text:
У дигиталном звуку 44.100 Hz (наизменично представљено као 44.1 kHz ) је уобичајена фреквенција узорковања. Аналогни звук се снима узорковањем 44.100 пута у секунди, а затим се ови узорци користе за реконструкцију аудио сигнала током репродукције.

Брзина узорковања звука од 44.1 kHz има широку примену због формата компакт диска (ЦД), који је први користио Сони, почев од 1979. године.

Историја

Стопа узорковања од 44.1 kHz настала је крајем 1970-их са ПЦМ адаптерима, који су снимали дигитални звук на видео касете,  посебно Сони ПЦМ-1600 (1979) и наредним моделима из ове серије. Тада је то постало основа за компакт диск дигитални аудио ( ЦД-ДА ), дефинисан у Црвеној књизи стандарда (1980).  Са његовом употребом настављено је као са једном од опција у стандардима из 1990-их као што је ДВД, а у 2000-им, стандардима као што је ХДМИ . Ова фреквенција узорковања обично се користи за МП3 и друге формате аудио датотека потрошача који су оригинално креирани од материјала издвојеног са компакт дискова.

Порекло
Стопа је изабрана након расправе између произвођача, посебно Сони-а и Филипса-a, и Сонијеве примене, што је де факто успоставило стандард. Стварни избор такве фреквенције био је поента неке расправе, а друге алтернативе су укључивале 44,1 / 1001 ≈ 44,056 kHz (одговара брзини поља НТСЦ у боји од 60 / 1.001 = 59.94 Hz) или приближно 44 kHz, коју је предложила компанија Филипс. Коначно, Сони је превладао за оба узорка (44.1 kHz) и за дубину бита (16 бита по узорку, а не 14 бита по узорку). Техничко образложење које стоји иза избора фреквенције описано је у следећим поглављима.

Слух и обрада сигнала код људи
Никвист-Шенонова теорема одабирања каже да фреквенција узорковања мора бити већа од двоструке максималне фреквенције коју желимо да репродукујемо. Пошто је распон слуха код људи отприлике 20 Hz до 20.000 Hz, стопа узорковања мора бити већа од 40 kHz.

Поред тога, сигнали морају бити филтрирани помоћу нископропусног филтра пре узорковања да би се избегао алијасинг ефекат . Док би идеалан филтер за ниске фреквенције савршено прошао фреквенције испод 20 kHz (без пригушeња) и савршено одсечене фреквенције изнад 20 kHz, такав идеалан филтер је теоретски и практично немогуће имплементирати, јер је некаузалан, па је у пракси потребан прелазни опсег, где су фреквенције делимично ослабљене. Што је шири овај прелазни опсег, лакше је и економичније направити анти-алијасинг филтер . Фреквенција узорковања 44.1 kHz омогућава прелазни опсег од 2.05 kHz.

Снимање на видео опреми

НТСЦ има 490 активних линија по кадру, од укупно 525 линија; ПАЛ има 588 активних линија по кадру, од укупно 625 линија.

Сродне фреквенције
44,100 је производ квадрата прва четири главна броја (  ) и стога има много корисних целих фактора . Иако делује као случајност, 44.1 kHz брзина узорковања је тачно 4 пута већа од фреквенције линије старог 441 линија немачког ТВ стандарда који је имао фреквенцију 441 × 50 ÷ 2 = 11.025 Hz (441 линија по кадру, 50 поља у секунди, 2 поља у оквиру).

Различити множитељи 44.1   користе се kHz - ниже фреквенције 11.025 kHz и 22.05 kHz налазе се у WAV датотекама и погодни су за апликације са малим опсегом, док су веће фреквенцијеф од 88,2   kHz и 176,4 kHz се користе за мастеринг и за ДВД-Аудио - веће фреквенције су корисне и из уобичајеног разлога пружања додатне резолуције (стога су мање осетљиве на дисторзије уведене уређивањем), али и олакшавања филтрирања са ниским пролазима, јер је много већи прелазни опсег (између људског и звучног у 20 kHz и стопа узорковања) могућ. Фреквенције 88.2 kHz и 176,4 kHz се примарно користе када је крајњи циљ ЦД.

