text:
St. Joan's International Alliance
1911-2011 - Still Working for Women's Equality in Church, State, and Society
UN Conventions
In Depth History
Shrine of St. Joan of Arc – Westminster Cathedral, London
St. Joan's International Alliance – A Short History 1911 – 1977
A Catholic Feminist Movement · Founded in London in 1911
by Anne Marie Pelzer, Brussels 1977
published in The Journal of St. Joan's International Alliance, 1992, pp. 1-16
English translation by Françoise Awre, Bath (UK).
1. Is Active Feminism In the Hands of Atheists?
Towards the end of the last century, the feminist movement, in full swing, tried to unite all, irrespective of differences of religious and political opinion, who wished to defend the rights of women. In many of those countries, under the Napoleonic Code, women were by law, classified with minors and foreigners. Yet, rarely did Catholics join the crusade.
All religious ideologies refused to question the subordination of women. It seemed improper to give women civil and political rights; or grant them entry to universities and public office; the Divine Will demanded the preservation of an all-powerful husband; the creation of creches was considered a threat to the family; Catholic opinion at that time, totally orientated towards the middle and rural classes, had for a long time not recognised the crying need of women workers and mothers without support.
It is true that in all classes women were subjected to great constraints. However in the Catholic world, this subjection of women was not a simple sociocultural matter: it was apparently written into the divine law and all the faithful felt bound to respect this pious state of affairs. In the western world, therefore, feminism had to develop, for the most part, outside christian influence, and against a Catholic mentality enshrining male domination. Many feminist groups today are still anti-Catholic, even totally anti-religious. Is not this hostility the logical consequence of our ignorance and blindness? It is a question we must all now ask ourselves… Is not the message of Christian justice a travesty in the Catholic world and hateful to those who, with regard to the feminist question, see things much clearer than we do?
The purest and most complete Christian doctrine totally protects all the rights of women and declares then to be identical to those acknowledged for men. However, who, in the first half of the century, dared proclaim the truth about this? No bishop, no theologian… only a shall handful of Catholics, who, since 1911, organised themselves to fight against the prevailing prejudices as: "feminists and Catholics". In taking up the defence of a group of persons legally deprived of having any voice in the matter, these militants knew they were following the way of Christ. The task was hard and delicate, and there were innumerable obstacles, but the Holy Spirit was at work! Profoundly Catholic, faithful to the hierarchy, this Association, today called "St. Joans International Alliance", has fulfilled its title by the spread of Christian feminism, by its pioneering action, its unique and unequivocal objective, its untiring and varied activities in the service of women, and also by its audacious, competent and faithful approach, as nature daughters of the Church.
2. A Long-Standing Endeavour
In London, in 1911, a group of British women, assembled under the name of "The Catholic Woman's Suffrage Society", with the intention of fighting for the vast suffragette movement. Women, to-day, easily forget that most of the basic rights they now enjoy are due to these militants at the beginning of the century.
This Catholic group soon established sound International relations; it had members in 24 countries from 5 continents. In 1923, it expanded its activities to include all aspects of the feminine question and renamed itself "St. Joan's Social and Political Alliance". Remarkably, despite wars and disturbances, its journal, "The Catholic Citizen", has appeared regularly since 1915. Since 1973, two editions have been published simultaneously, one in English and one in French; since 197?, 1t has been called "L'Alliance". Regional bulletins are published in French, English and Spanish.
3. A Clear and Unequivocal Objective
The Alliance fights for the acknowledgement of the equality of rights between women and men; this does not necessarily mean that women and men are the same! The Alliance does not wish women to imitate the men of to-day in their characteristics, their choices, their style of life; it does not wish to make society all male or all female. The Alliance strives that men and women be able, according to their personalities and individual talents, to freely choose what they do from the range of tasks useful to society. It wishes to remove the stereotypes, which, arbitrarily, confine women to certain roles and which deter men from those labeled "feminine". Far from impoverishing humanity by leveling the sexes, feminism preserves individual identity: this fight against the debasing of people enriches and expands all humanity.
The Alliance has always remained exclusively dedicated to this aim, taking care to keep its feminist action completely free of any political or religious involvements, however laudable they may be.
Within these limits, the scope of study is extensive: philosophical and biological anthropology; psychology; demography, sociology of the family; the study of work and leisure; civil and political rights; pay and social security problems; organisation of domestic work and the upbringing of children; family, school and post-school education; career and professional preparation Hot forgetting systematic, moral and sacramental theology; biblical and patristic exegesis; canon law; the ecumenical aspects of the access of women to the ministry; the attitude of non-christian religions towards women; women in the cultural, literary and artistic history of mankind. All these branches of study offer ample scope for reflection for those who wish to understand and correct the unjustified inequalities that exist between the sexes in society and in the Church.
In many countries the Alliance has known how to obtain the commitment and cooperation of people, highly-qualified in many and varied fields. All branches of knowledge, all abilities experience of all human work have their place in our organisation. Up to now, the big human problems have been studied with a biased outlook, from the masculine viewpoint. The Alliance wishes to project a more balanced outlook on the world and on the ways ahead for it. It is a vast undertaking!
4. A Wide-Ranging Programme for the Advancement of Women
The first Catholic feminists realised that the extent and seriousness of the feminine problem far exceeded a ban on political rights. The condition of women overseas in particular was something they could not be indifferent to. One of the first members of the Alliance, a doctor of medicine, Agnes MacLaren, had in 1909, established a hospital for woven in Rawalpindi, where all the medical and nursing staff were woven; at last, qualified medical attention was brought to Muslim women who would rather be looked after by women. Today, this hospital is run by Les Soeurs de la Mission Medicale, whose foundress, Mother Anna Dengel, was also an honoured member of the Alliance.
In 1937, the Alliance presented a paper to the League of Nations on the Condition of Women in those countries of Africa and Asia, still a long way from independence. Never, till then, had any international organisation concerned itself officially with this problem. This intervention by the Alliance, on behalf of the rights of indigenous women, led to the movement which recently culminated in an international convention on marriage.
Since then, the Alliance has campaigned against the ritual sexual mutilation of young girls and adolescents. No other organisation wished to become involved with this delicate matter, which, for a long time, was taboo. In 1952, the first official intervention on this matter was presented to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations by a representative of the Alliance; our organisation was given consultative status at the U.N. The fight will be long! Only now has world opinion begun to be concerned; the World Health Organisation has at last condemned these dehumanising practices, which are still widely perpetrated in a number of countries in Africa.
Another crusade of the Alliance is one launched by the First Secretary of the French Branch, Marie Lenoel, against prostitution, slavery and the slave-trade. Florence Barry, then International Secretary of the Alliance, with the help of Phyllis Challoner and of Dr.Fede Shattock, our ever-valiant Vice-President, obtained evidence of those practices and presented them to the Commission Against Slavery and to various committees set up by the League of Nations or by the British Government for the territories under its authority. After the Second World War, they referred this subject to the United Nations.
But it was not only overseas that the condition of women needed to be improved. In the western world, the wife was entirely at the mercy of her partner in cases of marital breakdown or financial problems. Everywhere, there were large tasks ahead: the education of woven; their preparation for professional life; their entry to public office and to private employment; their remuneration and opportunities for promotion; the free administration of their possessions; their parental rights; their legal rights in marital infidelity, separation and divorce; the payment of alimony; prostitution; legal protection against marital cruelty; also the mass of masculine prejudices and myths.
In 1924, the Alliance became a founder member of the Liaison Committee of the International Organisations of Women. This enabled it to obtain support for these initiatives from other groups connected with these supra-national assemblies.
Regarding national projects, the Alliance has, on many occasions, intervened, either by the action of local branches, or through individual members in the countries concerned. This legal work is far from being achieved; hardly any European country had passed general laws against sexual discrimination in work at that time.
Direct action on public opinion is no less important. Too many adolescents have yet to appreciate that they themselves must plan their lives and not wait for this to happen through marriage. Many parents make the same mistake, indifferent to the fact, that in the majority of cases, these young girls, whether they marry or not, will be given boring work and be badly paid. Our culture still considers the woman primarily as a 'subsidiary', who must influence the world through the intervention of a husband, a son or a boss, whom she will help in the background. Such a role by an intermediary, frustrating for both parties, has become practically impossible in this technological age when all professional decisions demand specialised knowledge. One must therefore dispel fanciful expectations and enable the young to confront the adult feminine situation as it now exists in our daily life; enquiries, professional statistics, meetings with women at work and housewives will help parents and children to understand the importance of intellectual formations and reliable training for young women as well as for young men. Talks, debates, books, newspaper articles, papers and other works of learning, cinema, television, pamphlets, letters to the newspapers… all these modern channels of information are used for this task of thoughtful and collective education.
5. Official Recognition at the United Nations
The quality and scope of these activities has enabled the Alliance to obtain Category II consultative status at the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations in New York and Geneva; to be recognised officially by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and to be included on the list of non-governmental organisations represented at UNESCO in Paris by Maryvonne Stephan.
One fact which has not escaped the notice of delegates empowered to decide and periodically renew the official status of non-governmental organisations wishing to be represented at the United Nations, is that in large areas of the world under Catholic Influence, the Alliance has a unique place. It is active and fully feminist; totally independent of the clergy, legally and ín practice; it enjoys the esteem of the hierarchy and the most influential theologians. With regard to the agencies of the United Nations, the Alliance is an irreplaceable tool in the advancement of standards and in the practice of justice towards women in the Catholic world, which is generally not very favourable towards feminine emancipation.
Since 1951, the Alliance has been represented at all the sessions of ECOSOC in New York and Geneva, and also at most of its committees and commissions, especially those on the condition of women. During the Decade for Women, the Alliance was present at the UN. If seminars on the Rights of Man which always included the status of women are included, we find the Alliance in Bogota, Addis Ababa, Bucharest, Rome, Accra, Moscow, Teheran, Ottawa, and in Mexico. The Alliance was also in Lusaka for a seminar on economic and social rights in the developing countries, and at the Conference on Commerce and Development in New Delhi, and also the conference on the participation of women in the development in the countries of South East Asia and the Pacific, which took place in Katmandu. The Alliance is always represented at the conferences of non-governmental organisations in New York and Geneva, and also in Paris, London and Brussels.
