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Basic components and innovations in ISPadmin
OS Debian Linux
Framework Nette
The history of the ISPadmin system dates back to 2003. The latest fourth generation of the ISPadmin system has been on the market since 2014 and it is time to move towards a new generation based on the latest technologies and the experience of our team. ISPadmin version 4 was built on Debian Linux 7, PHP 5.3 and MySQL 5.5. All of these components are now outdated and there are their newer versions that offer higher performance, better functionality and more security. For example, all Debian Linux updates were terminated in May 2018 and no security updates are available any longer. The version of PHP used and other components have also been obsolete. For this reason, it was necessary to proceed with a relatively radical solution and to start a new operating system, a new database, a new version of PHP and framework. It was also imperative to rewrite a considerable part of the ISPadmin code. And we succeeded after a few months of hard work. 🙂
ISPadmin 5 is built on Debian Linux 9 (Stretch), which is the latest available stable operating system version. Updates are guaranteed up to 2022 (see https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases). Debian Linux 9 provides a stable, powerful and secure system-wide platform.
ISPadmin 4 used PHP 5.3, which has been quite outdated and has limited the further development of ISPadmin because it has not been possible to use the latest versions of the Nette framework and other web components. Using PHP version 7 has been prevented by outdated operating system and code parts that have not yet been rewritten into the Nette framework and thus has not supported PHP 7. Moreover, the source code of PHP 5.3 and the newly used PHP 7.2 have not been incompatible, so it has been necessary to make changes at once. It was a vicious circle. So first the OS has been updated to Debian 9, a PHP updated to 7.2, and also the source code has been edited considerably. Thanks to these modifications, ISPadmin 5 is built on the new OS and PHP version 7.2, which is much faster than PHP 5.3 used in ISPadmin 4. The memory requirements are now at least 30% lower than with PHP 5.3. On top of it, the memory leaks, which may make the system run of memory, no longer appear. Performance differences and web responses between ISPadmin 4 and ISPadmin 5 are therefore huge and ISPadmin 5 is much faster.
(see Performance Of PHP 5.3 To PHP 7.2)
We have also deployed MySQL version 5.7 in ISPadmin 5, which provides high performance for database operations. The database structure and index settings have been significantly optimized with the deployment of the new version of MySQL. These are particularly important for fast search and data access. The database now uses the InnoDB table format instead of the original MyISAM. InnoDB, combined with the correct settings and the memory size used, provides multiple higher performance than the MySQL database used in ISPadmin 4.
ISPadmin 5 has already been completely rewritten into the Nette framework. This framework provides support for various web technologies. It guarantees the entire system security and separates the powerful part of the code from the graphic design. As a result, the graphic design is not an integral part of the code and can be edited easily. The Nette Framework also provides excellent testing, debugging and code management capabilities. Thanks to that, it is possible to develop a safer and higher-quality system that also makes work easier for developers.
Many optimizations have been made in ISPadmin 5. They are not visible at first sight because they are hidden deep in the core of the system. All these optimizations contribute to a smoother system running, more security and faster network management and customer service.
With all these changes, ISPadmin 5 has taken a big step forward and provides a stable platform for further development.


Two enacted parables worth thinking about during Holy Week.
Last Sunday I turned from the Big Questions to focus on two clips from N. T. Wright's visit to Cincinnati dealing with the intentional acts of Jesus during Holy Week leading up to his crucifixion and resurrection. Every act of Jesus we have recorded for us in the Gospels displays his intention and vocation. He often enacted parables as well as telling them. No where is this more apparent than in two scenes in John's version of the events leading up to Good Friday. The first is the triumphal entry into Jerusalem, humble on the colt of a donkey.
The picture above by William Brassey Hole (1846-1917) tells the story quite well. There is more to this painting than most on the triumphal entry.
When Judas Maccabeus surprisingly defeated the Syrians in 164 BC and cleansed the temple, they came into Jerusalem waving palm branches. They are cleansing the temple, this is a celebration. This is all about a new Israel. At last, if we cleanse the temple and if we have a true king, then God will come back at last and dwell properly in the temple and we'll never have to have this kind of stupid pagan stuff coming again. Now Jesus … chose Passover, that's a really interesting phenomenon … according to John's gospel Jesus was to and forth from Jerusalem for all the major festivals … If Jesus is going to die for the sins of the world, which moment in the Jewish calendar might he have chosen? Day of atonement, no brainer. No he doesn't, he chooses Passover because more fundamental is the rescue, the rescue from the Pharaoh, the rescue from Egypt, the crossing of the Red Sea and the whole narrative of Exodus and Passover. And Jesus is deliberately reenacting that narrative through the lens of Zechariah chapter 9. Your king comes to you humble and riding on … a colt, the foal of a donkey. And the symbolism with the scriptural echoes is so typical of how lots of Jews thought and acted. But particularly how Jesus himself thought and acted. So many of his parables are full of biblical echoes which are about: this is how the kingdom of God comes, even though it's surprising. So yes, it is deeply intentional but also kind of quizzical and paradoxical and forces people to think, and forces people into an awkward position where they have to make some decisions too. So yeah, when I was younger I just thought, so OK Jesus found a donkey and rode into Jerusalem. That's what you do. But no, people didn't do that … This is a very carefully staged piece of theologically motivated street theater. And it works like that. And Jesus knew exactly what buttons he was pressing and what was going to happen.
This sets the stage for much of the chapter entitled "Believolution." God is the creator of all – and he is a competent creator. He is involved in the natural, not only the supernatural. He is behind the process, not only the outcome. "A natural explanation is not a godless explanation because God made nature. The natural world is evidence of his mind-blowing skill." (p. 70) Here I will highlight three points Harrell makes in this chapter.
God as Relational. Harrell goes on to give a clear explanation of one of the key points – one that I try to make fairly often when discussing the issue of creation and origins.
When we think of God as creator, and as sovereign, we also need to step back and think about God in relationship with his creation and with his creatures. When miracles happen they always happen for a specific purpose of God in the context of this relationship.
The next few chapters of Daniel Harrell's book, Nature's Witness: How Evolution Can Inspire Faith, looks at the theological questions raised by the possibility of evolutionary creation.
Providence. He considers the question of providence and introduces some categories. There is ordinary providence (the everyday workings of the "natural" world), extraordinary providence (as when God employs the wind or the locusts), and supernatural providence (resurrection being a prime example). The latter is an out-breaking of God's future in the present. None of these are outside of the nature of God – he is equally active and equally consistent with his nature in the natural, the extraordinary, and the supernatural.
Evolution is both tortuous and torturous … or so it has been described.
Of course Harrell doesn't leave us hanging here. In the next sections of Ch. 3 (What Happens When I Think Too Much) and in Ch. 4 (E-Harmony) he works through many of the issues involved in understanding an evolutionary creation. He wanders through a discussion of faith, randomness, purpose, heaven, love, and the image of God.
One of my all-time favorite books exploring the relationship between science and Christian faith was written by a pastor… a pastor in a university community, committed to taking science and faith seriously. Nature's Witness: How Evolution Can Inspire Faith is a book I recommend highly to Christians interested in the topic – especially those with little or no scientific training. It is an entertaining and thought-provoking read. The book is worth a new look. As I am traveling a great deal this month, this is an excellent time to step back and revisit the book with some lightly edited and updated reposts.
First some background … Daniel Harrell is a Southerner by birth, has a bachelor's degree from UNC, an MDiv from Gordon-Conwell, and a Ph.D. in developmental psychology from Boston College. He has been a minister for something like 30+ year, with over 20 years as an associate at Park Street Church Boston before moving to Minnesota. His book comes out of his experience as a pastor, his experience interacting with students and other scholars from Harvard, MIT and other schools in the Boston area, and his experience interacting with Christians wary of the idea of evolution.
In this short video Harrell reflects on the scientific method as a way of knowing about the world and about embracing science for what it can tell us, while questioning the overarching claims made by some people concerning the scope of scientific knowledge.
The next segment of the conversation between Heidi Lene Maibom and N. T. Wright raises a question worth a little consideration. Still engaged with the question "What is wrong with the world?", Prof. Maibom reacts to Wright's suggestion that God is at work putting it right. In the discussion she gives a common description of the Christian view of God. The video embedded below starts about 56 minutes into the conversation with Prof. Maibom's response.
I guess I simply don't see what meaning positing some kind of … paternalistic figure much like a father who has created the world is going to give the world. I don't see it. That doesn't make it any more meaningful to me that somehow we're supposed to reflect his glory or whatever the story is. That, to me, gives no more meaning than not having it. Why would God be there? Why would there be a supernatural creature that looks so suspiciously like your dad, and where's your mom anyway, where's she gone? There is something about that whole story that to me …, in so far as I find religious or spiritual idea attractive, I'm much more on the mystical side or the gnostic side even. You know god is within you and the devil or the bad is within you. It is not something external, it is not some kind of external existence some kind of male figure or anything like that. I find the whole question of supernatural beings kind of puzzling. I think once we start thinking harder and harder about it, we might go with, you know who Maimonides is, Guide to the Perplexed, Jewish philosopher? He would ask questions like: It says in the Bible God turns his back. What sense does that make? Does God have a back? So there's lots of questions where it seems to me that the way we've conceived religion is a reflection of the limitations of our ways of thinking.
This is a fitting image when pondering the big questions of life. We've been considering these questions in the context of a Veritas Forum conversation between N. T. Wright and Heidi Maibom at the University of Cincinnati in March 2017. Having considered worldviews, knowing, and human identity, we turn to the penultimate question posed to Wright and Maibom: What is wrong with the world?
Wright starts the discussion with an anecdote about G.K. Chesterton.
Which is a chief and cheerful way of saying something profoundly Christian, which is when you ask the question "What's wrong with the world?" You do not sit on a position of moral neutrality yourself and say, if there is wrong in the world it is all out but I am the one who can sit above it and judge it. We are all in this mess together. And if we are talking about what is wrong in the rest of the world we have to be prepared to have the critique bounce back at us.
Craig Allert in Early Christian Readings of Genesis One, makes reference in passing to a comment by Basil of Caesarea (ca. 329-379 AD) regarding the purpose of creation. This is worth some consideration. We find Basil's comment in NPNF2-08. Basil: Letters and Selected Works, The Hexæmeron 1.5. The quote below is on pp. 54-55 available online at the link.
It appears, indeed, that even before this world an order of things existed of which our mind can form an idea, but of which we can say nothing, because it is too lofty a subject for men who are but beginners and are still babes in knowledge. The birth of the world was preceded by a condition of things suitable for the exercise of supernatural powers, outstripping the limits of time, eternal and infinite. … They fill the essence of this invisible world, as Paul teaches us. "For by him were all things created that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible whether they be thrones or dominions or principalities or powers" or virtues or hosts of angels or the dignities of archangels.
To this world at last it was necessary to add a new world, both a school and training place where the souls of [humans] should be taught and a home for beings destined to be born and to die. Thus was created, of a nature analogous to that of this world and the animals and plants which live thereon, the succession of time, for ever pressing on and passing away and never stopping in its course. Is not this the nature of time, where the past is no more, the future does not exist, and the present escapes before being recognised? And such also is the nature of the creature which lives in time,—condemned to grow or to perish without rest and without certain stability. It is therefore fit that the bodies of animals and plants, obliged to follow a sort of current, and carried away by the motion which leads them to birth or to death, should live in the midst of surroundings whose nature is in accord with beings subject to change.


