text:
E.J. Hobsbawm
For jazz to go so far, it needed impresarios and entrepreneurs committed to a cause. And it required public relaxation of an apartheid far stronger than we can now imagine.
The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930–1945
by Gunther Schuller
Oxford University Press, 919 pp., $30.00
Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development
Oxford University Press, 401 pp., $8.95
Meet Me at Jim & Andy's: Jazz Musicians and Their World
by Gene Lees
"It seems quite clear today in retrospect," writes Gunther Schuller, who was at the time entering his teens, "that the Depression years and their aftermath were culturally and artistically the richest this nation has experienced in this century." Probably many more people would today agree with this proposition than would dissent from it, but not many would be convinced by the author's comment that this was so because
with financial and material acquisition virtually at a standstill, those lean years forced most Americans to turn to themselves—to rely upon and appreciate more their own creative imaginative instincts and impulses. Self-expression, whatever personal form it might take, became almost of necessity more important than commerce and career.
For the American arts and culture that in retrospect we regard as the glory of the Thirties were essentially commercial, if only because the huge apparatus of patronage and public subsidy, which has made so many writers and composers into dependents of the system of higher education in the late twentieth century, was not yet in place. Federal money undoubtedly became important in the Roosevelt years, but how much of the extraordinary achievement of that period would be lost if we imagined that everything financed, say, by the WPA, suddenly disappeared from the record? True, the work it sponsored was substantial, and the creative talents it helped to keep alive were numerous and impressive; but even in the field in which public patronage made its greatest impact, in the recording of folk culture and folk music (notably by Alan Lomax at the Library of Congress), its essential function was conservation and salvage rather than construction. Even so, if we would not have the work of Leadbelly but for Alan Lomax, and his father, John Lomax, who found him serving his prison sentence in Angola, Lousiana, we would still have the likes of Robert Johnson, who was recorded by a commercial company.
The major cultural achievements of the 1930s undoubtedly belong essentially to a box-office culture, if only because in the US there was no alternative to it. This applies not only to the arts for which Variety made itself the spokesman, then as now concerned with grosses rather than immortality, but to serious literature, to an extent that surprises observers accustomed to the self-contained literary milieus of the old world and of contemporary America. Moreover, whatever the state of the US economy, show business generally was anything but depressed, though like American society as a whole, it rested (and still rests) on an unusually deep foundation of marginal, insecure, expendable men, women, and styles. Since students of jazz history have been largely concerned with black performers, most of whom, by the nature of their skin, lived, as Bessie Smith's Back Water Blues put it, in permanent danger of submersion, incidents like the temporary collapse of the jazz and race-record market in the early 1930s have attracted much attention. Nevertheless, by and large, as readers of Studs Terkel's marvelous Hard Times will recall, poverty, and insecurity, and prosperity for entertainment went together.
This does not mean that the box office can claim responsibility for the cultural accomplishments of the period, some of whose most striking glories Gunther Schuller analyzes in the second volume of his history of jazz, The Swing Years. The net effect of subordinating creation to commerce, then as now, was to degrade, to corrupt, and to infantilize, as a product of the search for what would appeal to the widest public. That is no doubt the reason why jazz ceased to satisfy both its creative musicians and its devoted lovers almost from the moment it briefly became mass popular music as "swing"; the most interesting musicians, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Thelonious Monk among them, advanced toward what would become bebop; many jazz lovers (barely noticed by Schuller) retreated to Dixie.
Schuller, who notes how the swing bands succumbed more or less rapidly to the lures or pressures of the market, knows better than most what that sort of market does to art. As he points out, strings in commercial music do not have to sound "soggy and syrupy," but in jazz/commercial arrangements they do, unlike any of the "several 100,000 classical symphonic pieces from Corelli to the present, none of which—even those by, say, Rachmaninov, Ravel [and] Delius," sound remotely like that. It is no mystery why even writers who were quite happy to write for less money for commercial magazines apologized to each other for accepting the gold-lined degradation of Hollywood scriptwriting.
Yet this does not explain why serious and self-respecting work emerged on this commercial scene or was compatible with it, i.e., why artists found themselves able, with all qualifications, to do their thing at least partly within the system. They had not yet accepted its incompatibility with artistic creation by the public gestures of defeatism and abdication that pictures of Campbell Soup cans, and indeed all Warhol's career, exemplify. Here Gunther Schuller provides some more positive if imprecise suggestions. What he detects in this era is the "special identity between a people and its music," which, he argues, has since been fragmented by the complexities of the postwar period, "not to mention the disunity and strife brought into our national experience since then by a cold war, McCarthyism, the Vietnam War, various crises relating to minority self-identity." This former unity he associates not only with past innocence, that familiar illusion of those who are growing old, but also with the fact that "the thirties were for many people a new beginning," not least for black musicians, who could, for the first time, see jazz as a profession.
On the reason for this sense of new times, the author is nebulous, except for the suggestion that the vogue for "swing" attracted a good many talented musicians. Did the growth of jazz and its audience in the 1930s take place "despite the Depression—or perhaps because of it?" Where does the Roosevelt era fit in? Nevertheless, it is clear to him that this remarkable period in the development of American jazz, with its "unexpected musical-sociological alliances," cannot be adequately analyzed in purely musicological terms. Mr. Schuller's book is an implicit call for a social, economic, and cultural history of jazz in the New Deal years.
However, this is not where the author's heart lies. Though his book derives its value from his own theoretical and practical expertise as an instrumentalist and composer, he approaches the subject mainly as a fan. Those whose memory of jazz enthusiasts goes back to the years when this young classical horn player acquired his passion will recognize the characteristics of the period to which he belonged and about which he writes. Aficionados were and had to be self-taught, or taught from one or two books, like Hugues Panassié's Hot Jazz, which "introduced many an American to this music, this writer included." They developed their often impressive erudition by talking at length to musicians or anyone else connected with the business, by unceasing and sometimes polemical debate with other real jazz fans—the ones who would not be seen dead dancing to a jazz orchestra—but above all by concentrated and repeated listening to every 78 rpm record available. No "close reading" of poems in English literature classes can compare in intensity with the scrutiny of every moment of those magic three-and-a-half minutes.
Like its distinguished predecessor Early Jazz, The Swing Era will bring back the mood of early jazz writing and criticism of jazz: the weighing of bands and soloists against each other, the attention to every line written by other pioneers, the preoccupation with impassioned debates about what exactly "swing" is, and precisely how vital blacks or African influence are to jazz. Above all, like the earlier literature (but on an incomparably higher level of musical competence), the book is addressed to a readership as passionately involved in the subject as the author, and ready to follow him through more than 850 pages.
Essentially Schuller has written a series of monographs of bands and artists under classificatory headings (The Great Black Bands, The Great Soloists, The White Bands, Small Groups, etc.). They range in length from the 111 pages devoted to Ellington; through the forty or so for Basie, Armstrong, and, more surprising, if historically justifiable, Goodman; to ten to twenty each for most of some fifty others. The general format is a chronological critical commentary on the recorded oeuvre, preceded by general observations, and concluding with a brief and firm judgment. The argument is addressed to the musically literate.
Some readers may be tempted to regard this book as a work of critical reference for the moments when one is expected to show more knowledge of the likes of Claude Hopkins, the Mills Blue Rhythm Band, and the Casa Loma Orchestra than is reasonably expected in anyone not yet a senior citizen. (A work that fails to take an interest in boogie-woogie, country and city blues, and gospel can hardly claim to be encyclopedic.) Certainly this is not a volume likely to be read at one sitting, or designed for this purpose. The numerous musical illustrations are ideally intended to supplement the actual records from which they are transcribed. Yet The Swing Era should not be interred on the reference shelf with the fanfares, in this case justified, that usually greet the publication of any musically literate book about jazz.
For what makes this book important is not the author's erudition—there are others who are equally learned about jazz—or even his critical discrimination, formidable though that is. There are other musically expert critics, even though few will want lightly to disagee with Schuller's considered judgments, even when, as in the case of Art Tatum, he shows less enthusiasm than most of us. What makes Schuller invaluable is, first, that he writes as a man equally versed in classical music and jazz—after all, he is best known for championing a fusion of both in the Sixties under the name "Third Stream"—and, above all, that he is a lifelong, professional, practicing instrumentalist mentalist as well as a composer. (He played the French horn with the Miles Davis Nonet of 1949, which recorded The Birth of the Cool.)
The uniqueness of Schuller's books lies in his awareness, based on his practical experience, of what musicians actually do on the bandstand and how they see their problems. The insight is central, since it is the democratic community of musicians that, after all, made and developed jazz, powered, as Schuller sees so well, by each artist's "desire to learn and improve,…so powerful that new ideas…were gobbled up and digested in no time, everyone eager to push ahead to still newer discoveries." He knows how much work was necessary to reach competitive instrumental supremacy, and what a strain the high Fs were on even Armstrong's embouchure. He appreciates the desire to excel, to reach unclimbed peaks of virtuosity, and at the same time to create, the basic problem of the improviser being that he cannot command the highest flights of his imagination, but can only "bring his capacity for instantaneous invention to such a high level that it is never less than adequate unto the task, all the while hoping for (and occasionally being able to count on) those special days when he is particularly articulate."
It takes a practicing musician to recognize what it means for a creative jazz singer to learn, rapidly and impeccably, hundreds of songs, most of them—in the 1930s—hot off the press. For "it is not possible to so thoroughly recompose and improvise upon that many songs without knowing them completely. You can only intelligently deviate from something…if you know it deeply." How does the repertoire of "standards" for improvising musicians come into being? Schuller immediately shows, by listing the songs Armstrong recorded in 1930–1931, that his taste "was virtually infallible, considering the temptations to be otherwise; and apparently his choices were made rather instantaneously." Of the "right" songs he missed a few—Gershwin's "But Not for Me" and "Embraceable You" and Porter's "Love for Sale"—but not many.
Only musicians do not need to be told that "by playing virtuoso eighth-note solos at top tempos, one can hide one's tone deficiencies," which explains why excellent saxophonists who wanted, to play like Coleman Hawkins but couldn't were tempted to become "speed" players. Schuller's experience in the business enables him to show that many stylistic characteristics of early jazz were imposed by the technical limitations of recording, or ballroom acoustics and noise. The sharp ear of the bandstand readily tells the difference between players with a genuine bent for improvisation and those who, having created a satisfactory composition, stick to it. Billie Holiday "did not really improvise, in the truest sense. Her performances were fixed beforehand…. Deviations from a first take will invariably be infinitesimal, cosmetic."
Such observations, often incidental or even in footnotes, not only are among the chief pleasures of Schuller's book, but give it its special value. Hardly anyone else can write on jazz with this authority. The Swing Era is indispensable to serious jazz lovers. If any are in doubt about this, Schuller's twenty pages on Billie Holiday, a model of what first-rate jazz criticism should be, will decide the matter. However, the book is not what it claims to be, namely a study of the development of jazz from 1933 to 1945, though it contains a good deal of material for such a study. For this we would need to be told much more about the music business and its changes, the transformation of the record industry, including the rise of specialized aficionado labels, about the college and noncollege dancing public, the rise of the specialist jazz/pop press, and a number of other matters which are assumed as background information by those of Mr. Schuller's generation, but cannot be taken for granted—perhaps even by those who rely on their memory. Above all, such a study calls for an inquiry into the political and cultural milieu of the Roosevelt era, which shaped the development of jazz to a considerable extent, often in a concrete way.
Take, for instance, the late John Hammond, "the most influential (non-performing) individual in the field…[whose] name—and good deeds on behalf of jazz—will run like a constant thread through this entire history." And so they should. But how was it possible for any single person, however devoted to the Negro cause and to jazz, however well-connected and with however amazing a nose for talent, to exercise so much influence single-handedly? Because Hammond placed himself at the point of intersection of four forces: black popular music; the New York–centered (and politically open) music and record industry and its associated structure of bookers and agents; the Europeans, who formed the first nucleus of a specifically jazz record market; and above all, the culture of the New Deal progressives and the left to which he passionately assented.
