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Virginia Law Enforcement K-9 Memorial to be dedicated on Virginia Tech campus /
Current page: Virginia Law Enforcement K-9 Memorial to be dedicated on Virginia Tech campus
Virginia Law Enforcement K-9 Memorial to be dedicated on Virginia Tech campus
Blacksburg sculptor Larry Bechtel works on the Virginia Law Enforcement K-9 Memorial.
The Virginia Law Enforcement K-9 Memorial will be dedicated on the grounds of the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine at Virginia Tech on Friday, Oct. 16 at 2 p.m.
The memorial consists of a life-size bronze German Shepherd police dog sculpted by Blacksburg artist Larry Bechtel, creator of the noted "Officer Down" statue installed in front of the Roanoke City Police Department, the Addison Caldwell statue at Virginia Tech, and several other major installations.
Located adjacent to the main entrance of the veterinary college's Veterinary Teaching Hospital, it will be installed upon a granite base that will denote the names of Virginia law enforcement dogs who lost their lives in the line of duty.
An estimated 100 K-9 officers and their dogs from departments located in cities and counties across the state, as well as hundreds of others, are expected to attend the event.
The memorial seeks to honor the lives of law enforcement dogs killed in the line of duty, according to John Hoover, a Franklin County Sheriff's Department K-9 officer, certified North American Police Work Dog Association "Master Trainer," and official with the Virginia Police Work Dog Association.
"This is something we've dreamed about for a long time," said Hoover, who has been working with a committee of college officials, members of the United States Police Canine Association (USPCA), and other officers and officials for about five years on the project. "These dogs are heroes, and what they do should be recognized by everyone they help protect."
A five-year private fundraising campaign that sought to raise the money to build the memorial was capped off last spring when an anonymous donor stepped forward with a $45,000 gift.
"Our college is honored to partner with the law enforcement community on this project," said Dr. Gerhardt Schurig, dean of the veterinary college. "We're often so involved with animals as pets that we forget about the very critical role that working and service animals play in society every day. Veterinarians have an important responsibility to keep these animals healthy and vital."
Details about the ceremony are still being finalized, but speakers are expected to include Schurig, Virginia Tech President Charles W. Steger, a special guest speaker from the national law enforcement community.
Virginia Police Work Dog Association Holds Fall Workshop
Boomer and Boris join Virginia Tech Police Department
Jeffrey S. Douglas
Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine


The 18-hour, Taliban-led onslaught on Sunday that rocked parts of Afghanistan, including the heavily fortified heart of its capital, Kabul, is being spun in different directions by those locked in the struggle over the war-torn country. Taliban elders crowed that the audacious attacks were just the latest evidence of their fighters' ability to hoodwink the local and international forces arrayed against them — landing yet another psychological blow against an occupying army heading out the door by 2014 with no clear victory in sight.
NATO officials in Brussels had to sing from a completely different song sheet, though, emphasizing the role Afghan troops played in repelling the raid. Briefing the press on Monday, NATO spokeswoman Oana Lungescu said: "These attacks were planned, coordinated and they grabbed the headlines, but they did not cause mass casualties, and we have the Afghan forces to thank for that." Lungescu went on praise the "growing capabilities" of the Afghan security forces, whose ability to tackle the long-standing Taliban insurgency is still very much in question.
In Brussels, it's clear to all that the future and legacy of NATO's decadelong mission in Afghanistan hinge on the integrity and strength of the Afghan army. To compensate for the impending departures of coalition forces, NATO plans to help Afghan troop numbers "surge" to an expected 352,000 men by October this year. Afghan forces have been handed direct control of large swaths of the country, including Kabul province. And, at least in NATO's messaging, confidence in the Afghan security establishment has never been higher.
Yet, as NATO prepares for a pivotal summit in Chicago this May, serious doubts hover over the alliance and its mission in Afghanistan. By the time of the conference, France, a key member state, may have elected a new President who has said he would withdraw his country's soldiers ahead of schedule from their West Asian deployment. An internal report reviewing the alliance's campaign in Libya — hailed by some in Brussels as proof positive of NATO's vitality — spotlighted the organization's continued overreliance on American capabilities; Washington tried to disguise its involvement in the 2011 intervention as that of a backseat driver. Europe's new era of austerity has accelerated the continent's already waning interest in foreign imbroglios. Shrinking defense budgets have forced NATO officials to start peddling the term smart defense — a scheme for shared security strategies that optimistically aims to do more with less.
In Afghanistan, meanwhile, it remains hard to see any resolution of the war with the Taliban without peace talks and political reconciliation — a subject that was conspicuously absent in a number of briefings in Brussels on the situation in Afghanistan. Even as NATO praises the Afghan security forces that its member states have spent years training, "green on blue" shootings of coalition soldiers by rogue Afghan personnel continue. That's a symptom not only of years of conflict and agony in a nation but also of a quagmire NATO and its partners are now fitfully trying to escape.


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NASP Inaugural Ron Bookman Scholarship Program Recipients Announced
Nov 18, 2019 · NASP News
The National Association of Specialty Pharmacy announced the winners of the inaugural Ron Bookman Scholarship Program on September 10th at the 2019 Annual Meeting and Expo. Of the 21 applicants from colleges across the nation, three winners were selected. Each recipient received a $2,500 scholarship. The funds will be used to aid with student expenses such as tuition, fees, and books.
Applicants were required to complete an application, write a 500-word essay that described how they mirrored the qualities and values of Ron Bookman, submit two letters of recommendation, and provide verification of a GPA of 3.0 or higher. The NASP Scholarship Committee, comprised of Sheila Arquette (Chair), Mike Agostino, Michael Baldzicki, Carmine DeNardo, Benito Fernandez, and Amvrosios Ioannidis, evaluated and scored the blinded submissions.
"We received so many outstanding applications. It was a very difficult task and the decisions were not easy," said Sheila M. Arquette, RPh, NASP Executive Director. "However, the scholarship recipients selected are truly exceptional individuals."
Our scholarship winners are:
Jenna Boudreau is a 4th year pharmacy student with a GPA of 3.948 at the University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy. An excerpt from her essay follows:
"I was introduced to Specialty Pharmacy after my first year of pharmacy school, and I quickly realized that I had found an area of pharmacy that I was passionate about. The two years that I have worked as an intern for Fairview Specialty Pharmacy have not only taught me about a whole new area of medication therapy, but it taught me to be kind, empathetic and conscientious during every patient interaction. My academic goal is to complete pharmacy school and match with a Health System Pharmacy Administration Residence program. My career goal is to complete my residency and gain employment within the Fairview Pharmacy system, ideally within the specialty pharmacy in a leadership role. My peers have often questioned why I want to pursue a leadership role instead of individual patient care and I have reconciled this with my desire to make a contribution to society. I believe the decisions and any needed operational changes I can make within a leadership role will help me change thousands of patients' lives, which is why I pursued a healthcare profession."
Erin Foxx is junior with a GPA of 3.64 at Fairfield University. She is majoring in Psychology and Spanish. Erin was not able to attend the NASP conference to accept her scholarship due to her school schedule, so her father, Erin Foxx accepted on her behalf.
An excerpt from Erin's essay follows:
"As a student, friend, and community member, I strive to live out the teachings of Mr. Ron Bookman each and every day. When I was a freshman in high school, my grandfather was admitted to the hospital for a life-saving bone marrow transplant intended to cure his leukemia. This journey to health was very strenuous and emotionally taxing for all involved. It led me to find a new passion in my life and has given me the opportunity to make a difference in the lives of others. In the fall of 2018, I helped establish the Be the Match Club on campus, and since then have been serving my community as the co-president. I helped plan registration drives to help patients find their genetic match as well as plan fundraisers to directly help and support a local family that is currently going through this situation. Although Mr. Bookman could not benefit from this type of work, other patients like my grandfather will benefit from our club's work. In the first year of the club, we have added one hundred people to the registry. My grandfather's diagnosis has allowed me to find true compassion and kindness within myself that Mr. Bookman put forth in his daily life."
Adam Hussain is a senior pharmacy student at Howard University College of Pharmacy and he carries a GPA of 3.52. Adam is also a founding member of the NASP Student Chapter at his school.
This is what Adam had to say in his essay:
"The pharmacy profession has interested me from a young age because of my desire to work within the healthcare field and make a difference in patients' lives through improving drug safety and revolutionizing health outcomes. My desire to strive for better stems from my father, who was a first-generation immigrant and the son of an army dentist and nurse. He taught me the value of hard work and persevering in the face of adversity. I have had to struggle both financially and personally to pay my way through pharmacy school. If awarded this scholarship, I hope to develop myself as a pharmacist. My goal is to complete two years of residency before becoming a board-certified pharmacist in either pharmacotherapy or infectious diseases. Another goal is to become a preceptor to help foster the growth of new pharmacy students."
This scholarship program was created in memory of Ron Bookman, who passed away in March 2019. Ron was a powerful mentor and he was committed to helping others find success and gratification in their life and careers. For those of us fortunate enough to know Ron, he will forever be missed. Through the creation of this sustainable program, we will ensure that his memory lives on.
Thank you to all who submitted applications and congratulations to our scholarship recipients.
Pharmacy community urges CMS to include standardized pharmacy performance measures provisions in the draft 2021 Medicare Part D Call Letter	Nov 16	The pharmacy community joined together this week in urging the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services... read more

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: How to show SD in seaborn.tsplot() instead of SEM? I want to show the standard deviation in a tsplot() instead of the standard error of the mean. Looks like the 'ci_band' option shows the latter.
If this is possible, does anyone know of any example on how to accomplish this?