"How long does one have to remove an appendix with appendicitis before it breaks?"
Zocdoc›Answers›How long does one have to remove an appendix with appendicitis before it breaks?
I have three kids and I would like to know how long I have to take them to the hospital if they start showing symptoms of appendicitis. Thx, doctor.
Appendicitis can be a serious medical condition, and does need to be treated to avoid the many potentially serious consequences, one of which is a ruptured appendix. While it is more difficult to diagnose appendicitis in younger children, it is also good to know that, possibly due to the shape of the appendix itself, younger children are less likely to have appendicitis. That is, the highest incidence of appendicitis starts to occur in the adolescent age, when the symptoms are more similar to the symptoms that adults will complain about, most notably pain the right lower quadrant and anorexia (the doctor's word for no appetite or hunger). There is no set amount of time before an appendix will rupture, and it is entirely variable. It is common for symptoms in some age groups to have been present for at least 2 days, indicating that your children's body will usually start to show signs and symptoms of a problem before the issue becomes a surgical emergency. If your child has a fever, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and possibly diarrhea, you should discuss these symptoms with your doctor or pediatrician quickly to make sure that there is nothing serious, such as appendicitis, occurring.
Why won't my cough get better??
Are adolescent issues the reason my son is acting out?
Does heart rate increase when exposed to the sun?
Can unhappiness in children be a type of depression?


Your site (http://www.whitehouse.gov/realitycheck) sounds very hateful, resentful and condemning, oh, and demeaning to me. Because I don't hold the same ideals that you do, doesn't mean I'm less a person or should be condemned.
There has never been a national health plan, why now? Is it cheaper, less strings, more ability, more science, why? Should everyone pay for all the needs of others; personal needs, cars, housing, food, etc.
Jesus said, "a willing heart". He didn't say you have to. All through the bible it talks about choice. Adam and Eve had a choice, Noah had a choice, Moses, David and even Jesus had a choice. God may not have agreed with their choices, but He can them a choice. Sounds like you're condemning people for not believing in what you think is right. What if others consider your thoughts on health care injustice, should God condemn them?
Throughout America's and the world history many people(s) didn't have a national health care plan and people survived. I didn't have it for years, until I got the right job. I wasn't telling others to pay for a plan for me. Why the need for a national plan now...cheaper, better science, a richer country, more diseases, people dying earlier? God tells us to care about the windows, orphans, poor and those placed in jails unjustly. But He still gives us as choice to do it and a choice to choose the people to help.
Don't let this debate destroy your love of family or country. There's so much more to do.
There seems to be more than the health care issue that frightens you. What are you afraid of? Are you lacking faith? Are you so worried that your wife or your kids might end up caring for a cripple that you've lost your Faith in God. God is in charge, not us. Even if the health care plan passes and I suspect it will, many may still die, Then what? Will you blame me, mom, or others. God cares for His people no matter what their circumstances, the difference between them and most of us is, they have a trusting faith in God and we, as Jesus often said, " are of little faith".
Faith is believing that God not only cares, but will do what He says. I don't know what He has in store for us. We're considering visiting either Ethiopia (sponsor a child there), Philippines, or Israel and Jordan. But what if we go and something happens to one of us. We only know this, that God loves us and cares for us, and will watch over us. We may just sell everything and become missionaries.
The most important thing is to place our trust in God and our salvation in His son's work on the cross. God loves this country with all it's faults, including yours and mine. Each one of us are called for a particular duty or duties, but the most important is to demonstrate Gods love to as many as we can and take His word to the world. From there, His spirit will guide us.
God said that He will judge and we must leave it up to Him. We simply need to do what He asks us to and if trying to convince others of the need for the health care plan is what you were called to do, then do it. But if He's called me to something else, then I must do that.
Hate is wanting to let people die. I don't condemn you for not wanting "Obama's Plan" with the proviso that you know what the plan is. I watch the town meetings on Faux New's, CNN, and others all day. Those people shouting down everyone else look like a collection of local town bullies. I think their conduct is indefensible. I know that when I was a protester I would have been drug out and beaten for acting that way, so maybe it is a better world now, even if you can't hear the non right wing side.
God will judge you and I. I have always listened to evangelical's call down hellfire on everyone else, so maybe they need to hear the same for the evil of killing uninsured people. It is as simple as that. I watched it for 34 years. I know you are a loving and caring brother, but your allies are telling lies and distorting the facts by calling this socialism. There is no plan for the government to be a single payor, or to own the hospitals and clinics. There is no mandate to pay for abortion. There is no plan to kill people when they get too old. The truth is that the distortion artists are carrying water for the people and corporations that want to bleed us and treat health care like a product to market - can't afford it - go out and die. I ask you again, what is Christian about that? I keep asking and no one gives me an answer.
Yes I am mad about what I am seeing with the orchestrated bullying tactics of the TEA Party and others. I think it is a righteous anger. My children's future hangs on the line. I can pay my daughter's health care insurance premiums only so long, and then I have to let her go into the darkness of this country's ignorance, perhaps at the cost of her life. Same is true for you and your children. It doesn't have to be government run, but I know that there is no sincerity on the other side to do a thing for the uninsured, the under-insured, or for us. When they kill Obama's initiative, which he is more than willing to compromise on, they they will bleed us and run us into national bankruptcy. Doing nothing as I tried to show is the surest way to national bankruptcy. I love my country and I am sick and tired of the arrogance of right wingers in thinking that they are the only one's that love their country. You just said it about me now!


Touchstone Second edition is an innovative four-level American English course for adults and young adults, taking students from beginning (A1) to intermediate (B2) level. Touchstone Second Edition Teacher´s Edition with Assessment Audio CD/CD-ROM, Level 1 is an interleaved, spiral bound book that puts the teaching notes next to the pages from the Student´s Book. It contains step-by-step teaching notes, detailed language notes to help teachers prepare for class, extra activity ideas, and all the audio scripts and answer keys for the Student´s Book and Workbook. The Assessment CD/CD-ROM provides a complete assessment program, including oral and written quizzes, as well as mid-term and final tests in printable PDF and Microsoft Word formats.


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information porn
Design 12/21/12
Visualizing 5 years of traffic fatalities: what is the deadliest time to drive?
Robbie Gonzalez
Data visualization expert John Nelson uses graphic design to illustrate risk. In his latest infographic, he plots…
Mapping Nobel Prizes and Notable Laureates
Holy crap this is cool. Over on Brain Pickings, Maria Popova has an exclusive English version of a visualization…
Do your politics determine your beer preference?
Are you a Liberal? Do you like Heineken? Congratulations, so do a bunch of other self-identified left-wingers.
Space 8/25/12
Over 100 Past, Present and Future NASA JPL Missions in One Handy Infographic
Three weeks ago, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (aka JPL) landed the Curiosity rover on Mars. It was a monumental…
What is the secret to a long life?
Early longevity studies led scientists to the conclusion that a creature's lifespan was proportional to its body…
Design 8/23/12
This gorgeous world map depicts all of Earth's hurricanes since 1851
Data visualization expert John Nelson likes to illustrate risk. Usually he focuses on individual events, but in…
Play with all 786 confirmed planets in one interactive infographic!
Remember a few weeks ago when XKCD put out that killer infographic depicting all 786 of our galaxy's confirmed…
Map Reveals That Wildfires Release As Much Energy As Nuclear Power Plants
If we've learned anything from the Waldo Canyon fire in Colorado, it's that major wildfires are devastatingly…
Design 7/6/12
A Luminescent Map of the World's Earthquakes Since 1898
You're looking at the latest work of John Nelson, who is becoming well known for combining natural-disaster data…
Google 7/6/12
Tweets of the words "beer" and "church" by U.S. county
It's Friday. For many people the weekend will bring two things: Sunday services and late-night booze-fests. Which…
Watch Manhattan turn into the TRON Game Arena from hell
How do you turn your pizza delivery bike into a TRON light cycle? Simple: slap a GPS tracker on the back, run your…
Computers That Can Predict Explosions and Bore into Your Skull
Chris Johnson is a master of representing 3D scientific information related to air currents, heat, and the physics…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have always wanted to do a strawberry design but was holding out till summer, because it matches my bathing suit, and now that it is summer, I finally did my version of strawberry. Doesn't it look good enough to eat?
4. using white, form leaves.
used OPI who the Shrek are you?
Sorry I did not have photo of how to do step by step because I didn't intend to make a video tutorial on this design but if you have any questions, leave a comment.