Остале фреквенције
Неколико других стопа узорковања такође је коришћено у раном дигиталном звуку. А 50   кХз узорак, коришћен од стране Соундстрим- а 1970-их, након броја 37 kHz прототип. Почетком 1980-их, 32   kHz узорковање је коришћено у емитовању (посебно у Великој Британији и Јапану), јер је то довољно за ФМ стерео емисије, које имају опсег од 15 kHz. Неки дигитални звук је обезбеђен за кућну употребу у два некомпатибилна формата ЕИАЈ(јапанска асоцијација електронске и индустрије информационих технологија), што одговара 525 / 59.94 (44.056 Hz узорковања) и 625/50 (узорковањe од 44.1 kHz ).

Дигитална аудио касета (ДАТ) је објављена 1987. са фреквенцијом узорковања од 48 kHz. Ова фреквенција узорковања постала је стандардна стопа узорковања за професионални звук .  Конверзија броја узорака између ових стопа компликована је релативно високим бројевима у односу између ових фреквенција (најнижи заједнички именитељ од 44.100 и 48.000 је 147:160), али сада се то може обавити компетентно и ефикасно.  Ране потрошачке ДАТ машине нису подржавале фреквенцију од 44.1 kHz и искористиле су ову разлику да би отежали израду директних дигиталних копија од 44.1 ЦД-а који користе 48 kHz ДАТ опремe.

Статус
Због популарности ЦД-а, постоји велики број уређаја који користе фреквенцију 44.1 kHz, као и велики број аудио записа снимљених у 44.1 kHz (или више њих). Међутим, неки новији стандарди, поред 44.1 kHz користе и 48 kHz или уместо 44.1 kHz.  У видеo садржајима, 48 kHz је сада стандард, али за аудио ЦД-ове фреквенција од 44,1 kHz (и вишеструки) се и даље користе.

ХДМИ ТВ стандард (2003) омогућава и фреквенцију од 44.1 kHz и фреквенцију 48 kHz (и више њих). То омогућава компатибилност са ДВД плејерима који репродукују ЦД, ВЦД и СВЦД садржај. Стандарди за ДВД-Видео и Блу-рej дискове користе искључиво вишеструке 48 kHz.

Већина ПЦ звучних картица садржи дигитално-аналогни претварач који може радити на фреквенцији од 44.1 kHz или 48 kHz. Неки старији процесори укључују само 44.1 kHz излаз, а неки јефтинији новији процесори укључују само 48 kHz излаз, захтевајући да ПЦ изврши дигиталну конверзију брзине узорка да би се произвеле остале брзине узорка. Слично томе, картице имају ограничења у узорковању које подржавају за снимање.

Види још

 Фреквенције кристалног осцилатора

Напомене

Референце

Литература

 The Art of Digital Audio, John Watkinson, 2nd edition
 Watkinson, section 1.14: "The PCM adaptor", стр.  22–24
 Watkinson, section 4.5: "Choice of sampling rate", стр. 207–209
 Watkinson, section 9.2: "PCM adaptors", стр. 499–502

Дигитална обрада сигнала
Херц


Today a friend of mine posed the question...or rather the statement....a Friendship shouldn't be work. A marriage takes work, compromise, and effort. Well all know that. But, a friendship should be easy. I started thinking about that. I have a lot of friends. But, only a few of them are really my friends. You know the kind that know all about you and still love you. Some have been there for you to cry on...Monica, for example was there for everysingle boyfriend caused tears that i have ever had. Autumn was there for several of them. They see you do stupid things. They support you, encourage you, tell you how stupid your being, and still pretend to like the idiot you were crying over last week. Those two know absolutely every thing there is to know about me. I had other friends along that path...but they are the only ones still there. My friendships with them are not work...they just are. I have some friends here that are not work...they just are. How many people say that about me? I wonder...am I a good friend? Am I the person that they know they could call at three am because they had a fight with someone....and know I would answer. Today I learned that not all friendships are created equal. Some are work. Some are not honest. Some are onesided. So now I must figure out how to move forward and be the type of friend that just is....and figure out how to balance the ones that are sooo much work.
I have to disagree with the statement, "a friendship shouldn't be work." Any relationship requires work...compromise...understanding...working through conflict. A friendship is no different.
Julie, my main point here was...there are those friendships that are sooo totally one sided and not worth it. The ones that you do all of the work, all of the compromise, all of the understanding....over and over again. The unhealthy ones. Those are the ones I am talking about. The ones that drain the life out of you. Not the ones that are a give and take and love each other through the good, bad, hard, and frustrating. Those are worth it. I guess I am talking about the ones that you try, try, try and it eats you alive....does that make sence?
Yes, that does make sense. And I get that. I have had "friendships" like that, and eventually had to let the relationship go. I hope you didn't take my comment the wrong way. : ) It was one of my opinionated days.