As examples of its many projects can be mentioned the declarations on age, consent and registration of marriage; the personal rights of widows; the collection of alimony across frontiers; the monitoring of the reasonable application of the Rights of Man; ritual sexual mutilations; discrimination in employment; equal pay for equal work; the economic emancipation of married women and their retirement and pension rights; education of women in the Third World; slavery and the slave trade and again the participation of women in development.
6. Towards True Humanism
In 1974, Frances McGillicuddy, the Alliance's delegate to the Commission on the Condition of Women (in New York) presented a report on the influence of the method of information and publicity and on the development of a new approach to the role of women in today's society. For if we talk of the rights of women, we must speak also of the responsibility of women: women must serve society better. They have much wider and direct responsibilities to civilisation than those attributed to them by tradition.
The abolition of arbitrary discrimination will transform the lives of people and society. Men, today overwhelmed by heavy responsibilities, will be more able to flourish emotionally, aesthetically and spiritually within the family surroundings. Children, raised by both parents sharing equally the responsibility, will enjoy greater emotional security and be more balanced. Women, knowing that their individuality is fully recognised and their rights respected, will be able to utilise all their gifts in every sphere, without needing to be defensive, aggressive or slavish. Christian feminism is at the heart of all human problems; it is the only philosophy, of all those claiming to be christian, which extends to the feminine question the sacred principle of the sovereignty of the person and condemns all systems resulting in the subordination of women to their husbands, to their family or to society. Only a under the title "We shall keep quiet no more! Women speak to the Second Vatican Council" (G.Heinzelmann et al; ed., Interfeminas, Zurich). In the following years, further books were published by members of the Alliance: G.Heinzelnann in Switzerland; Sr.Rita Hannon in England; Tina Govaart-Halkes in Holland; two by Mary Daly in the United States; Joan Morris in England; Ida Raming in Germany. These works, very different in their respective ways, are all devoted to the single topic of sexual discrimination in the Church. One theologian member, Prof. Leo Swidler of Philadelphia, started an ecumenical group of religious feminism "Genesis III. Women's Task Force in Religion". Other theologians backed us with the results of their research: Prof. J. X. Aubert of Strasbourg, Fr. Van der Meer in Holland, Fr.Idigoras in Peru.
On the official front, the Alliance put to the Holy Father its first official request for women to become deacons (1961), then for lay men and women to be present at the Council, as observers and experts (1962). In 1963, it presented a very cautious and respectful resolution to the Pope on the admission of women to the priesthood., Since 1965, a thorough revision of Canon Law has been requested by the Alliance on several occasions: seventeen articles of Canon Law, discriminating against women, have been modified or revoked. The Alliance immediately received the personal encouragement of eminent theologians and highly-placed church dignitaries. The press conference given by the Alliance in Rome in 1965 emphasised this!
The Alliance advertised widely throughout the christian world the progress of its studies and petitions. Never had such subjects been publicly debated before the international press by a Catholic organisation. Reactions were numerous, and all in all, quite favourable to our ideas. The Catholic world was genuinely becoming concerned by the fact that women played no part in the decisions of the Church. Public encouragement came more slowly.
The Alliance's resolutions, issued after each General Assembly at the Vatican, have, since 1967, been expressed in terms which further stress the principle of justice towards women. In 1967, at the insistence of the President of the Alliance, the World Congress of the Laity in Rome interceded, with near total unanimity, for the rights of women in the Church.
Ideas travel far… In 1971, following the intervention of our Canadian section, the Catholic Bishops Conference of Canada declared itself in favour of the ordained ministry for women. As a result of their petition to the Rome Synod in 1971, these bishops established at the Vatican a Study Commission on the role of women in society and in the Church. Contrary to the explicit wishes of the Synod, the Commission was not authorised to study the main issue —the access of women to the ordained ministry. Moreover, it was the Vatican which chose the members, who did not include any known authority on feminism, nor a member of our Alliance. The press informed us that the proceedings did not develop smoothly.
This Rome Commission on Women finally issued, in 1975, a document of very uneven reasoning and information to the local Churches. The Alliance highlighted the contradictions in the document and sent Rome a critique intended to be constructive. The President of the Commission. Mgr.Bartolletti congratulated the Alliance on this response. Doctrinal work must certainly continue, he wrote, and "Associations like yours should take part"! Since then, the Alliance tries to enforce the excellent recommendations that the Commission sends to the national Bishops Conferences, to international Catholic Associations, religious orders and Catholic universities. Independently of our work. we have great pleasure to welcome the establishment by Catherine Govaart Halkes, at the Catholic university of Nijmegen, of a department of "Feminism and Christianity", within the Faculty of Theology. Other Catholic organisations seen less willing to enforce the recommendations of the Commission. Will the Catholic world be accused of wanting only to "save face" with grand statements without any intention of putting them into practice? Vill the Church realise that, in this matter, the world is watching her and judging her?
Fully Catholic
Concerned to retain its autonomy and freedom of action, the Alliance has declined the privilege of becoming a catholic organisation, with control demanded by Rome regarding the granting of its title. It prefers to remain an "Organisation of Catholics", enrolled on the permanent register of the Council of the Laity in Rome. Relations with the Conference of International Catholic Organisations are no less restricted than with those at Paris and Geneva. The Alliance is present at meetings of its two centres of information as an "associate member".
Despite its frankness, the Alliance has obtained and retains the esteem of the hierarchy. Pius XII, John XXIII before he became pope, and Paul VI have all congratulated and encouraged our group. The tireless and much-missed Florence Barry, International Secretary for several decades, was awarded the "Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice" Cross for her work with the Alliance. Each year, after the meeting of the Council, the Alliance informs the Holy Father and certain important religious persons of the resolutions reached relative to current problems concerning the place of women in doctrine, the liturgy, canon law and the structure of the Church. It also maintains regular contact with a number of bishops and Church authorities. It actively takes part in ecumenical activities centered on the role of women in the Church.
The recent Vatican document forbidding women from becoming priests has not discouraged us. The Church has often made decisions in the course of its history which it has later bad to amend! On the subject we are currently concerned with, the Sacred Congregation for the doctrine of the Faith has questioned neither the Theological Commission nor the Commission on Women nor the World Council of the Lay Apostolate; it has not taken into account the contrary opinion expressed by the Biblical Commission; more serious still, the bishops have not been consulted!
10. Half-Way
Many feminists to-day are better known by the public. The Alliance scorns the abuses and scandalous actions which guarantee immediate publicity. Nevertheless, the Alliance rejects the simple, vague or hollow methods which many religious organisations resort, to when called upon to deal with the advancement of women. The Alliance intervenes either to recall principles which risk being lost sight of or to produce facts, figures and precise texts in-order to reach concrete conclusions. It bases its action on sound christian premises, rigorous documentation and unassailable logic. It always tries to put forward a realistic resolution which would advance the path of justice.
Seasoned by many a debate under six different Popes, the Alliance does not allow itself to become discouraged by temporary setbacks; it knows that the Holy Spirit is at work. Other Catholic organisations have begun, fifty years after us, to adopt the same ideas; we take great pleasure in this. In traditional Catholic circles, the Alliance has contributed to a wider view of the role of women. Much work remains to be done in education, information, encouragement… But the most difficult task has been accomplished, the work of pioneering! This task the Alliance has accomplished alone, very much on its own, with the guidance of the Holy Spirit. The way has been long and hard. Only God knows how much faith, courage, sacrifice, clarity, patience and perseverance were needed by these handful of women, these suffragettes, who, 67 years ago, came together to fight for justice. The Alliance has worked as a mature daughter of the Church, a daughter who took the initiative, weighed up the responsibilities, a daughter who was for a long time misunderstood, but remained always wise and loving.
The end of the road has not yet been reached. For a new world, a new mission! Vigilance is essential! The Old World has changed and women find themselves faced with new ways of putting forward old problems. Some new countries have arisen whose women must face similar difficulties to those which we have faced. In both cases, has not the Alliance a role to play? Could not the Alliance help women obtain recognition of their personal and family rights, and to resist, at the same time, the increasing pressure of materialism and atheism? May God give it the grace not to stop half-way!
A. M. Pelzer · Brussels, 1977
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Background: Surgery for otosclerosis has changed little over the past 50 years. The addition of surgical lasers has allowed creation of a hole in the stapes footplate with less physical contact than with a surgical instrument such as a straight pick. A laser interaction with the footplate still involves a transfer of energy, however. Comparisons of surgical outcomes with or without the use of lasers have shown comparable results.
Study design: Retrospective review of 302 patients from a tertiary medical center. One hundred eighty patients underwent stapedectomy with the use of a CO2 laser, and 122 patients underwent stapedectomy using a manual technique of footplate perforation, with no randomization. Bone conduction thresholds were measured pre-operatively, then again on the first and fourth post-operative day, one month post-operatively and one year post-operatively.
Synopsis: Three hundred two patients had post-operative testing on the first and fourth post-operative days. There was a small but statistically significant decline in bone conduction thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz for both time points and for both techniques. Two hundred eighty patients had testing at the one-month post-operative stage. There was a return to the pre-operative bone conduction level at 0.5 and 1 kHz, but a persisting decline at 2 and 4 kHz. One hundred twenty-five patients had post-operative testing at one year. All frequencies tested showed that the bone conduction thresholds had returned to or surpassed pre-operative levels. Their data suggest a slightly greater "overclosure" of the bone conduction threshold for the patients undergoing laser penetration of the footplate at the one year post-operative evaluation. However, this outcome has to be tempered by the significant decline in the number of patients evaluated at one-year post-operatively—fewer than 50 percent of the original patients.
Bottom line: There does not appear to be a difference in the post-operative bone conduction thresholds between the techniques of laser or manual penetration of the stapes footplate. Early testing within four days of surgery may detect a decline in bone conduction thresholds, but these thresholds appear to return to the pre-operative level over a period of one month to one year.
Citation: Brase C, Keil I, Schwitulla J, et al. Bone conduction after stapes surgery: comparison of CO2 laser and manual perforation. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34:821-826.