Constance Belle Mare Plage, Mauritius is a 5 star family resort running alongside a ... to radiate brightness and to breathe in the freshness of the Indian Ocean.
Ile des Deux Cocos is an island resort in Mauritius, located in the south-east of the island near Blue Bay.
Discover Four Seasons Resort Mauritius at Anahita's storied history and bountiful ... Mauritian with open-air over-water pavilions, wood floors and decks.
Apr 30, 2014 ... 7 of the best Spas of Mauritius island are unveiled to you. ... the centre of the facility and is bordered on one side by an extensive wooden deck.
constance le prince maurice hotel mauritius - find all the information and photos ... The use of wood, stone and thatch gives to the hotel an exclusive charm, together .... selection of Japanese, Thai, Chinese, Indonesian and Indian cuisine. ... The Beach Deck restaurant is situated on a wooden deck located near the beach.
Oct 21, 2016 ... The Hilton Mauritius was my first impression of Mauritius because I landed ... sky blue pools, complemented by a warm turquoise ocean, wooden decking, lush ... and enjoy a few drinks in the biggest cellar in the Indian Ocean!
The Royal Palm is undeniably the finest hotel in the Indian Ocean - this hotel is .... of the beach on a wooden deck under the cool shade of a large badamier tree.


Dry, lightweight formula provides the right amount of grip and volume to help create sophisticated hairstyles.
Shake can and spray on dry hair from root to tip. Leave to set and work with fingers to create grip and volume.
Partner with Flawless Sleek Creation Hairspray for added hold.


Will tomorrow find you lighting sparklers in your childhood backyard or someplace entirely new? Maybe you're staying put for the 4th but packing your bags for later in the summer. Lucky you! Despite the hassles of modern travel, there's still nothing like Getting Away From It All to shake things up for the better. Here are five reasons—illustrated by my recent trip to our nation's capital—why I love getting out of town.
Kramer Books was one of the first independent bookstores I ever lived near and I loved prowling the aisles for new and used books. I also tasted my first rum raisin ice cream back in the Afterwords Cafe—exotic stuff for this farm girl.
The Phillips Collection was just around the corner and it was the perfect introduction to someone unfamiliar with museums and art collections. I've since visited many bigger, splashier museums, but this small gem feels like "my" museum. On the day I revisited last month a kind stranger gave me one of his free guest passes so I could pop into the sumptuous Braque exhibit a day early—confirming that the Phillips Collection and its patrons are as exceptional as I remember.
2. To stay flexible. Invariably things go wrong on a trip. No matter how much I plan in advance or how experienced I am at packing, something will go awry. Thank goodness. Some of my best memories come from missteps or surprises along the way. I've learned to plan less and roll with the mood/weather/company of the day more.
3. To experience something familiar in an unfamiliar setting. Here I am doing my best Esther Williams impression–in the rain!
5. To connect the dots. When I'm on the road I'm better able to spot the meaningful patterns in my life and the unexpected juxtapositions elsewhere. Like the shot of these everyday Syrians under siege as I sipped my herbal tea in preparation for another day of peace and (relative) prosperity.
There's nothing like Getting Away from It All to put It All in perspective. Don't you think?
This entry was posted in Shelter, Spirit, Style, Sustenance and tagged art, books, design, knitting, travel, Washington D.C.. Bookmark the permalink. Post a comment or leave a trackback: Trackback URL.
Thank you for any other fantastic post. Where else may anyone get that kind of info in such a perfect way of writing?
I am in total agreement with #2 about being flexible. We have taken trips where we have planned nothing, those usually ended badly, and we have taken trips where everything is planned, boring. To find the right balance is key. Hopefully with this next trip we will have found that (fingers crossed). I have planned where we are staying each night and for how long, other than that everything is flexible. We will see how that works out. I loved your visit to D.C. I have never been there, but am a big history lover, so I am sure I would find it very interesting.
Here's wishing you the perfect mix of security and spontaneity!


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Name That Book
Changing Jackets
Advice part II – DON'T TAKE IT PERSONALLY
hazmosis
It took four long hard years before I had a contract – hideous waiting time only for rejection to follow rejection, and I had to confront much negativity and really tactless comments from people who did not enjoy my work. Although this can be utterly demoralizing, try not to take it personally. Just keep thinking "Horses For Courses". Make it your mantra when you receive yet another 'thanks but no thanks'. I hated Miss Smilla's Feeling for Snow and I gave up after a few chapters of The Time Traveller's Wife. Often, it's simply down to taste. What you like to write might not be what someone else wants to read.
But I promise you, for everyone who says "don't like it", there's another who'll say "bloody love it". One publisher who rejected my first novel, Sally, actually wrote to me saying "You can't start a book like that…" However, another publisher obviously thought, "oh yes she can!" – because Sally was published to great acclaim!
It's very important not to become depressed or complacent – but that's easier said than done. Just try not to let it affect your writing. Keep writing. Just keep writing. Don't bother to attempt this as a career if your sole ambition is to "be a writer". Don't have a romanticized idea of 'being a writer'. Believe me, it's often a lonely and isolating life and can be pretty tough and draining. You need to want to do this because you have to write.
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Weather plays an important role in agricultural production. It has a profound influence on the growth, development and yields of a crop, incidence of pests and diseases, water needs and fertilizer requirements in terms of differences in nutrient mobilization due to water stresses and cultural operations in crops.Tobacco is an important cash crop grown in 15 states of India with an annual production of 750 million kg leaf standing 2nd in the world after China. The crop fetches more than Rs. 25,000/- crores to the national exchequer in the form of central excise revenue and foreign exchange. Central Tobacco Research Institute has been collecting weather data from 1960 and records are prone to damage and retrieval of data in required format is difficult. An appropriate information system was developed for weather data management. The information system was developed using Visual Basic .Net as front-end application and Oracle as back-end application with user-friendly menus to retrieve the informa - tion in any form for utilization in developing forecast models in agriculture. The information collected for designing the data - base included 10 parameters viz., Maximum and minimum temperature, Soil temperature, Vapour pressure, Relative humidity, Sunshine hours, Total rainfall, Number of rainy days, Wind velocity and Evaporation. The database was designed in the form of a decision tree and an algorithm was developed to classify the data and perform the computations to obtain the required results. The multiple document interface (MDI) form of the software consists of 6 options, viz Data Entry, Delete, View, Reports, Backup / Restore under Main button. The Reports option consists of 5 sub options, namely Daily / Weekly / Monthly / Annual and Periodic. For executing this software, a PC with pre-loaded software of Visual Basic .Net and Oracle are essential. The user is allowed to retrieve the required data on any combination of weather parameters in the form of hard / soft copy which will be displayed in the text along with graphs which is easy for comparison.The software developed in the present studies was highly useful in maintaining the information collected for the last 60 years and also retrieve the information in different combinations for application in tobacco cultivation and also to develop weather based forecast for other crops cultivated in those areas.


LDES Anesthesia is a QCDR reporting service that provides a cloud-based app that streamlines quality data collection and submits it to NACOR, the CMS approved Qualified Clinical Data Registry (QCDR) at the Anesthesia Quality Institute (AQI).
LDES Anesthesia QCDR Mobile App is a cloud-based mobile app that streamlines QCDR data collection and reports it to NACOR, the CMS approved Qualified Clinical Data Registry (QCDR) at the Anesthesia Quality Institute (AQI).
Less Than 60 sec / patient to enter all QCDR PQRS and QCDR ASA Non-PQRS measures!


Does your property have a set of Asphalt steps that are showing signs of wear and tear?
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Asphalt is a very hard-wearing material which can last for a minimum of 30 years when implemented in the correct way. This method is commonly used predominantly for flat roofs but is typically popular with regard to forecourts, concourses, exterior steps, stairs, pathways and driveways.
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Asphalt steps present themselves in all dimensions and shapes, with railings, open area, pathways or straightforward doorway steps. Are yours looking worn-out? Recreational asphalt offers a tidy and long lasting protection to any of the above.
Treads should be formed in roofing quality mastic asphalt and laid in a couple of coats to a thickness of 25mm, the primary coat being 10mm thick and the second coat being 15mm thick including 10% to 15% of additional 3mm coarse aggregate, excluding a separating membrane.
Risers should really be formed in roofing grade mastic asphalt and applied in 2 coats to a thickness of 13mm, performed before laying treads. Strings should really be created in roofing grade mastic asphalt and applied in a couple of coats to a thickness of 13mm, dressed into a continual 25mm x 25mm chase, created either parallel to the pitch of the steps or stepped vertically and horizontally to follow the line of the treads and risers. Strings over 300mm high to be placed in several coats to a thickness of 20mm.
We are experts at the installation of all types of asphalt applications. Contact us via email or telephone for a no obligation free quotation. Cheap won't last, save the dissatisfaction call us today.


