text:
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    \newenvironment{highlightC}{\begin{mdframed}[hidealllines=true,backgroundcolor=green!20]}{\end{mdframed}}

%\usepackage{foo}

    \begin{document}

    \maketitle

    \section{Exporting the notebook}\label{exporting-the-notebook}

As suggested by @juhasch, it is interesting to keep the highlights when
exporting the notebook to another format. We give and explain below some
possibilities:

    \subsection{Short version}\label{short-version}

\begin{itemize}
\item
  Html export:

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
 \KeywordTok{jupyter} \NormalTok{nbconvert FILE  --config JUPYTER_DATA_DIR/extensions/highlight_html_cfg.py }
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}
\item
  LaTeX export:

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
 \KeywordTok{jupyter} \NormalTok{nbconvert FILE  --config JUPYTER_DATA_DIR/extensions/highlight_latex_cfg.py }
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

  where JUPYTER\_DATA\_DIR can be found from the output of

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
 \KeywordTok{jupyter} \NormalTok{--paths}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

  eg \texttt{\textasciitilde{}/.local/share/jupyter} in my case. Seems
  to be
  \texttt{c:\textbackslash{}users\textbackslash{}NAME\textbackslash{}AppData\textbackslash{}Roaming\textbackslash{}jupyter}
  under Windows.
\end{itemize}

Examples can be found here: \href{tst_highlights.ipynb}{initial
notebook}, \href{tst_highlights.html}{html version},
\href{tst_highlights.pdf}{pdf version} (after an additional LaTeX
\(\rightarrow\) pdf compilation).

    \subsection{Html export}\label{html-export}

This is quite easy. Actually, highlight formatting embedded in markdown
cells is preserved while converting with the standard

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{jupyter} \NormalTok{nbconvert file.ipynb}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

However, the css file is missing and must be added. Here we have several
possibilities

\begin{itemize}
\item
  Embed the css \emph{within} the notebook. For that, consider the last
  cell of the present notebook. This code reads the css file
  \texttt{highlighter.css} in the extension directory and displays the
  corresponding style. So doing the
  \texttt{\textless{}style\textgreater{}\ ...\textless{}/style\textgreater{}}
  section will be present in the cell output and interpreted by the web
  browser. Drawbacks of this solution is that user still have to execute
  this cell and that the this is not language agnostic.
\item
  Use a \textbf{template file} to link or include the css file during
  conversion. Such a file is provided as
  \texttt{templates/highlighter.tpl}. It was choosen here to
  \emph{include} the css content in the produced html file rather than
  linking it. This avoids the necessity to keep the css file with the
  html files.
\item
  This works directly if the css resides in the same directory as the
  file the user is attempting to convert --thus requires the user to
  copy \texttt{highlighter.css} in the current directory. Then the
  conversion is simply

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
  \KeywordTok{jupyter} \NormalTok{nbconvert file.ipynb --template highlighter}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}
\item
  It still remains two problems with this approach. First, it can be
  annoying to have to systematically copy the css file in the current
  directory. Second, the data within the html tags is not converted (and
  thus markdown remains unmodified). A solution is to use a pair of
  preprocessor/postprocessor that modify the html tags and enable the
  subsequent markdown to html converter to operate on the included data.
  Also, a config file is provided which redefines the template path to
  enable direct inclusion of the css file in the extension directory.
  Unfortunately, \highlighta{it seems that the \emph{full path} to
  the config file has to be provided}. This file resides in the
  extensions subdirectory of the jupyter\_data\_dir. The path can be
  found by looking at the output of

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
 \KeywordTok{jupyter} \NormalTok{--paths}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

  Then the command to issue for converting the notebook to html is

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
 \KeywordTok{jupyter} \NormalTok{nbconvert FILE  --config JUPYTER_DATA_DIR/extensions/highlight_html_cfg.py }
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}
\end{itemize}

For instance

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{jupyter} \NormalTok{nbconvert tst_highlights.ipynb  --config ~/.local/share/jupyter/extensions/highlight_html_cfg.py }
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

    \subsection{LaTeX export}\label{latex-export}

This is a bit more complicated since the direct conversion removes all
html formatting present in markdown cells. Thus use again a
\textbf{preprocessor} which runs before the markdown \(\rightarrow\)
LaTeX conversion. In turn, it appears that we also need to postprocess
the result.

Three LaTeX commands, namely \emph{highlighta, highlightb, highlightc},
and three environments \emph{highlightA, highlightB, highlightC} are
defined. Highlighting html markup is then transformed into the
corresponding LaTeX commands and the text for completely highlighted
cells is put in the adequate LaTeX environment.

Pre and PostProcessor classes are defined in the file
\texttt{pp\_highlighter.py} located in the \texttt{extensions}
directory. A LaTeX template, that includes the necessary packages and
the definitions of commands/environments is provides as
\texttt{highlighter.tplx} in the template directory. The template
inherits from \texttt{article.ltx}. For more complex scenarios,
typically if the latex template file has be customized, the user shall
modify its template or inherit from his base template rather than from
article.

Finally, a config file fixes the different options for the conversion.
Then the command to issue is simply

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
 \KeywordTok{jupyter} \NormalTok{nbconvert FILE  --config JUPYTER_DATA_DIR/extensions/highlight_latex_cfg.py }
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

e.g.

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{jupyter} \NormalTok{nbconvert tst_highlights.ipynb  --config ~/.local/share/jupyter/extensions/highlight_latex_cfg.py }
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

    \subsection{Configuring paths}\label{configuring-paths}

\highlighta{For those who do not have taken the extension from the
\texttt{IPython-notebook-extensions} repository or have not configured
extensions via its \texttt{setup.py} utility,} a file
\texttt{set\_paths.py} is present in the extension directory (it is
merely a verbatim copy of the relevant parts in setup.py). This file
configure the paths to the \texttt{templates} and \texttt{extension}
directories. It should be executed by something like

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{python3} \NormalTok{set_paths.py}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

Additionaly, you may also have to execute \texttt{mv\_paths.py} if you
installed from the original repo via
\texttt{jupyter\ nbextension\ install\ ..}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{python3} \NormalTok{mv_paths.py}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

    \subsection{Example for embedding the css within the notebook before
conversion}\label{example-for-embedding-the-css-within-the-notebook-before-conversion}