Creme De Menthe Flavor by The Perfumers Apprentice or The Flavoring Apprentice.
True flavour. Great as an additive to other flavours. Smooth and not overpowering menthol.
Have you ever had those after dinner creamy Misty Mints? That's what this is like. Or Creme De Menthe the after dinner drink.
This is one of the nicest after dinner juices I can think of. It's good at 15-20% and only gets better as it steeps.
This is one of my favourite flavours of all time.


Write a short essay on the structure and function of a protein from the following list: Phosphoglycerate mutase, Glycogen synthase, Aconitase, Alcohol dehydrogenase ?
NAD (P) dependent oxido-reducatases catalyse the reversible oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, respectively. Among them, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) comprises a group of dehydrogenase enzymes which catalyzes the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the concomitant reduction of NAD+ or NADP+. The said enzyme is a 146.8KDa protein, found in animals, plant, fungi, algae, bacteria and other related species (Ying & Ma, 2011). The principal metabolic purpose that is being facilitated with this enzyme functioning is the breakdown of alcoholic substances in the body, which otherwise can be toxic. On the contrary, in case of yeast and certain other bacterial species, ADH1 plays a crucial role in an opposite reaction as part of the process of fermentation, for continuous production of NAD+. The enzyme is composed of 347 amino acids and its isoelectric point is 6.23 (Hansch, 1972). This ubiquitous group of enzymes are present in diverse tissues like liver, kidneys, gastric mucosa and mammary glands in human and other developed species. To cope up with the alcoholic substrates this group of enzymes evolved in the course of evolution, which is capable of decomposing or processing such organic compounds. The regulation of ADH is being studied in diverse organisms, notably yeast, drosophila, maize and human. Multiple ADH isozymes are differentially expressed in each of these organisms. Mutants lacking each of the isozymes show greater tolerance to allyl alcohol, which is converted to the toxin acrolein by ADH.
Structurally, the enzyme composed of a tetramer where each of the subunit contains a zinc atom (Zn+2). The zinc ion is stabilized with the close state formed by four Cysteine residues, viz. Cysteine 97, Cysteine 100, Cysteine 103 and Cysteine 111. The coordination of these residues with Zn+ ion gives a positioning of symmetric tetrahedron. The said coordination is important for the enzyme functioning, which is believed to be governed by electrostatic interaction (Bergquist, 2000). Each monomer is distinguished into two domains, a 'co-enzyme' binding and a 'catalytic' domain. Three dimensional structure of the active site explored the presence of a hydrogen-bonded proton-relay system. Two distinct active site sulfhydryl groups are there which are responsible for differential reactivity to iodoacetate and butyl isocyante (Eklund, 1976). Therefore the 'active centre' in the quaternary structure of the active enzyme corresponds to each individual chain consisting of one reactive sulfhydryl group, which in turn is bound to one atom of zinc and 1 mole of NAD+/NADP+. Here the zinc acts as an electron attractor, where it gives rise to increased electrophilic character of the aldehyde. Therefore its mechanism of action essentially based on the electrophilic catalysis mediated by the active site zinc atom. With the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, this enzyme catalyzes interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones. The first-ever isolated alcohol dehydrogenase was purified from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast). Yeast ADH (YALD1) is one of the first enzymes to be crystalized (Leskovac, 2002). In 1937, crystallized ADH form was isolated from brewer's yeast by Negelein and Wulff (1937). Later seven genes were identified to express ScADH1 in large amounts in presence of glucose. YADHD1 is a constitutive enzyme that reduces acetaldehyde into ethanol during fermentation of glucose. It is a zinc-containing protein, and it accounts for the major part of ADH activity in growing baker's yeast (Branden, 1973). Glycolysis and aerobic respiration are the two metabolic pathways observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ethanol is the important metabolite in yeast metabolic system, being the end product of glycolysis and ethanolic fermentation. Pyruvate synthesized in glycolysis is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2 and acetaldehyde in turn is then reduced to ADH1. Therefore in yeast, YADHD1 performs the last step in the conversion of food into metabolic energy by creating ethanol instead of detoxifying it. For industrial purpose, humans exploit this metabolic pathway in order to produce alcoholic beverages (Parlesak, 2002).
The main mechanism of action of the enzyme, can be narrated in the following steps. It is noteworthy to mention that the following points can be considered as the key steps of the reaction catalysed by ADH (Danielsson, 1992).
Binding of the ADH enzyme to the coenzyme NAD+ for functional activation.
Binding of the alcohol (as substrate) with ADH. This binding of enzyme and substrate is facilitated with coordination to zinc atom.
Deprotonation in the enzyme at Histidine 51 position.
This deprotonation is subsequently followed by deprotonation of nicotinamide ribose.
Deprotonation of another residue in protein, Threonine 48, for accompanying the alcohol molecule.
Final deprotonation of the alcohol molecule.
Formation and release of the final product (aldehyde).
It is important to mention that there are other amino acids, which are involved in the catalytic action. To be particular, these residues are Cysteine 46, Cysteine 174 and Histidine 67. A simplified illustration of the reaction is given below.
The corresponding reaction between ethanol to acetaldehyde is catalysed by alcohol dehydrogenase, and the subsequent reaction from acetaldehyde to acetic acid is catalysed by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of YADHD1 have been measured in solution with different stabilizing additives such as sugar or osmolytes. Thermal denaturation temperature (Td) for yeast ADH without additives has been reported to be 61.3°C. Sucrose, which is known to be a compatible osmolyte, showed maximum increase in the ΔTd by more than 12°C (Eckstein, 2004). On the other hand, the kinetic deactivation process of ADH1 can be explained by first order rate-kinetics. The loss of kinetic stability of ADH1 is correlated with the change in its active site of the protein (Mildvan, 1969). Moreover, the kinetic stability of the enzyme is affected at a much lower temperature than that of its thermodynamic stability. Study indicated that thermal unfolding is not encountered below 60°C whereas the kinetic deactivation is observed even at 50°C. Therefore the kinetic stability is much more delicate compared to its thermodynamic stability, as it needs a large scale of denaturation of the whole protein structure. Kinetic studies of commercially available ADHs revealed that they are capable of oxidizing all primary alcohols of chain length of between 2 and 10 carbon atoms (Klinman, 1981).
Bergquist, C., Storrie, H., Koutcher, L., Bridgewater, B. M., Friesner, R. A., & Parkin, G. (2000). Factors influencing the thermodynamics of zinc alkoxide formation by alcoholysis of the terminal hydroxide complex,[TpBut, Me] ZnOH: an experimental and theoretical study relevant to the mechanism of action of liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 122(51), 12651-12658.
Brändén, C. I., Eklund, H., Nordström, B., Boiwe, T., Söderlund, G., Zeppezauer, E., ... & Åkeson, Å. (1973). Structure of liver alcohol dehydrogenase at 2.9-Å resolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 70(8), 2439-2442.
Danielsson, O., & Jörnvall, H. (1992). " Enzymogenesis": classical liver alcohol dehydrogenase origin from the glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase line. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(19), 9247-9251.
Eckstein, M., Villela Filho, M., Liese, A., & Kragl, U. (2004). Use of an ionic liquid in a two-phase system to improve an alcohol dehydrogenase catalysed reduction. Chemical communications, (9), 1084-1085.
Eklund, H., Nordström, B., Zeppezauer, E., Söderlund, G., Ohlsson, I., Boiwe, T., ... & Åkeson, Å. (1976). Three-dimensional structure of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase at 2.4 Å resolution. Journal of molecular biology, 102(1), 27-59.
Hansch, C., Schaeffer, J., & Kerley, R. (1972). Alcohol dehydrogenase structure-activity relationships. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 247(14), 4703-4710.
Klinman, J. P. (1981). Probes of mechanism and transition-state structure in the alcohol dehydrogenase reactio. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 10(1), 39-78.
Leskovac, V., Trivić, S., & Peričin, D. (2002). The three zinc‐containing alcohol dehydrogenases from baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS yeast research, 2(4), 481-494.
Mildvan, A. S., & Weiner, H. (1969). Interaction of a Spin-labeled Analogue of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide with Alcohol Dehydrogenase III. thermodynamic, kinetic, and structural properties of ternary complexes as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 244(9), 2465-2475.
Parlesak, A., Billinger, M. H. U., Bode, C., & Bode, J. C. (2002). Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity in man: influence of gender, age, alcohol consumption and smoking in a Caucasian population. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 37(4), 388-393.
Ying, X., & Ma, K. (2011). Characterization of a zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase with stereoselectivity from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus guaymasensis. Journal of bacteriology, 193(12), 3009-3019.


The (ICBF) consists of five development levels with an institutional perspective at each level. These levels, level 1 to 5 describes the development of a SAI from its founding level: level 1 via the development level: level 2 to the established level: level 3 and further on. An SAI is at level 2 when some tools and audit practices are in place or plans have been made to achieve what a SAI needs to function properly according to international standards and best practice. When the plans, structure, standards etc are implemented and are functioning to almost 100%, then the SAI has achieved level 3, something which can take years. The remaining levels, level 4, the managed level and level 5, the optimized level, are much more difficult to achieve. A SAI on level 4 is in a situation where everything a SAI needs, such as independence, proper audit and communication processes etc are implemented to 100% and most important are functioning to the full satisfaction of all interested parties (the Parliament, the staff etc). SAIs, which are considered to be among the most developed among INTOSAI's members are generally at level 3 and 4.
The five institutional development areas in the ICBF are: Independence and Legal Framework, Organisation and Management, Human Resources, Audit Standards and Methodology and finally Communication and Stakeholder Management. Each domain contains a number of elements. Some of these can be seen in the figure and all in the the following ICBF. The elements are generic that is they are valid for all the five levels. Indicators are needed to define on what level a SAI is. These indicators are depicted in a Guideline which also provide the reader with a description of the ICBF, its design, how and for what purposes it can be used. The Guideline can be requested from the Secretariat.
The ICBF is mainly to be used for the SAIs' self assessments. The results are captured in an annual Transversal Activity Report.
Implementation of the SAI communication strategy for the audit process with the auditees.