The Amazon Effect: How do Ecommerce Companies Make Money?
Mobile app advertising is the fastest emerging concept in the advertising arena. Many apps are developed and launched each and every day. The number of users downloading and using the apps is increasing manifold. It is creating a revolution in the advertising segment.
A major chunk of the entire population seems to have a mobile phone as necessity and the economical smartphones are abundant in the market. Therefore, mobile app advertising is being increasingly tapped as a marketing medium. The best advantage of this method is that the matter will reach the mobile users instantaneously. Also, when a viewer watches one channel, an advertisement in another channel may not reach him. But, since mobile, nowadays, have become an extension of the hand, the advertisement will immediately land on the mobile phones of the prospective customers.
#Effective targeting of the audience – One can choose, the relevant industry related mobile apps out of many, to target customers. By this way, one can reach the audience who is interested in the advertisement subject.
#Highly Responsive – Compared to e-mail marketing or other forms of advertising, ads for mobile sites gets a high response. As a result, it boosts the return on investment.
#Follow-up/Tracking – It is always easier to track how many clicks have been received and what action the users have taken upon the ad with the modern advancement in the e-advertisement field. This is not possible in normal newspaper ads.
#Unique and Innovative – For promoting products, services and other deals, this unique way of advertising can be considered. As this is a new advertising method, one has to think and explore possible avenues to tap the maximum potential out of this.
#Personal touch – Since the messages are getting delivered into the inbox of customers, it gives a personal touch to customers and gives a good feeling. This may lead them to think and buy the product or subscribe to a service, where lies the ultimate success.
Like any other businesses, mobile app developers can also make use of ads for mobile sites to promote their app and make people download it. However, one has to be careful in selecting the mobile app in which they are going to advertise. One has to make sure that the app is long endured with a good track record in the market and has a good number of real people in it. Nowadays, many are bots and fake in many apps. Make sure that the advertisement is shown once in a while with moderate time gap and frequent pop out ads will make the user get irritated. By placing an ad in a popular mobile app, you increase the chances of people noticing your brand and some might also click on the link and visit your website. While they visit, interested parties might share contact details and thus give you leads and direct customers. Having read about all these advantages, gear up and jump into the world of mobile app advertising.This would be the catalyst you needed to rapidly increase your sales and promote your brand.
Startup Starting Out? How to Start a Company in the United States!


text:
Q: Dense and compeltely regular space Let    $T $ be a topologica space and $X $  a completely regular dense subspace of $T $. Why is $T $ compeletly regular?

A: This is false as stated : let $(X,\mathcal{T}_X)$ be a completey regular space and define $T  =X \cup \{p\}$, where $p \notin X$. Then define a topology on $T$ as $\mathcal{T}_X \cup \{T\}$. The resulting space is not even Hausdorff, but has $X$ as a dense subspace.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Yes, you can make your children eat vegetables!
As part of the European project HabEat (2010-2014), coordinated by Sylvie Issanchou,INRA and involving 10 scientific partners, researchers have made a step forward in the understanding of how eating behaviours and preferences form in early life. On March 31st and April 1st in Dijon (France), a symposium presented the results and recommendations for early childhood professionals and parents.


text:
Dilbert by Scott Adams
Type: Comic Strip
Categories: Business & Finance, Men, Women.
Get This Comic
Dilbert by Scott Adams is the most photocopied, pinned-up, downloaded, faxed and e-mailed comic strip in the world. Dubbed "the cartoon hero of the workplace" by The San Francisco Examiner, Dilbert has been syndicated since 1989 and now appears in 2,000 newspapers in 65 countries and 25 languages.
También disponible en Español.
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2 Cows and a Chicken
9 Chickweed Lane
The famed cartoon Dilbert, by Scott Adams, was created in 1989. It is the most downloaded and emailed comic strip in the world. Dubbed "the cartoon hero of the workplace" by The San Francisco Examiner, Dilbert, appears in 2,000 newspapers in 65 countries and 25 languages. "It might reduce your desire to slap your boss," says Adams.
Scott Adams was born in Windham, N.Y., in 1957. He grew up a big fan of the Peanuts comics and started drawing his own comics at the age of six. He graduated from Hartwick College with a B.A. in economics and earned an MBA at the University of California, Berkeley. Adams has won the National Cartoonists Society's Reuben Award for Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year and the award for Best Newspaper Comic Strip. Expanding on Dilbert's comic strip success, more than 40 Dilbert reprint books have been published, with Adams' book "The Dilbert Principle" landing on The New York Times best-sellers list. Total book and calendar sales have exceeded 20 million units.
Meet the Cast of Dilbert
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text:
Whether it's vehicle specifications, manufacturing processes, environmental concerns, or the future of the automobile, Toyota and Lexus engineers and designers are always finding ways to make things better. Better means more performance, more safety, more fuel efficiency, more sustainability... more value, and more reasons for customers to say, "Toyota offers me an innovative, advanced technology driving experience that's easy to integrate into my life". Here, you'll find examples of the world-leading advancements and technology that help make Toyota and Lexus leaders in innovation.
Sep 30, 2022 Toyota Announces Extension to Safety Connect and Service Connect Trials
TORONTO, Ontario – September 30, 2022 –Toyota today announces additional peace of mind to assist when the unexpected occurs. Safety Connect, a suite of available services that help drivers stay secure while on the road, is now available with an extended trial period to customers of select Toyota models...
Sep 08, 2022 Test road named 'Mobility4All Parkway' in recognition of Toyota's five-year anniversary of becoming ACM founding sponsor
YPSILANTI, Michigan – September 8, 2022 – Toyota Motor North America (TMNA) and the American Center for Mobility (ACM) today unveiled "Mobility4All Parkway" as the new name of a test road at ACM's Smart Mobility Test Center. Toyota was granted naming...
Mar 03, 2022 The future is beautiful – and it begins with the all-new, second generation, zero-emission Toyota Mirai, on sale in Canada this Spring
TORONTO, ON – March 3rd, 2022 – The future will arrive in Canada this Spring when the second-generation Toyota Mirai fuel cell electric sedan goes on sale in Canada...
Feb 07, 2022 Toyota Research Institute Pushes Vehicle's Capabilities to Advance Active Safety
Test Car Drifts Autonomously on a Closed Course LOS ALTOS, Calif. (Feb. 2, 2022) — Today, Toyota Research Institute (TRI) demonstrated a new research milestone in autonomy, providing a glimpse into the future of safer mobility for all. As revealed...
Feb 02, 2022 2,753 patents were awarded to Toyota in 2021 from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
ANN ARBOR, Michigan – February 2, 2022 – Toyota was awarded more patents than any other automaker in 2021 by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, according to an annual ranking by the Intellectual Property Owners Association (IPO)...
Dec 02, 2021 Toyota's All-New Multimedia System Is Here – and It Is A Game Changer
TORONTO, Ontario (December 2nd, 2021) – Arthur C. Clark famously observed, "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic". Wouldn't it be great to conjure up some of that magic when driving...
Nov 15, 2021 BC-based courier company launches North America's first hydrogen-powered courier fleet
VICTORIA, British Columbia, Canada (November 15, 2021) – BC-based Geazone Eco-Couriers has announced the launch of North America's first hydrogen-powered courier fleet. "Geazone is committed to providing a fast, reliable, affordable and sustainable...
Mar 11, 2021 Driving into the Future
Driving into the Future: The Road to Zero Emissions – Feb 18,...
Feb 10, 2021 Lyft partners with Toyota's new KINTO Share program to offer drivers hydrogen-powered zero-emission vehicle rentals
VANCOUVER, British Columbia – FEBRUARY 10, 2021 - Lyft Canada and Toyota Canada, in partnership with Toyota Credit Canada, today announced a partnership offering drivers on the Lyft platform in Metro Vancouver the opportunity to rent a hydrogen-powered zero-emission vehicle...
Jan 27, 2021 Edmonton Start-Up One of Six Global Finalists in the Toyota Mobility Foundation's City Architecture for Tomorrow Challenge
DMONTON, Alberta– January 27, 2021 – Edmonton's RUNWITHIT Synthetics has been named one of six finalists inthe global City Architecture for Tomorrow Challenge (CATCH). The Toyota Mobility Foundation (TMF) launched CATCH in February 2020 with a global call for dynamic, intelligent and data-driven solutions to address mobility and city planning challenges in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia...
Bongiovi Digital Power Station Fact Sheet EN