For Hammond unquestionably saw his major contribution as bringing black talent out of the ghetto, and to win for it not simply the honor that was its due, but work and careers in a white, or ideally an integrated, world. But to convince white musicians to play or even record publicly with black ones, to open integrated clubs like Café Society as metropolitan showcases for (black) talent, even to get a roughneck band from Kansas City like Basie's accepted by a major agency, took more in the 1930s than merely artistic or commercial decisions, even once it had been demonstrated that black swing was saleable. (And even this, as Schuller shows, had been partly engineered by Hammond, who persuaded Benny Goodman—whose band became the show window of so many later discoveries—to take over the material of the Fletcher Henderson band, which was to help make his fortune as the "King of Swing.")
For jazz to go so far, it needed impresarios and entrepreneurs also committed to a cause, like the late Barney Josephson of Café Society (later driven out of business by the witch hunt). It required a certain public relaxation of an apartheid far stronger than we can now imagine. It needed the political and cultural populism so characteristic of the New Deal era, which generated a paying public for what could be publicized as coming from genuine poor folks: the musical equivalent of Steinbeck's readers. It needed both selfless and expert enthusiasts, and welcoming receivers of the gospel like those who filled Carnegie Hall for the famous "Spirituals to Swing" concert.
In short, as the career of Billie Holiday demonstrates, the artistic development of jazz in the Thirties cannot be separated from its political and social setting, and Schuller's book itself makes this clear. For whatever the mass success of a few big bands and singers, most jazz appealed to a specialized minority.
But for John Hammond's commitment (and, of course, discernment), Billie Holiday would never have been discovered in a Harlem dive singing for tips in the intervals between hustling. But for disinterested guidance and help from sympathizers, she would not have been recorded adequately, or perhaps at all. But for a New York middle-class public with intellectual and populist inclinations, she would never have become a cabaret star in a politically hip Greenwich Village room run by the brother of a Comintern agent, and attended by the sort of writers who asked her to sing about lynching, a subject every commercial agent would have warned her against. "Strange Fruit," which haunts everyone who has ever heard her sing it, may have tempted her into excessive later mannerisms. (Here Schuller and Hammond agree.) But it transformed her standing in the world, as well as among the "Leftwing and Park Avenue liberals, Greenwich Village intellectuals and bohemians" who idolized her, while "most Middle-America white swing fans never heard it and went on discovering Glenn Miller instead." Which discovery has lasted better? If this unique artist is today universally recognized as a genius, it is in part because of the particular constellation of political and social tendencies of the late 1930s, without which none of us would even know that such a woman had ever lived.
Gunther Schuller, of course, knows all this. He has simply chosen to write about something else. To say that The Swing Era is not much of a contribution to the social and cultural history of the US or of jazz is not to criticize it, though one hopes that the author may one day find time to recall his memories and impressions of the musicians he plainly knew and observed so closely. The genre of the "jazz profile" has its pitfalls, such as the temptation to string together anecdotes, but such a book by Schuller would be enormously rewarding. In the meanwhile Gene Lees's lively Meet Me at Jim and Andy's, though dealing mainly with a later period, overlaps with The Swing Era with its portraits of Artie Shaw and Duke Ellington, the latter exceptionally perceptive.
No doubt others will write the history of the Swing Era, on which much remains to be said. Others will provide the balanced encyclopedic survey to which this author, with all his knowledge, prefers his personal choices. (In deference to critics who pointed out the virtual omission of Red Nichols's kind of jazz from Early Jazz, Schuller has added some appreciative but anachronistic pages to the present volume.) The Swing Era is a labor of learning, of critical discernment and respect, of profound knowledge of how jazz and jazz musicians work. Together with the volume on jazz since the bop revolution that Schuller is now preparing, Early Jazz and The Swing Era will stand as a monumental contribution to jazz literature. What more, except readers, can any author hope for?
More by E.J. Hobsbawm
The New Threat to History
Escaped Slaves of the Forest
The Caruso of Jazz
E. J. Hobsbawm (1917–2012) was a British historian. Born in Egypt, he was educated at Cambridge; he taught at Birkbeck College and The New School. His works include The Age of Extremes; Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism; and On Empire.
Memories of Ellington
Richard Holmes
The Romantic Pugilist
W.H. Auden
Noah Greenberg (1919–1966)
Virgil Thomson
Robert Craft
Sour Notes
Prudence Crowther and James Taibi
Olympic Notes
Adam Zagajewski
The Triumph of Mrs. L.


By Keith Edwards, Patriotic Renaissance.
Ted Cruz called President Trump the "stupidest man alive" in an interview on the Chris Salcedo show on Tuesday Sept. 11.
During the interview, a local Texas Republican called in to ask Senator Cruz whether he supported Trump's $3 billion border wall project to keep out MS-13 and illegal aliens.
Talk show host Chris Salcedo audibly gasped (as can be heard in the interview), and quickly changed the subject. Cruz then told viewers how they can obtain lawn signs from his website to help support his campaign.


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Q: defaultValue is not filled in textarea when used with react-final-form I unable set the defaultValue to the text area, I am using react-final-form and wrapped the TextareaField inside the Field element of react-final-form
Here is my code:
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Terribly stuck, where am I missing??

A: If you want my text to be the initial value in your field, you'll need to pass initialValues={{ description: 'my text' }} to the Form component.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


TOYOTA IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2008-2010 HIGHLANDER, MODEL YEAR 2009-2010 COROLLA, VENZA AND MATRIX PASSENGER VEHICLES. THE ACCELERATOR PEDAL CAN GET STUCK IN THE WIDE OPEN POSITION DUE TO ITS BEING TRAPPED BY AN UNSECURED OR INCOMPATIBLE DRIVER'S FLOOR MAT. THIS RECALL IS AN EXPANSION OF A CAMPAIGN OF 3.8 MILLION OTHER TOYOTA VEHICLES ANNOUNCED IN 2009 FOR THE SAME ISSUE (SEE 09V-388).
TOYOTA WILL MODIFY OR REPLACE THE ACCELERATOR PEDALS ON THE SUBJECT VEHICLES. FLOOR SURFACE MODIFICATIONS ARE ALSO BEING CONSIDERED AND WILL BE INCLUDED FOR ANY MODEL FOR WHICH IT IS DEEMED APPROPRIATE. INITIALLY, DEALERS WILL BE INSTRUCTED ON HOW TO RESHAPE THE ACCELERATOR PEDAL FOR THE REPAIR. AS REPLACEMENT PARTS WITH THE SAME SHAPE AS THE MODIFIED PEDAL BECOME AVAILABLE, THEY WILL BE MADE AVAILABLE TO THE DEALERS FOR THE REPAIR. CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE HAD THE PEDAL RESHAPE REMEDY COMPLETED WILL HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO RECEIVE A NEW PEDAL IF THEY DESIRE, AFTER REPLACEMENT PEDALS BECOME AVAILABLE. IN ADDITION, TOYOTA WILL REPLACE ANY TOYOTA ALL-WEATHER FLOOR MAT IN A SUBJECT VEHICLE WITH A NEWLY DESIGNED MAT, FREE OF CHARGE. FOR THOSE CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE THE PREVIOUS DESIGN ALL-WEATHER FLOOR MAT BUT DO NOT NEED OR WANT THE NEWLY DESIGNED ALL-WEATHER FLOOR MAT, TOYOTA WILL RECOVER THE PREVIOUS DESIGN ALL-WEATHER FLOOR MAT AND REIMBURSE ITS PRICE. THE SAFETY RECALL BEGAN MARCH 30, 2010. OWNERS MAY CONTACT TOYOTA AT 1-800-331-4331.
Toyota will notify its owners, and dealers will inspect the switch and apply a special grease that inhibits heat build up or replace any switch damaged by the defect, free of charge. Toyota owners that experience a problem with a switch should not attempt to make repairs, but should contact their Toyota dealer or the Toyota Customer Experience Center at 1-800-331-4331.General Motors will contact the Pontiac Vibe owners affected by this recall and GM dealers will inspect and repair switches as necessary. Those owners may contact Pontiac Customer Care at 1-800-762-2737.
Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing (Toyota) is recalling certain model year 2008-2011 Scion xB and Lexus IS F, 2009-2011 Toyota Corolla and Corolla Matrix, 2006-2011 Toyota Yaris, Lexus IS250 and Lexus IS350, 2010-2011 Toyota 4Runner, Lexus IS250C, Lexus IS350C and Lexus GX460, 2011 Sienna, 2007-2011 Lexus ES350, and 2009-2010 Pontiac Vibe vehicles, originally sold, or ever registered, in Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan), and the U.S. Virgin Islands, or "Zone A."Additionally, unless included in "Zone A" above, Toyota is recalling certain model year 2008 Scion xB and Lexus IS F, 2007-2008 Toyota Yaris, 2006-2008 Lexus IS250 and Lexus IS350 and 2007-2008 Lexus ES350 vehicles, originally sold, or ever registered, in Arizona, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, or "Zone B."Vehicles of these model years and models that were not originally sold or ever registered in either Zones A or B are not subject to this safety recall.These vehicles are equipped with certain air bag inflators assembled as part of the passenger frontal air bag modules, and used as original equipment or replacement equipment. In the event of a crash necessitating deployment of the front air bags, these inflators may rupture due to propellant degradation occurring after long-term exposure to absolute humidity and temperature cycling.
Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing (Toyota) is recalling certain 2012 Toyota 4Runner, Corolla, Corolla Matrix, Sienna, Yaris, Scion xB, Lexus ES350, GX460, IS-F, IS250, IS350, IS250C, IS350C, and Lexus LFA vehicles originally sold, or ever registered, in Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan), and the U.S. Virgin Islands, or "Zone A."Additionally, unless included in "Zone A" above, Toyota is recalling certain 2009 Toyota Corolla, Corolla Matrix, Yaris, Yaris HB, Scion xB, Pontiac Vibe, Lexus, ES350, IS250, IS350, and IS-F vehicles originally sold, or ever registered, in Arizona, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, or "Zone B."Additionally, unless included in "Zone A" or "Zone B" above, Toyota is recalling certain 2006-2008 Lexus IS250 and IS350, 2007-2008 Lexus ES350, Toyota Yaris, Yaris HB, and 2008 Lexus IS-F and Scion xB vehicles originally sold, or ever registered in Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming.These vehicles are equipped with certain air bag inflators assembled as part of the passenger frontal air bag modules used as original equipment or replacement equipment. In the event of a crash necessitating deployment of the passenger frontal air bag, these inflators may rupture due to propellant degradation occurring after long-term exposure to absolute humidity and temperature cycling.
Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing (Toyota) is recalling certain 2013 Scion xB, Toyota Corolla, Corolla Matrix, Sienna, 4Runner, Lexus IS250, IS350, IS250C, IS350C, IS-F, and GX460 vehicles sold, ever registered, in the states of AL, CA, FL, GA, HI, LA, MS, SC, TX, PR, AS, GU, the MP (Saipan), and the U.S. VI or "Zone A."Toyota is also recalling certain 2010 Scion xB, Toyota Corolla, Corolla Matrix, Yaris, 4Runner, Lexus IS250, IS350, IS250C, IS350C, ES350, IS-F, GX460, and Pontiac Vibe vehicles sold, ever registered, in the states of AZ, AR, DE, DC, IL, IN, KS, KY, MD, MO, NE, NV, NJ, NM, NC, OH, OK, PA, TN, VA, and WV or "Zone B."Toyota is also recalling certain 2009 Scion xB, Toyota Corolla, Corolla Matrix, Yaris, Lexus IS250, IS350, ES350, IS-F, and Pontiac Vibe vehicles ever registered in the states of AK, CO, CT, ID, IA, ME, MA, MI, MN, MT, NH, NY, ND, OR, RI, SD, UT, VT, WA, WI, and WY or "Zone C."These vehicles are equipped with certain air bag inflators assembled as part of the passenger frontal air bag modules used as original equipment or replacement equipment. In the event of a crash necessitating deployment of the passenger frontal air bag, these inflators may explode due to propellant degradation occurring after long-term exposure to absolute humidity and temperature cycling.


