With finals week coming up, teachers push their students to wrap up the semester by turning in work and preparing for their final. Students that are behind in the class could considerably have a very stressful week. Most of the week will be spent with doing all the assignments that they did not turn in when they were due.
From my perspective, I feel very stressed, even as I've turned in all my assignments. This means that even if all my work is turned in, teachers will give students the week before finals as a study week to prepare. While other teachers are still giving tests and assignments, expecting the students to study for the finals as well. With teachers giving assignments, students do not have a chance to study for the final at home and are stressing out as teachers begin to explain what will be on the final.
I believe that the finals are an excuse for teachers to lower down your grade. The teachers say that the final is going to be a big part of your grade and becomes worth more than half the semester work. From my past experiences of taking finals, the test is way different from what the teacher tells you to study for.
I agree finals stress out students. It is kind of unfair to have finals because they can either lower down a grade or not move much.


text:
the natural advantages which your situation affords you, and to your cultivating the intellectual and moral powers of yourselves and your children.
3. The first article on which I would open my mind to you
is that of education. Nature has been as bountiful to you as to any other people, in giving your children genius and capacity! it is then your duty and your interest to cultivate their capacities, and render them serviceable to themselves and the community.
4. It was the saying of a great orator and statesman of antiquity, that "The loss which the Commonwealth sustains, by a want of education, is like the loss which the year would suffer by the destruction of the spring."
5. If the bud be blasted the tree will yield no fruit. If the springing corn be cut down, there will be no harvest. So if the youth be ruined through a fault in their education, the community sustains a loss which cannot be repaired; " for it is too late to correct them when they are spoiled."
6. Notwithstanding the care of your legislators in enactting laws, and enforcing them by severe penalties; notwithstanding the wise and liberal provisions which is made by some towns, and some private gentlemen in the State; yet there is still, in many places, "A great and criminal neglect of education."
7. You are indeed a very considerable degree better, in this respect, than in the time of the late war; but yet much remains to be done. Great care ought to be taken, not only to provide a support for instructors of children and youth; but to be attentive in the choice of instructors; to see that they be men of good understanding, learning and morals; that they teach by their examples as well as by their precepts; that they govern themselves, and teach their pupils the art of self government.
8. Another source of improvement, which I beg leave to recommend, is the establishment of social libraries.-This is the easiest, the cheapest and most effectual mode of diffusing knowledge among the people. For the sum of six or eight dollars at once, and a small annual payment besides, a man may be supplied with the means of literary improvement, during his life, and his children may inherit the blessing.
9. A few neighbors, joined together in setting up a library, and placing it under the care of some suitable person, with a very few regulations, to prevent carelessness and wastę, may render the most essential service to themselves and to the community,
10. Books may be much better preserved in this way, than if they belonged to individuals; and there is an advantage in the social intercourse of persons who have read the same books, by their conversing on the subjects which have occurred in their reading, and communicating their observations one to another.
11. From this mutual intercourse, another advantage may arise! for the persons who are thus associated may not only acquire, but originate knowledge. By study ng nature and the sciences; by practising arts, agriculture and manufactures. at the same time that they improve their minds in reading, they may be led to discoveries and improvements, original and beneficial; and being already formed into society, they may diffuse their knowledge, ripen their plans, correct their mistakes, and promote the cause of science and humanity in a very considerable degree.
12. The book of nature is always open to our view, and we may study it at our leisure. " 'Tis elder Scripture, writ by God's own hand." The earth, the air, the
the rivers, the mountains, the rocks, the caverns, the animal and vegetable tribes are fraught with instruction. Nature is not half explored; and in what is partly kvown there are many mysteries, which time, observation and experience must unfold
13. Every social library, among other books, should be furnished with those of natural philosophy, botany, zoology, chymistry, husbandry, geography and astronomy; that inquiring minds may be directed in their inquiries; that they Dz.y see what is known, and what still remains to be discovered, and that they may employ their leisure and their various opportunities in endeavouring to add to the stock of science, and thus enrich the world with their observations and improvements.
14. Suffer ine to add a few words on the use of spirituous liquor, that bane of society, that destroyer of health, morals and property. Nature indeed has furnished her
veritable productions with spirit; but she has so combined it with other substances, that unless her work be tortured by fire, the spirit is not separated, and cannot prove perni.
Why should this force be put an nature, to make her yield a noxious draught, when all her original preparations are salutary?
15. The juice of the apple, the fermentation of barley, and the decoction of spruce, are amply sufficient for the refreshment of man,
let his labor be ever so severe and his perspiration ever so expensive. Our forefathers, for many years after the settlement of the country, knew not the use of distilled spirits.
16. Malt was imported from England, and wine from the Western or Canary Islands, with which they were refreshed, before their own fields and orchards yielded them a supply. An expedition was once undertaken against a nation of Indians, when there was hut one pint of strong wa. ter (as it was then called) in the whole army, and that was reserved for the sick; yet no complaint was made for want of refreshmeni.
17. Could we but return to the primitive manners of our ancestors, in this respect, we should be free from many of the disorders, botb.of body and mind, which are now ex: perienced. The disuse of ardent spirits would also tend to abolish the infamous traffic in slaves, by whose labor this baneful material is procured.
18. Divine Providence seems to be preparing the way for the destruction of that detestable commerce. The insurrection of the blacks in the West-Indies have already spread desolation over the most fertile plantations, and greatly raised the price of those commodities which we have been used to import from thence.
19. If we could check the consumption of distilled spirits, and enter with vigor into the manufacture of maple su
of which our forests would afford an ample supply, the demand for West India productions might be diminished, the plantations in the Islands would not need fresh recruits from Africa; the planters would treat with humanity their remaining blacks; the market for slaves would become less inviting; and the navigation, which is now employed in
gars,
the most pernicious species of commerce which ever dis. graced humanity, would be turned into some other channel.
20. Were I to form a picture of happy society, it would be a town consisting of a due mixture of hills, val. lies, and streams of water. The land well fenced and cul. tivated; the roads and bridges in good repair; a decent in for the refreshment of travellers, and for public entertain. ments. The inhabitants mostly husbandmen; their wives and daughters domestic manufacturers; a suitable propor. tion of handicraft workmen, and two or three traders; a physician and lawyer, each of whom should have a farm for his support.
21. A clergyman of good understanding of a candid disposition and exemplery mora's: not a metaphysical, nor a polemic, but a serious and practi: al preacher. A school. master who should understand his business, and teach his pupils to govern themselves. A social library, annually in creasing, and under good regulation.
A club of sensible men, seeking mutual improve. ment. A decent musical society. No intriguing politician, horse jockey, gambler or sot; but all such characters treated with contempt. Such a situation may
be considered as the most favorable to social happiness of any which this world can afford.
QUACKERY. A DIALOGUE.
Volatile. OUR humble servant, sir, walk in, sir, sit down, sir, (bringing a chair.) My master will wait on you in a moment, sir, he's busy dispatching some patients, sir. I'll tell him you are here, sir. Be back in a twinkling, sir.
Sinclair. No, no, I will wait till he has done; I wish to consult him about
Vol. Right, sir; you could not have applied to a more able physician. My master is a man that understands physic as fundamentally as I do my mother tongue, sir.
Sin. He appears to have an able advocate in you.
Vol. I do not say this, sir, because he is my master; but 'tis really a pleasure to be his patient, and I should gather die by his medicines, than be cured by those of any
other; for whatever happens, a man may be certain that ' he has been regularly treated; and should be die under the
operation, his heirs would have nothing to reproach him for.
Sin. That's a mighty comfort to a dead man.
Vol. To be sure, sır; who would not wish to die methodically? Besides, he's not one of those doctors who husband the disease of their patients. He loves to dispatch business, and if they are to die, he lends them a helping hand.
Sin. There's nothing like dispatch in business.
Vol. That's true sir. What's the use of so much hemming and hawing, and beating round the busb? I like to know the long and short of a distemper at once.
Sin. Right, undoubtedly.
Vol. Right! Why there were three of my children, whose illness he did me the honor to take care of, who all died in less than four days, when in another's hands they would have languished three months.
Enter Doctor.
Vol. Sir, this gentleman is desirous of consulting
Dr. I perceive it, sir; he is a dying man. Do you eat well, sir?
Sin. Ear! yes, sir, perfectly well.
Dr. Bad, very bad; the epigastric region must be shockingly disordered. How do you drink, sir?
Sin. Nobody drinks better, sir.
Dr. So much the worse. The great appetition of frigid and humid, is an indication of the great heat and aridity within. Do you sleep soundly?
Sin. Yes, when I've supped heartily.
Dr. This indicates a dreadful torpidity of the system; and, Sir, 1 pronounce you a dead man. After considering the diagnostic and prognostic systems, I pronounce you attacked,
affected, possessed, and disordered by that species of mania, termed Hypochondria.
Vol. Undoubtedly, sir; my master never mistakes, sir.
Dr. But for an incontestible diagnostic, you may perceive his distempered ratiocination, and other pathognomic symptoms of this disorder. Vol. What will you order him, sir?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Don't just stop at the calorie listing on a nutritional label. Calories are important (as are the other macro and micro nutrients), but you should always take a closer look at the ingredients to know exactly what you're putting into your body.
Ingredients are listed by quantity, from highest to lowest. Try looking for products that list whole foods as the first three ingredients, and be skeptical of foods with long lists of ingredients. Also know that sugar and sodium have many different terms, so educate yourself on those if you are trying to limit them from your diet.


