Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is prejudice against, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews as an ethnic, religious, or racial group. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is widely considered to be a form of racism.
While the conjunction of the units anti-, Semite, and -ism indicates antisemitism as being directed against all Semitic people, the term was popularized in Germany in 1873 as a scientific-sounding term for Judenhass (Jew-hatred), although it had been used for at least two decades prior, and that has been its normal use since then. For the purposes of a 2005 U.S. governmental report, antisemitism was considered "hatred toward Jews—individually and as a group—that can be attributed to the Jewish religion and/or ethnicity".
Antisemitism may be manifested in many ways, ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Jews to organized violent attacks by mobs, state police, or even military attacks on entire Jewish communities. Although the term did not come into common usage until the 19th century, it is now also applied to historic anti-Jewish incidents. Notable instances of persecution include the pogroms which preceded the First Crusade in 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, Cossack massacres in Ukraine of 1648–1657, various pogroms in Imperial Russia between 1821 and 1906, the 1894–1906 Dreyfus affair in France, the Holocaust in German-occupied Europe, official Soviet anti-Jewish policies and Arab and Muslim involvement in the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries.
The origin of "antisemitic" terminologies is found in responses of Moritz Steinschneider to the views of Ernest Renan. As Alex Bein writes "The compound anti-Semitism appears to have been used first by Steinschneider, who challenged Renan on account of his 'anti-Semitic prejudices' [i.e., his derogation of the "Semites" as a race]". Avner Falk similarly writes: 'The German word antisemitisch was first used in 1860 by the Austrian Jewish scholar Moritz Steinschneider (1816-1907) in the phrase antisemitische Vorurteile (antisemitic prejudices). Steinschneider used this phrase to characterise the French philosopher Ernest Renan's false ideas about how "Semitic races" were inferior to "Aryan races"'.
Pseudoscientific theories concerning race, civilization, and "progress" had become quite widespread in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, especially as Prussian nationalistic historian Heinrich von Treitschke did much to promote this form of racism. He coined the phrase "the Jews are our misfortune" which would later be widely used by Nazis. In Treitschke's writings "Semitic" was synonymous with "Jewish", in contrast to its use by Renan and others.
In 1873 German journalist Wilhelm Marr published a pamphlet, Der Sieg des Judenthums über das Germanenthum. Vom nicht confessionellen Standpunkt aus betrachtet (The Victory of the Jewish Spirit over the Germanic Spirit. Observed from a non-religious perspective.)&/or in which he used the word Semitismus interchangeably with the word Judentum to denote both "Jewry" (the Jews as a collective) and "jewishness" (the quality of being Jewish, or the Jewish spirit).
The pamphlet became very popular, and in the same year he founded the Antisemiten-Liga (League of Antisemites), the first German organization committed specifically to combating the alleged threat to Germany and German culture posed by the Jews and their influence, and advocating their forced removal from the country.
Despite the use of the prefix anti-, the term "anti-Semitic" is not a direct opposite of "Semitic" which linguistically makes the term a misnomer. Within common, day to day usage, however, the terms "anti-Semitism" and "antisemitism" have accepted and specific use to describe prejudice against Jews alone and in general. This is despite the fact that there are other speakers of Semitic languages (e.g. Arabs, Ethiopians, or Assyrians) and that not all Jews speak a Semitic language.
The term "antisemitic" has been used on occasion with meanings inclusive of bigotry against other Semitic-language peoples such as Arabs, with the validity of such use being challenged.
The terms "anti-Semitism" and "antisemitism" are both in use. Some scholars favor the unhyphenated form because, "If you use the hyphenated form, you consider the words 'Semitism', 'Semite', 'Semitic' as meaningful" whereas "in antisemitic parlance, 'Semites' really stands for Jews, just that." For example, Emil Fackenheim supported the unhyphenated spelling, in order to "[dispel] the notion that there is an entity 'Semitism' which 'anti-Semitism' opposes." Others endorsing an unhyphenated term for the same reason include Padraic O'Hare, professor of Religious and Theological Studies and Director of the Center for the Study of Jewish-Christian-Muslim Relations at Merrimack College; Yehuda Bauer, professor of Holocaust Studies at the Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and James Carroll, historian and novelist. According to Carroll, who first cites O'Hare and Bauer on "the existence of something called 'Semitism'", "the hyphenated word thus reflects the bipolarity that is at the heart of the problem of antisemitism".
For Sonja Weinberg, as distinct from economic and religious Jews conspired to 'judaise' the world; it served to consolidate social identity; it channeled dissatisfactions among victims of the capitalist system; and it was used as a conservative cultural code to fight emancipation and liberalism.
There have been a number of efforts by international and governmental bodies to define antisemitism formally. The U.S. Department of State states that "while there is no universally accepted definition, there is a generally clear understanding of what the term encompasses." For the purposes of its 2005 Report on Global Anti-Semitism, the term was considered to mean "hatred toward Jews—individually and as a group—that can be attributed to the Jewish religion and/or ethnicity."
In 2005, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (now Fundamental Rights Agency), then an agency of the European Union, developed a more detailed working definition, which states: "Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities." It also adds that "such manifestations could also target the state of Israel, conceived as a Jewish collectivity," but that "criticism of Israel similar to that leveled against any other country cannot be regarded as antisemitic." It provides contemporary examples of ways in which antisemitism may manifest itself, including: promoting the harming of Jews in the name of an ideology or religion; promoting negative stereotypes of Jews; holding Jews collectively responsible for the actions of an individual Jewish person or group; denying the Holocaust or accusing Jews or Israel of exaggerating it; and accusing Jews of dual loyalty or a greater allegiance to Israel than their own country. It also lists ways in which attacking Israel could be antisemitic, and states that denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g. by claiming that the existence of a state of Israel is a racist endeavor, can be a manifestation of antisemitism—as can applying double standards by requiring of Israel a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation, or holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the State of Israel. Late in 2013, the definition was removed from the website of the Fundamental Rights Agency. A spokesperson said that it had never been regarded as official and that the agency did not intend to develop its own definition.
In 1879, World War II, when animosity towards Jews was far more commonplace, it was not uncommon for a person, organization, or political party to self-identify as an antisemite or antisemitic.
After the 1945 victory of the Allies over Nazi Germany, and particularly after the extent of the Nazi genocide of Jews became known, the term "anti-Semitism" acquired pejorative connotations. This marked a full circle shift in usage, from an era just decades earlier when "Jew" was used as a pejorative term. Yehuda Bauer wrote in 1984: "There are no anti-Semites in the world... Nobody says, 'I am anti-Semitic.' You cannot, after Hitler. The word has gone out of fashion."
Gustavo Perednik has argued that what he terms "Judeophobia" has a number of unique traits which set it apart from other forms of racism, including permanence, depth, obsessiveness, irrationality, endurance, ubiquity, and danger. He also wrote in his book Spain Derailed that "The Jews were accused by the nationalists of being the creators of Communism; by the Communists of ruling Capitalism. If they live in non-Jewish countries, they are accused of double-loyalties; if they live in the Jewish country, of being racists. When they spend their money, they are reproached for being ostentatious; when they don't spend their money, of being avaricious. They are called rootless cosmopolitans or hardened chauvinists. If they assimilate, they are accused of fifth-columnists, if they don't, of shutting themselves away."
Louis Harap defines cultural antisemitism as "that species of anti-Semitism that charges the Jews with corrupting a given culture and attempting to supplant or succeeding in supplanting the preferred culture with a uniform, crude, "Jewish" culture. Similarly, Eric Kandel characterizes cultural antisemitism as being based on the idea of "Jewishness" as a "religious or cultural tradition that is acquired through learning, through distinctive traditions and education." According to Kandel, this form of antisemitism views Jews as possessing "unattractive psychological and social characteristics that are acquired through acculturation." Niewyk and Nicosia characterize cultural antisemitism as focusing on and condemning "the Jews' aloofness from the societies in which they live." An important feature of cultural antisemitism is that it considers the negative attributes of Judaism to be redeemable by education or religious conversion.
Although the origins of antisemitism are rooted in the Judeo-Christian conflict, religious antisemitism, other forms of antisemitism have developed in modern times. Frederick Schweitzer asserts that, "most scholars ignore the Christian foundation on which the modern antisemitic edifice rests and invoke political antisemitism, cultural antisemitism, racism or racial antisemitism, economic antisemitism and the like." William Nichols draws a distinction between religious antisemitism and modern antisemitism based on racial or ethnic grounds: "The dividing line was the possibility of effective conversion... a Jew ceased to be a Jew upon baptism." From the perspective of racial antisemitism, however, "... the assimilated Jew was still a Jew, even after baptism.... From the Enlightenment onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews... Once Jews have been emancipated and secular thinking makes its appearance, without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear."
 Zoological conspiracy theories have been propagated by the Arab media and Arabic language websites, alleging a "Zionist plot" behind the use of animals to attack civilians or to conduct espionage.
Starting in the 1990s, some scholars have advanced the concept of new antisemitism, coming simultaneously from the Left-wing politics, the Right-wing politics, and radical Islam, which tends to focus on opposition to the creation of a Jewish homeland in the State of Israel, and they argue that the language of anti-Zionism and criticism of Israel are used to attack Jews more broadly. In this view, the proponents of the new concept believe that criticisms of Israel and Zionism are often disproportionate in degree and unique in kind, and they attribute this to antisemitism. Jewish scholar Gustavo Perednik has posited that anti-Zionism in itself represents a form of discrimination against Jews, in that it singles out Jewish national aspirations as an illegitimate and racist endeavor, and "proposes actions that would result in the death of millions of Jews". It is asserted that the new antisemitism deploys traditional antisemitic motifs, including older motifs such as the blood libel.
From the 9th century CE, the medieval Islamic world classified Jews (and Christians) as dhimmi, and allowed Jews to practice their religion more freely than they could do in medieval Christian Europe. Under Islamic rule, there was a Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain that lasted until at least the 11th century. It ended when several Muslim pogroms against Jews took place on the Iberian Peninsula, including those that occurred in Córdoba in 1011 and in Granada in 1066. Several decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues were also enacted in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen from the 11th century. In addition, Jews were forced to convert to Islam or face death in some parts of Yemen, Morocco and Baghdad several times between the 12th and 18th centuries. The Almohads, who had taken control of the Almoravids' Maghribi and Andalusian territories by 1147, were far more fundamentalist in outlook compared to their predecessors, and they treated the dhimmis harshly. Faced with the choice of either death or conversion, many Jews and Christians emigrated. Some, such as the family of Maimonides, fled east to more tolerant Muslim lands, while some others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms.
In 1850 the German composer Richard Wagner published Das Judenthum in der Musik ("Jewishness in Music") under a pseudonym in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik. The essay began as an attack on Jewish composers, particularly Wagner's contemporaries (and rivals) Felix Mendelssohn and Giacomo Meyerbeer, but expanded to accuse Jews of being a harmful and alien element in German culture. Antisemitism can also be found in many of the Grimms' Fairy Tales by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, published from 1812 to 1857. It is mainly characterized by Jews being the villain of a story, such as in "The Good Bargain (Der gute Handel)" and "The Jew Among Thorns (Der Jude im Dorn)."
Some scholars view Karl Marx's essay On The Jewish Question as antisemitic, and argue that he often used antisemitic epithets in his published and private writings. These scholars argue that Marx equated Judaism with capitalism in his essay, helping to spread that idea. Some further argue that the essay influenced National Socialist, as well as Soviet and Arab antisemites. Marx himself had Jewish ancestry, and Albert Lindemann and Hyam Maccoby have suggested that he was embarrassed by it. Others argue that Marx consistently supported Prussian Jewish communities' struggles to achieve equal political rights. These scholars argue that "On the Jewish Question" is a critique of Bruno Bauer's arguments that Jews must convert to Christianity before being emancipated, and is more generally a critique of liberal rights discourses and capitalism. David McLellan and Francis Wheen argue that readers should interpret On the Jewish Question in the deeper context of Marx's debates with Bruno Bauer, author of The Jewish Question, about Jewish emancipation in Germany. According to McLellan, Marx used the word Judentum colloquially, as meaning commerce, arguing that Germans must be emancipated from the capitalist mode of production not Judaism or Jews in particular.
"Contemporary Global Anti-Semitism: A Report Provided to the United States Congress" PDF (7.4 MB), United States Department of State, 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2010. See html version.
Judeophobia: A short course on the history of anti-Semitism at  Zionism and Israel Information Center.
^ a b anti-Semitism – Definition and More from the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
Antisemitism is more commonly used than "religious antisemitism" or "anti-Judaism." The Encyclopædia Britannica, for example, defines "antisemitism" to include religious antisemitism: "hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group." ("Anti-Semitism", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006.) Also see "Anti-Semitism", Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
^ United Nations General Assembly Session 53 Resolution 133. A/RES/53/133 Measures to combat contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance page 4. 1 March 1999.
Rattansi, Ali. Racism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 4–5.
Rubenstein, Richard L.; Roth, John K. Approaches to Auschwitz: the Holocaust and its legacy, Westminster John Knox Press, 2003, p. 30.
Johnston, William M. The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938, University of California Press, 1983, p. 27.
Lewis, Bernard. "Semites and Antisemites". Extract from Islam in History: Ideas, Men and Events in the Middle East, The Library Press, 1973. broken link, page?, quote?
"Anti-Semitism", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006. quote?
^ a b "Report on Global Anti-Semitism", U.S. State Department, 5 January 2005.
^ Matas, David. Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism, Dundurn Press, 2005, p. 34.
^ Almog, Shmuel. "What's in a Hyphen?", SICSA Report: Newsletter of the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism (Summer 1989).
^ Bauer, Yehuda. A History of the Holocaust, Franklin Watts, 1982, p. 52. ISBN 0-531-05641-4.
^ cited in Sonja Weinberg, Pogroms and Riots: German Press Responses to Anti-Jewish Violence in Germany and Russia, (1881–1882), Peter Lang, 2010 p. 18.
^ Sonja Weinberg, Pogroms and Riots: German Press Responses to Anti-Jewish Violence in Germany and Russia, (1881–1882), pp. 18–19.
^ Lewis, Bernard. "The New Anti-Semitism", The American Scholar, Volume 75 No. 1, Winter 2006, pp. 25–36. The paper is based on a lecture delivered at Brandeis University on 24 March 2004.
^ D'Acunto, Francesco, et al. "Distrust in Finance Lingers: Jewish Persecution and Households' Investments." Haas School of Business. September 2014. 20 October 2014.
^ Mathis, Andrew E. Holocaust Denial, a Definition, The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
^ Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
^ a b Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
^ The Almohads. Myjewishlearning.com. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ Morris, Benny. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001. Vintage Books, 2001, pp. 10–11.
^ Why do human rights groups ignore Palestinians' war of words?. Washingtonpost.com (26 September 2011). Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "Nazis' 'Terrible Weapon,' Aimed at Minds and Hearts", The New York Times, 23 February 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
^ Neil J. Kressel. "The Urgent Need to Study Islamic Anti-Semitism", The Chronicle of Higher Education, The Chronicle Review, 12 March 2004.
^ Examples of anti-Semitism in the Arab and Muslim world on intelligence.org.il, site of the Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies (C.S.S), Israel. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
^ Anti-Semitism in the Egyptian Media: February 2001 – February 2002, "Classic Anti-Semitic Stereotypes", Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
^ Hyphenation added by Fulford.
^ Bersih an opportunity for Jews to infiltrate country, says Utusan by Shannon Teoh, Malaysia Insider, 18 July 2011.
^ "Jews barred in Saudi tourist drive", BBC News, 27 February 2004. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
^ Morrison, JAmes. "Saudis invite Jews.", The Washington Times, 1 March 2004. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
^ Whitaker, Brian. "Saudis deny anti-Jewish visa policy", The Guardian, 1 March 2004. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
^ "ADL Calls on Arab Leaders to Denounce Anti-Semitic Television Series", Anti-Defamation League, 10 December 2001. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
^ Shea, Nina. "This is a Saudi textbook. (After the intolerance was removed.)", The Washington Post, 21 May 2006, p. B01.
^ Press Release. freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ Tom Gross, "Living in a Bubble: The BBC's very own Mideast foreign policy"., National Review, 18 June 2004.
^ The Economist faces barrage of accusations from the Turkish gov't, The Hurriyet Daily News (English language edition), 12 June 2011.
^ a b Anti-Semitism In Germany Today: Its Roots And Tendencies – Susanne Urban. Jcpa.org. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ Stephen Roth Institute, Tel Aviv University.
^ GENERAL ANALYSIS 2004, The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism, Tel Aviv University. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ Krieger, Leila Hilary. "Rothschild: France not anti-Semitic". The Jerusalem Post, 15 June 2006/ Archived 5 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Berkhout, Karel. (26 January 2010) "Anti-Semitism on the rise in Amsterdam". Nrc.nl. Retrieved on 2012-06-01.
^ Hets av jøder er økende i Europa – Aftenposten. Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ Jews flee Malmö as anti-Semitism grows by David Landes, The Local, 27 January 2010.
^ a b Donald Snyder. For Jews, Swedish City Is a 'Place To Move Away From'. Forward.com (7 July 2010). Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ Report: Anti-Semitic attacks rising in Scandinavia, Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), 22 March 2010.
^ For Jews, Swedish City Is a 'Place To Move Away From' by Donald Snyder, The Forward, Published 7 July 2010, issue of 16 July 2010.).
^ Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism PDF (430 KB), All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism, September 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2010. For the first and second quote, see summary; for the third quote, see p. 17. Archived 24 November 2010.
^ Antony Lerman, "Antisemitism Research Just Improved: Yale's 'Initiative' for Studying Antisemitism is Axed", Antony Lerman: Context Is Everything, 10 June 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
^ ADL Survey: American Attitudes Towards Jews in America. Adl.org. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ Neil Malhotra and Yotam Margalit. State of the Nation: Anti-Semitism and the economic crisis. Boston Review. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ Includes English translation of Venezuelan National Radio article.
In the 21st century, the dominant source of contemporary antisemitism in the UK is the far right. Although in the aftermath of the Holocaust far right extremism became marginalised, Holocaust denial and Jewish conspiracy theories remain core elements of far right ideology. Nevertheless, contemporary antisemitism is to be found as well on the left of the political spectrum. Criticism of Israel, especially from the left, has been fueled further by the second Palestinian Intifada and by the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
A report released in 2012 by the Community Security Trust, documenting antisemitic incidents from January–June 2012, revealed that the number of incidents rose in these months compared to incidents in 2011, with 299 cases deemed antisemitic. There was a significant rise in the number of antisemitic incidents in March 2012, apparently influenced by the antisemitic terrorist attack in Toulouse, France during that month by Mohammed Merah.
In 2005, a group of British Members of Parliament set up an inquiry into antisemitism, which published its findings in 2006. Its report stated that "until recently, the prevailing opinion both within the Jewish community and beyond [had been] that antisemitism had receded to the point that it existed only on the margins of society." It found a reversal of this progress since 2000. In his oral evidence, the Chief Rabbi stated: "If you were to ask me is Britain an antisemitic society, the answer is manifestly and obviously no. It is one of the least antisemitic societies in the world." The inquiry set out to investigate the problem, identify the sources of contemporary antisemitism and make recommendations to improve the situation. It discussed the influence of the Israel-Palestine conflict and issues of anti-Israel sentiment versus antisemitism at length and noted "most of those who gave evidence were at pains to explain that criticism of Israel is not to be regarded in itself as antisemitic... The Israeli government itself may, at times, have mistakenly perceived criticism of its policies and actions to be motivated by antisemitism." In November 2010, the BBC's investigative program Panorama reported that Saudi national textbooks advocating antisemitism were being used in Islamic religious programs attended by 5,000 British schoolchildren in the United Kingdom. In the textbooks, Jews were described as looking like monkeys and pigs.
Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), and the 14th Waffen-SS Galicia Division."
In early 2010, the Swedish publication The Local published series of articles about the growing antisemitism in Simon Wiesenthal Center issued a travel advisory concerning Sweden, advising Jews to express "extreme caution" when visiting the southern parts of the country due to an alleged increase in verbal and physical harassment of Jewish citizens in the city of Malmö. Ilmar Reepalu, the mayor of Malmö for over 15 years, has been accused of failing to protect the Jewish community in Malmö, causing 30 Jewish families to leave the city in 2010, and more preparing to leave, which has left the possibility that Malmö's Jewish community will disappear soon. Critics of Reepalu say that his statements, such as antisemitism in Malmö actually being an "understandable" consequence of Israeli policy in the Middle East, have encouraged young Muslims to abuse and harass the Jewish community. In an interview with the Sunday Telegraph in February 2010, Reepalu said, "There haven't been any attacks on Jewish people, and if Jews from the city want to move to Israel that is not a matter for Malmö," which renewed concerns about Reepalu.
According to the Anne Frank Foundation, antisemitism in the Netherlands in 2011 was roughly at the same level as in 2010. Actual antisemitic incidents increased from 19 in 2010 to 30 in 2011. Verbal antisemitic incidents dropped slightly from 1173 in 2010 to 1098 in 2011. This accouns for 75%-80% of all verbal racist incidents in the Netherlands. antisemitism is more prevalent in the age group 23–27 years, which is a younger group than that of racist incidents in general.
The BBC aired a Panorama episode, entitled A Question of Leadership, which reported that Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais, the leading imam of the Grand mosque located in the Islamic holy city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, referred to Jews as "the scum of the human race" and "offspring of apes and pigs". Al-Sudais further stated: "the worst [...] of the enemies of Islam are those [...] whom he [...] made monkeys and pigs, the aggressive Jews and oppressive Zionists and those that follow them [...] Monkeys and pigs and worshippers of false Gods who are the Jews and the Zionists." In another sermon, on 19 April 2002, he declared that Jews are "evil offspring, infidels, distorters of [others'] words, calf-worshippers, prophet-murderers, prophecy-deniers [...] the scum of the human race whom Allah cursed and turned into apes and pigs [...]"
The Center for Religious Freedom of Freedom House analyzed a set of Saudi Ministry of Education textbooks in Islamic studies courses for elementary and secondary school students. The researchers found statements promoting hatred of Christians, Jews, "polytheists" and other "unbelievers," including non-Wahabi Muslims. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was taught as historical fact. The texts described Jews and Christians as enemies of Muslim believers and the clash between them as an ongoing fight that will end in victory over the Jews. Jews were blamed for virtually all the "subversion" and wars of the modern world. A 38-page overview PDF (371 KB) of Saudi Arabia's curriculum has been released to the press by the Hudson Institute.
Saudi textbooks vilify Jews (and Christians and non-Wahabi Muslims): according to 21 May 2006 issue of The Washington Post, Saudi textbooks claimed by them to have been sanitized of antisemitism still call Jews apes (and Christians swine); demand that students avoid and not befriend Jews; claim that Jews worship the devil; and encourage Muslims to engage in Jihad to vanquish Jews.
In 2001, Arab Radio and Television of Saudi Arabia produced a 30-part television miniseries entitled "Horseman Without a Horse", a dramatization of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. One Saudi Arabian government newspaper suggested that hatred of all Jews is justifiable.
The website of the Saudi Arabian Supreme Commission for Tourism initially stated that Jews would not be granted tourist visas to enter the country. The Saudi embassy in the U.S. distanced itself from the statement, which was later removed.
A substantial number of people in Pakistan believe that the 11 September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York were a secret Jewish conspiracy organized by Israel's MOSSAD, as were the 7 July 2005 London bombings, allegedly perpetrated by Jews in order to discredit Muslims. Such allegations echo traditional antisemitic theories. The Jewish religious movement of Chabad Lubavich had an mission house in Mumbai, India that was attacked in the 2008 Mumbai attacks, perpetrated by militants connected to Pakistan led by Ajmal Kasab. Antisemitic intents were evident from the testimonies of Kasab following his arrest and trial.
Mudar Zahran, a Palestinian, writing for the Gatestone Institute says that "the Palestinians have been used as fuel for the new form of anti-Semitism; this has hurt the Palestinians and exposed them to unprecedented and purposely media-ignored abuse by Arab governments, including some of those who claim love for the Palestinians, yet in fact only bare hatred to Jews. This has resulted in Palestinian cries for justice, equality, freedom and even basic human rights being ignored while the world getting consumed with delegitimizing Israel from either ignorance or malice."
Haj Amin al-Husseini meeting with Adolf Hitler, December 1941. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem helped recruit Muslims for the Waffen-SS.
Dean Phillip Bell documents and enumerates a number of categories and causes for anti-Jewish sentiment. He describes political, social, and pseudo-scientific efforts to separate Jews from "civil" society and notes that antisemitism was part of a larger attempt to differentiate status based on racial background. Bell writes, "Socio-psychological explanations focus on concepts of projected guilt and displaced aggression, the search for a scapegoat. Ethnic explanations associated marginalization, or negative representation of the Other, with perceived ethnic differences. Xenophobia ascribes anti-Jewish sentiment to broader concern over minority groups within a national or regional identity.
In 1965 Pope Paul VI issued a papal decree disbanding the cult of Simon of Trent, the shrine erected to him was dismantled, and Simon was decanonized.
After the war, the Kielce pogrom and "March 1968 events" in communist Poland represented further incidents of antisemitism in Europe. The anti-Jewish violence in postwar Poland has a common theme of blood-libel rumours.
Antisemitism was commonly used as an instrument for personal conflicts in the Soviet Union, starting from conflict between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky and continuing through numerous conspiracy-theories spread by official propaganda. Antisemitism in the USSR reached new heights after 1948 during the campaign against the "rootless cosmopolitan" (euphemism for "Jew") in which numerous Yiddish-language poets, writers, painters and sculptors were killed or arrested. This culminated in the so-called Doctors' Plot (1952–1953). Similar antisemitic propaganda in Poland resulted in the flight of Polish Jewish survivors from the country.
In Germany, Nazism led Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, who came to power on 30 January 1933, instituted repressive legislation denying the Jews basic civil rights. In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws prohibited sexual relations and marriages between "Aryans" and Jews as Rassenschande ("race disgrace") and stripped all German Jews, even quarter- and half-Jews, from their citizenship, (their official title became "subjects of the state"). It instituted a pogrom on the night of 9–10 November 1938, dubbed Kristallnacht, in which Jews were killed, their property destroyed and their synagogues torched. Antisemitic laws, agitation and propaganda were extended to German-occupied Europe in the wake of conquest, often building on local antisemitic traditions. In the east the Third Reich forced Jews into ghettos in Warsaw, Kraków, Lvov, Lublin and Radom. After the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 a campaign of mass murder, conducted by the Einsatzgruppen, culminated from 1942 to 1945 in systematic genocide: the Holocaust. Eleven million Jews were targeted for extermination by the Nazis, and some six million were eventually killed.