'Coveney is the only writer who could get under Smith's skin, capturing her steeliness and vulnerability' INDEPENDENT ON SUNDAY From her days as a star of West End comedy and revue, Dame Maggie's path has led to international renown and numerous accolades including two Academy Awards. Recently she has been as prominent on our screens as ever, with high-profile roles as the formidable Dowager Countess of Grantham in DOWNTON ABBEY, as Professor Minerva McGonagall in the HARRY POTTER movie franchise and as the eccentric Miss Shepherd in the film version of THE LADY IN THE VAN by Alan Bennett. Yet paradoxically she remains an enigmatic figure, rarely appearing in public and carefully guarding her considerable talent. Michael Coveney's absorbing biography, drawing on personal archives, interviews and encounters with the actress, as well as conversations with immediate family and dear friends, is therefore as close as it gets to seeing the real Maggie Smith.
Michael Coveney has since 2006 been associated with the leading West End website WhatsOnStage.com. He has unprecedented access to Dame Maggie Smith's personal archives and curated the recent BFI season of her film and television work. He lives in Hampstead, north London.


Mr Rusty's photo gallery - Please click on picture to supersize!
Mr Rusty is a welcome addition to Beauvale's breeding stock. His dam is our Pebbles and his sire is our Humphrey. Mr Rusty has wonderful markings and is already proving to be a handful. He was born on 23rd January 2011 and weighed in at only 78g - but then again, he was one of a large litter of six!


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All Stories: 475
Aimée Potens Residence
Aimée Potens was the mother of Louis Charles and Jean Baptiste Roudanez, the founder and publisher of L'Union, the South's first black newspaper, and the New Orleans Tribune, America's first black daily newspaper. She was born to an enslaved woman…
Economy Hall
Soon after Union forces seized New Orleans from the Confederacy in 1862, calls for equality reverberated among free people of color. Hundreds assembled at frequent mass meetings and rallies at Economy Hall in the heart of Faubourg Tremé. There,…
Residence of Jean Baptiste Roudanez
Jean Baptiste Roudanez (1815-1895), a free man of color, served as publisher of L'Union, the South's first black newspaper, and the New Orleans Tribune, America's first black daily newspaper. Dr. Louis Charles Roudanez, the Tribune's founder, was…
Jean Baptiste Roudanez, publisher of L'Union, the South's first black newspaper, and the New Orleans Tribune, America's first black daily newspaper, is entombed alongside his mother Aimée Potens, a free woman of color, in Square 3 of St. Louis…
Tomb of Dr. Louis Charles Roudanez
Faubourg Tremé is home to the oldest existing cemetery in the City of New Orleans, St. Louis Cemetery No. 1. Dr. Louis Charles Roudanez, founder of the New Orleans Tribune, America's first black daily newspaper, is entombed in the Roudanez family…
Residence and Medical Practice of Dr. Louis Charles Roudanez and Family
Like many free people of color in New Orleans, Dr. Louis Charles Roudanez was wealthy, grew up with the French language, attended Catholic Church, and received much of his education in Paris. Roudanez's parents were racially mixed refugees from the…
Mechanics' Institute Massacre
On July 30, 1866, black Republicans attempted to reconvene the Louisiana constitutional convention in an effort to secure voting rights. Held at the Mechanics' Institute, a large crowd of black spectators was present as well. The gathering was…
New Orleans Tribune Offices After November 1866: Growing Readership in the Reconstruction Era
In November 1866, the Tribune moved from its offices on Conti Street to 122-124 Exchange Alley. These new digs were in the shadow of the St. Louis Hotel (site now occupied by the Omni Royal Orleans Hotel). The St. Louis Hotel housed a large…
L'Union the South's First Black Newspaper and New Orleans Tribune, America's First Black Daily Newspaper
You are standing in front of the L'Union and the New Orleans Tribune building, the birthplace of civil rights history in the Crescent City. Here, surrounded by the howling madness of the Civil War, these two radical journals condemned slavery and…
Claiborne Avenue
By Paper Monuments, Bryan C. Lee, Jr., Artist & Anna Brand, Storyteller
Claiborne Avenue, from Treme to the 7th Ward, is a corridor packed to the rafters with memory, resistance and a refusal to be assimilated, dominated and denigrated. It is rockin' – from one side to the other - with a resounding sense of life and…
A Movement Without Marches: Black Women in Public Housing
By Paper Monuments, shana griffin, Storyteller & CeCe Givens, Artist
Starting in the 1920s and increasing exponentially in the 1930s, and onwards, the urban landscape of New Orleans, like many urban municipalities across the country, began to change as a result of a series of racially restrictive covenants and zoning…
Todd Shipyards
By Sarah Cory
In the 1920s, the William H. Todd Corporation built Todd Shipyards on the shore of the Mississippi River in an area once known as McClellanville. The shipyard was located near the Algiers Naval Station at the present-day intersection of Merrill and…
Our Lady of Sacred Heart Church and the Herriman Family
By Michael Tisserand
Now an empty lot and the site of two pop-up restaurants, this corner was once the location of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart church. It was here, on Sunday, October 17, that the cartoonist George Joseph Herriman was baptized by Father Antoine Borias.…
Fraternité No. 20 Masonic Lodge
At the former intersection of Exchange Alley and St. Louis Street — now a parking gate for the Louisiana Supreme Court — once stood the meeting place for Fraternité No. 20, a racially integrated Masonic lodge that included George Herriman's…
Café du Monde: Coffee in George Herriman's Krazy Kat Comics
There is no way of knowing if young George Herriman ever accompanied his parents to the historic Café du Monde Coffee Stand, which was established in the New Orleans French Market in 1862, eighteen years before Herriman's birth. What is certain,…
Stephen Herriman House
Here — near the corner of Royal Street and Esplanade Avenue — a white riverboat captain named Stephen Herriman, originally from Long Island, made his home from 1843 until his death in 1854. Stephen Herriman's house is no longer standing. It…
St. Mary's Catholic Church and the Herriman Family
On September 4, 1846 — just one year after the New Orleans Archdiocese constructed this church adjacent to the Old Ursuline Convent — George Herriman Sr. and Louisa Eckel arrived here to be married by Etienne Rousselon, a French missionary who had…
New Orleans Tribune Office and the Herriman Family
This peach-colored commercial building is a landmark of both journalism and the struggle for civil rights in 19th Century New Orleans. Here were the original offices of the New Orleans Tribune, first Black-owned daily newspaper in the United States…
Chessé Family Home
There are three buildings still standing in New Orleans where it is most likely young George Herriman spent his childhood days: St. Augustine Church, the site of the Herriman & Chessé tailor shop, and this handsomely restored Creole cottage on…
Herriman & Chessé Tailor Shop
George Joseph Herriman's grandfather had been working as a tailor since at least 1847, when he was twenty-seven years old, and he had been in business with his half-brother Alexander Laurent Chessé since at least 1850. In 1854, shortly following the…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I co-own Fairy Fly Entertainment along with my mother and brother where we combine our talents to create our dreams, and am a member of our band, Fairyfly. My work includes filmmaking, writing, singing, digital art and photography. Our team is extremely dedicated in what we do and every detail of how we do it. I invite you to explore and enjoy the magic of Fairy Fly Entertainment.
Every person ignites a story; here is part of mine.
Beginning at age five, I performed on stage and screen with my brother, Noel, as a Mexican Folklore duo. In some performances we were joined by our mother, Lori R. Lopez. Also at a young age, I gained some experience in the field of acting by having several roles, including the dancing Jack Jr. for a Jack In The Box commercial when I was nine.
Having been homeschooled by my mother, through all grades, gave me the chance to develop a creative future and a strong family bond.
Inspired and encouraged by my mother, who would create worlds from her words and share them with my brother and I, at age 11 I began The World Of Eath with a handful of names and concepts. A project I have been working on ever since . . . Originally, Eath started out as a board game about a fantasy world of Wizards and Sorcerers that I planned to later base a series of books and movies upon.
A year later, I found out about a book called The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien from the public library. After seeing my interest in The Hobbit, my mother reminded me of a book she bought for me and my brother (that we had not gotten around to reading yet, perhaps because of the daunting page count) some time before that called The Lord Of The Rings. Tolkien's books about Middle Earth have since been some of my favorite and inspiring in my life.
My plans for The World Of Eath have shifted a bit since I started (the board game will now get released after some of the books), but the names and concepts remain.
My debut volume, A World Of Words, is the first poetry collection in the Collected Poetry Of Eath series. I think it is a fine way to introduce you to this fantasy world and the many people who live there.
Thanks to my mother, I grew up being mostly Vegetarian and caring for all creatures. With her example, the Sea Shepherds, and my brother Noel, I became Vegetarian then later Vegan because I love animals.
In 2007, my family began the adventure of working together and in 2013 we officially began Fairy Fly Entertainment. I consider it our creative home. A stage from which to inspire, entertain, and move the world.