Welcome to my investing blog (investinstuff.com), my name is Tom and my goal is to show you various investment opportunities both with common financial products but also with different stuff or let's say alternate investment style.
Currently after everything is setup and running I plan to post at least once a week on the weekends but also in between if some good investment opportunities come up to my mind which I want to share with you guys.
If you have a topic you want to address, please leave a comment below!
I'm looking forward connecting with you.


text:
Difference between revisions of "Bridlington, Yorkshire Genealogy"
Gmcdon (talk | contribs)
Ldwlondon5 (talk | contribs)
BRIDLINGTON, or Burlington (St. Mary), '''a parish''', and the head of a union, in the wapentake of Dickering, East Riding Yorkshire; comprising the townships of Bridlington, Buckton, Hilderthorpe with Wilsthorpe, and Sewerby with Marton, the hamlet of Easton, and the '''chapelries of Grindall and Speeton'''; the whole containing 6070 inhabitants, of whom 5162 are in the sea-port and market-town of Bridlington with Quay, 3310 being in the Town portion, and 1852 forming the Quay portion; 38 miles (E. N. E.) from York. Church of England records began in 1843. '''There are places of worship for 'Baptists', the 'Society of Friends, Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, and Independents; and a Roman Catholic chapel, St. Joseph's, in St. Johnstreet.'''<ref>Lewis, Samuel A., ''[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50828#s21 A Topographical Dictionary of England]''(1848), pp. 362-369 Adapted. Accessed November 17, 2013.</ref>
BRIDLINGTON, or Burlington (St. Mary), '''a parish''', and the head of a union, in the wapentake of Dickering, East Riding Yorkshire; comprising the townships of Bridlington, Buckton, Hilderthorpe with Wilsthorpe, and Sewerby with Marton, the hamlet of Easton, and the '''chapelries of Grindall and Speeton'''; the whole containing 6070 inhabitants, of whom 5162 are in the sea-port and market-town of Bridlington with Quay, 3310 being in the Town portion, and 1852 forming the Quay portion; 38 miles (E. N. E.) from York. Church of England records began in 1843. '''There are places of worship for 'Baptists', the 'Society of Friends, Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, and Independents; and a Roman Catholic chapel, St. Joseph's, in St. Johnstreet.'''<ref>Lewis, Samuel A., ''[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50828#s21 A Topographical Dictionary of England]''(1848), pp. 362-369 Adapted. Date accessed: 17 November 2013.</ref>
{| width="500" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="center"
! bgcolor="#ffffcc" align="center" scope="col" colspan="7" |  '''BRIDLINGTON PARISH (1654) Online Records'''
! bgcolor="#ffffcc" align="center" colspan="7" scope="col" |  '''BRIDLINGTON PARISH (1654) Online Records'''
| bgcolor="#ffffcc" | <br>
England Yorkshire Yorkshire Parishes, A-I East Riding of Yorkshire Bridlington
2.2.2 List of Chapelry's in this Parish
BRIDLINGTON, or Burlington (St. Mary), a parish, and the head of a union, in the wapentake of Dickering, East Riding Yorkshire; comprising the townships of Bridlington, Buckton, Hilderthorpe with Wilsthorpe, and Sewerby with Marton, the hamlet of Easton, and the chapelries of Grindall and Speeton; the whole containing 6070 inhabitants, of whom 5162 are in the sea-port and market-town of Bridlington with Quay, 3310 being in the Town portion, and 1852 forming the Quay portion; 38 miles (E. N. E.) from York. Church of England records began in 1843. There are places of worship for 'Baptists', the 'Society of Friends, Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, and Independents; and a Roman Catholic chapel, St. Joseph's, in St. Johnstreet.[1]
Online data content from chapelry registers of Bridlington exists at some of the following websites and for the specified ranges of years:
AO = Archive.org
ANC = ancestory.co.uk (£)
HATH = HathiTrust.org
JMI = JoinerMarriageIndex.co.uk
BRIDLINGTON PARISH (1654) Online Records
Indexes Images Indexes Images Indexes Images
FS 1654-1873
JMI None
ANC (£) None
HATH None
AO None
List of Chapelry's in this Parish[edit | edit source]
For a full list of all those chapels surrounding Warrington-Padgate Christ Church and comprising the whole ancient parish of Bridlington to which it was attached, be certain to see "Church Records" on the BRIDLINGTON PARISH page.
↑ Lewis, Samuel A., A Topographical Dictionary of England(1848), pp. 362-369 Adapted. Date accessed: 17 November 2013.
Retrieved from "https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Bridlington,_Yorkshire_Genealogy&oldid=1528801"
East Riding of Yorkshire Parishes


Swimming pools may just seem like a fancy version of a hole in the ground, but behind the scenes they are actually complex feats of plumbing engineering. If you have a pool in your home or commercial property, understanding the plumbing that keeps it running smoothly is very important. Pools are complex systems that require maintenance and care.
First Things First: Avoiding the Boat Effect!
In-ground pools seem immovable, but they are actually boat-like. If groundwater increases enough, a pool can actually float up out of the ground and cause damage to the basin. That's why most in-ground pools come equipped with a hydrostatic pressure relief valve that equalizes the pressure inside the pool with the surrounding soil and groundwater, preventing this boat effect.
In-ground pools have a drain at the lowest part of the basin to keep water flowing out of the pool and through the filter, keeping it clean. But unlike the plug in a bathtub, the pool drain doesn't create a whirlpool. At the larger scale of a pool, this vortex could potentially be dangerous, so anti-vortex covers are used to prevent this phenomenon.
Pools also have a skimmer which draws water from the surface of the pool into the pool filter and can remove a large amount of floating debris. Part of the skimmer is a device called a weir. A weir is a low head dam that serves to limit the amount of water that can flow over the dam. This action causes the basket to fill up with debris as the water passes through it to the main filter.
In a pool system, a network of anti-corrosive PVC pipes carries water from the pool through a filter and back into the pool when cleansed. A pool pump, sometimes assisted by pool vacuum ports, draws water out of the pool through a strainer and pushes it through a filter. This action, combined with the use of pool chemicals, is what stops pool water from becoming contaminated and unhygienic.
There are three common types of filters: sand filters, cartridge filters, and Diatomaceous Earth (DE) filters. These all use different techniques for the actual filtering out of material, but the mechanism is basically the same. When water is being pumped through the system, dirty water from the pool enters the filter.
Gravity pulls the water down through the sand or other filter and it catches any dirt or debris left in the water that was not filtered by the strainer. Once the water is pulled down through the filter, it continues to the heater or back to the pool. Pool filters will become clogged over time, requiring replacement cartridges or back-washing to get them working properly again.
If any problems arise with your pool's plumbing systems, get in touch with G.F. James Plumbing today on 02 9649 1099 or enquire online.


text:
European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Avenue Marnix 17
Brussels, 1000 Belgium
CEN - EN 515
Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys - Wrought Products - Temper Designations
Organization: CEN
Publication Date: 1 March 2017
ICS Code (Products of non-ferrous metals in general): 77.150.01
ICS Code (Aluminium and aluminium alloys): 77.120.10
ICS Code (Metallurgy (Vocabularies)): 01.040.77
This European Standard establishes temper designations for all forms of wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys and for continuously cast aluminium and aluminium alloys drawing stock and strip intended to be wrought.
NOTE Some of these temper designations may be subject of patent or patent applications and their listing herein is not to be construed in any way as the granting of a license under such patent right.
Additional temper designations, conforming to this standard, may be standardized with CEN/TC 132 and AECMA/5 provided:
- the temper is used or is available for use by more than one user;
- mechanical property limits are defined;
- the characteristics of the temper are significantly different from those of all other tempers which have the same sequence of basic treatments and for which designations already have been assigned for the same alloy and product;
- the following are also defined if characteristics other than mechanical properties are considered significant:
a) test methods and limits for the characteristics; or
b) the specific practices used to produce the temper.
This European Standard establishes temper designations for all forms of wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys and for continuously cast aluminium and aluminium alloys drawing stock and strip...
EN 12258-1 - Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Terms and definitions - Part 1: General terms
Published by CEN on June 1, 2012
This European Standard defines general terms relating to products of aluminium and aluminium alloys which are helpful for communication within the aluminium industry and with its customers. It...
BS EN 16914 - Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Hot-rolled armour plates in weldable aluminium alloy — Technical delivery conditions
Published by BSI on March 31, 2017
EN 16914 - Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Hot-rolled armour plates in weldable aluminium alloy - Technical delivery conditions
Published by CEN on March 1, 2017
This European Standard specifies the technical delivery conditions relating to armour plates in weldable aluminium alloy with a nominal thickness between 10 mm and 70 mm. For thickness below 10 mm,...
EN 1090-3 - Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures
Published by CEN on April 1, 2019
This document specifies requirements for the execution of aluminium structural components and structures made from: a) rolled sheet, strip and plate; b) extrusions; c) cold drawn rod, bar and tube;...
EN 508-2 - Roofing and cladding products from metal sheet - Specification for self-supporting products of steel, aluminium or stainless steel sheet - Part 2: Aluminium
Published by CEN on August 1, 2019
This part of EN 508 specifies requirements for self-supporting external profiled sheets for roof covering, wall cladding, lining and liner tray products for discontinuous laying made from aluminium...
ISO 19426-4 - Structures for mine shafts - Part 4: Conveyances
Published by ISO on May 1, 2018
This document specifies the loads, the load combinations and the design procedures for the design of the steel and aluminium alloy structural members of conveyances used for the transport of...