text:
We were very excited to welcome the St Bart's pupil parliament to St Michael's on Thursday 9th March. Children and staff from each of the schools within the trust travelled to St Michael's to have a tour of the school, led by our own pupil parliamentarians Lily and Michael. The pupil parliament then met to plan future events across the trust. Our visiting pupil parliamentarians were very impressed with our school and left us with lots of positive feedback including;
"I like the friendly atmosphere."
"I displays are bright and I like the playground equipment. The teachers and children are kind and friendly."
"The school is very big and the displays are very creative."
"I like the classrooms, the artwork, the reading corners and the gym on the playground."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Enzo Cavazzoni (Asolo, 2 maart 1932 – Victoria (Brits-Columbia), 15 augustus 2012) was een Italiaans waterpolospeler.

Enzo Cavazzoni nam als waterpoloër een maal deel aan de Olympische Spelen; in 1956. In 1956 maakte hij deel uit van het Italiaanse team dat als vierde eindigde. Hij speelde vijf wedstrijden als keeper.

Italiaans waterpoloër
Italiaans zwemmer
Italiaans olympisch deelnemer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Translation and validation of the Traditional Chinese version of the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity-Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (Version 2)
Dorothy N. S. Chan1,
Kai Chow Choi1,
Marques S. N. Ng1,
Weijie Xing2,
Bernard M. H. Law1,
Pui Shan Ho3,
Cecilia Au4,
Mandy Chan5,
Man Tong3,
Wai Man Ling4,
Maggie Chan4,
Suzanne S. S. Mak5,
Raymond J. Chan6,7 &
Winnie K. W. So ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9243-29241
Cancer patients often experience severe financial distress due to the high cost of their treatment, and strategies are needed to objectively measure this financial distress. The COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity-Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (COST-FACIT) is one instrument used to measure such financial distress. This study aimed to translate the COST-FACIT (Version 2) [COST-FACIT-v2] instrument into traditional Chinese (COST-FACIT-v2 [TC]) and evaluate its psychometric properties.
The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) translation method was adopted. The translated version was reviewed by an expert panel and by 20 cancer patients for content validity and face validity, respectively, and 640 cancer patients, recruited from three oncology departments, completed the translated scale. Its reliability was evaluated in terms of internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis has been used to evaluate the one- and two-factor structures of the instrument reported in the literature. The convergent validity was examined by the correlation with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychological distress. Known-group validity was examined by the difference in the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) total mean score between groups with different income levels and frequency of health care service use.
The COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) showed good content and face validity and demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, 0.86) and acceptable test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.71). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the one- and two-factor structures of the instrument that have been reported in the literature could not be satisfactorily fitted to the data. Psychological distress correlated significantly with the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) score (r = 0.47; p < 0.001). HRQOL showed a weak to moderate negative correlation with the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) score (r = − 0.23 to − 0.46; p < 0.001). Significant differences were seen among the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) scores obtained in groups of different income level and frequency of health care service use.
The COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) showed some desirable psychometric properties to support its validity and reliability for assessing cancer patients' level of financial toxicity.
Patients with cancer and their caregivers often face serious financial distress due to cancer treatments [1], both from medical costs and from reduced income during their treatment or recovery process [2]. Financial distress is a multidimensional concept. In one review [3], although 28% to 48% of cancer patients reported financial distress in monetary terms, 16% to 73% experienced a subjective burden of this distress. The objective and subjective burdens of this financial distress in the context of cancer have been termed 'financial toxicity' [4]. A high level of financial toxicity has been demonstrated to increase patients' symptom burden [5] and reduce their compliance to therapy, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and survival rate [2, 6]. Therefore, financial issues in the cancer care setting must be discussed to prevent these negative outcomes. A systematic assessment of financial toxicity may help to initiate such discussions and to identify patients who need financial support [7].
The COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST-FACIT) was developed by de Souza et al. in 2014 [4] and validated in 2017 [8] as a measure of patients' financial toxicity. The COST-FACIT measure comprises 11 items: one financial item, two resource items and eight affect items [4]. An additional item was added in the COST-FACIT (Version 2) [COST-FACIT-v2] to reflect overall financial wellbeing. This additional item was not included in the calculation of the summary score in the original validation study [8] or the scoring manual (FACIT.org). The COST-FACIT measure has been revealed to have a one-factor structure and has shown high levels of internal consistency and test–retest reliability in the original English version [8]. The COST-FACIT measure has been translated into 10 languages, including Italian and Simplified Chinese [9]. A similar one-factor structure of the COST-FACIT measure has been identified in the 11-item Italian version [10]. However, a two-factor structure of the COST-FACIT measure has been identified in the 11-item Simplified Chinese version [11]. These differences in the factor structures may be due to variations in how health care systems are funded in different regions and in the role of medical insurance in covering patients' medical and treatment expenses [12].
Although several studies have examined financial toxicity among cancer patients [6], such data are lacking for the Chinese population. In particular, no suitable instrument was available for such measurement in traditional Chinese. In consideration of the possible culture-sensitive characteristics of HRQoL in the diverse background of cancer patients and survivors, the aims of this study were to translate the COST-FACIT-v2 instrument into traditional Chinese (COST-FACIT-v2 [TC]) and to evaluate its psychometric properties—including content validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability—and its convergent, construct and known-group validity.
The study consisted of two phases. In the first phase, the original version of the COST-FACIT-v2 was translated from English into traditional Chinese following the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) translation method [13, 14] and tested for content validity. In the second phase, the psychometric properties of the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC), including internal consistency, test–retest reliability and convergent, construct and known-group validity, were examined.
Phase 1: translation, content and face validation
Before the translation process, approval was sought for our use of the FACIT Measurement System. The recommended translation stages in the FACIT translation method were followed. The English version of COST-FACIT-v2 was first translated independently into traditional Chinese by two bilingual translators. One of these translators had a nursing background and the other had no medical or health-related background. A reconciliation of the two forward translations was provided by a third bilingual translator with a science background. Another translator, a native English-speaker fluent in the target language who had no medical or health-related background, independently performed the back-translation of the reconciled version, and a fifth bilingual translator with nursing background reviewed the back-translated version of the scale and compared it with the original English version to assure consistency of linguistic and cultural equivalence. Each of these steps were recorded in a document and sent to FACIT.org.
A panel of 10 experts who care for cancer patients in clinical and community settings and in academic institutions (an oncologist, nurses, university nursing academics specializing in cancer care and social workers at a cancer patient resources center) was invited to evaluate the items' relevance to the scale and cultural context. Each item was rated on a four-point scale (1 = not relevant, 2 = somewhat relevant, 3 = relevant, 4 = most relevant). The content validity index (CVI) was computed on the item level and the scale level. The item-CVI (I-CVI) was calculated as the proportion of experts who rated the item 3 or 4, and the scale-CVI (S-CVI) was determined as the mean of the I-CVI scores. I-CVI scores of 0.78 and S-CVI scores of 0.90 were considered acceptable indices [15]. Finally, a cohort of 20 patients who were proficient in both English and traditional Chinese were recruited from the oncology departments of two public hospitals and invited to complete the original version of the COST-FACIT-v2 and the traditional Chinese version of the COST-FACIT-v2 and to evaluate the face validity of the scale. The face validity was evaluated by asking the patients to comment on the item appropriateness and interpretability and the time needed to complete the scale.
Phase 2: psychometric testing of COST-FACIT-v2 (TC)
Sample and setting
The study was conducted from November 2018 to January 2019. Cancer patients who were receiving or had completed treatment were recruited from three outpatient clinics of the oncology departments of Hong Kong public hospitals via convenience sampling. The patients were invited to participate in the study while awaiting follow-up. The sample size was determined to provide sufficient subjects for factor analysis. According to Comrey and Lee [16], a sample size of at least 500 subjects could be regarded as very good for performing factor analysis. This sample size is also adequate to detect a correlation coefficient of as little as 0.125 between the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) and HRQoL and psychological distress (80% power, 2-sided 5% level of significance). To allow for a non-completion rate of up to 20% for some items of the questionnaire, a total of at least 625 patients was targeted for recruitment from the three hospitals.