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Home > The Issues > Belt Use
The Issues - Belt Use
Program: Embrace Life
Agency: Sussex Safer Roads Partnership
WHAT ARE...
What are seatbelts?
How many Canadians wear seatbelts?
Who is least likely to wear seatbelts?
What is the prevalence of belt use among crash victims?
What is the prevalence of belt use among teen crash victims?
When are young drivers less likely to buckle up?
How often do young passengers wear seatbelts?
Are Canadians concerned about seatbelts?
What do young drivers think about seatbelts?
What are the myths about seatbelts?
Are there provincial laws about seatbelts?
What can parents do to encourage seatbelt use from a young age?
What is the proper way to wear a seatbelt?
What programs and initiatives exist to encourage seatbelt use?
Since the early 1900s, manufacturers have experimented with incorporating a safety restraint into the design of their vehicles. By the late 1960s, this safety restraint, or the 'seatbelt', became mandatory and was a standard feature provided for each seat in the vehicle.1 Seatbelts secure passengers by crossing their chest and/or waist with a material belt that fastens into the side of the seat. The many other safety features that are rapidly becoming standard in vehicles, such as airbags, padded dashboards and head restraints, are much more effective if the occupant is wearing their seatbelt.2
Seatbelts decrease the risk of injury or death in a crash by reducing the movement of occupants inside the vehicle. For instance, if the vehicle is struck and an occupant is not wearing a seatbelt, their body becomes a projectile that can hit anything else inside the vehicle, such as the steering wheel, dashboard or other passengers. With the belt on, the body can minimize its contact with other objects in the vehicle that are moving toward the point of impact. Belts also prevent occupants from being thrown out of the vehicle, through the windshield or doors, where they could hit a pole, tree or rock, or be struck by another vehicle.3 Three-quarters of occupants ejected from a vehicle will die.4 The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) considers seatbelts to be the single most important protective mechanism available to adult vehicle occupants5 and found that they reduce risk of serious injury to the head, chest and extremities by 50%- 83%.6
1 Sefcik 2012
2 Transport Canada
3 Transport Canada 2007
4 WHO 2009
5 ICBC 2006
6 Strine et al. 2010
Seatbelt use in Canada increased from 93% in 2007 to 95% in 2010.7 This increase is promising and meets the target that was jointly set by federal, provincial and territorial Ministers of Transport a number of years ago. Although this is a high rate of seatbelt use, increasing seatbelt usage to 100%, if possible, would save a significant number of lives. In 2007 the 7% of Canadians that did not wear seatbelts accounted for almost 40% of collision fatalities, illustrating the importance of seatbelts in preventing deaths. Seatbelts save a thousand lives a year in Canada.8
Young males and drivers aged 18-24 are the least likely groups of drivers to wear seatbelts. The older the age of the driver, the more likely they will wear their seatbelt. The driver's area of residence also affects seatbelt use. Those who live in urban areas are more likely to wear seatbelts than those in rural areas. This means that as population increases, the rate of seatbelt use increases.9 The rate of seatbelt use in Canada is lowest among occupants of pickup trucks (92%).10
Drivers who are already considered 'risky', such as drivers who follow too close to other vehicles, run red lights or speed, are less likely to buckle up, and even more likely to be involved in crashes. These drivers are also more likely to have previous traffic violations. Drivers who have consumed alcohol are more likely to drive without buckling up.11 This is important because many fatal crashes involve alcohol (more than 30%), and by driving without a seatbelt, drunk drivers are putting themselves in even more danger behind the wheel.
Although a majority of Canadians wear their seatbelt, a large proportion of those involved in crashes were not wearing seatbelts at the time of the crash. According to Transport Canada, between 2006 and 2010, the percentage of drivers who were fatally injured in a crash and were not wearing seatbelts ranged from 33.6%-36.9%.
Similarly, the percentages of fatally injured passengers who were not wearing seat belts at the time of the crash ranged from 36.3%-40.4%.12
With regards to serious injury crashes, more passengers, compared to drivers, were found to be without a seatbelt at the time of the crash (20.5%-24.8% between 2006 and 2010). The percentages of drivers in serious injury crashes who failed to wear their seat belts ranged from 12.9% to 16.2%.13
A United States (U.S.) study found that a high percentage of fatally injured teens were not wearing their seatbelts at the time of the crash. The study, conducted by the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), reported that 58% of teen drivers killed in automobile crashes were not wearing a seatbelt in 2011. The same study found that 50% of teen passengers killed in automobile crashes were also not wearing seatbelts.14
Studies show that when young drivers are driving late at night, with passengers that have high blood alcohol content and with passengers under the age of 29, seatbelt use is much lower than when young drivers are driving alone.15 Thus, a decline in seatbelt use occurs in some situations involving young drivers who have the highest risk of crashing. It is already known that young drivers increase their risk of crashing when driving at night and/or with young passengers. Failing to wear a seatbelt in these situations make young drivers even more vulnerable to death or injury in a crash.
The use of seatbelts among young passengers is even lower than the use of seatbelts among young drivers. The rate of passenger belt use decreases among teens as the number of young passengers in the vehicle increases. This is especially the case for passengers in the back seat of the vehicle.16 For instance, in Canada, the rate of seatbelt use is much lower among back seat occupants (89.2%) than among front seat occupants (95.5%).17
Drivers who are wearing their seatbelt are five times more likely to die in a crash if their back seat passengers are not wearing their seatbelt. Injuries to the driver and front seat passenger are caused when the people in the back who are not buckled up catapult to the front. If backseat passengers increased their seatbelt use, up to 80% of the deaths caused by these kinds of crashes would be eliminated.18
10 Transport Canada 2011
11 Preusser et al. 1991
14 CHOP 2013
15 Williams and Shabanova 2002
18 ICBC 2006
When respondents of the 2008 Road Safety Monitor (RSM) released by the Traffic Injury Research Foundation (TIRF) were asked what driving behaviours most concerned them, not using a seatbelt ranked third last on the list. Only 66.1% of respondents considered this driving behaviour to be very or extremely risky. Drunk driving ranked first with 95% of respondents considering this an extremely risky driving behaviour.19 This means that Canadians are only moderately concerned with seatbelt use and do not consider it as dangerous as drunk driving, although lack of seatbelt use plays an important role in many deaths caused by speeding, drunk driving, and other dangerous road behaviours.
In a focus group conducted in the United States, young drivers were asked about seatbelts. None of the teens thought that driving without a seatbelt was a hazardous behaviour. Drivers were more likely to wear seatbelts in the front of the vehicle than the back. When asked why they did or did not wear seatbelts, many wore them only because it was something their parents had insisted upon, and it became habit. Some respondents only buckled up if they saw a police car and others buckled up to avoid hefty fines. Some respondents buckled up when the weather was bad or when they were in a vehicle with a driver who was known as a 'bad' or 'dangerous' driver.20
When there are airbags, you don't need to wear a seatbelt.
It is unsafe to rely on other vehicle safety features instead of seatbelts; airbags deploy at high rates of speed.
Seatbelts prevent passengers from escaping from a burning vehicle or a vehicle submerged in water.
Seatbelts prevent the occupant from being knocked unconscious and from moving around the vehicle. Chances of escaping a fire or water-related crash are three to five times higher if the occupant is wearing a seatbelt.21
Seatbelts are unnecessary for short trips at low speeds.
Of all road crash casualities who were not restrained, 70% were travelling less than 50 km/h. Two-thirds of crashes happen less than 15 km away from home.22
Seatbelts cause injuries.
Seatbelts actually reduce the severity of injury in a crash.
It is safer to be thrown out of/away from a vehicle in a crash.
An occupant is four times more likely to die if thrown from a vehicle in a crash.23
20 NHTSA 2006
21 WHO 2009
Yes. All provincial Highway Traffic Acts have laws regarding the proper use of seatbelts in vehicles. For example, all seatbelts in the vehicle must be working and worn by all passengers present. If passengers are under age 16 it is the responsibility of the driver to ensure they have a functioning seatbelt and are wearing it properly.
Fines for not wearing a seatbelt range from $75 to $280 depending on the jurisdiction. Ontario drivers, for instance, would receive a $110 ticket if caught without their belt on. Demerit points are also given for seatbelt infractions. Drivers in Saskatchewan accumulate three demerit points when driving without their seatbelts whereas drivers in Alberta receive no demerit points for the infraction, unless they are still in the graduated licencing program, in which case they would receive two points.24
24 CCMTA 2010
Parents can set a good example by wearing their own seatbelts as well as buckling up any children in the vehicle. Drivers who do use seatbelts are more likely to buckle up their children. This is a crucial time to begin teaching the importance of seatbelts to young passengers – risky behaviours developed in childhood continue in adolescence and adulthood. Thus, if children are buckled up as soon as they are no longer using a car seat, the behaviour will become a habit and they will be much more likely to buckle up when they are older and no longer under parental supervision.25
In order for seatbelts to reduce the risk of death or injury in a collision up to 60%, they need to be worn properly. If worn properly, seatbelts spread the force of a collision over the stronger areas of the human skeleton. Follow these guidelines to ensure a seatbelt is worn properly:
Buckle belt securely;
Fit lap belt snugly across hips, not abdomen;
Ensure shoulder belt sits firmly across the chest, never tucked under the arm;26
Do not recline the seat while wearing a seatbelt in a moving vehicle;
Ensure there is only one passenger per belt, never double up;
Do not use aftermarket adjusters that alter the path of the seatbelt; and,
If pregnant, make sure the waist belt sits low on the pelvis, below the baby.27
There have been several efforts by the government, non-profit organizations and police forces to encourage drivers to buckle up. Fortunately, these initiatives have strongly encouraged usage, but young drivers are still the least likely age group to wear their seatbelts, and this needs to change.
Devices such as the 'rollover simulator' have been developed to show young drivers the significant difference between a crash while wearing a seatbelt and a crash without wearing a seatbelt. The rollover simulator is a cab of a vehicle with a motor mounted on its top. The motor rolls the cab, simulating a rollover incident, and straw-filled dummies are used to show the effectiveness of seatbelts with them being belted and later unbelted. The goal of the rollover simulator is to help save lives by showing people that seatbelts are the best protection in most types of single vehicle crashes. Saskatchewan Government Insurance has partnered with the RCMP to take this simulator on the road to rural high schools, First Nations communities, trade fairs, malls, and other community events as part of its traffic safety education program.
www.sgi.sk.ca/individuals/safety/seatbelts/simulator.html
The most successful seatbelt enforcement campaign ever in the United States was the "Click it or Ticket" program developed by the NHTSA. This program was aimed at young drivers, especially males, and encouraged seatbelt use by raising awareness about the fines for the infraction. Television commercials, posters, and other public advertisements made the program a success and seatbelt use by 16-24 year olds increased from 61% in 1996 to 82% by 2003. Jurisdictions that adopt this comprehensive approach can achieve usage rates of 95%. This program illustrates the importance of the role that law enforcement and fines play in influencing the behaviours of the young driving population.
For more information please visit: www.nhtsa.gov/CIOT
25 Durbin et al. 2007
Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators (CCMTA). (2010). National Occupant Restraint Program 2010: Annual Monitoring Report 2009. CCMTA Road Safety Report Series. Retrieved from: http://www.ccmta.ca/english/committees/rsrp/norp /pdf/norp_report09.pdf.
Durbin, D.R., Smith, R., Kallan, M.J., Elliott, M.R., Winston, F.K. (2007) Seat belt use among 13-15 year olds in primary and secondary enforcement law states. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 39(3), 524-529.
Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC). (2006). Seatbelts. Road Safety. Injury Research. Retrieved from: http://www.injuryresearch.bc.ca/admin/DocUplo ad/3_200 80424_152043Road_Safety_Seatbelts_TS274S.pdf.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). (September 2006). Teen Unsafe Driving Behaviours: Focus Group Final Report. DOT HS 810 670. U.S Department of Transportation. Washington, DC.
Preusser, D.P., Williams, A.F., Lund, A.K. (1991). Characteristic of Belted and Unbelted Drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention.23(6), 475-482.
Sefcik, L. (2012). Seat Belt Law History. eHow. Retrieved from: http://www.ehow.com /facts_5008257_seat-belt-law-history.html
Strine, T.W., Beck, L.F., Bolen, J., Okoro, C., Dhingra, S., Balluz, L. (2010). Geographic and sociodemographic variation in self-reported seat-belt use in the United States. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 42(4), 1067-1071.
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (2013). Miles to go: Focusing on risks for teen drivers. National Teen Driver Safety Report.
Transport Canada. (2007). Seat Belt Sense. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation. TP 14646E.
Transport Canada. (2010). Canadian Motor Vehicle Traffic Collision Statistics: 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/roadsafety/tp-1317.htm#11.
Transport Canada. (2010). Results of Transport Canada's Rural and Urban Surveys of Seat Belt Use in Canada 2009-2010. Fact Sheet. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate. TP 2436E.
Vanlaar, W., Marcoux, K., Robertson, R. (2009). The Road Safety Monitor 2008: Pedestrians and Bicyclists. Traffic Injury Research Foundation. Ottawa, Canada.
Williams, A.F., Shabanova, V.I. (2002). Situational Factors in Seat Belt Use by Teenage Drivers and Passengers. Traffic Injury Prevention. 3(3), 201-204.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Seat-belts and child restraints: A road safety manual for decisions-makers and practitioners. FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society. London, United Kingdom.
Last updated February 2014