Thank you Angelo Valente for the kind words and partnership in fighting drug abuse! I'm honored to be The Partnership of Drug Free N.J.'s guest blogger this week!
I'm Thrilled to be a Contributor for Thrive Global!
Please read my post that was published for Thrive Globe. I'm honored to be a contributor!
Happy New Year. Be Smart, Stay Safe!
Parent's In Connection for Kids wishes you and your family a Happy New Year. Please drink responsibly. If you plan to drink tonight please have a plan in place for a designated driver or use Uber or Lyft. Do Not think you are ok to drive home. It's no joke. Besides the fact that you could kill yourself or an innocent family, you can be fined or imprisoned.
Here is a list of New Jersey Drunk Driving Fines and Penalties. Don't risk it!: dui.drivinglaws.org/jersey.php.
Families get together for various events and celebrate traditions, faith, love and life. When you have someone in your family who is in recovery after a debilitating journey, it's a blessing, but your family dynamics are never the same.
There's usually resentment and the fear that at any time a relapse can happen. When you have siblings who struggled through this journey together, you have to remember that they have a different perspective then you do. They've lost something too. They've been put in a position where they've "protected" their sibling by lying for them, not telling on them, watching them do drugs or buy drugs, they've been manipulated and stolen from and even asked to urinate for them so they can pass a drug test. They have visited them in jail, they have listened to people talk about their sibling, sometimes have gotten beat up because of it and yet the entire time, they still loved and supported them. They've mentally prepared themselves for the dreaded phone call that their sibling has overdosed and died. They're mad at their parents because they were only focused on the one who is/was doing drugs. They have been robbed of a normal childhood where bonds and relationships should've been solid and safe..
I know first hand the pain that families feel when they are trying to rebuild from this ordeal. My children have all suffered the effects of my daughter's drug abuse. My husband and I fought over it, we spent countless hours and money trying to help her and we were always distracted and under tremendous stress.
Healing takes a long time, but you can get there! Not all families are ready or open to counseling. During the holidays we have family celebrations, relatives and friends that come to visit. There are so many pressures. Getting together and facing the person who hurt you the most is sometimes too hard. There are bad memories and unresolved issues that sometimes are too much to initially forgive.
Sobriety, as wonderful as that may be, is not the same as recovering. Just because you are "substance free" that doesn't mean you are well. Recovery means taking responsibility for the damaged relationships that occurred when the person with a substance use disorder was using.
My daughter has been trying to mend her relationships and she's succeeding. She's written apologies; met with the people she's hurt and has shown growth. I think the fear of relapse and opening old wounds sometimes gets in the way of accepting the apology. Things are improving slowly and I know deep in my heart that forgiveness between my siblings is around the corner. I see them laughing together again, able to be in the same room without being uncomfortable and able to enjoy the holidays again. Forgiveness is not only for the person who hurt you. It's for you. When you release that load of anger and hurt off your shoulders you're able to move on. Peace can be yours if you want it.
There are many resources out there to help your family. If counseling isn't an option you can go to Al-Anon/ALA-TEEN, NAR-Anon, speak to your church, school SAC, local family community meetings and state resources.
Please visit the pages here in my website www.pickawareness.com. I have done the research for you because I remember how hard it was for me when I was searching for answers. It's all here. If you don't see what you need, please write to me.


VPL® is a project management system tailored for complex product development. All project data is gathered in one system and made available to the entire project team. The cross-functional teamwork is strengthened as planning data between purchasing, engineering, testing etcetera are exchanged in real time. VPL® contains of a project module and a resource module.
With VPL® you are never more than one click away from total control of your development projects. With a single click both status and deviations of all critical project parameters are visualized in the same view. All data is retrieved in real time directly from actual planning.
VPL® offers personal decision support in form of dashboards and deviation reports, always available in real time. These can be tailored quickly and easily to each function and user. This means that at any given point you know the exact status and what action needs to be taken.
VPL® creates a very distinctive project structure, all the way from project level down to detail level. You can move easily and conveniently from an optional overall level down to the detail level. With VPL® you have full transparency throughout the project.
Our user portal offers videos, quick guides and FAQ to get to know the VPL® software.


Take your messages to a whole new level with Dog Emojis! Choose from the large library of transparent animated and static dog emoticons! View and send them via iMessage SMS Text, Twitter, Facebook, Email or copy and paste into any of your favorite apps. These Emojis will send "fun" better than ever before. Instill laugher and awe with every use - not only are these emojis fun to look at, they're even better when you share them. Liven up your message and make it memorable with Dog Emojis!


The Nazarbayev University Library, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Library, and the Association of University Libraries in the Republic of Kazakhstan invite you to the 8th International Conference on Emerging Global Trends in University Library Development with the theme University Library Services and Resources for Research and Innovation which will be held in the framework of the Eurasian Higher Education Leaders Forum on 6-7 June 2019 in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. Follow the link above to find detailed information and registration link.
Below are different sponsorship packages that you may choose from.
Library Vendors such as book distributors, subscription agents and other commercial dealers such as jobbers, suppliers, and publishers will be assessed 100 US dollars for registration to defray the conference costs. Similarly, the third and succeeding representatives of the paid sponsorships from bronze, silver, gold, and platinum will be assessed the same amount.
The conference organizers will provide one table and two chairs per exhibitor for Silver and higher sponsors.
An excess of two members of the exhibitor team shall pay an extra amount.
Exhibitors shall be responsible for all the materials they will be needing other than the ones provided by the organizer, provided also that it will not create disturbances to other exhibitors.
Exhibitors shall observe proper decorum at all times during the exhibits. Request for entry permits of materials shall be coordinated in advance to the organizers.
Details of the bank accounts of ABC RK will be given upon request.
Please do not hesitate to contact us for more information on the sponsorship plan.
We look forward to your generous support to make this event a great success!
This annual international conference discusses current issues and trends in library and information services. It is part of the Eurasian Higher Education Leaders Forum of the Nazarbayev University.


See artist Danielle Daniel's studio space here.
Elise Cripe shows newer images of her studio space here.
This entry was written by Angie and posted on July 26, 2012 at 9:21 am	and filed under Scrapbooking, Scrapbooking Rooms, scrapscene, Studios. Bookmark the permalink. Follow any comments here with the RSS feed for this post.	Post a comment or leave a trackback: Trackback URL.


text:
Temple Times on Sheller Center for Social Justice
Featured story: "Sheller Family Foundation's $1.5 million gift to Temple Law will establish Social Justice Center" Stephen and Sandra Sheller, who have spent their respective careers in law and behavioral health treatment advocating for the poor, powerless and those experiencing injustice, have made a $1.5 million gift to establish a new center to further that cause at the Temple University Beasley School of Law. Click the pdf icon to read the newspaper article.
Sheller Gift Establishes Social Justice Center at Temple University Beasley School of Law
SuperLawyers 2013: seven Sheller, P.C. attorneys honored
Family Stranded in Cold Under 'Live Stop' Policy
Shellers Donate Another $1.5M In Support of Social Justice
Sheller's Give $1M to New Salvation Army Disaster Command Center
Sheller Joins Phila. in Suit Against Opioid Manufacturers
FDA warns of foot, leg amputations with Invokana