text:
Algarve Golf News November 2015
World Golf Awards
Mon, 2nd Nov 2015
The Algarve has once again been awarded one of the worlds best golfing locations. This award was gained in November at the World Golf Awards. Portugals best golf course was this year awarded to the Royal Obidos to the north of Lisbon.
Portugal Golf News November 2015
Ricardo Gouveia
Ricardo Gouveia has made Portuguese golfing history! He is the first Portuguese player to break into the Top 100 in the World Rankings having reached the 84th position during November - congratulations to Ricardo Gouveia.
Algarve InterClub 2014/15
On the 27th of October the finals were held on the Santo Antonio course for the Algarve InterClub 2014/15. Seventeen clubs were represented by 102 players. The 1st Division was won by the Vila Sol, the 2nd Division was won by Palmares, and the 3rd Division was won by Quinta do Lago. The overall winning team was the Alto Golfe with 124 points.
Charles Schwartzel
Tue, 3rd Nov 2015
Charles Schwartzel - Alfred Dunhill Championship - Leopard Creek - Malelane - South Africa - 26th to 29th November 2015.
South African golfer Charles Schwartzel won his 10th Tour win with his victory of the Alfred Dunhill Championship. Four strokes or more behind was a group of three Frenchmen, Gregory Bourdy, Benjamin Hebert and Sebastien Gros. Schwartzel moved into 35 place in the World Rankings.
Rory McIlroy - DP World Tour Championship - Jumeirah - Dubai - UAE - 19th to 22nd November 2015.
Rory marked up his 12th victory on the Tour and his second Dubai successive win. His nearest rival was England's Andy Sullivan being just the one stroke behind. This victory placed him into 3rd place in the initial World Rankings.
Kristoffer Broberg
Kristoffer Broberg - BMW Masters - Lake Malaren - Shanghai - China - 12th to 15th November 2015.
This was Swedish golfer Kristoffer Broberg fourth win on the Tour. With this victory he moved into 65th position in the initial World Rankings.
Xiyu Lin
Russell Knox - WGC HSBC Champions Sheshan Inter. - Shanghai - China - 5th to 8th November 2015.
By two strokes the young Xi Yu Lin led the field to win her second time on the LET Tour. Her nearest rival was the fellow Chinese golfer Jing Yan. She moved into 5th place on the LET Ranking.
Russell Knox
WGC HSBC Champions
Sheshan Inter. - Shanghai - China - 5th to 8th November 2015.
The victory for Russell Knox was his first on the Tour. He finished two strokes ahead of American Kevin Kisner. With this win on the Tour and he moved into 28th position in the initial World Rankings.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