    \begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
>>> \PY{k+kn}{from} \PY{n+nn}{IPython}\PY{n+nn}{.}\PY{n+nn}{core}\PY{n+nn}{.}\PY{n+nn}{display} \PY{k}{import} \PY{n}{display}\PY{p}{,} \PY{n}{HTML}
... \PY{k+kn}{from} \PY{n+nn}{jupyter\PYZus{}core}\PY{n+nn}{.}\PY{n+nn}{paths} \PY{k}{import} \PY{n}{jupyter\PYZus{}config\PYZus{}dir}\PY{p}{,} \PY{n}{jupyter\PYZus{}data\PYZus{}dir}
... \PY{k+kn}{import} \PY{n+nn}{os}
... \PY{n}{csspath}\PY{o}{=}\PY{n}{os}\PY{o}{.}\PY{n}{path}\PY{o}{.}\PY{n}{join}\PY{p}{(}\PY{n}{jupyter\PYZus{}data\PYZus{}dir}\PY{p}{(}\PY{p}{)}\PY{p}{,}\PY{l+s}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s}{nbextensions}\PY{l+s}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{p}{,}\PY{l+s}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s}{usability}\PY{l+s}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{p}{,}
...                        \PY{l+s}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s}{highlighter}\PY{l+s}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{p}{,}\PY{l+s}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{l+s}{highlighter.css}\PY{l+s}{\PYZsq{}}\PY{p}{)}
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text:
Title: On the Altar of Science
Summary: "So," Jo said, quietly. "We finally got that zombie attack." 1000 words.
Spoilers: Eureka through Season 3
Notes: For the Eureka Tag Warmup Challenge at LJ: #1 - Jo of the Dead. A serious rather than cracky take on the challenge.
It wasn't the first time Sherriff Jack Carter had had cause to be thankful for the EM barrier that prevented anything electronically based from crossing the boundaries of Eureka; and he doubted it would be the last. All the same, Eureka's recent metamorphosis into a close replica of a Romero movie had probably been the most dramatic use of its protective properties yet.
The nanotech based infection had been meant to enhance human healing, but had instead stressed the human body to the point of collapse, before reanimating the contaminated tissues to run on artificial energy rather than the body's natural processes. It also disrupted the host's higher brain functions as it spread, meaning that the victims could no longer be reasoned with-- and once the disease got to that stage, the chances of restoring the crazed scientists to normal had dropped dramatically with every hour that passed. The infection hadn't been able to escape the town limits before the great minds up at GD had found a way to cure it, thanks to the electronic shield disrupting its functions-- but in the meanwhile, the malfunctioning project had cut down the population more severely than even Eva Thorne's triple-digit redaction quota.
"So," Jo said quietly, fingering her rifle as she stood at his side in front of the barricade outside Café Diem. "We finally got that zombie attack."
Jack glanced over at her, taking in the blood spatter decorating her uniform, the bite mark bandaged on her neck, the slight pallor to her skin fading slowly as the cure worked its magic, and the grim lines bracketing her mouth. She'd lost as much as any of the rest of them had; more than he had, if he wanted to get technical about it. Allison had never actually been his to lose.
Her children would be, though. As long as he lived in Eureka, at least, and abided by the educational plans drawn up in her will; otherwise, they'd go to her cousins back on the east coast. Which--
"Why, Josefina. You asking me if you're about to finally get that promotion?" he asked, stretching his lips in an approximation of a wry smile. "Or are you telling me it's your turn to so quit?"
She snorted at him, but the slight tremor in her lower jaw disturbed her attempt at a disdainful return expression. It crumbled further after a moment, and she looked away, sweeping her eyes over the carpet of bodies strewn in gory clumps all up and down Main Street. "I dunno, Carter," she said. "I've seen a lot in my time, done things most normal people would consider unforgivable-- but this?"
He swallowed, hard, trying to get the image of Allison's bloody, half-chewed lips out of his mind; blocking out the sound of Fargo's final screams as a mob of the infected had torn into him. The gun seemed abruptly three times heavier in his hands, and he slowly lowered the end of the barrel to rest against the ground. "They couldn't be saved, Jo, you know that. And even if they were-- they wouldn't have wanted to live with what they'd done. This was...."
He trailed off, unable to finish the sentence, and she shook her head, sharply. "So help me, Carter, if you finish that sentence with 'mercy'...."
Jack couldn't. "Henry's going to need me. Us. Anyone who can help him anchor the town through this."
He would need her, too. With Tess' long-term career plans still up in the air and Zoe out of town more months than not for college, Kevin and Jenna would need a strong female role model that didn't double as a house. He knew it wasn't the time to bring that up, though-- and recognized his own coping mechanisms at work, distracting him from impending meltdown with an obsession about a situation where he could actually make a difference.
"You never know; maybe the DOD will finally shut this place down," she replied, finally lowering her own gun.
It was his turn to snort. If they'd kept the town in place after an underground nuclear explosion that could easily have taken a sizeable bite of the country with it, how likely was it that the DOD would pause to reconsider after a quickly containable, however deadly, microvector-borne ailment? "Yeah, and how likely is that?"
She gave a rueful shrug. "You've got me there," she said, then sighed. "And here, I suppose."
"That's my girl," he said. Then he scanned the road once more for any further sign of moment, and clicked the transmit button on his headset.
"All clear here, Henry," he informed the senior surviving town official.
"All clear here, Jack," Henry transmitted back from the lab he'd appropriated at Global Dynamics. "Anyone that can revert should have already, and those that can't-- the cure will have shut their systems down. You can tell the folks in Café Diem the danger is over; all that's left is the clean-up, and... the Department of Defense will take care of that."
Jack blew out a breath. "Let me know when they're done," he said. "I'll ask Vince to put a wake together."
"That's a good idea," Henry replied, his tone subdued. Then he cleared his throat. "Thank you, Jack. Jo. I know today was...." A long pause followed, as though he couldn't find the words to accurately describe it anymore than Jack had.
Jo's lips tightened. "Don't thank us," she replied. "Just-- make sure this never happens again."
Jack thought of what Larry's escaped experiment could do-- carefully reprogrammed-- in the hands of the military, and shuddered.
"You don't need to tell me twice," Henry snorted. "If there's one thing I've learned in Eureka, it's that some Pandora's boxes should never be opened."
Jack reached up to wipe an itchy, drying smear off his cheek. "Ain't that the truth."
Not that anyone ever really took that lesson to heart. But then--he supposed it wouldn't be Eureka if they did.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Previous (Microscope)
Next (Microwave)
(NASDAQ: MSFT)
Redmond, Washington, U.S.A.
John W. Thompson (Chairman)
Satya Nadella (CEO)
Bill Gates (founder, technology advisor)
Brad Smith (President)[1]
Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Servers, Skype, Visual Studio, Dynamics, Xbox, Surface, Mobile
Azure, Bing, LinkedIn, MSDN, Office 365, OneDrive, Outlook.com, TechNet, Wallet, Windows Store, Windows Update, Xbox Live
US$ 110.360 billion (2018)[2]
US$ 35.058 billion (2018)[2]
Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKEX: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices. Founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, and headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA, its best-selling products are the Microsoft Windows operating system (OS) and Microsoft Office suite of productivity software.
Originally founded to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by its Windows operating systems. Its main products, including the free Internet Explorer, have achieved near-ubiquity in the desktop computer market. Microsoft possesses footholds in other markets, with assets such as the MSNBC cable television network and the MSN Internet portal. The company also markets computer hardware products such as mice and keyboards, and home entertainment products such as the Xbox. In 1986, the company released an initial public offering (IPO) in the stock market, which, due to the ensuing rise of the stock price, has made four billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees.
1.1 1975–1985: Founding
1.2 1985–1995: IPO, OS/2 and Windows
1.2.1 IPO
1.2.2 Post-IPO
1.3 1995–2007: Internet and legal issues
1.4 2007–2011: Windows Vista, mobile, and Windows 7
1.5 2011–present: Rebranding, Windows 8, Surface and Nokia devices
2 Product Divisions
2.1 Platform Products and Services Division
2.2 Business Division
2.3 Entertainment and Devices Division
3 Economic impact
4 User culture
5 Logos and slogans
6 Environmental record
7.1 Anti-competitive
7.2 Freedom and privacy
7.3 Acquisitions
7.4 Advertising and public relations
7.5 Censorship in mainland China
Throughout its history the company has been the target of criticism for monopolistic and anti-competitive business practices including locking in customers and making it difficult for other companies to sell their software. The U.S. Justice Department and the European Commission, have both ruled against Microsoft for various antitrust violations.
1975–1985: Founding
Microsoft was founded on April 4, 1975 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, by William Henry Gates III, (better known as Bill Gates, b. 1955) and Paul Allen (1953-2018). The two had been friends in high school, where they shared a common interest in computer programming. Gates was a student at Harvard and Allen was working as a programmer for Honeywell when they read in the January 1, 1975 issue of Popular Electronics about the Altair 8800, a microcomputer sold as a mail-order kit by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). Gates called MITS, offering to demonstrate an implementation of the BASIC programming language for the system. In the eight weeks before the demonstration was scheduled, Gates and Allen quickly developed an adaptation of BASIC for the Altair. When the demonstration was successful, MITS agreed to distribute Altair BASIC. Gates left Harvard University, moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico where MITS was located, and founded Microsoft there.[3] On January 1, 1979, the company moved from Albuquerque to a new home in Bellevue, Washington.[3] Steve Ballmer (b. 1956) joined the company on June 11, 1980, and later succeeded Bill Gates as CEO. The company was incorporated in the state of Washington on June 25, 1981, under the name "Microsoft, Inc." Bill Gates became President of the company and Chairman of the Board, and Paul Allen became Executive Vice President.[3]
DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its first real success. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP/M operating system for use in its new IBM Personal Computer (PC). Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone OS called 86-DOS (originally known as QDOS for "Quick and Dirty Operating System") from Seattle Computer Products, which IBM renamed to PC-DOS. Around 1983, Microsoft collaborated with several companies to create a home computer system, MSX, which contained its own version of the DOS operating system, entitled MSX-DOS; this became relatively popular in Japan, Europe and South America.[4] After Columbia Data Products successfully cloned the IBM BIOS, quickly followed by Eagle Computer and Compaq, PCs manufactured by other companies flooded the market. [5] Its arrangement with IBM allowed Microsoft to have control of its own QDOS derivative, MS-DOS, and through aggressive marketing of the operating system to other manufacturers of PCs, Microsoft became one of the major software vendors in the home computer industry. Microsoft continued to expand its product line in other markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse on May 2, 1983. Microsoft Press, a book publishing division, debuted on July 11 the same year with two titles: Exploring the IBM PCjr Home Computer, by Peter Norton; and "The Apple Macintosh Book, by Cary Lu.
1985–1995: IPO, OS/2 and Windows