text:
Writing For Academic Journals Pdf
Read the latest articles of Journal of Second Language Writing at ScienceDirect. com, Corrected Proof, Available online 13 September 2019; Download PDF.
How to improve your academic writing In a recent survey, academic staff at the University identified the interrelated skills of writing and reasoning as the two most important skills for success in higher education; when asked which skills students most often lacked, writing was again at the top of their list.
Apr 03, 2013 · Preface Writing Academic English, Fourth Edition, is a comprehensive rhetoric and sentence structure textbook/workbook for high-intermediate to advanced English language learners who are in college or are college bound.
The American Archivist publishes research articles, case studies, perspectives, and. "Writing your First Scholarly Article: A Guide for Budding Authors in.
For me, compressing science into academic journals simply isn't enough. Isn't this what many of us really want to know? In writing quoll biology into my novel and a short story, I discovered that.
What Is Article Writing? Article writing example is the process of writing an article for a specific purpose and audience. Articles are written to discuss different subjects or topics. Articles included in publications usually contain information on current issues or events happening around the.
The state legislature has so far failed to override the cut, which amounts to roughly 40% of the state's contribution to the university and will take effect this academic year. "Instead of writing.
This presentation is designed to introduce students to academic journal writing. Specifically, this presentation was designed for the Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research; it may be useful for anyone considering submitting to an undergraduate research journal.
Inappropriate use of journal impact factors has been much in the spotlight. My own appraisal is that these chapters contain some of my best writing, because they allowed me to think about broader.
ACADEMIC ESSAY STRUCTURES & FORMATS Standard American argumentative essays begin with an introduction that gives a main point (thesis).The thesis is supported by a series of body paragraphs with sub-points, and the essay ends with a conclusion.Below is a visual representation of.
Scott DeVito, Florida Coastal's dean, told Above the Law that he believes they are compliance with the standards, and he's writing a response to the ABA's Section of Legal Education and Admissions to.
A majority of parents will say their children favor math and science subjects the most in school, while they themselves tend to think reading and writing skills are more. The full report is.
only 39% of academic staff hold PhDs 9. This lack of training becomes a vicious circle. Graduate students from many universities produce theses that fall short of international standards, and rarely.
Writing for the Guardian newspaper on 29 August, he denounced academic publishers as "privateers", taking. But at least in that period you can read and download as many articles as you like.
And yet no one spends a lifetime researching, teaching and writing about something. to be read or used), and when journal articles proliferate beyond number because they serve the needs of big.
How Does Adrenaline Affect Muscles Scholarly Articles Matthew Vasquez Rate My Professor Michael Bitzer, a politics professor at Catawba College in North Carolina. "Bishop, his policies follow my convictions —. Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors. Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker. A garden party, that is, whose entertainment was hand-selected by Delta
Kregel Academic & Professional Publisher Update your LinkedIn If you don't already have a LinkedIn profile, then sign up and start connecting with past co-workers, This article is part of a running series The Daily sports staff will be publishing on seniors. To date, the two-time Pac-12 All-Academic kicker has made all 88 of his PATs and 35 of 41
Bratislava, Slovakia. ACADEMIC WRITING. GUIDE. 2010. A Step-by-Step Guide to. Writing Academic Papers by Anne Whitaker. September 2009.
Developing Writing Writing Skills Practice Book for EFL Patricia Wilcox Peterson Originally published in 1982, Materials Development and Review Branch The English Language Programs Division United States Information Agency Washington, DC Second printing published in 1995 This reprint published in 2003. Office of English Language Programs
Bronowski had a remarkably varied career as an academic and state-employed scientist. and went on to appear on radio and television panel show The Brains Trust, as well as writing plays and giving.
Professor Layton And The Curious Village Ds Matthew Vasquez Rate My Professor Michael Bitzer, a politics professor at Catawba College in North Carolina. "Bishop, his policies follow my convictions —. Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors. Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker. A garden party, that is, whose entertainment was hand-selected by Delta
She is currently writing up her PhD research on the use of primary health. Graduate students face regular academic criticism and encounter unexpected challenges: experiments don't work; ethics.
Feb 20, 2015. Scholarly journals publish content in different formats, not just original research articles. A young researcher's guide to writing an original research article. from http://www.academyhealth.org/files/HIT/writingguide.pdf. 5.
The final stage of a research project is the writing of a manuscript which. read the "author guidelines", examine several recent articles in the JSCR, and.
determining the journal in which a paper is ultimately published. first converted all articles from Portable Document Format (.pdf) to Word Microsoft Office Open.
However, it's relatively uncommon to see Chinese or South Korean scientists talking to each other in their own language in an academic setting. the conventions of scientific writing and the.
Box 1: Top tips: How to get out of a dissertation-writing rut The biggest impediments to scholarly writing are long-held myths that seem to get passed down through the academic ranks like. Writing.
The journal provides students across WRIT courses an opportunity to share their work and, in so doing, WRIT is a celebration of academic writing broadly writ. Josue G. Ballesteros-Flores. PDF · Hamlet: The Grim Reaper J. L. Williams.
Mar 20, 2019. analyze Prompt: A Journal of Academic Writing Assignments, though I. of even exclusively online journals; print is embodied in the pdf.
After the successful assessment, the data is stored in a database, gets a STRENDA Registry Number (SRN) and is documented in a data report (PDF. of journals require the authors to submit summary.
Writing in the April issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. mental health care to d/Deaf and hard-of-hearing patients of Michigan Medicine, U-M's academic medical center. "Hearing.
The term academic journal applies to all scholarly publications in the fields of Engineering, Technology, Pure and Applied Sciences, Humanity and Social Sciences are following quantitative and qualitative research techniques. In content, academic journals usually consist of articles that present one's original research as well as reviews of previous works.
Enjoy this year-long collection of writing prompts geared to get you writing each and every day. We made them for you, with love. Check out The Daily Post for writing inspiration, tips and techniques on making blogging a habit, and how to nurture your audience and grow your traffic. You can even get some friendly moral support from the blogging.
numerous journals, and I found the Cochrane Library a useful electronic information source. A short guide to reflective writing 7 Conclusion Reflection is a useful process even if you have not been set a specific reflective assignment. It helps you to make sense of and learn from your experiences. Many degrees involve assessed reflective writing.
Films On Linguistic Prejudie It is our view that previous initiatives to combat linguistic prejudice have failed due to an underestimation of the widespread and ingrained nature of linguistic prejudices, the lack of a well-defined strategy to combat these prejudices and a reliance on challenging them via pure statement in which it is hoped that the public will appreciate
Matthew Vasquez Rate My Professor Michael Bitzer, a politics professor at Catawba College in North Carolina. "Bishop, his policies follow my convictions —. Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors. Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker. A garden party, that is, whose entertainment was hand-selected by Delta Spirit front man Matthew. my
Ancient Greek Myths Kids Hephaestus, blacksmith of the mythical Greek gods. dishes or reminding us to pick up the kids after school. In her new book, Gods and Robots, Adrienne Mayor draws comparisons between mythical. Looking at a kids' program was particularly. Roman include "the association of Pegasus with Greek mythology and the city in the sky as Greco-Roman
Abstracts of scientific papers are sometimes poorly written, often lack important information, and occasionally convey a biased picture. This paper provides.
Jun 1, 2004. Writing research papers does not come naturally to most of us. The typical research paper. PDF; Split View. Views. Article. The key to successful scientific writing is getting the structure of the paper right. The basic structure.
http://langsdale.ubalt.edu/howto/scholarlyjournals.pdf. 1 of 2. How can you tell if a journal is scholarly or peer-reviewed?. Writing is academic and technical.
for how to conduct and write a narrative overview utilizing a 'best-evidence synthesis'. It is hoped that this article will stimulate scholarly dialog amongst.
will begin writing their papers and the kinds of revisions that they can make after. "sound" academic, but is not necessarily using words appropriately. FILES/ engageinassessment/Student_peer_assessment_-_Stephen_Bostock.pdf.
Features of academic writing Introduction. Try thisexercise. Academic writing in English is linear, which means it has one central point or theme with every part contributing to the main line of argument, without digressions or repetitions.
In either case, we want to help you identify what content should be in your personal academic website. You don't have time to ask your website visitors what content they want to see on your website;.
European and national funding agencies and academic exchange services. However, employees can choose to opt out of this in writing. Furthermore, the European Court of Justice ruled in May that all.
Key words: Academic writing, qualities, assessment and senior essay. INTRODUCTION. The ability to write academic papers is widely regarded as one hallmark.
Mar 16, 2012. Presentation. ▫ Section One: Scientific publishing. What do journal editors and reviewers want?. Similarly, reading and writing are connected.
That's a lot of writing! The type of writing used for all these many, many pages is known as academic writing. Even if you write every day, the type of English writing necessary for academic writing is a whole different beast (in other words, it's completely different). It's not the kind of.
The author of a 1984 Indiana Law Journal article says she. Politico acknowledges that the writing it examined represents only a small portion of Gorsuch's work. The publication contacted six.
The Abstract: The abstract is an "executive summary" that appears in academic texts, usually as a paragraph at the top of the text. As you read the abstract, try to identify the text's purpose, the main problem or question it answers, what its main findings are, and why readers should care.
Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site (www.dermatologicsurgery.org). A. T. Shamban and K. R. Beer.
It's since grown to around 15,000 tweets in total and 40 million impressions as of this article's writing, reports Eva Vivalt. been submitted as part of #pdftribute – from academic papers to news.
Academic writing refers to a style of expression that researchers use to define the intellectual boundaries of their disciplines and their specific areas of expertise. Characteristics of academic writing include a formal tone, use of the third-person rather than first-person perspective (usually), a clear focus on the research problem under.
May 31, 2018. The Results section of a scientific research paper represents the. Online: http:// docsdrive.com/pdfs/academicjournals/rjes/2018/114-120.pdf.
Many academics write their journal articles first and think about a journal to. Given that there are thousands of academic journals out there of varying levels of.
students, writing in a refereed journal is a major accomplishment of their academic apprentice-ship. This paper is written by two authors who hold different perspectives (one is a doctoral stu-dent and the other is a graduate faculty member) and explores different paths as well as choices of getting published. The first section gives an.


Update: 2017/03/22 10:00 am Greens have pulled back on Labor in the South West Region, While ALP has the best change now for the final seat in Mining and Pastoral (which was previously the shooters). Similarly, the Liberal Democrats are at risk of losing to the Daylight Savings party in South Metro (They're about 500 votes shy of winning). This is looking very good for Labor, with 18 seats between them and The Greens needing only one more vote for legislation.
Update: 2017/03/15 11:00 pm Unchanged most probable outcome, minor percentage changes. No "non ticket votes" have been counted yet (apart from Yallingup Hall which has counted 33 votes as below the line for Tim Hartley, and zero above the line, so I can only assume this is a typographical error).
Update: 2017/03/13 10:00 pm Labor have reigned in the Greens seat in South West Region, now it's leaning towards Labor.
Update: 2017/03/12 11:50 pm Liberals have pulled back on Fluoride Free in East Metro, it's a tossup now.
Update: 2017/03/12 3:30 am Final Update for the Night (definitely).
Shooters and Fishers have brought it back to 50-50 with Labor in Mining and Pastoral Region, and the WA Greens have brought it back against Labor in the South West Region, being the favourites now!
Update: 2017/03/12 2:00 am Final Update for the Night (maybe).
Update: 2017/03/12 1:00 am Pretty happy saying WA Labor will get 14 seats (with a tossup with WA Greens for a 15th, so let's give that to the Greens for the following analysis), WA Nationals will get 4 (battle with the Shooters, Fishers and Farmers for 5) and the Liberal Party with 9. This is interesting tactically, as it opens up a serious option for Nationals and Labor to pass legislation with 19 votes. If they don't merge like that, there's a 14-14 base vote, and then the minors come in on top. 4 votes to block, 5 to pass legislation. (the WA Greens are pretty solid with three votes, so locking them down would leave Labor needing two more votes).
This upper house is looking vastly more manageable for Labor than in Victoria (which turned into a big struggle).
I've included this section for comparison to the live counts. Let's see how I did!


Effluent pumps are designed to handle unclean or polluted water in the usual septic tank or water related applications. Rotech Pumps & Systems provide various effluent pumps models with high temperature and high performance. These pumps have several features such as cast iron construction, stainless steel shaft, quality impeller material, high voltage, high flow models, high head filtered and manual/automatic operation.
We ensure to deliver long lasting effluent pumps with quiet operation. They are commonly used in septic system and sewage hollow. The effluent pump can be selected from a series of available pump models depending on the application needs.


