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Altruistic World Online Library
Board index ‹ Our Wild World ‹ Religion and Cults
Report to the Boards of Trustees of Rigpa Fellowship UK, and
The impulse to believe the absurd when presented with the unknowable is called religion. Whether this is wise or unwise is the domain of doctrine. Once you understand someone's doctrine, you understand their rationale for believing the absurd. At that point, it may no longer seem absurd. You can get to both sides of this conondrum from here.
Re: Report to the Boards of Trustees of Rigpa Fellowship UK,
by admin » Sat May 04, 2019 5:59 am
On the basis of the evidence available to me, it is clear that a number of senior individuals within Rigpa management have been aware of serious concerns about the behaviour of Sogyal Lakar since, at least, the mid-1990s.
Witness P appears to have had the most knowledge of the allegations of impropriety as Witness P handled the Janice Doe claim, attended the UK trustee meetings in the mid-90s, attended the meeting called by Witness B and was involved in the issues surrounding Student 27. It is also Witness P who was understood to have raised these issues with Sogyal, according to Witness N.
I conclude that Witness P's devotion to Sogyal Lakar has resulted in Witness P refusing to accept the possibility that anything Sogyal had done might have been wrong. In my view, it appears that Witness P has made no meaningful efforts to establish whether or not the allegations are true. I believe that this reaction arises out of his view that students who are unhappy should simply leave quietly – Witness P was not really concerned about whether these things happened, but seems to have been prepared to accept that Sogyal intended no harm, regardless of what happened.
I asked Witness P whether Witness P thought a guru could ever be bad, to which Witness P responded "if it [I] said never you would think I have been brainwashed". Witness P agreed that mistakes may have been made "due to cultural differences", but I was not able to understand what Witness P understood those cultural differences to be.
Witness P's letter to Witness D was, in my view, designed to manipulate Witness D into dropping his concerns about Student 27. I believe this demonstrates a proactive cover-up, not just a failure to deal with things adequately. I also find Witness P is responsible for telling others that complainants should not be believed, for example, those of Janice Doe and Student 27.
Witness O went to some length to deny holding any management responsibility that could cause Witness O to be responsible for anything that has happened, yet Witness O was clearly heavily involved in the issues raised during the 1990s – it was Witness O who was tasked with investigating them and devising the relevant policy documents to protect against these concerns. Witness O was involved in relation to denying what had happened to Student 27 and Witness O had a pivotal role in the "representing Rigpa" training.
Witness O said to me "there has been a lot of rumour and innuendo, a lot of people talking on behalf of people, a lot of exaggeration and gossip – we can't act on that as an organisation. Why in the space of forty years hasn't anyone complained?" I found this to be an extraordinary statement from someone who was aware of Janice Doe and Student 27, as well as the complaints brought to their attention by Witness B, which I do not believe can reasonably be dismissed as mere gossip or rumour.
At the start of my meeting with Witness O, Witness O said [about the letter writers] "I'm not blaming them, [Vajrayana] is subtle and complex, but what they say shows something fundamentally hasn't clicked … there are grains of truth in [the Complaint] but they are exaggerated and distorted". But Witness O later said to me "we don't believe that [Sogyal] abuses people, it's not the [letter writers'] understanding either – it's a mystery for me why in this letter they have changed their mind". Witness O also described it as "pretty heart-breaking to see these friends turn against everything; I don't believe [Sogyal] has been harming people like this".
In my opinion, Witness O is not prepared to accept that Sogyal has done wrong; I believe that has always been the case and this seems to be why Witness O has not been prepared to take any complaints seriously over the years. In my view, Witness O's mind is closed even to the outcome of Rigpa's own investigation.
I remain somewhat perplexed as to Witness N's role. Many witnesses who spoke to me were adamant that Witness N would have known about all of the abuse that was going on, but when pressed were not able to provide me with clear evidence to demonstrate this. It is apparent that Witness N attended the meeting with Witness B in 1994, but it seems Witness N was not involved in the follow-up to that meeting involving the Charity Commission and Inform. I am concerned, however, that Witness N did not tell me about this meeting, which I think would be hard to forget in this context, notwithstanding the passage of time.
I received evidence from some witnesses that Witness N had provided real and valuable help to some individuals; Witness F felt that Witness N was supportive when Witness F left Rigpa, and Witness E understood that Student 5 considers that she would have "gone under" if it wasn't for Witness N's help. During our interview, Witness N was prepared to acknowledge the experience of the letter writers – for example, Witness N said:
"I was very shocked to read [Witness F]'s experience, I don't want to say that [Witness F] didn't experience this. [Witness F] is a very sincere person and evidently [Witness F] did. Something has gone awry".
On balance, I believe that Witness N knew that some people were being harmed by their involvement with Sogyal Lakar. I conclude that Witness N did not take sufficient action to stop this or prevent future harm being caused, but did made some efforts to intervene to help specific individuals.
There are other individuals who held management positions and, it is alleged, had knowledge of the allegations against Sogyal. This includes, for example, Student 21, Student 22, Student 23 and Student 24. I recommend that their knowledge should be investigated further if they are to retain management roles or positions of influence in future.
I am satisfied that the organisation had several opportunities to realise and address the extent of the harm that was being caused, but failed to take these. The efforts made to investigate these issues and protect students in future were, in my assessment, entirely inadequate and, in some cases, there is evidence that proactive steps have been taken to discredit those raising concerns.
That said, I recognise that a number of the witnesses I spoke to and who have now left Rigpa had also seen things that they knew were wrong but had felt unable to speak up for a long time. It is clear that, by speaking out, these individuals feel that they have to leave behind the 'Rigpa family' and their support networks. In addition, they have had to lose their relationship with their teacher and, to a degree, their beliefs. Speaking out appears to require a willingness to 'step off the path to enlightenment', and many are not ready to do that. It should not, therefore, be overlooked, that the Rigpa management witnesses referred to above are also students of Sogyal and will have likely faced huge difficulties in speaking out against him, assuming that they felt that there was a need to do so.
As a final note, several of the witnesses expressed their unhappiness at the way Rigpa had responded to the Complaint. As this issue strictly falls outside the scope of this investigation, I will not address this further in this report but it is right to acknowledge their concerns.
Further allegations
Throughout the course of this investigation I have been contacted by a number of additional people who have further stories of abuse. Regrettably, the scope of this investigation has had to be limited to investigating the Complaint and there came a point when it was not feasible to conduct further interviews.
I have assured those who raised concerns with me that I would alert Rigpa to the fact that there are more concerned students and former students who would like the opportunity to be heard.
To ensure a proper investigation is undertaken, any such process needs to be truly independent of the influence of those individuals who I conclude have been involved in failing to deal with concerns for many years.
I have been asked to set out any recommendations that I have for change within Rigpa as a result of my findings. My practical recommendations are set out below. Should they be accepted, there will be detailed work to be done in implementing the recommendations across the Rigpa organisation, which operates in a number of different territories. It will be necessary in a number of respects to take into account local laws, regulations and guidance in each such territory as well as having regard to the legal personality and governance structure through which Rigpa operates in each territory.
There are also a number of matters which may require further investigation before the Rigpa leadership is able to reach final decisions in relation to this overall matter. The possibility of such further investigations is referred to at various points above.
Before moving to implement the recommendations below, my view is that the leadership of Rigpa should consider first the overall effect of these findings on its mission and work as an organisation. In the United Kingdom, for example, the trustees would need to consider whether the findings of the report, the resources required to act on the recommendations and the degree to which the work and profile of Rigpa has in the past been closely associated with the persona of Sogyal Lakar, make it possible for the organisation to move past these events and operate sustainably and successfully in the future. Appropriate advice should be taken on this and it should be noted that in raising this issue for the trustees I do not seek to guide their decision either way, such guidance being outside the scope of my investigation and remit.
Assuming that the Rigpa leadership concludes that the appropriate overall course is to put in place structures and procedures to ensure that its work as an organisation can continue in the future without the risk of harm, I recommend the following:
1. Sogyal Lakar should not take part in any future event organised by Rigpa or otherwise have contact with its students;
2. Rigpa should take steps to disassociate itself from Sogyal Lakar as fully as is possible (having regard to any legal arrangements which may for the time being connect the organisation with him);
3. Rigpa leadership in each country (being the trustees or equivalent) and the Vision Board should, as necessary, be refreshed in order to ensure that;
a. its members are unconnected with the harmful events referred to in this report and so can credibly lead the programme of changes required;
b. its members are all publically committed to the concept that abuse will not be tolerated by anyone, or against anyone, within Rigpa (including teachers); and
c. wherever possible, the leadership should include some members who are unconnected with the student body, for example lay trustees as such would be recognised in the United Kingdom.
4. Professional management should be appointed at each major Rigpa centre. Wherever possible, the management team should include some members who are not part of the student body. Care should be taken to ensure that all members of management are able to perform their responsibilities and are not inhibited in doing so, for example, as a consequence of considering themselves bound to demonstrate 'unwavering respect' towards the guru.
5. An appropriate risk assessment addressing the whole range of the organisation's activities should be conducted and regularly refreshed. The risk assessment should specifically address teaching practices which are, or have been, associated with the Dzogchen Mandala - careful, well guided judgments will need to be made on the future use of such practices in the organisation's work. For the avoidance of doubt any practice amounting to abuse of a student should never be tolerated.
6. A comprehensive and written safeguarding policy should be put in place to ensure that:
a. sexual relationships between teachers and students are either prohibited entirely, or subject to specific safeguarding measures to ensure there can be no abuse of power;
b. any 'lama care' that is deemed to be necessary is carried out in a way which ensures the health and safety of those providing these services is adequately protected;
c. mechanisms for the confidential reporting of concerns are clear and can be easily found by those with concerns;
d. reports of any incidents and allegations are recorded and stored in a secure and proper way;
e. incidents and allegations are promptly investigated in accordance with the policy with appropriate follow up action taken;
f. consideration is given to reporting serious incidents to relevant law enforcement authorities and/or regulators; and
g. the management and leadership of each Rigpa entity is aware of and properly trained in its responsibilities.
7. An abuse helpline outside of Rigpa should be set up, in addition to the internal reporting mechanisms made available.
8. To the extent that it has not done so already, Rigpa should review its fundraising activities to ensure that these are compliant with local laws and regulations. This review should specifically include contexts in which Rigpa events such as retreats may be used as an opportunity for third parties such as external speakers to raise funds for other causes and/or invite gratuity payments on their own behalf. There should be absolute clarity on the proper uses of all such funds.
9. A clear approach to the engagement of speakers and teachers should be established which ensures that they are aware of relevant policies, including the safeguarding and fundraising policies, before having contact with students.
10. So far as is consistent with the wider financial responsibilities of Rigpa, a fund should be created to provide professional counselling to those affected by abuse.
11. An appropriate programme of communications related to the above steps should be undertaken with the letter writers, students and the wider Rigpa community. In addition to a first communication setting out Rigpa's commitment to a safe and secure environment for all students and the steps to be taken in achieving that, regular updates should be given until the programme of changes has been completed.
12. Rigpa's leadership should consider (taking further advice as necessary) the extent to which it is obliged to report any of the matters set out in this report to law enforcement authorities or relevant regulators in each applicable jurisdiction.
by admin » Sat Jun 15, 2019 7:18 pm
Charity Commission disqualifies trustee from Rigpa Fellowship: Trustee failed to protect people who came into contact with the charity
by The Charity Commission
A trustee has been disqualified from all charities for a period of 8 years as a result of an ongoing Charity Commission inquiry into the Rigpa Fellowship charity.
Patrick Gaffney was serving as a trustee of the charity, which is based in London and has objects to advance the Buddhist religion.
Evidence uncovered by the Commission shows Mr Gaffney had knowledge of instances and allegations of improper acts and sexual and physical abuse against students at the charity.
Mr Gaffney failed to take appropriate action in response to this information and is therefore responsible for misconduct and/or mismanagement in the administration of the charity.
He was entered onto the list of disqualified trustees on 12 April 2019.
Amy Spiller, Head of Investigations Team at the Charity Commission, said:
We are continuing to investigate concerns about this charity via our ongoing statutory inquiry. However, the safety and wellbeing of beneficiaries and those that come into contact with the charity, must always be a priority for the trustees and staff of a charity. This trustee has been disqualified with immediate effect for failing in his duty to protect those who came into contact with the charity.
The public rightly expect charities to be safe places, where people are free from harm. Where we find charities that are failing in this essential duty, we will take action to remove those responsible.
The Commission has been engaging with the charity since August 2017 over serious concerns about adult safeguarding. Concerns escalated during this engagement, prompting the opening of a statutory inquiry on 8 November 2018.
It is the Commission's policy to publish a report at the conclusion of the case.44
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package org.srcdeps.mvn;