UGH I know I may complain about the weather a ton (the weather here is garbage 90% of the time) but it was absurdly cold these past two weeks in Okinawa and I barely survived. Granted, "cold" has meant temps in the mid to low 50s, however when you're used to oppressive heat and humidity this sudden chill meant ya girl could only brave the outdoors if bundled up in a puffy coat, fuzzy socks, fleece lined leggings, and a hat. That may sound like over kill, but I swear my blood has thinned out (that's a thing, right?) since we moved here!
THANKFULLY though it seems as that the worst of winter ended just as quickly as it started... With the temperature now rising to 68 degrees and an unexploded WWII ordnance removal (yes, you read that right) closing down base for most of the day, Ben and I used this unexpected time off and gorgeous weather to do the usual: explore!
I had no clue that Tamagusku Castle existed until we drove past a sign signaling that the ancient ruins were a quick right turn off of the road. With a never ending quench to see every "cool" thing in Okinawa, Ben and I knew we had to check out what this castle had in store.
It's important to know that in Okinawa there are many castle "sites" which lack any actual ruins and are just there to remind everyone that in one point in time a castle used to reside there. With this in mind we really weren't expecting much, we are all too familiar with castle sites that are actually just never ending jungle trails.
Fortunately for us, there were actually physical ruins still standing at the Tamagusku Castle!!! The pièce de résistance was the entryway which was a bit rough around the edges (literally) but surprisingly fully intact. The views of the neighboring golf course were also quite impressive due to the elevation of the ruins.
Although these castles were a good side trip, there's really not enough to see to justify driving allllllll the way down south solely to visit them. If you want to check out this tiny beauty make sure you also have additional plans down south to make the trip worth while!
Ben and I ended up down South in the village of Itokazu in the first place with the intent of seeing the Itokazu castle ruins. Just when we think we've seen every castle that Okinawa has to offer, another one appears on our radar out of no where!
I'm not going to lie, I was absolutely enthralled with these ruins. I know I sound like a broken record, but these were my favorite ones yet! This site had not yet been turned into a tourist attraction which meant no entrance fees, no marked off areas, no people or signs telling you not to go here or climb there, and my absolute favorite: not a single soul in sight. It seems like people have forgotten about this impressive castle for whatever reason, but it made for one of our best ruin explorations to date.
I have done absolutely zero research about this castle, but I've got the aching suspicion that some of these walls might have been rebuilt after WWII. This castle was directly in the middle of the Battle of Okinawa which meant it was most likely destroyed (at least partially) by explosions and artillery. It looked just a *bit* too put together to have endured this destruction. I didn't mind though, I loved every inch of these 20 foot tall walls which were perfectly pieced together. Not to mention, we're quite used to most historical sites in Okinawa being reproductions due to WWII devastation.
Itokazu castle had some serious Great Wall of China vibes and every new stretch of wall (there are quite a few) left me beaming with excitement - I am such a sucker for castle ruins!
Itokazu spring was right now the road from the castle ruins so we figured hey, why not? There's not a ton to see, but I really enjoyed the super old and worn shisa dog that was also there. It seems as though the site of the spring might be a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other creepy crawlers come summer so you've been warned!
Wow! I would have never guessed Okinawa would be so rich in historical sites. Love that you've been able to explore these ruins--what an experience!!