A: 2015-11-14
Not possible.
I opened an issue here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


– An EPA investigation concluded Volkswagen installed a "defeat device" in select VW vehicles.
– The device is a piece of complex software that detects if the vehicle is being tested and limits emissions during the testing period.
– Volkswagen has admitted that the vehicles did contain a defeat device.
– On Friday, Sept. 18, the Obama Administration ordered Volkswagen to recall the affected vehicles.
– Nearly 500,000 vehicles are believed to contain this device.
– The U.S. government gave a $1,300 tax credit to individuals who purchased a Volkswagen Jetta TDI "Clean Diesel" in 2009, the first year these vehicles were affected.
– The carmaker could face $18 billion in fines from the EPA.
– Owners of the affected vehicles need not take any action yet, as their safety is not at risk.
At Carsforsale.com, we have our ear to the ground and will provide additional details about this Volkswagen recall as they become available. For more automotive news, stay tuned to the Carsforsale.com Blog News section.


Being an illness which so effect so many, it's important to work for making the general public aware. Not only so that people are familiar with common symptoms and can seek medical help in good time should it be required. But also to ensure that enough funds are collected for the research of this common and wide spread disease. Around 100 000 deaths around the globe each year is attributed to this illness, which is chronic, progressive, and that we still don't know the exact cause of. Although medical progress is of course moving forward, and something have been related to the illness, such as toxins in the environment and genetic abnormalities, there is still much research still in need of doing.
To tell you a bit more about the illness itself and inform you how it may effect the life of the one diagnosed. Parkinson's disease is a chronic and progressive illness which effects the victim's ability in motor function as well as their mental state. Parkinson's disease is connected with mental disorders such as depression and at the later stages dementia. The person affected may suffer uncontrollable tremors, muscle aches and pains caused by the constant tension which occurs in the muscles and joints, their ability to focus may diminish, and memory may also be effected. Treatment options are for the most part limited to drug treatments which aim to stimulate the natural dopamine production of the patients own brain. The option of brain surgery may be there for some candidates, which also aim to restore natural dopamine production, however surgery is no cure for Parkinson's disease. But for patients who suffer side effects of heavy drug treatments, it may aid in reducing these. Many drugs also become less effective over time for the patient, and although there is research conducted to minimize the reduction in effectiveness there is here also still much to be done.


Like a number of other countries, Britain is currently sweltering in the midst of a heatwave. It's hard enough for humans to cope in the hot weather (personally, I hate it – when it's freezing cold you can always put another jumper on, but in this heat you can't take your skin off!), but imagine what it must be like for our wildlife, which has already been battered by the strange weather we've been having so far this year.
While we all revel in an unusually sunny summer, our garden wildlife might not be having such a good time. The hot weather could be causing natural water sources to dry up, meaning birds and hedgehogs could be left without anything to drink.
Turning your outside space into a home for nature by doing simple things like topping up your birdbath, creating a make-shift pond from a washing-up tub or putting down a saucer filled with water could offer a vital lifeline to some of our garden favourites that are already fighting against declines.
When it's particularly dry, worms tunnel right down into the soil, meaning they become out of reach to the wildlife that usually feasts on them, such as blackbirds, robins, hedgehogs and frogs.
If the hot, dry conditions carry on we may see wild plants start to die, meaning bees and butterflies will find it hard. If that happens, our gardens and the well-watered plants in them will become even more important to these insects.
You can find some more good advice on looking after wildlife in hot weather here.
Plus, if you have pets, there's some great info from the Battersea Cats & Dogs Home on keeping them safe during a heatwave here.
Oh, and if you're out and about, you can bring me back an ice lolly please!


For the majority of people, the idea of capsulized food typically invokes images of intergalactic-travellers ingesting meals, which is condensed into a pill form. Capsulized foods certainly are one of the most inventive nutritional innovations in recent history, and will soon become a highly treasured concept within the health-food community.
In order to appreciate what capsulized foods truly are, and how they are positively changing how the world eats – it is helpful to understand why capsulized foods were designed in the first place – In one word: shortage.
A full-course meal might provide the correct amount of low G.I. carbohydrates, complete proteins, and unsaturated fats- but the preparation of meals are often associated with a kitchen.
The modern world is plentiful with processed and natural foods. However, finding the appropriate combination of these foods, in order to meet our dietary needs is a challenge for many individuals. The assortment of choices further adds to the confusion. Whether one is on a low fat, low carb, or isometric diet – finding the appropriate foods and including them into your everyday lifestyle, requires effort.
Nutrient density refers to the amount of nutrition within a given food. For example, a white-bread bun weighing 50 grams has a low nutritional density, while an egg also weighing 50 grams has a much higher nutrition density. Gram-for-gram, most processed foods retain less nutritional-density (-or value) than whole foods, like vegetables and fruit. Nevertheless, there are some processed foods which do provide good, dense nutrition in small quantities of food. The challenge lies in identifying the foods that are abundant in nutrients as opposed to the foods that aren't.
It was for these shortages for which capsulized foods were designed, and now offers a fantastically innovative eating solution. Occasionally called compact liquid foods – Capsulized foods are lightweight requires no preparation time whatsoever, and transports easily due to their small, durable containers. Additionally, capsulized foods are typically liquefied dissolved, which allows for quick consumption.
These factors are of crucial importance to people who simply don't have time to prepare and enjoy a conventional meal. Capsulized foods are also very high in nutrients, and in truth -provides the highest nutritional value, per gram, of any food product on the market today. Consequently, capsulized foods, in effect – solve the lack of portability, convenience, and nutrition in a single eating solution.
Research of late has shown that nutritional supplements simply won't have a lasting impact if it doesn't taste good. Expecting people to eat foul-tasting nutritional food is simply not reasonable, and for many years now – any attempt to create palatable capsulized food failed to overcome this hurdle – until very recently. Contemporary Manufacturers understand that in order to develop a capsulized food – the taste is paramount.
Capsulized foods offer a complete micronutrient- and macronutrient-enriched meal in only a few millilitres. This allows people to go from hungry to satisfied, in less than 30 seconds. Plus – at around 100 to 200 calories per-pop, capsulized foods are perfect for people on calorie-controlled diets.
By means of capsulized foods – People can now enjoy the convenience, nutrition, and taste they've demanded for decades. Today – capsulized foods are viable and intelligent eating solution. Will you try it?
This article was written by health enthusiast, ScribeZA, for a top South African wholesale food distributor.