public interface Constants {

    /** See the bin/mvn or bin/mvn.cmd script of your maven distro, where maven.multiModuleProjectDirectory is set */
    String MAVEN_MULTI_MODULE_PROJECT_DIRECTORY_PROPERTY = "maven.multiModuleProjectDirectory";

    String SRCDEPS_MAVEN_VERSION = "4.0.1-SNAPSHOT"; // @srcdeps.version@

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Save your search - find out immediately when "English language" is available at auction!
Cervantes, Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1616) The History of the Most Renowned Don Quixote of Mancha: and his Trusty Squire Sancho Pancha.
Coignet, Matthieu, sieur de La Thuillerie (1514-1586) Politique Discourses upon Trueth and Lying.


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FIFA Club World Cup In Qatar Rescheduled For February 2021
Match 230 , at Watford
Sat, Jan 22, 2022 - 1:30 AM IST
Match 225 , at Liverpool
Match 68 , at Fatorda
Sports Home Football News FIFA Club World Cup In Qatar Rescheduled For February 2021
FIFA on Tuesday postponed the Club World Cup 2020 to February 2021. The event will be held from February 1 to 11, 2021 in Doha.
Updated: November 17, 2020 11:12 PM IST
The 2020 Club World Cup has been postponed to February 2021.© FIFA/Twitter
The 2020 Club World Cup has been postponed to February 2021
The Club World Cup was scheduled for December 2020 in Doha
Liverpool won the Cup in 2019 after by Brazil's Flamengo in the final
Qatar will host the coronavirus-delayed Club World Cup, an important test event ahead of the 2022 World Cup, in February, FIFA said on Tuesday. The virus has thrown the sporting calendar into chaos with organisers forced to postpone flagship events like the Olympics and Euro 2020, while other events have been cancelled outright. The Club World Cup, which had been due to be played in Doha in December of this year, will instead be held from February 1 to 11, 2021. The competition sees club champions from the six regional confederations and the champions of the host nation, Qatar's Al-Duhail, brought together for the annual contest.
Bayern Munich are due to take part after winning last season's UEFA Champions League.
"The FIFA Club World Cup 2020 will now be held from 1 to 11 February 2021, taking place in Qatar," FIFA said in a statement.
"FIFA and the host country will provide the required safeguards for the health and safety of all involved."
Liverpool lifted the trophy in 2019 after beating Brazil's Flamengo in the final.
A revamped 24-team Club World Cup, including eight sides from Europe, was due to be played in China in 2021, but is set to be rescheduled for a later date after Euro 2020 and the Copa America were pencilled in for next June and July.
Qatar was named as the hosts of the 2019 and 2020 tournaments, which are seen as important tests of the Gulf nation's readiness for 2022.
The pandemic, which began in China late last year, has quickly marched across the globe, infecting more than 55 million people and killing at least 1,328,048 people according to official sources.
"The introduction of strict return-to-play protocols has facilitated a successful resumption of continental club championships the last of which is now scheduled to conclude by the end of January 2021," which will determine the line-up of the February tournament, the FIFA statement added.
Africa Cup of Nations: Egypt Make Cup Of Nations Last 16 As Six Teams Advance
Premier League: Never Say Die Tottenham Hotspur Delight Antonio Conte With Leicester City Late Show
Italian Cup: Inter Milan Hold Off Spirited Empoli To Reach Quarter-Final
Still Time For Eden Hazard, Gareth Bale At Real Madrid, Says Carlo Ancelotti
Premier League: Manchester United Back On Track But Grumpy Cristiano Ronaldo Mars Win