Threaded Inserts For Wood : It's always nice to cut as many parts as possible before starting the assembly. That way, you can set aside the dust mask, safety glasses and hearing protection for longer periods of time, and the air isn't continually filled with sawdust. Cut everything except the lengths of the drawer components. In case things get a little out of whack during assembly, you'll be able to measure and fit the drawers to the actual openings.Here's the latest edition in our FREE woodworking projects series – how to build shelves! Building shelves is always a great project. Over the years, the need for large, built-in bookcases and entertainment centers has declined, but the need for compact, stylish storage like floating shelves has increased! The same thing goes for building garage shelves.The last time I stopped in at my sister's house, my brother-in-law was on the garage floor putting together a tricycle for his grandson. They had recently moved into a new house, and apparently his last garage workbench hadn't made the trip. I decided to build him a new one.These plans walk you through every step of building a face frame cabinet. You'll learn to how make a beaded frame, how to build a cabinet box with solid wood and lots of other professional cabinet making tips.Better and best. There are plenty of good bookcase plans out there – and most of them are free. But our free bookcase plans are better, and that's important when you are building something that will last a long time. In fact, we think you'll find these 6 plans to be the best available.
Threaded Inserts For Wood E-Z LOK Threaded Inserts for WoodE-Z LOK Threaded Inserts for Wood . Don't waste time dealing with stripped threads or parts that are difficult to install. E-Z LOK's hard wood inserts and soft wood inserts are designed to prevent stripping and thread erosion, and provide superior holding power in all applications.. E-Z LOK - Threaded Inserts for Metal, Wood and PlasticE-Z LOK has been offering threaded inserts since 1956. Request a quote on the threaded locking inserts you need, or contact us to learn more.. Threaded Inserts - ModelfixingsAvailable with or without flanges, the inserts are driven into wood with a hexagon allen key or hexagon driver. They then provide a hard female thread which can be used many times without fear of stripping.. Threaded Inserts | McMaster-CarrChoose from our selection of threaded inserts, including threaded inserts for metal, threaded inserts for plastic, and more. In stock and ready to ship.. Threaded Inserts and fasteners for Plastic, Wood, Metal Online Supplier of Threaded Inserts for Plastic, Wood and Sheet Metal Applications. Steel Threaded Inserts - Select size | Rockler Woodworking These steel threaded inserts can be used anywhere you want the strength and easy assembly of a bolted connection with a wooden joint. Simply bore a hole, drive in the threaded insert, and use a bolt of the appropriate length to secure the adjoining member in place.. Key-Locking Threaded Inserts | McMaster-CarrChoose from our selection of key-locking threaded inserts, including over 350 products in a wide range of styles and sizes. In stock and ready to ship.. Threaded insert - WikipediaA threaded insert, also known as a threaded bushing, is a fastener element that is inserted into an object to add a threaded hole. They may be used to repair a stripped threaded hole, provide a durable threaded hole in a soft material, place a thread on a material too thin to accept it, mold or cast threads into a work piece thereby eliminating a machining operation, or simplify changeover . Hex Drive Threaded Inserts-Choose size | Rockler BEST ANSWER: For softwoods, 11/32" is recommended, for hardwoods 3/8" is recommended.An 11/32" drill bit is hard to find. Not a standard size. The hole depth depends upon the connector bolt length. Subtract the thickness of the wood being attached from the connector bolt length, & I add 1/4" to that . Threaded inserts - Bolt DepotThreaded inserts; Hardwood inserts, Slotted drive. Has a knife style thread to cut into hardwood, but are also fine for use in softwoods and particle board..