The inclusion criteria were (1) age of at least 18 years, (2) a diagnosis of stage I-IV of any cancer type, (3) participation in therapy for at least 2 months at the time of the interview and (4) the ability to read traditional Chinese or communicate in Cantonese. Patients with cognitive impairment or language difficulties were excluded.
A structured, self-report questionnaire was developed for data collection. The questionnaire comprised five sections: (1) sociodemographic characteristics, (2) disease-related characteristics, (3) psychological distress, (4) HRQoL and (5) financial toxicity. The correlations between financial toxicity, psychological distress and HRQoL were used to evaluate the convergent validity of the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC). It has been hypothesized both that greater financial toxicity would have a mild to moderate negative correlation with HRQoL [8, 17, 18], and that greater financial toxicity would have a mild to moderate positive correlation with psychological distress [8].
A distress thermometer was used to evaluate the patients' level of psychological distress. The distress thermometer was a self-reported, pencil-and-paper measurement on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 indicated 'no distress' and 10 indicated 'extreme distress' [19]. The distress thermometer has been validated for use in Chinese cancer patients and has shown good reliability [20]. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G-Version 4) was used to measure HRQoL [21]. The FACT‐G, developed initially in English, has been translated into traditional Chinese and validated for use in Chinese cancer patients [22]. This 27-item instrument has four subscales for physical, social/family, emotional and functional well‐being. Each item was scored on a five-point rating scale (0 = 'not at all', 1 = 'a little bit', 2 = 'somewhat', 3 = 'quite a bit' and 4 = 'very much'). Negative items were scored in reverse before summing the total score. Higher scores on the subscales and on the total score indicated better HRQoL.
The COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) was used to assess the patients' financial toxicity. Each item was rated on a five-point scale (0 = 'not at all', 1 = 'a little bit', 2 = 'somewhat', 3 = 'quite a bit' and 4 = 'very much'). The financial toxicity score was calculated by summing the 11 items (items 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10 were reverse-scored), multiplying by 11, and dividing by the number of items answered; a lower score indicated greater financial toxicity [4]. In addition, the development of the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) involved (1) translation, content and face validation and (2) psychometric testing (reliability and validity testing).
Eligible subjects were approached by the research staff during their regular medical consultation. After informed consent forms were collected, the patients were invited to complete the demographic questionnaire and the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC). The questionnaires were returned to the researcher as soon as they were completed.
The normality of variables with continuous data, including total and subscale scores, was assessed based on their skewness statistics and normal probability plots. Minimal deviations from normal distribution were found. The patients' demographic and disease-related characteristics were summarized and reported in appropriate descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation (SD). The subscale and total scores of the instruments, including the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) and FACT-G, were presented via means and SDs. The content validity was calculated for the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC). The internal consistency of the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) overall scale and of each sub-scale were assessed using Cronbach's alpha, where an alpha coefficient of 0.7 or greater was considered acceptable. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the scale's test–retest reliability. An ICC of greater than 0.7 was considered acceptable [15].
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed using LISREL 8.8 (Scientific Software International, Inc.) to test the one-factor and two-factor structures of the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) suggested by the original version of de Souza et al. [4] and the simplified Chinese version of Yu et al. [11]. The parameters were estimated by the robust diagonally weighted least-squares method, which allows violation of the multivariate normality assumption of the item data. Because the chi-square test is sensitive to sample size and violation of the multivariate normality assumption [23], several goodness-of-fit indices were used to assess the overall fit of the CFA model. Guided by Schermelleh-Engel et al. [23], the following fit indices were chosen: (1) the Satorra-Bentler scaled chi-square statistic to degree of freedom ratio (χ2/df), (2) the root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA), (3) the standardised root-mean-square residual (SRMR), (4) the adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI), (5) the comparative fit index (CFI) and (6) the non-normed fit index (NNFI), which is also called the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI). An acceptable model fit was indicated by a χ2/df value of no greater than 3, an SRMR value of 0.1 or less, an RMSEA value of 0.08 or less, an NNFI score of at least 0.95 and an AGFI or CFI value of at least 0.9 [23].