When it comes to commercial locksmith service you need a reliable partner who has the dedication and know how to get jobs done without cutting corners. The same should be true for any locksmith work, but with commercial work this is even more important so that the pace of your business does not slow down due to an inexperienced locksmith taking too long on a rekey or master key job, or from high charges, ruined door fixtures, or use of less secure locks and processes. Rock the Locksmith that you can trust.


It's Gonna Be Lots of Fun When the Kentucky Symphony Returns to Devou!
The Kentucky Symphony Orchestra returns to Covington's Devou Park for a free, three-concert summer season beginning in July that offers pop, jazz, and a Viennese New Year-style celebration that previews the KSO's upcoming 25th anniversary season.
Audiences are invited to dance, clap and sing-along when the musical party in the park begins July 9 with Pop Fitty (5 Decades of Pop — from The Beatles to Bruno Mars).
Founding musical director J.R. Cassidy says programs for all three concerts are being finalized but happily offered sample song lists.
Sample program: "Shake It Off", "Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da", "Vogue", "Here for the Party", "Love Shack", "Smooth", "We Are Family", "Puff the Magic Dragon", "Uptown Funk", and many more.
Cassidy promises gems by Chuck Mangione, Spyro Gyra, Eumir Deodato and Chick Corea. Sample program includes: The Hill Where the Lord Hides, Spain, Morning Dance, Feels So Good.
All concerts are at 7:30 p.m. Free (suggested donation $5 person.) Bring blankets or lawn chairs. Restrooms and concessions are available on-site. For more information and directions, visit the KSO at www.kyso.org or call 859-431-6216. There is limited free parking.


text:
Q: Alternative to 'apart from the purpose to' Consider you want to contrast another purpose of your work with one you just mentioned. You could write for example:

Apart from the purpose to validate ..., we also hope that ... .

What are other alternatives to this expression ?

A: It might be more elegant to say "In addition to validating ... we hope to..."

A: You can use also the form not only .. but also
We not only want to validate ... but also hope that..

A: Consider using "besides" instead of "apart from."

Besides validating..., we also hope that...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Back to school at DCSD: Five things to know
Alex DeWind
adewind@coloradocommunitymedia.com
So long, sweet summertime: The Douglas County School District welcomes most students back on Aug. 7. That date may differ for DCSD charter schools and kindergarten programs, and parents are …
Rock Ridge Elementary studnts lock hands and form a tunnel to welcome younger students back to school on the first day Aug. 10 in Castle Rock.
Posted Monday, July 29, 2019 4:31 pm
So long, sweet summertime: The Douglas County School District welcomes most students back on Aug. 7. That date may differ for DCSD charter schools and kindergarten programs, and parents are encouraged to confirm the date for their child or children.
To ease some of the usual, back-to-school stress, we've provided five changes for families to be aware of.
DCSD recently launched a mobile app, dubbed "Douglas County SD," which can be downloaded for free from the Apple App Store and Google Play.
Targeted to parents, students and staff, the app makes it easy to access calendar events, news, district communications, lunch menus, school contact information, weather notifications and more.
Tip: Enable push notifications to be notified of any recent updates.
More counselors
Douglas County schools will see more mental health resources thanks to a $40 million mill levy override passed by voters last November. Of that amount, $6 million has gone toward hiring 85 additional counselors.
At the start of the school year, each elementary school will have a counselor, and the ratio in middle and high schools will improve from one counselor per 350 students to one counselor per 250 students.
Also passed by voters last November was a $250 million bond, which is going toward critical building repairs, new construction and safety measures.
Upcoming projects include a 25,000-square-foot addition to Castle View High School in Castle Rock, which is over capacity by more than 360 students. The $13.2 million project is expected to begin this December and be completed by December 2020, according to district documents.
Schools including ThunderRidge High School in Highlands Ranch, South Ridge Elementary in Castle Rock and Iron Horse Elementary in Parker are scheduled to receive roof repairs and control system improvements.
For a full list of projects, visit https://bit.ly/2YjH31B.
The upcoming school year will see more security following the shooting at STEM School Highlands Ranch.
The Douglas County Sheriff's Office — which already provides 11 school resource officers to local schools — will add five SROs to middle schools, two to charter schools, and expects to convert seven school marshal positions into eight more SRO positions for elementary schools by December. Additional sergeants and detectives will support the SROs, according to the sheriff's office.
The Parker and Castle Rock police departments each provide three resource officers to schools in their community. Each department recently received council approval to add one SRO in the school district, bringing their counts up from two.
The district provides a wealth of information for parents online at https://bit.ly/2LJl3Hh. Resources include access to the Infinite Campus parent/student portal, which tracks student assignments, grades, class schedules, attendance and more, along with links to add money to a child's lunch account and to learn about the district's emergency protocols.
back to school,	DCSD,	Douglas County schools,	Alex DeWind,	2019
Lawmakers aim to divide 18th Judicial District
Two teens found dead in suspected murder-suicide
Q&A with state Sen. Jim Smallwood
The start to a new legislative session has reignited plans to split up the state's fastest-growing and most populous judicial district — the 18th Judicial District. Or, what one lawmaker called a …
Douglas County High School had brief lockout
Douglas County High School was placed on lockout as Castle Rock police searched a vehicle in the student parking lot on Jan. 14. The lockout lasted approximately 10 minutes, according to a letter to …
A suspected mental health-related incident has left two teenagers dead in Douglas County, Sheriff Tony Spurlock said during a Jan. 15 news conference. The incident, which is being investigated as a murder-suicide, began at Mile High Academy in Highlands Ranch on Jan. 14. The victim, a 17-year-old girl, got in a car with Samuel Hoffman, 18, after school.
Colorado Community Media asked the following questions of state Sen. Jim Smallwood, R-Parker, ahead of the 2020 legislative session, which began Jan. 8. Smallwood represents Senate District 4, which …
STEM victims cite ongoing trauma in legal filing
Theater students at STEM School Highlands Ranch sat in their classroom on May 7 listening in terror as gunfire erupted in a nearby classroom. Shouting followed the gunshots, and then they heard …
Keepers of the Star
When Jay Allen first hiked to the top of the Rock with the firefighters who maintain Castle Rock's iconic Star, the wind blew so hard that snow whipped sideways. By the time his mentors, Tammy …
Castle Rock rolls up sleeves for coming year
It's a new year, and that means a new list of priorities the Town of Castle Rock hopes to tackle in 2020. Town Manager David Corliss on Jan. 7 highlighted a list of projects that the town staff …
My Name Is … Nick Lucey
About me I'm the president of the newly formed Castle Rock Artist Cooperative. I am a local fine art photographer and graphic designer based in Castle Rock, where I've been for the last five and a …
LITTLETON PUBLIC SCHOOLS
INSPIRATION COLORADO
DOUGLAS COUNTY ENGINEERING - STORMWATER
Student-Athlete Spotlight: Her hard work pays off
Hannah Banko has worked hard to polish her basketball skills, and the labor has offered dividends. Banko, a 5-foot-11 senior at SkyView Academy in Highlands Ranch, has committed to play basketball at …
All-South Metro Football Team: Game-changers lead the way
Regis Jesuit quarterback Nicco Marchiol and Cherry Creek defensive back/kick returner Myles Purchase headline the 2019 Colorado Community Media All-South Metro Football Team. The 26-player team was …
Ponderosa player brings speed, positioning to team
Ponderosa senior striker Chris Cornn finished a pretty good soccer season. Cornn was named the 2019 Colorado Community Media South Metro Boys Soccer Player of the Year. "He is definitely the …
Athlete is the all-around deal
Julianna Dalton's performance in the girls state volleyball finals at the Denver Coliseum cemented the selection of the Chaparral standout as the 2019 Colorado Community Media Volleyball Player of …
Tennis Player of Year took top singles spot at state
Morgan Schilling, a junior at Regis Jesuit, is the 2019 Colorado Community Media South Metro Boys Tennis Player of the Year. Schilling lost only one set all season and completed a 21-0 campaign with …


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> About Us > News > Princess presents inaugural Dame Agnes Nursing Medal
Princess presents inaugural Dame Agnes Nursing Medal
A "popular" nurse who "epitomises the core values of her profession" has received the inaugural Dame Agnes Hunt Nursing Medal – presented by HRH Princess Alexandra.
Sister Glenna Hardy, a Nurse Practitioner in the Pre-operative Assessment Unit at The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, received the honour during an official Royal visit today.
Princess Alexandra was at the Oswestry-based hospital to officially open a £15.1 million theatre and oncology building, as well as to present the Nursing Medal and unveil a sculpture in memory of Percy, a peacock who lived on the site for more than 20 years.
Bev Tabernacle, Director of Nursing at RJAH, said: "Glenna is well known in the hospital by all staff and is popular for her friendly nature with patients, visitors and staff.
"She is always willing to stop and chat. Glenna epitomises today's nursing core values: Caring, Integrity, Diversity and Excellence.
"Dame Agnes once said that 'The real qualities of a nurse are common sense, gentleness, kindliness and the power of giving hope and joy to those who are sick and suffering'.
"Glenna lives up to this high standard every day. We are proud to call her one of our own."
Glenna, who lives in Pant, arrived at RJAH 28 years ago in 1989, taking up a post in the Midland Centre for Spinal Injuries.
She stayed there for 23 years before moving to the Pre-Operative Assessment Unit, initially on a secondment, in 2012. She is now Specialist Nurse Practitioner for Arthroplasty.
Glenna, who is a fluent Welsh speaker as well, has also in recent years completed an MSc in Advanced Clinical Nursing Practice.
Glenna said: "This was totally unexpected, and to be presented with the medal by HRH Princess Alexandra was just wonderful.
"I'm so happy and very honoured and privileged to work in this organisation as part of such an incredible team of people. We all have the same goal of delivering outstanding patient care, and long may it continue."