EPA SIGNS OFF ON RULE EXEMPTING FARMERS FROM EMISSIONS REPORTING: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced Tuesday that it is implementing recently passed legislation that exempts farmers from having to report emissions derived from animal waste and other pollutants.
The final rule, signed by EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler on Monday, codifies the most recent version of the FARM Act, which exempted many farmers from reporting air releases of hazardous substances from animal waste.
Signed into law in March, the act made changes to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), which critics said went too far by regulating emissions from farms much like it regulated Superfund sites.
Lawmakers added the provision to the FARM ACT after a Supreme Court decision in 2008 that struck down an EPA rule that tried to exempt farmers from the same reporting requirements.
FOUR ENERGY NOMINEES ADVANCE: The Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee voted Tuesday to advance four nominees for senior Department of Energy positions, sending them to the full Senate for consideration.
The panel approved Teri Donaldson to be DOE's inspector general; Karen Evans to lead its now cybersecurity office; Christopher Fall to head the science office; and Daniel Simmons to head the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
The first three nominees passed with a voice vote, but Democrats asked for a recorded vote on Simmons.
Simmons was previously vice president at the Institute for Energy Research, a conservative think tank. He and the group fought policies meant to help renewable energy and efficiency and sought to boost fossil fuels.
Simmons got "yes" votes from all of the panel's Republicans and Sens. Angus King Angus Stanley KingAngus King: 'Mueller passed the obstruction question to the Congress and Barr intercepted the pass' Hillicon Valley: Washington preps for Mueller report | Barr to hold Thursday presser | Lawmakers dive into AI ethics | FCC chair moves to block China Mobile | Dem bill targets 'digital divide' | Microsoft denies request for facial recognition tech Dems introduce bill to tackle 'digital divide' MORE (I-Maine) and Joe Manchin Joseph (Joe) ManchinOn The Money: Cain 'very committed' to Fed bid despite opposition | Pelosi warns no US-UK trade deal if Brexit harms Irish peace | Ivanka Trump says she turned down World Bank job Cain says he won't back down, wants to be nominated to Fed Pro-life Christians are demanding pollution protections MORE (D-W.Va.).
DOE FAST TRACKS 'SMALL-SCALE' GAS EXPORTS: The Trump administration is expediting the approval process for projects that are meant to export small amounts of natural gas, including liquefied natural gas (LNG).
In a final regulation released to the public Tuesday, the Department of Energy (DOE) said it will automatically approve gas export applications if they would be at or below 51.75 billion cubic feet of exports per year and do not rise to the level of requiring an environmental review.
"DOE has determined that small-scale natural gas exports are consistent with the public interest," the agency said in its regulation, citing the Natural Gas Act's requirement that exports can only be approved if they are in the United States' public interest.
"In sum, DOE has thoroughly analyzed the many factors affecting the export of U.S. natural gas, as well as the unique characteristics and minimal adverse impacts of the emerging small scale natural gas market," the department said, concluding that the public interest standard has been met.
The regulation is due to be published in the Federal Register on Wednesday, starting a 30-day clock before it takes effect.
WHEELER APPROVES NEW BIOFUELS FROM SORGHUM OIL: EPA acting head Andrew Wheeler approved a new set of biofuels made from sorghum oil to be eligible for Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) credits.
At an EPA headquarters event with lawmakers from sorghum-heavy states and industry representatives, Wheeler signed a final regulation to approve new RFS "pathways" using sorghum oil, a byproduct of producing ethanol from the grain.
"This action sets the stage for more homegrown fuels under the Renewable Fuel Standard and adds diversity to our nation's biofuels mix," Wheeler said in a statement.
Producers will now be able to make biodiesel, heating oil, jet fuel and liquefied petroleum gas from sorghum and get credits as biomass-based diesel and advanced biofuels.
Ethanol made from corn or soy is the dominant biofuel produced under the RFS.
The House Natural Resources Committee's subcommittee on energy and mineral resources will hold a hearing on management of the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority.
New report shows AF&PA members' significant progress on Better Practices, Better Planet 2020--the most extensive set of quantifiable sustainability goals for a major U.S. manufacturing industry. Click here to learn more.
Three bison calves were born in Canada's Banff National Park this month, the first bison babies born there in 140 years, the Canadian Press reports.


Jetpack HappeningsHome » Blog » Jetpack & Smittys Avengers Endgame Event!
Join us on Thursday, April 25th, for our Avengers: End Game Happy Hour Premiere Event!
We will have on screen trivia, prizes, raffles, themed menu and drink, and more! Doors open at 5 pm, movie starts at 6:30 pm – that's almost TWO HOURS prior to the movie so we can jam-pack as much fun into this event as possible before you watch the epic conclusion of the Avengers saga. Seating is first come first serve, TICKETS ON SALE SOON!
Because we'll be getting ready fro FCBD we can't be at Smitty's, ourselves but the awesome crew at Smitty's has offered to represent us. We're sending them all kinds of fun stuff to give-away, including comic books and other fun things from Marvel. As special give-aways there will be Infinity Gauntlet merchandise to brighten your day! Smitty's will decide how the stuff gets given away.Plus they'll have $5 off coupons for Jetpack and you can bring your release day ticket to Jetpack for 20% off your purchase (can not be combined with other discounts or offers).


"Privileged location, between two sandy bays in extensive grounds"
The Dome Hotel is a unique low-rise resort hotel ideally situated between two sandy bays on the Makronissos Peninsular, a six minute drive west of Ayia Napa.
Located in a quite setting, with extensive grounds and beautifully landscaped gardens, the Dome Hotel is an oasis of tranquillity from the non stop of Ayia Napa, although there are a selection of bars and restaurants nearby.
Holiday at the Dome Hotel Cyprus. Enjoy a unique setting at the low rise Dome Beach Hotel Cyprus, a good choice for the discerning client. A beach side location the Dome Beach Hotel Ayia Napa, offers excellent and friendly service, the Dome Hotel Nissi Bay.


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Provinces O-Y
Party abbreviations: CAQ=Coalition Avenir Québec, CCF=Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, Con=Conservative, Lib=Liberal, NDP=New Democratic Party, PC=Progressive Conservative, PQ=Parti Québécois, SP=Saskatchewan Party, UFO=United Farmers of Ontario, UN=Union Nationale, Yuk=Yukon Party
26 Dec 1791                Upper Canada
5 Feb 1841                Canada West (part of Canada)
1 Jul 1867                Ontario (province of Canada)
8 Jul 1792 - 10 Apr 1796  John Graves Simcoe                 (b. 1752 - d. 1806)
20 Jul 1796 - 17 Aug 1799  Peter Russell (acting)             (b. 1733 - d. 1808)
17 Aug 1799 - 11 Sep 1805  Peter Hunter                       (b. 1746 - d. 1805)
11 Sep 1805 - 25 Aug 1806  Alexander Grant (acting)           (b. 1734 - d. 1813)
25 Aug 1806 -  9 Oct 1811  Francis Gore (1st time)            (b. 1769 - d. 1852)
9 Oct 1811 - 13 Oct 1812  Sir Isaac Brock (acting)           (b. 1769 - d. 1812)
13 Oct 1812 - 19 Jun 1813  Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe (acting)    (b. 1763 - d. 1851)
19 Jun 1813 - 13 Dec 1813  Francis de Rottenburg, Baron de
Rottenburg (acting)                (b. 1757 - d. 1832)
13 Dec 1813 - 25 Apr 1815  Sir Gordon Drummond (acting)       (b. 1771 - d. 1854)
25 Apr 1815 -  1 Jul 1815  Sir George Murray (provisional)    (b. 1772 - d. 1846)
1 Jul 1815 - 21 Sep 1815  Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson    (b. 1763 - d. 1852)
(provisional)
21 Sep 1815 -  6 Jan 1817  Francis Gore (2nd time)            (s.a.)
11 Jun 1817 - 13 Aug 1818  Samuel Smith (acting)              (b. 1756 - d. 1826)
13 Aug 1818 - 23 Aug 1828  Sir Peregrine Maitland             (b. 1777 - d. 1854)
4 Nov 1828 - 26 Jan 1836  Sir John Colborne                  (b. 1778 - d. 1863)
26 Jan 1836 - 23 Mar 1838  Sir Francis Bond Head              (b. 1793 - d. 1875)
23 Mar 1838 -  5 Feb 1841  Sir George Arthur                  (b. 1784 - d. 1854)
1 Jul 1867 - 14 Jul 1868  Henry William Stisted              (b. 1817 - d. 1875)
15 Jul 1868 - 11 Nov 1873  William Pearce Howland             (b. 1811 - d. 1907)
12 Nov 1873 - 13 May 1875  John Willoughby Crawford           (b. 1817 - d. 1875)
18 May 1875 - 30 Jun 1880  Donald Alexander Macdonald         (b. 1817 - d. 1896)
1 Jul 1880 - 31 May 1887  John Beverley Robinson             (b. 1821 - d. 1896)
1 Jun 1887 - 24 May 1892  Sir Alexander Campbell             (b. 1822 - d. 1892)
30 May 1892 -  7 Nov 1896  Sir George Airey Kirkpatrick       (b. 1841 - d. 1899)
7 Nov 1896 - 18 Nov 1897  Sir Casimir Stanislaus Gzowski     (b. 1813 - d. 1898)
(acting)
18 Nov 1897 - 19 Apr 1903  Sir Oliver Mowat                   (b. 1820 - d. 1903)
21 Apr 1903 - 21 Sep 1908  Sir William Mortimer Clark         (b. 1836 - d. 1917)
22 Sep 1908 - 26 Sep 1914  John Morison Gibson (from 1912,
Sir John Morison Gibson)           (b. 1842 - d. 1929)
2 Oct 1914 - 20 Nov 1919  John Strathearn Hendrie (from
1915, Sir John Strathearn Hendrie) (b. 1857 - d. 1923)