Convergent validity was tested by determining the correlations between the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC), HRQoL and psychological distress, using the Pearson's correlation coefficient [8, 17, 18]. Known-group validity was evaluated by comparing the average COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) scores among various groups of patients. A previous study demonstrated that individuals who had lower income and higher level of health care use would have higher financial toxicity [8]. Therefore, a t-test was used to compare the mean scores of the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) among patients in various income and health care use groups. All statistical analyses except CFA were performed with IBM SPSS version 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). All statistical tests were two-sided, and the level of significance was set at 0.05.
Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Clinical Research and Ethics Committee of the study institution on 2 October 2018. All eligible subjects received an information sheet with details of the study, their rights regarding participation in the study and withdrawal, and data confidentiality. Each patient who was interested in participating in the study signed a consent form and returned it with the completed questionnaire to the clinical site investigator. The study researchers also sought permission to access the patients' medical records. All information collected about the participants was kept strictly confidential.
Phase 1 results
Content validity and face validity of COST-FACIT-v2 (TC)
The COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) demonstrated good content validity: the I-CVI of the 12 items ranged from 0.8 to 1.0, and the S-CVI was 0.97. Two experts commented that item 4 ('I feel I have no choice about the amount of money I spend on care') would better be written as 'I feel it is necessary for me to spend the amount of money on care', and they thought it would be easily understood by patients. However, the suggested amendment would have reversed the original meaning of the item. After further discussion, the original version was retained. The face validity of the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) established that it could be completed in 15 min. All 20 patients commented that they had no difficulty understanding and answering the questions.
A total of 640 patients consented to participate in this phase of the study and completed the questionnaire. Their mean age was 59.9 years (SD, 11.1), and around two-thirds were female. Nearly 80% were not employed. Most participants lived with their families. The median time since their first diagnosis of disease was 14 months. More than 70% of them had stage III or IV disease. Around 36% and 25% of the cancer patients had breast cancer or gastric and colorectal cancer, respectively. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were the most common treatment types (Table 1).
Table 1 Socio-demographic, disease and medical finance characteristics of the study sample (N = 640)
Internal consistency and test–retest reliability
The Cronbach's alpha value for the scale was 0.86, which indicates good internal consistency, and the ICC was 0.714 (95% confidence interval: 0.545–0.827), which indicates acceptable test–retest reliability.
The COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) total score showed significant correlation with the overall scale and with the subscales of HRQoL and psychological distress. The correlation between the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) and HRQoL ranged between − 0.23 and − 0.42, which indicated a weak-to-moderate negative correlation (weak correlation: r = 0 to − 0.3; moderate correlation: r = − 0.3 to − 0.7; strong correlation: r = − 0.7 to − 1.0) [24] and supported the convergent validity of the scale. The COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) total score also showed a statistically significant moderate positive correlation (0.47) with the distress thermometer (psychological distress) (Table 2).
Table 2 Health-related quality of life and financial toxicity measures and their correlations with COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) total score among the participants
Known-group validity
Known-group validity was established based on the differences in the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) total mean score in different household monthly income groups and health care use groups. The results show that participants with lower monthly household income had higher COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) total mean scores, whereas the reverse was noted in the higher income group. A significant difference in the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) total mean score was also seen among participants who had been admitted to an Accident and Emergency Department (A&E) or a hospital at least once over the past year. A lower overall COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) mean score was noted in those who had not been admitted to A&E or a hospital over the past year (Table 3).