In August 1985, Microsoft and IBM partnered in the development of a different operating system called OS/2. On November 20, 1985, Microsoft released its first retail version of Microsoft Windows, originally a graphical layer on top of its MS-DOS operating system.[3] In 1987, Microsoft released its first version of OS/2 to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).[6]
Microsoft's Initial Public Offering took place on March 14, 1986. The stock, which sold initially at $21 a share, eventually closed at $27.75, making Microsoft's total value $519,777,778. Microsoft's two founders, Bill Gates, who owned 45 percent of the company's 24.7 million outstanding shares, and Paul Allen, who owned roughly 25 percent of the shares, were made instant millionaires by the offering.[7] Gates' stake in Microsoft was worth $233.9 million. [8]
Post-IPO
In 1989, Microsoft introduced its flagship office software suite, Microsoft Office, a bundle of separate office productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.[3] On May 22, 1990 Microsoft launched Windows 3.0, a new version of its operating system boasting features such as streamlined user interface graphics and improved protected mode capability for the Intel 386 processor; it sold over 100,000 copies in two weeks.[9] Windows generated more revenue for Microsoft than OS/2, and the company decided to move more resources from OS/2 to Windows.[10] In the ensuing years, the popularity of OS/2 declined, and Windows quickly became the favored PC platform.
During the transition from MS-DOS to Windows, the success of Microsoft Office allowed the company to outpace its competitors in applications software, such as WordPerfect and Lotus 1-2-3. Eventually, Microsoft Office became the dominant business suite, with a market share far exceeding that of its competitors.[11]
In 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT 3.1, a business operating system with the Windows 3.1 user interface but an entirely different kernel. In 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95, a new version of the company's flagship operating system which featured a completely new user interface, including a novel start button; more than a million copies of Microsoft Windows 95 were sold in the first four days after its release. The company also released its web browser, Internet Explorer, with the Windows 95 Plus! Pack in August 1995 and subsequent Windows versions.
1995–2007: Internet and legal issues
On, May 26, 1995, Bill Gates issued an internal "Internet Tidal Wave memo"[12]for Microsoft employees, evaluating the potential of the Internet and outlining a strategy for Microsoft to expand its product line into computer networking and the World Wide Web. On August 24, 1995, it launched a major online service, MSN (Microsoft Network), as a direct competitor to AOL. MSN became an umbrella service for Microsoft's online services.[3] The company continued to branch out into new markets in 1996, starting with a joint venture with NBC to create a new 24/7 cable news station, MSNBC. Microsoft entered the personal digital assistant (PDA) market in November 1996 with Windows CE 1.0, a new version of their flagship operating system, specifically designed to run on low-memory, low-performance machines, such as handhelds and other small computers.[13] Later in 1997, Internet Explorer 4.0 was released for both Mac OS and Windows, marking the beginning of the takeover of the browser market from rival Netscape. In October, the Justice Department filed a motion in the Federal District Court in which they stated that Microsoft had violated an agreement signed in 1994, and asked the court to stop the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows.[3]
In 1998 Bill Gates appointed Steve Ballmer president of Microsoft but remained as Chair and CEO.[3] The company released Windows 98, an update to Windows 95 that incorporated a number of Internet-focused features and support for new types of devices.[3]
On April 3, 2000, a judgment was handed down in the case of United States v. Microsoft,[14] calling the company an "abusive monopoly"[15] and forcing the company to split into two separate units. Part of this ruling was later overturned by a federal appeals court, and eventually a settlement was made with the U.S. Department of Justice in 2001.
In 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, encompassing the features of both its business and home product lines. Before XP was released, Microsoft had to maintain both the NT and the 9x codebase. XP introduced a new graphical user interface, the first such change since Windows 95.[3][16] In late 2001, with the release of the Xbox, Microsoft entered the multi-billion-dollar game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo.[3]
In March 2004, antitrust legal action was brought against Microsoft by the European Union for abusing its dominance with the Windows operating system (see European Union Microsoft antitrust case), eventually resulting in a judgment to produce new versions of its Windows XP platform—called "Windows XP Home Edition N" and "Windows XP Professional N"—that did not include its Windows Media Player, as well as a record fine of €497 million ($613 million).
2007–2011: Windows Vista, mobile, and Windows 7
On June 27, 2008, Bill Gates retired from day-to day activities at Microsoft to focus on philanthropy with his Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,[17] following a two year transition from his role as Chief Software Architect, which was taken by Ray Ozzie, but remained the company's Chairman, head of the Board of Directors and adviser on key projects. Windows Vista, released in January 2007, sold 140 million copies by August 2008.[18] Microsoft Office 2007, released at the same time, features a "Ribbon" user interface which is a significant departure from its predecessors. Relatively strong sales of both titles helped to produce a record profit in 2007.
In its 2008 annual report, Microsoft stated that open source software business models challenge its license-based software model and that the firms who use these business models do not bear the cost of their software development. [19][20]
As the smartphone industry boomed, Microsoft struggled to keep up with its rivals Apple and Google in providing a modern smartphone operating system. As a result, in 2010, Microsoft revamped their aging flagship mobile operating system, Windows Mobile, replacing it with the new Windows Phone OS; along with a new strategy in the smartphone industry that has Microsoft working more closely with smartphone manufacturers, such as Nokia, and to provide a consistent user experience across all smartphones using Microsoft's Windows Phone OS. It used a new user interface design language, codenamed "Metro", which prominently used simple shapes, typography and iconography, and the concept of minimalism.
Microsoft is a founding member of the Open Networking Foundation started on March 23, 2011. Other founding companies include Google, HP Networking, Yahoo, Verizon, Deutsche Telekom and 17 other companies. The nonprofit organization is focused on providing support for a new cloud computing initiative called Software-Defined Networking.[21] The initiative is meant to speed innovation through simple software changes in telecommunications networks, wireless networks, data centers and other networking areas.[22]
2011–present: Rebranding, Windows 8, Surface and Nokia devices
Surface Pro 3, part of the Surface series of laplets by Microsoft
Following the release of Windows Phone, Microsoft underwent a gradual rebranding of its product range throughout 2011 and 2012—the corporation's logos, products, services, and websites adopted the principles and concepts of the Metro design language. Microsoft previewed Windows 8, an operating system designed to power both personal computers and tablet computers, in Taipei in June 2011.[23] A developer preview was released on September 13, and was replaced by a consumer preview on February 29, 2012.[24] On May 31, 2012, the preview version was released.
On June 18, 2012, Microsoft unveiled the Surface, the first computer in the company's history to have its hardware made by Microsoft.[25][26] On July 31, 2012, Microsoft launched the Outlook.com webmail service to compete with Gmail.[27]
In July 2012, Microsoft sold its 50 per cent stake in MSNBC.com, which it had run as a joint venture with NBC since 1996.[28] On October 1, Microsoft announced its intention to launch a news operation, part of a new-look MSN, at the time of the Windows 8 launch that was later in the month.[29] On October 26, 2012, Microsoft launched Windows 8 and the Microsoft Surface.[26] Three days later, Windows Phone 8 was launched.[30] To cope with the potential for an increase in demand for products and services, Microsoft opened a number of "holiday stores" across the U.S. to complement the increasing number of "bricks-and-mortar" Microsoft Stores that opened in 2012.[31]
The Kinect, the motion sensing input devices by Microsoft, which was first introduced in November 2010 was upgraded for the 2013 release of the eighth-generation Xbox One. Its capabilities were revealed in May 2013. The new Kinect uses an ultra-wide 1080p camera, it can function in the dark due to an infrared sensor, it employs higher-end processing power and new software, it can distinguish between fine movements (such as a thumb movements), and the device can determine a user's heart rate by looking at his/her face.[32] Microsoft filed a patent application in 2011 that suggests that the corporation may use the Kinect camera system to monitor the behavior of television viewers as part of a plan to make the viewing experience more active.
On September 3, 2013, Microsoft agreed to buy Nokia's mobile unit for $7 billion.[33]
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013 and Microsoft is part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also includes Facebook, Intel and Google. Led by Tim Berners-Lee, the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to decrease internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5 per cent of monthly income.[34]
In line with the maturing PC business, in July 2013, Microsoft announced that it would reorganize the business into four new business divisions by function: Operating System, Apps, Cloud and Devices. All previous divisions were to be diluted into new divisions without any workforce cut.[35]
On February 4, 2014, Steve Ballmer stepped down as CEO of Microsoft and was succeeded by Satya Nadella, who previously led Microsoft's Cloud and Enterprise division.[36] On the same day, John W. Thompson took on the role of chairman, with Bill Gates stepping down from the position to become more active within the company as Technology Advisor.
To increase precision in tracking the performance of each unit and delegating responsibility, Microsoft reorganized into seven core business groups—each an independent financial entity—in April 2002. In September 2005, Microsoft announced a rationalization of its original seven business groups into the three core divisions that exist today: the Windows Client, MSN and Server and Tool groups were merged into the Microsoft Platform Products and Services Division; the Information Worker and Microsoft Business Solutions groups were merged into the Microsoft Business Division; and the Mobile and Embedded Devices and Home and Entertainment groups were merged into the Microsoft Entertainment and Devices Division.[37]
Platform Products and Services Division
The Platform Products and Services Division produces Microsoft's flagship product, the Windows operating system. It has been produced in many versions, including Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows Server 2003, Windows XP and Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10. Almost all IBM compatible personal computers come with Windows pre-installed. The current desktop version of Windows is Windows Vista (Windows 6.0). The online service MSN, the cable television channel MSNBC and MSNBC.com web site (both co-owned with NBC Universal) also are under this division. At the end of 1997, Microsoft acquired Hotmail, the most popular webmail service, which it rebranded as "MSN Hotmail." In 1999, Microsoft introduced MSN Messenger, an instant messaging client, to compete with the popular AOL Instant Messenger. Along with Windows Vista, MSN Messenger became Windows Live Messenger.[38]