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Posts Tagged 'vastu'
House Beautiful: living in a remarkable Maharishi Vastu retirement home on Saltspring Island, BC
House Beautiful: The gift of constraint
Grania Litwin / Times Colonist
It's the home of Vincent and Maggie Argiro, natives of the States who had heard about the friendly island and decided to build a remarkable retirement home there.
Based on an ancient form of Indian architecture — called Maharishi Sthapatya Veda, or Vastu — the home is designed to increase occupants' health and happiness.
It certainly feels calming and harmonious the moment you enter through the lotus flower gate, cross a lavender-edged terrace and step into the two-storey glass foyer.
The L-shaped building is reflected in an L-shaped pool, and the entire house is oriented to the cardinal directions. Light floods into every room from east and west, through interior and exterior windows, as well as skylights — perhaps one reason the house is supposed to boost clarity and creative thinking.
"A vastu house is said to be a fortune-creating house too," said Vincent, who seems pretty creative already.
He is a world leader in three-dimensional, advanced visualization software design. His Vital Images Inc. — now a division of Toshiba Medical — produces medical-imaging software, a diagnostic tool used in hospitals worldwide by radiologists, cardiologists, oncologists and other specialists needing to explore inside the body.
In the couple's home, everything from orientation and proportion to property slope and relationship to nearby bodies of water is governed by vastu design. By great good fortune, soon after arriving on the island, they found an ideal 3.8-hectare site with panoramic views stretching from Mount Baker to Black Tusk in the Garibaldi Range 132 kilometres away.
Designer Everest Lapp said it was a very demanding project. "Siting the building was difficult, as it had to be within a certain envelope with very particular dimensions. Everything was very detailed and exacting.
"In some cases, we had to move a wall a quarter of an inch. Even the rockwork was redone at one point. I'd never done a fireplace like this before, with a high window in the back. I didn't even know it was possible."
There were compensations, though.
"The Argiros* are amazing people with so much depth, and although their expectations were very high and it was super-challenging, creating this house has enriched my career," Lapp said.
"I sometimes wondered if it would come together, but there is no doubt in my mind that Vincent can do anything he wants. He is very, very bright."
The 3,800-square-foot home has a feeling unlike anything she has experienced, Lapp said. "There is an energy — something ethereal about it."
Vincent knew a designer called Everest would be up for the challenge.
"She is a former national mountain-biker and snowboarder and I heard there was no slope she couldn't go down," he joked, adding he likes challenges, too.
"I read a book years ago with a quote I've always remembered: 'Constraints are gifts to creative people.' It's been my maxim and guiding principle all my life," said the innovator, who is still an active consultant and mentor to other entrepreneurs — and an electric-vehicle buff who has a Tesla Roadster and a Model S, both of which were the first of their kind in B.C.
"In this architecture, we had to follow the rules exactly, the tolerances were very small, up to 1/16th of an inch," he explained. "But we could be very creative within them."
Maggie said their island builder, originally from Switzerland, was very precise, too, and really got on board.
"This house was absolutely the toughest I've ever built, and I was up there more than two years," said Robert Huser.
"A lot of the stuff you just don't see … all the floor joists, for instance, had to be ripped down. A 2×10 is actually 2×9.5, and we had to make them 2×8-and-three-eighths. But the Argiros are great people and it was cost-plus [pricing]."
The owners used as many local craftspeople and materials as possible, said Maggie, who designed the glass catwalk with Lapp. It's made of kiln-cast, textured glass fabricated in the Vancouver Glass Studio of Joe Berman on Granville Island. A totem beside the stairs was commissioned from First Nations carver Doug LaFortune, depicting eagles and sea otters.
"There is a great spirit in this house," said Maggie, noting that during construction, there were many coincidences. Time and again, just when they needed something, it would appear: A container of wood, originally headed for Japan, suddenly became available; a barn full of rare wood was discovered at the 11th hour.
The house has hydronic in-floor heat, a forced-air system used mainly for ventilation, a high-efficiency heat pump for hot water and a backup propane generator.
"We need the generator when the power goes out; it can be out for three or four days up here," said Vincent, and 80 per cent of the lights are LED, which use 80 per cent less energy than incandescent bulbs.
The eco-friendly home is filled with small details, such as a small deck with outdoor shower off the master bath, and a ladder to a rooftop perch. "It's my cubbyhole," Vincent said. "You know the old song Up On The Roof? Well I have that bug. I love sitting up there."
Hanging on the stairway wall is a massive marble slab from an area of southern France famous for Paleolithic cave paintings. "There are amazing iron deposits near Lascaux and when I saw this piece, I immediately thought: That is nature's painting and it should not be cut up for countertops.
"It weights 800 pounds and hanging it was the most dangerous, demanding part of this whole building."
Vincent devised stainless-steel rails for it to sit in and a framework of aircraft aluminum bolted onto a reinforced wall.
Maggie's favourite haunt is the kitchen she designed.
"For years I worked in a postage-stamp-sized kitchen," said the former home economist, who worked for Continental Mills, testing and developing recipes. "So this is wonderful.
"My main thing is workflow and efficiency. You come in with groceries, put them in the refrigerator, wash and prep them here, chop here, cook here, choose the dishes here, serve here. It works beautifully," she said, moving clockwise around the area. Her island includes a baking centre with tin-lined drawers.
The commercial fan above her Wolf range was tricky to install at the large window, but she wanted to enjoy the view and check on her outdoor Italian pizza oven.
Vincent is most proud of the "smart home" technology he programmed himself.
"The house has a whole set of rhythms that adjust the lights and thermostats every day, every season. This nervous system shuts down all non-essential power at night, or when we're on holiday.
"Almost all the wires go dead. The whole house is de-energized, so radiation of all kinds drops dramatically when we sleep, and the house idles at less than 500 watts."
Vincent explained they took their time finding a place to retire in their mid-50s and toyed with the idea of building a home in Minneapolis, "but it never felt right. Then we heard about Saltspring, this magical community of talented and special people."
They love the island and their peaceful new house.
"It's as if there are no walls, no ceilings," said Maggie. "You feel that nothing stands between you and nature."
This demanding Saltspring Island home brings out the best in creative design and artisans. The Argiro home is the 5th video, Saltspring Lotus, in a series called, House Beautiful, published by Debra Brash, April 20, 2013 for timescolonist.com.
*At the time of this article Vincent Argiro was a trustee of Maharishi University of Management. Vincent and Maggie Argiro were major donors of M.U.M.'s Argiro Student Center.
Tags:ancient Indian architecture, architecture, beautiful house, craftspeople, design constraints, Everest Lapp, fortune-creating house, Grania Litwin, Maharishi Sthapatya Veda, natural building materials, panoramic views, Saltspring Island, vastu, vastu house, Vedic architecture, Vincent and Maggie Argiro
Posted in Architecture, Art, Articles, Health, Peace, Sustainable Living, Videos | Leave a Comment »


text:
/**
 * @file dtls.h
 * @brief High level DTLS API and visible structures.
 */

#ifndef _DTLS_DTLS_H_
#define _DTLS_DTLS_H_

#include <stdint.h>

#include "t_list.h"
#include "state.h"
#include "peer.h"

#ifndef WITH_CONTIKI
#include "uthash.h"
#include "t_list.h"
#endif /* WITH_CONTIKI */

#include "alert.h"
#include "crypto.h"
#include "hmac.h"

#include "global.h"
#include "dtls_time.h"

#ifndef DTLSv12
#define DTLS_VERSION 0xfeff	/* DTLS v1.1 */
#else
#define DTLS_VERSION 0xfefd	/* DTLS v1.2 */
#endif

typedef enum dtls_credentials_type_t {
  DTLS_PSK_HINT, DTLS_PSK_IDENTITY, DTLS_PSK_KEY
} dtls_credentials_type_t;

typedef struct dtls_ecdsa_key_t {
  dtls_ecdh_curve curve;
  const unsigned char *priv_key;	/** < private key as bytes > */
  const unsigned char *pub_key_x;	/** < x part of the public key for the given private key > */
  const unsigned char *pub_key_y;	/** < y part of the public key for the given private key > */
} dtls_ecdsa_key_t;

/** Length of the secret that is used for generating Hello Verify cookies. */
#define DTLS_COOKIE_SECRET_LENGTH 12

struct dtls_context_t;