1 Dec 1919 - 29 Aug 1921  Lionel Herbert Clarke              (b. 1859 - d. 1921)
10 Sep 1921 - 12 Jan 1927  Henry Cockshutt                    (b. 1868 - d. 1944)
12 Jan 1927 - 25 Oct 1931  William Donald Ross                (b. 1869 - d. 1947)
25 Oct 1931 -  1 Nov 1932  Sir William Mulock (acting)        (b. 1843 - d. 1944)
1 Nov 1932 - 23 Nov 1937  Herbert Alexander Bruce            (b. 1868 - d. 1963)
23 Nov 1937 - 26 Dec 1946  Albert Edward Matthews             (b. 1873 - d. 1949)
26 Dec 1946 - 18 Feb 1952  Ray Lawson                         (b. 1886 - d. 1980)
18 Feb 1952 - 30 Dec 1957  Louis Orville Breithaupt           (b. 1890 - d. 1960)
30 Dec 1957 -  1 May 1963  John Keiller MacKay                (b. 1888 - d. 1970)
1 May 1963 -  4 Jul 1968  William Earl Rowe                  (b. 1894 - d. 1984)
4 Jul 1968 - 10 Apr 1974  William Ross Macdonald             (b. 1891 - d. 1976)
10 Apr 1974 - 15 Sep 1980  Pauline Mills McGibbon (f)         (b. 1910 - d. 2001)
15 Sep 1980 - 20 Sep 1985  John Black Aird                    (b. 1923 - d. 1995)
20 Sep 1985 - 11 Dec 1991  Lincoln Alexander                  (b. 1922 - d. 2012)
11 Dec 1991 - 24 Jan 1997  Henry N.R. Jackman                 (b. 1932)
24 Jan 1997 -  7 Mar 2002  Hilary M. Weston (f)               (b. 1942)
7 Mar 2002 -  5 Sep 2007  James K. Bartleman                 (b. 1939)
5 Sep 2007 - 23 Sep 2014  David Onley                        (b. 1950)
23 Sep 2014 -              Elizabeth Dowdeswell (f)           (b. 1944)
16 Jul 1867 - 20 Dec 1871  John Sandfield Macdonald      Con  (b. 1812 - d. 1872)
20 Dec 1871 - 25 Oct 1872  Edward Blake                  Lib  (b. 1833 - d. 1912)
25 Oct 1872 - 25 Jul 1896  Sir Oliver Mowat              Lib  (s.a.)
25 Jul 1896 - 21 Oct 1899  Arthur Sturgis Hardy          Lib  (b. 1837 - d. 1901)
21 Oct 1899 -  8 Feb 1905  George William Ross           Lib  (b. 1841 - d. 1914)
8 Feb 1905 - 15 Sep 1914  Sir James Pliny Whitney       Con  (b. 1843 - d. 1914)
2 Oct 1914 - 14 Nov 1919  Sir William Howard Hearst     Con  (b. 1864 - d. 1941)
14 Nov 1919 - 16 Jul 1923  Ernest Charles Drury          UFO  (b. 1878 - d. 1968)
16 Jul 1923 - 15 Dec 1930  George Howard Ferguson        Con  (b. 1870 - d. 1946)
15 Dec 1930 - 10 Jul 1934  George Stewart Henry          Con  (b. 1871 - d. 1958)
10 Jul 1934 - 21 Oct 1942  Mitchell Frederick Hepburn    Lib  (b. 1896 - d. 1953)
21 Oct 1942 - 18 May 1943  Gordon Daniel Conant          Lib  (b. 1885 - d. 1953)
18 May 1943 - 17 Aug 1943  Harry Corwin Nixon            Lib  (b. 1891 - d. 1961)
17 Aug 1943 - 19 Oct 1948  George Alexander Drew         PC   (b. 1894 - d. 1973)
19 Oct 1948 -  4 May 1949  Thomas Laird Kennedy          PC   (b. 1878 - d. 1959)
4 May 1949 -  8 Nov 1961  Leslie Miscampbell Frost      PC   (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
8 Nov 1961 -  1 Mar 1971  John Parmenter Robarts        PC   (b. 1917 - d. 1982)
1 Mar 1971 -  8 Feb 1985  William Davis                 PC   (b. 1929)
8 Feb 1985 - 26 Jun 1985  Frank Miller                  PC   (b. 1927 - d. 2000)
26 Jun 1985 -  1 Oct 1990  David Peterson                Lib  (b. 1943)
1 Oct 1990 - 26 Jun 1995  Bob Rae                       NDP  (b. 1948)
26 Jun 1995 - 15 Apr 2002  Mike Harris                   PC   (b. 1945)
15 Apr 2002 - 23 Oct 2003  Ernie Eves                    PC   (b. 1946)
23 Oct 2003 - 11 Feb 2013  Dalton McGuinty               Lib  (b. 1955)
11 Feb 2013 - 29 Jun 2018  Kathleen Wynne (f)            Lib  (b. 1953)
29 Jun 2018 -              Doug Ford                     PC   (b. 1964)
23 Aug 1720                French colony (St. John's Island)
1744 -        1748  British occupation
1758                British occupation
1763                ceded to Britain, administered by Nova Scotia
28 Jun 1769                separate colony
1 Feb 1799                renamed Prince Edward Island
1 Jul 1873                province of Canada
1720 -        1722  Robert David de Gotteville
de Bellisle                        (b. ... - d. af.1724)
1722 -        1723  Jean Maurice Josué du Bois-
Berthélot de Beaucours             (b. c.1662 - d. 1750)
1726 -        1732  Jacques d'Espiet de Pensens
(1st time)                         (b. ... - d. 1737)
1732 -        1733  François Eurry de la Perelle
(2nd time)                         (s.a.)
1737 -        1744  Louis du Pont du Chambon           (b. 1679 - d. 1775)
1749 -        1754  Claude-Élisabeth Denys de
1754 -        1758  Gabriel Rosseau de Villejoin
29 Sep 1770 -  4 Nov 1786  Walter Patterson                   (b. 1742 - d. 1789)
1775 -        1780    Phillips Callbeck                (b. 1743 - d. 1790)
(acting for Patterson)
(American prisoner 8 Dec 1775 - 1776)
8 Dec 1775 -        1776      Thomas DesBrisay               (b. 1733 - d. 1819)
(acting for Callbeck)
4 Nov 1786 - 10 May 1804  Edmund Fanning                     (b. 1737 - d. 1818)
10 May 1804 -  5 Aug 1812  Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres  (b. 1722 - d. 1824)
5 Aug 1812 - 19 Apr 1824  Charles Douglas Smith              (b. 1761 - d. 1824)
19 Apr 1824 - 16 Mar 1831  John Ready                         (b. 1777? - d. 1845)
16 Mar 1831 - 26 Jul 1831  Sir Murray Maxwell (acting)        (b. ... - d. 1831)
26 Jul 1831 -  1 Dec 1835  Aretas William Young (from 1834,
Sir Aretas William Young)          (b. 1778? - d. 1835)
1 Dec 1835 - 30 Aug 1836  George Wright (1st time) (acting)  (b. 1779 - d. 1842)
30 Aug 1836 - 31 Mar 1837  Sir John Harvey                    (b. 1778 - d. 1852)
31 Mar 1837 -  2 Nov 1841  Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy       (b. 1796 - d. 1858)
2 Nov 1841 - 13 Nov 1841  George Wright (2nd time) (acting)  (s.a.)
13 Nov 1841 -  1 Nov 1847  Sir Henry Vere Huntley             (b. 1795 - d. 1864)
9 Dec 1847 - 18 Oct 1850  Sir Donald Campbell                (b. 1800 - d. 1850)
18 Oct 1850 - 10 Mar 1851  Ambrose Lane (acting)              (b. 1791? - d. 1853)
10 Mar 1851 - 11 Jul 1854  Sir Alexander Bannerman            (b. 1783 - d. 1864)
11 Jul 1854 - 25 May 1859  Dominick Daly (from Jul 1856,
Sir Dominick Daly)                 (b. 1798 - d. 1868)
25 May 1859 -  8 Jun 1859  Charles Young (acting)
8 Jun 1859 - 22 Oct 1868  George Dundas                      (b. 1819 - d. 1880)
22 Oct 1868 -  6 Oct 1870  Sir Robert Hodgson (1st time)      (b. 1798 - d. 1880)
6 Oct 1870 -  4 Jul 1874  William Cleaver Francis Robinson   (b. 1834 - d. 1897)
4 Jul 1874 - 10 Jul 1879  Sir Robert Hodgson (2nd time)      (s.a.)
10 Jul 1879 - 18 Jul 1884  Thomas Heath Haviland              (b. 1822 - d. 1895)
18 Jul 1884 -  2 Sep 1889  Andrew Archibald Macdonald         (b. 1829 - d. 1912)
2 Sep 1889 - 14 Feb 1894  Jedediah Slason Carvell            (b. 1832 - d. 1894)
21 Feb 1894 - 23 May 1899  George William Howlan              (b. 1835 - d. 1901)
23 May 1899 -  3 Oct 1904  Peter Adolphus McIntyre            (b. 1840 - d. 1910)
3 Oct 1904 -  1 Jun 1910  Donald Alexander MacKinnon         (b. 1863 - d. 1928)
1 Jun 1910 -  3 Jun 1915  Benjamin Rogers                    (b. 1837 - d. 1923)
3 Jun 1915 - 16 Jul 1919  Augustine Colin Macdonald          (b. 1837 - d. 1919)
2 Sep 1919 -  8 Sep 1924  Murdoch McKinnon                   (b. 1865 - d. 1944)
8 Sep 1924 - 19 Nov 1930  Frank Richard Heartz               (b. 1871 - d. 1955)
19 Nov 1930 -  9 Dec 1933  Charles Dalton                     (b. 1850 - d. 1933)
28 Dec 1933 - 11 Sep 1939  George Des Brisay de Blois         (b. 1887 - d. 1964)
11 Sep 1939 - 18 May 1945  Bradford William LePage            (b. 1876 - d. 1964)
18 May 1945 -  4 Oct 1950  Joseph Alphonsus Bernard           (b. 1881 - d. 1962)
4 Oct 1950 - 31 Mar 1958  Thomas William Lemuel Prowse       (b. 1888 - d. 1973)
31 Mar 1958 -  1 Aug 1963  Frederick Walter Hyndman           (b. 1904 - d. 1995)
1 Aug 1963 -  6 Oct 1969  Willibald Joseph MacDonald         (b. 1897 - d. 1977)
6 Oct 1969 - 21 Oct 1974  John George MacKay                 (b. 1893 - d. 1974)
24 Oct 1974 - 14 Jan 1980  Gordon Lockhart Bennett            (b. 1912 - d. 2000)
14 Jan 1980 -  1 Aug 1985  Joseph Aubin Doiron                (b. 1922 - d. 1995)
1 Aug 1985 - 16 Aug 1990  Robert Lloyd George MacPhail       (b. 1920 - d. 1995)
16 Aug 1990 - 30 Aug 1995  Marion Reid (f)                    (b. 1929)
30 Aug 1995 - 28 May 2001  Gilbert R. Clements                (b. 1928 - d. 2012)
28 May 2001 - 31 Jul 2006  Léonce Bernard                     (b. 1943 - d. 2013)
31 Jul 2006 - 15 Aug 2011  Barbara Hagerman (f)               (b. 1943 - d. 2016)
15 Aug 2011 - 20 Oct 2017  Frank Lewis                        (b. 1939)
20 Oct 2017 -              Antoinette Perry (f)               (b. 1954?)
24 Apr 1851 -    Apr 1854  George Coles (1st time)       Lib  (b. 1810 - d. 1875)
Apr 1854 -        1855  John Myrie Holl               Con  (b. 1802 - d. 1869)
1855 -        1859  George Coles (2nd time)       Lib  (s.a.)
1859 -        1863  Edward Palmer                 Con  (b. 1809 - d. 1889)
1863 -        1865  John Hamilton Gray            Con  (b. 1811 - d. 1887)
7 Jan 1865 - 14 Mar 1867  James Colledge Pope
(1st time)                    Con  (b. 1826 - d. 1885)
14 Mar 1867 -    Aug 1868  George Coles (3rd time)       Lib  (s.a.)
Aug 1868 -    Jun 1869  Joseph Hensley                Lib  (b. 1824 - d. 1884)
Jun 1869 -        1870  Robert P. Haythorne
(1st time)                    Lib  (b. 1815 - d. 1891)
1870 -        1872  James Colledge Pope
(2nd time)                    Con  (s.a.)
1872 -        1873  Robert P. Haythorne
(2nd time)                    Lib  (s.a.)
1873 -    Sep 1873  James Colledge Pope
(3rd time)                    Con  (s.a.)