The Mickey Leland Papers & Collection Addendum. (Texas Southern University, 2015), "Transportation, Minority" (2015). The Mickey Leland Papers & Collection Addendum: Education, African Americans Repairs Education, African Amer. Racial Inequities (1987). Series 11: Speeches, Articles, Trips and Meetings 1985 - 1989. Series 11, Box 179, Folder 9597. Paper 684.


text:
Q: Python is adding values to multiple instances I have created a descriptor for lists.
After testing it seems that every time I append a value to a list of one instance, it is being added to another instance as well.
Even weirder, in the unittests it keeps appending to the list, and not resetting on every test.
My descriptor main class:
class Field(object):
    def __init__(self, type_, name, value=None, required=False):
        self.type = type_
        self.name = "_" + name
        self.required = required
        self._value = value

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return getattr(instance, self.name, self.value)

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def __delete__(self, instance):
        raise AttributeError("Can't delete attribute")

    @property
    def value(self):
        return self._value

    @value.setter
    def value(self, value):
        self._value = value if value else self.type()

Descriptor list class:
class ListField(Field):
    def __init__(self, name, value_type):
        super(ListField, self).__init__(list, name, value=[])
        self.value_type = value_type

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not isinstance(value, list):
            raise TypeError("{} must be a list".format(self.name))
        setattr(instance, self.name, value)

    def __iter__(self):
        for item in self.value:
            yield item

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.value)

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self.value[item]

    def append(self, value):
        if not isinstance(value, self.value_type):
            raise TypeError("Value is list {} must be of type {}".format(self.name, self.value_type))
        self.value.append(value)

Unittests:
# Class I created solely for testing purposes
class ListTestClass(object):
    l = ListField("l", int)

class TestListFieldClass(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.listobject = ListTestClass()

    def test_add(self):
        # The first number is added to the list
        self.listobject.l.append(2)

    def test_multiple_instances(self):
        # This test works just fine
        l1 = ListField("l1", int)
        l2 = ListField("l2", int)

        l1.append(1)
        l2.append(2)

        self.assertEqual(l1[0], 1)
        self.assertEqual(l2[0], 2)

    def test_add_multiple(self):
        # This test works just fine
        l1 = ListField("l1", int)
        l1.append(1)
        l1.append(2)

        self.assertEqual(l1[0], 1)
        self.assertEqual(l1[1], 2)

    def test_add_error(self):
        # This test works just fine
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            l1 = ListField("l1", int)
            l1.append("1")

    def test_overwrite_list(self):
        # This test works just fine
        l1 = ListField("l1", int)
        l1 = []

        l1.append(1)

    def test_overwrite_error(self):
        # This test works just fine
        l1 = ListTestClass()
        l1.l.append(1)

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            l1.l = "foo"

    def test_multiple_model_instances(self):
        # I create 2 more instances of ListTestClass
        l1 = ListTestClass()
        l2 = ListTestClass()

        l1.l.append(1)
        l2.l.append(2)

        self.assertEqual(l1.l[0], 1)
        self.assertEqual(l2.l[0], 2)

The last test fails
Failure
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/user/project/tests/test_fields.py", line 211, in test_multiple_model_instances
    self.assertEqual(l1.l[0], 1)
AssertionError: 2 != 1

When I look at the values for l1.1 and l2.l, they both have a list containing [2, 1, 2]
What am I missing here?
I looked to the memory addresses and it seems that the lists all point to the same object.
class ListFieldTest(object):
    lf1 = ListField("lf1", int)

class TestClass(object):
    def __init__(self):
        l1 = ListFieldTest()
        l2 = ListFieldTest()

        l1.lf1.append(1)
        l2.lf1.append(2)

        print(l1.lf1)
        print(l2.lf1)

        print(hex(id(l1)))
        print(hex(id(l2)))
        print(hex(id(l1.lf1)))
        print(hex(id(l2.lf1)))

This prints
[1, 2]
[1, 2]
0x7f987da018d0 --> Address for l1
0x7f987da01910 --> Address for l2
0x7f987d9c4bd8 --> Address for l1.lf1
0x7f987d9c4bd8 --> Address for l2.lf1

A: ListTestClass.l is a class attribute, so it is shared by all instances of the class. Instead, you should create an instance attribute, eg in the __init__ method:
class ListTestClass(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.l = ListField("l", int)

Similar remarks apply to ListFieldTest. There may be other similar problems elsewhere in your code, I haven't examined it closely.

A: According to this source, the proper form is
class ListTestClass(object):
    l_attrib = ListField("l", int)
    def __init__(self)
        self.l = l_attrib

A: Thanks to both @PM 2Ring and volcano I found the answer.
In the end this works great for value types:
class IntTestClass(object):
    i = IntegerField("i")

However for a reference type (like a list) that won't work and you have to add a new list
class ListTestClass(object):
    l = ListField("l", int)

    def __init__(self):
        self.l = []


text:
You are here: Cran World » The Cranberries » Sunday Mirror: Noel "Will Return with The Cranberries"
Sunday Mirror: Noel "Will Return with The Cranberries"
May 30, 2005 | Comments Off on Sunday Mirror: Noel "Will Return with The Cranberries" | by Zombieguide Archives | The Cranberries
Yesterday, the Sunday Mirror tabloid (Eire edition) published a new interview with Noel Hogan that should warm the heart of any Cranberries fan: He insists the band will regroup, but he's not sure when.
Noel also revealed that the Cranberries didn't intend to start doing solo projects until they had finished their uncompleted sixth album. However, with a number of personal issues, including the illness of Dolores's mother- in-law, the band decided to take a break earlier than planned.
Here's the full article:
HOGAN GOES OUT ON HIS OWN WITH THE MONO BAND; BUT HE WILL RETURN WITH CRANBERRIES
By MAEVE QUIGLEY
CRANBERRIES guitarist Noel Hogan said the band WILL be back – but not until they have finished their own solo work.
Millionaire Noel – who wrote some of the band's biggest hits including Linger and Dreams – has just released a new album with his Mono Band.
But he insists that some day he will reunite with his band members and make more Cranberries music.
He said: "We went into the studio almost three years ago and we had started to demo the next album.
"We only had about four or five tracks done when Dolores's mother-in-law became ill and she had to go back to Canada for a while.
"There was no real rush to get another album out – we weren't under any real obligations to anyone to get one done.
"We had originally planned to take a break and do our own projects after another album but because of the circumstances we decided to just go and do what we wanted there and then.
"We will see what happens down the road and we haven't given ourselves any time frame as everyone wanted the time and space to do their own projects properly.
"But definitely at some point we will pick up the phone to each other and say that it's time to regroup."
Dolores O'Riordan is working on a solo album which is scheduled for release next month [Editor's note: this should say "next year," not "next month"] and Fergal Lawler is also working on his on projects.
Noel said: "Obviously I see Mike as he's my brother and he's been helping me out with my live shows by playing in my band.
"I still speak to Ferg and Dolores the odd time on the phone but it's not like it used to be when we were practically living in each other's pockets for years."
Already Mono Band are in demand in America and Noel admits that being in The Cranberries has helped his solo project take off.
But he also has a lot to live up to which is making the 33-year- old very nervous.
Noel said: "There has been a lot of interest in the album in America – we've already done a few gigs out there and a few of the tracks have been picked up by radio.
"Being in The Cranberries has opened doors for Mono Band – it has made us much easier than if we were fresh out of the box."
Noel still lives in Limerick with his wife Catherine and children Sophie, five, and Rachel, four.
He said: "I think it is possible to have an international music career and still be based in Ireland.
"In many ways if I hadn't stayed in Ireland my personality and everything would have changed and I would have lost the whole idea of what it is to be in a band."
The Sunday Mirror is also giving away tickets to Mono Band's gig at Whelan's at the Budrising Festival. Here's how to enter:
NOEL Hogan's Mono Band is just one of the acts that play the BudRising Dublin City Festival from June 1-7.
BudRising will bring music lovers seven days and nights of inspirational sounds in 23 indoor and outdoor venues across Dublin city centre.
Beck, The Las, Jimmy Cliff, Dizzee Rascal, Echo And The Bunnymen and Noel Hogan from the Cranberries' new outfit Mono Band are just some of the great acts that will be playing.
The BudRising Festival Club at the POD will kick off proceedings at 6pm every evening with a FREE BBQ and end the party with serious dancing shenanigans once the gigs are over.
For more information see www.budrising.ie
We have three pairs of tickets to give away to one lucky reader who will get to see The Las, Jimmy Cliff and Dizzee Rascal at the festival.
Simply call or text us with your answer to the following question, plus your name and contact details.
Q: Which famous multi-million selling band is Noel Hogan a member of?
Is it:
A: THE CRANBERRIES B: THE BLUEBERRIES C: THE STRAWBERRIES
You can e-mail your answer to m.quigley@mgn.co.uk with name address and telephone number or text answer to 086 055 5657 To arrive before midday Tues 31
CALLS cost standard rate. One winner will be randomly selected, after the closing date, from all correct entries received. Usual MGN competition rules apply.
More Mono Band news soon!
Source: Sunday Mirror (Eire edition)


text:
Q: How to use abstract class properly in the following case I am trying to implement a code that corrects minor typos in a given word. These words are proper nouns which are either from a list of cities or states. It is given that we know whether the typo is from a city or a state. I am trying to implement two classes StateTypo and CityTypo which are subclasses to a base class, BaseTypo.
Here's the code for BaseTypo and StateTypo:
from collections import Counter
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class BaseTypo(ABC):

    def __init__(self):
        self.WORDS = self.dictionary()
        self.N = sum(self.WORDS.values())