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Worst year for real wage growth since 1977
Analysis of statistics by the Trades Union Congress (TUC) found that 2022 was the worst year for real wage growth in 45 years.
Real wages is the amount that people earned in relation to their cost of living and on average these fell by £76 per month this year because earnings weren't keeping up with inflation.
Against a backdrop of several different groups of workers going on strike, key workers in the public sector are now £180 a month worse off in real terms than they were a year ago according to the analysis.
It's the sharpest fall in real wages since 1977 and the second worst on record since the end of World War II.
There are upcoming strikes planned by postal workers, train and bus drivers, border forces agency staff, driving instructors, NHS workers and teachers. Nurses' real pay fell by £1,800 over the last 12 months according to the TUC and they are earning £5,000 less in real terms than they were in 2010. For midwives and paramedics that number rises to more than £6,000.
General secretary of the TUC Frances O'Grady said that workers are "being pushed to breaking point" by years of pay austerity.
"Family budgets have been shredded by soaring bills and more than a decade of pay being held down. The Conservatives have presided over the longest real wage squeeze in over 200 years," she said.
"The Tories' failure to get pay rising has left millions of households brutally exposed to the cost of living emergency. It's time to reward work – not wealth. We cannot be a country where NHS and teaching staff have to use food banks, while City bankers are given unlimited bonuses."
Nursing unions have offered to suspend planned strikes in return for pay negotiations but this offer was turned down by the government. The unions have requested a 17.6% pay rise for nurses by ministers have described this as "unaffordable".
A government spokesperson said: "We are increasing the wages of millions of workers by raising the 'national living wage' to £10.42 an hour in April – an extra £1,600 a year for a full-time worker.
"On top of this, the energy price guarantee will save a typical household around £700 this winter, whilst we have reversed the rise in national insurance contributions and made changes to universal credit to help working households keep more of what they earn.
"It is vital we bear down on inflation, which is eating away at people's wages, however we also recognise the vital contribution the public sector makes to our country, which is why we have offered 2 million workers the highest pay uplift in nearly 20 years."
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It also calculates steps, distance, calories burnt, with a comparison of historical data.
Myntra and Jabong has announced the launch of its smart hearable device Blink Play.
The newly launched device comes in three premium metallic variants Carbon Black, Moon Silver, and Rose Gold and two sporty designer variants in Limerick and Tangerine.
As a personal fitness coach, the device lets the user access a range of guided audio sessions on the App while tracking key activity metrics through an on-going training session.
The device allows users to challenge themselves and friends on fitness tasks and goals, with a rank on the leaderboard depending on their scores.
BLINK PLAY's hardware features top-of-the-line audio chipsets from Qualcomm and also includes a high-quality built-in mic, all at an affordable price point of Rupees 2250 + taxes, making it the ultimate fitness companion.
Amar Nagaram, Head - Myntra and Jabong, said, "In-house innovation is a very strong working principle at Myntra and Jabong and this has helped us stay ahead as frontrunners at the intersection of fashion and technology. BLINK PLAY combines ultra-premium fitness features on a wearable device through compact design, while also ensuring accessibility and affordability for the masses, thanks to the efforts of our Innovation Labs team that has made this product a reality. It is a fitness guide and coach like no other with its vivid functionality, aiding in wellbeing.
It comes with fitness data which calculates steps, distance, calories burnt, with a comparison of historical data.
It also offers guided audio training sessions that users can choose from, depending on activities indoor, runs, cycling sessions and walks.
Allow users to challenge themselves and friends on fitness tasks and goals, with a rank on the leaderboard depending on their scores.


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Very happy to have work exhibited in the Philadelphia Fine Art Fair this weekend, April 4-7. Stop by the Bridgette Mayer Gallery in booths 127 and 128 at the 23rd Street Armory, 22 South 23rd Street in Philadelphia. Also on view will be works by Rebecca Rutstein, Nathan Pankratz, Arden Bendler Browning, Dana Hargrove, and more. Hope you can stop by!