1958 1959 NICE CADILLAC CADDY ELDORADO FLEETWOOD HUBCAP WHEEL COVER PICS !!
1950'S PLYMOUTH MAYFLOWER WITHIN SHEILD HUB CAP 15"
1970 Chevrolet Camaro Hub Cap Wheel Cover 70 Chevy SS RS NICE!
1973 Cadillac DeVille Hub Cap Wheel Cover 73 NICE!
Mopar B Body Jack Bar Retainer Kit.
FULL SET(4) DOGDISH HUB CAPS MERCURY COMET 1960 60 1961 61 1962 62 9 1/2"
Peugeot 404 wheel hub cap rings. NOS.
1967 Chevy Impala SS Used Wheel Cover Set of 4 SCRATCH AND DENT SALE!


text:
CultureFeatured0 Comments 3
"Oh no," I think to myself. "It's happening again."
I look around at the others I'm with and wait for someone, anyone, to say something. But all I receive in response is blank, innocent stares.
Screw it I guess I'll have to say it, I think as I prepare to present myself as THAT girl once again. I turn to the person completely oblivious to their previous statement and attempt to explain why what they said was offensive.
Not racist. Offensive.
I can see their eyes widen in shock and discomfort as I began to explain my feelings. Their mind raced to figure out how to get out of the situation.
Their lips were eager to prove that they were not being offensive.
Dr. Robin DiAngelo, a renowned author and academic who works in whiteness studies, would consider this reaction to my statement what she has come to label as white fragility, "a state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves." In her paper discussing this concept, she explains that many white americans have a lack of "racial stamina" because they are not forced to think about race unless it is in situations like these.
People of color consider race as a part of their daily lives. When white people are confronted with race, they often feel like they are the ones being attacked and in even broader terms, like their system of order or dominance is being threatened.
How could I possibly even think people were racist if they were friends with other black people? How could I think they were being racist if racism is so wrong?
How dare I suggest that they said something racist when I have clearly seen them tweet #BlackLivesMatter before? I must be absolutely crazy to believe that 3oo years of racism, discrimination, brutality and anything America has ever done to black people may have the tiniest influence on how they view people of color and why what they said was offensive.
Once again, offensive, not racist.
Although this scenario has happened many times throughout my life, my most recent experience is what really made me start thinking about this defensive shield white people reach for when they find themselves in these situations. A few months ago a video went viral on Twitter that featured a white woman attacking an Asian woman on the subway for what seems to be no apparent reason.
As the white woman tries to kick and hit the Asian woman, she is also spewing racial slurs at her. When I saw this video I was so horribly disgusted that I sent it to a group chat filled with predominantly white people and asked if they had seen it.
One particular friend responded saying, "Omg yeah that was hilarious. That woman is crazy." I immediately texted back "WHAT IS WRONG WITH YOU?"
After I sent this, my friend sent me a text saying he was offended and wanted me to apologize. This led to an argument where I felt like I did not need to apologize for what I said and he felt like I was attacking him for no reason.
His defense was centered around the point that he was not being racist and I had handled the situation incorrectly. I was focused on trying to explain to him that I didn't think, nor did I say that he was racist.
The point that I was attempting to make was that laughing at that video instead of acknowledging the deep racism behind it is ignorant and insensitive to the struggles minorities face everyday. This scenario was very unique to me, as it was the first time I was not defending my own race and was still presented with the defense of not being racist.
Prior to this situation, I believed that some of the defense came from people being scared they offended me. But when I was taken out of the equation, I still found myself having to reassure a white person that I do not think they were a racist.
As a child I was unsure of how to handle the never-ending ignorant comments that came flowing out of some of white classmates' mouth like: "I got a tan and now I am practically your color;" "You're not like the typical black girls;" "You don't know this rap song? Haha I'm blacker than you."
We can't forget about the infamous, "Why do you talk so proper?"
I got all the ignorance before I was even old enough to fully understand what ignorance was and the role race placed in my position in society. But no worries, I most definitely came to understand this position with age.
As I learned, I grew more frustrated feeling like I was unable to defend myself against this prejudice. However towards the end of high school, #BlackLivesMatter took over Twitter and I was finally able to see that black people everywhere were sick of ignoring these daily microaggressions we felt forced to ignore our whole life.
I believe Donald Trump was the breaking point for many black people, as we realized that there was no point in silencing ourselves to create "civil" environments around white people when they clearly were not worried about doing the same for people of color. Racism became a thing we could not ignore.
Since it was not being ignored on the media and in the election, the fear of causing uneasiness amongst our white peers was replaced with on obligation to do just that. Black people were not alone in this fight against racism.
Millions of white Americans were just as pissed about Trump's actions as we were. At college it seemed like every single person was walking around with a "F*** Trump" shirt and a "BlackLivesMatter" pin attached to their backpack.
I believe white people, especially young adults, were shocked to discover the depth of racism in this country, even though it has been a topic of discussion that many people of color have been pointing out since before the Civil War. When Trump officially won the 2016 election nearly everyone I knew, black and white, were infuriated that people had actually allowed that man to take power.
People took to social media and protested with their speech in anger about the man who was supposed to lead the land of the free.
However since the heat of the election has settled and I have still kept up with trying to acknowledge the realities of race, I have seen that many people are still very uncomfortable with the idea of racism if it is right in their face. This was not too shocking, as many white people like to believe that racism is an individual act and not something systemic and permeating American culture.
However what I have found shocking is how defensive people get when I acknowledge that something they said was offensive. They are shocked to be associated with "that" part of America and instantly aim to separate themselves from it.
People are so eager to prove themselves as not a racist when all I said was, "Hey that was offensive." They want to live in this bubble, floating above a world of racism and racist people, look down and go, "Now those people are bad people, not me."
Well I am here to pop that bubble.
Even if every single member of your family is a die-hard Obama loving liberal, you have most definitely been exposed to some form of racism in your lifetime. Remember the table in the "Mean Girls" dedicated to "unfriendly Black hotties?",
I have thought about it my whole childhood. How about one of the only episodes featuring a black person in "Sex and the City" consists of a black brother and sister.
The brother is a music producer with a pimp-like image who takes a rebellious Samantha to her first hip-hop club to introduce her to his "crew", who are all wearing what could be described as thug clothing. And then the sister, the chef of a soul food restaurant, ends up fighting Samantha at the end.
Don't even get me started with the numerous amounts of all-white sitcoms that will have one character or episode with a person of color, usually layered down with the stereotypes the audience is expecting.
Not a big fan of T.V. and movies? Even without the media, your daily lives are ingrained with systemic racism.
Consider the fact that you have been around a majority of white people your entire life. At home, at school, in the workplace, at the mall.
Have you ever taken the time to consider the lack of diversity in your home life? And if you have taken the time to consider it, have you thought about why you don't encounter many black people, or people of color in general?
When I am trying to explain to people how their particular statement is offensive, I could take the time to connect the dark history of African Americans' past. I could go in depth about the extreme physical and emotional brutality of slavery.
I could explain how people were taken from their home lands by strange men, piled onto an overcrowded and unsanitary boat and forced to cross the Atlantic unsure of what was to come of them when they reached land.
We could talk about how when young black children grew, they had to come to the understanding that they were property before anything else. I could explain how black girls and women were repeatedly raped and abused by their masters, taunted by their master's jealous wives and were forced to continue slavery through their own bodies.
How about the way black men were tied to trees and whipped until their back dripped in blood or how slaves preferred death to a life of captivity?
I could go into detail about the work of white scientists attempting to prove that black people were not of human origin. They aimed to prove we were more similar to monkeys than humans, to justify enslavement.
Or, we could talk about how these men used "science" to come to the conclusion that people with white skin were the superior race, how the idea of "white people" was unheard of until they put the ideas in people's mind, leading to this concept of white supremacy and a "pure race." Y'all remember Hitler right?
I could discuss the amount of money America made through the enslavement of blacks and how generational wealth remains in the hands of these enslavers' descendants. Or we could talk about how these enslavers were willing to start a civil war at the threat of losing their "property."
I could bring up life after the 13th and 14th amendment, the failure of reconstruction and all of the things free black people were promised but never got.
How about the Jim Crow laws that forced free blacks to enter a new system of slavery, or how the extreme violence in the south, such as the KKK and lynchings, forced blacks to flee to the North and West in fear?
I could explain how blacks moving to northern cities caused the white people to flee to the suburbs, where they could make sure blacks were not living anywhere near them by not allowing them to buy homes. Or how about them being excluded from numerous apartment buildings because of their color, one of these buildings belonging to the man sitting in the White House?
I could examine the U.S. government's role in an attempt to demolish any person or group that appeals to black people's desire for racial equality. I could mention the extreme efforts of the FBI to suppress the Black Panther Party, leading to the assassination of Chicago leader Fred Hampton while he was sleeping in his apartment.
Or how about Martin Luther King Jr., America's favorite symbol for this "post" racial era, was on the FBI's most wanted list? I could bring up numerous leaders of black America's past and show how they were terrorized by the government, forced to run away to a different country or murdered.
I could show studies proving that black women are more likely to have their pain ignored in a hospital as opposed to the treatment of white women. I could pull up statistics about the extreme incarceration rates of black men compared to white men and the racist tactics of cops that lead black men to getting arrested or even killed.
I could point out copious amounts of racial images we have been exposed to throughout our lifetime through books, tv, music, and more. If I was really desperate, I could take the time to tell all the stories of racism I have encountered in my life.
BUT WHY SHOULD I HAVE TO DO THIS?
I understand that due to what I chose to study in college, I have a deeper understanding of race in this country but it does not take a genius to see that racism has never stopped being a part of how this country operates.
I am not asking you to learn every single thing there is about racism, although it couldn't hurt to read a book or two about it, nor am I asking you to give in and claim yourself the next alt-right leader.
I am asking for you to step back and look at the bigger picture. I want you to try to understand how colonization, the history specific to this country, and the role your race has played in that history might have led you to the thoughts that inspired your comments.
Think about why you felt comfortable saying the things you do. We are living in "the wake" of slavery, as black studies scholar Christina Sharpe has labeled it, and this wake has caused a great deal of strife for blacks, and other people of color.
Maybe you will realize that I am not in fact calling you a racist, but trying to help you move beyond these racist thoughts into a world where you can see things for what they are and strive to change them.
bigotryBlackblack communitycountrypeoplePresidentracismrepublicanTrumpWhite
Previous ArticleCoronavirus : A Holistic Approach By Dr Kokayi
Next ArticleBiggest Black U.S. Bank Hosts Harriet Tubman Debit Card Chat
Chelsea Young
Trump Final Act: The Killing Fields
Christina Ewe December 22, 2020
Georgia Election Special: Can Reverend Warnock Win Georgia for the Democrats?
The Black electorate to Donald Trump: You're Fired.
Christina Ewe November 9, 2020
Final US Presidential Debate: How the mute button helped unmask Americas laziest President.
Christina Ewe October 26, 2020
Sudan: New Vision or More of the Same?
Vincent Amoroso September 7, 2020
Why does the NYPD need a $10.2 billlion budget?


