies.
b) Avoidance of possibility of destroying the structure of holding and occupying by IWAZAKI Family if it employed the form of stock holding company by inflow of funds from outside parties [4] [5] .
2. Mitsubishi Zaibatsu and Monitoring System
2.1. Mitsubishi Zaibatsu and Professional Managements
From the early stage of its development MITSUBISHI ZAIBATSU employed professional management among whom the most famous were KOUHEI KONDOU, HEIGOROU SOUDA and RYOUHEI TOYOKAWA. The most peculiar characteristics of these managements including persons shown above, needless to say about those of holding companies, are said to be that in substance they had huge authority but against ZAIBATSU FAMILY, they occupied the status of servants. All businesses of holding companies were considered to be the assets of FAMIlY [5] .
We can find their names on the site.
According to TAKEDA [8] , amongst the stock holders of holding companies held by MITSUBISHI limited partnership company, IWAZAKI FAMILY showed peculiar characteristics. Their investment in holding companies was limited to IWAZAKI FAMILY upon this understanding; we will proceed on the assumption that, as shown above, there were some traits of possibility to look upon them as the nexus of contracts. So it might be allowed in the following sessions to argue the matters in the framework of agency theories referring to Jensen and Meckling's arguments, especially focusing on the monitoring and bonding mechanism of Zaibatsu.
2.2. Strict System of Monitoring of Zaibatsu
As TAKEDA [8] explains, in the literature on the study of ZAIBATSU "strict system of monitoring" has been emphasized. AOCHI claims that MITSUBISHI limited partnership company was in the stage of strengthening its monitoring function [6] .
In 1916 president of MITSUBISHI limited partnership company, KOYATA performed internal audit to all businesses and claimed the internal auditors to report the results to him. Before that time, in 1875 MEIJI government gave 31 vessels to MITSUBISHI SHOUKAI (former organization of MITSUBISHI limited partnership company) for the condition of accounting report to the government and establishment of good accounting system. Since then, as shown above, it introduced modern accounting system which were based on double entry book-keeping and its accounting system developed following enlargement and diversification of its businesses. MITSUBISHI used this system for controlling businesses under their holdings. In the same year MITSUBISHI SHOUKAI changed its name to POSTAL STEAMBOAT MITSUBISHI COMPNY. And it prescribed the rules on its double entry bookkeeping in the framework of its rules on POSTAL STEAMBOAT MITSUBISHI COMPNY.
However AOCHI [7] proceeds to argue that in spite of such superior accounting system, its performance was extremely short handed.
In this occasion, president KOYATA claimed in 1917 compliance with the rules issued in his "Special Notes" sent to the officers of his businesses [7] . If so, severe monitoring system including internal auditing taken by MITSUBISHI started from irregularities which is different from auditing in USA vogue between 1900 and 1914 to certify B/S for use by bankers and is very similar to auditing in USA which had the attest function depended mainly on verification of bookkeeping detail.
Anyhow, immediately after having introduced the system of holding companies, MITSUBISHI limited partnership company set the department of supervision. In article 22 of its prescription of office organizations defined the roles of this department as to be engaged in accounting work of this company, works of accounting, operating audit, audit on investment affairs in relation to its holding companies. AOCHI considers this department as the sector to perform monitoring function [7] .
By this way, MITSUBISHI limited partnership company succeeded in nourishing the soil to grow the managements of its holding companies to be engaged in their specialty of operating their own businesses by reducing their responsibility as the management of capital [7] .
2.3. Tendency of Emphasizing Monitoring amongst Literatures
In general, arguments on auditing emphasize its role as the tool of monitoring. Watts and Zimmerman stated, "Auditing is one of the ways in which the contracts are monitored [4] ".
Further, they said, "the papers that stress the importance of monitoring in the theory of the firm analyze the incentive (agency or control) problems that exist in different types of firms (partnerships, nonprofit firms, corporations, etc.)." W.Z. In this meaning, severe system of monitoring taken by MITSUBISHI ZAIBATSU paralleled to the general tenancy.
On the other hand, as shown above, according to Jensen and Mecling [3] , "there is no difference who actually makes the monitoring expenditures and also it will pay the owner-manager to engage in bonding activities and to write contracts which allow monitoring as long as the marginal benefits of each are greater than their marginal cost".
If so, generally we can say that the balance of monitoring and bonding might be beneficial to both principals and agents. And also we can expect the situation in which too strong monitoring by the principals might lesson the bonding efforts by the agents.