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Ralph Cudworth
English clergyman, theologian, philosopher, and Cambridge Platonist (1617–88)
For Ralph Cudworth Snr, see Ralph Cudworth (died 1624).
The Reverend Professor
Aller, Somerset, England
26 June 1688(1688-06-26) (aged 70–71)
University of Cambridge:
Emmanuel College (BA; MA)
Clare Hall (BD; DD)
Early modern philosophy
Cambridge Platonists
Masham
Ecclesiastical career
Christianity (Anglican)
1650 (Priest)
Offices held
Vicar, Great Wilbraham (1656)
Rector, North Cadbury (1650–6)
Rector, Toft (1656–62)
Rector, Ashwell (1662–88)
Prebendary, Gloucester (1678)
Ralph Cudworth FRS (/ˈreɪf ˈkʊdɜːrθ/ RAYF CUD-erth; 1617 – 26 June 1688) was an English Anglican clergyman, Christian Hebraist, classicist, theologian and philosopher, and a leading figure among the Cambridge Platonists who became 11th Regius Professor of Hebrew (1645–88), 26th Master of Clare Hall (1645–54), and 14th Master of Christ's College (1654–88).[1] A leading opponent of Hobbes's political and philosophical views, his magnum opus was his The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678).[2]
1 Family background
1.1 Ancestry
1.2 The Rev. Dr Ralph Cudworth Snr (1572/3–1624)
2.1 Education
2.2 Pensioner, Student and Fellow of Emmanuel College (1630–45)
2.3 11th Regius Professor of Hebrew (1645) and 26th Master of Clare Hall (1645–54)
2.4 Marriage (1654) and 14th Master of Christ's College (1654–88)
2.5 Commonwealth and Restoration
2.6 Later life
2.7 Children
3.1 Sermons and Treatises
3.1.1 A Treatise concerning eternal and immutable Morality (posth.)
3.1.2 A Treatise of Freewill (posth.)
3.2 The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678)
4 Arms
Family background[edit]
Ancestry[edit]
Cudworth's family reputedly originated in Cudworth (near Barnsley), Yorkshire, moving to Lancashire with the marriage (c.1377) of John de Cudworth (d.1384) and Margery (d.1384), daughter of Richard de Oldham (living 1354), lord of the manor of Werneth, Oldham. The Cudworths of Werneth Hall, Oldham, were lords of the manor of Werneth/Oldham, until 1683. Ralph Cudworth (the philosopher)'s father, Ralph Cudworth (Snr), was the posthumous-born second son of Ralph Cudworth (d.1572) of Werneth Hall, Oldham.[3][4][5][6][7]
The Rev. Dr Ralph Cudworth Snr (1572/3–1624)[edit]
The philosopher's father, The Rev. Dr Ralph Cudworth (1572/3–1624), was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA (1592/93, MA (1596). Emmanuel College (founded by Sir Walter Mildmay (1584), and under the direction of its first Master, Laurence Chaderton) was, from its inception, a stronghold of Reformist, Puritan and Calvinist teaching, which shaped the development of puritan ministry, and contributed largely to the emigrant ministry in America.[8]
Ordained in 1599[9] and elected to a college fellowship by 1600,[10] Cudworth Snr was much influenced by William Perkins, whom he succeeded, in 1602, as Lecturer of the Parish Church of St Andrew the Great, Cambridge.[11] He was awarded the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1603.[12] He edited Perkins's Commentary on St Paul's Epistle to the Galatians (1604),[13] with a dedication to Robert, 3rd Lord Rich (later 1st Earl of Warwick), adding a commentary of his own with dedication to Sir Bassingbourn Gawdy.[14] Lord Rich presented him to the Vicariate of Coggeshall, Essex (1606)[15] to replace the deprived minister Thomas Stoughton, but he resigned this position (March 1608), and was licensed to preach from the pulpit by the Chancellor and Scholars of the University of Cambridge (November 1609).[16] He then applied for the Rectoriate of Aller, Somerset (an Emmanuel College living)[17] and, resigning his fellowship, was appointed to it in 1610.[18]
His marriage (1611) to Mary Machell (c.1582–1634), (who had been "nutrix" – nurse, or preceptor – to Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales)[19] brought important connections. Cudworth Snr was appointed as one of James I's chaplains.[20] Mary's mother (or aunt) was the sister of Sir Edward Lewknor, a central figure (with the Jermyn and Heigham families) among the puritan East Anglian gentry, whose children had attended Emmanuel College.[21] Mary's Lewknor and Machell connections with the Rich family included her first cousins Sir Nathaniel Rich and his sister Dame Margaret Wroth, wife of Sir Thomas Wroth of Petherton Park near Bridgwater, Somerset, influential promoters of colonial enterprise (and later of nonconformist emigration) in New England. Aller was immediately within their sphere.
Ralph Snr and Mary settled at Aller, where their children (listed below) were christened during the following decade.[22] Cudworth continued to study, working on a complete survey of Case-Divinity, The Cases of Conscience in Family, Church and Commonwealth while suffering from the agueish climate at Aller.[23] He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity (1619),[24] and was among the dedicatees of Richard Bernard's 1621 edition of The Faithfull Shepherd.[25] Ralph Snr died at Aller declaring a nuncupative will (7 August 1624) before Anthony Earbury and Dame Margaret Wroth.[26]
Children[edit]
Parish Church of St Andrew, Aller, Somerset: where John Stoughton succeeded Ralph Cudworth Snr (1624)
The children of Ralph Cudworth Snr and Mary (née Machell) Cudworth (c.1582–1634) were:
General James Cudworth (1612–82) was Assistant Governor (1756–8, 1674–80) and Deputy Governor (1681–2) of Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts, and four-times Commissioner of the United Colonies (1657–81),[27] whose descendants form an extensive family of American Cudworths.
Elizabeth Cudworth (1615–54) married (1636) Josias Beacham of Broughton, Northamptonshire (Rector of Seaton, Rutland (1627–76)), by whom she had several children. Beacham was ejected from his living by the Puritans (1653), but reinstated (by 1662).[28]
Ralph Cudworth (Jnr)
Mary Cudworth
John Cudworth (1622–75) of London and Bentley, Suffolk, Alderman of London, and Master of the Worshipful Company of Girdlers (1667–68).[29] On his death, John left four orphans of whom both Thomas Cudworth (1661–1726)[30] and Benjamin Cudworth (1670–15 Sept. 1725) attended Christ's College, Cambridge.[31] Benjamin Cudworth's black memorial slab is in St. Margaret's parish church, Southolt, Suffolk.
Jane/Joan(?) Cudworth (b.c.1624; fl. unmarried, 1647) may have been Ralph's sister.[32]
Education[edit]
The second son, and third of five (probably six) children, Ralph Cudworth (Jnr) was born at Aller, Somerset, where he was baptised (13 July 1617). Following the death of his father, Ralph Cudworth Snr (1624), The Rev. Dr John Stoughton (1593–1639), (son of Thomas Stoughton of Coggeshall; also a Fellow of Emmanuel College), succeeded as Rector of Aller, and married the widow Mary (née Machell) Cudworth (c.1582–1634).[33] Dr Stoughton paid careful attention to his stepchildren's education, which Ralph later described as a "diet of Calvinism".[34] Letters, to Stoughton, by both brothers James and Ralph Cudworth make this plain; and, when Ralph matriculated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge (1632),[35] Stoughton thought him "as wel grounded in Schol-Learning as any Boy of his Age that went to the University".[36] Stoughton was appointed Curate and Preacher at St Mary Aldermanbury, London (1632),[37] and the family left Aller. Ralph's elder brother, James Cudworth, married and emigrated to Scituate, Plymouth Colony, New England (1634).[38] Mary Machell Cudworth Stoughton died during summer 1634,[39] and Dr Stoughton married a daughter of John Browne of Frampton and Dorchester.[40]
Pensioner, Student and Fellow of Emmanuel College (1630–45)[edit]
Emmanuel College, Cambridge
From a family background embedded in the early nonconformity and a diligent student, Cudworth was admitted (as a pensioner) to his father's old college, Emmanuel College, Cambridge (1630), matriculated (1632), and graduated (BA (1635/6); MA (1639)). After some misgivings (which he confided in his stepfather),[41] he was elected a Fellow of Emmanuel (1639), and became a successful tutor, delivering the Rede Lecture (1641). He published a tract entitled The Union of Christ and the Church, in a Shadow (1642),[42] and another, A Discourse concerning the True Notion of the Lord's Supper (1642),[43] in which his readings of Karaite manuscripts (stimulated by meetings with Johann Stephan Rittangel) were influential.[44]
11th Regius Professor of Hebrew (1645) and 26th Master of Clare Hall (1645–54)[edit]
Old Court, Clare College, Cambridge
Following sustained correspondence with John Selden[45] (to whom he supplied Karaite literature), he was elected (aged 28) as 11th Regius Professor of Hebrew (1645).[46] In 1645, Thomas Paske had been ejected as Master of Clare Hall for his Anglican allegiances, and Cudworth (despite his immaturity) was selected as his successor, as 26th Master (but not admitted until 1650).[47] Similarly, his fellow-theologian Benjamin Whichcote was installed as 19th Provost of King's College.[48] Cudworth attained the degree of Bachelor of Divinity (1646), and preached a sermon before the House of Commons of England (on 1 John 2, 3–4),[49] which was later published with a Letter of Dedication to the House (1647).[50] Despite these distinctions and his presentation, by Emmanuel College, to the Rectoriate of North Cadbury, Somerset (3 October 1650), he remained comparatively impoverished. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity (1651),[51] and, in January 1651/2, his friend Dr John Worthington wrote of him, "If through want of maintenance he should be forced to leave Cambridge, for which place he is so eminently accomplished with what is noble and Exemplarily Academical, it would be an ill omen."[52]
Marriage (1654) and 14th Master of Christ's College (1654–88)[edit]
First Court, Christ's College, Cambridge
Despite his sight started worsening, Cudworth was elected (29 October 1654) and admitted (2 November 1654), as 14th Master of Christ's College.[53] His appointment coincided with his marriage to Damaris (d.1695), daughter (by his first wife, Damaris) of Matthew Cradock (d.1641), first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Hence Worthington commented "After many tossings Dr Cudworth is through God's good Providence returned to Cambridge and settled in Christ's College, and by his marriage more settled and fixed."[54]
In his Will (1641), Matthew Cradock had divided his estate beside the Mystic River at Medford, Massachusetts (which he had never visited, and was managed on his behalf)[55] into two moieties: one was bequeathed to his daughter Damaris Cradock (d.1695), (later wife of Ralph Cudworth Jnr); and one was to be enjoyed by his widow Rebecca (during her lifetime), and afterwards to be inherited by his brother, Samuel Cradock (1583–1653), and his heirs male.[56] Samuel Cradock's son, Samuel Cradock Jnr (1621–1706), was admitted to Emmanuel (1637), graduated (BA (1640–1); MA (1644); BD (1651)), was later a Fellow (1645–56), and pupil of Benjamin Whichcote.[57] After part of the Medford estate was rented to Edward Collins (1642), it was placed in the hands of an attorney; the widow Rebecca Cradock (whose second and third husbands were Richard Glover and Benjamin Whichcote, respectively), petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts, and the legatees later sold the estate to Collins (1652).[58][59]
The marriage of the widow Rebecca Cradock, to Cudworth's colleague Benjamin Whichcote laid the way for the union between Cudworth and her stepdaughter, Damaris (d.1695), thereby reinforcing the connections between the two scholars through a familial bond. Damaris had married, firstly (1642),[60] Thomas Andrewes Jnr (d.1653) of London and Feltham, son of Sir Thomas Andrewes (d.1659), (Lord Mayor of London, 1649, 1651–2), which union had produced several children. The Andrewes family were also engaged in the Massachusetts project, and strongly supported puritan causes.[61]
Commonwealth and Restoration[edit]
Cudworth emerged as a central figure among that circle of theologians and philosophers known as the Cambridge Platonists, who were (more or less) in sympathy with the Commonwealth: during the later 1650s, Cudworth was consulted by John Thurloe, Oliver Cromwell's Secretary to the Council of State, with regard to certain university and government appointments and various other matters.[62][63] During 1657, Cudworth advised Bulstrode Whitelocke's sub-committee of the Parliamentary "Grand Committee for Religion" on the accuracy of editions of the English Bible.[64] Cudworth was appointed Vicar of Great Wilbraham, and Rector of Toft, Cambridgeshire Ely diocese (1656), but surrendered these livings (1661 and 1662, respectively) when he was presented, by Dr Gilbert Sheldon, Bishop of London, to the Hertfordshire Rectory of Ashwell (1 December 1662).[65]
The mid-seventeenth century Fellows' Swimming Pool, Christ's College, Cambridge
Given Cudworth's close cooperation with prominent figures in Oliver Cromwell's regime (such as John Thurloe), Cudworth's continuance as Master of Christ's was challenged at the Restoration but, ultimately, he retained this post until his death.[66] He and his family are believed to have resided in private lodgings at the "Old Lodge" (which stood between Hobson Street and the College Chapel), and various improvements were made to the college rooms in his time.[67] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1662.
Later life[edit]