Brand-New On-Site Hotel Features Family Suites, 10-Lane Bowling Alley, Retro Arcade, a Zero-Entry Pool with a Waterslide and Interactive Water Play Area for Kids – and More!
Universal releases a photo of the new resort's "Dive Tower" waterslide.
Fitness center among the many amenities offered at Universal Orlando's newest hotel including bowling alley, lazy river, zero-entry pools and more!
The world's first and only Despicable Me-inspired hotel suites are making their debut at Loews Portofino Bay Hotel.
750 rooms and suites at Loews Portofino Bay Hotel have been completely renovated with a fresh, new Mediterranean-inspired design.
Universal's 4th Official Hotel is scheduled to open in 2014.


Rise 'n' Shine Bakehouse will be sharing bread recipes and tips with school caterer Cucina Restaurants. The menu will have a bread special featured each day to serve with the soup and main course; a bread special dessert will feature on one of the days as well. Cucina Restaurants prides itself on providing good, wholesome, tasty and home made food to all of their schools nationwide. All the recipes will be sent to all of their schools/head chef's on Real Bread Week. We're really looking forward to the feedback and some great photos.


text:
Donovans Menu
Donovans
Blood Music, Cheap Thrills Records, Cheaper Thrills
Savage Skulls & Douster "TRT" gets a raw remix by Swick
On the Bass Kick Remix EP, Don Romini, Astronomar, Donovans, and Swick take influences from their...
Sun 6th October 12 AM
French electro floor smasher duo "Donovans" is composed by Nicolas Nekmouche & David Saïd. David was a producer for some French underground rap band and a DJ, Nicolas was doing some experimental music in his room/cave, then they decided to gather their forces to bring some funky vibes to the French scene.
"Donovans" come from the world of Electronic music and Hip Hop. They have built themselves an impressive remixes portfolio, ranging from Skunk Anansie, Sebastian Tellier, Bob Sinclar feat Sugarhill gang, to Demon and Crookers. They also released a plethora of their own original tracks, including BREAKIN' EP (Work it Baby), CHORD EP (Citizen Rec) and UNDERTAKER EP (Cheap/er Thrills) becoming then the first frenchies to be released on this dance UK label.
Meanwhile their Dj sets are setting dancefloors on fire worldwide (Australia, Spain, UK, Germany,…). They played with acts such as Moby, Justice, Cassius, Digitalism, Simian Mobile Disco, MGMT, and also supported the Vitalic "flashmob tour 2009/2010", playing all around France.
From their small beginnings on myspace, "Donovans" have become part of the formidable wave of French producers outputting some the world's best electronic dance music today !
myspace.com/0donovans0
fairtilizer.com/users/donovans
donovansmusic.fr
11heads.com
soundcloud.com/donovans
facebook.com/0donovans0
twitter.com/0donovans0
Follow Donovans