Sep 1873 -    Aug 1876  Lemuel Cambridge Owen         Con  (b. 1822 - d. 1912)
Aug 1876 - 25 Apr 1879  Sir Louis Henry Davies        Lib  (b. 1845 - d. 1924)
25 Apr 1879 -    Nov 1889  Sir William Wilfred Sullivan  Con  (b. 1843 - d. 1920)
Nov 1889 - 27 Apr 1891  Neil McLeod                   Con  (b. 1842 - d. 1915)
27 Apr 1891 -    Oct 1897  Frederick Peters              Lib  (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
Oct 1897 -    Aug 1898  Alexander Bannerman
Warburton                     Lib  (b. 1852 - d. 1929)
Aug 1898 - 29 Dec 1901  Donald Farquharson            Lib  (b. 1834 - d. 1903)
29 Dec 1901 - 29 Jan 1908  Arthur Peters                 Lib  (b. 1854 - d. 1908)
1 Feb 1908 - 16 May 1911  Francis Longworth Haszard     Lib  (b. 1849 - d. 1938)
16 May 1911 -  2 Dec 1911  Herbert James Palmer          Lib  (b. 1851 - d. 1939)
2 Dec 1911 - 21 Jun 1917  John Alexander Mathieson      Con  (b. 1863 - d. 1947)
21 Jun 1917 -  9 Sep 1919  Aubin Edmond Arsenault        Con  (b. 1870 - d. 1968)
9 Sep 1919 -  5 Sep 1923  John Howatt Bell              Lib  (b. 1845 - d. 1929)
5 Sep 1923 - 12 Aug 1927  James D. Stewart (1st time)   Con  (b. 1874 - d. 1933)
12 Aug 1927 - 20 May 1930  Albert Charles Saunders       Lib  (b. 1874 - d. 1943)
20 May 1930 - 29 Aug 1931  Walter Maxfield Lea
29 Aug 1931 - 10 Oct 1933  James D. Stewart (2nd time)   Con  (s.a.)
14 Oct 1933 - 15 Aug 1935  William J.P. MacMillan        Con  (b. 1881 - d. 1957)
15 Aug 1935 - 10 Jan 1936  Walter Maxfield Lea
14 Jan 1936 - 11 May 1943  Thane Alexander Campbell      Lib  (b. 1895 - d. 1978)
11 May 1943 - 25 May 1953  John Walter Jones             Lib  (b. 1878 - d. 1954)
25 May 1953 - 16 Sep 1959  Alexander Wallace Matheson    Lib  (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
16 Sep 1959 - 28 Jul 1966  Walter Russell Shaw           PC   (b. 1887 - d. 1981)
28 Jul 1966 - 18 Sep 1978  Alexander Bradshaw Campbell   Lib  (b. 1933)
18 Sep 1978 -  3 May 1979  W. Bennett Campbell           Lib  (b. 1943 - d. 2008)
3 May 1979 - 17 Nov 1981  J. Angus MacLean              PC   (b. 1914 - d. 2000)
17 Nov 1981 -  2 May 1986  James M. Lee                  PC   (b. 1937)
2 May 1986 - 25 Jan 1993  Joseph A. Ghiz                Lib  (b. 1945 - d. 1996)
25 Jan 1993 - 10 Oct 1996  Catherine S. Callbeck (f)     Lib  (b. 1939)
10 Oct 1996 - 27 Nov 1996  Keith Milligan                Lib  (b. 1950)
27 Nov 1996 - 12 Jun 2007  Pat Binns                     PC   (b. 1948)
12 Jun 2007 - 23 Feb 2015  Robert Ghiz                   Lib  (b. 1974)
23 Feb 2015 -  9 May 2019  Wade MacLauchlan              Lib  (b. 1954)
9 May 2019 -              Dennis King                   PC   (b. 1971?)
1534                France takes possession (New France)
8 Sep 1760                occupied by Britain
10 Feb 1763                ceded to Britain (Quebec)
26 Dec 1791                Lower Canada
5 Feb 1841                Canada East (part of Canada)
1 Jul 1867                Quebec (province of Canada)
Governors-general
29 Nov 1698 - 26 May 1703  Louis-Héctor de Callière Bonnevue  (b. 1648 - d. 1703)
(acting to 14 Sep 1699)
27 May 1703 - 10 Oct 1725  Philippe de Rigaud,
marquis de Vaudreuil               (b. 1643 - d. 1725)
10 Oct 1725 - 11 Jan 1726  Charles LeMoyne, baron de
Longueuil (1st time) (acting)      (b. 1656 - d. 1729)
11 Jan 1726 - 19 Sep 1747  Charles de la Boische,
marquis de Beauharnais             (b. 1670 - d. 1749)
19 Sep 1747 - 15 Aug 1749  Roland-Michel Barrin,
comte de La Galissonière (acting)  (b. 1693 - d. 1756)
15 Aug 1749 - 17 Mar 1752  Jacques Pierre de Taffanel,
marquis de La Jonquière            (b. 1685 - d. 1752)
17 Mar 1752 -    Jul 1752  Charles LeMoyne, baron de
Longueuil (2nd time) (acting)      (s.a.)
Jul 1752 - 10 Jul 1755  Ange Duquesne de Menneville,
marquis Duquesne                   (b. 1702 - d. 1778)
10 Jul 1755 -  8 Sep 1760  Pierre de Rigaud,
marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal      (b. 1698 - d. 1778)
8 Sep 1760 -    Oct 1763  Jeffrey Amherst (from 1761,
Sir Jeffrey Amherst)               (b. 1717 - d. 1797)
Oct 1763 - 10 Aug 1764  Thomas Gates                       (b. c.1720 - d. 1787)
10 Aug 1764 - 12 Apr 1768  James Murray                       (b. 1721 - d. 1794)
28 Oct 1768 - 27 Jun 1778  Guy Carleton (1st time)            (b. 1724 - d. 1808)
9 Aug 1770 -    Sep 1774    Hector Cramahé                   (b. 1721 - d. 1788)
(acting for Carleton)
27 Jun 1778 - 22 Apr 1786  Sir Frederick Haldimand            (b. 1718 - d. 1791)
22 Apr 1786 - 15 Dec 1796  Sir Guy Carleton (from 21 Aug
1786, Guy Carleton, Baron
Dorchester) (2nd time)             (s.a.)
19 Aug 1791 -        1793    Alured Clarke                    (b. 1745 - d. 1832)
15 Dec 1796 - 29 Aug 1807  Robert Prescott                    (b. 1725 - d. 1815)
(acting to 27 Apr 1797)
30 Jul 1799 - 12 Aug 1805    Sir Robert Shore Milnes          (b. 1746 - d. 1837)
(acting for Prescott)
12 Aug 1805 - 24 Oct 1807  Thomas Dunn (1st time)             (b. 1729 - d. 1818)
(acting [for Prescott to 29 Aug 1807])
24 Oct 1807 - 19 Jun 1811  Sir James Henry Craig              (b. 1748 - d. 1812)
19 Jun 1811 - 14 Sep 1811  Thomas Dunn (2nd time) (acting)    (s.a.)
14 Sep 1811 -  4 Apr 1815  Sir George Prevost                 (b. 1767 - d. 1816)
4 Apr 1815 - 21 May 1816  Sir Gordon Drummond (acting)       (b. 1771 - d. 1854)
21 May 1816 - 12 Jul 1816  John Wilson (acting)
12 Jul 1816 - 30 Jul 1818  Sir John Coape Sherbrooke          (b. 1764 - d. 1830)
30 Jul 1818 - 28 Aug 1819  Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond   (b. 1764 - d. 1819)
28 Aug 1819 -  8 Sep 1828  George Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie   (b. 1770 - d. 1838)
8 Sep 1828 - 20 Oct 1830  Sir James Kempt (acting)           (b. 1764 - d. 1854)
20 Oct 1830 - 24 Aug 1835  Matthew Whitworth, Baron Aylmer    (b. 1775 - d. 1850)
(acting to 4 Feb 1831)
24 Aug 1835 - 30 Mar 1838  Archibald Acheson, Earl of Gosford (b. 1776 - d. 1849)
30 Mar 1838 - 29 May 1838  Sir John Colborne (1st time)       (b. 1778 - d. 1863)
29 May 1838 - 17 Jan 1839  John George Lambton, Earl of
Durham                             (b. 1792 - d. 1840)
1 Nov 1838 - 19 Oct 1839  Sir John Colborne (2nd time)       (s.a.)
(acting for Lambton to 17 Jan 1839)
19 Oct 1839 -  5 Feb 1841  Charles Edward Poulett Thomson,
Viscount Sydenham (from 1840,
Charles Edward Poulett Thomson,
Baron Sydenham)                    (b. 1799 - d. 1841)
1 Jul 1867 - 11 Feb 1873  Sir Narcisse Fortunat Belleau      (b. 1808 - d. 1894)
11 Feb 1873 - 13 Dec 1876  René Édouard Caron                 (b. 1800 - d. 1876)
15 Dec 1876 - 26 Jul 1879  Luc Letellier de St.-Just          (b. 1820 - d. 1881)
26 Jul 1879 -  4 Oct 1884  Théodore Robitaille                (b. 1834 - d. 1897)
4 Oct 1884 -  4 Oct 1887  Louis François Rodrigue Masson     (b. 1833 - d. 1903)
4 Oct 1887 -  5 Dec 1892  Sir Auguste Réal Angers            (b. 1838 - d. 1919)
5 Dec 1892 - 20 Jan 1898  Sir Joseph Adolphe Chapleau        (b. 1840 - d. 1898)
20 Jan 1898 - 15 Sep 1908  Sir Louis Amable Jotte             (b. 1836 - d. 1920)
15 Sep 1908 - 29 Apr 1911  Sir Charles Alphonse Pantaléon
Pelletier                          (b. 1837 - d. 1911)
5 May 1911 -  8 Feb 1915  Sir François Charles Stanislas
Langelier                          (b. 1838 - d. 1915)
8 Feb 1915 - 18 Oct 1918  Sir Pierre Laurent Damase
Évariste LeBlanc                   (b. 1853 - d. 1918)
21 Oct 1918 - 31 Oct 1923  Sir Charles Fitzpatrick            (b. 1853 - d. 1942)
31 Oct 1923 -  1 Jan 1924  Louis-Philippe Brodeur             (b. 1862 - d. 1924)
8 Jan 1924 - 31 Dec 1928  Narcisse Perodeau                  (b. 1851 - d. 1932)
31 Dec 1928 - 28 Mar 1929  Sir Lomer Gouin                    (b. 1861 - d. 1929)
2 Apr 1929 - 29 Apr 1934  Henry George Carroll               (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
29 Apr 1934 - 30 Dec 1939  Ésioff Léon Patenaude              (b. 1875 - d. 1963)
30 Dec 1939 -  3 Oct 1950  Sir Eugène Marie Joseph Fiset      (b. 1874 - d. 1951)
3 Oct 1950 - 14 Feb 1958  Gaspard Fauteux                    (b. 1898 - d. 1964)
14 Feb 1958 - 12 Oct 1961  Onésime Gagnon                     (b. 1888 - d. 1961)
12 Oct 1961 - 22 Feb 1966  Paul Comtois                       (b. 1895 - d. 1966)
22 Feb 1966 - 27 Apr 1978  Hugues Lapointe                    (b. 1911 - d. 1982)
27 Apr 1978 - 28 Mar 1984  Jean-Pierre Côté                   (b. 1926 - d. 2002)
28 Mar 1984 -  9 Aug 1990  Gilles Lamontagne                  (b. 1919 - d. 2016)
9 Aug 1990 -  8 Aug 1996  Martial Asselin                    (b. 1924 - d. 2013)
8 Aug 1996 - 30 Jan 1997  Jean-Louis Roux                    (b. 1923 - d. 2013)
30 Jan 1997 -  7 Jun 2007  Lise Thibault (f)                  (b. 1939)
7 Jun 2007 - 24 Sep 2015  Pierre Duchesne                    (b. 1940)
24 Sep 2015 -              J. Michel Doyon                    (b. 1943)
15 Jul 1867 - 26 Feb 1873  Pierre Joseph Olivier
Chauveau                      Con  (b. 1820 - d. 1890)
26 Feb 1873 - 22 Sep 1874  Gédéon Ouimet                 Con  (b. 1823 - d. 1905)
22 Sep 1874 -  8 Mar 1878  Sir Charles Eugène Boucher
de Boucherville (1st time)    Con  (b. 1822 - d. 1915)
8 Mar 1878 - 31 Oct 1879  Henri Gustave Joly de
Lotbinière                    Lib  (b. 1829 - d. 1908)
31 Oct 1879 - 31 Jul 1882  Sir Joseph Adolphe Chapleau   Con  (s.a.)
31 Jul 1882 - 23 Jan 1884  Joseph Alfred Mousseau        Con  (b. 1838 - d. 1886)
23 Jan 1884 - 25 Jan 1887  John Jones Ross               Con  (b. 1832 - d. 1901)
25 Jan 1887 - 27 Jan 1887  Sir Louis Olivier Taillon
27 Jan 1887 - 21 Dec 1891  Honoré Mercier                Lib  (b. 1840 - d. 1894)
21 Dec 1891 - 16 Dec 1892  Sir Charles Eugène Boucher
de Boucherville (2nd time)    Con  (s.a.)