/**
 * This structure contains callback functions used by tinydtls to
 * communicate with the application. At least the write function must
 * be provided. It is called by the DTLS state machine to send packets
 * over the network. The read function is invoked to deliver decrypted
 * and verfified application data. The third callback is an event
 * handler function that is called when alert messages are encountered
 * or events generated by the library have occured.
 */
typedef struct {
  /**
   * Called from dtls_handle_message() to send DTLS packets over the
   * network. The callback function must use the network interface
   * denoted by session->ifindex to send the data.
   *
   * @param ctx  The current DTLS context.
   * @param session The session object, including the address of the
   *              remote peer where the data shall be sent.
   * @param buf  The data to send.
   * @param len  The actual length of @p buf.
   * @return The callback function must return the number of bytes
   *         that were sent, or a value less than zero to indicate an
   *         error.
   */
  int (*write)(struct dtls_context_t *ctx,
	       session_t *session, uint8 *buf, size_t len);

  /**
   * Called from dtls_handle_message() deliver application data that was
   * received on the given session. The data is delivered only after
   * decryption and verification have succeeded.
   *
   * @param ctx  The current DTLS context.
   * @param session The session object, including the address of the
   *              data's origin.
   * @param buf  The received data packet.
   * @param len  The actual length of @p buf.
   * @return ignored
   */
  int (*read)(struct dtls_context_t *ctx,
	       session_t *session, uint8 *buf, size_t len);

  /**
   * The event handler is called when a message from the alert
   * protocol is received or the state of the DTLS session changes.
   *
   * @param ctx     The current dtls context.
   * @param session The session object that was affected.
   * @param level   The alert level or @c 0 when an event ocurred that
   *                is not an alert.
   * @param code    Values less than @c 256 indicate alerts, while
   *                @c 256 or greater indicate internal DTLS session changes.
   * @return ignored
   */
  int (*event)(struct dtls_context_t *ctx, session_t *session,
		dtls_alert_level_t level, unsigned short code);

#ifdef DTLS_PSK
  /**
   * Called during handshake to get information related to the
   * psk key exchange. The type of information requested is
   * indicated by @p type which will be one of DTLS_PSK_HINT,
   * DTLS_PSK_IDENTITY, or DTLS_PSK_KEY. The called function
   * must store the requested item in the buffer @p result of
   * size @p result_length. On success, the function must return
   * the actual number of bytes written to @p result, of a
   * value less than zero on error. The parameter @p desc may
   * contain additional request information (e.g. the psk_identity
   * for which a key is requested when @p type == @c DTLS_PSK_KEY.
   *
   * @param ctx     The current dtls context.
   * @param session The session where the key will be used.
   * @param type    The type of the requested information.
   * @param desc    Additional request information
   * @param desc_len The actual length of desc.
   * @param result  Must be filled with the requested information.
   * @param result_length  Maximum size of @p result.
   * @return The number of bytes written to @p result or a value
   *         less than zero on error.
   */
  int (*get_psk_info)(struct dtls_context_t *ctx,
		      const session_t *session,
		      dtls_credentials_type_t type,
		      const unsigned char *desc, size_t desc_len,
		      unsigned char *result, size_t result_length);

#endif /* DTLS_PSK */

#ifdef DTLS_ECC
  /**
   * Called during handshake to get the server's or client's ecdsa
   * key used to authenticate this server or client in this
   * session. If found, the key must be stored in @p result and
   * the return value must be @c 0. If not found, @p result is
   * undefined and the return value must be less than zero.
   *
   * If ECDSA should not be supported, set this pointer to NULL.
   *
   * Implement this if you want to provide your own certificate to
   * the other peer. This is mandatory for a server providing ECDSA
   * support and optional for a client. A client doing DTLS client
   * authentication has to implementing this callback.
   *
   * @param ctx     The current dtls context.
   * @param session The session where the key will be used.
   * @param result  Must be set to the key object to used for the given
   *                session.
   * @return @c 0 if result is set, or less than zero on error.
   */
  int (*get_ecdsa_key)(struct dtls_context_t *ctx,
		       const session_t *session,
		       const dtls_ecdsa_key_t **result);

  /**
   * Called during handshake to check the peer's pubic key in this
   * session. If the public key matches the session and should be
   * considerated valid the return value must be @c 0. If not valid,
   * the return value must be less than zero.
   *
   * If ECDSA should not be supported, set this pointer to NULL.
   *
   * Implement this if you want to verify the other peers public key.
   * This is mandatory for a DTLS client doing based ECDSA
   * authentication. A server implementing this will request the
   * client to do DTLS client authentication.
   *
   * @param ctx          The current dtls context.
   * @param session      The session where the key will be used.
   * @param other_pub_x  x component of the public key.
   * @param other_pub_y  y component of the public key.
   * @return @c 0 if public key matches, or less than zero on error.
   * error codes:
   *   return dtls_alert_fatal_create(DTLS_ALERT_BAD_CERTIFICATE);
   *   return dtls_alert_fatal_create(DTLS_ALERT_UNSUPPORTED_CERTIFICATE);
   *   return dtls_alert_fatal_create(DTLS_ALERT_CERTIFICATE_REVOKED);
   *   return dtls_alert_fatal_create(DTLS_ALERT_CERTIFICATE_EXPIRED);
   *   return dtls_alert_fatal_create(DTLS_ALERT_CERTIFICATE_UNKNOWN);
   *   return dtls_alert_fatal_create(DTLS_ALERT_UNKNOWN_CA);
   */
  int (*verify_ecdsa_key)(struct dtls_context_t *ctx,
			  const session_t *session,
			  const unsigned char *other_pub_x,
			  const unsigned char *other_pub_y,
			  size_t key_size);
#endif /* DTLS_ECC */
} dtls_handler_t;

/** Holds global information of the DTLS engine. */
typedef struct dtls_context_t {
  unsigned char cookie_secret[DTLS_COOKIE_SECRET_LENGTH];
  clock_time_t cookie_secret_age; /**< the time the secret has been generated */

#ifndef WITH_CONTIKI
  dtls_peer_t *peers;		/**< peer hash map */
#else /* WITH_CONTIKI */
  LIST_STRUCT(peers);

  struct etimer retransmit_timer; /**< fires when the next packet must be sent */
#endif /* WITH_CONTIKI */

  LIST_STRUCT(sendqueue);	/**< the packets to send */

  void *app;			/**< application-specific data */

  dtls_handler_t *h;		/**< callback handlers */

  unsigned char readbuf[DTLS_MAX_BUF];
} dtls_context_t;

/**
 * This function initializes the tinyDTLS memory management and must
 * be called first.
 */
void dtls_init();

/**
 * Creates a new context object. The storage allocated for the new
 * object must be released with dtls_free_context().
 * @param rng_seed   The random seed for intializing the internal RNG
 */
dtls_context_t *dtls_new_context(void *app_data, unsigned long rng_seed);

/** Releases any storage that has been allocated for \p ctx. */
void dtls_free_context(dtls_context_t *ctx);

#define dtls_set_app_data(CTX,DATA) ((CTX)->app = (DATA))
#define dtls_get_app_data(CTX) ((CTX)->app)

/** Sets the callback handler object for @p ctx to @p h. */
static inline void dtls_set_handler(dtls_context_t *ctx, dtls_handler_t *h) {
  ctx->h = h;
}

/**
 * Establishes a DTLS channel with the specified remote peer @p dst.
 * This function returns @c 0 if that channel already exists, a value
 * greater than zero when a new ClientHello message was sent, and
 * a value less than zero on error.
 *
 * @param ctx    The DTLS context to use.
 * @param dst    The remote party to connect to.
 * @return A value less than zero on error, greater or equal otherwise.
 */
int dtls_connect(dtls_context_t *ctx, const session_t *dst);

/**
 * Establishes a DTLS channel with the specified remote peer.
 * This function returns @c 0 if that channel already exists, a value
 * greater than zero when a new ClientHello message was sent, and
 * a value less than zero on error.
 *
 * @param ctx    The DTLS context to use.
 * @param peer   The peer object that describes the session.
 * @return A value less than zero on error, greater or equal otherwise.
 */
int dtls_connect_peer(dtls_context_t *ctx, dtls_peer_t *peer);

/**
 * Closes the DTLS connection associated with @p remote. This function
 * returns zero on success, and a value less than zero on error.
 */
int dtls_close(dtls_context_t *ctx, const session_t *remote);

int dtls_renegotiate(dtls_context_t *ctx, const session_t *dst);