    @abstractmethod
    def dictionary(self):
        return dict()

    def known(self, words):
        """"""
        return set(w for w in words if w in self.WORDS)

    def P(self, word):
        """Calculate probability of the given word"""
        return self.WORDS[word] / self.N

    def correction(self, word):
        """Most probable word"""
        return max(self.candidates(word), key=self.P)

    def candidates(self, word):
        """ Generate possible correct words"""
        return self.known([word]) or self.known(self.edits1(word)) or self.known(self.edits2(word)) or [word]

    def edits1(self, word):
        letters = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
        splits = [(word[:i], word[i:]) for i in range(len(word) + 1)]
        deletes = [L + R[1:] for L, R in splits if R]
        transposes = [L + R[1] + R[0] + R[2:] for L, R in splits if len(R) > 1]
        replaces = [L + c + R[1:] for L, R in splits if R for c in letters]
        inserts = [L + c + R for L, R in splits for c in letters]
        return set(deletes + transposes + replaces + inserts)

    def edits2(self, word):
        return (e2 for e1 in self.edits1(word) for e2 in self.edits1(e1))

class StateTypo(BaseTypo):
    def __init__(self):
        super(BaseTypo, self).__init__()
        self.address = 'states.txt'

    def dictionary(self):
        print(self.address)
        with open(self.address, 'r') as file:
            lines = file.readlines()
        lines = [line.strip() for line in lines]
        return Counter(lines)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    a = StateTypo()
    corrected = a.correction('himachal prfadesh')
    print(corrected) # should ideally print himachal pradesh

However, the above code runs into the following error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "correctTypo.py", line 59, in <module>
    corrected = a.correction('himachal prfadesh')
  File "correctTypo.py", line 25, in correction
    return max(self.candidates(word), key=self.P)
  File "correctTypo.py", line 29, in candidates
    return self.known([word]) or self.known(self.edits1(word)) or self.known(self.edits2(w
ord)) or [word]
  File "correctTypo.py", line 17, in known
    return set(w for w in words if w in self.WORDS)
  File "correctTypo.py", line 17, in <genexpr>
    return set(w for w in words if w in self.WORDS)
AttributeError: 'StateTypo' object has no attribute 'WORDS'

Now I know we don't really need to have an abstract class to implement this, but how can I solve this issue given my initial idea of having an abstract-method in a base class is preserved?

A: super means super,it gives you the super object.
You can init base class by super(StateTypo, self).__init__() or BaseTypo.__init__(self) ,but not super(BaseTypo, self).__init__().
And address is used during init,so it should be
class StateTypo(BaseTypo):
    def __init__(self):
        self.address = 'states.txt'
        super(StateTypo, self).__init__()

Or you can change other code to keep __init__ of base class at the first line.


At 75 years old, avid cyclist and Team Jewson MI Racing boss, Mick Ives, carries the title of the Oldest Racer. Mick's bike wheels haven't stopped turning since the Autumn of 1956, and he's had more national titles in multiple disciplines than anyone else in the country.
With the fifth annual Tour de Jewson only a couple of weeks away, we're looking for cyclists, support drivers and pit-stop hosts of all ages and abilities to register. For those still looking for motivation, we've got just the thing!
In this short video, Mick looks back at his wins and explains why nothing will keep him away from the saddle.
Feeling inspired? Find out more about the Tour de Jewson and how you can register or donate here.


Plans and administers policies relating to all phases of human resources activity by performing the following duties personally or through subordinate supervisors.
Identifies legal requirements and government regulations affecting human resources functions and ensures policies, procedures, and reporting are in compliance.
Plans and conducts new employee orientation to foster positive attitude toward the group's goals.
Keeps records of personnel transactions such as hires, promotions, transfers, performance reviews, and terminations, and employee statistics.
Coordinates management training in interviewing, hiring, terminations, promotions, performance review and safety.
Prepares, reviews and responds to inquiries regarding HR related policies, procedures, and programs.
Knowledge in the use of HR software applications.


text:
Q: How Can I Know The Registered Devices In My GCM Application Cloud (List Devices) 1- let's Say I've Create A GCM Application In A Google Apis Console ...
How Can I List And View All The Devices Are Registered In My Application Cloud
To Perform An A Random Action Like Send A Push Notification to them ?

2- Should I Create A database to Store The Registration IDs Returned By Registered Devices
If I Use My Own Server Like (Asp.net)

A:
How Can I List And View All The Devices Are Registered In My Application Cloud

There is no GCM call to do this. Your app needs to tell your server the IDs to use for GCM broadcasts to that app on that device, and your server then needs to store that data somewhere.

Should I Create A database to Store The Registration IDs Returned By Registered Devices If I Use My Own Server Like (Asp.net)

A database would seem like a fine choice.


Sacrifices must be made in the name of fashion — even if a pair of red bottoms puts the roof over your head at risk.
Kim Kardashian West confessed to her Snapchat fans today that she once shelled out a fortune buying a pair of studded gold metallic leather Christian Louboutin Isolde 160 heels that were issued in honor of the designer's 20th anniversary in 2012.
The price tag at the time was eye-watering — around $4,000.
Kim Kardashian West's shoe archives: Christian Louboutin 20th-anniversary Isolde pumps.
CREDIT: Courtesy of Snapchat/Kim Kardashian.
Christian Louboutin's 20th anniversary Isolde heels.
The luxury label's platforms were released in 2012 and were among 20 styles, along with six bags, that were included in a capsule collection inspired by two decades of Louboutin's work.
Kim Kardashian West's shoe archives: Christian Louboutins.
The shoes were previously listed for $3,995 on Net-a-porter.com, and now, a pre-owned pair "worn only 1 night indoors," described by a seller, is currently available for $2,100 on eBay. For those who truly appreciate a vintage look, another eBay seller is offering her shoes that have been worn "numerous times and have lots of scratches on them" for $1,650.
The 20th-anniversary range debuted Feb. 27, 2012 at a London pop-up shop in Selfridges before its worldwide release the following month.
Some colorways in the Isolde 160 model were produced in black, pink and gold. Design details included Swarovski-embellished platforms, buckled straps, patent leather and spikes. The towering stiletto heel measures around 6.5 inches and the platform is around 2.5 inches thick.
Kim Kardashian West's shoe archives: YSL booties.
The social-media queen also shared other eye-catching heels from Louboutin, YSL and Yeezy, as well as gowns in her archive, adding that she planned to pass on her wares to North West, her daughter with husband, Kanye West.
Kim Kardashian West holding her son, Saint, alongside daughter, North.
Click through the gallery below to see more photos.


text:
Variety Read Next: New Movies to Watch This Week: 'Locked Down,' 'The Marksman,' 'One Night in Miami…'
'Bad Boys 3': Joe Carnahan in Talks to Write, Possibly Direct Sequel
Sony is eyeing Joe Carnahan as a potential director for Will Smith's "Bad Boys 3."
The studio is in early talks with Carnahan to do a re-write on a "Bad Boys 3" script by "Safe House" writer David Guggenheim with an eye to directing.
Smith has been filming Warner Bros.' "Suicide Squad" portraying the Floyd Lawton / Deadshot character.
Smith starred with Martin Lawrence in 1995's "Bad Boys" and 2003's "Bad Boys II" with Michael Bay directing both films. Both of the Jerry Bruckheimer-produced films were quite successful with the first grossing over $140 million worldwide and the second taking in over $270 million.
Carnahan closed a deal in March to direct "Motorcade" for DreamWorks. Carnahan most recently directed "Stretch," starring Patrick Wilson, Ed Helms and Chris Pine, and has also been busy on the TV front, exec producing the NBC dramas "Blacklist" and "State of Affairs."
Other past credits include "The Grey," "The A-Team" and "Smokin Aces." Carnahan is repped by CAA.
The news was first reported by Deadline.com.


Our Risk Engineers build and support everything that helps lower our risk exposure. This includes integration of vendor tools, training new fraud/anomaly detection algorithms, supporting our risk operations teams and improving our monitoring capabilities. You'll leverage your technical skills to build out new tooling for our Risk Representatives, integrate new data sources, build feature engineering pipelines and help evaluate new models.
Evaluate and integrate new data sources for our fraud detection algorithm in real-time and pipe the results into our analytical environment.
Implement defense heuristic code and deploy when we discover a new fraud ring/pattern.
Integrate vendor APIs into our risk defenses.
Possess strong software development skills.
Have strong engineering fundamentals — you've built applications as well as trained model and are comfortable with supporting all layers of the stack.


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Hughes, A., Redhead, D., & Roberts, B. (in preparation). Personality and biological aging: The impact of conscientiousness and neuroticism on epigenetic age.
Kwok, N., Redhead, D., & Brown, D. (in preparation). The ties that lead: Leader role identity promotes social integration in advice and friendship networks over time.
Von Rueden, C. *., Redhead, D. *., O'Gorman, R., Kaplan, H., & Gurven, M. (submitted). The dynamics of cooperation and status in a small-scale society.
Redhead, D., Cheng, J. T., Driver, C., Foulsham, T., & O'Gorman, R. (2019). On the dynamics of social hierarchy: A longitudinal investigation of the rise and fall of prestige, dominance, and social rank in naturalistic task groups. Evolution and Human Behavior,40(2), 222-234.
Redhead, D., Cheng, J., & O'Gorman, R. (2018). Higher status in group. In T. K. Shackelford, & V. A. Weekes-Shakelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science (Living Edition). Cham: Springer.
Redhead, D., Cheng, J., & O'Gorman, R. (2018). Individuals that impose costs. In T. K. Shackelford, & V. A. Weekes-Shakelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science (Living Edition). Cham: Springer.
Redhead, D., Cheng, J., & O'Gorman, R. (2017). Status competition and peer relationships in childhood. In T. K. Shackelford, & V. A. Weekes-Shakelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science (Living Edition). Cham: Springer.
Redhead, D. (2016). Rank differentiation among adolescent hierarchies in Romanian state care. Anthropology of East Europe Review,33(2), 26-45.