text:
NextConstitutional awareness in Myanmar – Creating capacity to build competencies
Asia Legal NewsFeatured Lawyers
The state of free-trade in Asia-Pacific: An interview with Eric Emerson, Steptoe & Johnson LLP
Asia Law Portal	on May 19, 2014
Free trade in the Asia-Pacific region has received much attention in recent years. Two major proposed trade agreements are currently center-stage in the region, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP).
"The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a proposed expansion of the 2005 Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPSEP or P4), a trade agreement among Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore. It seeks to manage trade, promote growth, and regionally integrate the economies of the Asia-Pacific region." The US joined the TPP in 2011.1
"In November of 2009 in Singapore, leaders of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) agreed to explore a range of possible pathways to achieve a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP)'. As APEC outlined: "Trade and investment liberalization and facilitation will continue to be [our] core objective. APEC's work to strengthen and deepen regional economic integration will be critical to the achievement of this goal."2
In an exclusive email interview, Eric Emerson, Managing Partner of Steptoe & Johnson LLP's Beijing office and a partner in the firms International Trade and China practices, explains in detail the nature of the two agreements and the prospects for their future. Below is a transcript of that interview:
Grimley: What are the essential provisions of FTAAP and TPP and why are they important?
Emerson: "As a general matter, free trade agreements (FTAs) are important because they tend to reduce trade barriers, both tariff and non-tariff, and provide opportunities for companies in countries party to the FTA to expand their commercial opportunities. FTAs in Asia are particularly valuable, given that this region has and will continue to have the fastest growing economies in the world, with the greatest commercial opportunities.
At this stage, FTAAP is only a proposal that has been advanced in the context of APEC. It was formally adopted by APEC as a goal in 2009, and China – which is this year's APEC host – is trying to revive interest among the APEC economies in pursuing the agreement. But to date, no negotiations have been held, and no proposals have been tabled. TPP, by contrast, has been the subject of nearly 20 minister-level negotiations and countless working group level meetings since negotiations began in 2009, and is far down the road to completion. While the current text of the agreement has not been publicly released, it is generally understood that the agreement will, among other things, liberalize trade in goods (through lower tariffs as well as through greater limitations on parties' ability to maintain non-tariff barriers), liberalize trade in services, require that parties meet international environmental and labor standards, enhance investment rights (including, possibly, providing the for investors to take governments to arbitration to resolve disputes), improve intellectual property standards, and open markets for government procurement opportunities. TPP is also likely to address certain issues that have not previously been subject to FTA agreements, such as imposing limits on the commercial activities of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). If concluded and ratified, TPP will set the standard for any future FTA, and likely for the WTO itself."
Grimley: "What is the likelihood that either – or both – will be adopted?"
Emerson: "While the TPP negotiations have been extremely difficult, and have stretched far longer than any of the parties likely anticipated, I am an optimist on TPP. I believe that each of the leading TPP countries has its own reasons for wanting TPP to be completed, and none of them will want to see nearly 6 years of negotiations wasted. The next few weeks will be critical, as the United States and Japan seek to resolve their key disagreements, namely, access to the Japanese market for agricultural products and for autos. If they can reach an agreement – and I believe they will – I expect to see the TPP negotiations completed by the end of 2014.
FTAAP, by contrast, will be a far longer term effort. At this point, it's not even clear that all of the APEC economies support such an agreement. If it did proceed, the scope of FTAAP would likely be far more limited than TPP. It would likely cover trade in goods and trade in services, investment protections, dispute settlement, and possibly some limited enhanced IP protections. Particularly given the economies involved, it would be unlikely to include some of the non-trade issues contained in TPP, such as enhanced labor and environment requirements, or limits on SOE activities."
Grimley: "Should either be adopted – how will the agreements impact foreign companies and investors seeking to do business in the Asia-Pacific region?"
Emerson: "Either agreement would be a net benefit for companies doing business in one of the countries subject to the agreement. Companies would see enhanced export opportunities from reduced duty rates, enhanced protection for investments in countries covered by the agreement, and an improved regulatory environment. I say "net" benefit, though, because those same companies will also experience increased competition in their domestic markets from companies in other countries subject to the agreement, who will be entitled to identical benefits.
By contrast, companies operating in countries outside of these agreement are likely to experience some trade diversion and reduced commercial opportunities. For example, if TPP is concluded and ratified, we would expect to see some export activity diverted away from China – which is not a TPP member – and toward countries who are parties to the TPP, like Vietnam and Malaysia. This is no accident: the intended outcome of a FTA is to favor countries who are party to an agreement relative to companies who are not."
Grimley: "How should foreign investors and companies be preparing now for the potential adoption of either agreement?"
Emerson: "FTAAP is still so embryonic that I don't believe that any company in the region can or should start making preparations for it. By contrast, TPP negotiations are nearing their final stages, and if companies in the region have not yet started to analyze the potential impact of this critical agreement on their business, they should start to do so immediately.
Since each company's situation is unique, it's difficult to generalize how TPP will impact a particular business; the analysis must be much more customized. Companies should identify their trade flows, their production bases, their supply chains and their competitors, and make some predictions about how all of these would change if (for example) duty rates for their products are reduced among the TPP countries. Similarly, companies contemplating investments in the region should take into account the potential enhanced investment protections likely available under TPP as another factor in their decision about where to site their investment. Because the draft agreement has not yet been released, making these assessments is difficult and necessarily somewhat uncertain. But by working with professionals who are following TPP closely, many companies are already making educated guesses about how TPP will affect their business, and are taking steps accordingly. And companies with significant interests in the region should certainly be working closely with their governments to make sure that their concerns are reflected in the TPP agreement itself."
To view Eric Emerson's biography and contacted details, please follow this link on the Steptoe & Johnson LLP website: Footnotes: 1. Wikipedia, Trans-Pacific Partnership. 2. APEC, Pathways to FTAA Yokohama, Japan, 14 Nov 2010
Posted in: Asia Legal News, Featured Lawyers
Tagged in: APEC free trade, Asia Legal News, Asia Pacific legal market, AsiaLawPortal, Eric Emerson, Eric Emerson Steptoe, Steptoe & Johnson LLP, TPP
Going Public in the ASEAN-5: Snapshot of IPO and Listing Requirements
Constitutional awareness in Myanmar – Creating capacity to build competencies
New research outlines Asia-Pacific regional opportunities for international law firms


We have correlated some of the guidance from OFSTED and also the Department for Children, Schools and Families as to the requirements for First Aid qualifications to be on either the Early Years or Childcarers Registers.
Information and guidlines for schools for determining first aid provission and training.
Information and documents relating to the October 2009 amendments by the HSE to the First Aid in the Workplace training and assoicated codes of practice. How these changes affect both Instructors and also Employers and Business.
To view these documents you must be a registered user and logged in on the right of this page.
Information on the latest UK Resuscitation guidelines and also other relevant information resources.


text:
Home Politics GoFundMe Shuts Down Campaign For Anti-Lockdown Protest Organizer Fined £10,000
GoFundMe Shuts Down Campaign For Anti-Lockdown Protest Organizer Fined £10,000
While the platform has prostrated itself for Black Lives Matter marches, GoFundMe shut down a campaign to help raise funds for the organizer of an anti-lockdown protest who was fined £10,000 pounds.
On Saturday, 73-year-old Piers Corbyn led a 'Unite for Freedom' march of around 400 people to Tragalgar Square in central London and was subsequently arrested by police.
He later revealed that he had been handed a £10,000 fixed penalty fine for organizing the demonstration.
In comparison, not a single Black Lives Matter protest organizer has been arrested or issued with a substantial fine over breaking coronavirus laws in the last three months, despite BLM demonstrations attracting thousands of people with little to no social distancing.
Indeed, on the very same day of the anti-lockdown protest, a 'Million People March' to protest against "systemic racism" in the UK also took place in London.
The organizers of that event were not hit with the same fine that Corbyn received.
Under UK law, holding a gathering of more than 30 people in an outdoor place is illegal.
Metropolitan Police Commander Bas Javid said officers had worked "tirelessly" to warn communities "that we remain in a health pandemic," but this warning seemed to be strangely silent during weeks of large scale BLM rallies.
Despite Corbyn saying he would appeal the fine, a GoFundMe was set up to help him pay the costs was swiftly deleted within 48 hours.
This is the same platform that has repeatedly provided its services enabling Black Lives Matter activists to raise millions of dollars.
Police are also now conducting a "post investigation operation" of the anti-lockdown rally in order to help them identify "individuals contravening the regulations".
One wonders how many such investigations are taking place into Black Lives Matter demonstrators who broke the very same law as Corbyn.
My guess would be zero.


text:
Nancy Pelosi Would Prefer Not to
The speaker's opposition to impeaching Alex Acosta is the only tenable position she can hold, given her skepticism about impeaching Donald Trump.
Staff writer at The Atlantic
James Lawler Duggan / Reuters
Speaker Nancy Pelosi isn't mincing words about Labor Secretary Alex Acosta: He "must step down" over his role in a past sweetheart deal with the sexual offender Jeffrey Epstein, the Democrat wrote in a tweet Monday evening.
But if he doesn't? Don't expect her to do anything about it.
"It's up to the president. It's his Cabinet," Pelosi said Tuesday when asked whether she'd consider launching impeachment hearings against Acosta. "We have a great deal of work to do here for the good of the American people—need to focus on that."
This is, in one way, a bizarre conclusion to reach. Pelosi believes that Acosta "engaged in an unconscionable agreement" with Epstein." It is politically beneficial to attack Acosta, since sheltering pedophiles is unpopular. And Pelosi, as the deft leader of a solid Democratic majority in the House, could successfully impeach Acosta. Who knows whether the Senate would convict, but Acosta might well decide to resign before finding out.
Yoni Appelbaum: Impeach Donald Trump
Yet Pelosi's demurral is also the only logically consistent position available to her, since she has made her opposition to impeaching President Donald Trump very clear. Why impeach someone for coddling a sexual abuser but abstain from impeaching someone who, like the president, has been repeatedly accused of sexual assault and harassment himself?
Then again, Pelosi is not averse to logical inconsistencies on impeachment. The speaker has made clear that she believes Trump's behavior would justify impeachment, most recently in an interview with Maureen Dowd published this weekend. "He every day practically self-impeaches by obstructing justice and ignoring the subpoenas," Pelosi told Dowd, introducing a baffling phrase to the lexicon. And while she denied having told members of her caucus verbatim that "I don't want to see him impeached, I want to see him in prison," she didn't disavow the sentiment.
"You can't impeach everybody," she said, noting past calls to impeach Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, as well as the successful impeachment of Bill Clinton. And yet, Pelosi told Dowd, Trump "has given real cause for impeachment." She says he is unfit for office, for which impeachment is a cure. To paraphrase the old bumper sticker, if you're not confused, you're not paying attention.
What it comes down to is that Pelosi, like Bartleby the scrivener, would prefer not to. The speaker contends that it's bad politics, and that it's better to eject Trump in 2020; and she worries that impeaching him would only solidify his position. But her focus on legislating instead of accountability, as expressed in her answer on Acosta, remains perplexing. There's something to the idea that Democrats won in 2018 in part on a policy-based platform—not just opposition to Donald Trump. On the other hand, any Democratic legislative agenda is dead on arrival in the GOP-controlled Senate.
Read: Bartleby the Speaker
Pelosi is not the first speaker whom I have compared to Melville's character. There's also her immediate predecessor, Paul Ryan. Despite the many differences between them—party, generation, gender, ideology, eagerness to be speaker—Pelosi and Ryan have taken surprisingly similar approaches to handling President Trump.
Where Ryan tended to shake his head in sorrow or simply pretend he hadn't heard the latest outrageous thing Trump said, Pelosi is willing to deploy scathing rhetoric against the president. But neither one showed much appetite for concrete exercises of the House's power as a check on the executive branch. Pelosi has tolerated investigations by Democratic committee chairs, but she has been unstinting in her own skepticism about impeachment. Both have chosen to try to work with the president where they see agreement—on issues like taxes (in Ryan's case) or infrastructure (in Pelosi's). Ryan got somewhat more to show for that, though still very little given that Republicans shared unified control of Congress and the White House.
In Dowd's interview, she asked Pelosi about recent allegations by the journalist E. Jean Carroll, who says that Trump raped her (though she did not use that word) in a department-store dressing room in the 1990s. "I respect the case she has but I don't see any role for Congress," Pelosi said. It isn't hard to imagine a role for Congress, though: Rape is the sort of crime of moral turpitude for which someone might be impeached, though the House could also impeach the president for a broad array of other offenses of which he's been accused. It's not that there's no role for Congress, really. It's that Nancy Pelosi would prefer not to.