text:
Declining numbers of blacks seen in math, science
Christopher Smith, a doctoral student in biomedical engineering, looks at stem cell samples through an inverted microscope in a lab at the Johns Hopkins University medical campus in Baltimore, on Oct. 19. Despite robust hiring in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math, the percentage of African-Americans entering such careers has fallen during the last decade. Patrick Semansky / AP
Oct. 23, 2011, 9:07 PM UTC / Source: The Associated Press
By JESSE WASHINGTON
With black unemployment reaching historic levels, banks laying off tens of thousands and law school graduates waiting tables, why aren't more African-Americans looking toward science, technology, engineering and math — the still-hiring careers known as STEM?
The answer turns out to be a complex equation of self-doubt, stereotypes, discouragement and economics — and sometimes just wrong perceptions of what math and science are all about.
The percentage of African-Americans earning STEM degrees has fallen during the last decade. It may seem far-fetched for an undereducated black population to aspire to become chemists or computer scientists, but the door is wide open, colleges say, and the shortfall has created opportunities for those who choose this path.
STEM barriers are not unique to black people. The United States does not produce as high a proportion of white engineers, scientists and mathematicians as it used to. Women and Latinos also lag behind white men.
Yet the situation is most acute for African-Americans.
Black people are 12 percent of the U.S. population and 11 percent of all students beyond high school. In 2009, they received just 7 percent of all STEM bachelor's degrees, 4 percent of master's degrees, and 2 percent of PhDs, according to the National Center for Education Statistics.
From community college through PhD level, the percentage of STEM degrees received by blacks in 2009 was 7.5 percent, down from 8.1 percent in 2001.
The numbers are striking in certain fields. In 2009, African-Americans received 1 percent of degrees in science technologies, and 4 percent of degrees in math and statistics. Out of 5,048 PhDs awarded in the physical sciences, such as chemistry and physics, 89 went to African-Americans — less than 2 percent.
Several factors are cited by scientists, educators and students. One is a self-defeating perception that STEM is too hard. Also mentioned are a lack of role models and mentors, pressure to earn money quickly, and discouraging academic environments.
The impact reaches beyond the black community as America struggles to produce enough scientists to prosper in a world ruled by technology.
"White men make up less than 50 percent of the U.S. population. We're drawing (future scientists) from less than 50 percent of the talent we have available," says Mae Jemison, the first black woman astronaut, who has a medical degree and a bachelor's in chemical engineering.
"The more people you have in STEM," she says, "the more innovations you'll get."
Jemison says the problem begins for children of all backgrounds in grade school, where they are usually asked to memorize facts out of a book instead of satisfying their natural curiosity through experiments and exploring. She also says many primary school science teachers took little science in college.
Allen Gordon has been teaching math in Oakland, Calif., for seven years. He always tries to apply real-word situations to his lessons — coupons, compound interest on bank accounts, album sales.
"If math and science seem boring and of no use on a primary education level, who would want to pursue it while in college?" he says. "Especially when you don't see many, if any, black men or women teaching."
"Math and science are not something that black men and women sit around and pontificate about at home, dinner parties, the sports bar, hair salon, et cetera," he says. "It doesn't fit into their social idea of status.
"Let's face it, there is no glory in saying, 'I teach math or science.' Career school teachers still seem to be very proletarian."
Even some of Gordon's fellow teachers ask how he can teach math, saying, "Funny, you don't look like the nerd type."
That's a stereotype Jemison knows well.
"The media images you see of scientists are older white males who are goofy or socially inept in some way," she says. "That's the mad scientist, the geek" — and it doesn't include role models for young black and Hispanic students.
Jemison, who watched "Star Trek" growing up, declines to call the black female character Lieutenant Uhura an inspiration, but the fictional space traveler did affect her.
"Her character was really an affirmation that my assumptions about going into space were shared by others, and that everyone had a right and a role to play. So that affirmation, for a little kid growing up, it's an image of possibilities."
Growing up in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Christopher Smith used to tutor fellow black students at his high school.
The students would often start solving a complicated math problem by doing everything right. "Then they would say, 'I don't know what I'm doing!'" recalls Smith, now pursuing a PhD in biomedical engineering at Johns Hopkins University.
He thinks some African-Americans psych themselves out of STEM.
"Today I talk to friends back home, and they say, 'I wouldn't be able to do good in college anyway.' A lot of it is just confidence," Smith says. "If people convince you that science and math is harder than everything else, and you already have low self-esteem, maybe that's one reason there are so few black scientists."
"Few" is a generous term in Smith's field of biological and biomedical sciences, where 6,957 PhDs were awarded in 2009. Only 88 went to black men — that's 1 percent. (176 went to black women.)
LaMont Toliver also sees a problem with what he calls "self-doubt." He is director of the University of Maryland Baltimore County's Meyerhoff Scholars Program, a national leader in increasing STEM diversity.
"Advanced placement courses, calculus, chemistry, these are hard courses," Toliver says. "Some of them believe that they just can't do it. . Then you couple that with a lack of encouragement."
"If we were more supportive as a community, as parents and providing guidance and mentoring at an early age, then more African-American students would do it."
Money is another factor in the STEM disparity. It takes many years after college to get the advanced degrees needed to become leaders in math and science fields — university professors, directors of research labs, heads of engineering departments — and some black students can't afford to wait that long.
Before one recent New Year's Eve, Smith, the Johns Hopkins student, was debating whether to purchase a bus ticket from Baltimore to New York City to hang out with friends. It was a tough decision — the ticket cost $37.
Smith, 27, received a fellowship for black scientists this year from Merck and the United Negro College Fund. As he works toward his PhD, Smith lives on a salary and stipend of about $25,000 per year.
Like many black students, Smith comes from modest means. His mother was a homemaker with a high school diploma; his father earned a GED, became an electrician and eventually owned a business.
"I get paid to go to school, so I don't want to complain," Smith says.
But he's still several years away from completing his PhD, and he's tired of agonizing over a $37 bus ticket. Even after he gets that degree, he'll need to do a year of post-doctoral study. "If I stay here at Hopkins" for post-doc work, he says, "I'll make the same or less than a city sanitation worker."
At each stage of science education, many black students feel pressure to stop studying and start earning real money. Smith, who has an undergraduate degree from MIT, says he could be making as much as $115,000 per year in a corporate job.
Yet it's hard to advance far in science without at least a master's, if not a doctorate.
Joseph Francisco, a black chemistry professor at Purdue and past president of the American Chemical Society, has a PhD from MIT. He says his undergrad students are always telling him, "I got to think about a job."
"With first-generation college students, there is enormous pressure," Francisco says. "Without a mentor who can tell you about what to expect beyond undergrad, who can explain what are the opportunities after a postgraduate degree, they just stop at a bachelor's degree."
Francisco mentions another source of pressure affecting black STEM students: isolation.
In 1981, Francisco was studying at MIT when he heard about a national organization for black chemists. He went to its convention, in Chicago.
"It was incredible," Francisco remembers. "I remember having the feeling, 'you are not alone.' That sense of isolation can be powerful."
It was different when he was growing up on the black side of segregated Beaumont, Texas. He was raised by his grandmother, who had a third-grade education, and his grandfather, who laid concrete pipes. There was a black pharmacist in his neighborhood, and Francisco worked part-time in the shop. There was a black doctor, teachers, a college professor.
That changed when he went to the University of Texas and then MIT, where there were few black faces.
In a 2010 Bayer Corp. survey of 1,226 women and underrepresented minority chemists and chemical engineers, 40 percent said they were discouraged from pursuing a STEM career. Sixty percent said college was where most of the discouragement happened.
Jemison, the astronaut, says that while at Stanford, "some professors were not that thrilled to see me in their classrooms."
"Stereotypes impact the people who have an opportunity to influence your career," she says. "They don't see you as a peer."
After receiving his PhD, Francisco had several job offers. He chose Wayne State University in Detroit, and would later become president of the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers.
"I saw an opportunity at Wayne State to do good science in a supportive place that gave me the flexibility to make a contribution to the community," he says. "To give something back, to a black community."
In the world of atoms and numbers, does the color of the person who studies them really matter?
Many of America's technology giants say, yes. Merck has funded tens of millions of dollars in United Negro College Fund scholarships. Bayer has a special focus on recruiting and promoting minorities. Technology giants such as Boeing, General Electric and Xerox support organizations dedicated to raising black STEM participation.
Their motivation is simple math. If bright and capable students' talents go undeveloped, "this represents a loss for both the individual and society," the National Science Board said in a 2010 report.
The report said that after the Soviet Union beat America into space with Sputnik, the U.S. was inspired to educate a new generation of innovators. This national urgency faded by the 1970s, the report said, and was replaced by complacency.
Some 16 percent of all U.S. undergraduates major in natural science or engineering, compared with 25 percent in Europe, 38 percent in South Korea and 47 percent in China, the report said.
To reverse this decline, the report said America must "cast a wide net to identify all types of talents and to nurture potential in all demographics of students."
Jemison identifies another incentive. Even though scientists may use the same methodology, "what topics they choose to research, even the interpretation of facts or what they choose to look at is influenced by experience."
"So many times it's the diversity of thought and perception and experience base that starts to make the difference in the problems you research and the solutions you consider," she says.
"It's a much more robust reason for diversity that just the head count."
Jesse Washington covers race and ethnicity for The Associated Press. He can be reached at www.twitter.com/jessewashington or jwashington(at)ap.org.
JESSE WASHINGTON