16 Dec 1892 - 11 May 1896  Sir Louis Olivier Taillon
11 May 1896 - 24 May 1897  Edmund James Flynn            Con  (b. 1847 - d. 1927)
24 May 1897 -  8 Oct 1900  Félix Gabriel Marchand        Lib  (b. 1832 - d. 1900)
8 Oct 1900 - 23 Mar 1905  Simon Napoléon Parent         Lib  (b. 1855 - d. 1920)
23 Mar 1905 -  9 Jul 1920  Lomer Gouin (from 1908,
Sir Lomer Gouin)              Lib  (s.a.)
9 Jul 1920 - 11 Jun 1936  Louis Alexandre Taschereau    Lib  (b. 1867 - d. 1952)
11 Jun 1936 - 26 Aug 1936  Joseph Adélard Godbout
26 Aug 1936 -  9 Nov 1939  Maurice Duplessis (1st time)  UN   (b. 1890 - d. 1959)
9 Nov 1939 - 30 Aug 1944  Joseph Adélard Godbout
30 Aug 1944 -  7 Sep 1959  Maurice Duplessis (2nd time)  UN   (s.a.)
11 Sep 1959 -  2 Jan 1960  Joseph Paul Sauvé             UN   (b. 1907 - d. 1960)
8 Jan 1960 - 22 Jul 1960  Antonio Barrette              UN   (b. 1899 - d. 1968)
22 Jul 1960 - 16 Jun 1966  Jean Lesage                   Lib  (b. 1912 - d. 1980)
16 Jun 1966 - 26 Sep 1968  Daniel Johnson                UN   (b. 1915 - d. 1968)
26 Sep 1968 - 12 May 1970  Jean-Jacques Bertrand         UN   (b. 1916 - d. 1973)
(acting to 2 Oct 1968)
12 May 1970 - 25 Nov 1976  Robert Bourassa (1st time)    Lib  (b. 1933 - d. 1996)
25 Nov 1976 -  3 Oct 1985  René Lévesque                 PQ   (b. 1922 - d. 1987)
3 Oct 1985 - 12 Dec 1985  Pierre-Marc Johnson           PQ   (b. 1946)
12 Dec 1985 - 11 Jan 1994  Robert Bourassa (2nd time)    Lib  (s.a.)
11 Jan 1994 - 26 Sep 1994  Daniel Johnson, Jr.           Lib  (b. 1944)
26 Sep 1994 - 29 Jan 1996  Jacques Parizeau              PQ   (b. 1930 - d. 2015)
29 Jan 1996 -  8 Mar 2001  Lucien Bouchard               PQ   (b. 1938)
8 Mar 2001 - 29 Apr 2003  Bernard Landry                PQ   (b. 1937 - d. 2018)
29 Apr 2003 - 19 Sep 2012  Jean Charest                  Lib  (b. 1958)
19 Sep 2012 - 23 Apr 2014  Pauline Marois (f)            PQ   (b. 1949)
23 Apr 2014 - 18 Oct 2018  Philippe Couillard            Lib  (b. 1957)
18 Oct 2018 -              François Legault              CAQ  (b. 1957)
1 Sep 1905                province created from part of the Northwest Territories
1 Sep 1905 -  5 Oct 1910  Amédée Emmanuel Forget             (b. 1847 - d. 1923)
5 Oct 1910 -  6 Oct 1915  George William Brown               (b. 1860 - d. 1919)
6 Oct 1915 - 17 Feb 1921  Sir Richard Stuart Lake            (b. 1860 - d. 1950)
17 Feb 1921 - 31 Mar 1931  Henry William Newlands             (b. 1862 - d. 1954)
31 Mar 1931 - 10 Sep 1936  Hugh Edwin Munroe                  (b. 1878 - d. 1947)
10 Sep 1936 - 27 Feb 1945  Archibald Peter McNab              (b. 1864 - d. 1945)
27 Feb 1945 - 20 Jun 1945  Thomas Miller                      (b. 1876 - d. 1945)
22 Jun 1945 - 23 Mar 1948  Reginald John Marden Parker        (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
24 Mar 1948 - 15 Jun 1951  John M. Uhrich                     (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
25 Jun 1951 -  3 Feb 1958  William John Patterson             (b. 1886 - d. 1976)
3 Feb 1958 -  1 Mar 1963  Frank Lindsey Bastedo              (b. 1886 - d. 1973)
1 Mar 1963 -  2 Feb 1970  Robert Leith Hanbidge              (b. 1891 - d. 1974)
2 Feb 1970 - 29 Feb 1976  Stephen Worobetz                   (b. 1914 - d. 2006)
29 Feb 1976 -  7 Feb 1978  George Porteous                    (b. 1903 - d. 1978)
22 Feb 1978 -  6 Jul 1983  Cameron Irwin McIntosh             (b. 1926 - d. 1988)
6 Jul 1983 -  7 Sep 1988  Frederick Johnson                  (b. 1917 - d. 1993)
7 Sep 1988 - 31 May 1994  Sylvia O. Fedoruk (f)              (b. 1927 - d. 2012)
31 May 1994 - 21 Feb 2000  J.E.N. Wiebe                       (b. 1936 - d. 2007)
21 Feb 2000 -  1 Aug 2006  Lynda M. Haverstock (f)            (b. 1948)
1 Aug 2006 - 22 Mar 2012  Gordon Barnhart                    (b. 1945)
22 Mar 2012 - 21 Mar 2018  Vaughn Schofield (f)               (b. 1943)
21 Mar 2018 -  2 Jul 2019  W. Thomas Molloy                   (b. 1940 - d. 2019)
7 May 2019 - 18 Jul 2019  Robert Richards                    (b. 1952)
(acting [for Molloy to 2 Jul 2019])
18 Jul 2019 -              Russell Mirasty                    (b. 1957?)
5 Sep 1905 - 20 Oct 1916  Walter Scott                  Lib  (b. 1867 - d. 1938)
20 Oct 1916 -  5 Apr 1922  William Melville Martin       Lib  (b. 1876 - d. 1970)
5 Apr 1922 - 26 Feb 1926  Charles Dunning               Lib  (b. 1885 - d. 1958)
26 Feb 1926 -  9 Sep 1929  James G. Gardiner (1st time)  Lib  (b. 1883 - d. 1962)
9 Sep 1929 - 19 Jul 1934  James Thomas Milton Anderson  Con  (b. 1878 - d. 1946)
19 Jul 1934 -  1 Nov 1935  James G. Gardiner (2nd time)  Lib  (s.a.)
1 Nov 1935 - 10 Jul 1944  William John Patterson        Lib  (s.a.)
10 Jul 1944 -  7 Nov 1961  Thomas Clement Douglas        CCF  (b. 1904 - d. 1986)
7 Nov 1961 -  2 May 1964  Woodrow Stanley Lloyd         CCF  (b. 1913 - d. 1972)
2 May 1964 - 30 Jun 1971  Wilbert Ross Thatcher         Lib  (b. 1917 - d. 1971)
30 Jun 1971 -  8 May 1982  Allan Blakeney                NDP  (b. 1925 - d. 2011)
8 May 1982 -  1 Nov 1991  Grant Devine                  PC   (b. 1944)
1 Nov 1991 -  8 Feb 2001  Roy Romanow                   NDP  (b. 1939)
8 Feb 2001 - 21 Nov 2007  Lorne Calvert                 NDP  (b. 1952)
21 Nov 2007 -  2 Feb 2018  Brad Wall                     SP   (b. 1965)
2 Feb 2018 -              Scott Moe                     SP   (b. 1973?)
16 Aug 1897                district within Northwest Territories
13 Jun 1898                separate territory (Yukon Territory)
1 Apr 2003                renamed Yukon
17 Aug 1897 -  5 Jul 1898  James Morrow Walsh                 (b. 1840 - d. 1905)
5 Jul 1898 - 11 Mar 1901  William Ogilvie                    (b. 1846 - d. 1912)
11 Mar 1901 -  8 Feb 1902  James Hamilton Ross                (b. 1856 - d. 1932)
8 Feb 1902 - 15 Aug 1902  Henry William Newlands (acting)    (b. 1862 - d. 1954)
15 Aug 1902 -  4 Mar 1903  Zachary Taylor Wood (1st time)     (b. 1860 - d. 1915)
4 Mar 1903 - 29 Oct 1904  Frederick Tennyson Congdon         (b. 1858 - d. 1932)
20 Dec 1904 - 27 May 1905  Zachary Taylor Wood (2nd time)     (s.a.)
27 May 1905 - 31 Dec 1906  William Wallace Burns McInnes      (b. 1871 - d. 1954)
17 Jun 1907 -  1 Jun 1911  Alexander L. Henderson             (b. 1861 - d. 1940)
1 Feb 1912 - 13 Oct 1916  George Black                       (b. 1873 - d. 1965)
13 Oct 1916 -  1 Apr 1918  George Norris Williams             (b. 1866 - d. 1949)
1 Apr 1918 - 16 Nov 1924  George Patton Mackenzie            (b. 1873 - d. 1953)
(gold commissioner)
1 Apr 1925 - 13 Nov 1927  Percy Bearisto Reid                (b. 1874 - d. 1927)
Nov 1927 -  1 Apr 1928  George Allan Jeckell (1st time)    (b. 1880 - d. 1950)
(acting gold commissioner)