Table 3 Known group comparisons on COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) total score
Factorial validity
Both the one-factor and two-factor structures of the COST-FACIT that have been reported in the literature [4, 11] were evaluated by CFA. The results of the CFA indicated that neither the one-factor structure (χ2 = 639.6, df = 44, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.146; SRMR = 0.093; CFI = 0.91; NNFI = 0.91; AGFI = 0.96) nor the two-factor structure (χ2 = 504.9, df = 43, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.134; SRMR = 0.092; CFI = 0.93; NNFI = 0.93; AGFI = 0.95) satisfactorily fitted the data.
The findings of this study provide some desirable psychometric evidence to support the validity and reliability of the traditional Chinese version of the COST-FACIT-v2 to measure cancer patients' financial toxicity. High I-CVI and S-CVI scores were obtained for this instrument, which indicated the relevance of the concept being measured and the socio-cultural relevance of the tool to be used in the local population and setting.
The reliability of the scale was established with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.86. This finding was comparable to that of the original version [8]. The obtained value was well above the reference value of 0.7, and the high internal consistency indicated the homogeneity of the scale and its strong reliability in various languages. The test–retest reliability of the 11 items in the scale showed an acceptable ICC in the test and retest period, which reflects the stability of the scale. This value was also comparable to that of the original version [8].
The factorial validity of the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) was however not yet established by CFA. Both the one-factor structure reported by the original version of de Souza et al. [4] and the two-factor structure of the simplified Chinese version of Yu et al. [11] were not satisfactorily fitted by our data. Additional studies are warranted to examine its factorial structure.
The most common source of financial support for cancer treatment for the patients in this study was their personal savings, followed by funding under the social security allowance scheme, financial support from their children and personal medical insurance. These finance sources seem sufficient for the expenditures from cancer treatment in the short term. However, patients also considered their long-term expenditures because their savings may eventually be depleted, and their medical insurance may not be adequate to cover the required expenditures thereafter. In addition, most of the patients were not employed during the recruitment period, which further exacerbated their concerns over their ability to pay for further treatment and care. To meet the needs of their present treatment and prepare for the future, patients may have to adopt some coping strategies, such as application for additional financial assistance and reducing expenditures, to cope with the financial burden [25, 26]. It may also be worthwhile for the government to revisit the current financial assistance and the co-payment mechanism under certain funds, such as the Samaritan Fund and the Community Care Fund medical assistance programs [27], to address the financial hardship faced by these patients.
The convergent validity of the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) was supported by its correlation with HRQoL and psychological distress. Consistent with the results of a previous study and review [5, 8], psychological distress showed a positive association with financial toxicity. The presence of correlation showed the instrument's ability to capture the participants' psychological characteristics. The findings also imply that to implement appropriate care and follow-up in a timely manner, health care providers should regularly assess cancer patients' psychological distress from financial toxicity. In addition, a moderate negative correlation was observed between HRQoL and financial toxicity. Cancer patients may adjust their financial needs by reducing their expenditures for basic needs, luxuries and some health-related decisions. Although these adjustments may save money for future treatment expenditures, they may affect their physical and emotional well-being, thereby decreasing HRQoL [25].