text:
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;

using puzzlegen.database;
using puzzlegen.relationship;

namespace puzzlegen.buildingblocks
{

	public class CombinePuzzle : BuildingBlock
	{
		private BuildingBlock _input1, _input2;

		public CombinePuzzle(BuildingBlock input1, BuildingBlock input2) : base(new List<BuildingBlock> { input1, input2 })
		{
			_input1 = input1;
			_input2 = input2;
		}

		protected override bool spawnFilteredOutput (string outputName)
		{
			if (_verbose) Debug.Log("Generating Combine Puzzle for " + outputName);
			return base.spawnFilteredOutput (outputName);
		}

		protected override bool spawnFilteredInputs (string outputName)
		{
			DBItem rewardDBItem = Database.Instance.getItem(outputName);
			if (!rewardDBItem.propertyExists("madeby")) {
				if (_verbose) Debug.Log("Failed to generate combine puzzle: Reward could not be the result of combination");
				return false;
			}
			List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> workingCombinations = rewardDBItem.getProperty("madeby") as List<KeyValuePair<string, string>>;
			List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> filteredCombinations = filterWorkingCombinations(workingCombinations);
			if (filteredCombinations.Count == 0)  {
				if (_verbose) Debug.Log("Failed to generate combine puzzle: No working combinations fit constraints");
				return false;
			}

			// Randomly shuffle our working combinations
			BuildingBlock.shuffle(filteredCombinations);
			// and try each combination
			foreach (KeyValuePair<string, string> itemPair in filteredCombinations) {
				// Unpack the "Tuples"
				string itemName1 = itemPair.Key;
				string itemName2 = itemPair.Value;

				PuzzleOutput possibleInput1 = _input1.generatePuzzle(itemName1);
				PuzzleOutput possibleInput2 = _input2.generatePuzzle(itemName2);

				if (possibleInput1 == null || possibleInput2 == null) {
					if (_verbose) Debug.Log("Failed to generate combine puzzle using " + itemName1 + " and " + itemName2);
					Debug.Log(string.Format("input1: {0}, input2: {1}", possibleInput1, possibleInput2));
					_input1.despawnItems();
					_input2.despawnItems();
					continue;
				}
				else if (!BuildingBlock.areCarryable(new List<string>() { itemName1, itemName2}, new List<BuildingBlock>() { _input1, _input2 })) {
					if (_verbose) Debug.Log("Failed to generate combine puzzle using " + itemName1 + " and " + itemName2 + " because neither item is carryable to the other item.");
					_input1.despawnItems();
					_input2.despawnItems();
					continue;
				}
				// Success!
				else {
					if (_verbose) Debug.Log("Successfully generated combine puzzle for " + outputName + " with  " + itemName1 + " and " + itemName2);
					// Add all the items spawned by our inputs
					_itemsToSpawn.AddRange(possibleInput1.Items);
					_itemsToSpawn.AddRange(possibleInput2.Items);
					_relationshipsToSpawn.AddRange(possibleInput1.Relationships);
					_relationshipsToSpawn.AddRange(possibleInput2.Relationships);

					// Generate the essential combine relationship
					CombineRelationship combine = new CombineRelationship(itemName1, _input1.outputSpawnIndex(), itemName2, _input2.outputSpawnIndex(), _spawnedOutput as PuzzleItem);
					_relationshipsToSpawn.Add(combine);

					return true;
				}

			}
			if (_verbose) Debug.Log("Failed to generate combine puzzle: no working combinations worked!");

			return false;
		}

		private List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> filterWorkingCombinations(List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> workingCombinations)
		{
			List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> returnVal = new List<KeyValuePair<string, string>>();
			// iterate through the pairs
			foreach (KeyValuePair<string, string> itemPair in workingCombinations) {
				// If the itemPairs aren't set up correctly, we should very justifiably crash here
				string itemName1 = itemPair.Key;
				string itemName2 = itemPair.Value;

				DBItem dbItem1 = Database.Instance.getItem(itemName1);
				DBItem dbItem2 = Database.Instance.getItem(itemName2);

				if (!dbItem1.Spawned && !dbItem2.Spawned) {
					returnVal.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, string> (itemName1, itemName2));
					returnVal.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, string> (itemName2, itemName1));
				}
			}
			return returnVal;
		}

	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
namespace g{namespace Fuse{namespace Camera{struct TakePictureHelpers;}}}
namespace g{namespace Fuse{namespace Camera{struct TakePictureOptions;}}}
namespace g{namespace Uno{struct Int2;}}

namespace g{
namespace Fuse{
namespace Camera{

// public static class TakePictureHelpers :51
// {
uClassType* TakePictureHelpers_typeof();
void TakePictureHelpers__GetAspectCorrectedSize_fn(::g::Fuse::Camera::TakePictureOptions* options, ::g::Uno::Int2* originalImageSize, ::g::Uno::Int2* __retval);

struct TakePictureHelpers : uObject
{
    static ::g::Uno::Int2 GetAspectCorrectedSize(::g::Fuse::Camera::TakePictureOptions* options, ::g::Uno::Int2 originalImageSize);
};
// }