In 1665, Cudworth almost quarrelled with his fellow-Platonist, Henry More, because of the latter's composition of an ethical work which Cudworth feared would interfere with his own long-contemplated treatise on the same subject.[68] To avoid any difficulties, More published his Enchiridion ethicum (1666–69), in Latin;[69] However, Cudworth's planned treatise was never published. His own majestic work, The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678),[70] was conceived in three parts of which only the first was completed; he wrote: "there is no reason why this volume should therefore be thought imperfect and incomplete, because it hath not all the Three Things at first Designed by us: it containing all that belongeth to its own particular Title and Subject, and being in that respect no Piece, but a Whole."[71]
Memorial to Damaris Cudworth
Cudworth was installed as Prebendary of Gloucester (1678).[72] His colleague, Benjamin Whichcote, died at Cudworth's house in Cambridge (1683),[73] and Cudworth himself died (26 June 1688), and was buried in the Chapel of Christ's College.[74] An oil portrait of Cudworth (from life) hangs in the Hall of Christ's College.[75] During Cudworth's time an outdoor Swimming Pool was created at Christ's College (which still exists), and a carved bust of Cudworth there accompanies those of John Milton and Nicholas Saunderson.[76]
Cudworth's widow, Damaris (née Cradock) Andrewes Cudworth (d.1695), maintained close connections with her daughter, Damaris Cudworth Masham, at High Laver, Essex, which was where she died, and was commemorated in the church with a carved epitaph reputedly composed by the philosopher John Locke.[77]
The children of Ralph Cudworth and Damaris (née Cradock) Andrewes Cudworth (d.1695) were:
John Cudworth (c.1656–1726) was admitted to Christ's College, Cambridge (1672), graduated (BA (1676–7); MA (1680)), and was a pupil of Mr Andrewes. He was a Fellow (1678–98), was ordained a priest (1684), and later became Lecturer in Greek (1687/8) and Senior Dean (1690).[78]
Charles Cudworth (d.1684) was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge (1674–6), but may have not graduated, instead, making a career in the factories of Kasimbazar, West Bengal, India, which was where John Locke (friend of his sister Damaris Cudworth), corresponded with him (27 April 1683).[79] He married (February 1683/84), Mary Cole, widow of Jonathan Prickman, Second for the English East India Company at Malda.[80] Charles Cudworth died in March 1684.[81]
Thomas Cudworth graduated at Christ's College, Cambridge (MA (1682)).[82][83]
Damaris Cudworth (1659–1708), a devout and talented woman, became the second wife (1685) of Sir Francis Masham, 3rd Baronet (c.1646–1723) of High Laver, Essex.[84] Lady Masham was a friend of the philosopher John Locke, and also a correspondent of Gottfried Leibniz. Her son, Francis Cudworth Masham (d.1731), became Accountant-General to the Court of Chancery.
The stepchildren of Ralph Cudworth (children of Damaris (née Cradock) Andrewes (d.1695) and Thomas Andrewes (d.1653) were:
Richard Andrewes (living 1688) who, according to Peile, is not the Richard Andrewes who attended Christ's College, Cambridge during this period.[85]
John Andrewes (d. after 1688?) matriculated at Christ's College, Cambridge (1664), graduated (BA (1668/9); MA (1672)), was ordained deacon and priest (1669–70), and was a Fellow (1669–75).[86] Peile suggests he died c.1675, but he was a legatee in the will of his brother Thomas (1688). John Covel attended a "Pastoral" performed by Cudworth's children contrived by John Andrewes.[87]
Thomas Andrewes (d.1688), Citizen and Dyer of London, was a linen draper. He married (August 1681), Anna, daughter of Samuel Shute, of St Peter's, Cornhill.[88][89]
Mathew Andrewes (d.1674) was admitted to Queens' College, Cambridge (1663/4), and later elected a Fellow.[90]
Damaris Andrewes (d.1687) married (1661), (as his first wife) Sir Edward Abney (1631–1728), (a student at Christ's College, Cambridge (BA 1649–52/53); Fellow (1655–61); and Doctor of both laws (1661)).[91][92]
Christianity portal
Sermons and Treatises[edit]
Cudworth's works included The Union of Christ and the Church, in a Shadow (1642); A Sermon preached before the House of Commons (1647); and A Discourse concerning the True Notion of the Lord's Supper (1670). Much of Cudworth's work remains in manuscript. However, certain surviving works have been published posthumously, such as A Treatise concerning eternal and immutable Morality, and A Treatise of Freewill.
A Treatise concerning eternal and immutable Morality (posth.)[edit]
Cudworth's Treatise on eternal and immutable Morality, published with a preface by Edward Chandler (1731),[93] is about the historical development of British moral philosophy. It answers, from the standpoint of Platonism, Hobbes's famous doctrine that moral distinctions are created by the state. It argues that just as knowledge contains a permanent intelligible element over and above the flux of sense-impressions, so there exist eternal and immutable ideas of morality.[94]
A Treatise of Freewill (posth.)[edit]
Another posthumous publication was Cudworth's A Treatise of Freewill, edited by John Allen (1838). Both this and the Treatise on eternal and immutable Morality are connected with the design of his magnum opus, The True Intellectual System of the Universe.[95]
The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678)[edit]
In 1678, Cudworth published The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated, which had been given an Imprimatur for publication (29 May 1671).
A finely-bound first edition of the True Intellectual System (1678) in the British Library (shelfmark: Davis 187).
The Intellectual System arose, according to Cudworth, from a discourse refuting "fatal necessity", or determinism.[94] Enlarging his plan, he proposed to prove three matters:
(a) the existence of God;
(b) the naturalness of moral distinctions; and
(c) the reality of human freedom.
These three comprise, collectively, the intellectual (as opposed to the physical) system of the universe; and they are opposed, respectively, by three false principles: atheism, religious fatalism (which refers all moral distinctions to the will of God), and the fatalism of the ancient Stoics (who recognized God and yet identified him with nature). Only the first part, dealing with atheism, was ever published.
Cudworth criticizes two main forms of materialistic atheism: the atomic (adopted by Democritus, Epicurus and Thomas Hobbes); and the hylozoic (attributed to Strato of Lampsacus, which explains everything by the supposition of an inward self-organizing life in matter). Atomic atheism, to which Cudworth devotes the larger part of the work, is described as arising from the combination of two principles, neither of which is, individually, atheistic (namely atomism and corporealism, or the doctrine that nothing exists but body). The example of Stoicism, Cudworth suggests, shows that corporealism may be theistic.
Cudworth discusses the history of atomism at length. It is, in its purely physical application, a theory that he fully accepts. He holds that theistic atomism was taught by Pythagoras, Empedocles and many other ancient philosophers, and was only perverted to atheism by Democritus. Cudworth believes that atomism was first invented before the Trojan war by a Sidonian thinker named Moschus or Mochus (whom he identifies with Moses in the Old Testament).
Cudworth's method in arranging his work was to marshal the atheistic arguments elaborately before refuting them in his final chapter. This led many readers to accuse Cudworth himself of atheism – as John Dryden remarked, "he has raised such objections against the being of a God and Providence that many think he has not answered them".[96] Much attention was also attached to a subordinate matter in the book, the conception of the "Plastic Medium" (a revival of Plato's "World-Soul") which was intended to explain the existence and laws of nature without referring to the direct operation of God. This theory occasioned a long-drawn controversy between Pierre Bayle and Georges-Louis Leclerc, with the former maintaining, and the latter denying, that the Plastic Medium is favourable to atheism.
Summing up the work, Andrew Dickson White wrote in 1896:
To this day he [Cudworth] remains, in breadth of scholarship, in strength of thought, in tolerance, and in honesty, one of the greatest glories of the English Church ... He purposed to build a fortress which should protect Christianity against all dangerous theories of the universe, ancient or modern ... While genius marked every part of it, features appeared which gave the rigidly orthodox serious misgivings. From the old theories of direct personal action on the universe by the Almighty he broke utterly. He dwelt on the action of law, rejected the continuous exercise of miraculous intervention, pointed out the fact that in the natural world there are "errors" and "bungles" and argued vigorously in favor of the origin and maintenance of the universe as a slow and gradual development of Nature in obedience to an inward principle.[97]
Arms[edit]
Coat of arms of Ralph Cudworth
The arms of the Cudworths of Werneth, Oldham, Lancashire (with a crescent charged upon a crescent for the second son of a second son).
Azure, a fess Erminois between three demi-lions Or, with a crescent Argent charged with a crescent Sable for difference.[98][99]
Ancestors of Ralph Cudworth[100][101]
8. Ralph Cudworth (d.1558) of Werneth, Oldham
9. Agnes Lees
2. Ralph Cudworth (1572/3–1624)
10. Arthur Assheton (d.1591) of Clegg, Littleborough
5. Jane Assheton
1. Ralph Cudworth
12. John Machell of London
6. Matthew Machell (c.1549–93) of London
13. Jane Loddington
3. Mary Machell (c. 1582–1634)
14. Edward Lewkenor (c.1517–56) of Kingston Buci, Sussex
7. Mary Lewkenor
15. Dorothy Wroth
^ J.A. Passmore, Ralph Cudworth: An Interpretation (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1951)
^ D.A. Pailin, 'Cudworth, Ralph (1617–88)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).
^ Edwin Butterworth, Historical Sketches of Oldham (John Hirst: Oldham, 1856), pp. 22–23 (Google)
^ Butterworth, James (1826). History and Description of the Parochial Chapelry of Oldham. Oldham: J. Dodge, etc. pp. 52ff ('Pedigree of the Families of Oldhams and Cudworths').
^ Fuller, Thomas (1811). Nuttall, T.A. (ed.). History of the Worthies of England. ii. London: Thomas Tegg. p. 208.
^ "The parish of Prestwich with Oldham: Oldham | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
^ Stansfield-Cudworth, R. E. (2019). "Gentry, Gentility, and Genealogy in Lancashire: The Cudworths of Werneth Hall, Oldham, c.1377–1683". Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society. 111: 48–80.
^ 'History of the College' Emmanuel College website; S. Bendell, C. Brooke, and P. Collinson, A History of Emmanuel College (Boydell Press: Woodbridge 1999).
^ Church of England clergy database, Ordination record: ID 123517. Person Record CCEd ID 89100.
^ S. Bush Jnr and C.J. Rasmussen, The Library of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1584–1637 (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 77–79 and p. 210 (Google).
^ B. Carter, 'The standing of Ralph Cudworth as a Philosopher' in G.A.J. Rogers, T. Sorell, and J. Kraye (eds), Insiders and Outsiders in Seventeenth Century Philosophy (Routledge: London, 2009), at p. 100 (see note 4).
^ Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses i(1), p. 431.
^ H.C. Porter, Reformation and Reaction in Tudor Cambridge (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1958), pp. 264–66 (Google)
^ A Commentarie or Exposition, upon the Five First Chapters of the Epistle to the Galatians: penned by the godly, learned, and iudiciall divine, Mr. W. Perkins. Now published for the benefit of the Church, and continued with a supplement upon the sixt chapter, by Rafe Cudworth Bachelour of Divinitie (John Legat: London, 1604).
^ Clergy of the Church of England database, CCEd Appointment Record ID: 193664.
^ Church of England clergy database, CCEd Records ID: 193711 (Vacancy), and 178652 (Appointment).
^ R.W. Dunning (ed.), 'Parishes: Aller ', A History of the County of Somerset, iii (1974), pp. 61–71 (British History Online).
^ CCEd Appointment Evidence Record ID: 178651, as 30 August 1610.
^ J.L. v. Mosheim, Radulphi Cudworthi Systema intellectuale hujus universi (sumtu viduae Meyer: Jena, 1733), i, 'Praefatio Moshemii' (34 sides, unpaginated), side 19. The information was from Edward Chandler.
^ Mosheim, as cited above.
^ P. Collinson, '17: Magistracy and Ministry – A Suffolk Miniature', in Godly People. Essays on English Protestantism and Puritanism (Hambledon Press: London, 1983), pp. 445–66.
^ D. Richardson, Magna Carta Ancestry, ed. K.J. Everingham, 2nd Edn (2011), ii, p. 10, items 15–16)
^ Letter of Ralph Cudworth (Snr) to James Ussher, Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Rawlinson Letters 89, fol. 25 r–v: Early modern letters online.
^ Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses.
^ R. Bernard, The Faithfull Shepherd, wholy in a manner transposed, 3rd Edn, Thomas Pavier: London, 1621), dedication in front matter (Internet Archive). (1st Edition, 1607, 2nd 1609).
^ Will of Raphe Cudworthe, Doctor of Divinity, Parson of Aller, Somerset (P.C.C. 1624, Byrde quire).
^ Samuel Deane, 'Gen. James Cudworth' in History of Scituate, Massachusetts, from its first settlement to 1831 (James Loring: Boston, 1831), pp. 245–51; also Scituate Historical Society Archived 24 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Josias Beacham's first wife was Maria Sheffield (d.1634): S.H.C., 'Extracts from the Parish register of Seton, Co. Rutland, relative to the family of Sheffield', Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica I (J.B. Nichols & Son: London, 1834), pp. 171–73.; Will of Josias Beacham, Rector of Seaton (Rutland) (P.C.C. 1675/76). London Marriage Allegations, 28 April 1636 (St Mary Aldermanbury). Foster, Index Ecclesiasticus. Beacham was a graduate of Brasenose College, Oxford
^ W. Dumville Smythe, An Historical Account of the Worshipful Company of Girdlers, London (Chiswick Press: London, 1905), pp. 109–10.; Will of John Cudworth, Girdler of London (P.C.C. 1675).