Hansen and "False Local Adjustments"
Over the last few days, I've shown that Hansen et al 1999 illustrated and discussed the effect of the NASA adjustment for two stations (Phoenix, Tokyo) where the NASA urban adjustment yielded the expected adjustment (denoted in these posts as a "positive" adjustment). In an earlier post, I'd observed that negative urban adjustments (i.e. for nonclimatec urban cooling) had occurred in some Peruvian stations, followed by a post carrying out an inventory of all NASA adjustments – the number of negative adjustments in the ROW proved to be only slightly lower than the number of positive (expected) adjustments.
Unfortunately Hansen et al 1999, the primary reference, did not contain a systematic discussion of any sites with negative adjustments. However, Hansen et al were aware of the existence of negative urban adjustments and it will now be useful to review the original account of the present-day NASA adjustments.
Examination of this urban adjustment at many locations which can be done readily via our website shows that the adjustment is quite variable from place to place and can be of either sign. In some cases the adjustment is probably more an effect of small-scale natural variability of temperature (or errors) at the rural neighbors rather than a true urban effect. Also the nonclimatic component of the urban temperature change can encompass many factors with irregular time dependence such as station relocations and changes of the thermometer's environment, which will not be well represented by our linear adjustment. Such false local adjustments will be of both signs and thus the effects may tend to average out in global temperature analyses but it is difficult to have confidence in the use of urban records for estimating climate change. We recommend that the adjusted data be used with great caution, especially for local studies.
local inhomogeneities are variable; some urban stations show little or no warming, even a slight cooling relative to rural neighbors. Such results can be a real systematic effect e.g. cooling by planted vegetation or the movement of a thermometer away from the urban center or a random effect of unforced regional variability and measurement errors. Another consideration is that even rural locations may contain some anthropogenic influence.
I didn't notice any other relevant discussions, but will amend this post if any other relevant quotes are brought to my attention.
Let's review the negative adjustment of 3.3 deg C at Puerto Maldonado in the context of these reviews.
First, I submit that a negative adjustment of 3.3 deg C rises above a "slight cooling relative to rural neighbors", In an engineering-quality assessment, such results would require specific investigation and explanation.
Second, while "cooling by planted vegetation" can be a feasible mechanism for a type of negative urban heat island in desert settings e.g.here , it seems implausible that this has affected Puerto Maldonado, which is located on an Amazon tributary, or that this is relevant to the vast majority of sites receiving negative urban adjustments.
Third, while we know virtually nothing of the metadata for Puerto Maldonado, it seems unlikely that the cooling relative to "rural" neighbors is due to the "movement of a thermometer away from the urban center".
Fourth, while I know nothing of the local particulars of Puerto Maldonado climate relative to (say) nearby Cobija, I'd be amazed if there was a 3.3 deg C swing due to "unforced regional variability". One could certainly not just assume this without some kind of proof.
It seems by far the most likely that the inconsistency between Puerto Maldonado and Cobija is due to something in the staiton histories – some change in instrumentation at Puerto Maldonado or, perhaps in the Bolivian sites, or perhaps both. In the US, where extensive metadata is available, step changes for station moves or instrument changes are included in the various USHCN adjustments (TOBS, MMTS, SHAP, FILNET), none of which are done for the Peruvian and Bolivian stations and is not a "true urban" adjustment.
In Hansens's terminology, this adjustment would be a "false local adjustment".
Such false local adjustments will be of both signs and thus the effects may tend to average out in global temperature analyses.
In an engineering-quality study (as opposed to an exploratory scientific article), it would obviously be unacceptable to leave matters in such a state. An engineer would have been obliged to determine whether the effects actually did average out and would not have been permitted to simply leave the matter hanging.
Note that Hansen did not limit the concept of "false local adjustments" to negative adjustments. He clearly contemplated and stated that false local adjustments (i.e. adjustments that did not adjust for urban effect but for local station history issues) would be "of both signs" and, as noted above, that false positive and false negative local adjustments would "average" out.
In my previous post, I calculated the total number of positive and negative NASA adjustments. Based on present information, I see no basis on which anything other than a very small proportion of negative urban adjustments can be assigned to anything other than "false local adjustments". Perhaps there are a few incidents of vegetative cooling resulting in a true physically-based urban cooling event, but surely this would need to be proved by NASA, if that's their position. Right now, as a first cut, let's estimate that 95% of all negative urban adjustments in the ROW are not due to "true urban" effects i.e. about 1052 out of 1108 are due to "false local adjustments".
On the reasonable assumption that there will be an equal number of positive "false local adjustments" as negative "false local adjustments", this will yield a total of approximately 2100 "false local adjustments" out of a total population of 2341 adjustments (disregarding bipolar adjustments.) In other words, there is a valid case that about 90% of all NASA adjustments are "false local adjustments".
If the purpose of NASA adjustments was to do station history homogenizations (a la USHCN), then this wouldn't matter. But the purpose of the NASA adjustments was to adjust for the "true urban" effect". On this basis, one can only conclude that the NASA adjustment method is likely to be completely ineffective in achieving its stated goal. As other readers have observed (and anticipated), it appears highly likely that, instead of accomplishing an adjustment for the "true urban effect", in many, if not most cases, the NASA adjustment does little except coerce the results of one poorly documented station to results from other equally poorly documented stations, with negligible improvement to the quality of whatever "signal" may be in the data.
This does not imply that the NASA adjustment introduces trends into the data – it doesn't. The criticism is more that any expectation of using this methodology to adjust for urban effect appears to be compromised by the overwhelming noise in station histories. Needless to say, the problems are exacerbated by what appears to be poor craftsmanship on NASA's part – pervasive use of obsolete station versions, many of which have not been updated since 1989 or 1990(!), and use of population data that is obsolete (perhaps 1980 vintage) and known to be inaccurate.
Some readers have wondered why Hansen even bothered with the entire NASA adjustment project. That seems a very reasonable question. There are a lot of stations where there is no adjustment – wouldn't it make sense just to use these stations? This takes you into the metadata problem – right now Hansen shows a lot of ROW "rural" stations, but how many of them are actually tropical towns and cities?
I'll discuss this further tomorrow.
This entry was written by Stephen McIntyre, posted on Mar 1, 2008 at 4:59 PM, filed under Hansen, Surface Record and tagged Hansen, tobs. Bookmark the permalink. Follow any comments here with the RSS feed for this post. Both comments and trackbacks are currently closed.
Yet Hansen threw out Northern Ca stations that showed anomalous negative trends. Why adjust some and reject others?
on the raw data and do exactly what you are doing. The glibness with which they assume that "errors will zero out" is head shakingly sad. That's what you assume, but you have actually have to prove it, not assert it. I've seen this sleight of mind in Jones and Hansen and others. It's a vacation pass from doing grunt work. A varient of the cool parks protocal.
rational used for the snipping.
I dont know if its wrong, but it's sloppy. Like my typing.
Okay, another rookie question. Sorry, but I've spent way too much time reading here today, my head hurts, and I need to ask one final question before calling it a night. And if there is a more appropriate place for me to ask the following, feel free to move it there and tell me where to go to find it.
If Hansen is contorting raw data in an effort to compensate for UHI, does that mean he rejects the conclusion in Jones et al 1990 that UHI's effect is negligible? Because if Jones 1990 is right, which I doubt, then there is no reason for Hansen's statistical contortions. However, if Hansen is right that UHI needs to be compensated for, then Jones et al should be ignored (probably should be regardless of what Hansen thinks).
They can't both be right. Either UHI matters, or it doesn't.
Jones and Hansen seem to be members of the same team, yet their work goes in opposite directions, but they arrive at the same destination.
Has the mainstream climate science community discussed the contradiction between the two? Is it considered a contradiction? Am I making more of it than what is actually there?
And yes, my head is spinning.
Finally, a word of praise for Mr. McIntyre. I have read nearly every one of the now 284 comments over at Tamino's Open Mind blog and couldn't help but be overwhelmed by the vitriol oozing out of that place, and yet Steve McIntyre still provides a link to Tamino, which is not reciprocated. Just that one gesture alone tells me who has an open mind and who doesn't.
Thanks for maintaining a civil tone on the issue and for tolerating naive and uninformed questions from rookies.
I would expect that a conclusion in Hansen '99 like "…it is difficult to have confidence in the use of urban records for estimating climate change. We recommend that the adjusted data be used with great caution…", would be closely followed by diligent efforts to monitor, maintain and improve the data collection and analysis at all sites. So far I have not seen evidence of any such new and focused programs. Am I missing something obvious? It does appear they are "working hard" with the analysis.
RE 4. this is a puzzle. There are two claims that get made.
1. ONLY rural sites are used in GISS final numbers so dont worry.
2. We adjust Urban to match rural so dont worry.
Well, if #1 is true WHY INGEST NON RURAL DATA? to excercise the bits?
in the ROW? Did he prove the approach in the US and then use the adjusted data in the ROW?
Seems weird. Nothing can be concluded from this.
that are used for that year. Not the list of stations ( station_list.txt) read into the prgram.
But the stations actually used.
Steve: In my collation giss.info.dat, if you look at the column end_adj, the ones with 2008 are the current contributors.
What a messy maze. Hope someone can find a way through it.
It sounds like the bottom line here is that you have falsified the contention that surface temperatures have been adjusted for UHI. It also sounds like a true determination of UHI can not be accomplished without a detailed study of the histories of every site in the study. Making broad base assumptions and applying a simple algorithm based on population, neighboring stations or anything else, would be useless considering the large potential variability of non-climate factors at individual sites, whether urban or rural.
I believe that more detailed studies have identified that the UHI effect is real, but the above indicates that we can not assume the value of the UHI from one location to the next.
Can we conclude that the surface temperature trend is still contaminated with a spurious warming due to the UHI effect, even if we can not quantify it?
While this does not invalidate the AGW crisis theory one way or another, I have to agree with Mr. McIntyre that it does provide another example of the poor scientific practices that are readily embraced by the AGW crisis community to support their position.
Steve mentioned population data that are out of date. Even with up-to-date population data, there is still a problem using the data: in most countries, assessment of urbanization depends both on the population data and the stability of administrative boundaries.
Cities can be under-bounded (spilling over into rural areas) or over-bounded (containing rural areas), characteristics that change with time. To determine the degree and extent of urbanization, the researcher needs a time series of maps showing boundaries for the city and nearby counties.
Urbanization can be depicted by a series of maps showing density of population. However, in a study of urbanization in Ohio during the period 1860 to 1920, it could not be determined whether the population increase for a specific county arose through the growth of scattered unincorporated urban centers, ribbon development along roads or expansion and overspill of the built-up area of the bordering city.
In many countries data for counties often masks the existence of unincorporated urban areas. Even when cities can be identified their urbanization history cannot be determined. Census data for the island of Java is available by ward (village/desa), with about 400 wards per county. Processing the data is an onerous task. Similar considerations apply in other countries, including those in Europe and Latin America.
Urbanization can be modeled based on data for small areas, but the geography of an area must be known: some cities expand in the direction of groundwater, such as Cairo.
Even in rural areas land-use change affects surface temperatures. In developing countries, rural sites used as controls may be biased by clearing for cropland. In the US, some sites may be biased by rural depopulation.
When it comes to measuring variations in the urban heat-island effect, the noise in the population data swamps the signal. In my opinion, surface temperature series reflect population change, but in non-systematic ways. Adjusting such data is equivalent to applying a random variable.
I agree. Adjustments are okay if you can substantiate them with some test results or analysis, AND the adjustments are not overwhelming in scope. If you are adjusting an input 3.3 degrees, and you think you are getting accuracy from the entire data set to tenths of a degree, you need to think again.
You need a UHI test or UHI analysis to show that your adjustments are good to tenths of a degree; particularly if you are adjusting 47% of your inputs.
Show the UHI test or UHI analysis that provides that accuracy, or go back and get data that accurate. No further review required until then.
#6. CAn you figure out where the Summary of Day information comes from?
I want to thank you all for confusing the hell out of me. I used to think that temperature was something that could be measured. Now it doesn't seem to matter whether the nominal temperature is in farenheit or centigrade, with a supplementary optional positive or negative twist. Down here in Australia we used to say that we don't have weather, we ony have climate, but now I don't know even where they've hidden that. The Y2K apocalypse folly at least had a cut-off date. When do we get to the end of this horrible warm period that's causing all the cold.