Microsoft Visual Studio is the company's set of programming tools and compilers. The software product is GUI-oriented and links easily with the Windows APIs, but must be specially configured if used with non-Microsoft libraries. The current version is Visual Studio 2008. The previous version, Visual Studio 2005 was a major improvement over its predecessor, Visual Studio.Net 2003, named after the .NET initiative, a Microsoft marketing initiative covering a number of technologies. Microsoft's definition of .NET continues to evolve. As of 2004, .NET aims to ease the development of Microsoft Windows-based applications that use the Internet, by deploying a new Microsoft communications system, Indigo (now renamed Windows Communication Foundation). This is intended to address some issues previously introduced by Microsoft's DLL design, which made it difficult, even impossible in some situations, to manage, install multiple versions of complex software packages on the same system (see DLL-hell), and provide a more consistent development platform for all Windows applications (see Common Language Infrastructure).
In addition, Microsoft established a set of certification programs to recognize individuals who have expertise in its software and solutions. Similar to offerings from Cisco, Sun Microsystems, Novell, IBM, and Oracle Corporation, these tests are designed to identify a minimal set of proficiencies in a specific role; this includes developers ("Microsoft Certified Solution Developer"), system/network analysts ("Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer"), trainers ("Microsoft Certified Trainers") and administrators ("Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator" and "Microsoft Certified Database Administrator").[38]
Microsoft offers a suite of server software, entitled Windows Server System. Windows Server 2003, an operating system for network servers, is the core of the Windows Server System line. Another server product, Systems Management Server, is a collection of tools providing remote-control abilities, patch management, software distribution and a hardware/software inventory. Other server products include:
Microsoft SQL Server, a relational database management system;
Microsoft Exchange Server, for certain business-oriented e-mail and scheduling features;
Small Business Server, for messaging and other small business-oriented features; and
Microsoft BizTalk Server, for business process management.[38]
Business Division
Front entrance to building 17 on the main campus of the company's Redmond campus.
The Microsoft Business Division produces Microsoft Office, the company's line of office software. The software product includes Word (a word processor), Access (a personal relational database application), Excel (a spreadsheet program), Outlook (Windows-only groupware, frequently used with Exchange Server), PowerPoint (presentation software), and Publisher (desktop publishing software). A number of other products were added later with the release of Office 2003 including Visio, Project, MapPoint, InfoPath and OneNote.[38]
The division focuses on developing financial and business management software for companies. These products include products formerly produced by the Business Solutions Group, which was created in April 2001 with the acquisition of Great Plains. Subsequently, Navision was acquired to provide a similar entry into the European market. Axapta and Solomon, catering to similar markets, were combined with the Navision and Great Plains lines into a common platform called Microsoft Dynamics.
Entertainment and Devices Division
The Xbox 360, Microsoft's second system in the gaming console market.
Microsoft has attempted to expand the Windows brand into many other markets, with products such as Windows CE for PDAs and its "Windows-powered" Smartphone products. Microsoft initially entered the mobile market through Windows CE for handheld devices, which today has developed into Windows Mobile 6. The focus of the operating system is devices where the OS may not directly be visible to the end user, in particular, appliances and cars.
The company produces MSN TV, formerly WebTV, a television-based Internet appliance. Microsoft used to sell a set-top Digital Video Recorder (DVR) called the UltimateTV, which allowed users to record up to 35 hours of television programming from a direct-to-home satellite television provider DirecTV. This was the main competition in the UK for British Sky Broadcasting's (BSkyB) SKY + service, owned by Rupert Murdoch. UltimateTV has since been discontinued, with DirecTV instead opting to market DVRs from TiVo Inc. before later switching to their own DVR brand.[38]
Microsoft sells computer games that run on Windows PCs, including titles such as Age of Empires, Halo and the Microsoft Flight Simulator series. Microsoft Zone hosts free premium and retail games where players can compete against each other and in tournaments.
Microsoft entered the multi-billion-dollar game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo in late 2001 with the release of the Xbox. The company develops and publishes its own video games for this console, with the help of its Microsoft Game Studios subsidiary, in addition to third-party Xbox video game publishers such as Electronic Arts and Activision, who pay a license fee to publish games for the system. The Xbox successor, Xbox 360, was released on September 22, 2005 in North America and other countries.[39]
In addition to the Xbox line of products, Microsoft also markets a number of other computing-related hardware products, including mice, keyboards, joysticks, and gamepads, along with other game controllers, the production of which is outsourced in most cases.
One of Bill Gates' key visions for the company was to "to get a workstation running our software onto every desk and eventually in every home."[15]
Microsoft holds a large market share of home and business operating systems, and plays an important role in the economics of software.
Microsoft has footholds in other markets besides operating systems and office suites, with assets such as the MSNBC cable channel, the MSN Internet portal, and the Microsoft Encarta multimedia encyclopedia. The company also markets both computer hardware products such as the Microsoft mouse and home entertainment products such as the Xbox, Xbox 360, and MSN TV.[38]
User culture
Technical references for developers and articles for various Microsoft magazines such as Microsoft Systems Journal (or MSJ) are available through the Microsoft Developer Network, often called MSDN. MSDN also offers subscriptions for companies and individuals, and the more expensive subscriptions usually offer access to pre-release or beta versions of Microsoft software. [40] In recent years, Microsoft has launched a community site for developers and users, entitled Channel 9, which provides many modern features such as a wiki and an Internet forum.
Most free technical support available through Microsoft is provided through online Usenet newsgroups (in the early days it was also provided on CompuServe). There are several of these newsgroups for nearly every product Microsoft provides, and often they are monitored by Microsoft employees. People who are helpful on the newsgroups can be elected by other peers or Microsoft employees for Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status, which entitles people to a special social status, in addition to possibilities for awards and other benefits.
Logos and slogans
In 1987, Microsoft adopted its current logo, the so-called "Pac-Man Logo," designed by Scott Baker. According to the March 1987 Computer Reseller News Magazine, "The new logo, in Helvetica italic typeface, has a slash between the o and s to emphasize the "soft" part of the name and convey motion and speed."
Microsoft's logo with the "Your potential. Our passion." tagline below the main corporate name, is based on the slogan Microsoft had as of 2008. The company started using the logo in the United States in 2002 and eventually featured it in a TV campaign, replacing the previous tagline of "Where do you want to go today?"[41]
Environmental record
Greenpeace's 2008 Greener Electronics guide ranked Microsoft the second worst company for the environment among makers of game consoles, behind only Nintendo.[42]
Microsoft has taken actions to become more environmentally friendly.[43] Some examples:
Microsoft's newest building on its campus in Hyderabad, India was built as an environmentally friendly structure. Experts at Microsoft Research India developed a project called Digital Green in 2008, to educate farmers in India on how to use azolla, an aquatic fern fed to cows to increase milk production.[44]
Microsoft has phased out the use of polyvinyl chloride plastic in its packaging material, due to environmental concerns. Polyvinyl chloride, also referred to as PVC or vinyl, can release toxins into the environment during production and if it is burned after production. These toxins are synthetic chemicals linked to cancer and problems with the reproductive and immune systems. In six months time, Microsoft eliminated approximately 361,000 pounds of polyvinyl packaging by transitioning to a packaging material utilizing polyethylene terephthalate plastic (PET). The company continues to research further eco-friendly packaging made of corn starch, sugar, and vegetable oil.[45]
Microsoft is using some renewable energy sources in its Silicon Valley campus, where the company has installed over 2000 solar panels spanning 30,000 square feet on top of its buildings.[46]
The company uses an irrigation system at its Redmond campus that senses upcoming weather changes, saving 11 million gallons of water per year. The company has received a silver certification from the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED program for environmental design.[43]
Beginning in June 2008, Microsoft added compost bins in all cafeterias on its Redmond campus, and replaced all polystyrene plates and cups and plastic flatware with biodegradable alternatives. In the first two months after this transition, the Redmond campus reduced its non-compost trash output by 50 percent.
Microsoft has received considerable criticism for various aspects of its products and business practices. Critics often target issues with ease of use, stability, and security of the company's software. More recently, Trojan horses and other spyware and malware exploits have plagued numerous users due to flaws in the security of Microsoft Windows and other programs.
Anti-competitive
Microsoft is accused of locking vendors and consumers into its products, and of not following and complying with existing standards in its software.[47]
From its inception, Microsoft defined itself as a platform company and understood the importance of attracting third-party programmers by providing development tools, training, access to proprietary application programming interfaces (APIs) in early versions, and partner programs. The solutions and plug-ins built by third-party programmers in turn led to more Microsoft sales. Although the resulting ubiquity of Microsoft software allows a user to benefit from network effects, critics decry what they consider to be Microsoft's "embrace, extend and extinguish" strategy of adding proprietary features to open standards to produce its own version which is incompatible with the original standard, and in time extinguishing competition that does not or cannot use Microsoft's new version. These and other tactics have resulted in lawsuits brought by companies and governments, and billions of dollars in rulings against Microsoft. [48]
After bundling the Internet Explorer web browser into its Windows operating system in the late 1990s (without requiring a separate purchase) and acquiring a dominant share in the web browser market, the antitrust case United States v. Microsoft was brought against the company. In a series of rulings by judge Thomas Penfield Jackson, the company was found to have violated its earlier consent decree and abused its monopoly in the desktop operating systems market. The "findings of fact" during the antitrust case established that Microsoft has a monopoly in the PC desktop operating systems market. Large computer vendors bundle Microsoft Windows with the majority of the personal computers they sell. The Findings of Fact in the United States Microsoft antitrust case established that "One of the ways Microsoft combats piracy is by advising OEMs that they will be charged a higher price for Windows unless they drastically limit the number of PCs that they sell without an operating system pre-installed. In 1998, all major OEMs agreed to this restriction."[49] This has been called the "Windows tax" or "Microsoft tax".[50]