^ J. Peile, Biographical Register of Christ's College, 1505–1905: II: 1666–1905 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1913), p. 64 (Internet Archive).
^ J. Peile, Biographical Register, ii, p. 111.
^ D. Richardson, Jewels of the Crown, 4 (2009), citing references to Jane Cudworth in the Will of John Machell of Wonersh (P.C.C. 1647).
^ J.C. Whitebrook, 'Dr. John Stoughton the Elder', Transactions of the Congregational Historical Society, 6(2), (1913), pp. 89–107; and 6(3), (1914), pp. 177–87 (Internet Archive).
^ F.J. Powicke, The Cambridge Platonists: A Study (J.M. Dent & Co.: London, 1926), p. 111.
^ "Cudworth, Ralph (CDWT632R)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. . See Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses i(1), p. 431.
^ Mosheim, Radulphi Cudworthi Systema Intellectuale (1733), i, 'Praefatio Moshemii' (34 sides, unpaginated) 19th side, note.
^ Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, i(4), p. 171.
^ 'Letter of James Cudworth of Scituate, 1634', (to Stoughton), in New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 14 (1860), pp. 101–04.
^ Whitebrook, 'Dr John Stoughton the Elder', p. 94 (Internet Archive).
^ Marriage at St Mary Aldermanbury, 18 January 1635/6; J.P. Ferris, Browne, John II (1580–1659), of Dorchester and Frampton, Dorset, History of Parliament online, 1604–29.
^ T. Solly, The Will Divine and Human (Deighton Bell & Co.: Cambridge/Bell & Daldy: London, 1856), pp. 287–91.
^ R. Cudworth, The Union of Christ and the Church, in a Shadow (Richard Bishop: London, 1642) (Umich/eebo).
^ R. Cudworth, A Discourse concerning the True Notion of the Lord's Supper (2nd edn, J. Flesher for R. Royston: London, 1670) (Google).
^ D.J. Lasker, 'Karaism and Christian Hebraism: a New Document', Renaissance Quarterly, 59(4), (2006), pp. 1089–1116.
^ D. Levitin, Ancient Wisdom in the Age of the New Science: Histories of Philosophy in England, c.1640–1700 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2015), p. 171 and note 300, with itemized citations (Google).
^ D. Neal (ed. J.O. Choules), The History of the Puritans, or Protestant Nonconformists (Harper & Brothers: New York, 1844), p. 481 (Google). See J. Barwick, Querela Cantabrigiensis (Oxford 1647), 'A Catalogue' (Umich/eebo).
^ S. Hutton, 'Whichcote, Benjamin (1609–83), theologian and moral philosopher' in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
^ New King James Version at Bible Gateway
^ R. Cudworth, A sermon preached before the Honourable House of Commons, at Westminster, March 31. 1647 (Roger Daniel: Cambridge, 1647), Letter of Dedication (Umich/eebo).
^ Letter of John Worthington (6 January 1651/2), quoted in Mosheim's Preface to Systema Intellectuale (1733), i, p. xxviii (1773 edn).
^ '1654, Oct. 29. Dr Cudworth was chosen Master of Christ's College, admitted Nov. 2.': J. Crossley, Diary and Correspondence of Dr John Worthington (Chetham Society, O.S., 13 (1847), i, p. 52.
^ Letter of John Worthington (30 January 1654/5) quoted in Mosheim's Preface (1733), i, p. xxviii (1773 edn)
^ C. Seaburg and A. Seaburg, Medford on the Mystic (Medford Historical Society, 1980).
^ Will of Mathew Cradock of London, Merchant (P.C.C. 1641); C. Brooks, The History of the Town of Medford (J.M. Usher: Boston, 1855), pp. 90–92 (Internet Archive).
^ Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, i(1), p. 411; J.C. Whitebrook, 'Samuel Cradock, cleric and pietist (1620–1706): and Matthew Cradock, first governor of Massachusetts', Congregational History Society, 5(3), (1911), pp. 183–90; S. Handley, 'Cradock, Samuel (1620/21–1706), nonconformist minister', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
^ Brooks, The History of the Town of Medford, pp 41–43, and p. 93 (Internet Archive).
^ 'Cradock, Craddock', in C.H. Pope, The Pioneers of Massachusetts: A Descriptive List (Boston 1900), pp. 121–22 (Internet Archive).
^ R. Brenner, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550–1663 (Verso: London, 2003), p. 139 (Google).
^ Will of Thomas Andrewes, Leather seller of London (P.C.C. 1653). These relationships are confirmed by these wills and the Chancery case Andrewes v Glover (National Archives, London); W.G. Watkins, 'Notes from English Records', New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 64 (1910), pp. 84–87.
^ T. Birch, Account of the Life and Writings (1743), pp. viii–x (pp. 16–18 in pdf).
^ 'Life of Cudworth, Appendix A: Letters to Thurloe', in W.R. Scott, An Introduction to Cudworth's Treatise concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality (Longmans, Green & Co.: London, 1891), pp. 19–23 (Hathi Trust).
^ C. Anderson, The Annals of the English Bible (William Pickering: London, 1845), ii, Book 3, p. 394 (Google).
^ Clergy of the Church of England database.
^ Letter (6 August 1660), in J. Crossley, Diary and Correspondence of Dr John Worthington (Chetham Society, O.S., 13 (1847)), i, p. 203; and Christ's College website, List of Masters of Christ's College.
^ J. Covell, 'An Account of the Master's Lodgings in ye College', in R. Willis and J.W. Clarke, The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge, and of the Colleges of Cambridge and Eton, (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1886), ii, pp. 212–19 (Internet Archive).
^ 'Life of Cudworth, Appendix B: Letters of Cudworth and More', in Scott, An Introduction to Cudworth's Treatise, pp. 24–28 (Hathi Trust).
^ An Account of Virtue; or, Dr. Henry More's Abridgement of Morals, put into English (transl. Edward Southwell), (facsimile of Benjamin Tooke's London (1690) English edn; Facsimile Text Society, New York, 1930), Internet Archive.
^ R. Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe: The First Part; Wherein, All the Reason and Philosophy of Atheism is Confuted, and its Impossibility Demonstrated (Richard Royston: London, 1678)
^ R. Cudworth, 'Preface to the Reader', True Intellectual System (1678).
^ G. Dyer, History of the University and Colleges of Cambridge, (Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown: London, 1814), ii, p. 355 (Google).
^ Epitaph in Mosheim's Preface (1733), i, p. xxix (1773 edn); for his monumental inscription [1].
^ Oil portrait of Ralph Cudworth, image (copyright Christ's College) viewable here.
^ 'Splashing out for a piece of history', News, 23 July 2010 (University of Cambridge website). Listing by Historic England.
^ Will of Damaris Cudworth (P.C.C. 1695); H.R. Fox Bourne, The Life of John Locke, (Harper & Brothers: New York, 1876), ii, pp. 306–07 (Internet Archive).
^ J. Peile, Biographical Register of Christ's College 1505–1905: II: 1666–1905 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1913), ii, p. 46.
^ Locke's letter, in Lord King, The Life of John Locke: With Extracts from His Correspondence (New Edn, Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley: London, 1830), ii, pp. 16–21 (Google).
^ R.C. Temple, The Diaries of Streynsham Master, 1675–80, and other contemporary papers relating thereto II: The First and Second "Memorialls, 1679–80, Indian Records Series (John Murray: London, 1911), p. 343 and note 2 (Internet Archive); W.K. Firminger (ed.), 'The Malda Diary and Consultations (1680–82)', Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, N.S., 14 (1918), pp. 1–241 (Internet Archive).
^ J. Peile, Biographical Register, ii, pp. 49–50, citing Journal entries from Factory Records, Kasinbazar III.
^ J. Peile, Biographical Register, ii, p. 70.
^ Locke's letter supposedly addressed to Thomas, in H.R. Fox Bourne, The Life of John Locke (Harper and Brothers: New York, 1876), i, pp. 473–76 (Internet Archive).
^ M. Knights, 'Masham, Sir Francis, 3rd Bt. (c. 1646–1723), of Otes, High Laver, Essex', in D. Hayton, E. Cruickshanks, and S. Handley (eds), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons, 1690–1715 (Boydell & Brewer,Woodbridge, 2002), History of Parliament Online.
^ J. Peile, Biographical Register, I: 1448–1665 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1910), i,p. 601 (Internet Archive).
^ Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, i(1), p. 30; J. Peile, Biographical Register, i, p. 612 (Internet Archive).
^ Covell, 'An Account of the Master's Lodgings'.
^ G.J. Armytage, Allegations for Marriage-Licences Issued by the Vicar-General of the Archbishop of Canterbury, July 1679 to June 1687, Harleian Society, 30 (1890), p. 70 (Internet Archive).
^ Will of Thomas Andrewes, Citizen and Dyer of London (P.C.C. 1688, Foot quire); H.F. Waters, Genealogical Gleanings in England, with the addition of New Series, A-Anyon (Genealogical Publishing Company: Baltimore, 1969), ii, pp. 1738–39 (Internet Archive).
^ Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, i(1), p. 30. Will of Mathew Andrewes, Fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge (P.C.C. 1674, Bunce quire); H.F. Waters, Genealogical Gleanings in England, with the addition of New Series, A-Anyon (Genealogical Publishing Company: Baltimore, 1969), ii, p. 1738.
^ Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, i(1), p. 2; A.A. Hanham, 'Abney, Sir Edward (1631–1728), of Willesley Hall, Leics. and Portugal Row, Lincoln's Inn Fields', in D. Hayton, E. Cruickshanks, and S. Handley (eds), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690–1715 ( Boydell and Brewer: Woodbridge, 2002), History of Parliament Online.
^ For correspondence between Cudworth and Edward's father, James Abney: E. Randall (ed.), C. Melinsky (ill.), Letters to my Father: Edward Abney, 1660–63 (Simon Randall: Sevenoaks, 2005).
^ R. Cudworth, Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality... with a Preface by... Edward Lord Bishop of Durham (1st edn, James and John Knapton: London, 1731)
^ a b Sturt, Henry (1911). "Cudworth, Ralph" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 612–613.
^ Ralph Cudworth (1996). S. Hutton (ed.). Ralph Cudworth: A Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality: With A Treatise of Freewill. Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-521-47918-9.
^ Scott, W. R. (1891). "The Life of Ralph Cudworth". An Introduction to Cudworth's Treatise. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 15–17.
^ White, Andrew Dickson (1901). A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. 1. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 16.
^ Saint-George, Richard; Raines, F. R. (1871). The visitation of the county palatine of Lancaster, made in the year 1613. Old Series, 82. Manchester: Chetham Society. p. 80.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cudworth, Ralph". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 612–613.
Cudworth's The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678) was translated into Latin by Johann Lorenz von Mosheim, and furnished with notes and dissertations translated into English in John J. Harrison's edition (1845). The first Latin edition: Johann Lorenz von Mosheim, Radulphi Cudworthi Systema intellectuale hujus universi, 2 Vols (sumtu viduae Meyer, Jena 1733); the second Latin edition (with paginated Mosheimii Praefatio): (Samuel and John Luchtmans: Lugduni Batavorum, 1773).
Thomas Birch's Account (biography), first published (1743) in the Second Edition (London), and reprinted in subsequent editions. Birch supplied notes and references to Cudworth's text, after Mosheim.
Paul Alexandre René Janet, Essai sur le médiateur plastique de Cudworth (Ladrange: Paris, 1860).
John Tulloch, Rational theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the seventeenth century (William Blackwood and Sons: Edinburgh and London, 1874), ii, pp. 193–302.
C.E. Lowrey, The Philosophy of Ralph Cudworth: a study of the True Intellectual System of the Universe (Phillips & Hunt: New York, 1884).
James Martineau, Types of Ethical Theory (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1885), ii, pp. 396–424.
William Richard Scott, An Introduction to Cudworth's Treatise (Longmans, Green & Co.: London, 1891).
Slawomir Raube, Deus explicatus: Stworzenie i Bóg w myśli Ralpha Cudwortha (Creation and God in Ralph Cudworth's Thought) (Bialystok (Poland), 2000).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ralph Cudworth
Cambridge Platonists' Research Group: Research Portal: Ralph Cudworth Bibliography
"Cudworth, Ralph" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Sturt, Henry (1911). "Cudworth, Ralph" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 07 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 612–613.
Article on Cudworth in Treasures in Focus Blog, Christ's College, Cambridge No. 8, July 2013.
"Cudworth, Ralph". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Klaus-Gunther Wesseling (1999). "Cudworth {der Jüngere}, Ralph". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). 16. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 352–362. ISBN 3-88309-079-4.
R. Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678) on Google Books
R. Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678; 3-volume edn: Tegg, 1845) on Internet Archive: Volume 1, Volume 2, and Volume 3.
R. Cudworth, Sermon before the Commons, at Westminster, 31 March 1647 (1647; repr. 1852)
R. Cudworth, A Treatise concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality (1731)
R. Cudworth, They know Christ who keep his Commandments (repr. 1858)
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The 3204996 is a PCB Developer features high-resolution, positive-working developing solution suitable for use in a tank or processing tray. It is less aggressive than some other developers which contain sodium hydroxide and allows much greater control over the development process. It is also less affected by exposure to air and so has a much longer shelf life. The solution is supplied in concentrate form and is mixed 4 parts water to 1 part developer. It should be used at room temperature. It is in the form of clear liquid.