}}} // ::g::Fuse::Camera


text:
NOAA Administrative Orders: Chapter 206 – Office Services
NOAA Form 50-6, Copier Acquisition Report
NOAA Form 50-7, Individual Copier Acquisition Record
NOAA Circular 01-02; Effective 08/06/91; Last Review: In Process
Filed as: NAO 206-6
SUBJECT: Copying Equipment
TO: All NOAA Elements in the Washington, D.C. Area
This Circular prescribes procedures and responsibilities for the acquisition, relocation, and disposition of copying equipment in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan area, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) copying equipment for the Herbert C. Hoover Building (HCHB).
Reference Department Administrative Order (DAO) 206-6, "Copying Equipment," citing the basic copy management policy for all Department of Commerce (DOC) agencies; and a memorandum dated November 15, 1994, from the Director, Office of Administrative Operations, transferring several administrative functions associated with copying equipment from the Office of the Secretary to the bureaus.
For purpose of this Circular, copying equipment is defined as:
a. equipment providing administrative copying requirements and controlled by the NOAA Copy Manager to ensure that work does not exceed 500 copies of any one page or the total of 5,000 copies in the aggregate of multiple pages (work exceeding these limits should be reproduced in a Copy Center, the NOAA Duplicating Plant, or on contract through the NOAA Printing and Reprographics Branch);
b. equipment whose primary function is to reproduce a paper copy but which may include such features as faxing, scanning, network capabilities, and other new technology as introduced when combined with copiers/duplicators, shall be construed as copiers/duplicators; and
c. equipment which can provide either black and white or color copies.
SECTION 4. PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING A COPIER.
.01 Purchase Card Procedures:
Line Offices/Staff Offices (LOs/SOs), with appropriate office approval, may use their purchase card to purchase copiers that cost less than the amount set forth in the Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 13.106-1, Purchases at or below the micro-purchase threshold, currently $2,500. [NOTE: Although micro-purchases do not need competition, it is suggested that several copiers be reviewed to assure best selection to meet the need.] The following procedures apply to a purchase card acquisition.
a. Upon selection of a copier, the Copier Accountability Officer (CAO) shall send an e-mail to the NOAA Copy Manager providing the following information:
-- the make, model, accessories and features of the equipment, and the purchase price;
-- the name of the organizational unit procuring the equipment and its proposed location;
-- the Property Custodian's name, Custodian Number, and telephone number; and
-- a brief justification for the need of the equipment.
b. The NOAA Copy Manager will review the information and, if approved, will send the requester, by return e-mail, authorization to purchase under the purchase card program. In addition, a copy of the authorization e-mail will be sent to the NOAA Personal Property Team and to the NOAA Small Purchase Branch.
c. The CAO shall attach a copy of the authorization e-mail to the purchase card statement and submit them to the NOAA Finance Office.
d. The CAO shall complete NOAA Form 50-6, Copier Acquisition Report (see attachment), and submit it to the NOAA Copy Manager after installation of the new copier equipment.
.02 CD-435 Procedures:
a. The requesting LO/SO shall contact the NOAA Copy Manager to discuss their copier requirements. The NOAA Copy Manager shall determine whether there is a copier in the immediate vicinity of the requesting office that could be shared due to underuse or whether a new copier is warranted.
b. If there is an underused copier in the vicinity of the requesting LO/SO, the NOAA Copy Manager shall contact the appropriate CAO to arrange for shared use and cost, i.e., supplies and maintenance. This process saves resources, assists the sharing office in making full use of its copier, eliminates the need to procure an additional copier, and ensures compliance with Section 6.03 of DAO 206-6.
c. If there is not an underused copier in the vicinity of the requesting LO/SO, the NOAA Copy Manager shall provide the CAO with the following:
-- the name and telephone number of at least three (3) General Services Administration (GSA) scheduled copier representatives whose copying equipment meets the requester's stated requirements;
-- a copy of this Circular; and
-- a sample CD-435 requisition package.
d. Upon receipt of the above, the requesting LO/SO shall contact each of the copy vendors to arrange a demonstration and obtain a cost proposal on their respective copier. Each proposal shall be based on the same standards (e.g., anticipated monthly volume, required standard and optional features).
e. After preliminary review, analysis, and selection of a copier, the requesting LO/SO shall prepare a memorandum to the NOAA Copy Manager with a justification statement and Form CD-435, Procurement Request Package. The justification statement shall include, at a minimum, the following information:
-- the name of the organizational unit that will procure the equipment and be responsible for funding its operation, and the method of procuring the equipment (i.e., rent, lease-to-own-plan (LTOP), or purchase);
-- the make, model, accessories (i.e., document feeder, collator, reduction/enlargement, stapler, etc.), other functions (i.e., fax, scanner, networking, etc.), rental/LTOP cost or purchase price, and maintenance cost of the equipment selected;
-- proposed equipment location (address, including building and room number);
-- proposed environment: single office or multi-office use (i.e., shared use);
-- requirements that warrant a change in present copying procedures to include, if appropriate, an explanation of why other functions (i.e., scanner, fax, networking, etc.) in combination with the copier are needed to satisfy the office's business equipment needs;
-- estimated total monthly copies to be produced and the basis used to determine that volume;
-- a separate cost comparison chart of at least three GSA copiers that includes the cost of supplies and maintenance -- the cost comparison is to include the one selected and two others that were considered but not selected (include copies of each of the three cost proposals) and, as appropriate, a statement as to why a copier other than the least costly alternative was selected;
-- proposed disposition of equipment to be replaced (if applicable); and
-- the name and telephone number of the CAO or designated person who will (a) monitor the use of the equipment, (b) provide the monthly meter readings to the vendor, (c) review and certify invoices for payment of rental/LTOP fees, and (d) generate all reports as required.
f. The requesting LO/SO shall obtain the proper signature/ concurrence on the memorandum and the CD-435 from their organizations and forward the copier package, consisting of the justification memorandum, CD-435, cost comparison chart, and copies of all cost proposals, to the NOAA Copy Manager for consideration and approval.
g. Upon receipt of the copier package, the NOAA Copy Manager shall review the justification:
-- if it is determined that the acquisition of a copier is not warranted, the NOAA Copy Manager shall prepare a memorandum giving the reasons why the request was disapproved and suggest alternatives regarding the requester's copying requirements;
-- if the request exceeds the NOAA Copy Manager's delegated authority, the NOAA Copy Manager shall forward the copier package to the Department of Commerce Copy Manager with a recommendation for approval, with a copy of the forwarding memorandum to the requester;
-- if it is determined that the acquisition of a copier is warranted and properly justified within the NOAA Copy Manager's delegated authority, the NOAA Copy Manager shall:
-- approve the Form CD-435;
-- obtain property concurrence from the NOAA Personal Property Team; and
-- forward the copier request package to the NOAA Small Purchase Branch for processing.
SECTION 5. INSTALLATION PROCEDURES
Copiers should be placed in well-ventilated areas and away from employees' workstations to minimize copier over-heating and disruption to the workforce. Copiers will be installed by the vendor's representatives.
.01 NOAA Copy Manager shall:
a. serve as the liaison with the Department of Commerce Copy Manager on all matters pertaining to the copy management program in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area;
b. ensure NOAA's implementation of the Department of Commerce copy management program in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area;
c. approve or deny requests to acquire copier equipment within the NOAA Copy Manager's delegated authority;
d. evaluate and forward requests with recommendations to the Department of Commerce Copy Manager if the request exceeds the NOAA Copy Manager's delegated authority; and
e. serve as liaison between the vendor and the LOs/SOs on technical matters.
.02 NOAA Small Purchase Branch shall:
a. process the procurement request for the selected copier; and
b. serve as liaison between the vendor and the LOs/SOs on all contractual matters.
.03 NOAA LOs/SOs shall:
a. follow the procedures listed above for acquiring a copier;
b. assign an individual from their LOs/SOs to serve as the CAO/requisition contact for the copier (this individual should be listed as the contact on the CD-435 and be able to answer all questions pertaining to the acquisition, maintenance, and disposal of the copier);
c. complete and forward NOAA FORM 50-6, Copier Acquisition Report (attached), to the NOAA Copy Manager upon installation of new copier equipment;
d. log monthly meter readings and, if applicable, provide vendors with this information for lease/rental and maintenance purposes;
e. review and certify all copier-related invoices before payment;
f. prepare and submit Form CD-435 to the Small Purchase Branch for renewal of copier maintenance contracts and other copier transactions (i.e., supplies) as required by Procurement cut-off dates;
g. provide the NOAA Copy Manager with the following information by October 31 of each year:
a completed NOAA FORM 50-7, Individual Copier Inventory Record (see attachment), covering the prior fiscal year; and
a statement of any anticipated changes in copying requirements or copying equipment during the current fiscal year;
h. report termination of copying equipment leases/rentals to the NOAA Copy Manager in writing within 30 calendar days of termination; and
i. dispose of NOAA-owned copying equipment in accordance with the NOAA Personal Property Handbook published by the headquarters Personal Property Team.
SECTION 7. EFFECT ON OTHER ISSUANCES.
This Circular supersedes NOAA Circular 96-07, filed as NAO 206-6, dated November 1, 1996.
Chief Financial Officer /Chief Administrative Officer
Facilities Services Division
Printing and Reprographics Branch


text:
Q: Calculate the definite integral of $\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n} (1+\frac{3i}{n})e^{2(1+\frac{3i}{n})}(\frac{3}{n})$ I have the following Riemann sum and I have to convert it to definite integral: $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{i=1}^{n} (1+\frac{3i}{n})e^{2(1+\frac{3i}{n})}(\frac{3}{n})$$
I know $\Delta x = \frac{3}{n}, so:$
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{i=1}^{n} (1+i\Delta x)e^{2(1+i\Delta x)}\Delta x$$
I know that $\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n}$, and so $\frac{3}{n} = \frac{b-a}{n} \to 3 = b-a$
From $1 + i\Delta x$, we know $a=1$, and so $b=4$. We also know that $x_i = a + i\Delta x$, so:
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i)e^{2(x_1)}\Delta x$$
So far in the definite integral we have:
$$\int_{1}^{4} f(x) dx$$
How do I calculate $f(x)$?

A: As you go to infinity that $\Delta x$ becomes $dx$ and the $x_i$'s become just x's. So this is the definite integral $\int_{1}^{4}xe^{2x}\text{d}x$

A: Rewrite : $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left(1+\frac{3i}{n}\right)e^{2\left(1+\frac{3i}{n}\right)}\left(\frac{3}{n}\right) = \lim_{n\to\infty} \left(\frac{b-a}{n}\right)\sum_{i=1}^{n} f\left(a + i\frac{b-a}{n}\right) $$
where $f : x \longmapsto xe^{2x}$, $a = 1$ and $b = 4$ .
Thus $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left(1+\frac{3i}{n}\right)e^{2\left(1+\frac{3i}{n}\right)}\left(\frac{3}{n}\right)  = \int_1^4 xe^{2x}dx$$

A: hint
Your function is $f(x)=xe^{2x}$ cause the Riemann sum here is
$$\sum_{i=1}^{n}f(x_i)\Delta x=\sum_{i=1}^n x_ie^{2x_i}\Delta x$$
to compute the integral, use by parts method.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A West Virginia senator whose daughter is embroiled in the EpiPen price-gouging scandal backs a lawsuit filed by dozens of former painkiller addicts and their families against doctors and drug makers.
The lawsuit, which is expected to go to trial later this year, accuses doctors, pharmacies and distributors of conspiring to deliberately get them addicted to opioid-based prescription pills, reported The Guardian.
The defendants argued that the former addicts should not be allowed to sue because their own criminal actions caused them to become physically dependent on the prescribed medications — but the state supreme court rejected that claim and allowed the case to proceed.
Their argument is backed by pharmaceutical manufacturers, who stand to lose millions of dollars if the lawsuit succeeds.
Sen. Joe Manchin (D-WV) backs the former addicts and their families, comparing the pharmaceutical companies to cigarette manufacturers.
Manchin has been dragged into the widening scandal over the increasing cost of the life-saving EpiPen allergy drug involving his daughter, Heather Bresch, who is CEO of the pharmaceutical manufacturer Mylan.
Bresch enjoyed a 671 percent pay raise after acquiring EpiPens and raising the cost by more than 400 percent — then dumping more than 100,000 shares of Mylan stock after analysts warned she and the company faced a potential public relations nightmare.
Mylan shares dropped from $49 on Aug. 18 to $42.91 on Aug. 26, after the EpiPen controversy erupted.
West Virginia has been hit particularly hard by prescription drug addiction, and the related heroin epidemic.
Six drug wholesalers agreed this year to a $6.7 million settlement with the state after they were accused of distributing millions of prescription opioids, although McKesson Corp. and other drugmakers are continuing to fight the accusations.
The companies argue that West Virginia's pharmacy board, which licenses drug wholesalers, would have taken action if they were at fault — but Manchin disagreed.
Wilbert Hatcher is one of 29 former addicts or their relatives who have sued "a veritable rogue's gallery of pill-pushing doctors and pharmacies" who he claims knowingly and intentionally got him addicted to pain pills and then refused to help him get clean.
Some of the physicians and pharmacists named in the suit have been jailed or lost their medical licenses.


The Alaska Highway was shut down for several hours this afternoon following a fatal head-on collision involving a logging truck and car.
Cpl. Madonna Saunderson with North District RCMP says a northbound Kia crossed the centre line of the highway at around 1:03 p.m, and drove into the path of a southbound logging truck. The driver of the car, a 37-year-old woman from Kamloops, was pronounced dead at the scene. Her name is not being released, and there were no passengers in the vehicle. The driver of the logging truck is uninjured.
Corporal Saunderson says what caused the driver of the Kia to cross the centre line is unknown, and the investigation is ongoing.