Future sociologists are going to write PhDs about our era – about how we rediscovered mediaeval superstitions and transfered them onto something we used to call science.
Thank you all for doing all that valuable (and entertaining) slog work. This lurker really appreciates it.
This does not imply that the NASA adjustment introduces trends into the data – it doesn't.
However, if the false negative adjustments cancel the "true" positive UHI adjustments, then the spurious positive trend caused by UHI "may" not be corrected.
#15. that's the issue and I'll discuss it some more tomorrow. It looks to me like the NASA adjustments just shuffle things around a little so that if there was UHI in the original data set, it would remain in the "adjusted" data set. This post would not prove the existence of UHI in the original data set or not – merely that the supposed adjustment does not seem to do the job that it was supposed to do.
"Shuffle things around a little" – but how do we know what the impact of the UHI adjustments actually is?
All measurements have errors. Instruments have errors. There are errors in reading instruments. We have discussed the errors added to the record by moving an instrument or changing the time of observation. However, when Hansen blindly allows records to be adjusted then he is adding large errors into the temperature record. In my opimion, until it can be proven otherwise (and not by arm waving) the adjustments themselves must be considered to be errors.
Here are a few stations in the ROW still being called rural. They weren't even rural 20 years ago.
I see frequent statements here that such-and-such wouldn't happen in an engineering-quality study, and so-and-so doesn't meet engineering standards. These statements are all completely meaningless. You never define what 'engineering quality' is, or why climate science (or any science) should meet it. Can you state what the standard is, please, and list some example scientific papers that you consider to meet it?
Assuming that 80% or 90% or 95% (you pick the number) of these opposite sign adjustments are unwarranted, and selecting those stations randomly on the global grid – how much of late 20th century warming is a product of unwarranted adjustments?
In other words, is this a huge problem or is it statistically insignificant? My guess is that it is fairly significant, but I would like to see your analysis.
Ironically, there is also a climate change problem with any urban heat island effect (UHIE) especially in the middle latitudes (30° to 65°). In the late 1960s and early 1970s we did heat island studies in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It provides an ideal location because it is essentially an isotropic plain with little topographic effect. The weather station is on the northwest side of the city and has been gradually engulfed as the city grew. We found the Central Business District (CBD) manifest the greatest UHIE (3.3°C average at time of publication), however this shifted through the day as the wind moved the warm dome downwind. Over time the wind patterns shifted as the Circumpolar vortex (improperly called the Jet stream) shifted from zonal to meridional flow. I would suggest a standard UHIE adjustment is likely invalid unless changes in wind pattern are considered.
Also at some point the wind patterns are affected by the local circulation created by the UHIE dome itself. The dome becomes like an adiabat with warm air rising in the centre drawing air from outside. A critical factor in the pattern of the shifting of the dome downwind and the establishment of the small scale adiabat was the strength of the large scale pressure pattern winds. Changnon first identified the shift of the UHIE downwind with his studies of La Porte Indiana. This raises a question about the location of the rural stations relative to a large urban center and their suitability for comparative studies. Atkinson studied the UHIE on precipitation patterns in London and they have implications for temperature measures because of moisture variations and evaporative cooling.
So the application of a standard adjustment is simply unjustified for urban stations as comment #9 says, but for some rural stations as well and then the adjustments would have to change over time with changing wind conditions.
Could you plot up the average adjustment so that we can see the net effect of all the tinkering and test Hansen's claim of them randomly averaging to zero? Maybe three plots showing the US, Europe, and the ROW?
RW #20 I see frequent statements here that such-and-such wouldn't happen in an engineering-quality study, and so-and-so doesn't meet engineering standards. These statements are all completely meaningless. You never define what 'engineering quality' is, or why climate science (or any science) should meet it. Can you state what the standard is, please, and list some example scientific papers that you consider to meet it?
Where I come from in the world of nuclear systems management, the various facets of the science itself and the techniques used to pursue and document that science are all one thing.
For purposes of licensing a nuclear system, a weakness or a failure in the process and methodology is held to be a failure or a weakness in the science and technology itself.
Several months ago, National Geographic had an article on global warming which included a map, based on Hansen's NASA data, purporting to illustrate the extent of worldwide global warming using a continuous topology of temperature anomalies across the globe, so that one could look at any region of the globe and find the extent of the temperature anomaly for that particular region.
It is rational and appropriate to ask the question, to what extent has data interpolation, data interpretation, and data estimation been used to produce this finely-detailed topological map of worldwide temperature anomalies?
If the answer is that very significant data interpolation, very significant data interpretation, and very significant data estimation has been done to produce this map — then the processes, methods, and techniques used to perform those data interpolations, data interpretations, and data estimations are fair game for auditing and criticism — both from a scientific perspective and from an analysis-process / business-process perspective.
This is what ClimateAudit is all about: the interaction of the science itself with the methods, processes, and techniques used to pursue and document that science.
As this web site evolves, it is becoming ever more apparent that if we are to take the professional pursuit of AGW science as seriously as we do the professional pursuit of nuclear science and technology, then AGW science and the methods used to pursue that AGW science are all one thing.
A very interesting statistic would be what percentage of GISS sites demonstrate final adjustments (TOBS + Urban + etc.) which increase the slope relative to the raw data.
I would do it myself, but don't know where the data is.
Except that "unnatural" is a judgement call not a verifiable fact. Without having ground truth it's just an assumption, even if it's based on expert opinion. In other cases the sites were adjusted based on the surrounding stations rather than deleted. My complaint is that there is not a rigorous process in determining what to do. Do you know of cases where Hansen deleted stations that showed anomalous warming or are they only adjusted? Throwing out data just because you don't like it very easily leads to 'cherry picking'. But then I don't have a positive reaction to adjustments either. It strikes me as analogous to having the IRS adjust the taxes you owe based on a comparison of your income trend relative to your neighbors income trends.
… The point is well taken that depending on how you present your data, you can take either side in this debate. Certainly both sides of the argument are guilty of excluding inconvenient data while emphasizing the data that supports their claim. I believe the express purpose of CA has been to identify the misuse or abuse of such data And toward that goal, I believe it has been marvelously successful.
Hello everyone at CA. I am a lurker of a few years and have only recently sent in a couple of posts containing links to information that I thought might be of interest to you. I wish I could provide more substantive responses, but I'm not a scientist or statistician like many of you and I am hesitant to add personal commentary.
However, since I have extra time each day, I am happy to spend that time researching for information that might be pertinent to your discussions. I hope you will let me know whenever I am out of line or off track. I appreciate all the great conversations here at CA and hope to learn enough to provide a balanced presentation about climate change at my workplace.
I have a question that seems to fit in this thread. Does anyone have any thoughts on the U.S. Climate Reference Network? If it becomes operational, could it provide the kind of "Ground Truth" that Barry W speaks of?
I've deleted OT posts on trends.
seems the post numbering was changed when I submitted what now shows as #28. My re #30 should now be re #26. Sorry.
Arguably, what the S&ST graph shows (#8) is that there really is no material bias in the surface temp. record due to recent station moves, changes, or surrounding land use changes. Otherwise, we would see a far different relationship between the data. Moreover, the UHI is arguably over stated as well, not only because of the obvious correlation between the data — but for other reasons, such as the fact that warming has been observed in the arctic and over the seas. There are other indications that this is so as well, such as the sudden retreat of tropical glaciers at points spanning the globe.
snip – Allen, the problem is that the post is a little too angry. I know what bothers you and lots of people agree but for third parties, it tends to be piling on a bit.
RE 30. Beaver. knaw on this.
This excercise of looking at Hansen's work has ONE Goal.
Here is a very simple test. H2001 deleted the Crater Lake Weather station from its calcualtions.
ONE THING you can't figure out or explain or defend is why H2001 deletes the entire record.
1. Does it make a material difference? NO.
2. Is that the point? NO.
The point is that H2001 has nearly ZERO traceability WRT to data decisions that are made.
Lets hold the FDA to the GISS standard. Lets hold Car Milage estimates to GISS standard.
I continue to read CA on Hansen the way you keep probing a sore tooth with your tongue.
Lets hold the FDA to the GISS standard.
There may be varying standards depending on just what work is being done. For example, my work at the FDA was supposed to be of sufficient quality and documented to such an extent that it could withstand legal examination. My own claim to "fame" is that Judge Sarah T. Hughs, who gave the oath of office to LBJ, once asked me to speak louder. The FDA did win that case.
2. Not yet general, be patient.
I thought the latter would get me in less trouble.
Mosh,hehe indeed. So when's the autobiography coming out? You tell a good story.
RE 37. Nobody would believe it.
With more than 30 years of experience in engineering, let me put it succinctly. An engineering quality study is one which when completed will result in a product or service which will not hurt anyone; or much worse kill someone.
If you want to have a pratical example, what do you suppose the result would be if Boeing designed aircraft using the sort of data manipulation, cherry picking, and tweaking of models to obtain the forecast you would like to see? In other words, how many planes would be flying if aircraft were engineered with the quality that characterizes much of what I see in climate science?
Brooks Hurd – your statement doesn't define the standard, or give an example of a scientific paper that meets it. Without this information it's impossible to judge what McIntyre mean by 'engineering standard'. In engineering, a certain approach is taken, which, incidentally, doesn't always work. Why should that approach be in any way applicable to climate science? The demand doesn't really make sense.
I'm sure an engineering quality document rigorously defines its terms so that there is no ambiguity. I think McIntyre's constant demand for 'engineering quality' falls below the very standards he is demanding. The least he could do, if he wants something, is to clearly explain exactly what that thing is.
Steve: I apologize for not defining the term. The observation was made on the basis of having read engineering reports. The look and approach of them was quite different than papers in academic journals. As to what defines the difference? I'm not an engineer myself. I suspect that there are differences in the codes of practice that lead to the difference but I haven't studied the matter sufficiently to be able to provide a formal definition myself. I think that I can illustrate a few cases showing instances where the approach differs. As to your question, I can't think of any science article – especially ones in Nature and Science – that looks remotely like an engineering report. The most obvious difference is length. An engineering report will run hundreds or thousands of pages, while an article in Nature will be 3-4 pages. But it's not just length. I'll try to illustrate the difference in connection with the Hansen material in a forthcoming post.
Ordinarily when there is a disaster such as the one you linked, it is the result of someone taking short cuts. Based on the projects on which I have worked on 3 continents, my suspicion is that it was not an engineering failure as I infer from your post; but rather the failure of at least one contractor to follow the engineering design. Engineers design conservatively because that way, things are less likely to fail. Engineers check and re-check their calculations to reduce the liklihood of problems.
If Hansen had conservatively designed his data handling code and checked and re-checked his calcs, this topic would not be under discussion.
Steve: Again, there are other differences in approach besides coding and, while there are many readers interested in software, there are other relevant differences.
Brooks Hurd and RW: You may be interested in the Federal Highway Administration interim report (pdf) on the I-35W Missippi River bridge collapse.
This is an example of a process (design, build, use and maintain a bridge) that was started more than 40 years ago, failed dramatically and is now being systematically reviewed to learn why it failed and improve the process. Steve M. and many CA readers believe that the process used to forecast climate is not as well defined as that used to build and maintain bridges.
One funny thing is that some engineering codes have been changed because of the anticipated impacts of AGW, with many more to follow. So "engineering reports" are being based on criteria which come from sources (often GCMs) which do not meet "engineering report" level standards.
For instance, I've seen where clearance requirements for new bridges over some waterways have been increased up to 1m in anticipation of future sea level rises due to AGW. It seems like a cart before the donkey sort of situation.