In 2003–2004, the European Commission investigated the bundling of Windows Media Player into Windows, a practice which rivals complained was destroying the market for their own products. The company was subsequently fined a record €497 million ($666 million) for its breaches of EU competition law. In December 2005, Microsoft was also fined $32 million in South Korea and was ordered to unbundle instant messaging, Windows Media Player and Windows Media Service, or let competitors' products take their place.[51]
Freedom and privacy
Free software proponents point to the company's joining of the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance (TCPA) as a cause of concern. A group of companies that seek to implement an initiative called Trusted Computing, purportedly intended to increase security and privacy of a user's computer, the TCPA is decried by critics as a vehicle that will allow software developers to enforce restrictions on how their customers use the software they purchased.[52]
Advocates of free software also take issue with Microsoft's promotion of Digital Rights Management (DRM), a technology that allows content providers to impose restrictions on the methods by which their products are used on consumer hardware. Detractors contend that such technology may infringe on fair use and other rights, especially because it restricts legal activities such as re-mixing or reproduction of material for use in slide shows, or the resale of the goods by the customer.[53]
Microsoft has acquired several companies and products during its history, including some that competed with earlier Microsoft products. Its acquired assets include MS-DOS, Microsoft FrontPage, WebTV (now MSN TV), Hotmail, Direct3D, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Visio, and Windows Defender. Microsoft rebrands the primary products of the companies it acquires, and in many cases offers them for free or bundles them with its operating system.
Microsoft contributes money to several think tanks, including the American Enterprise Institute, the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Heritage Foundation, the Cato Institute and the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution. Critics allege that while giving the appearance of neutral third parties these organizations work to undermine Microsoft's competitors, for example stating "open-source software may offer [a] target for terrorists".[54]
In August 2004, the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) of the United Kingdom ordered Microsoft to stop a run of print ads that claimed that the total cost of ownership of Linux servers was ten times that of Windows Server 2003. The comparison included the cost of hardware, and put Linux at a disadvantage by installing it on more expensive but poorer-performing hardware compared to that used for Windows.[55]
Censorship in mainland China
Microsoft (along with Google, Yahoo, Cisco, AOL, Skype, and other companies) have cooperated with the Chinese government in implementing a system of Internet censorship.[56]
↑ Brad Smith Microsoft. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Earnings Release FY18 Q4 Microsoft, July 19, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Timeline of Microsoft Corporation. ThoughtCo. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
↑ The History of Computing Project, Microsoft Company 15 September 1975 Retrieved September 18, 2018.
↑ Robert P. Merges, Peter S. Menell, and Mark A. Lemley, Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age (Aspen Law & Business, 2003, ISBN 073553652X).
↑ OS/2 PC Magazine, July 1987. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
↑ Looking back: Microsoft IPO, March 1986 Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Wired.com, Wired 7.09: The World's First Trillionaire Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Microsoft,com. Windows History (June 30, 2002) Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ David Both, A Short History of OS/2 Databook. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Harry McCracken, A Peek at Office Upgrade. PCWorld.com, (September 13, 2000) Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Bill Gates, Microsoft, May 26, 1995. The Internet Tidal Wave Made publicly available at United States Department of Justice. United States v. Microsoft Trial Exhibits Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ The History of Microsoft Windows CE HPC:Factor.com. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ U.S. Department of Justice United States v. Microsoft Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ 15.0 15.1 Thomas Penfield Jackson, U.S. District Judge U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. vs. Microsoft findings of fact (November 5, 1999) Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Microsoft Windows XP Professional Features (August 25, 2004) Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved December 30, 2008.
↑ Jose Vilches, May 8, 2008, Gates: 140 million copies of Vista sold. TechSpot. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ SEC Annual Report on Form 10-K Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ CNET News.com Microsoft's annual report: Open-source mental block The Open Road - The Business and Politics of Open Source by Matt Asay. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ David Erickson, Open Networking Foundation News Release Openflow.org, March 21, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
↑ Katherine Noyes, "Google and other titans form Open Networking Foundation" Computerworld, March 23, 2011. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Microsoft releases final test version of Windows 8 Business Line, June 1, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Matt Rosoff, OK, So Windows 8 Is Coming To ARM Tablets...Someday (MSFT) San Francisco Chronicle, January 5, 2011. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Mark Sullivan, Microsoft Announces New 'Surface' Tablet PC PCWorld. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ 26.0 26.1 Kurt Eichenwald, "Microsoft's Lost Decade: How Microsoft Lost Its Mojo", Vanity Fair, August 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Paul Thurrott, Outlook.com Mail: Microsoft Reimagines Webmail Supersite for Windows, July 31, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Reuters, Comcast buys Microsoft stake in MSNBC.com July 16, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Bill Rigby, Microsoft launching news operation, new MSN Reuters, October 1, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Mary Jo Foley, Windows Phone 8 launch date revealed LiveSide.net, August 30, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Microsoft prepping for complete brand and product line relaunch, New York store coming the 26th wpcentral.com. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ David Pierce, The all-seeing Kinect: tracking my face, arms, body, and heart on the Xbox OneThe Verge, May 21, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ David Pierce, Microsoft buying Nokia's phone business in a $7.2 billion bid for its mobile future The Verge, September 2, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Samuel Gibbs, Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Google lead coalition for cheaper internet The Guardian, October 7, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Jason Ankeny, Microsoft's sweeping reorganization shifts focus to services, devices. July 11, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer to retire within 12 months Microsoft News Center, August 23, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
↑ Microsoft.com. Our Commitment to Our Customers: Microsoft's Business (September 20, 2005) Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 Microsoft Corporation Annual Report 2005 Microsoft.com. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Xbox 360 sells out within hours BBC News, (December 2, 2005) Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Microsoft Systems Journal Homepage Microsoft.com. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Jeremy Reimer, Microsoft set to launch new marketing campaign Ars Technica, January 23, 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Company scores plummet in Greener Electronics Guide greenpeace.org, June 25, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ 43.0 43.1 Elinor Mills, Microsoft vs. Google: Who's greener? CNET News.com, June 6, 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ The Greening of Corporate America: #3Microsoft Environmental Stewardship greencorporateamerica.com, December 23, 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Dawn Kawamoto, Microsoft to phase out toxic plastics CNET News.com, December 7, 2005. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Microsoft Solar Solar Times. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Andrew Orlowski, Writing history with Microsoft's Office lock-in. The Register (UK), April 25, 2003. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
↑ Andrew Orlowski, Eolas' web patent nullified The Register (UK), March 5, 2004. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ U.S. Department of Justice U.S. v. Microsoft: Court's Findings of Fact Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Jeremy Reimer, Dell goes Ubuntu; "Windows tax" is $50 according to pricing ARSTechnica, May 25, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ South Korea fines Microsoft $32m BBC News, December 7, 2005. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Richard Stallman, Can You Trust Your Computer? GNU Project. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ David Chisnall, DRM: Digital Rights or Digital Restrictions? Informit.com, May 4, 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Microsoft's All-Out Counterattack BusinessWeek, May 15, 2000. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
↑ Microsoft's Linux ad 'misleading' BBC News, August 26, 2004. Retrieved December 8, 2008. The ASA's complaint was that "the measurements for Linux were performed on an IBM zSeries [mainframe], which was more expensive and did not perform as well as other IBM series." The comparison was to Windows Server 2003 running on two 900MHz Intel Xeon CPUs.
↑ Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship Human Rights Watch, August 9, 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
Andrews, Paul. How the Web was won: Microsoft from Windows to the Web the inside story of how Bill Gates and his band of Internet idealists transformed a software empire. New York: Broadway Books. 1999. ISBN 9780767900485.
Chapman, Merrill R. In search of stupidity: over 20 years of high-tech marketing disasters. Berkeley, CA: Apress. 2003. ISBN 1590597214.
Cringely, Robert X. Accidental Empires: How the Boys of Silicon Valley Make Their Millions, Battle Foreign Competition, and Still Can't Get a Date. New York: Collins Business. 1996. ISBN 978-0887308550.
Cusumano, Michael A., and Richard W. Selby. 1995. Microsoft secrets: how the world's most powerful software company creates technology, shapes markets, and manages people. New York: Free Press, 1995. ISBN 9780028740485.
Edstrom, Jennifer, and Marlin Eller. Barbarians led by Bill Gates: Microsoft from the inside, how the world's richest corporation wields its power. New York: H. Holt, 1998. ISBN 0805057544.
Manes, Stephen, and Paul Andrews. Gates: how Microsoft's mogul reinvented an industry—and made himself the richest man in America. New York: Doubleday, 1993. ISBN 9780385420754.
Merges, Robert P., Peter S. Menell, and Mark A. Lemley. Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age. Aspen Law & Business, 2003. ISBN 073553652X.
Mossberg, Walt, and Kara Swisher. Transcript: Bill Gates and Steve Jobs at D5 Wall Street Journal Digital Network. May 30, 2007.
Quittner, Joshua, and Michelle Slatalla. Speeding the Net: the inside story of Netscape and how it challenged Microsoft. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1998. ISBN 9780871137098.
Stross, Randall E. The Microsoft way: the real story of how the company outsmarts its competition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1996. ISBN 9780201409499.
Wallace, James, and Jim Erickson. Hard drive: Bill Gates and the making of the Microsoft empire. New York: Wiley, 1992. ISBN 9780471568865.
Zachary, G. Pascal. 1994. Show-stopper!: the breakneck race to create Windows NT and the next generation at Microsoft. New York: Free Press, 1994. ISBN 9780029356715/
Microsoft history
Bill_Gates history
Paul_Allen history
History_of_Microsoft history
Altair_8800 history
Criticism_of_Microsoft history
History of "Microsoft"
Retrieved from http://web.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Microsoft&oldid=1015363