1 Apr 1928 - 30 Jun 1932  George Ian MacLean                 (b. ... - d. 1938)
30 Jun 1932 -    Jul 1946  George Allan Jeckell (2nd time)    (s.a.)
(comptroller; from 3 Dec 1936, controller)
18 Sep 1947 - 15 Aug 1950  John Edward Gibben                 (b. 1894 - d. 1958)
(controller to 13 Jul 1948)
15 Aug 1950 - 15 Oct 1951  Andrew Harold Gibson               (b. 1882 - d. 1957)
15 Oct 1951 -  5 Nov 1952  Frederick Fraser                   (b. 1895 - d. 1990)
5 Nov 1952 -  8 Jun 1955  Wilfred George Brown               (b. 1906 - d. 1970)
8 Jun 1955 -  1 May 1962  Frederick Howard Collins           (b. 1897? - d. 1988)
1 May 1962 -  7 Nov 1966  Gordon Robertson Cameron           (b. 1921 - d. 2010)
7 Nov 1966 -  1 Jul 1976  James Smith                        (b. 1919 - d. 2017)
1 Jul 1976 -  1 Nov 1978  Arthur M. Pearson                  (b. 1938)
1 Nov 1978 - 21 Dec 1978  Frank B. Fingland (acting)         (b. 1928)
21 Dec 1978 -  9 Oct 1979  Ione Christensen (f)               (b. 1933)
9 Oct 1979 - 27 Mar 1986  Douglas Bell                       (b. 1926)
(acting to 31 Dec 1980)
27 Mar 1986 - 12 Jun 1995  J. Kenneth McKinnon                (b. 1936 - d. 2019)
12 Jun 1995 -  1 Oct 2000  Judy Gingell (f)                   (b. 1948)
1 Oct 2000 -  1 Dec 2005  Jack Cable                         (b. 1934)
1 Dec 2005 - 17 Dec 2010  Geraldine Van Bibber (f)           (b. 1951)
17 Dec 2010 - 31 Jan 2018  Douglas George Phillips            (b. 1946)
1 Feb 2018 -  8 Mar 2018  Gerald Isaac (acting)
9 Mar 2018 - 12 Mar 2018  Ron Veale (acting)                 (b. 1945)
12 Mar 2018 -              Angélique Bernard (f)              (b. 1972)
Government leaders
20 Nov 1978 - 23 Mar 1985  Chris Pearson                 PC   (b. 1931 - d. 2014)
23 Mar 1985 - 29 May 1985  Willard Phelps                PC   (b. 1941)
29 May 1985 -  7 Nov 1992  Tony Penikett                 NDP  (b. 1945)
(from 1989 premier)
7 Nov 1992 - 19 Oct 1996  John Ostashek                 Yuk  (b. 1936 - d. 2007)
19 Oct 1996 -  6 May 2000  Piers McDonald                NDP  (b. 1955)
6 May 2000 - 30 Nov 2002  Pat Duncan (f)                Lib  (b. 1960)
30 Nov 2002 - 11 Jun 2011  Dennis Fentie                 Yuk  (b. 1950)
11 Jun 2011 -  3 Dec 2016  Darrell Pasloski              Yuk  (b. 1960)
3 Dec 2016 -              Sandy Silver                  Lib  (b. 1969)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
World-class research that puts patients and families at the center of our universe.
What are the underlying causes of diabetes, and how can it be prevented, cured, or better controlled to avoid complications? These are the questions that drive Dr. Rudolph Leibel, Co-Director of the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and head of diabetes research, and over 50 other investigators working here and in the Columbia University labs.
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Co-Founder and Co-Director
Berrie Center researchers are driven by something more than the desire to produce academic papers—the desire to change the lives of our patients.
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Here are the three main types of research that happen at the Berrie Center's labs.
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text:
A Defesa Wade é uma defesa transposicional de xadrez. É caracterizada pelos lances: 1.d4 d6, sendo a quinta resposta mais popular a 1. d4.

Pode ser transposta para a Defesa Pirc, Defesa Robatsch, Defesa Philidor, Defesa Moderna, Defesa Índia Antiga, Abertura Inglesa, Defesa Índia do Rei,  Defesa Benoni, Defesa Francesa, Defesa Alekhine, Defesa Siciliana, Defesa Caro-Kann, Abertura Ruy López, Sistema Réti e à Defesa Holandesa.

A linha mais comum nesta defesa é:
1. d4 d6
2. e4 Cf6
3. Cc3 g6
4. Cf3 Bg7
5. Be2 O-O
6. O-O c6
7. a4 Cbd7

Wade, Defesa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
BUSI 303 Chapter 14 Learnsmart Assignment Liberty University Complete Answers
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Company XYZ has an arrangement with Company Ohai in Argentina. XYZ has contributed funds to build 14 hemp processing farms. In return, Ohai agrees to supply XYZ with a certain amount of hemp for 15 years (as partial payment). This is an example of a(n) agreement.
A is a business tool provided by the U.S. Department of Commerce which provides the name, address and basic business information of potential distributors in foreign markets. When considering the international marketplace, small and medium-sized fir...
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Home > Places > WICKLOW HISTORICAL SOCIETIES > WICKLOW HISTORICAL SOCIETY > 1990 WICKLOW HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL > A History of the Co. Wicklow Regt. of Militia Part 1 >
A History of the Co. Wicklow Regt. of Militia Part 1
Wicklow Historical Society Journal 1990
By Brendan Flynn
Towards the end of the 18th century Great Britain was faced with the prospect of a major con?ict with Napoleon's France in Europe. Looking to her defences, she found that after a long period of relative security, her armed forces were woefully inadequate for the job that lay ahead.
Although Britain maintained a large standing army, it was at that time fully employed providing garrisons in the remote colonies of her far flung Empire. To provide an army to fight Napoleon in Europe would mean stripping her defences at home. The result of these deliberations was the Militia Act of 1786 (26 Geo. III, c, 107) which was followed later in Ireland by the Militia Act (33 Geo. lll(l), c, 22) which was passed by the Irish Parliament in 1793.
The effect of this Act in Ireland was the creation of 38 Regts. of Infantry Militia. Each of the Regts. was organised on a County or City basis, and the County in question had the responsibility of raising, maintaining and financing its own Regt. The quota of men in any one Regt. was set by a census of parish, and men to be provided by any parish were drawn by lot. Men could also volunteer to join and a substantial bounty was paid by the County to each recruit as he enlisted.
The 'Wicklow Regt. was numbered 37 in the Irish Militia List and its initial quota was set at 366. As the establishment was always higher than this figure the Regt. was organised into 6 companies of 70 men each.
The real history of the Wicklow Militia begins in April 1793 when Lord Viscount Wicklow was commissioned Lt. Col. and appointed CoI. Commanding the Regt. Over the next few months other officers were appointed, and when the Regt. was first embodied on the 10th June 1793, a full complement of 21 officers were listed in its rolls.
The uniform of the Regt. was red with yellow facings, and the officers dress coat had a double row of silver buttons with the initials "W.M." surrounded by a laurel wreath. On the base of each of the coat tails was a star of the Order of St. Patrick with the inscription "Wicklow Militia" (p. 17).
The Regt. marched out of the County in 1793 and were based in Tyrone from April 1794 until July 1795, when they received an Address from the people of Strabane thanking them for their conduct while stationed there. From here they moved to Sligo and on to Portarlington in 1796. A muster roll of Capt. Ormsby's company which was based in Kinnegad at this time shows a strength of 2 Offs, 4 Sgts, 5 Cpls, 2 Drummers, and 50 Ptes. While based in Offaly part of the Regt. under Capt's Walsh, Richardson and Ormsby and Ensign Bell marched to Mitchelstown in Cork to assist in repelling a threatened French invasion at Bantry Bay. As the invasion proved to be a false alarm the detachment marched back to Porlarlington where they arrived on the 27th Jan. 1797.
Up to this point, things had been easy for the Regt. but in 1797 all that was to change. In the early part of the year the H.O. of the Regt. moved to Mullingar and detachments were placed around the County of Westmeath. Rebellion was in the air and the Un' d Irishmen were at their peak. Civil disturbances were common, murders and robberies, particularly of weapons, were the order of the day. Over the next few months a war of attrition was carried out between the Regt. and the United Irish men of Westmeath. The eventual success of the Wicklowmen was in no small part due to the ruthless methods that they employed, and which to this day has earned them a terrible reputation in the Midlands.
A typical example of the tactics employed was an incident which took place when a detachment was sent into the town of Multyfarnham on the 11th of June. Over the next 4 days the Det. burnt 5 houses, shot dead 2 men, arrested 3 others, and finished on Thursday the 15th by publishing a notice stating that unless all arms were handed in beforehand, the town would be burnt on the following Sunday. The threat worked, and 28 stand of arms, 2 pistols, 2 bayonets, 1 sword and 1 blunderbuss were handed in, thereby saving the town.
Another good example occurred in the village of Moyvore on the 19th of June, when a party of the Regt. Under the command of Lt. Hempenstall went to search for some weapons which they had been informed were hidden there. The subsequent report of Capt. Ormsby says that 3 stand of arms were found and 6 men shot dead while trying to escape. Afterwards by way of a reprisal and warning, 36 houses in the village were burned. The "Annals of Westmeath" gives a very different account of the killings, although admitting that the unfortunates involved were all United Irishmen. The Lt. Hempenstall involved was the famous "Walking Gallows", so called because of his having reputedly hanged a man over his shoulder.
Earlier, on the 8th of May, a detachment of the Regt. under Capt Hughes and Lt. Hempenstall were attacked at Carbury near Edenderiy by a band of over 200 rebels. In the ensuing skirmish, 6 of the rebels were killed and a number wounded. 2 of the rebels were captured, one of whom later turned informer.
Whatever its methods the success of the Regt. was such that the Grand Jury of Westmeath presented the Officers of the Regt. with a large silver cup while each of the enlisted men were presented with a medal, gold for the NCO's and silver for the Pte's (Fig.1). The inscription read "A reward of loyalty, from the Westmeath Grand Jury to the Wicklow Regt." Three of these medals are now in the possession of the National Museum.
Fig. 1 - Medal presented to members of the Wicklow Militia Regiment by the Westmeath Grand Jury on 20th August 1797. The Medals were presented in gold to NCO's and silver to privates. Three of the latter are now in the possession of the National Museum in Dublin. In the example shown above, the letters "I.M." have been superimposed later, presumably by the owner.
Fig. 2 - Silver medal presented to Capt. Heatley of the Wicklow Militia, by General Sir Charles Asgill in 1798. The medal is now in the National Museum. Since Capt. Heatley received public thanks from Gen. Asgill on the occasion of the fite at the Rower, it can be assumed that this medal was resented in respect of that engagement
Later on that year the Regt. moved to Kilkenny, where the bulk of it was to remain for the duration of the '98 Rebellion. Little of note occurred during the first part of '98, and it was not until June that the Regt. fought its first battle. On the 10th June a party of 300 soldiers, including a Det. of the Wicklow Regt., the entire under the command of Gen. Charles Asgill, defeated a rebel force at Rower near Ross, killing 50 of them.
Fig. 3 - Route of the rebel army through Carlow/Kilkenny...............from 22nd - 26th June 1798
The next day, the Wicklow Det., under the command of Capt. Heatley, was returning to Gowran when they fell in with a party of rebels. Capt Heatley immediately ordered an attack and in the ensuing fight 40 of the rebels were killed. Capt. Heatley was later presented with a silver medal (Fig. 2) by Gen. Asgill for his part in the action. This medal is now in the national Museum.
Following reports that large numbers of Wexford rebels were in the region of the Blackstairs Mountains, Gen. Asgill left Kilkenny on the 21st of June to attack them. His force consisted of two columns totalling 250 men. One column of Wicklow's under Col. Howard, and the other of Wexford Militia under Lord Loftus. The two columns took separate routes to their objective, and attacked the rebels killing 100 of them. The remainder of the rebels dispersed into the mountains.
Later, following their defeat at Vinegar Hill, a large rebel army under Fr. John Murphy of Boulavogue, crossed the Scullagh Gap into Kilkenny and proceeded towards Castlecomer, burning the village of Killedmond on the way. On the 23rd of June they attacked and defeated the garrison of Gores Bridge, taking a number of prisoners, including 24 of the Wexford Militia, 9 of whom were subsequently executed as protestants. Having burnt the village they continued on to Castlecomer which they attacked the following morning.
At this point Gen. Asgill arrived from Kilkenny with a column of 900 men. The force comprised the Wicklow & Wexford Militias, some Yeomanry, and detachments of the 9th Dragoons and Romney Fencible Cavalry. When they were attacked from the rear, the rebel army, which consisted of about 5000 men, withdrew towards Gurteen. At this point in the battle 2 of the Wicklow Regt. were wounded on the bridge at Castlecomer. Having relieved the seige of the town, Gen. Asgill then proceeded to abandon it, and withdrew to Kilkenny with his army and the inhabitants of Castlecomer. The rebels upon seeing this, promptly returned and burnt the town.
Two day later, on the 26th of June, the final battle of the campaign was fought at Kilcomney Hill near Gores Bridge when 1200 men under Gen. Asgill and some 500 under Maj. Matthews attacked the Rebel army from 3 sides, defeating them decisively. The rebels are said to have lost 1000 men, most of whom were killed in a rout which lasted 6 miles. A Fr. Murphy was killed in the battle, and in addition they lost their colours, 10 cannon, 4 swivel guns, a number of guns and pikes, 170 cattle, 100 sheep and 700 horses, together with 15 car loads of provisions.
The main infantry force, under Gen. Asgill, consisted of the Wicklow & Wexford Militias, while the bulk of Maj. Matthews force were made up of Royal Downshire Militia.
Shortly after the battle, Fr. John Murphy was arrested in an alehouse by 3 Yeomen and taken to Tullow where he was tried and executed. This effectively ended organised resistance in South Leinster.
While these engagements had been going on, the Light Company of the Regt. under Capt. Richardson had been detached on duty in Wicklow, where they assisted in the defence of Dunlavin. They were present during the infamous executions at Dunlavin on the 24th of May 1798. The incident occurred when the garrison were about to be attacked by a rebel army, and it is said that the prisoners in the gaol outnumbered the garrison. Following a conference of Officers it was decided to take the extraordinary decision to reduce the number of prisoners by shooting some. As a result 19 men of the Saunders Grove Yeomanry, and 9 men of the Narromore Yeomanry, who were awaiting trial for treason, were taken out and shot.
The Adjutants Muster Roll for this period shows a total strength of 24 officers and 487 men, which is well above the establishment. Looking through the list of names you can see all the common Wicklow names represented, and not unnaturally, the most common names present are Byrne, Doyle, Brien and Kelly.
The Wicklow Regt. remained in the Kilkenny area until 1799 when they were transferred to Birr, and from there to Boyle.
ln 1800 the regular army called for volunteers from the Militia to augment the army in Europe and offered a hefty bounty as an inducement. As a result 107 men ofthe Regt. enlisted in the 54th and 68th Regts.
ln 1802, following the Treaty of Amiens, all Militia Regts. were stood down. As a result the Regt. marched back into Wicklow on the 23rd of May and were disembodied. The peace did not last long however, and by the following January orders had been given to re-assemble Regt. Following some preliminary preparations, the Regt. were embodied on March 25th and marched out of the County for Cork on the 26th of June. Here they were based in various stations until the end of 1804. From there they went to Clonmel and over the next few years were stationed in Ballinrobe, Castlebar and Athlone.
Another Muster Roll dated 1805 shows an increase in strength to 25 officers and 589 men, with the same spread of Wicklow surnames. This increase came despite the amount of men volunteering for the Line as a result of the incredible bounty of 10 guineas offered to Militiamen to enlist at the time.
ln 1812 the Regt. found itself back in County Cork, having travelled through stations in Limerick, Drogheda, Dublin and Killarney to get there.
At this point it is interesting to contrast the bounty mentioned above with the price of everyday equipment for the soldier. ln 1812 in Cork, Pte. Arthur Corbet of Capt. Archer's Company was issued with a uniform and equipment to the value of £3-9-0½. The price of some of the individual items of equipment were: Pack 12s-5d, shirt 9s-7d, stockings 2s-2d, Shoes 9s-2½d, Comb 5d, and Shaving brush 2s-0d. A hair brush at the time cost 10d, while a razor cost 1s-5d.
The Regt. stayed in the Cork region at various posts until 1813 when it returned to Clonmel, from there they went to Birr and back to Wicklow on July 26th 1814, where they were disembodied on August 2nd.
The following year the Regt. was again embodied and marched out of the County for the last time on the 4th of October 1815 for Londonderry, where they were stationed until March 1816. The unit then marched back to Wicklow where they were disembodied for the last time on 29th March 1816. The Permanent staff of the Regt., which at that time consisted of Paymaster, Adjutant, Surgeon, Quartermaster, Sgt. Maj., O.M. Sgt., 24 Sgts., 30 Cpls., 12 drummers and 2 fifers, moved to Arklow a year later on the 28th March 1817.
The history of the 37th Wicklow Infantry Militia more or less ends here, because although the Regt. survived on paper until 1855, it was never again called out for training or service. This of course applies to all Militia Regts., not just the Wicklowmen. During the peace following the Napoleanic Wars, the Militia was run down until it reached the stage in 1855 where the only member of the Permanent Staff still attached to the Wicklow Regt. was the Adjutant. Most of the Officers had retired, and the general body of men no longer existed.
History repeated itself when the Crimean War broke out in 1855 and an examination of the Militia showed that it existed on paper alone. The resulting review revamped the Irish Militia and many Regts. were converted into Rifle Regts.
So it came about that when the Wicklow Militia were next embodied on Jan. 25th 1855, they did so as the "92nd Wicklow Rifles". The new unit had only 4 companies, and its uniform was rifle green with black facings.
On November 28th the new Regt. marched out of Arklow bound for Cork, where they were to spend the next 6 months. A Monthly Return of Jan. 1956 from Cork shows the strength of the Regt. to be 17 Officers and 530 men, which was well above the establishment of the Regt.
From Cork they moved to Wexford, where they remained until their return to Arklow on July 5th 1956. The Regt. was disembodied on the 11th August 1956.
Star of the Order of St. Patrick, from the tails of an Officer's dress coat, circa 1793
The Regt. assembled for the first annual training in its history on the 15th July 1858 at Arklow. Later that year the H.O. was moved from Arklow to Wicklow, where it was to remain until the Militia were disbanded in 1908. The H.O. was initially located on the Main Street in a premises hired by the County.
Following trainings in 1859 and 1860, the Regt. was permitted by Circular No. 17774 dated Dublin Castle 14th August 1860, to wear a distinctive cap badge which was to be in the shape of a "Harp". This I presume is the usual "Maid of Erin", or "Angle Harp" that was common to a lot of Irish Regiments. Unfortunately, I have been unable to locate a specimen, so that I cannot be certain as to its exact design.
A Quarterly Return for January 1860 shows the strength of the Regt. to be 19 Officers and 419 men, which is 47 less than their establishment. The same return is full of nonsensical. statistics, the relevance of which are hard to see, although two interesting facts that emerge from it are: that the Regt. were still equipped with smooth bore weapons in 1860 (7 years after the new pattern rifles came on general issue) and that most of the men were very small. It appears that of the 438 men listed only 12 were 5ft 10ins or over, while 328 of the men were 5ft 6ins or less. lt seems that we are growing Wicklowmen bigger these days.
Annual training took place every year until 1865, when a break of 5 years occurred owing to the Fenian conspiracies at that time. For the same reason the Constabulary of Wicklow were sent to the North of Ireland during August of 1865, and the Permanent Staff of the Regt. were called upon to do their duties during the assizes of the 18th and 19th August.
One notable addition to the Office Corps of the Unit was Charles Stuart Parnell, who held a Commission as a Lt. in the Regt. from 25th February 1865 until he resigned in 1870.
The Annual Trainings resumed in 1871 and continued annually until 1876.
On the 1st April 1877, prior to that year's training, the 92nd Wicklow Militia Rifles were disbanded, and the Regt. converted into Artillery.
The title of the new Regt. was the "Wicklow Artillery Militia". So after 84 years of service as lnfantrymen, the Wicklow Militia became Gunners. The Regt. would continue in service for another 31 years, but that is another story. . . . .
Brendan Flynn
St. Patrick's Church, Wicklow circa 1905
Photo courtesy Michael Finlay
St. Patrick's Church, Wicklow 1990
Photo courtesy Mary Finlay
This page was added by Student Heritage on 08/11/2019.
1990 WICKLOW HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL
And the Saint Blessed the Well
Aspects of Wicklow Life in the Early Nineteenth Century
Genealogy & Tracing Your Family History
Pressgangs in Wicklow
The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 in Wicklow Town and District
Wicklow Harbour


I'm sure that you have seen and rolled your eyes at at least one of these cheesy phrases flooding your Facebook, Twitter or Instagram newsfeed in the past few days. And each is often accompanied by a New Year's resolution: some variation of exercising more, being a better student, etc.
But how many people successfully follow through on these resolutions? CBS News reports, "36 percent of people will break their New Year's resolutions by the end of January. That number jumps 56 percent by July." These stats set a pretty dismal bar for success. So how can UCLA students increase the likelihood of following through with their Jan. 1 resolutions?
One solution comes in the form of the website StickK, which allows an individual to register their resolution online, set a financial penalty for failing to complete their goal, and appoint a person as a referee to ensure that the individual is sticking to their resolution. The StickK website notes that a both a referee and the threat of money on the line are methods that have shown to boost success rates of fulfilling goals.
However, the money element in the StickK equation has an interesting twist: StickK gives users the option of donating their money toward an "anti-charity" if they fail to fulfill their New Year's resolution, incentivizing the person to complete their goals in order to prevent their money from going to a group they do not support.
One of the StickK co-founders, Yale economics professor Dean Karlan, said that many users choose the National Rifle Association or a conservative or liberal super PAC as their anti-charity of choice when establishing a resolution.
For UCLA students, this model can serve as a fun challenge, especially during an election year when political donations are more important than ever. While students don't necessarily have to sign up for the actual StickK website, they can implement the financial stakes/referee method with a group of friends: Each student appoints another student to help them keep track of their goals, and students commit a set amount of money at the beginning of the quarter to an anti-charity of their choice.
So if you've avoided staying up to date on the 2016 election so far because the thought of hearing Donald Trump screaming unintelligible racist soundbites doesn't quite appeal to you, I can't blame you. But putting one's own money into the election, even if it's 5 bucks, can provide students with a reason to stay up to date on the news.
That 8 a.m. class you never seem to make it to? Promises of going to Wooden more frequently? Making these goals public with the threat of one's money being funneled toward a Marco Rubio super PAC might just be the perfect way to get Bruins on the ellipticals.
For those less politically inclined, students can choose a simpler alternative: A group of friends, suitemates, those part of a student group, whatever the case may be, can set resolutions together, pooling money on resolutions and rewarding the person who sticks to their resolution all the money in the pot.
Resolutions can serve as helpful, productive mechanisms to improve bad habits or develop new good ones, and incentives can help students stick to their goals. So think long and think hard about which of the 2016 presidential candidates in the vast sea of politicians, brain surgeons, real estate moguls and socialists you hate the most, and put your money down on them. That seems to be a pretty surefire method to keep you to your promise.
Julia McCarthy has been an opinion columnist since 2013. She was an assistant opinion editor from 2014-2015. She writes about national and local politics, sexual assault and harassment prevention and campus resources.


Taking part in a series of exclusive round table conversations are ABN Amro, KPN, Nuon, Philips and PWC. The agency side is represented by BETC, Cheil, DDB, Superheroes, We Are Social and Wieden + Kennedy. They are joined by journalists from titles such as Adweek, Adformatie, and Werben & Verkaufen.
Issues such as gender equality, sexuality, diversity, political extremism and climate change are impossible to ignore yet fraught with risks for communicators. When does purpose-driven advertising becoming "cause washing"? Is it still possible to create controversial or even non-politically correct campaigns?
Our thoughts on this matter is that political correctness has come to such a level of censorship now that it is nigh on impossible to create anything edgy or humourous without offending someone who stirs up a stink and then gets you canned. Within the advertising world, it is now a serious no no to offend, because to some people everything is now offensive, and there are massive client budgets on the line. This is a symptom of years of social programming of soviet-style group think, which has leached out onto the mainstream media, and the advertising world.
The media will no doubt report on the event's key findings. Students from the New School Amsterdam will also be present at the event, which is backed by partners Adobe, Euronews, Screenvision and the EASA.
Meanwhile, there are still places available for the Epica Awards ceremony itself, from 7pm on November 14, when the Royal Tropical Institute will become the stage for a celebration of the world's best creative work, as voted by the unique press jury of the Editors' and Publishers' International Creative Awards.