This has always been the case. Engineering design dictates that one must be conservative in estimating known or anticipated dangers that might present themselves during the anticipated design lifetime of whatever you are creating. It's usually better to build boost a bridge 1m rather than build it and find it underwater later. Similarly, one anticipates earthquakes that might never arrive, hurricanes that may never hit and what not.
Bridges etc, are designed for the worst case foreseeable conditions. Buildings in places without a history of strong earthquakes are not built to the same earthquake standards as are buildings in California. Buildings 100 miles inland aren't built to withstand storm surge.
The fact that 1m is being added to the height of this bridge means that somebody out there has decided that the risk of sea level rising is great enough to justify the extra cost.
Michael's point is that the actual risk of sea level rise is dependant upon the output of these climate models.
I could write a model that proves that magnitude 9.5 earthquakes are possible in Idaho, but nobody would take me or my model seriously.
BTW, Al Gore says we should be worrying about 20 meter increases, not 1 meter.
Of course they designed for worst foreseeable conditions, this includes probabilistic estimates.
Michael thought it was ironic that engineering decisions are influenced by projections that are not documented in "engineering level" reports.
My only point it that it is normal for engineers to take projections seriously when even if these projections are not documented with the level of detail in engineering reports. We did that at Hanford. We used information from peer reviewed literature, and cited the information.
The purpose of the engineering report is to fully describe the basis for decision, making sure that third parties from a range of disciplines can evaluate them without becoming specialists themselves.
Also at some point the wind patterns are affected by the local circulation created by the UHIE dome itself.
I have made this point myself; you put in a city the size of Chicago, and it affects the weather patterns not just in and around it, but whereever the wind decides to take the heat and auto exhaust and so on and so forth.
The metro area covers 3 states, is almost 11,000 square miles, and has over 9 million people!
Yes, engineering does tend to be worst-case conservative. But I don't see the high end of IPCC 2001 estimates to be "worst case" if I am engineering a structure to last through 2100. I would think an engineer would put in a factor of safety to truly be conservative.
And before the code were actually changed, I would think a rigorous analysis (i.e., something similar to an "engineering report") would be performed to determine the accuracy of the 1m projection, provide a cost/benefit analysis of various clearances changes (or none at all), probability of the rise actually being 1m, etc.
I still find it "funny"…as an engineer myself.
Is 1m the worst case IPCC estimate for whatever civil engineering project you are discussing?
If you think incorporating IPCC estimates is funny, you should see the sorts of worst case scenarios that get incorporated into clean-up at Hanford. I once had to prove that the pores in a Hepa filter were indeed smaller than 1/8th inch in their largest dimension. Anyone can tell this by looking at the things, but safety engineers wouldn't consider it officially proven until I managed to get the company to certify this. (The measurements "proving" this had only been done because the owner indulged his son. The Hepa filters were known to filter particles larger than several microns in diameter.
So… I don't find it surprising that engineering quality reports compile information that is not, itself, already documented in an engineering quality report. If that were necessary, we'd never get anything done.
Anyone can come up with worst case scenarios. Proving that they might actually occur is another matter. Hence my example of a huge tremblor in Idaho that Steve keeps snipping.
I'm not entirely sure what your point is. Idaho Falls has earthquake requirements for general buildings. Nuclear power plants in Idaho must comply with earthquake requirements.
Michael says he's surprised that engineering reports, and engineering designs consider information, theories and results of computations that originated outside engineering reports. Engineering reports do routinely consider these bits of information. So do town boards, zoning commissions and various regulatory commissions.
Heck, these groups solicit opinion from the public.
There is no principle of civil engineering that says anyone must exclude information or concerns simply because the plausibility of a concern is not proven as firmly as the Law of Gravity.
Lots of people believe the seas will rise; engineering firms are going to consider this in their designs. Town boards are going to consider it. The voting public is going to consider it when various boards solicit the public opinion.
All I'm saying is: this is normal. It's not surprising.
My point is that worst case scenarios have to have some grounding in reality before it's realistic to use them. Idaho does have earthquakes, but it's not realistic to expect a 9.5 tremblor there. For the same reason, while it does snow in S. California, it's not reasonable to require that roofs be built there to handle 2 feet of snow.
Additionaly, any board that adjusts it's design requirements because of un-informed opinions from the general public, deserves to be fired.
We require builders to build for 100 year floods.
We don't require them to build for 1000 or 1000000 year floods.
Yes, it's done, has been done, and will be done. As I said in #43, there will be more and more AGW-related stuff hitting codes.
But I am not talking about "considering these bits of information" in a design. I am talking about having to design to a county or state standard that comes directly from a hodge-podge of what really amounts to guesswork from non-engineers. It's funny…not ha-ha funny, just "funny." Does it "surprise" me? No. Is it "normal?" Well, I've yet to come across any other engineering standards pulled out of a lit review of non-engineering publications. I've seen codes changed to be "feel good" or due to public pressure. I've seen codes changed to suit a county administrators vested interests. But those were dealing with things like structure setbacks, driveway entrance spacings on a highway, etc…not really engineering standards. I don't see lit-reviews from an intergovernmental panel of non-engineers changing pavement design, earthquake engineering, etc. Hell, you have to jump through hoops (often unsuccessfully) to get a typical city, county, or state to either change their code more make an exception for a product, material, design, or manufacturer with a long-proven track record of success and suitability.
Well, I've yet to come across any other engineering standards pulled out of a lit review of non-engineering publications.
I have! And with good reason. When working on one-of a kind applications, the standards don't exist. Do you think ASTM has a standard for pumping radioactive solid-liquid waste slurries with poorly know physical properities? I quickly looked for a relatively short report of some work done to consider feasilibity of clean up strategies– look at the reference list on this article.
Do you think there is an engineering standard for pneumatic conveyance of gas/solid liquid mixtures?
We cited peer reviewed articles constantly both R&D phases. The engineers who cited our papers when designing also cited peer reviewed articles. Those peer reviewed articles are not themselves 'engineering reports'. But what were we supposed to do, use nothing? If an adverse consequence was suggested in a peer reviewed paper not of engineering quality, we mentioed the adverse consequence, and cited that paper. Should we ignore it?
Of course not. That would violate the spirit of engineering standards!
Heck, non-engineers– called "tribal leaders" concerns were addressed in some of our designs. So, yes, it's normal to have non-engineers guess work or concerns included in designs and even codes. In the case of Handford, the non-engineers concerns were incorporated into law by way of treaty agreements!
Of course you have to jump through hoops to relax engineering lor local standards.
But non-engineers raise them all the time. The basis for raising them is often not proven to engineering standards. It's not surprising.
I realize it may seem "funny" in the sense of illogical, but this is pretty common.
The result is: The fact that a code was raised doesn't actually tell us raising it was logical, or that strong proof was required to elevate the standard. Sometimes, codes are unduly stringent (sometimes the opposite.) I'm not suprised you are finding some codes require bridges be raised. Lots of people are worried about water levels rising. Whether or not they are correct, boards are going to incorporate these into codes.
And as much respect as I have for the folks who've done DOE and DOD work over the years…Hanford is going down as the biggest environmental mess in U.S. history. Aren't they still trying to figure out how to stop a groundwater plume from reaching the Columbia River?
I'm not talking about "relaxing" them. I'm talking about using an alternative or even superior product, method, or design.
Hanford is going down as the biggest environmental mess in U.S. history. Aren't they still trying to figure out how to stop a groundwater plume from reaching the Columbia River?
Yep. It's the biggest mess. The mess was started long, long ago. Heck, during WWII, the scientists just poured chemicals in dirt pits.
Most of the mess was out of the hands of engineers or even the DOE. For example, Jimmy Carter stopped reprocessing of existing waste, thus causing the mess at K-Basins, which were never designed to store waste indefinitely. No one funded any projects to do anything with the stuff.
My point isn't that you should take tips from Hanford: It's that engineering documents can, and do, include information from things like peer reviewed articles which do not include the level of detail of an "engineering report".
This material is often used to show that you have considered all possible hazards– including newly suspected ones.
Engineering standards are good for designing to avoid known hazards. They aren't particularly useful for identifying newly discovered issues. There are no standards for these because people don't know how to deal with them.
Yes. Chicago still requires conduit I think. For all I know they require iron pipes in houses. It's hard to get things changed unless the boards want to change things.
The distribution of known adjustments is not symmetric — adjustments are more likely to be negative than positive. The most common reason for a station needing adjustment is a site move in the 1940-60 period. The earlier site tends to have been warmer than the later one — as the move is often to an out of town airport. So the adjustments are mainly negative, because the earlier record (in the town/city) needs to be reduced [Jones et al., 1985, Jones et al., 1986].
I became a little curious. Hansen says that UHI adjustments were 58/42 percent negative to positive, is there any way to see when during the 20 th century the negative adjustments were made. I do not know if it makes a difference , but it would seem to me if a lions' share of the negative adjustments were made at the beginning of the temperature record and most of the positive adjustments at the later part of the record, could not a spurious trend result?
Steve: Jones' adjustments and Hansen's adjustments are different animals. Don't use a comment from one as containing any information on the other. We've not looked at Jones' adjustments yet.
Sorry, I did not make my question clear, as of course CRU and GISS are two different animals, however, and please correct me, is not the metadata for row stations the same? I guess what I was trying to say is that Hansen makes a pretty big deal that the trends are the same Rural, peri-urban, and urban adjusted and non-adjusted. If this is the case than why even bother doing an adjustment, unless you look at UHI not as a late 20th century trend, but rather as an early 20th century problem. As I said, probably nothing, but I would still like to see the negative adjustments as a function of time.
I do not know if it makes a difference , but it would seem to me if a lions' share of the negative adjustments were made at the beginning of the temperature record and most of the positive adjustments at the later part of the record, could not a spurious trend result?
..and then Brohan plots a histogram of applied adjustments and fits a Gaussian distribution to it, obtaining "hypothesised distribution of the adjustments required". The difference is then fitted to new Gaussian distribution, and "So the homogenisation adjustment uncertainty for any station is a random value taken from a normal distribution with a standard deviation of 0.4 C". Time is not taken into account, and this 0.4 C, of course, disappears almost completely as we have so many stations. I don't know how Hansen computes the homogenization adjustment uncertainty, hopefully it is something different.
A rise in sea levels and other changes fueled by global warming threaten roads, rail lines, ports, airports and other important infrastructure, and policy makers and planners should be acting now to avoid or mitigate their effects, according to new government reports.
Noting that 60,000 miles of coastal highways are already subject to periodic flooding, the academy panel called for policy makers to survey vulnerable areas — "roads, bridges, marine, air, pipelines, everything," Dr. Schwartz said — and begin work now on plans to protect, reinforce, move or replace on safer ground. Those tasks will take years or decades and tens of billions of dollars, at least, he said.
Quite honestly, looking at infrastructures is probably a good thing regardless. It's often difficult to justify the expense to the public. So, in this case, I'm afraid I'm in favor of surveying roads and moving things that are vulnerable. In most cases, they'll end up moving or shoring up things that were built too close to the water in the first place.
lucia: You're right. But if you look at pictures of New York and other harbors from 100 years ago you'll notice that things have changed. Nothing from that time remains. Everything has rotted, burned or simply outlived its economic life and been replaced. And over the next 100 years the process will continue — just two or three feet higher. The marginal cost of that two or three feet will be vanishingly small. Not headline material.
James Erlandson, where do you get that "two or three feet" from?
Thanks. I think they downgraded their numbers in the final report.


A trip to the toilet shouldn't mean risking violence. Every day, women displaced by conflict risk violence because they've been left out of even basic decisions - like where to build the toilets.
You can help today. Be the light. Help Oxfam keep women safe with life-saving assistance and advocate for women's rights.


Crafted from Louis Vuitton Damier Ebène coated canvas, this Louis Vuitton Trevi PM handbag is durable, practical, and fashionable. Its rolled handles and removable shoulder strap are made from a rich dark brown leather. Its red alcantara-lined interior, secured with a zipper, has two open side pockets and a D-ring. This beautiful bag is perfect for any occasion, whether it's a day spent shopping or an evening out.
Overall: This bag has been very well cared for. There are a few small pen stains in two of the interior pockets, however.