/**
 * Writes the application data given in @p buf to the peer specified
 * by @p session.
 *
 * @param ctx      The DTLS context to use.
 * @param session  The remote transport address and local interface.
 * @param buf      The data to write.
 * @param len      The actual length of @p data.
 *
 * @return The number of bytes written or @c -1 on error.
 */
int dtls_write(struct dtls_context_t *ctx, session_t *session,
	       uint8 *buf, size_t len);

/**
 * Checks sendqueue of given DTLS context object for any outstanding
 * packets to be transmitted.
 *
 * @param context The DTLS context object to use.
 * @param next    If not NULL, @p next is filled with the timestamp
 *  of the next scheduled retransmission, or @c 0 when no packets are
 *  waiting.
 */
void dtls_check_retransmit(dtls_context_t *context, clock_time_t *next);

#define DTLS_COOKIE_LENGTH 16

#define DTLS_CT_CHANGE_CIPHER_SPEC 20
#define DTLS_CT_ALERT              21
#define DTLS_CT_HANDSHAKE          22
#define DTLS_CT_APPLICATION_DATA   23

/** Generic header structure of the DTLS record layer. */
typedef struct __attribute__((__packed__)) {
  uint8 content_type;		/**< content type of the included message */
  uint16 version;		/**< Protocol version */
  uint16 epoch;		        /**< counter for cipher state changes */
  uint48 sequence_number;       /**< sequence number */
  uint16 length;		/**< length of the following fragment */
  /* fragment */
} dtls_record_header_t;

/* Handshake types */

#define DTLS_HT_HELLO_REQUEST        0
#define DTLS_HT_CLIENT_HELLO         1
#define DTLS_HT_SERVER_HELLO         2
#define DTLS_HT_HELLO_VERIFY_REQUEST 3
#define DTLS_HT_CERTIFICATE         11
#define DTLS_HT_SERVER_KEY_EXCHANGE 12
#define DTLS_HT_CERTIFICATE_REQUEST 13
#define DTLS_HT_SERVER_HELLO_DONE   14
#define DTLS_HT_CERTIFICATE_VERIFY  15
#define DTLS_HT_CLIENT_KEY_EXCHANGE 16
#define DTLS_HT_FINISHED            20

/** Header structure for the DTLS handshake protocol. */
typedef struct __attribute__((__packed__)) {
  uint8 msg_type; /**< Type of handshake message  (one of DTLS_HT_) */
  uint24 length;  /**< length of this message */
  uint16 message_seq; 	/**< Message sequence number */
  uint24 fragment_offset;	/**< Fragment offset. */
  uint24 fragment_length;	/**< Fragment length. */
  /* body */
} dtls_handshake_header_t;

/** Structure of the Client Hello message. */
typedef struct __attribute__((__packed__)) {
  uint16 version;	  /**< Client version */
  uint32 gmt_random;	  /**< GMT time of the random byte creation */
  unsigned char random[28];	/**< Client random bytes */
  /* session id (up to 32 bytes) */
  /* cookie (up to 32 bytes) */
  /* cipher suite (2 to 2^16 -1 bytes) */
  /* compression method */
} dtls_client_hello_t;

/** Structure of the Hello Verify Request. */
typedef struct __attribute__((__packed__)) {
  uint16 version;		/**< Server version */
  uint8 cookie_length;	/**< Length of the included cookie */
  uint8 cookie[];		/**< up to 32 bytes making up the cookie */
} dtls_hello_verify_t;

#if 0
/**
 * Checks a received DTLS record for consistency and eventually decrypt,
 * verify, decompress and reassemble the contained fragment for
 * delivery to high-lever clients.
 *
 * \param state The DTLS record state for the current session.
 * \param
 */
int dtls_record_read(dtls_state_t *state, uint8 *msg, int msglen);
#endif

/**
 * Handles incoming data as DTLS message from given peer.
 *
 * @param ctx     The dtls context to use.
 * @param session The current session
 * @param msg     The received data
 * @param msglen  The actual length of @p msg.
 * @return A value less than zero on error, zero on success.
 */
int dtls_handle_message(dtls_context_t *ctx, session_t *session,
			uint8 *msg, int msglen);

/**
 * Check if @p session is associated with a peer object in @p context.
 * This function returns a pointer to the peer if found, NULL otherwise.
 *
 * @param context  The DTLS context to search.
 * @param session  The remote address and local interface
 * @return A pointer to the peer associated with @p session or NULL if
 *  none exists.
 */
dtls_peer_t *dtls_get_peer(const dtls_context_t *context,
			   const session_t *session);

#endif /* _DTLS_DTLS_H_ */

/**
 * @mainpage
 *
 * @author Olaf Bergmann, TZI Uni Bremen
 *
 * This library provides a very simple datagram server with DTLS
 * support. It is designed to support session multiplexing in
 * single-threaded applications and thus targets specifically on
 * embedded systems.
 *
 * @section license License
 *
 * This software is under the MIT License.
 *
 * @subsection uthash UTHash
 *
 * This library uses uthash to manage
 * its peers (not used for Contiki). @b uthash uses the BSD revised license, see
 * http://uthash.sourceforge.net/license.html.
 *
 * @subsection sha256 Aaron D. Gifford's SHA256 Implementation
 *
 * tinyDTLS provides HMAC-SHA256 with BSD-licensed code from Aaron D. Gifford,
 * see www.aarongifford.com.
 *
 * @subsection aes Rijndael Implementation From OpenBSD
 *
 * The AES implementation is taken from rijndael.{c,h} contained in the crypto
 * sub-system of the OpenBSD operating system. It is copyright by Vincent Rijmen, *
 * Antoon Bosselaers and Paulo Barreto. See rijndael.c
 * for License info.
 *
 * @section download Getting the Files
 *
 * You can get the sources either from the downloads section or
 * through git from the project develop page.
 *
 * @section config Configuration
 *
 * Use @c configure to set up everything for a successful build. For Contiki, use the
 * option @c --with-contiki.
 *
 * @section build Building
 *
 * After configuration, just type
 * @code
make
 * @endcode
 * optionally followed by
 * @code
make install
 * @endcode
 * The Contiki version is integrated with the Contiki build system, hence you do not
 * need to invoke @c make explicitely. Just add @c tinydtls to the variable @c APPS
 * in your @c Makefile.
 *
 * @addtogroup dtls_usage DTLS Usage
 *
 * @section dtls_server_example DTLS Server Example
 *
 * This section shows how to use the DTLS library functions to setup a
 * simple secure UDP echo server. The application is responsible for the
 * entire network communication and thus will look like a usual UDP
 * server with socket creation and binding and a typical select-loop as
 * shown below. The minimum configuration required for DTLS is the
 * creation of the dtls_context_t using dtls_new_context(), and a callback
 * for sending data. Received packets are read by the application and
 * passed to dtls_handle_message() as shown in @ref dtls_read_cb.
 * For any useful communication to happen, read and write call backs
 * and a key management function should be registered as well.
 *
 * @code
 dtls_context_t *the_context = NULL;
 int fd, result;

 static dtls_handler_t cb = {
   .write = send_to_peer,
   .read  = read_from_peer,
   .event = NULL,
   .get_psk_key = get_psk_key
 };

 fd = socket(...);
 if (fd < 0 || bind(fd, ...) < 0)
   exit(-1);

 the_context = dtls_new_context(&fd);
 dtls_set_handler(the_context, &cb);

 while (1) {
   ...initialize fd_set rfds and timeout ...
   result = select(fd+1, &rfds, NULL, 0, NULL);

   if (FD_ISSET(fd, &rfds))
     dtls_handle_read(the_context);
 }

 dtls_free_context(the_context);
 * @endcode
 *
 * @subsection dtls_read_cb The Read Callback
 *
 * The DTLS library expects received raw data to be passed to
 * dtls_handle_message(). The application is responsible for
 * filling a session_t structure with the address data of the
 * remote peer as illustrated by the following example:
 *
 * @code
int dtls_handle_read(struct dtls_context_t *ctx) {
  int *fd;
  session_t session;
  static uint8 buf[DTLS_MAX_BUF];
  int len;

  fd = dtls_get_app_data(ctx);

  assert(fd);

  session.size = sizeof(session.addr);
  len = recvfrom(*fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, &session.addr.sa, &session.size);