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Tobacco use in India: prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey
Electronic page
M Rani1,*,
S Bonu1,*,
P Jha2,
S N Nguyen3,
L Jamjoum2
1Indian Administrative Services, Jaipur, India
2Centre for Global Health, St Michael's Hospital, and International Tobacco Evidence Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3Word Bank, Washington DC, USA
Correspondence to:
Manju Rani
; Indian Administrative Services, N-30, Bajaj Nagar Jaipur, India 302015; mranijhsph.edu
Objective: To estimate the prevalence and the socioeconomic and demographic correlates of tobacco consumption in India.
Design: Cross sectional, nationally representative population based household survey.
Subjects: 315 598 individuals 15 years or older from 91 196 households were sampled in National Family Health Survey-2 (1998–99). Data on tobacco consumption were elicited from household informants.
Measures and methods: Prevalence of current smoking and current chewing of tobacco were used as outcome measures. Simple and two way cross tabulations and multivariate logistic regression analysis were the main analytical methods.
Results: Thirty per cent of the population 15 years or older—47% men and 14% of women—either smoked or chewed tobacco, which translates to almost 195 million people—154 million men and 41million women in India. However, the prevalence may be underestimated by almost 11% and 1.5% for chewing tobacco among men and women, respectively, and by 5% and 0.5% for smoking among men and women, respectively, because of use of household informants. Tobacco consumption was significantly higher in poor, less educated, scheduled castes and scheduled tribe populations. The prevalence of tobacco consumption increased up to the age of 50 years and then levelled or declined. The prevalence of smoking and chewing also varied widely between different states and had a strong association with individual's sociocultural characteristics.
Conclusion: The findings of the study highlight that an agenda to improve health outcomes among the poor in India must include effective interventions to control tobacco use. Failure to do so would most likely result in doubling the burden of diseases—both communicable and non-communicable—among India's teeming poor. There is a need for periodical surveys using more consistent definitions of tobacco use and eliciting information on different types of tobacco consumed. The study also suggests a need to adjust the prevalence estimates based on household informants
tobacco prevalence
smoking and chewing of tobacco
socioeconomic and demographic correlates
DALYS, disability adjusted life years
NFHS-2, National Family Health Survey
NSS, National Sample Survey, OBCs, other backward castes
PSU, primary sampling unit
SCs, scheduled castes
STs, scheduled tribes
VIF, variance inflation factor
WHO, World Health Organization
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.12.4.e4
In India, tobacco consumption is responsible for half of all the cancers in men and a quarter of all cancers in women,1 in addition to being a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.2,3 India also has one of the highest rates of oral cancer in the world, partly attributed to high prevalence of tobacco chewing.4–7 Forms of tobacco chewing include pan (piper betel leaf filled with sliced areca nut, lime, catechu, and other spices chewed with or without tobacco), pan-masala or gutkha (a chewable tobacco containing areca nut), and mishri (a powdered tobacco rubbed on the gums as toothpaste).
The World Health Organization predicts that tobacco deaths in India may exceed 1.5 million annually by 2020.8 However, considerable research is required to comprehend the actual trends. Nationally representative and reliable prevalence data on tobacco consumption are scarce.1 Similarly, the sociodemographic predictors of tobacco smoking and chewing are poorly understood. The existing studies on prevalence of tobacco use are based on non-representative sample surveys or have been conducted in localised—mostly urban—geographical areas as reviewed in table 1.1,9–14 WHO estimated a prevalence of tobacco consumption of all forms at 65% and 33%, respectively, among men and women, based on small scale studies conducted in the past (table 1).
Review of literature on prevalence of tobacco consumption in India
The 52nd of National Sample Survey (52nd NSS) conducted by the National Sample Survey Organization in 1995–96 was the first nationally representative household survey to collect data on tobacco consumption for population 10 years and older using surrogate household informants. Two questions were asked to elicit data on tobacco consumption: "whether the household member regularly consumes 'biri/cigar/cigarette/hukka'?" and "whether the household member regularly consumes 'tobacco'?". The second question was very ambiguous and did not explicitly ask about "chewing" tobacco. Though the prevalence estimates from the survey were not published, the authors calculated a prevalence rate of tobacco consumption of any form of tobacco consumption at 51.3% for men and 10.3% for women 15 years and older (table 1), which was lower than that estimated by WHO and other small studies based on special population groups in small geographical areas. The review of the prevalence studies in table 1 also points to the dearth of representative prevalence estimates in India.
This study uses data from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) to provide nationally representative estimates of prevalence, and socioeconomic and demographic correlates of current tobacco consumption—both smoking and chewing—among individuals 15 years and older in India. The findings of the study will help in designing tobacco control strategies and understanding epidemiology of tobacco related health burden in India.
DATA AND METHODS
The data for the study came from the household questionnaire fielded under NFHS-2—a nationally representative, cross sectional, household sample survey conducted in 1998–99 covering 99% of India's population living in 26 states (the administrative divisions in India). The survey did not cover 1% of the population living in union territories (the administrative divisions directly under the control of central government) of India. A uniform sample design was adopted in all the states, which is described elsewhere in detail.15 Briefly, in each state the sample was selected in two stages: the selection of villages and urban blocks (primary sampling units) with probability proportional to size in the first stage, followed by random selection of households within each primary sampling unit in the second stage. The sample was stratified according to a number of variables in each state. These included regions, sub-regions, village size, percentage of males in the non-agricultural sector, percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, and female literacy.15
The sample size was large enough to provide reliable estimates of prevalence of tobacco consumption by sex and for different socioeconomic population groups for each of the 26 states. A sample of 91 196 households yielded 334 553 individuals—160 871 men and 154 726 women—15 years and older, which constituted the study population for estimating the prevalence of tobacco consumption.
The questionnaire was administered face-to-face to the head of the household or to any other competent adult member of the household. Fifty nine per cent of the household respondents were female. Majority of the respondents were in age groups 25–39 (42.6%) and 40–59 years (30.9%); 14.5% of the respondents were 15–24 years old while the rest (12.0%) of respondents were 60 years and older. Only 27.8% of the respondents reported themselves to be the head of household. The respondent to the household questionnaire was first asked to list all the usual residents and visitors who stayed in the household the night before the interview. Data for tobacco consumption for each household member 15 years and older including the household respondent were elicited with the help of two questions: does "he or she chews pan masala or tobacco?" or "smokes tobacco?". The individuals were classified as "chewing tobacco" if the household respondent answered "yes" to the question on chewing tobacco. Similarly, individuals were categorised as "smokers" if household respondent answered "yes" to the question on "smoking tobacco". No questions were asked on the amount or frequency of tobacco consumption and on the type of tobacco smoked—biris or cigarettes or other forms of smoking prevalent in India (chutta, hukka, etc), which is an important data limitation of the study.
Socioeconomic and demographic information were sought from the household informant at both household level (ownership of different assets, caste, religion) and at individual level (for example, age, sex, education, marital status) for all the household members. Socioeconomic differentials of tobacco prevalence were assessed with respect to three measures of socioeconomic status—caste, education, and household wealth. The caste is the basis of social hierarchical organisation of the Hindu religion—the predominant religion followed in India. The government of India has identified, in a schedule of the Constitution of India, the castes occupying the lowest rung of social hierarchy as the most socially disadvantaged, and classified them as scheduled castes (SCs) and the scheduled tribes (STs). In addition, the government has identified some occupational castes as socially backward and classified them as "other backward castes" (OBCs).
To measure the economic status, we created a "household wealth index" using principal component analysis of different household assets and dwelling characteristics (type of floor, roof, etc) based on methods previously described.16 The household wealth index was then used to divide the population into five quintiles.
STATA 7.0 was used to carry out statistical analyses.17 Univariate analysis was done to assess the distribution of the sample and to compute overall prevalence of chewing of tobacco/pan masala and smoking of tobacco. Both point estimates and robust 95% confidence intervals (based on robust standard errors after adjusting for strata and clustering at primary sampling unit (PSU) level are presented. The sample based prevalence estimates were converted into population based estimates taking into account the population of India as per the Census 2001. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were estimated to assess the unadjusted and adjusted association, respectively, of different socioeconomic (household wealth, years of schooling, religion, and caste) and demographic characteristics (urban/rural residence, sex and age) with tobacco consumption. Both bivariate and multivariate regression models were estimated after applying for sampling weights and adjusting for multi-stage clustered sampling designs using "svy" command in STATA 7.0. Collinearity between explanatory variables was tested using variance inflation factor (VIF) command in STATA, which was found to be insignificant. MAPINFO software was used to produce thematic maps of male tobacco smoking and chewing prevalence.
Sixteen per cent of the study population (29.3% men and 2.3% women) smoked tobacco; 20% of the study population (28.1% men and 12.0% women) chewed tobacco/pan masala; and 30% of the study population (46.5% men and 13.8% women) either smoked or chewed tobacco. Table 2 shows the percentage and approximate number of people who consumed some form of tobacco. Approximately, 194 million people aged 15 years and older (150 million men and 44 million women) consumed some form of tobacco. Almost 79% of tobacco consumers lived in rural areas, slightly more than the share of rural population in the total population (73%).
Prevalence of smoking and chewing tobacco/pan masala in India, 1998–99
State level variation
The prevalence of both smoking and chewing tobacco/pan masala varied significantly among different states in India (table 3, fig 1). Some regional patterns were observed for chewing tobacco/pan masala. Chewing of tobacco was relatively more common in the Central, Eastern, Western (except Goa) and Northeastern states (except Meghalaya) compared to in the Northern and Southern states. However, in the Northern states, where chewing is relatively less common, smoking of tobacco is relatively higher (except in Punjab where tobacco prevalence is one of the lowest as majority of its population (58%) practice Sikh religion, which prohibits tobacco consumption).
State level prevalence of tobacco consumption in India by sex
Prevalence of male tobacco smoking and tobacco chewing in different states of India.
Demographic and socioeconomic predictors
Unadjusted relationships
Columns 2–4 and columns 6–8 of tables 4 and 5, respectively, summarise the prevalence and unadjusted odds of smoking and chewing in different socioeconomic and demographic groups by sex. The change in prevalence of tobacco consumption with age is also shown in fig 2. The prevalence of both smoking and chewing tobacco increased prominently with age until 50 years and then remains constant or declined. Compared to chewing, the smoking prevalence declined more steeply after 50 years of age among men.
Unadjusted prevalence rates and odds ratios derived from bivariate (unadjusted) and multivariate logistic regression (adjusted) for tobacco smoking
Unadjusted prevalence rates and odds ratios derived from bivariate (unadjusted) and multivariate logistic regression (adjusted) for chewing of tobacco
Prevalence of tobacco consumption by age categories in women and men.
The prevalence of both chewing tobacco/pan masala and smoking tobacco was significantly higher in rural, poorer, and uneducated populations compared to urban, wealthier, and more educated populations, respectively, both in men and women, though the differentials for chewing tobacco were smaller. The socioeconomic gradients (by household wealth as well as by education) were steeper for women than for men for both chewing tobacco/pan masala and smoking tobacco. Men in the poorest quintile have 3.5 times higher unadjusted odds for smoking and 3.7 times higher unadjusted odds for chewing tobacco than among men from the richest quintile, while the similar figures among women were 9.9 times for smoking and 4.8 times for chewing tobacco. Men with no schooling had 5.6 times higher unadjusted odds of smoking and 3.1 times higher unadjusted odds of chewing tobacco than men with more than 11 years of schooling, while in women the unadjusted odds were 41 times higher for smoking and 13 times higher for chewing tobacco.