3. Concluding Remarks—Peculiarity of Severe System of Monitoring Taken by Mitsubishi Zaibatsu
We emphasize that the whole affairs of Zaibatsu could be looked upon as inward oriented in contrast to the similar organizations during 1930s in other developed countries which could be looked upon as outward oriented.
Here we can show their traits in several episodes referring to the following matters taken by Mitsubishi Zaibatsu in its embryo stages.
For example, it established commercial school and merchant marine school under its own power to get the talents who can be grown up as the faithful employees.
In contrast to this peculiarity, general picture of monitoring system in the countries taken in the attached table can be found in the following statement by Watts and Zimmerman.
"The first joint stock companies were audited." W.Z.
"The accounts of the early joint stock companies were audited by a committee of shareholders (members) and/or directors." W.Z.
"This practice continued into the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." W.Z.
"The auditing was voluntary." W.Z.
"The hypothesis advanced here is that committees of auditors survived because they were an efficient method of monitoring contracts between managers and those supplying capital." W.Z.
"The U.K. company acts from 1844 to 1900 did not require outside auditors." W.Z.
Even in those countries, ESAP was not common. For example, Watts and Zimmerman, stated that "the use of outside professional auditors did not become common until the latter half of the nineteenth century in the United Kingdom and the early part of this century in the United States." W.Z. However in those countries, monitoring system of joint stock companies progressed alongside the growth of outside professionals. In this meaning, this kind of monitoring system can be seen as an outward-looking one. In those countries, as shown in the attached tables, after voluntary auditing, ESAP was a common style.
On the contrary, the severe system of monitoring MITSUBISHI ZAIBATSU seems to have prevented the growth of ESAP. Accounting system, internal audit, internal control system and others were constructed from the strict monitoring aspect in the framework of MITSUBISHI Limited Liability Company. As Watts and Zimmerman emphasized, in the countries shown on the attachments, bonding has been used throughout the history of the business corporation except Japan. In this paper we developed our argument on the origin of such affairs caused by too much severe system taken in the framework of Zaibatsu dependent economy in Japan during 1930s.
Evans, L. (2003) Auditing and Audit Firms in Germany before 1931. Accounting Historians Journal, 30, 29-65.
Shiobara, I. (2002) External Auditing in Japan—Its Participation in 1930s Regime of US Based External Auditing—Huitiemes Journeesd histoire de la comptabilite et du management, Les nouvelles technologies dansl' histoire 21-22, 111-133.
Jensen, M.C. and Meckling, W.H. (1976) Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305-360.
Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L. (1983) Agency Problems, Auditing, and the Theory of the Firm: Some Evidence. Journal of Law and Economics, 26, 613-633. http://www.jstor.org/stable/725039
(2004) Hiroshi Matsumoto: Zaibatsu of Japan: History of Their Formation, Development and Dissolution. Economia, 55, 1.
Tetsuji, O. (1999) History of Holding Companies. Chikuma Shinsho.
Masashi, A. (Year) Corporate Governance of Mitsubishi Limited Liability Company, Kyoto University Economic Society. Kyoto University Economic Review, Change of MITSUBISHI Limited Liability Company during War Ⅱ, 169. http://hdl.handle.net/10110/9447.2013,4,6
Haruhito, T. (2013) Zaibatsu and Internal Capital Market.
http://www.takeda.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gyoseki/naibushihon.pdf
http://www.mmc.co.jp/corporate/en/corporate/history.html
1) As shown on the table, in 1914 offering of "Bill on Professional Accountants" to the 31st Imperial Diet as the legislation by members of the Diet was made only to be thrown out and offered every year afterwards, because value of professional accountants had not been socially recognized and business world had not been ready to actively accept them, in addition to negative attitude of regulators (25 years of certified public accountants in Japan, p. 8). Evans talked about the phenomena in Germany that "the annual audit of financial statements remained voluntary in Germany until 1931". On the contrary, Japan did not enter this regime.
2) Evans claims that agency problems and costs arise from the separation of ownership and control in modern companies. It's true that Jensen and Meckling developed their theory on the assumption of the separation of ownership and control in modern companies. They noted, however, that agency costs arise in any situation involving cooperative effort (such as the coauthoring of this paper) by two or more people even though there is no clear-cut principal-agent relationship.
3) AOCHI cited these messages in his writing.
4) In addition to the above, Aochi showed the following episode by prominent businessman at that time SHIBUSAWA EIICHI, who held intimate relations with IWAZAKI Family. According to SHIBUSAWA, Japanese Commercial law helped MITSUBISHI ZAIBATS and others protect their assets and use them with the intention of government to realize the aim of measuring to enrich and strengthen the country [5].
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