  return len < 0 ? len : dtls_handle_message(ctx, &session, buf, len);
}
 * @endcode
 *
 * Once a new DTLS session was established and DTLS ApplicationData has been
 * received, the DTLS server invokes the read callback with the MAC-verified
 * cleartext data as its argument. A read callback for a simple echo server
 * could look like this:
 * @code
int read_from_peer(struct dtls_context_t *ctx, session_t *session, uint8 *data, size_t len) {
  return dtls_write(ctx, session, data, len);
}
 * @endcode
 *
 * @subsection dtls_send_cb The Send Callback
 *
 * The callback function send_to_peer() is called whenever data must be
 * sent over the network. Here, the sendto() system call is used to
 * transmit data within the given session. The socket descriptor required
 * by sendto() has been registered as application data when the DTLS context
 * was created with dtls_new_context().
 * Note that it is on the application to buffer the data when it cannot be
 * sent at the time this callback is invoked. The following example thus
 * is incomplete as it would have to deal with EAGAIN somehow.
 * @code
int send_to_peer(struct dtls_context_t *ctx, session_t *session, uint8 *data, size_t len) {
  int fd = *(int *)dtls_get_app_data(ctx);
  return sendto(fd, data, len, MSG_DONTWAIT, &session->addr.sa, session->size);
}
 * @endcode
 *
 * @subsection dtls_get_psk_info The Key Storage
 *
 * When a new DTLS session is created, the library must ask the application
 * for keying material. To do so, it invokes the registered call-back function
 * get_psk_info() with the current context and session information as parameter.
 * When the call-back function is invoked with the parameter @p type set to
 * @c DTLS_PSK_IDENTITY, the result parameter @p result must be filled with
 * the psk_identity_hint in case of a server, or the actual psk_identity in
 * case of a client. When @p type is @c DTLS_PSK_KEY, the result parameter
 * must be filled with a key for the given identity @p id. The function must
 * return the number of bytes written to @p result which must not exceed
 * @p result_length.
 * In case of an error, the function must return a negative value that
 * corresponds to a valid error code defined in alert.h.
 *
 * @code
int get_psk_info(struct dtls_context_t *ctx UNUSED_PARAM,
	    const session_t *session UNUSED_PARAM,
	    dtls_credentials_type_t type,
	    const unsigned char *id, size_t id_len,
	    unsigned char *result, size_t result_length) {

  switch (type) {
  case DTLS_PSK_IDENTITY:
    if (result_length < psk_id_length) {
      dtls_warn("cannot set psk_identity -- buffer too small\n");
      return dtls_alert_fatal_create(DTLS_ALERT_INTERNAL_ERROR);
    }

    memcpy(result, psk_id, psk_id_length);
    return psk_id_length;
  case DTLS_PSK_KEY:
    if (id_len != psk_id_length || memcmp(psk_id, id, id_len) != 0) {
      dtls_warn("PSK for unknown id requested, exiting\n");
      return dtls_alert_fatal_create(DTLS_ALERT_ILLEGAL_PARAMETER);
    } else if (result_length < psk_key_length) {
      dtls_warn("cannot set psk -- buffer too small\n");
      return dtls_alert_fatal_create(DTLS_ALERT_INTERNAL_ERROR);
    }

    memcpy(result, psk_key, psk_key_length);
    return psk_key_length;
  default:
    dtls_warn("unsupported request type: %d\n", type);
  }

  return dtls_alert_fatal_create(DTLS_ALERT_INTERNAL_ERROR);
}
 * @endcode
 *
 * @subsection dtls_events The Event Notifier
 *
 * Applications that want to be notified whenever the status of a DTLS session
 * has changed can register an event handling function with the field @c event
 * in the dtls_handler_t structure (see \ref dtls_server_example). The call-back
 * function is called for alert messages and internal state changes. For alert
 * messages, the argument @p level will be set to a value greater than zero, and
 * @p code will indicate the notification code. For internal events, @p level
 * is @c 0, and @p code a value greater than @c 255.
 *
 * Internal events are DTLS_EVENT_CONNECTED, @c DTLS_EVENT_CONNECT, and
 * @c DTLS_EVENT_RENEGOTIATE.
 *
 * @code
int handle_event(struct dtls_context_t *ctx, session_t *session,
                 dtls_alert_level_t level, unsigned short code) {
  ... do something with event ...
  return 0;
}
 * @endcode
 *
 * @section dtls_client_example DTLS Client Example
 *
 * A DTLS client is constructed like a server but needs to actively setup
 * a new session by calling dtls_connect() at some point. As this function
 * usually returns before the new DTLS channel is established, the application
 * must register an event handler and wait for @c DTLS_EVENT_CONNECT before
 * it can send data over the DTLS channel.
 *
 */

/**
 * @addtogroup contiki Contiki
 *
 * To use tinyDTLS as Contiki application, place the source code in the directory
 * @c apps/tinydtls in the Contiki source tree and invoke configure with the option
 * @c --with-contiki. This will define WITH_CONTIKI in tinydtls.h and include
 * @c Makefile.contiki in the main Makefile. To cross-compile for another platform
 * you will need to set your host and build system accordingly. For example,
 * when configuring for ARM, you would invoke
 * @code
./configure --with-contiki --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=arm-none-eabi
 * @endcode
 * on an x86_64 linux host.
 *
 * Then, create a Contiki project with @c APPS += tinydtls in its Makefile. A sample
 * server could look like this (with read_from_peer() and get_psk_key() as shown above).
 *
 * @code
#include "contiki.h"

#include "tinydtls.h"
#include "dtls.h"

#define UIP_IP_BUF   ((struct uip_ip_hdr *)&uip_buf[UIP_LLH_LEN])
#define UIP_UDP_BUF  ((struct uip_udp_hdr *)&uip_buf[UIP_LLIPH_LEN])

int send_to_peer(struct dtls_context_t *, session_t *, uint8 *, size_t);

static struct uip_udp_conn *server_conn;
static dtls_context_t *dtls_context;

static dtls_handler_t cb = {
  .write = send_to_peer,
  .read  = read_from_peer,
  .event = NULL,
  .get_psk_key = get_psk_key
};

PROCESS(server_process, "DTLS server process");
AUTOSTART_PROCESSES(&server_process);

PROCESS_THREAD(server_process, ev, data)
{
  PROCESS_BEGIN();

  dtls_init();

  server_conn = udp_new(NULL, 0, NULL);
  udp_bind(server_conn, UIP_HTONS(5684));

  dtls_context = dtls_new_context(server_conn);
  if (!dtls_context) {
    dtls_emerg("cannot create context\n");
    PROCESS_EXIT();
  }

  dtls_set_handler(dtls_context, &cb);

  while(1) {
    PROCESS_WAIT_EVENT();
    if(ev == tcpip_event && uip_newdata()) {
      session_t session;

      uip_ipaddr_copy(&session.addr, &UIP_IP_BUF->srcipaddr);
      session.port = UIP_UDP_BUF->srcport;
      session.size = sizeof(session.addr) + sizeof(session.port);

      dtls_handle_message(ctx, &session, uip_appdata, uip_datalen());
    }
  }

  PROCESS_END();
}

int send_to_peer(struct dtls_context_t *ctx, session_t *session, uint8 *data, size_t len) {
  struct uip_udp_conn *conn = (struct uip_udp_conn *)dtls_get_app_data(ctx);

  uip_ipaddr_copy(&conn->ripaddr, &session->addr);
  conn->rport = session->port;

  uip_udp_packet_send(conn, data, len);

  memset(&conn->ripaddr, 0, sizeof(server_conn->ripaddr));
  memset(&conn->rport, 0, sizeof(conn->rport));

  return len;
}
 * @endcode
 */


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Hello from Koh Samui, Thailand. Lately we have been enjoying life in Lamai Beach, Koh Samui, Thailand. See photos above and below for the band George has been playing with at Rock Island House Bar and our new friends from this visit. When we were here last Poi was a tiny eight-month old and now she is a wandering, talking drumming toddler! We love her smile in the photo!
We have added over twenty-five videos to our YouTube channel at their house but over forty-five new videos since Jan 1! A giant thanks to our friends, Jessica and Ted, for sharing their fiber optic Wi-Fi, gorgeous home, pool and support! We could not have done it without them!
Jessica also introduced us to all her friends and we enjoyed a block party, Aussie day celebration, Friday night performance with Mimi Moore and afternoon bowling for Chinese New Year. So much of life depends on whom you meet, we are grateful to our friends in Lamai! We are on our way North in Thailand to experience our first visit to Chiang Rai and to get a new visa! But we will be back in Lamai again later this year.
We are grateful to Jessie Voigts of Wandering Educators for hosting our live online Google on Air hangout to announce the winners of our Gratitude Travel Writing Contest. The Inspiration Travel Writing Contest is open, has a first prize of $1,000usd and closes on Valentine's Day! We look forward to sharing your inspiring stories.
In 2013, we released our e-book, Traveling in Sin. The Paperback version is nearly ready for release! We hope to have it ready in the next few weeks.
We thank 1000 Places to Fight for our wonderful interview: We Said Go Kiss!
We appreciate all of you who read our newsletters, articles, website and BOOK! Thank you to everyone for your support of our journey and all our writing. Connect with us on Facebook, Google+, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, SlideShare, Twitter, and YouTube.


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State requiring certification tests for new principals
HARRISBURG (AP) — Aspiring principals now have a new hurdle to clear before they can seek employment in Pennsylvania — a six-hour certification test that measures their ability to analyze data and respond to hypothetical situations.
The state Education Department began requiring applicants to take the School Leaders Licensure Assessment on Sept. 1, under 1999 regulations that set new certification guidelines for school employees. The regulations also require new tests for school psychologists, counselors and supervisors.
"It's one more way to make sure that our principals are qualified to do the job," department spokesman Jeff McCloud said Thursday.
Participants must pay $400 for the test, which was created by the Educational Testing Service in Princeton, N.J., plus a $35 registration fee. Since September, 440 people have taken the test.
Because the test is in its first year, the department has not set a passing score. Officials will analyze this year's results to determine the qualifying score, which will take effect in September 2002, McCloud said.
Sample questions in the ETS test preparation literature include a scenario in which a principal agrees to excuse a student from participating in a holiday concert after the child's mother calls the school, insisting that the student not be required to sing any Christmas songs. Test-takers are asked whether they agree with the principal's decision, and give reasons why.
The test also asks questions about data and documents such as student testing statistics, school improvement plans, and budget information.
Travis Bicher, a social studies teacher at Eastern Lebanon County Middle School, took the test earlier this month and is awaiting his results. Bicher said he wasn't particularly anxious about the exam.
"A lot of the questions were realistic ... but there were some others that weren't," said Bicher, who is seeking a principal's certificate through Penn State University-Harrisburg.
"If I have a public relations problem that affects my school, I'm not going to make any decisions by myself — I'm going to talk to counselors, outside agencies, and the students. I think that's a shortcoming, but no test is going to be perfect."
Some school administrators fear the additional requirement could aggravate difficulties some districts already have finding qualified administrators. The shortage is particularly acute in rural districts, where salaries are generally lower, said Joseph Acri, assistant executive director of the Pennsylvania Associations of Elementary and Secondary School Principals.
"It's possible that people will sit back and say, 'I'm not going to invest any time or effort just yet.' I think that could add to the problem, as more of these 35-year principals retire, and you'll see less available candidates," Acri said.
Others wonder whether the test is necessary.
"I guess I would say it's a bit of overkill at this point," said Leon Trager, assistant superintendent of the Oxford Area School District in Chester County. "By the time you get to the level of an administrative position, you should have proven yourself in a number of ways. The questions on this seem to be nothing more than you would be able to ferret out in a good interview."
On the Net:
Educational Testing Service:
Pennsylvania Department of Education:


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Tough weekend with a conciliatory end
Tough weekend with a conciliatory…
As lovely as the panorama surrounding the Red Bull Ring might be, the races on the roller-coaster are all the tougher. And although the ADAC GT Masters weekend wasn't the easiest, MONTAPLAST by Land-Motorsport can leave Austria with points and two podiums in the Junior category.
"It was quite a challenging race weekend, but it ended on a good note", Team Manager Christian Land summarized. "The entire team had to work really hard, and Sunday was paid off by two solid results. However, for the next races, we want to be there in the battle for the front right from the start – that's our aim. This is where our focus must now lie."
Fans were allowed back to the track for the first time in the 2021 season. A total of 3,000 spectators per day shared the excitement in Spielberg and watching a strong chase by the Land-Motorsport drivers was a real treat. "After a botched qualifying, we were aiming to give our all in the Sunday race again and were determined to make up some places. Which we did. And a big thank you goes to everyone in the team. They did everything right in the race and chose the appropriate strategy", said Christopher Mies.
In fact, the second race was really something: due to an accident, the race had to be stopped in the very first lap. After the re-start, a large number of safety car periods dominated the action, however Mies kept his cool and used the start phase to fight forwards to the top 10 and remained there resolutely. Teammate Ricardo Feller, who took the wheel of the Audi R8 LMS GT3 #29 for the second stint, completed the strong performance and pocketed seventh place plus another podium in the Junior category. Ranking twelfth on Saturday had already meant points for the duo.
Christopher Haase and Luci Trefz displayed similar fighting spirit in the sister car #28. Although the two drivers in the MANN-FILTER Mamba went empty-handed on Saturday, points were collected on Sunday, when the duo made up three positions and finished in 13th place. "So today we mitigated losses – at least we scored points. We can't be fully satisfied, but Sunday's result is a first step in the right direction," Haase concluded.
Land-Motorsport's next chance to score points is from 9 to 11 July, when the Deutsche GT-Meisterschaft calls at the Circuit Zandvoort.
Press downloads:
#28 MONTAPLAST by Land-Motorsport
R. Feller
C. Mies, C. Land
By Anna Dostmann 13. June 2021
Author: Anna Dostmann
PreviousPrevious post:Three questions for: Tanja WieseNextNext post:Three questions for: Martin Richter
Weitere Land-Motorsport News:
ADAC GT Masters: Title fight decisions pending
Hockenheim 2021: A score to be proud of
Three questions for: Christian Land
Intercontinental GT Challenge
Petit Le Mans


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You don't have to be great to be successful. Look at Phil Collins.


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Ireland Languages
(Redirected from Ireland Languages)
Ireland Wiki Topics
Historic Ireland (pre-1922)
Wiki Topics
Poorhouses, Poor Law, Etc.
Record Loss
Scots Irish
Northern Ireland (post-1922)
District Registrars
Ireland Background
Names, Personal
Ireland Research Resources
The native language of Ireland is Irish (also known as Gaelic, a name shared with the Manx and Scottish versions). In the Ireland Genealogy, Irish has official status, but in Northern Ireland Genealogy it has little or none, although it
Most records used in Irish research were begun in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries and were written in English. The other language you may have to deal with is Latin. Government records were written in Latin until 1733, some Catholic Church records used Latin until the mid-nineteenth century, and older records written in English often latinized names and relationships. Some knowledge of Latin will help you read these records.
1 Irish language
2 Ulster Scots
4 Shelta
5 Online Databases
Irish language[edit | edit source]
Irish (Gaeilge, formerly written as Gaedhilge) is a member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages. It is closely related to Manx and Scottish Gaelic, and more distantly to Welsh, Cornish and Breton.
Irish was spoken natively in Northern Ireland into the twentieth century, in areas such as Rathlin Island, and the Sperrin Mountains. The 1901 & 1911 Censuses reveal that it was spoken by both the Roman Catholic and the Protestant communities.
In the Republic of Ireland, formerly the Irish Freestate, Irish has been an official language since independence in the 1920s. One can see both Irish and English used on official documents from the ROI. The republic has also set up Gaeltachts, which are areas in which Irish is supposedly used by much of the community (the definition and the reality are often at odds) - these are generally scattered along the west coast.
Irish gives rise to many Irish surnames, including any beginning with:
Mac, Mc, M' or Mag- e.g. Maguire, McDonnell, MacGuinness. "Mac" means "son of".
O' e.g. O' Dwyer, O' Higgins. "O" means "grandson of".
It was quite common for many families to drop the Mac or O' from their surnames, so some of the surnames above might also reappear as Dwyer, Higgins, Guinness etc, in the same family. In certain names, "Mac" also became "Fitz" e.g. Fitzgerald.
Many other Irish names also derive from Irish Gaelic, e.g. Branagh (Breathnach)
The old Gaelic naming system is extremely complex, and exists mainly in oral tradition.
Many personal names such as Shaun (John), Kevin, Conor, Neil, Maeve and Kathleen all ultimately derive from the language too. There are other, traditional, Gaelic names which have no direct equivalents in English: Domhnall, which is normally rendered as the unrelated Daniel or Donald; Grainne, for which there is nothing similar in English, and it is rendered as 'Grace'; Cathal, which is "matched" with Charles.
In the last hundred years, many people have given their children Irish names in the original spelling, e.g. the actors Saoirse Ronan and Ciarán Hinds. This is more common in the Republic, and when it occurs in Northern Ireland is usually connected with people who come from a Roman Catholic or Nationalist/Republican background.
Ulster Scots[edit | edit source]
Ulster Scots (also known as Ullans or Ulster-Scotch), is a vernacular used by a few people in County Donegal in the Republic and parts of Northern Ireland, especially County Antrim. Although commonly portrayed as a "Protestant" language, it is in fact used by members of both the Roman Catholic and the Protestant communities. It has very limited official recognition.
Genealogists may encounter an occasional word of Ulster Scots when looking at old documents, but the language is not distinct enough to cause major problems.
Latin[edit | edit source]
Latin was used for written records in Ireland over a thousand years ago, prior to the Anglo-Norman, and even the Norse invasions. It continued to be used long after the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland.
Shelta[edit | edit source]
This is the traditional language of Irish travellers. One is unlikely to ever come across this in records, much less so than Irish.
Online Databases[edit | edit source]
Liofa
Island Ireland
Books[edit | edit source]
For help in reading Latin, see:
Ainsworth, Robert. Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Compendiarius: Ainsworth's Latin Dictionary. 1752. Reprint. London, England: Frederick Westly and A. H. Davis, 1836. (Family History Library book Ref 473 Ai65a 1836; film 599788.) This is a Latin dictionary. Most libraries have a similar work.
Latin Genealogical Word List provides translations of Latin words often used in genealogical records.
Martin, Charles T., comp. The Record Interpreter. 2d ed. Dorking, England: Kohler and Coombes, 1976. (Family History Library book Ref 422.471 M363re.) This book is a collection of abbreviations, Latin words, and names used in British historical manuscripts and records.
McLaughlin, Eve. Simple Latin for Family Historians. 3rd ed. Birmingham, England: Federation of Family History Societies, 1988. (Family History Library book Ref 478 M222s.) This book lists Latin words that frequently appear in parish registers.
The meanings of words may also have changed over time, making some records difficult to understand. The following book can help you understand strange usages as it provides examples of British word usages in different time periods:
Murray, Sir James A. H., ed. Oxford English Dictionary. 13 vols. plus supps. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1933. (Family History Library book Ref 423 M964o.)
Spelling may make some records difficult to read. Prior to 1900, spelling was often phonetic. Family and place-names were often spelled as they sounded to the writer. And given names were often abbreviated.
Handwriting may also make records difficult to read. Writing styles have changed over time. With practice you should be able to decipher most of the difficult words and letters you will encounter in Irish records.
Other language helps available at the Family History Library are listed in the Place Search of the catalog under:
IRELAND - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES
Links to Ireland Genealogy-related articles
Record Finder · Archives and Libraries · Biography · Cemeteries · Census · Church Directories · Church History · Church Records · Civil Registration · Court Records · Directories · Emigration and Immigration · Gazetteers · Compiled Genealogies · History · Jewish Records · Land and Property · Language and Languages · Law and Legislation · Maps · Military Records · Naturalization and Citizenship · Newspapers · Nobility · Occupations · Online Records · Periodicals · Probate Records · Schools · Social Life and Customs · Societies · Taxation · Vital Records · Websites · For Further Reading
Retrieved from "https://wwwp.familysearch.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Ireland_Languages&oldid=3687613"
Ireland Language and Handwriting
Language and Handwriting


Make your weeknight dinner special by adding one of these side dishes inspired by fall produce.
Melissa d'Arabian steams cubed potatoes in a saute pan until they're cooked and fluffy on the inside, then she transfers them to a baking sheet and pops them into the oven until they're perfectly crispy.
Boil and then roast these lemon juice-topped potatoes until they are just crispy on the outside.
Make a delicious and easy succotash salad that's chock full of healthful edamame.
This crunchy and colorful salad gets a kick from ancho chili powder.
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Stir cooked orzo with olive oil, dried mint and a little lemon.
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These Asian-inspired flavors turn butternut squash into a unique side dish for your weeknight chicken.
The earthy colors of this dish are just muted enough for a fall tablescape to let your main dish shine through.
Spicy jalapeno pepper compliments sweet and creamy roasted squash in a unique way.


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Lawmakers Call for the Removal of Racial Bias in Healthcare Algorithms
Four lawmakers sent a stern warning to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services today, asking the government agency to investigate racial bias in healthcare algorithms and how they affect patient care. Advocates and industry experts have warned that the machines that use algorithms could worsen health disparities among African Americans if they use race as a determining factor for care.
Healthcare algorithms use vast quantities of data to make complex decisions in a matter of seconds. They are designed to simplify the diagnosis process by assisting doctors in their assessment of the patient. However, if these systems contain the wrong data or doctors use them in the wrong way, it could put certain patients, particularly those of color, at a disadvantage.
This comes in the middle of the coronavirus pandemic, which has disproportionately affected Latinx and African Americans. Find out why these algorithms are getting so much attention from Washington.
A Lawsuit from the NFL
It all started in the courts.
In August of this year, a group of black former NFL players sued the league, claiming they used racially biased algorithms when assigning compensation to players after they suffered from head injuries in the field.
We've long known that the sport can lead to serious brain damage, so the league started financially compensating players for the toll the game is taking on their bodies. The suit says the algorithms are inherently biased by assuming that white players have higher cognitive abilities. This lowers the threshold for white players seeking financial compensation, while black players say they have to work harder to prove they have suffered a head injury.
The NFL quickly responded to the lawsuit, calling it "misguided." However, these players were able to get the attention of Democratic lawmakers and providers across the healthcare industry.
Democratic Lawmakers Push for Equality
U.S. Senators Cory Booker (D-New Jersey), Elizabeth Warren (D-Massachusetts), Ron Wyden (D-Oregon), and House Representative Barbara Lee (D-California) all signed a letter today asking HHS to investigate these algorithms, warning such miscalculations could cause doctors to make decisions that worsen health outcomes for people of color.
In an email, Elizabeth Warren writes, "In order to reduce health disparities among communities of color and promote anti-racist health policy, we need to research the impact of structural racism on the health of communities of color, including the use of race-based algorithms."
The letter was sent to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, a division of HHS that researches emerging technology and its effect on the industry. The group will investigate the algorithms in question, how they are being used on the ground, and what, if any, harm they may be causing to patients. The group will also look for ways this technology can be improved.
How Algorithms Affect Patient Care
Facilities and health networks are investing in algorithms as a way of improving patient outcomes and reducing costs. The system may recommend additional care for some patients, so providers can make decisions quickly as they try to do more with less. The main focus of these complaints is that the system seems to prioritize white patients over those of color. Multiple algorithms seem to think that white people need specialized care more than black people.
A 2019 study shows how a major U.S. hospital was using an algorithm that let white patients skip over black patients in line for specialized care programs, including those for complex chronic conditions, such as diabetes, kidney disease, and heart disease. This prompted senators Booker and Wyden to write to the Federal Trade Commission and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
Since then, the tool has been replaced with an alternative that doesn't use race. It has also been abandoned by some major U.S. hospitals, including Massachusetts General and University of California San Francisco.
The most recent letter highlights six algorithms that may discriminate against patients of color; however, similar reports list up to 12 programs that may contribute to health disparities, and experts say there are more waiting to be discovered.
One is a program known as eGFR, which recommends additional care for those at risk of kidney disease. Nwamaka Eneanya, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania who studies the tool, says the data shows black patients need to get sicker than white patients before they can access specialist care. She believes these programs shouldn't use race as a determining factor. "We need to be more responsible and stop putting social constructs into these tools."
Eneanya is also a member of a special task force at the American Society of Nephrology and National Kidney Foundation. She says organizations need to investigate these tools and come up with reasonable solutions to counter these trends.
The more we draw attention to these issues, the more providers and lawmakers will investigate any potential harm these algorithms may cause. Advocates say the next step is to quantify the damage that's already been done, so we can correct these issues before they get worse.