Prevalence of chewing tobacco/pan masala was the highest among the scheduled tribe (ST) population and lowest among forward castes and other backward castes (OBC). The forward castes were also least likely to smoke tobacco. While no significant differences were seen in the prevalence of smoking and chewing tobacco/pan masala among Hindu, Muslim, and Christian populations, the Sikh population had a significantly lower prevalence of tobacco consumption.
Multivariate analysis: adjusted relationships
Column 5 and column 9 in table 4 (for smoking) and table 5 (for chewing tobacco/pan masala) present the adjusted odds ratios from multivariate logistic regression models to tease out the adjusted association between different socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and adjusted odds of chewing and smoking tobacco. Though the relations observed in bivariate analysis persisted in multivariate analysis, the effect of certain sociodemographic variables got diluted after controlling for other confounding socioeconomic characteristics.
Compared to the younger population (15–24 years), the older population (25+ years) had a greater likelihood of both chewing and smoking tobacco. In the multivariate analysis, the number of school years emerged as one of the strongest predictors—in terms of odds ratio—for both smoking and chewing among both men and women followed by household wealth. Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes were more likely to smoke and chew tobacco compared to the forward castes (except for smoking among men where no significant differentials were observed among ST, OBC, and forward castes), even after controlling for household wealth and education. Compared to Hindus, Muslim men were more likely to smoke, though no differentials were observed among women. However, Muslim women were more likely to chew tobacco than Hindu women. Sikh religion emerged as one of the strongest predictord among both men and women for not chewing or smoking tobacco. The differentials by state of residence also persisted in the multivariate analysis (not shown in tables 4 and 5).
No significant association was observed between urban/rural residence and smoking or chewing of tobacco/pan masala among men after controlling for other characteristics. However, rural women were less likely to chew tobacco than urban women (odds ratio 0.87, p < 0.05).
This is the first study to provide nationally representative aggregate prevalence estimates of tobacco consumption by different socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Though superior to the existing studies in terms of study design and representativeness, this study also suffers from several data limitations, which may potentially affect the prevalence estimates. The first step in validating the estimates from the NFHS-2 survey may be to compare the estimates from earlier studies while noting the methodological differences that may be responsible for the observed differences. Table 1 summarises prevalence estimates of tobacco consumption arrived in previous studies, and comparable estimates from the NFHS-2 survey. The prevalence rates estimated from NFHS-2 are slightly lower for smoking, but higher for chewing than the estimates arrived in the 52nd NSS, which used the same sampling methodology and household informants (table 1). However, the questions were phrased differently in the two surveys that may partly account for the differences. For example, while the question on chewing tobacco was very ambiguous in the 52nd NSS as discussed earlier in the first section, NFHS-2 explicitly asked about chewing tobacco as well as about chewing paan masala. Similarly, while the 52nd NSS explicitly probed for all forms of smoking tobacco (biri/cigar/cigarette/hukka), NFHS-2 simply asked whether any household member "smokes tobacco", leaving the interpretation of "tobacco" to the respondents themselves, which may explain the lower estimates of smoking prevalence in NFHS-2.
However, the estimates from both the NFHS-2 and the 52nd NSS using proxy household informants are lower than the prevalence rates of tobacco consumption estimated by WHO,1 based on small studies conducted in India in different time periods, and also from those of other small studies based on special population groups in small geographical areas (table 1). Use of household informants in NFHS-2 who may not be aware of the use of tobacco by other household members rather than the individual self reports used in most of the earlier small scale studies (table 1) may be partly responsible for the differences observed, besides the differences in the reference population groups in these studies. To estimate the potential degree of under-reporting in NFHS-2 due to use of household informants, the prevalence of tobacco consumption was estimated separately among household respondents themselves and among other household members (table 6). The age adjusted prevalence rates in the household respondents' population were higher among men and women, respectively, by almost 10.6% and 1.5% for chewing tobacco and by 5.4% and 0.5% for smoking tobacco. When examined by age group (table 6, fig 2), the under-reporting is consistently higher in the younger age groups among both men and women. Though a recent study conducted in Delhi18 found a high degree of agreement between individual self reports and household informant reports for tobacco use, results from this study show that prevalence may be underestimated when it is elicited through a household informant. Taking into account all the limitations of the study and the previous literature on prevalence of tobacco consumption in India, it is safe to conclude that the study provides robust lower bound estimates for the prevalence of tobacco consumption in India. The real estimates may be almost 11% and 1.5% higher for chewing among men and women, respectively. Similarly the prevalence of smoking may be underestimated by almost 5% in men and 0.5% in women.
Comparison of prevalence estimates among household respondent themselves and other household members by sex and age
The odds of tobacco consumption varied significantly across different Indian states even after controlling for individual-level socio-economic and demographic characteristics. For example, the chewing prevalence was distinctly higher in Central and Eastern India, and in the Northeastern states. The state level variation may reflect distinct regional socio-cultural patterns or effect of different public policies on tobacco in different states. Future studies should explore the reasons for inter-state differentials as this can provide important insights into effect of different public policies and their interaction with local socio-cultural patterns on use of tobacco.
Poverty and illiteracy
Tobacco consumption was the highest in the least educated, poorest, and scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Though systematic under-reporting of tobacco use in some social groups due to differentials in social stigma attached with tobacco use in different sociodemographic groups may have contributed to this apparent trend, it is unlikely to account completely for the trends observed, considering the very wide differentials. The socioeconomic differentials in tobacco consumption from this study also compare well with the findings from previous studies in India10,11,19 and elsewhere.20
Why poor or less educated people consume more tobacco remains an open empirical question for further investigation. Education emerged as a relatively stronger predictor than household wealth, both among men and women. It is likely that poor and less educated people are: less aware of the health hazards of tobacco consumption; more likely to find themselves in conditions predisposing them to initiation of smoking and chewing of tobacco; and more likely to have higher degree of fatalism or higher overall risk taking behaviour.20 The findings of the study highlight that an agenda to improve health outcomes for the poor and other disadvantaged groups in India must also include effective interventions to control tobacco, as these groups may suffer from disproportionate burden of tobacco induced morbidity and mortality. In addition, each intervention should be evaluated for its effectiveness separately in different socioeconomic and cultural groups, since access and effectiveness of different programmatic strategies may vary across these groups.
Demographics of tobacco consumption
The cross sectional nature of the data did not allow us to assess the trends in tobacco consumption over time or with age. The observed increase in prevalence of tobacco consumption with age can be due to a cohort effect (declining prevalence over time with younger cohorts having lower prevalence) or an age effect (younger people having lower prevalence, with more people initiated into tobacco consumption as they get older) or simply due to under reporting of tobacco use among young people. Previous literature suggests no declining trends in tobacco consumption over time in India. As indicated earlier, the differences in the prevalence of tobacco use between respondent and non-respondent population is much higher in the 15–24 year age group (fig 2, table 6). However, as is very clear in fig 2, trends in prevalence rates with age are very similar in both respondent and non-respondent sub-samples (table 6, fig 2). Hence the observed increase in tobacco prevalence is the partly the result of under-reporting in the younger age groups and party due to an actual increase in prevalence of tobacco consumption with age up to mid 50s (fig 2). This has important policy and programme implications—the initiation into tobacco use may occur at any age and not just among young people. This implies that programmes to control tobacco have to focus on almost all age groups up to the age of 50.
The findings of the study will help in designing tobacco control strategies and understanding the epidemiology of tobacco related health burden in India.
In India, as in most low income countries, death in middle age is increasing in relative importance due to an increase in smoking related deaths.21 The disease burden, health care costs as well as other fiscal losses resulting from premature deaths attributable to tobacco consumption will rapidly increase.8,22–24 Earlier WHO estimates suggest that deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to tobacco use in India will increase from 129 000 deaths and 1719 DALYs in 1990 to over 1.5 million deaths and 24 024 DALYs by 2002.8 The high levels of tobacco consumption among disadvantaged population groups may lead to a doubling of the disease burden in these social groups from chronic illnesses related to tobacco consumption as well as from communicable and nutrition related diseases, which still account for a large share of total disease burden in the disadvantaged social groups in India. In addition to the differences in prevalence of tobacco consumption between disadvantaged and better off groups, the type and amount of tobacco consumption, which are shown to be directly associated with incidence of tobacco related diseases and mortality, may also vary between the two, further aggravating the differences in disease burden attributable to tobacco between the two groups.19 Though no data were collected in the NFHS-2 on the type and amount of tobacco consumed, which remains one of the weaknesses of survey, other studies suggest that the poor are 8–10 times more likely to smoke bidis22,25 that may lead to greater risk of oropharyngeal and lung cancer in this group than among the better off.7,25
The public policy implications of our study are twofold. Research on tobacco use needs to be considerably systematised with use of more consistent definitions of tobacco consumption and study methodologies. More rigorous comparable prevalence studies over time are needed to establish the trends in prevalence and evaluate the effect of different public policies pursued to control tobacco use. Though studies involving use of household informants are much more economical and easier to administer than those based on individual self reports, the prevalence may be underestimated and need to be adjusted upwards to provide real estimates. In addition, future studies should investigate the prevalence rates of different tobacco products (both smoking and chewing tobacco) separately, as the economic and health effects of different products may vary considerably, and because of the potential differences in prevalence of use of different tobacco products across different sociodemographic groups.
The authors acknowledge the contribution of three anonymous referees for their valuable revisions, especially for the analysis relating to underestimation of tobacco use prevalence due to use of surrogate household respondents.
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Padmavati S. Prevention of heart disease in India in the 21st century. Need for a concerted effort. Indian Heart J2002;54:99–102.
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Dikshit R, Kanhere S. Tobacco habits and risk of lung, oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer: a population-based case-control study in Bhopal, India. Int J Epidemiol2000;29:609–14.
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Kutty RV, Balakrishnan KG, Jayashree AK, et al. Prevalence of coronary heart disease in the rural population of Thiruvanatnthapuram district, Kerala, India. Int J Cardiol1993;39:59–70.
Venkat Narayan KM, Chadha SL, Hanson RL, et al. Prevalence and patterns of smoking in Delhi: cross sectional study. BMJ1996;312:1576–9.
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↵* Study was conducted while on study leave at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Copyright 2003 Tobacco Control