If you love wild birds then you likely enjoy backyard birding, and you are in good company. If you are new to backyard birding, welcome to an exciting adventure. Backyard birding gives youngsters and the young at heart an opportunity to learn about and connect with nature in a fun and easy way.
To attract birds to your yard, provide your feathered friends with the right type of food, plenty of water and shelter such as trees, bushes and/or birdhouses. To best enjoy your visitors, place feeders and baths in areas where they are visible to you but safe for them, away from predators and creatures that may eat their food, such as cats, squirrels or larger birds.
The Finch Farm offers a variety of feeders and baths depending on your needs, whether your backyard is a veranda off of your apartment or a large garden in the back of your home. We also offer high quality wild bird seed, specialty blended by The Finch Farm. Our premium wild bird seed insures that your wild backyard birds recieve the nutrition required to build families in your surrounding area. It's easy to fall in love with your backyard birds. Providing them with premium high quality bird seed is an easy way to bring nature into your surroundings. Here at The Finch Farm we try to specialize in wild bird seed, nesting and feeders. We hope you'll fall in love with wild birds and pet finches alike. Our Avian community is growing as many find increasing joy and marvel observing the behavior and flight of their indoor and outdoor feathered friends.


Editors have shared the second track from their forthcoming album.
'The Blanck Mass Sessions', which sees re-workings of tracks from the band's 2018 album 'Violence' by the producer Blanck Mass, will arrive on May 3 via Play It Again Sam, after its limited physical release for Record Store Day last week.
Following on from lead single Barricades, the latest cut Hallelujah (So Low) is a space-age rock track that might not be out of place in Muse's recent escapades. Shooting laser synths at a huge chord sequence in the chorus, the song is different, but not a world away from the more acoustic, earthly original.
Photo: Rahi Rezvani Editors have released a video for Cold, the latest single to be lifted from their new album, 'Violence'.
Editors have unveiled the video for Darkness At The Door.
Although not in the same league as Dylan going electric, there have been a number of shifts in Editors' style over the years. From the Joy Division-derived gloom of their debut, 'The Back Room', to 2015's 'In Dream', where their metamorphosis into a bleak electronica band seemed complete, their transformations have occurred without too much getting left behind.
Bloc Party and Frank Turner will top the bill at Newcastle's inaugural Wasteland festival.
Turin Brakes have announced a massive UK acoustic tour for late 2019.
Primal Scream have announced two intimate warm-up shows for May.
The National have released a new track.
Roy Orbison and Buddy Holly: The Rock 'N' Roll Dream Tour will head to arenas in the UK and Ireland this autumn.