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Meet the Author's: Corey & Philip Hunt
Posted by Jim Mize on January 13, 2023
As part of our "Rethink Rural Meet the Author" series, Jim Mize interviews outdoor family experts and award-winning writers Corey and Philip Hunt on their outdoor-focused upbringing, how they got started writing, and their passion for passing on their love of the great outdoors to families and future generations.
Corey and Philip Hunt both grew up logging plenty of time outdoors.
Corey fished and hunted, often accompanied by an overweight Brittany spaniel she referred to as a "tater with legs."
Philip and his older brother wore out the bass on the pond near their house and later added hunting pursuits to their outdoor excursions.
Today, Corey and Philip are both award-winning outdoor communicators. We recently had a chance to sit down and discuss how their experiences led them into outdoor communications.
RR: "How did you two get started writing?"
"My interest started in the 11th grade," said Philip. "In English class, I wrote a duck-hunting story. The teacher put it on an overhead projector to show the class." That bit of encouragement provided the initial nudge.
With a doctorate in physical therapy, Corey started a bit differently by writing in that field.
"My first article was for a local running magazine in Charleston," she said. Corey and Philip lived in Charleston for a while, both students at the Medical University of South Carolina, where she got her degree in physical therapy, and he got his in dentistry. In their spare time, they fly-fished and kayaked in the coastal waters.
RR: "What appeals to you about the rural lifestyle?"
"For me," said Philip, "it's the versatility of the land you live on. You can hunt and do a lot of other things."
"It's a chance to be in the woods every day," added Corey. "There's a peace and tranquility that comes with that lifestyle."
RR: "How did you come across Rethink Rural?"
They both laughed in unison, "We heard about it from you."
Having written for Rethink Rural myself, I did introduce them to the site as it fit their writing and activities.
RR: "What are your favorite outdoor and rural activities?"
"Getting ready for hunting season is mine," said Philip. "The anticipation is like looking forward to Christmas. It can be anything from ducks, deer, doves or turkeys to fishing, hiking or camping."
Having just come off a good deer season, Corey, taking an eight-point buck with a bow, taking an eight-point buck with a bow added, "All but the ducks." Fly-fishing, camping and hunting would be tops on her list.
RR: "What are your other passions besides writing?"
"Getting the kids outdoors," said Corey. "It's special to pass outdoor knowledge on to the next generation."
Philip also likes teaching others about the outdoors and adds training dogs to his list.
RR: "How did the Two Dog Outdoors Blog come about? What's your message to the blog's readers?"
"People told us we needed a blog," said Philip. "We used to brew beer and called it Two Dog Brews." So Two Dog Outdoors seemed a logical extension.
"Our message," said Corey, "is that it's never too late to get started outdoors, and they are never too young to take with you."
"We also want families to go outdoors with realistic expectations," added Philip.
Their two youngsters, Paul and Julie, are growing up in this lifestyle with camping, fishing and hunting trips tailored to their abilities and attention spans.
More than a few gummies have been consumed passing the time in a dove field, and on camping trips, their two dogs serve as heaters on cold nights.
RR: "What are your greatest accomplishments outdoors?"
Corey chuckles, "I haven't had mine yet. But the buck on the bowhunt was special. The stars just aligned for that one."
"Training dogs to retrieve ducks would be mine," said Philip. "Every time they do what they're supposed to is the best feeling. When Sage retrieved the banded mallard, that was the cream of the crop."
RR: "And what were your greatest accomplishments writing?"
Here they talked about some awards they had both won but ultimately settled on the same thing.
"I grew up reading our state magazine, South Carolina Wildlife," said Philip. "To finally be a part of it one day, that would have to be at the top."
Corey agreed. Both of them have been published in the magazine they grew up reading.
RR: "So, what's on your bucket list going forward?"
Corey didn't hesitate with her answer. "Saltwater fly-fishing for bonefish."
The fact that we were having this discussion mid-winter might have made a tropical destination rise to the top of her list.
"Second would be shooting upland birds in Scotland. . . with the queen." She laughed and added, "It can be any queen as long as we get to hunt."
"Archery hunting for elk or mule deer would be mine," Philip said. Big game in mountain scenery with a bow offered a certain appeal.
RR: "What do you most want your readers to know?"
"I have experience in some areas, but I'm always learning," said Philip. "My best lessons came from making mistakes."
"Getting kids outdoors," said Corey, "is a lot of effort, but what a gift. It's different from anything else you can do."
You can read more about the Two Dog Outdoors family and get a few family-friendly tips at twodogoutdoors.com.
For more articles written by Corey and Philip Hunt, check out:
Camping with Toddlers: It's possible, Here's How
8 Tips to Introduce Kids to Hunting
Planning a DIY Outdoor Family Vacation
A Landowner's Guide to Conservation Easements
Hiking With Kids: Mistakes To Avoid For Happier Trails
Jim Mize
Jim Mize has written humor and nostalgia for magazines including Gray's Sporting Journal, Fly Fisherman Magazine, Field & Stream, and a number of conservation magazines, picking up over fifty Excellence In Craft awards along the way. His most recent book, a collection of humor for fly fisherman entitled A Creek Trickles Through It, was awarded best outdoor book in 2014 by the Southeastern Outdoor Press Association. More on Jim and his writing activities can be found at acreektricklesthroughit.com