Cook the beans in boiling water for 2 to 4 minutes or until tender.
Toast sesame seeds and grind (or in a coffee grinder). Add the sugar, dashi, (or make instant dashi from freeze-dried granules, available in many Asian grocery stores), miso paste and soy sauce and mix together well.
Toss the green beans in the sesame dressing and serve as a side dish.


Summary. Since 1972, state statistical accounting (automatic performance being implied) in the Russian Federation for road traffic accidents, including data on the lethal victims and injured victims, has been conducted by organs of Interior Affairs. Nevertheless, medical establishments also has been accounting on victims and injured persons in road traffic accidents using record-keeping forms specially designed for medical and disease prevention organizations; in particular, the Form No.57 "Data on traumas, poisoning, and other consequences of external impacts in the current year" and the Form No.40 "Account of the station/department of urgent medical care" are being implemented.
In 2008, introduction of monitoring for traffic road traumatism was initiated in many departments of urgent medical care of Voronezh Region, and it was based on specially designed tool: "Form to account persons suffered due to road traffic accidents by a station/department of urgent medical care". This Form was supported by the specially developed Program of automotive processing of data.
This Paper presents summarized data on these issues including category of urgent care team, its professional staff composition, professional qualification of the team's chief, time points of fulfillment of the call, distribution of victims along gender, age, and role category of a victim as a participant of road traffic, severity of health position, intoxicants in-take status, etc.
62% of realized urgent care team visits were fulfilled by physicians teams, and 38% - by medical assistants teams. 3 time intervals were recorded and analyzed in this study: 1. From trauma occurrence up to the reception of the call by a department of urgent medical care; 2. From receiving a call up to arrival of the team at the accident scene; 3. From the start of conveying the victim to a local facility up to the arrival at this medical station. 10 minutes were in 80%(1), 60%(2), 59% (3) of cases, 11-20 minutes – in 7%(1), 28%(2), 27%(3) of cases; 21-30 minutes 4%(1)of cases , 9%(2), 10%(3) of cases ;31-40 minutes – 3%(1) of cases; 41-50 minutes and more – 4%(3)of cases ; 51-60 min – 4%(1), 3%(2) of cases. 45% of the victims were passengers, 35% were drivers, 15% were pedestrians. 62% of the victims were males, embracing 29.4% of the passengers, 94.9% of the drivers, 82.4% of the pedestrians. Persons younger than 19 yr comprised 14% of the total number of victims. 13% of victims were intoxicated. 10.3% of drivers, 5.9% of pedestrians, 2% of passengers admitted to urgent healthcare mobile facility had died prior to entering hospitalization procedure. Federal automobile roads that were situated beyond populated localities were the scene for 50% of surviving injured victims 64% of lethal victim. 52% of the passengers, 41% of the drivers, 11% of the pedestrians were evaluated as "satisfactory" for their health position; 44%, 49% and 61% of assessed passengers, drivers, and pedestrians, accordingly, had 'next to grave' or 'grave' position; 4%, 10%, and 28% of victims, accordingly, had terminal phase at the medical check-up or pre-received OPD-label before the arrival of an urgent care team.
We are of the opinion that the Accounting Forms with data on victims of road traffic accidents constitute the sound basis for valid and valuable statistical analysis in this sphere of public life.
Key words. Road traffic accidents, accounting system, injured victims, lethal victims.
Zhulev V.I. Informatsionno-analiticheskie i ekonomicheskie problemy preduprezhdeniya dorozhno-transportnykh proisshestviy [Information-analytical and economic problems of the prevention of road traffic incidents]. In: Theses of reports and messages of scientifically-practical conference «Ways of decrease in breakdown susceptibility to the USSR». Tbilisi, 1982. P. 7-12.
Katenkar N.T. Prognosticheskoe znachenie informatsii ob administrativnykh pravonarusheniyakh v dorozhnom dvizhenii [Prognostic value of the information on administrative offences in road traffic]. In: Theses of reports and messages of scientifically-practical conference «Ways of decrease in breakdown susceptibility to the USSR». Tbilisi, 1982. P. 29-30.
Nagnibeda A.N. Kliniko-statisticheskaya kharakteristika dorozhno-transportnykh travm i eksperimentalnoe razvitie kontseptsii travmatogeneza v sluzhbe skoroy pomoshchi [Clinic-static characteristic of road traffic traumas and experimental development of the concept of trauma genesis in ambulance service]: [PhD. Thesis]. Mosсow; 1992. 34 p.
Prikaz Ministerstva vnutrennikh del Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 06 iyunya 1996 goda N 328 «O merakh po realizatsii postanovleniya Pravitelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 29 iyunya 1995 g. N 647» [Order of Ministry of Home Affairs of the Russian Federation from 06.06.1996 №328 «About measures on realization of the Governmental order of the Russian Federation from June, 29th 1995 N 647»]. Byulleten tekushchego zakonodatelstva MVD Rossii. Vol. 16. Chapter 3. Moscow; 1996.
Prikaz Ministerstva vnutrennikh del Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 23 maya 2008 goda N 449 «Ob utverzhdenii formy blanka izveshcheniya o dorozhno-transportnom proisshestvii» [Order of Ministry of Home Affairs of the Russian Federation from 23.05.2008 N 449 «About the statement of the form of the form of the notice on road traffic incident»]. Rossiyskaya gazeta № 101. 13.05.2011.
Prikaz Ministerstva transporta Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 2 aprelya 1996 g. N 22 «O forme ucheta dorozhno-transportnykh proisshestviy vladeltsami transportnykh sredstv» [Order of Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation from 02.04.1996 N 22 «About the form of the account of road traffic incidents by owners of vehicles»]. Sbornik normativno-pravovykh materialov po obespecheniyu bezopasnosti dorozhnogo dvizheniya na avtomobilnom transporte. Chelyabinsk. 1996.
Prikaz Federalnoy dorozhnoy sluzhby Rossii ot 23 iyulya 1998 g. N 168 «O vvedenii v deystvie pravil ucheta i analiza dorozhno-transportnykh proisshestviy na avtomobilnykh dorogakh Rossiyskoy Federatsii» [Order of Federal Highway Agency of Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation from 23.07.1998 №168 «About introduction in action of rules of the account and the analysis of road traffic incidents on roads of the Russian Federation»]. Sbornik zakonodatelnykh aktov, postanovleniy i rasporyazheniy Pravitelstva RF, rukovodyashchikh dokumentov FDS Rossii, imeyushchikh otraslevoe znachenie. Vol. 4. Moscow. 1998.


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