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With MySword, you can study the Bible, compare different translations, lookup Strong's Hebrew and Greek Lexicon, read popular commentaries and even write your own insights and study notes directly on your Android device.
10. The editor for Personal notes uses a simple wiki syntax for easy formatting of your notes which supports bold, italic, underline, headings, nested bullets and numbers, links, tables.


text:
Corey D. Wasserman
E-Mailcorey.wasserman@admlaw.com
Hofstra University 2017
J.D. Senior Associate Editor Hofstra Law Review, Dean's List
B.A. Political Science, B.A. Economics Dean's List
Nassau County Bar Association
New York State Bar Association
Corey D. Wasserman is an Associate in the Albertson office of ADM.
Mr. Wasserman's practice is focused on defending cases involving premises liability and automobile liability. He also works with Partner Glenn A. Kaminska in ADM's Insurance Coverage Group, drafting coverage letters and opinions, pleadings, and motions.
Mr. Wasserman is a graduate of Hofstra University School of Law, where he was a Senior Associate Editor of the Hofstra Law Review, and a former legal intern for Judge Arthur D. Spatt in the Eastern District of New York.
200 I. U. Willets Road
Albertson, New York 11507


The Lake of the Woods Church has a strong history of supporting missionaries, ministries and benevolence activities through its missions and benevolence ministry. We believe the following Scriptures are the guiding principles for this ministry: Matthew 28:18-20, ACTS 1:8, and I John 3:17. There is a brochure available through the church office which highlights most of the activities that we currently support. At present this includes seven local missions, ten missionaries, four mission agencies, and eight benevolence activities. As you can see, we support a wide range of ministries. We strive to strike a balance between what we support in the local area and what is more national or international in scope. In recent years, we have spent between 12 and 17% of the annual church budget on activities outside of ourselves, namely missions and benevolence. In addition, we organize short-term mission trips to provide individuals with the opportunity to serve in a geographic area beyond our local community. We also provide limited emergency financial assistance to church members and others within a specified geographic radius to our community when local or family resources are unable to provide such help. During Thanksgiving, we generally provide 125-150 baskets to needy people in our area. For the purposes of our missions ministry, we have defined missions as follows: missions is any endeavor aimed toward the goal of reaching beyond the needs of the local congregation for the purpose of fulfilling the Great Commission (Matt. 28:18-20) by proclaiming the gospel of Jesus Christ, making disciples and relating to the spiritual and physical needs of mankind, including mercy ministry and relief and development. We have a missions and benevolence committee, chaired by the Elder for M&B, which carries out its responsibilities under the oversight of the Board of Elders and the Senior Pastor. This committee annually evaluates funding requests from on-going and new ministries. For the purposes of our benevolence ministry, we have defined benevolence as follows: an act of kindness, good deed, charity or gift. The benevolence activities we support are handled by the M&B Committee. Emergency assistance needs are handled by the Ministry Stewards for benevolence under the supervision of the Elder for M&B and the Senior Associate Pastor. In addition to the funding for the above activities from the annual church budget, there have been two designated funds established, one for "adult missions" and one for "benevolence" to which individuals may contribute. There are many needs which come to our attention after the majority of our budgeted funds have been allocated to the ministries we support, so these additional funds enable us to respond to many un-programmed needs. There are on-going volunteer service opportunities with the mission and benevolence activities of our church. Contact the elder for M&B or one of the committee members through the church office for additional information. To GOD be the glory in all that we do!


Spaying your Labrador has both benefits and drawbacks. Unless you want to breed your dog, spaying can be a great idea. Not only does this come with health benefits, but it is also a good way to control the pet population. However, it puts your dog at certain health problems, including obesity and thyroid issues and requires your apt attention to avoid them in your Lab.
Ovariohysterectomy is the medical term used to denote spaying of dogs. It is the procedure done to remove the ovaries and uterus of a female dog. In this post, we will talk about the things owners should know about spaying dogs. Should you have your Labrador spayed or not? What are its pros and cons?
There are different benefits of spaying dogs and here are the most important ones.
It gets rid of "messy" heat periods. Heat periods can be chaotic. Your female dog's parts swell and secrete droplets of blood for a span of three weeks. These drops of blood can stain your carpet and furniture.
If you have a male dog – who has not been neutered – in your household, he is most likely to follow your female around to mate with her. Dogs who live nearby may also be attracted to come to your house and try to mate with your female. This can be a problem when you are not planning to breed. Spaying your female Labrador helps get rid of these troubles.
Dogs do not need to reproduce to feel happy or "complete." Taking care of puppies is a lot of hard work, and not everyone is ready to enjoy this demanding responsibility. If you do not want to contribute to the overpopulation of dogs, then having your Labrador spayed is something you must do.
Most people think that spaying is the best thing to do for female dogs. But spaying dogs can come with problems as well.
While spaying a dog reduces her chance of getting pyometra, ovarian and breast cancers, and more, the procedure can also increase the risk of different diseases and health issues.
Obesity: Spaying doubles the risk of obesity because the procedure's long-term effects include a change in the hormonal makeup and metabolism. The extra weight your Labrador can gain may lead to an array of health problems including arthritis, heart disease, diabetes, pancreatitis, and more. To prevent your Labrador from gaining too much weight after spaying, a change in diet is necessary.
Hemangiosarcoma: Spaying a dog decreases her chance of developing mammary cancer. It, however, increases the risk of hemangiosarcoma, another deadly cancer. It was found that the reproductive hormones somehow help protect female dogs against this cancer. Spayed dogs are reportedly twice more likely to develop hemangiosarcoma of the spleen and five times more likely to develop hemangiosarcoma of the heart, compared to intact females.
Hypothyroidism: Spaying dogs triples their risk of hypothyroidism. The absence or loss of reproductive hormones seems to upset spayed dogs' endocrine system. This condition can trigger weight gain and lethargy. The good thing is, this can be dealt with by giving the spayed dog a daily thyroid supplement for the rest of her life.
Possible Complications: When a dog is to undergo an ovariohysterectomy, she needs general anesthesia. According to studies, about 20% of spaying procedures result in complications associated with anesthesia. The complications are often minor. Only less than 5% of the cases are serious and only 1% leads to death.
Should You Spay Your Labrador?
If you have no plans to breed, then go ahead and have your Labrador spayed. Doing so comes with different health benefits for your Labrador.
You may take necessary precautions to ensure that the procedure and post-surgical condition of your Labrador remain free from dangers. Have your Labrador's blood checked before having her spayed. Do not have your Labrador spayed until she has fully grown. Change your Labrador's diet after having her spayed to prevent obesity.


Need a replacement motor for your Tinyhawk? Grab one of these 15000KV Original Tinyhawk Brushless 08025 Motors to get the great performance you love.
Want some extra speed out of your Tinyhawk? Try the new 16500kv brushless motor from EMAX. This motor gives you more speed and only takes a little less than 20-30 seconds off your total flight time. They also work great with the 4-blade turtle mode propellers.


Microsoft says it realised during the development of the Windows 8 Metro interface that it provided a better way for people to browse the web.
"To deliver the best browsing across all Windows 8 devices, we re-imagined the architecture and experience of the web browser," explains Rob Mauceri, the group program manager for Internet Explorer in a new blog post on the Building Windows 8 blog.
"While building and tuning the Metro style browsing experience for the Consumer Preview, we realised it is a better way to browse – whether on a desktop computer with a big screen, mouse and keyboard, or on a touch-enabled mobile device."
Mauceri says that as people browse more "chromelessly" on their phones (an interestingly choice of words), they've "become accustomed to a more immersive and less manual browsing experience compared with the desktop".
He also talked up the use of the Windows 8 charms (the pop-up icons on the side of the Windows 8 Metro screen or Windows 8 desktop) as an alternative to toolbars and menus.
"We've found that many people – even those with the most enthusiastic and intense browsing patterns – prefer Metro style browsing because it's less manual and more focused on what you browse than on how you browse."
"The result in Windows 8 Consumer Preview is a Metro style web experience. IE10 is designed to make website interaction fast and fluid for touch as well as for heavy mouse and keyboard use."


text:
A Man Returning Home
On Blue Mountain (30 September, 2016; Columbia Records) Bob Weir stepped out of the warm shadow cast by his life-long Grateful Dead colleague and friend Jerry Garcia, wrote some of his own songs, and told a part of his own unique story. And he did it in his own special way by inviting around 20 other musicians to take part (including Josh Ritter and Scott Devendorf, and Bryce and Aaron Dessner of the National); and by drawing on exotic instruments such as a Farfisa organ, an omnichord and a shruti box to tell his story.
And it is a great story, which starts with Weir returning to the moment he was a 15-year-old ranch hand in Wyoming. And if when you listen to this album you imagine wide open spaces, men on horseback, the rush of rivers, and the smell of campfires, you are not going to be far off the mark. As Weir says himself: "When I was 15 I ran away to be a cowboy. I found myself working in Wyoming living in a bunk house with a bunch of old cowpokes and ranch hands, and a lot of those guys had grown up in an era before radio. Their idea of an evening was to tell stories and sing songs. I was the kid with the guitar, so I became the accompaniment. I've been sort of wondering what to do with that, for decades now..."
The result is a collection of beautiful songs from a man reflecting on a long and fruitful life. Behind that shaggy and slightly bewildered Robinson Crusoe type-look on the front cover, Weir shines with both his Alvarez Yairi WY1 acoustic guitar and perhaps more surprisingly, with a resonant voice that was less evident during his years with the Dead.
In fact Weir can also be seen playing his WY1 acoustic on the lovely opening track, and first single, Only a River. "Only a river gonna make things right," he world-wearily intones. This release was followed up in September 2016, with the second single Gonesville, which was co-written with Josh Ritter. The song has touches of honky-tonk, though Weir described it as "a take on a Rockabilly tune. I was trying to go back and channel Elvis for the vocal, and for the music as well."
The third single is an unforgettably mournful 'death ballad' Lay My Lily Down, which relates the story of a father burying his daughter. When asked about how he tuned in to the sadness of the song, Weir replied, somewhat cryptically, "because I've been there." In fact the basis of the song came from a traditional folk song called Lay My Corey Down. "Dig a hole, dig a hole in the meadow, Dig a hole in the cold, cold ground, Dig a hole, dig a hole in the meadow, To lay my Lily down," Weir sings, in a line that recalls Tom Waits.
It may not be the best song on the album but the emotional heart is perhaps Ki-Yi Bossie. Weir originally wanted to write this song with former Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow, but in the end Barlow's sickness meant that he had to write it alone. In this moving country and western number Weir talks about being involved in a alcohol withdrawal programme, which takes place in a church basement "under harsh fluorescent light."
The album closes with the title track Blue Mountain - where Weir explains his "welcome wore thin down in Texas, For reasons you probably know," - and One More River To Cross, in which he again reflects on mortality.
Following decades of success with the Grateful Dead, Blue Mountain, and the Netflix documentary The Other One, has helped confirm Weir as an independent talent who deserved, and continues to merit, far more of the limelight. Though one suspects he has now got 'bigger things' on his mind, as he sings: "time to change the scenery, it's time to hit the pipe, and okay, i'm gone…" Hopefully not for a long while yet, as he clearly has a lot more to offer.
Bob Weir - Only A River (Live on eTown)
Bob Weir - Gonesville (Live on eTown)
Bob Weir - Lay My Lily Down (Live on eTown)
BOB WEIR - "Ki-Yi Bossie" 10/8/16
Bob Weir - Blue Mountain - Live from the McKittrick Hotel
Jerry Garcia, the pursuer
Grateful Dead - American Beauty (1970)
The Guitarists of Tom Waits


text:
#include <IRT/visitors/DotLangVisitor.h>

using namespace IRTree;

void CDotLangVisitor::addEdge( const std::string& nodeFromName, const std::string& nodeToName ) {
    treeEdges[nodeFromName].push_back( nodeToName );
}

std::string CDotLangVisitor::GetTraversalInDotLanguage() const {
    std::stringstream sstream;
    sstream << "digraph {" << std::endl;
    sstream << '\t' << "ordering = out;" << std::endl;
    for ( auto it = treeEdges.begin(); it != treeEdges.end(); ++it ) {
        const std::string& fromNode = it->first;
        for ( const std::string& toNode : it->second ) {
            sstream << '\t' << fromNode << " -> " << toNode << ';' << std::endl;
        }
    }
    sstream << '}' << std::endl;

    return sstream.str();
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Clear() {
    treeEdges.clear();
    nodeTypeLastUsedIndex.clear();
    visitedNodeStack.clear();
}

/*__________ Expressions __________*/

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CConstExpression* expression ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::EXP_CONST );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    std::string valueNodeName = "\"" + generateNodeName( "Value" ) + ": ";
    valueNodeName += std::to_string( expression->Value() ) + "\"";
    addEdge( nodeName, valueNodeName );

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CNameExpression* expression ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::EXP_NAME );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    std::string valueNodeName = "\"" + generateNodeName( "Label" ) + ": ";
    valueNodeName += expression->Label().ToString() + "\"";
    addEdge( nodeName, valueNodeName );

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CTempExpression* expression ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::EXP_TEMP );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );

    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    std::string valueNodeName = "\"" + generateNodeName( "Temp" ) + ": ";
    valueNodeName += expression->Temporary().ToString() + "\"";
    addEdge( nodeName, valueNodeName );

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CBinaryExpression* expression ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::EXP_BINARY );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    expression->LeftOperand()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    addEdge( nodeName, generateNodeName( operatorName( expression->Operation() ) ) );

    expression->RightOperand()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CMemExpression* expression ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::EXP_MEM );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    expression->Address()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CCallExpression* expression ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::EXP_CALL );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    expression->Function()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    expression->Arguments()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CEseqExpression* expression ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::EXP_ESEQ );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    expression->Statement()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    expression->Expression()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

/*__________ Statements __________*/

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CExpStatement* statement ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::STAT_EXP );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    statement->Expression()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CJumpConditionalStatement* statement ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::STAT_CJUMP );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    addEdge( nodeName, generateNodeName( operatorName( statement->Operation() ) ) );

    statement->LeftOperand()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    statement->RightOperand()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    std::string labelTrueNodeName = "\"" + generateNodeName( "Label" ) + ": ";
    labelTrueNodeName += statement->TrueLabel().ToString() + "\"";
    addEdge( nodeName, labelTrueNodeName );

    std::string labelFalseNodeName = "\"" + generateNodeName( "Label" ) + ": ";
    labelFalseNodeName += statement->FalseLabel().ToString() + "\"";
    addEdge( nodeName, labelFalseNodeName );

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CJumpStatement* statement ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::STAT_JUMP );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    std::string valueNodeName = "\"" + generateNodeName( "Label" ) + ": ";
    valueNodeName += statement->Target().ToString() + "\"";
    addEdge( nodeName, valueNodeName );

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CLabelStatement* statement ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::STAT_LABEL );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    std::string valueNodeName = "\"" + generateNodeName( "Label" ) + ": ";
    valueNodeName += statement->Label().ToString() + "\"";
    addEdge( nodeName, valueNodeName );

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CMoveStatement* statement ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::STAT_MOVE );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    statement->Destination()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    statement->Source()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CSeqStatement* statement ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::STAT_SEQ );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    statement->LeftStatement()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    statement->RightStatement()->Accept( this );
    addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
    visitedNodeStack.pop_back();

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

/*__________  Lists __________*/

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CExpressionList* list ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::LIST_EXP );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );
    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const CExpression>>& expressions = list->Expressions();
    for ( auto it = expressions.begin(); it != expressions.end(); ++it ) {
        ( *it )->Accept( this );

        addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
        visitedNodeStack.pop_back();
    }

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

void CDotLangVisitor::Visit( const CStatementList* list ) {
    std::string nodeName = generateNodeName( CNodeNames::LIST_STAT );
    onNodeEnter( nodeName );

    visitedNodeStack.push_back( nodeName );

    const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const CStatement>>& statements = list->Statements();
    for ( auto it = statements.begin(); it != statements.end(); ++it ) {
        ( *it )->Accept( this );

        addEdge( nodeName, visitedNodeStack.back() );
        visitedNodeStack.pop_back();
    }

    onNodeExit( nodeName );
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Winnti hacking group hits gaming firms with new backdoor malware
Winnti hacking group previously targeted GRAVITY gaming firm in South Korea.
It is claimed that hackers are aiming to target Asian video game developers.
A brand new backdoor malware used by the notorious Winnti hacking group has been discovered by cybersecurity firm ESET researchers.
The company published a report on Thursday revealing in-depth details about the new modular backdoor and how the hackers are trying to use it against gaming firms that mainly develop massively multiplayer online (MMO) games.
The malware, which ESET dubbed as PipeMon, is currently targeting gaming firms based in Taiwan and South Korea.
See: Top Dangers That Online Gamers Face
The researchers didn't reveal the names of gaming firms that have been targeted. It is however, stated that the games developed by these firms are distributed across the globe, and are available on all popular gaming platforms while thousands of players are using their games.
It is worth noting that both countries are home to some of the most popular games and best gaming developers/brands including MSI, Asus ROG, and Acer Predator from Taiwan and Nexon, Gravity and Netmarble from South Korea.
As per the analysis of ESET's malware researcher Mathieu Tartare, there is a sound reason to believe that the Winnti hacking group is involved.
"Multiple indicators led us to attribute this campaign to the Winnti Group. Some of the command and control domains used by PipeMon were used by Winnti malware in previous campaigns. Furthermore, in 2019, other Winnti malware was found at some of the same companies that were later discovered to be compromised with PipeMon in 2020," said Tartare.
The modular backdoor, according to ESET researchers, is signed with a code-signing Wemade IO certificate that most likely was stolen during a past campaign.
See: Latest LokiBot malware variant distributed as Epic Games installer
Interestingly, the new modular backdoor shares stark similarities with the PortReuse backdoor. PipeMon is equipped with DLL modules that use a reflective loading technique to load on the targeted device.
In one case, the gaming firm's build orchestration server was compromised by the attackers, which allowed them to gain control of the automated build systems of the target device. This can allow attackers to easily Trojanize video game executable files.
In another incident, the company's game servers were compromised, which may allow attackers to manipulate in-game currencies for monetary gains.
Winnti hacking group is believed to be responsible for launching highly-sophisticated cyberattacks against several high-profile organizations including the Government of Thailand, tech firms, and activists fighting for Uyghur and Tibetan cause, and Chinese journalists.
Moreover, it is the same group that launched a cyberattack against South Korean gaming firm Gravity and many other game vendors.
Winnti
Deeba Ahmed
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