Open workspace seating is available on a first come, first served basis. Includes lounge chairs, standing height tables, and seated tables.
This workspace option is a dedicated desk, reserved, semi-private space.
The space is open but also intimate. Historically, it was once a foundry making metal parts for horse bridles. Today, the walls and rafters are exposed with a polished concrete floor. It's an inviting space that is light, with moderate noise as people converse and collaborate. There are open white boards, a large conference room with flat screen TV and Apple TV access for presentations. There are two phone booths for calling privacy, a shower available, filtered water, and 24x7 access with proximity cards. Tuesday breakfast burritos from Centro, Thursday assorted pastries from Spruce Confections, and Ozo Coffee brewed every morning.
We're a curated co-working community in a warm, industrial modern space located one block west of the Pearl Street Mall. Office space is inviting, and consists of 22 available dedicated desks and 25 open workspace seats. Amenities include community kitchen, bathrooms & shower, water, conference room, Apple TV for presentations, EcoPass, and a short walk to the Pearl Street mall, great restaurants, & coffee.


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According to the Banned Books Week website, this is "the national book community's annual celebration of the freedom to read. Hundreds of libraries and bookstores around the country draw attention to the problem of censorship by mounting displays of challenged books and hosting a variety of events."
The "banned books" discussed on this website primarily focus on books meant for children.
When children's books are removed from libraries and schools, we can partly understand that as misguided parental concern. But when the potential readers are adults, the ban is meant to remove information itself from public forums.
Feral House's books have been banned by nation-states such as Russia, in which UltraKultur's translation of an Apocalypse Culture compilation, and later Extreme Islam, had its stock seized and extirpated. Sadly, UltraKultur's publisher, Ilya Kormitsev, died a nasty premature death around this time as well. On a trip to a Moscow book fair several years ago we saw a pirated version of UltraKultur's Apocalypse Culture. Apparently its ban made it an underground samizdat hit.
About fifteen years ago a book as innocent as the Feral House take-off on 50s men's magazines, Cad: A Handbook for Heels was banned in Canada due to offending a new feminist law engineered by Andrea Dworkin and Catherine MacKinnon. Sadly but ironically, police invaded and seized the book from a Victoria LGBT bookstore! A few years after that the self-righteous town of Bellingham, Washington banned the "Rape Issue" of Answer ME! magazine. The magazine was later cleared, though my article on Andrea Dworkin became the butt of controversy at the trial.
It's not rare to get threatened with legal action in order to suppress and ban a book. But we actually went to trial to defend an article by Alex Constantine in the book Psychic Dictatorship in the USA. The trial was held in the Mormon-heavy town of Ogden, Utah, where the ex-police chief (and Mormon) holding the unfortunate name Robert Wadman sued us for suppressing possible jobs by defaming him. Fortunately, even the judge saw no merit in Wadman's suit.
Despite dealing successfully with all these threats and suits, there was one case in which we were forced to settle, and thereby take a book out of print. That book was the late David Hoffman's The Oklahoma City Bombing and the Politics of Terror. The suit was from the Deputy Chief of the FBI, Oliver Buck Revell, whose quick retirement enabled him to sue Feral House for the book. Revell at the time was a CNN spokesperson regarding domestic terrorism. Both ACLU and PEN turned down the opportunity to support Feral House, but a former head of the ACLU called me into his plush penthouse office overlooking Santa Monica Bay offering to support us as our attorney if we deposited $150,000 into his account, a sum we obviously could not afford. A few sketchy right-wing attorneys offered to take on our case since they had it out for Clinton, the President at the time. We couldn't accept this option, though they later got Revell's case against author Hoffman dismissed by the Supreme Court. This hard lesson taught us to pay up on legal insurance, and we've been covered ever since.
A more subtle sort of ban takes place when chains or independent sellers consider a book to be too risky, or perhaps too offensive, to their clientele…. We've had the fortunate support of many readers throughout the decades who demanded that bookstores special order our books. Dog bless our supporters against banned Feral House books!


Now comes info that my gut feelings may have been right. I'm not claiming that any kind of soft drink is good for you. It's just that I've always had the nagging feeling that diet might just be MORE bad for you. So, take a look at a quick excerpt from a study in the April 2017 Journal of the American Heart Association. After reading it, if you'd like to read the full scientific paper, here is the link.
Sugar- and artificially-sweetened beverage intake have been linked to cardiometabolic risk factors, which increase the risk of cerebrovascular disease and dementia. We examined whether sugar- or artificially sweetened beverage consumption was associated with the prospective risks of incident stroke or dementia in the community-based Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort.