text:
CORPORATE UNITY CAN EASILY BE THREATENED BY MISUNDERSTANDINGS DESPITE SIGNIFICANT MISSION SUCCESSES
David Howard: After all that had transpired and all that the nation had gone through together, the time had now come for the tribes to return to their inheritances and begin their settled lives in the land. The tribes whose inheritances were east of the Jordan had been faithful in their commitment to God and to their word, in that they had helped their brothers take their lands, even while their own lands had been, in effect, waiting for them. The episode here echoes and fulfills Joshua's earlier exhortation to these tribes to be faithful to God and to their fellow Israelites. It also echoes these tribes' response to Joshua's exhortation (1:16–18).
Robert Hubbard: The chapter sounds a new, important theme—the absolute demand that geographical distance never shake exclusive devotion to Yahweh alone (vv. 22, 34). The chapter also consummates the outsider theme heard earlier in the stories of Rahab, the Gibeonites, and Caleb. In the end, the tribal conflict that the chapter narrates ends amicably, with the tribes rejoicing that all have been spared Yahweh's wrath (v. 31). The problematic action proves to be not apostasy but a witness to loyalty to Yahweh and to his worship at the tabernacle.
Helene Dallaire: Joshua is pleased with the accomplishments of the Reubenites, Gadites, and half-tribe of Manasseh, who obeyed Moses' instructions faithfully by aiding their brothers in carrying out Yahweh's assignment and remaining with them until Joshua releases them to return home. The mission is only fully accomplished when the eastern tribes return to Transjordan. They leave Shiloh with a warning to remain faithful to Yahweh, a special blessing from their leader, and great riches to be shared with their people in Transjordan.
Davis: The unifying factor in ancient Israel was not her culture, architecture, economy, or even military objectives. The long-range unifying factor was her worship of Jehovah. When the central sanctuary was abandoned as the true place of worship, the tribes then developed independent sanctuaries, thus alienating themselves from other tribes and weakening their military potential. The effects of this trend are fully seen in the period of Judges.
Gordon Matties: Here is a classic case for conflict resolution studies, although it may illustrate how not to practice such efforts. The actions of one party have consequences that affect a second party. The second party infers the intentions of the first party and prepares immediately for out-and-out war. As it turns out, the intentions are honorable (or so they seem), and the second party must revise its presupposed assumptions about the first party.
I. (:1-9) CONTEXT OF COMMENDATION FOR MISSION SUCCESSES –
AS JOSHUA DISMISSES THE TRANSJORDAN TRIBES
A. (:1-6) Transjordan Tribes Summoned, Commended, Charged, Blessed and Dismissed
(:1-2a) Summoned
"Then Joshua summoned the Reubenites and the Gadites and the half-tribe of Manasseh, 2 and said to them,"
(:2b-3) Commended
"You have kept all that Moses the servant of the LORD commanded you, and have listened to my voice in all that I commanded you. 3 You have not forsaken your brothers these many days to this day, but have kept the charge of the commandment of the LORD your God."
Trent Butler: The command of Josh 1:13–15 and the pledge of 1:16–18 have been realized. No reasons can be given to condemn those tribes dwelling outside the Promised Land. They have been faithful to the two great commanders of Israel, Moses and Joshua. The reference to commands of both Moses and Joshua "puts Joshua on a footing almost equal to Moses. . . . Joshua 22:1–6 depicts Joshua as a fully endowed successor to Moses." The repeated note of obedience "underscores the positive portrayal of the Transjordanian tribes as obedient."
(:4-5) Charged
a. (:4) Setting for the Charge
"And now the LORD your God has given rest to your brothers, as He spoke to them; therefore turn now and go to your tents, to the land of your possession, which Moses the servant of the LORD gave you beyond the Jordan."
Trent Butler: The result of faithfulness is rest, the precise reward promised in Josh 1:15 (cf. 21:43–44). The reward, however, is for the kindred, since the East Jordan tribes already have their rest (1:13). The easterners now simply receive the command to return and enjoy that rest. This has particular significance in light of the following narrative in which the brothers bring accusation of unfaithfulness against the East Jordan tribes. The accusing West Jordan tribes can enjoy their "rest" only because of the faithfulness of their East Jordan kindred. It appears at this point that rest has been achieved, and so the end of the story has come. But the story continues, for Israel must test its unity and look toward its future identity.
b. (:5) Substance of the Charge
"Only be very careful to observe the commandment and the law which Moses the servant of the LORD commanded you, to love the LORD your God and walk in all His ways and keep His commandments and hold fast to Him and serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul."
David Howard: Joshua's words in v. 5 are passionate, and they capture the heart of the chapter's message about faithfulness and loyalty. The words echo similar exhortations in Deuteronomy (Deut 4:29; 6:5–6; 10:12, 13; 11:13) and in Joshua (1:7- 8) that the Israelites should be faithful to God. What God had urged Joshua himself to do in chap. 1, Joshua now urged the people to do. This exhortation is the essence of the "first and greatest commandment," to love God passionately, with every fiber of one's being (Deut 6:5; Matt 22:37- 38). The verbs in v. 5 give a comprehensive picture of what a proper relationship to God was to include: to love God, to walk in all his ways, to obey his commands, to hold fast (or cling) to him, and to serve him. These were to be done not as a matter of external conformity but "with all your heart and all your soul."
Trent Butler: Return to rest does not mean return to forget or neglect obligation. God demands faithfulness in peace and prosperity as well as in war and danger. The command echoes that given to Joshua in 1:7. It is a summary of the charge of Deuteronomy (cf. Deut 10:12–13, 20; 11:1; 6:4–15; 13:4–5 [3–4]; 30:15–20). It is the definition of the people of God.
David Guzik: We should not miss the order here. First, we should take care to hear God. Then we give Him our love. Next comes a walk of obedience. To mix this order up is to drift into heresy (loving without hearing) or legalism (obeying before loving).
(:6) Blessed and Dismissed
"So Joshua blessed them and sent them away, and they went to their tents."
B. (:7-8) Dismissal of Eastern Manasseh Half-tribe
(:7a) Historical Explanation of Division
a. Moses Granted Land East of the Jordan
"Now to the one half-tribe of Manasseh
Moses had given a possession in Bashan,"
b. Joshua Granted Land West of the Jordan
"but to the other half Joshua gave a possession
among their brothers westward beyond the Jordan."
David Howard: The farewell blessing is interrupted in v. 7 by the author's parenthetical explanation of the unique situation of the tribe of Manasseh, which had two land portions, one on each side of the Jordan (cf. 13:29–31; 17:1–13). Both Moses and Joshua are acknowledged as distributors of the land here. The insertion undoubtedly was for the purpose of stressing the unity of this tribe, which symbolized within its own tribal context the larger unity that was to characterize the entire nation. This unity was strained by the events narrated in the following verses, but ultimately the unity was preserved, and the Transjordan tribes' loyalty to their brethren and their God was established beyond any doubt.
(:7b-8) Blessing and Dismissal
a. (:7b) Blessing
"So when Joshua sent them away to their tents, he blessed them,"
b. (:8) Dismissal with Spoils of War
"and said to them, 'Return to your tents with great riches and with very much livestock, with silver, gold, bronze, iron, and with very many clothes; divide the spoil of your enemies with your brothers.'"
Robert Hubbard: In sum, Joshua offers a grateful military commander's final, "job-welldone" farewell speech to some of his loyal, departing troops. They have finished a unique, tough assignment of shared hardships with their western brothers. But his charge warns them not to let distance from the Israelite heartland create distance between them and God. And so an era ends, as the two-and-a half tribes break camp at Shiloh and head east for a happy reunion with their families, who have awaited their safe return for so long. Before long, however, events will transpire that will lead some Israelite quarters to call into question the picture of them here as obedient and loyal.
C. (:9) Departure of Transjordan Tribes
"And the sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh returned home and departed from the sons of Israel at Shiloh which is in the land of Canaan, to go to the land of Gilead, to the land of their possession which they had possessed, according to the command of the LORD through Moses."
Gordon Matties: That the conflict emerges in the next episode illustrates the fragility, not of the Transjordan tribes' covenant loyalty, but of the bonds formed within the community called "Israel" as a whole. If the conflict had not emerged, we would assume that the Transjordan tribes would naturally be part of the congregation gathered to hear Joshua's farewell address and to participate in the covenant renewal event (chs. 23-24). But the events to follow turn our expectations around and highlight the fragility of the communal bond. Not only is covenant with the Lord called into question, but the very constitution and identity of "Israel" are also threatened.
II. (:10-34) CRISIS OF MISUNDERSTANDING REQUIRING RESOLUTION TO PROTECT ISRAEL'S UNITY
A. (:10-12) The Crisis Threatening Israel's Unity
(:10) Point of Contention = Large Altar Built on West Bank of the Jordan
"And when they came to the region of the Jordan which is in the land of Canaan, the sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh built an altar there by the Jordan, a large altar in appearance."
David Howard: Its imposing size, visible from afar, explains the significance of this altar west of the Jordan. In the first place, its erection west of the Jordan by the tribes living east of the Jordan emphasized something the Transjordan tribes wanted to affirm: the nation's unity and their own loyalty to the God who gave Canaan to his people. However, for a people living east of the Jordan, its position across the river could potentially have caused it to have been forgotten. Thus, its imposing size would have allowed it to be seen from vantage points across the river and thus remembered.
Trent Butler: The complication (vv 10b–12) comes as the easterners head to their God-given possessions but are described as going away from the sanctuary at Shiloh, away from the sons of Israel, away from the land of Canaan, that is, away from the land of promise. They decide to build an altar but give no reason for doing so. The sons of Israel come back to Shiloh, where they had just parted from the easterners, and declare war on the easterners.
(:11-12) Potential for Rash Civil War
a. (:11) Improperly Judging Motives
"And the sons of Israel heard it said, 'Behold, the sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh have built an altar at the frontier of the land of Canaan, in the region of the Jordan, on the side belonging to the sons of Israel.'"
b. (:12) Initiative to Go to War
"And when the sons of Israel heard of it, the whole congregation of the sons of Israel gathered themselves at Shiloh, to go up against them in war."
David Howard: The basis for the Cisjordan tribes' reaction is found in the law against offering a burnt offering or sacrifice at any location other than the tabernacle (Lev 17:8– 9) and in the more general law in Deut 13:12–15 against worshiping other gods. In both instances, the Israelites were authorized to kill the offenders, and this was why they now prepared to go to war against their fellow Israelites. . .
The author, by carefully labeling the tribes in this chapter, preserves a distinction between the tribes until the altar's true nature and intent has been made clear: the Cisjordan tribes were "true" Israelites, living in the land promised to Abraham, whereas the Transjordan tribes, living outside the land, were not yet to be included with "all Israel" until the nature of their commitment to the Lord was clarified. After the clarification, however (i.e., after v. 29), all twelve tribes are treated as part of the one nation, Israel. Thus, the issues of the unity of the nation and the tribes' loyalties are reflected even in the way in which the narrator labels the tribes.
Robert Hubbard: The report about the unsettling discovery conveys shocked urgency, as if the altar were scandalous and posed a serious threat to west-bank well-being. Apparently, no one bothers to ask why the returning troops have placed the altar there on the west bank—an inconvenient spot for Transjordanian access!—rather than (more conveniently) on their side of the river. Instead, the news sparks a rush of the "whole community of Israel" to an emergency pow-wow at Shiloh (v. 12). The same words ("the whole assembly … gathered") open the earlier scene where the last tribal allotments are made (Josh. 18:1), but here Israel meets to prepare for war against the two-and-a-half tribes.
B. (:13-20) The Accusation of Apostasy
(:13-15) Investigative Delegation Led by Phinehas
"Then the sons of Israel sent to the sons of Reuben and to the sons of Gad and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, into the land of Gilead, Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, 14 and with him ten chiefs, one chief for each father's household from each of the tribes of Israel; and each one of them was the head of his father's household among the thousands of Israel. 15 And they came to the sons of Reuben and to the sons of Gad and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, to the land of Gilead, and they spoke with them saying,"
Robert Hubbard: The Bible knows Phinehas above all as a heroic "defender of the faith," especially of the proper way to worship Yahweh. He is best known for his decisive, violent action at Baal Peor that ended a devastating plague in Israel's camp and won him special praise from Yahweh (Num. 25; cf. Ex. 6:25; Num. 31:6; Judg. 20:27–28). If the situation demands a ruling on altars or bold, daring initiative, Phinehas is certainly the right man for the job.
But the rest of the delegates are no slouches, either. They clearly comprise the highest level of leadership in Israel, the Israelite equivalent of a presidential cabinet.
Kenneth Gangel: Consider the three characteristics of this appeal by the Phinehas delegation:
It was personal. Instead of marching on the tribes, the Israelites chose a delegation headed by a priest. They delivered a sincere message before they picked a fight. That's a good approach.
It was passionate. The Israelites made the trip because they were concerned about faithfulness to God. They guarded God's reputation and holiness and his command about the central altar. By appealing to Peor and Achan, they recalled the time when Moabite worship brought a plague on the whole nation and twenty-four thousand Israelites died. They also remembered the time when the first battle for Ai was hopelessly lost. This delegation pled, begged, and tried to turn the eastern tribes from what they considered to be sin. Their motive was pure, even if their reasoning was faulty.
It was purposeful. The option of land grants west of the Jordan River shows a desire to restore these tribes and bring them back to a place where they could keep their commitment to God. Though wrongheaded, this whole process was right hearted.
(:16) Imputing Motives of Unfaithfulness
"Thus says the whole congregation of the LORD, 'What is this unfaithful act which you have committed against the God of Israel, turning away from following the LORD this day, by building yourselves an altar, to rebel against the LORD this day?'"
(:17-18) Fear of Corporate Judgment —
Based on the Historical Example of Sin at Peor
"Is not the iniquity of Peor enough for us, from which we have not cleansed ourselves to this day, although a plague came on the congregation of the LORD, 18 that you must turn away this day from following the LORD? And it will come about if you rebel against the LORD today, that He will be angry with the whole congregation of Israel tomorrow."
David Howard: The sin at Peor had occurred many years earlier in the wilderness. It had involved the Israelites' prostituting themselves by bowing to the Moabite gods—specifically, the Baal of Peor—seduced by the women of Moab to do so. A plague had broken out in the Israelite camp as an expression of the Lord's displeasure, and twenty-four thousand people had died before Phinehas had intervened and caused the Lord's anger to abate (Num 25:6–9). . .
The implication is that Israel had never truly rid itself of this sin, that it always flirted with—if not participated in—idolatry and the allure of pagan religious systems. Achan's case was proof positive of this, and the Cisjordan tribes feared that this altar represented another such case.
Trent Butler: The prosecution predicts the results of the crime—divine anger on the entire community (cf. Josh 9:20; Deut 29:27 [28]). "wrath, anger," in verbal form is used for divine anger in a majority of the cases, particularly in Deuteronomistic and Priestly circles. Human sin and rebellion rouse the divine wrath. The responsibility of the community for its members and the sense of unity within the community mean that the sin by a part brings punishment on the whole. At this point, the prosecution appears to testify that east and west are both part of the Yahweh community.
(:19) Consider Other Options
"If, however, the land of your possession is unclean, then cross into the land of the possession of the LORD, where the LORD's tabernacle stands, and take possession among us. Only do not rebel against the LORD, or rebel against us by building an altar for yourselves, besides the altar of the LORD our God."
David Howard: From their perspective, it was better that the Transjordan tribes abandon their possession and pursue true worship than to keep their land and engage in apostasy.
(:20) Fear of Corporate Judgment –
Based on the Historical Example of Sin of Achan
"Did not Achan the son of Zerah act unfaithfully in the things under the ban, and wrath fall on all the congregation of Israel? And that man did not perish alone in his iniquity."
Robert Hubbard: If the scandal at Peor marks the classic case of apostasy, Achan denotes the classic case of "treachery." He secretly kept for himself goods captured at Jericho (ḥerem) that, in fact, belonged to Yahweh. But the delegation's concern is not with the act of altar-building itself but with its consequences. Their climactic (perhaps even melodramatic!) cry that "[Achan] was not the only one who died for his sin" (v. 20) powerfully drives home their message. The dignitaries remind their audience that, while Achan acted alone, divine wrath struck the entire community. That pattern, they argue, now seems likely to recur: The altar-building by a few tribes now threatens to bring down God's wrath on all twelve tribes of Israel, not just on the Transjordanians. With that, the message of the west-bank tribes ends.
C. (:21-29) The Defense of Loyalty to the God of Israel
(:21-25) Theological Defense
a. (:21) High Level Response
"Then the sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh answered, and spoke to the heads of the families of Israel."
David Howard: The Transjordan tribes responded passionately that they were innocent of any rebellion or breach of faith. The entire paragraph shows them to have been innocent of anything malicious: they never intended to use this altar for sacrifices to God himself, let alone to other gods. Rather, they intended it only as a memorial or witness for their children (vv. 26–27). Their concern was the same as that of the tribes west of the Jordan: that the unity of Israel be maintained and that their loyalty be to the Lord alone (vv. 25, 27). This echoes their response, along with that of the other tribes, in 1:16–18.
b. (:22-23) Appeal to God's Comprehensive Knowledge
1) (:22) God Knows Our Motives
"The Mighty One, God, the LORD, the Mighty One, God, the LORD! He knows, and may Israel itself know. If it was in rebellion, or if in an unfaithful act against the LORD do not Thou save us this day!"
Robert Hubbard: The opening rhetorical flourish, a string of orthodox names for Israel's God ("Mighty One, God, the LORD …") aims immediately to dispel the visitors' doubts about their orthodoxy (v. 22). There is, they claim, another side to this story. They strongly affirm that Israel's God understands the real situation ("He knows!") and voice the passionate wish that Israel (and especially the present delegation!) might, too. To prove their innocence, they make their visitors a bold offer phrased as a kind of self-curse. If the accusations of "rebellion" (mered) and "disobedience" (maʿal) against Yahweh be true, they ask Phinehas not to hold back proper punishment. If their altar announces rejection of Yahweh (and, by implication, his altar in Canaan) and pledges loyalty to another god through sacrifices, they ask Yahweh himself to "call us to account" (v. 23). Thus, they deny the accusations; they claim to have nothing to hide. They share the visitors' conviction that Israel performs sacrifices to Yahweh only at Shiloh.
2) (:23) God Knows Our Intentions
"If we have built us an altar to turn away from following the LORD, or if to offer a burnt offering or grain offering on it, or if to offer sacrifices of peace offerings on it, may the LORD Himself require it."
c. (:24) Defending the Purpose of the Altar
"But truly we have done this out of concern, for a reason, saying, 'In time to come your sons may say to our sons, What have you to do with the LORD, the God of Israel?'"
Robert Hubbard: But now comes a surprising revelation. The Cisjordanians assume that an altar serves only one purpose, as a place for sacrificing. But the Transjordanians reveal something new—that fear, not rebellion, drove them to act as they did. They fear that future descendants of the present accusers will deny their own descendants to have access to Yahweh (v. 24a). They worry that descendants of the delegation will invoke the Jordan as a God-given boundary—an ancient Rio Grande—to bar east-bank descendants from the community worship (vv. 24, 28). They also quote a possible objection that future Cisjordanians might raise to exclude their descendants (vv. 24b–25a).
d. (:25) Addressing the Fear of Being Rejected Due to Physical Separation Caused by the Jordan River
"For the LORD has made the Jordan a border between us and you, you sons of Reuben and sons of Gad; you have no portion in the LORD. So your sons may make our sons stop fearing the LORD."
David Howard: Turning the argument away from asserting their innocence, the Transjordan tribes now gave the reason for what they did: it was rooted in their fear of being cut off from their fellow Israelites sometime in the future. The Jordan River formed a natural boundary between them and their brethren, and they feared that their descendants might be rejected by their brothers' descendants. Worse than that, however, they feared that the Cisjordanian's descendants might cause the Transjordanian's descendants to cease their worship of God (v. 25). They would do this by referring to the obvious boundary between them—the Jordan River—and then claiming, by extension, that only those living west of the Jordan, in "the LORD's land," had a legitimate portion in the Lord (cf. v. 19). In this way, their descendants might be completely cut off from the blessings promised to all Israel.
(:26-29) Pragmatic Defense
a. (:26-28) Needed for a Physical Reminder of Loyalty
"Therefore we said, 'Let us build an altar, not for burnt offering or for sacrifice; 27 rather it shall be a witness between us and you and between our generations after us, that we are to perform the service of the LORD before Him with our burnt offerings, and with our sacrifices and with our peace offerings, that your sons may not say to our sons in time to come, You have no portion in the LORD. Therefore we said, 'It shall also come about if they say this to us or to our generations in time to come, then we shall say, See the copy of the altar of the LORD which our fathers made, not for burnt offering or for sacrifice; rather it is a witness between us and you.'"
Jerome Creach: The eastern tribes respond to Phinehas that the altar was not for sacrifice; rather it was a "copy" of an altar (v. 28). The word rendered "copy" might better be translated "pattern" or "model." Second Kings 16:10 uses the same word to refer to the model of an altar king Ahaz sent to the priest Uriah to be used as a construction guide. The model altar in Joshua 22 was to serve future generations as a reminder that those dwelling east of the Jordan were not ritually impure and had the right to come to the central sanctuary to make sacrifices. The response of the eastern tribes reflects the varied purposes of altars in ancient Israel: they were not only mounds for making sacrifices, but also signs of God's presence and identifying marks of a community devoted to God. Therefore, altars could be places of asylum (1 Kgs. 2:28) and could provide testimony of a certain identity. The latter purpose of the altar is reflected in Joshua 22. Sacrifice would be reserved for the central sanctuary, but the altar was a testimony of inclusion in the community that worshiped at the central site. The eastern tribes express concern that future generations on their land might say they have no "portion" in Israel (vv. 25, 27); the term "portion" (Hebrew ḥeleq) is often synonymous with "inheritance" (naḥalah; Josh. 15:13; 19:9; Ezek. 45:7). This shows again that the root problem was whether or not ownership of the land east of the Jordan was a sign of membership in the covenant community.
b. (:29) Never Intended for Offering Sacrifices in Spirit of Rebellion
"Far be it from us that we should rebel against the LORD and turn away from following the LORD this day, by building an altar for burnt offering, for grain offering or for sacrifice, besides the altar of the LORD our God which is before His tabernacle."
D. (:30-34) The Resolution of the Crisis – Preserving Unity
(:30-31) Investigative Delegation Satisfied
a. (:30) Pleased with the Common Understanding
"So when Phinehas the priest and the leaders of the congregation, even the heads of the families of Israel who were with him, heard the words which the sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad and the sons of Manasseh spoke, it pleased them."
Trent Butler: The commission is satisfied with the defense testimony. "It was good in the eyes of" is a formula accepting proposals or testimonies (Gen 41:37; Lev 10:20; Deut 1:23; 1 Sam 18:5; 2 Sam 3:36; 18:4; 1 Kgs 3:10; Esth 1:21; 2:4; cf. Gen 45:16; Lev 10:19; Esth 2:9). Phinehas "emerges as a thread weaving its way through the story of Israel. . . . Each time he appears there is a question of cultic purity and national survival."
b. (:31) Praise for the Lord Preserving the Unity of his People
"And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest said to the sons of Reuben and to the sons of Gad and to the sons of Manasseh, 'Today we know that the LORD is in our midst, because you have not committed this unfaithful act against the LORD; now you have delivered the sons of Israel from the hand of the LORD.'"
Robert Hubbard: It is important, however, to underscore the implications of the decision his delegation made. It both acquits the Transjordanian tribes of the charge of violating the Instruction of Moses (e.g., Josh. 22:29) and asserts their right "to be considered full-fledged members of the community of Israel." At least for the time being.
(:32-34) Corporate Israel Satisfied
a. (:32) Presentation of Report Back to the People
"Then Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest and the leaders returned from the sons of Reuben and from the sons of Gad, from the land of Gilead, to the land of Canaan, to the sons of Israel, and brought back word to them."
Trent Butler: The commission did not have the final word. They had to make their report to the children of Israel as a whole. The report was accepted with thanksgiving to God. Notice that when humans bless God, it simply means to give thanks for his blessings (Gen 24:27, 48). A situation that threatened war and total destruction resulted in worship and a new relationship of trust.
b. (:33) Pleased with the Common Understanding
"And the word pleased the sons of Israel, and the sons of Israel blessed God; and they did not speak of going up against them in war, to destroy the land in which the sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad were living."
Van Parunak: We should respond to misunderstanding in the same manner, according to these same principles.
Respond with a concern for God's holiness.
Respond with the courage to confront in love.
Respond with an attempt to reconcile before you fight.
Determine that you are willing to sacrifice to help them; don't confront unless you are willing to help.
Determine that you will see the situation from the perspective of the other person.
Determine that you will believe the best of one another.
c. (:34) Purpose of the Altar Ratified
"And the sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad called the altar Witness; 'For,' they said, 'it is a witness between us that the LORD is God.'"
David Howard: The climax of the chapter reveals the full meaning of the altar: it was to testify to God himself. Previously, the account had revealed that it was to be a witness (vv. 27, 28), but the earlier verses do not reveal the precise nature or function of the "witness." Now we see that it was to affirm that Yahweh was God. It was a symbol of Israel's national unity, and this symbol was to testify to Israel's God. In a similar vein, Jesus told his disciples that people would know they were his disciples by seeing their love for each other, that is, their love would point people to Christ (John 13:35).
Robert Hubbard: Silently, that imposing structure reminds every Israelite who passes, whether traveling east or west, that "the LORD is God" over all Israelites, wherever located. Set on the west bank but built by east-bank hands, it symbolizes the bond that unites settlers along both banks as one people—their devotion to Yahweh as their only God. That is a bond that even the mighty Jordan cannot sever.


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It is difficult to put the sauce with a cooking shovel precisely. This design is meant to add levels on the cooking shovel to provide a measuring scale while saucing. With this convenient tool the cooker can do the cooking and saucing at the same time to ensure the process and quality of the cooking.


More hilarity from Natalie Dee and her husband, Drew.
Most anyone with an interest in the arts and technology, some spare time two weeks ago, and enough spare cash, found their way to South by Southwest in Austin, TX: an annual mecca for music, film, and interactive design. I didn't go myself (see reasons 2 and 3), but there are artifacts aplenty throughout the internet for consumption by those not fortunate enough to be there and curious enough to want some of the action.
I wasn't going to mention SXSW at first for the sake of overexposure, but as more and more interesting material keeps pouring in, not to mention the 9rules network (with which I am affiliated) taking the prize for best community site of the year, I had to touch on it to make sure everyone who reads this is at least aware of the content I'm (just getting around to) enjoying right now. You'll need BitTorrent for the torrents, which you can get here. If there's anything you've found interesting I don't mention here, feel free to leave it in the comments.
This clip may have made the rounds, but it didn't make it to me. Chris Bliss, comedian, juggles three balls choreographed to a Beatles tune, basically, the juggling equivalent of playing a guitar with your teeth.
Like silly string, but instead of crap all over the floor, you get instant clothing made of tiny cotton fibers that blend together to create a peel-away fabric.
… via Skydive Arizona's vertical wind tunnel. Especially watch the last quarter of the video where the instructor (pictured above) goes freaking nuts.


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WordPress optimization from $695 per site. We inspect the theme, plugins, core WordPress files and web server configuration then make necessary alterations to the site to improve website performance and search engine crawlability.
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Betfair Opinion Betfair Bonus Betfair Promo Code Betfair App
Offers you
Bonus up to :£30
Betfair: Our opinion
Traditional bookmaker and betting exchange
A very practical "cash-out" system
Great sign up offers
Great range of casino games to play
E-mail support can be slow
Low offers for some events
Few offers for existing customers
Not a Betfair site member yet? Fill in this registration form , then claim their welcome offer.
The generous welcome offer at the Betfair site sees you able to receive £30 in free bets after the placing of a £10 qualifying bet. Just imagine how you could use those to make some good profits. The promo code ZBGC01 is required to claim the offer.
Betfair is a highly respected site and an innovative one too. Just pay a visit to their Exchange. With so many games to bet on and other promotions, you won't regret registering with them.
Sign-up with Betfair now!
Since 2000 Betfair have been famous for the way they changed online betting. Rather than it being customer v bookie, they created the Exchange that pitted customer v customer with the bookie making its living via commissions. The Exchange still lives on but Betfair now have their more traditional sportsbook. Joining the site sees you receive a welcome offer that sees you receive up to , A great reason for you to decide to register with Betfair and play at this highly enjoyable and innovative site..
Recent years have seen big changes in the company as in 2016 they merged with Paddy Power to create Paddy Power Betfair and is now a massive international multi-channel sports betting and gaming operator with four operating divisions with Betfair, Paddy Power, Sportsbet and TVG with over five million customers around the world.
They also have other brands such as TIMEFORM, Airton Risk and Draft. For customers in the UK, TSE Malta LP is licensed and regulated by the Malta Gaming Commission, License Number 000-039561-R-319411-005. The company are also licensed and regulated by the UK Gambling Commission, License Number: 000-039439-R-319330-003.
Betting Variety
Visit!
Best bonus
Bonus up to : £30
Minimum deposit : 5
Type of bonus : Free Bet
After you have completed the registration process and become a member, it's time to get your hands on their excellent welcome offer This is a rather straightforward welcome offer that sees players receiving £30 in free bets after making an initial wager of a minimum £10. You must be a SMS verified customer if you wish to claim this welcome offer.
The qualifying bet has to be made within 30 days of registering an account with the site. It has to be a sportsbook bet of at least £10 and the selection must have odds of minimum 1.5 (1/2).
When the qualifying bet has been settled, then the £30 in free bets will be credited to your account. The free bets are valid for 30 days and the stake is not returned with any winnings. Full terms and conditions are available on the Betfair site.
Betfair: create an account now!
Betfair: Our review in video
Betfair in short
Gambling licence
5 Minimum deposit
1 Minimum bet
Football pool
Cash-out
Payment available
T&Cs according to your country
There's something for everyone at the Betfair Sportsbook and never a dull moment so create that new account now . Just one look at the site shows you just how many betting opportunities there are and hopefully there will be plenty of winners to be had here.Those betting opportunities are available all day long and from all over the world. The different time zones around the globe play into their hands so even in the early hours of the morning there are always plenty of games to bet on. Live betting, streaming of events and the Cash Out facility all add to the excitement of the Betfair Sportsbook.
When joining a new site , banking is a vitally important part of any website that has financial transactions. There is the utmost security on all such transactions at Betfair so no need for any customer to be worried about that.There is a wide range of payment methods available at Betfair with the options to use either Bank Transfers, debit/credit cards or e- wallets. Deposit Methods include: Visa, Mastercard, Visa Electron, Western Union, Skrill, Neteller, PayPal, EntroPay, ClickandBuy, Cheque, Bank Transfer and Delta.There are no fees when making deposits or withdrawals.
The site has plenty of information that gives you details about financial transactions on the site and how long withdrawals take to get back into your account. Another way of making deposits into your Betfair account is to go to your local Paddy Power betting shop. There's no need to open a new account, just have your Betfair account user ID and some photo ID handy and make your deposit.
Betfair Desktop Site
With a great welcome offer being received, you will be keen to be using those free bets on the sportsbook. Somehow this site manages to have a jam-packed look at it but without it actually looking cluttered. It's very user-friendly and you will find it easy to work out just where the page you want is.Orange, white and blue is the order of the day as far as colors go and it all makes for attractive viewing. Down the left-hand side of the page you will find 'quick links' so if it's in-play action or one of their many coupons, they are easily located. sports to another. Over on the right-hand side of the home page there's a link to the next horse race and details of the odds boosts they continually feature on the site.
Get all Betfair offers now!
There's so much happening at this sportsbook, the last thing you want to do is miss any of the action. Simply by downloading the Betfair app, you can put yourself in the position where, wherever you go you will be able to find out what's happening and place bets, hopefully winning ones. You can receive racing notifications so if you do lose track of time, you'll get a message telling you when the next race starts and the result as soon as possible.
It takes just two taps to place your bet so no problems there. The Betfair App contains all the regular features of the desktop site so that means plenty of in-play betting and live streaming and you will find it very user-friendly. It's sharp, quick and boy is it efficient and easy to navigate which is always good to learn. So register now, get their excellent welcome offer and then download the app. As with all sites though, it's important to have a good look around once you download it, to get used to where everything is.
Betfair Online Rules
All sportsbooks have their own set of rules and it's important that you have a good knowledge of them before placing bets with this site. Once you have registered with Betfair, you will need to know as much as possible about how everything works. For example, when you place a multi-bet, the most selections you can have is 25. The position regarding non-runners in horse racing is also an important rule to know.
With Betfair, bets placed on the Ante-Post market will be losers if the horse doesn't go to post, but they do offer Non-Runner No Bet on selected Ante-Post races. Bets placed on the day of the race will be refunded if the selection is declared a non-runner. There are so many rules out there so learning about them is so important and thankfully the site has plenty of information about them.
Other areas of interest include the rules for dead heats and they vary from sport to sport. For example, horse races can end in a dead heat but with golf, play-offs mean dead heats only really refer to placed golfers. Other rules on the site relate to who can place bets, stake limits and what happens when you want to close your account.
Get the Betfair bonus now!
Betfair Sports: The Offer
An action-packed experience awaits you when you visit the Betfair site. Lots of events to bet on and hopefully your selections will provide you with many a winner and some big profits. There's a great range of promotions too that can prove very lucrative, particularly if you are fond of accumulator bets.
Sports Covered on Betfair
Football Basketball American Football Baseball Motorbikes Horse Racing
There's nearly 30 different sports featured on the Betfair Sportsbook. All the top sports you'd expect to be covered by a site of this nature can be found and there's a multitude of events being covered. Plenty then for you to be using your £30 free bets bonus on.
It's not just the main events that are covered but reserve and youth games too, so there is always something for you to try your luck on. Besides the sport mentioned above, Betfair also covers boxing and all the top American sports. In addition to the most popular sports, there's also coverage of surfing, boxing, Rugby Union, snooker, Australian Rules Football, netball, mixed martial arts, E-Sports, darts, Gaelic games, greyhound racing. There's also odds offered on politics and TV shows.
Discover the Betfair bonus on your favorite sport!
Types of Bets at Betfair
The betting world has changed tremendously over the last decade with the growth of online betting. Sites offer so much, so another reason to be registering a Betfair account . With more matches than ever to bet on, that means that you may not be content to just place a bet on one selection – a single as it's known – and want to be a bit more adventurous and win even more cash.
There are plenty of other types of bets that can be placed at Betfair. If you have two selections that you think will be winners, you can place a double win. For example, a bet on Brazil to win the World Cup and Lewis Hamilton to win the F1 Drivers' championship. Both selections must be a winner for the bet to produce any return, though you could go for an each-way double and get a return if both are at least placed. Add another selection and you have a treble, another makes it a four-fold and so on.
System bets are another way that you can use selections at Betfair and do offer players a degree of protection. You could take those three selections and put them in what is known as a Patent. This has seven bets with three singles, three doubles and a treble. The bonus here is that just one winner gets you a return and if good odds two out of three can produce a profit.
You can try more selections with bets such as a Lucky 15 that has four selections up to a Goliath that requires eight selections and has a total of 247 different bets. The site has details about the types of bets allowed, so make sure you check that if you aren't quite sure of the rules.
See all bets offered by Betfair!
Betfair Football Betting
Football fans will love the Betfair Sportsbook, particularly if they want to be placing bets on the English Premier League. Official statistics show that they offered the best pre-match odds on games being played in this league, so you know where to go now. The same applies to the Champions League so if it's the best odds you want this is the site to join .
It's not all about the English Premier League though at Betfair as they offer odds for leagues all around the world and at all times of the day. You can bet on all of the top leagues in Europe and the lower divisions too. It's the same story with South American, African and Asian football leagues. You may not be too familiar with the names but the statistics on the site will tell you if your selection is playing well or not.
You can bet on everything from the number of goals scored to how many bookings there will be. The advantage with those kinds of bets is that you don't have to predict who's going to win the game, so if not sure on the end result, there are still plenty of ways to get a profit. If you do fancy a gamble on the end result, there's the Wincast bet where you must name the first goal scorer and the result of the game and this can produce some very lucrative odds if you fancy an upset or a long-odds player to get the first goal.
Bet on football now!
Here's where betting can really get exciting. so register now to join in all the fun. In the past it used to be a case of just placing a bet, crossing your fingers and waiting to hear the final result. There wasn't even that much live sport on television and this was only a decade or so ago. How times have changed recently with players now being able to find out if the team in Bolivia who they fancy to win, are on a dangerous attack and might be scoring in a minute. You don't just know where the ball is for a lot of the games covered but there's also the opportunity to be placing bets as the game progresses.
The odds will be changing every minute all depending on how the event is getting on. If your bet is on a goalless draw, then the odds on that happening will get lower the longer that there is no goal scored in the game. Teams that are odds on to win a game will see their odds get longer as the game stays level and there's always that key moment in live betting when the team odds on reaches evens and then the odds on the draw go odds on. However, if you think they will still win, there's the chance to get odds far better than at the start of the game.
One English match saw Bolton Wanderers go 2-1 down with a few minutes remaining and there were high odds on them to win the game but they got two goals to win so just imagine if you'd put a bet on them, that's the beauty of live betting. Live betting is so fascinating as some events can swing one way and then another.
This reviewer has bet on many basketball and tennis matches where the lead continually switches. That can mean both sides will be favorite and outsider so it's possible to back both at profitable odds. There is live betting at Betfair throughout the day, so it makes for an exciting time 24/7. Live streaming is even better as you can actually see the event that you are betting on. The live action includes horse racing, greyhound racing, tennis and lots of football from Argentina and Mexico.
View all Live Bets available at Betfair!
What's Good About Betfair
It's not hard to see why Betfair have so many customers. There's a mass of betting opportunities available all the time on this site with action from all over the world. Then there's the excellent welcome offer given to new customers. The fantastic odds that are offered is great news for customers and the enhanced prices can bring higher profits.There are impressive promotions available on the site and the opportunity to be able to not just bet live on events but see all the action too is a great way to spend your time. There are no problems re financial transactions on the site (more about this shortly) and lots of help available too if you have any important queries that need answering and it's an easy site to navigate around
Security at Betfair
Among the many reasons to join Betfair is the strong security available on their site. They hold a UK Gambling Commission license (account numbers (39439,39435,39426,39411 and 39561). A licence with the Malta Gaming Authority is also held by Betfair. Holding these licenses means that they are properly regulated and if any problems do occur, they will take action if necessary. Online fraud does unfortunately take place but Betfair are good at doing all they can to prevent this happening. Your personal information will be encrypted and the payment methods used are safe and trustworthy. Security is not going to be a major concern if you register with Betfair.
Betfair Promotions
There is a good number of promotions available on the Betfair Sportsbook, a couple of which are mentioned in the Free Bets section of this review. The area in which Betfair gives the most help to their customers is in the odds that they offer. There are also the best odds available for men's tennis, cricket, horse racing and Rugby.Betfair customers can also collect Rewards4Racing points every time they place a bet.
The points that are earned can be spent at over 30 of the racecourses in the United Kingdom. This allows players to get cheaper tickets and upgrades at meetings such as the Cheltenham Festival, the Grand National and the Derby. One point is earned for each pound staked in the Sportsbook. Other useful promotions include the offering of more places on golf tournaments. There are always some good odds available in such tournaments, so this can prove profitable.
If betting each way, they have an Extra Places promotion on selected races. This is available for both singles and multiple bets. If there are less than 16 horses in a race, they will pay out on four places. With less than eight starters, three places are paid out on and its two places if less than six starters.
Football fans can receive a £2 free bet if betting £10 on Accas or Bet Builder with combined odds of 2.0 (evens). The free bets will be valid for 48 hours and can be used on Accas, Multiples or Bet Builders.
You can discover how to use the Betfair promo code to get the best available promotions.
Take advantage of all Betfair Promotions now!
The Betfair site has plenty of promotions on a regular basis and particularly when there are major events taking place. It's always best to keep an eye on the 'My Account' part of the website to keep an eye out on messages re promotions or bonuses that you can receive.
Live betting is an exciting element of any on-line sportsbook but the introduction of Cash Out has made it an even more thrilling and nerve-wracking experience. With this bet you don't have to wait until the end of the event to conclude your bet. In fact, you can even end your bet before the event even begins just in case you get last minute nerves, though it would be at a slight loss.You can use the Cash Out facility on plenty of sports, just keep an eye out for the 'Cash Out' button, if it's there then it's in play.
As the event proceeds, the amount you can Cash Out your bet for constantly changes depending on what's happening. If you have a £10 bet at odds of 1/1, that means you will get a return of £20 if it wins. However, if at half-time the scores are level and you think your selection isn't going to be a winner, you could decide to Cash Out at a figure such as £7. It's a loss but if they don't win the game then it's better than losing all your stake.There will be times when your finger wanders over the Cash Out button, wondering should you wait a bit longer and see if the bet does come up. Also, there will be times when you make the wrong decision and Cash Out only to see the selection go onto win. It's a fascinating addition to live betting. Register an account now to discover just how thrilling this can be.
At Betfair it's even more interesting because you can cash out part of your bet leaving the remainder to carry on and you can do that as many times as you want as long as the Cash Out slider is on show to set your Cash Out figure. Cash Out is also available on horse racing and this applies to single and multiples bets, both pre-race and in-running. Ante-Post bets don't qualify for Cash Out.
Check out Betfair's Cash Out offers!
Betfair Free Bet
An ever-increasingly popular promotion in recent years is the offering of a free bet. This is often offered when a certain circumstance arises and gives players a second chance. The free bet you receive may well produce a profit, but even if it doesn't at least you have another opportunity to make a profit.At Betfair, there are several ways in which you can receive a free bet. If you are a horse racing fan and love nothing better than sitting down and watching ITV racing, there are plenty of offers. It's another great part of the Betfair site and you can read more about what they have to offer on our Betfair Bonus page.
Place a single bet on any of the live races and if your horse wins at SP odds of 3/1 or greater, then you also get a free bet up to the value of £25. It's a strange but perfectly acceptable promotion. Usually the free bet is offered when there's a near-miss on an accumulator or when your horse falls or unseats its rider, not when it romps home at a good price.It's valid for 48 hours and can only be used on the Betfair Sportsbook. When you do use it, the free bet stake isn't returned so a £10 free bet used on a selection with odds of 1/1 will produce a return of £10 if successful.
There's also the chance to win up to 50% more on your first accumulator of the week starting from 00.00 on Monday with the maximum stake for a qualifying bet being £25 and the amount you receive is paid in the form of a free bet.Just how much you receive as a bonus depends on how many selections are in your accumulator. It starts off with three giving a 5% bonus and for a four-fold the bonus goes up to 10%. By the time you get to an accumulator that has seven selections in it, the bonus rises to 30% with the 50% top bonus offered on all-successful accumulators with ten or more selections.
Betfair Customer Service
It's important on a sports betting site that there's as much help as possible available to players. You never know when a query might pop up so it's good to know there is a 24/7 service available at Betfair. If you wish, customers can call Betfair customer support at +44-203-059-8888 or email them at info@betfair.com.
The site has an extremely useful help page and the chances are that you will be able to solve any problem you have by reading the available information, whether it be about a technical issue, how a promotion works or the rules of a sport re betting.
Registering with Betfair
In order to be able to enjoy all the benefits that are available at Betfair, you need to register with them. It's free to do so and the registration process is a very simple and straightforward one that takes hardly any time to complete. Just follow these easy steps.
Go to the Betfair site.
Complete the easy to complete registration form
Enter your bank details
Make your first deposit
Supply the requested documents to validate your account
Betfair Sign Up: How to open account
When you decide to join the Betfair sportsbook, the registration process is a swift one. It just requires you to follow the step-by-step guide that we have below. Doing that will see you become a Betfair customer in no time at all.
1. Make your way to the Betfair site
This page has several links that will take you to Betfair. You can then click on the great big yellow 'Join Now' site and up comes the registration box that you need to complete.
2. Fill in your personal information
When filling in the registration form, do not forget to use the promo code or you will not be able to claim their welcome offer. It is important that when supplying the required information, correct details are given. Do not give an incorrect name or email address for example. You need to choose a payment method and the currency you wish to gamble with. Also of importance is your username and password.
3. Make your first deposit
Now you can begin to fund your new account. This is a straightforward process but there is lots of help on the site if you do run into any difficulties. The welcome offer does not depend on your initial deposit.
4. Verify your account
Online sportsbooks must ensure their members are legally old enough to gamble with them. They also need to make sure that their customers own the payment methods they are using. To achieve this, you will need to supply some documentation that confirms all of this to be the case. Full details of the process are on the Betfair website. To be able to claim their welcome offer, you must have a device that can receive SMS messages as this is how the verification process is carried out.
Register with Betfair!
Betfair: What alternatives are there of betting of sport?
Joining the Betfair Casino will see you having plenty to bet on and a welcome offer of 50 free spins. To qualify for this, you must be a new customer that has not played on the Betfair Casino in the past, be aged 18 or over and be resident in the UK or Ireland. The code CASF51 must be used and phone number verification completed.
The 50 free spins can be used on the Dynamite Riches game or selected other Daily Jackpot games. Each free spin has a value of 10p and expires seven days after being received.
A great time lies ahead of you at the Betfair Casino. You'll be able to play roulette, blackjack, baccarat and slots games to name but a few. There are some massive cash prizes to be won at the Betfair Casino. Scoop one of their top prizes and you'll be in seventh heaven. TIme then to register a new account with the Betfair Casino and get off to a good start with their excellent welcome offer.
Poker Welcome Offer
When you register on the Betfair Poker site, you can opt in for one of their welcome offers. There is a choice between earning 25 status points to receive £20 worth of tickets.or earn 50 status points to receive £40 in tickets. Only one of the offers can be received. Full details on the Betfair site.
Frequently asked questions about Betfair
What is Betfair?
The way in which some of us bet probably wouldn't exist without Betfair. Find out more about the company and how important they have been to the betting industry.
How do I claim the Betfair Welcome Bonus?
When you register with Betfair , there is an excellent welcome offer available. Go to our dedicated page to find out just how this works.
Is there a promo code at Betfair?
When claiming a welcome bonus, there is sometimes a promo code that is needed to be used. You can find it in our page Betfair promo codes.
How do you bet at Betfair?
You will probably become a Betfair member because they are such a different site. Just how do you bet at Betfair, this information will help you.
How long do Betfair withdrawals take?
By clicking one of our links, you can be taken to Betfair and register an account with them. The necessary details about how long withdrawals take from their site are all here.
How do you sell bets at Betfair?
After joining Betfair, you'll soon realize it's all a bit different. Find out all about how to sell bets at Betfair on this very helpful page.
How do you trade at Betfair?
Becoming a Betfair site member will see you betting in a whole new way from a regular sportsbook. Visit this page to learn more about how to trade at Betfair.
What sports are covered at Betfair?
There is a wide range of sports you can place bets on when registering a Betfair account. The exciting list is on our Betfair site review.
How do I set up a Betfair account?
It's not difficult at all setting up a Betfair account. We're here to help you, so read all about how you can become a Betfair member in minutes.
Is the Betfair Exchange bonus available to all customers?
No the bonus is available for new customers only. Find out more about Betfair exchage bonus on this page: How does Betfair exchange work?
Is the time frame to claim the Risk Free Bet bonus?
Yes the bonus must be claimed within 7 days of registering.
What is the maximum amount I can claim back through the bonus?
The maximum stake return with the bonus is £20.
Is there Cash Out feature available at Betfair?
Yes Cash Out is available on most pre-match bets and during live betting. Find out more in this article: How to Cash Out at Betfair?
Does the Cash Out amount include my stake?
The cashed out amount is the total amount that will be returned to your account if the Cash Out is successful and includes the stake. Find out more in this article: How to Cash Out at Betfair?
Why is there a delay when the Cash Out option is clicked?
During some In-Play events, delays are used to ensure that there is enough time to suspend the Cash Out when a major event occurs. Find out more in this article: How to Cash Out at Betfair?
When do you get your money at a Cash Out?
When a Cash Out is successful, any returns are credited to the account immediately. Find out more in this article: How to Cash Out at Betfair?
Review on Betfair checked the January 31, 2023 by SportyTrader with an overall score of 8.0 out of 10.
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When they meet on Tuesday 16 March, Flintshire's Cabinet Members will recognise the enormous community effort made over the past 12 months and will also welcome the progress made in tackling food poverty and food insecurity in Flintshire.
Community groups have long played a key role in supporting vulnerable residents in Flintshire. Since the start of the pandemic, many local community groups have stepped up to offer help and support to their neighbours and, as a Council, we recognise and thank them for the work that they have done and continue to do.
Volunteers have been the backbone of this community support throughout the pandemic with support often localised which has had a positive impact on their community and brought people together.
To complement this, Flintshire has been growing the role it plays in supporting its local people and has been working towards implementing long term sustainable food programmes; community groups can be key partners in this.
The Council values and supports this and believes that, moving forward, we can work together to offer a more rounded and sustainable form of support which not just tackles food poverty but which engages and responds to wider social issues such as welfare support, benefits checks, housing advice and much more.
Flintshire County Council's Cabinet Member for Corporate Management and Assets, Councillor Billy Mullin, said:
"This year has raised some significant challenges, however rather than constrain progress they have created opportunities which have enabled us to make a positive impact and allowed us to bring some of our future ambitions for delivery and business transformation forward."
Our achievements to date have included:
"Share your Lunch" food programmes (2018 and 2019) each one has provided thousands of meals to children during these holiday periods.
Packed lunches delivered to home for children who could not access their free school meals due to COVID-19, then direct payments initiated which continued through the school holidays.
Support for vulnerable and shielding residents during lockdown with the delivery of a weekly food box, which continued in one form or another after the first lockdown ended.
Development of a slow cooker pilot to meet and work with the families, understand their relationship with food to encourage families to cook fresh food together and eat together. This programme was suspended due to COVID-19 but will start up as soon as the current situation has improved
Councillor Mullin continued:
"I'm really pleased to be involved as Cabinet Member in supporting this work, at times it's been challenging for our staff and volunteers but they have been resolute in their determination to make a big contribution and difference to the people of Flintshire
"We also want to build on our relationships with our local community groups who are doing tremendously good work. By working together, we can offer more broad based support and offer the best possible opportunities to our residents."


Mark Düsener has been Managing Director of Telekom Healthcare Solutions since April 1, 2019. He has almost 20 years of professional experience in the IT and communications industry. After studying engineering at the Technical University of Munich with additional training in technology management and international business strategy, he started his professional career at Vodafone in 2000. From 2008, Mark Düsener gained international management experience as a member of the management team at Otello, a Vodafone subsidiary, in Germany and Poland. From 2009, Düsener was responsible for various investment and reorganization projects at board level at Vodafone Germany.
He joined T-Systems in 2017. Düsener was initially responsible for strategy and portfolio development in the Digital Division. His focus was on the Internet of Things, Public Cloud and Healthcare. From May 2018, he was responsible for establishing the newly created Health Division, which he has headed since January 2019.
As of January 2017, Peter Böttcher has been Member of the Board of Management of Telekom Healthcare & Security Solutions GmbH. Previously, he has acted as Vice President Commercial Management & Complex with the parent company T-Systems International GmbH for ten years. In this position, he was responsible for the commercial support of international outsourcing projects as well as the mergers & acquisition transactions of T-Systems' big deals, amongst other things.
Peter Böttcher holds a degree in business administration from the Ruhr University in Bochum. He has more than 18 years of experience in the areas of M&A, strategic management and corporate finance. Böttcher began his professional career at the law firm Haarmann, Hemmelrath & Partner in Berlin and there he was responsible for auditing and M&A transactions. From 2001 to 2005, Peter Böttcher took over the commercial managing responsibility for various international outsourcing transactions in the IT industry as manager with the consulting firm Accenture. In this position, M&A deals, financial planning and financial deal shaping were also featured in his field of competence.
As of February 2014, Michael Waldbrenner has been Managing Director of Deutschen Telekom Clinical Solutions GmbH, former Brightone GmbH. He was chairman of Brightone GmbH since 2013 and responsible for the Healthcare IT division. Due to years of experience in international management, Michael Waldbrenner is a proven expert on change management and market entry strategies.
He started his entrepreneurial career in 1984, when he founded his own IT business 'Waldbrenner' which merged in Tieto at the end of the year 2005. From 2006 to 2013, he worked in different departments of the group and took several leadership positions. For istance, he acted as Director Global Sourcing in India and as Director Healthcare in Czech Republic, where he managed the market launch as well as the expansion of the Healthcare business. Recently, he has led the Healthcare Central Europe department at Tieto as Vice President and was accountable for acitivities in the European region.
Since July 2016, Fabian Berger has been in charge of the Marketing & Sales department of Deutsche Telekom Clinical Solutions GmbH. Previously, the medical computer scientist with focus on business administration has acted as Sales Director at Tieto (later Brightone GmbH).
As COO of CalcuCare AG, he was responsible for clients such as Netcare or Helios from 1998 to 2006. Overall, Fabian Berger has more than 20 years of work experience in international B2B sales.
Holger Lesch has been with T-Systems International since 2007 as Head of Solutions for Public in the IL Public & Health division. He was previously employed in various responsible positions by gedas deutschland GmbH, latterly as Head of the Public Sector division. In the course of his career he has gained a wide range of experience in implementing complex IT systems, especially for customers in the public sector. A computer engineering graduate, he has been Managing Director of Deutsche Telekom Healthcare and Security Solutions GmbH since March 2010.
Especially important for Baden-Württemberg born Lesch are creativity, innovation, and team play.


text:
RELEASE: Pentagon contracts on August 1, 2022.
FOR RELEASE AT 5 PM ET
Contracts For Aug. 1, 2022
U.S. SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND
L3 Communications Integrated Systems, Greenville, Texas, was awarded an indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract (FA8637-22-D-B001) in the amount of $3,000,000,000 (maximum ceiling value) in support of Armed Overwatch. Research, development, test, and evaluation; and procurement funds in the amount of $170,000,000 were obligated at time of the award. Armed Overwatch will provide Special Operations Forces deployable, affordable, and sustainable crewed aircraft systems fulfilling close air support, precision strike, and armed intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, requirements in austere and permissive environments for use in irregular warfare operations in support of the National Defense Strategy. The contract will be a mixture of firm-fixed-price, cost-plus-fixed-fee, time and materials, and cost reimbursement no-fee for the procurement of up to 75 aircraft, training systems, mission planning systems, support equipment, spares, and logistics support, with a period of performance from July 2022 to July 2029, including all options. The majority of the work will be done in Greenville, Texas. This action is a follow-on production contract in accordance with 10 U.S. Code 4022(f) authorized or required by statute. U.S. Special Operations Command, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, is the contracting activity. (Awarded July 31, 2022)
MCP Computer Products Inc., San Marcos, California, was awarded a firm-fixed-price order (H92415-22-F-0017) with a value of $11,999,955 for Dell laptops and associated equipment in support of U.S. Special Operations Command Special Operations Forces Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (SOF-AT&L) Program Executive Office Command, Control, Computers and Communications (PEO-C4), with a delivery of 75 days after the date of the order. Fiscal 2022 operations and maintenance funds in the amount of $11,999,955 were obligated at time of the award. The blanket purchasing agreement was solicited and issued using a full and open competition strategy in accordance with Federal Acquisition Regulation 8.405-3. U.S. Special Operations Command, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, is the contracting activity. (Awarded July 25, 2022)
Rolls-Royce Corp., Indianapolis, Indiana, is awarded an $854,368,644 firm-fixed-price, indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract. This contract provides depot-level engine repair services for the AE2100 D3 engine on the C/KC-130 aircraft in support of the Marine Corps and the government of Kuwait. Work will be performed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (60%); Alverca, Portugal (30%); San Antonio, Texas (5%); and Indianapolis, Indiana (5%), and is expected to be completed in July 2027. No funds will be obligated at the time of award. Funds will be obligated on individual orders as they are issued. This contract was competitively procured via an electronic request for proposal; one offer was received. The Naval Air System Command, Patuxent River, Maryland, is the contracting activity (N0001922D0011).
Textron Systems Corp., Hunt Valley, Maryland, is awarded a $48,436,094 cost-plus-fixed-fee, firm-fixed-price and cost reimbursable indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract. This contract provides hardware and incidental maintenance and repair services in support of advanced architecture phase, amplitude and time simulators for the electronic warfare systems integration test environment. The supplies and services will support system performance evaluation and integration of various electronic warfare systems. Work will be performed in Hunt Valley, Maryland, and is expected to be completed in December 2026. No funds will be obligated at the time of award. Funds will be obligated on individual orders as they are issued. This contract was not competitively procured pursuant to 10 U.S. Code 2304 (c)(1). The Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Point Mugu, California, is the contracting activity (N6893622D0002).
Lockheed Martin Space, Titusville, Florida, is awarded a $25,651,592 cost-plus-fixed-fee modification (P00014) to exercise an option previously awarded, and to award new scope for propulsion viability modernization under contract (N0003021C0100) for Trident II (D5) missile production and deployed systems support. Work will be performed in Magna, Utah (81.3%); Denver, Colorado (13.3%); Sunnyvale, California (3.7%); Titusville, Florida (1.5%); and various places below one percent (0.2%). Work is expected to be completed July 1, 2025. The maximum dollar value of the modification is $25,651,592. Fiscal 2022 weapons procurement (Navy) funds in the amount of $22,523,075; and fiscal 2022 research, development, test, and evaluation (Navy) funds in the amount of $3,128,517 will be obligated on this award. No funds will expire at the end of the current fiscal year. This contract is being awarded to the contractor on a sole source basis under 10 U.S. Code 2304(c)(1) and was previously synopsized on the Federal Business Opportunities website. Strategic Systems Programs, Washington, D.C., is the contracting activity.
HII Defense and Federal Solutions Inc., Huntsville, Alabama, was awarded a $15,337,889 firm-fixed-price contract for technical support services for the Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and High-Yield Explosives (CBRNE) Consequence Management Program. The work to be performed provides Headquarters Marine Corps, Plans, Policies and Operations and Marine Corps Installations Command (MCICOM) with support in critical areas such as CBRNE response planning and policy development; logistics and equipment life-cycle sustainment; training and readiness; capabilities and threat assessments; information technology demonstration, verification, and validation. Services also include providing technical resources to perform a broad range of development, logistics, system acquisition and engineering, human performance, and integration functions. Work will be performed in Washington, D.C. (65%); Jacksonville, North Carolina (14%); and Carlsbad, California (21%). Work under the base contract period is expected to be completed August 2023. Fiscal 2022 operation and maintenance (Marine Corps and Navy) funds in the amount of $2,155,937 will be obligated at the time of award and will expire at the end of the current fiscal year. MCICOM Headquarters, Arlington, Virginia, is the contracting activity (M95494-22-F-0007). (Awarded July 28, 2022)
Alpha Marine Services LLC, Galliano, Louisiana, was awarded an option (P00024) in the amount of $11,019,430 for contract (N3220520C2257). The option is a firm-fixed-price contract with reimbursable elements to support Military Sealift Command's contract for the time charter of seven tractor-like tugs in support of Navy bases at Kings Bay, Georgia; and Mayport, Florida. This option is the second of the current contract. The current contract includes a one-year, firm period of the performance, three, one-year options periods and one, 11-month option period. The cumulative value of this contract, if all options are exercised, is $58,577,245. Work will be performed in Kings Bay, Georgia (50 %); and Mayport, Florida (50 %), and is expected to be completed, if all options are exercised, by June 30, 2025. Fiscal 2022 working capital (Navy) funds in the amount of $11,019,430 for Option Two are currently available for performance under this contract action. This procurement was released under full and open competition, with an unlimited number of companies solicited via the beta.sam.gov website and three offers were received. The Navy's Military Sealift Command, Norfolk, Virginia, is the contracting activity. (Awarded July 29, 2022)
General Atomics - Aeronautical Systems Inc., Poway, California, is awarded a $7,784,929 modification (P00009) to a previously awarded firm-fixed-price, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract (N0001920C0031). This modification provides three SkyTower I pods, three air vehicle installation kits, three ground control system installation kits, one lot of product support material/ancillary items, and two unmanned aircraft system modifications for the MQ-9A Reaper System for the Navy. Work will be performed in Poway, California (43.5%); Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii (35.5%); and Grey Butte, California (21%), and is expected to be completed in December 2023. Fiscal 2022 aircraft procurement (Navy) funds in the amount of $1,750,926; and fiscal 2020 aircraft procurement (Navy) funds in the amount of $6,034,003 will be obligated at the time of award, of which $6,034,003 will expire at the end of the current fiscal year. The Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, Maryland, is the contracting activity.
Crowley Government Services Inc., Jacksonville, Florida, was awarded a modification (P00014) on indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity, fixed-price contract with economic price adjustment HTC711-17-D-R003 in the estimated amount of $466,000,000. This modification provides continued surface transportation coordination services for the movement of freight within the continental U.S. (CONUS) and Canada under the Department of Defense Freight Transportation Services program to the Defense Logistics Agency, Defense Contract Management Agency, and Fleet Logistics Center Norfolk. Work will be performed within CONUS and Canada as specified on each individual order. The period of performance is from Aug. 1, 2022, to July 31, 2023. Fiscal 2022 and 2023 transportation working capital funds were obligated at award. This modification brings the total cumulative face value of the contract from $1,281,067,507 to $1,747,067,507. U.S. Transportation Command, Directorate of Acquisition, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, is the contracting activity.
Moderna US Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, was awarded a $52,600,000 modification (P00001) to contract W58P05-22-C-0017 for the purchase of COVID-19 pediatric booster vaccines. Work will be performed in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with an estimated completion date of March 27, 2024. Fiscal 2022 Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act funds in the amount of $52,600,000 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Contracting Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, is the contracting activity.
HDR Engineering Inc., Mobile, Alabama (W912782-2-D-0015); Mott MacDonald LLC, Iselin, New Jersey (W91278-22-D-0016); Stantec-Fni JV, Lexington, Kentucky (W91278-22-D-0017); and Tetra Tech Inc., Huntsville, Alabama (W91278-22-D-0018), will compete for each order of the $25,000,000 firm-fixed-price contract for architect and engineering services to support the Water and Wastewater Technical Center of Expertise. Bids were solicited via the internet with 18 received. Work locations and funding will be determined with each order, with an estimated completion date of July 31, 2027. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama, is the contracting activity.
Manson Construction Co., Seattle, Washington, was awarded a $16,434,000 firm-fixed-price contract for dredging the Mississippi River. Bids were solicited via the internet with three received. Work will be performed in New Orleans, Louisiana, with an estimated completion date of June 27, 2023. Fiscal 2022 civil operation and maintenance funds in the amount of $16,434,000 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana, is the contracting activity (W912P8-22-C-0039).
CORRECTION: The $353,980,000 contract (W15QKN-22-D-0015) announced on July 21, 2022, to Textron Systems Corp., Wilmington, Massachusetts, for the production and delivery of the Munition, Wide Area: Top Attack, XM204, Trainer; the Munition, Wide Area: XM98; and spare parts, was actually awarded on July 29, 2022.
American Water Operations & Maintenance LLC, Camden, New Jersey, has been awarded a maximum $17,998,344 modification (P00050) to a 50-year contract (SP0600-14-C-8290) with no option periods for the ownership, operation and maintenance of water and wastewater utility systems at Hill Air Force, Utah. This is a fixed-price with economic-price-adjustment contract. Location of performance is Utah, with an Aug. 31, 2064, performance completion date. Using military service is Air Force. Type of appropriation is fiscal 2022 through 2064 operations and maintenance funds. The contracting activity is the Defense Logistics Agency Energy, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
Yorktown Systems Group Inc., Huntsville, Alabama, is being awarded a sole source, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract. The total value of this contract is $17,761,024. Under this new contract, the contractor will provide a knowledgeable, well-trained and cohesive administrative workforce that leverages agency capabilities to consistently provide customized, high performing, and efficiency-oriented administrative and executive services to support the Missile Defense Agency's organizations to include Foreign Military Sales (FMS) to bridge the gap until the competitive award of the follow-on effort. The work will be performed in various locations to include Huntsville, Alabama; Fort Belvoir, Virginia; Dahlgren, Virginia; Colorado Springs, Colorado; Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts; Kirtland AFB, New Mexico; Vandenberg AFB, California; Fort Greely, Alaska; and Pacific Missile Range Facility, Hawaii. The performance period is from Aug. 3, 2022, through Aug. 2, 2023. One offer was solicited and one offer was received. Fiscal 2022 research, development, test, and evaluation funds in the amount of $4,918,560 are being obligated on this award, and fiscal 2021 funds in the amount of $454,000 are being obligated on this award, and FMS funds in the amount of $82,831 will be used to fund this effort. The Missile Defense Agency, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, is the contracting activity (HQ0858-22-C-0006).
WASHINGTON HEADQUARTERS SERVICES
IssuePoint LLC, Livonia, Michigan (HQ003421F0384-P00002) is being awarded a hybrid (firm-fixed-price, labor hour, and time and materials) contract in the amount of $12,607,800. The purpose of the contract is to provide support services to the Defense Security Cooperation Agency in the areas of software development, software testing, training, application customer support and troubleshooting, SharePoint management, SharePoint development, web site development and maintenance, COBOL/mainframe development and full stack maintenance, report and dashboard development and maintenance, office automation support, data modeling, and system and user documentation. Fiscal 2022 operations and maintenance funds in the amount of $10,255,392 are being obligated at the time of the award. The cumulative total of the contract is $24,852,760. The total if all options are exercised is $61,185,320. The estimated completion date is July 31, 2026. Work will be performed in Mechanicsburg Pennsylvania. Washington Headquarters Services, Arlington, Virginia, is the contracting activity.
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, has been awarded an $8,191,811 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for multi-domain fusion for continuous universal targeting software prototype/hardware. This effort is for research and development towards automated, first-level processing of electronic intelligence and associated data to provide enhanced target detection, geolocation, and low-latency targeting of dynamic, time critical targets. Work will be performed in Laurel, Maryland, and is expected to be complete by July 31, 2026. This award is the result of a competitive acquisition, offers were solicited electronically via an open broad agency announcement and one offer was received. Fiscal 2022 research, development, test and evaluation funds in the amount of $375,000 are being obligated at time of award. Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome New York, is the contracting activity (FA8750-22-C-1513).


What does the "Global Mind" Mean?
The first volume of "The Paradigm Shift Trilogy" is called The Global Mind and the Rise of Civilization, and if we are now truly part of a paradigm shift it seems we should not be thinking exactly in the same terms or using the same kinds of concepts that we have been doing in the past. While "the Rise of Civilization" seems clear enough and means pretty much the same as it always has, the "Global Mind" is a new concept that has never been used in this sense before.
"The Global Mind" in the sense it is used in The Paradigm Shift Trilogy is not the sum of all the minds of the human individuals, nor is it necessarily the same as "collective consciousness," which sometimes is used to mean exactly such a sum. Instead, the "Global Mind" is a name for a global holographic structure that every human being is in resonance with and shapes the kind of mental abilities and thoughts that we have. Ancient sources describing it as it first appeared show that this hologram indeed exists. No humans (or extraterrestrials) rule the Global Mind. The Global Mind rules us and sets the limit to what we can think and do at any given point in time. This does not mean that some of us cannot be happy about life, but it does mean that as long as we are unaware of the existence of this Global Mind our consciousness, and our view of who we are will be limited and constrained. We will not be able to fully grasp the purpose of the human species.
Seeing through the Global Mind and understanding what it is, I believe is the key meaning of the paradigm shift that is now beginning and was prepared for by the significant mental shift in the Mayan calendar. Our minds have been very helpful and led us to the creation of the civilization in which we are now living, but if we are truly to become free as a species we will have to be able to understand what the "Global Mind" is. A paradigm shift always carries some fundamentally new concepts that were never used in the past. The Global Mind is such a concept, which is of critical importance for those that at the current time want to take the next step.
Congratulations, you and your theory are an enhanced part of the shift.
But why has the Global Mind brought us to such a terrible state of civilisation we find ourselves now?
I believe this is mostly because of the shadows of the mind that I plan to address in the second volume of this trilogy. In short, the analytical mind that has created civilization has also been a mind of duality generating all kind of things that we consider undesirable.
Yes,we as human beings are in a whole new world and to survive the challenges ahead ,we must forget our remembered 'worldviews'; and start fresh with new perspectives of what it means to be human beings subsisting off a home planet…no room for 'duality' ,it will have to be 'one for all and all for one' this time around the sun.
I signed up for David Wilcock's half hour weekly series on Gaiam TV called Wisdom Teaching. It's fairly heavy study of sacred geometry, fractals, holograms, quantum physics, ET's, meanings of "time", "space", etc. I'm thinking David might be talking about a similar concept in Episode # 49, The Fool's Ascension (referencing the tarot card), aired Feb 17, 2014. I think people can view up to 10 shows free of charge so, hopefully the link will work.
Earth is a school of spiritual growth. We experience apparent individuality, but in truth we are all sharing the same air, thoughts and mind.
Planets are "holograms", reflections of the one creator.
We are perfect holographic images of the creator.
Each of the chacras, layers correspond to the frequency of sound & light and dimensions in the cosmos.
Atoms are geometric emanations of vibration. The universe is not "space" and "time".
Honoring others free will is honoring ourselves. Infringing on others free will damages us.
We are here to learn love. Each of the densities have humans.
I am sure that David, as well as many others, are sensing the same thing as I describe. The reason I wrote this book is however to provide indisputable evidence of something that has been discussed by scientists and philosophers for a very long time, namely the nature of the mind. With a firm groundwork you have something to stand on when you discuss where we come from and where we are going.
Looking forward to reading the complete trilogy. Looking forward to them first book with great anticipation.
To me the Global Mind is The Geometry of Divinity, for short GoD, and it rules my intuition and what I will experience next. Now GoD is telling me to go very deep into my subconscious and heal what I have carried for several lifetimes. And I have been put into very much distorted (?) situations the last two-three years due to what's hiding in the darkness of my mind (or if you want my part of The Collective Consciousness).
It all began when I studied Shamanic Journey at IMU, and I found out something about me that I hadn't been able to see or understand before. Of cause I had already studied your first course about the Mayan Calender earlier and new already that I was born during the Planetary level and had to carry my lot of darkness into this lifetime, and I guess just to clear it out and give it to Pachamama.
Thank you for sharing. I fully share your view. The Global Mind is exactly the Geometry of the divine, and since this geometry is shifting at the current time we will have a lot to deal with also at an individual level. The Global Mind and Rise of Civilization is about exactly how the geometry of the mind influences our civilization.
John. your books sparks the interest in the Mayans and the search for truth. lately following the course of Lee Carrol and KRYON. I need to start wrapping my head around your thoughts on Global Mind.
You are a blessing to the world.
Thank you for sharing. I believe that December 2013 marked a change and something did happen but it was very subtle. The Global Mind is increasing but at a very unassuming pace. I use the 260 day Mayan calendar to calculate some events that may occur in my life and at times it is spot on. I just wish so much of that knowledge was not destroyed but hopefully it will return soon.
beatiful work of yours,collective consiousness yes it happens. Me and myself has awaken to the fact that we have an huge complex of "pyramids" here in Norway in Lofoten just beside my home. I suspected this for several years,now my mind is making a change to understand that this is old ancient pyramids,maybe 38,000 years,no one has spoken of them ? I find that peculiar,but we dont experience what we have pre-determent opinions about,wow i love the "Shift" of consiousness it really enriches us on this earth.GREAT new look at life and surroundings for all of us.Thanks Mr.Calleman for your parisipation in open our eyes to this truly miracleous history of earth.
Interesting that you have "pyramides" in Norway. I think we have those in Sweden also, at least many talks about them as "pyramides". It about 100 km from where I live.
I really appreciate your answer to Stephen jay Gould's "there is no purpose." None can be discerned in the process but definitely in the results; every mass extinction has been followed by the quick appearance of forms superior to the ones extincted!
However, there is one massive "WTF" in your huge effort to ascribe the universe's design to a Designer ; what the heck does IT mean by creating a world where children suffer, people starve and random violence and acts of nature kill millons?????
Don't give me the "God's mysterious Will" malarkey. There is nothing mysterious about it. It's obvious to me that the Universe was created by Something that lost IT's Mind when IT exploded Itself in the Big Bang, and the purpose of evolution is to regain Consciousness so we can stop the MADNESS!
This explains everything, if you think about it. And it validates the basic mandate of all religions; we are all here to help each other evolve and make the world a better place- because it is up to us.
I have been working on this hypothesis for years, and have multitudinous pages of commentary, if you're interested.
Dr C, what is consciousness? Where does it come from? How did it create matter? And where are we heading? In other words what's the point of all this?
we have come to a point where it is possible to summarize (or synthesize) the entire evolution of civilization and all the philosophies, religions and science this has given rise to over the past 5125 years (thirteen baktuns).