The known-group validity was supported by the significant difference obtained in the overall COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) mean score between various income groups and the frequency of using health care services. In this study, the groups with higher household monthly income and those who used fewer health care services had significantly lower overall COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) mean scores, which implies that these patients exhibited more serious financial toxicity. These findings were inconsistent with those obtained in other countries in which co-pay systems are used to reimburse medical costs [8, 28]. This discrepancy could be related to the local provision and choice of available treatment. In Hong Kong, the use of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in public hospitals is heavily subsidized, and patients need only pay the medical fees that cover both in-patient and follow-up attendance. However, some anti-cancer drugs, targeted therapies and immunotherapy are not subsidized by the government, so patients must make financial arrangements themselves if they opt for those treatment methods [28]. Although patients who cannot afford the medication costs may apply for subsidies from funding bodies such as the Samaritan Fund and the Community Care Fund, not all patients meet the eligibility criteria for such schemes [27]. Hence, further studies may be necessary to further examine the association between treatment methods, income level and the use of health care services.
The validated COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) may be a desirable tool in providing rapid assessment of cancer patients' level of financial toxicity. Its good reliability and validity suggest comparability of findings from Hong Kong and communities that use traditional Chinese or have a publicly funded health care system. More importantly, the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) generates important information to health care providers for discussion of treatment plans with patients and helps them estimate the potential costs associated with treatment and care. With such discussions, patients can be referred to appropriate personnel, such as medical social workers or financial counsellors, who can assist them with financial planning and application for or exploration of financial assistance programs that help alleviate patients' financial burden.
Limitations and recommendations
Despite the study's desirable findings, some limitations must be acknowledged. The samples show that most recruited patients had stage IV disease, and only 25% had stage I or II disease. It was possible that patients with stage I and II disease may have had less interest in participation in the study because they may have needed only a single treatment that did not incur high medication costs. Meanwhile, because this study was conducted in public hospitals in which cancer treatments are subsidized by the government, the findings may not be generalizable to other settings, such as private hospitals. As a result, further studies in private settings with larger samples of Chinese patients are warranted. Furthermore, the currently reported one- and two-factor structures of the COST-FACIT in the literature were not satisfactorily fitted by our data, the factorial validity of the COST-FACIT-v2 (TC) has not yet been established in our study population. Further studies are warranted to examine the factorial validity of the scale.
The traditional Chinese version of COST-FACIT-v2 is a valid and reliable instrument that helps health care providers screen for and assess cancer patients' levels of financial toxicity.
The data that support the findings of this study are available upon request, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data.
A&E:
Accident and Emergency Department
COST-FACIT:
COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity
COST-FACIT-v2:
COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (Version 2)
COST-FACIT-v2 (TC):
COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (Version 2)—traditional Chinese
CVI:
Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy
Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General
I-CVI:
Item-content validity index
NNFT:
Non-normed fit index
Root mean square error of approximation
S-CVI:
Scale-content validity index
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Carrera PM, Kantarjian HM, Blinder VS. The financial burden and distress of patients with cancer: understanding and stepping-up action on the financial toxicity of cancer treatment. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(2):153–65.
Gordon LG, Merollini KMD, Lowe A, Chan RJ. A systematic review of financial toxicity among cancer survivors: we can't pay the co-pay. Patient. 2017;10(3):295–309.
de Souza JA, Yap BJ, Hlubocky FJ. The development of a financial toxicity patient-reported outcome in cancer: the COST measure. Cancer. 2014;120(20):3245–53.
Chan RJ, Gordon LG, Tan CJ, Chan A, Bradford NK, Yates P, et al. Relationships between financial toxicity and symptom burden in cancer survivors: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2019;57(3):646–60.
Zhu Z, Xing W, Zhang X, Hu Y, So WKW. Cancer survivors' experiences with financial toxicity: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Psychooncology. 2020;29(6):945–59.
Gordon LG, Merollini K, Lowe A, Chan RJ. Financial toxicity—what it is and how to measure it. Cancer Forum. 2017;41:30–6.
de Souza JA, Yap BJ, Wroblewski K, Blinder V, Araújo FS, Hlubocky FJ, et al. Measuring financial toxicity as a clinically relevant patient-reported outcome: the validation of the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST). Cancer. 2017;123(3):476–84.
FACIT System. COST: a FACIT measure of financial toxicity. 2020. https://wizard.facit.org/index.php?option=com_facit&view=search&searchPerformed=1. Accessed 13 Oct 2020.
Ripamonti CI, Chiesi F, Di Pede P, Guglielmo M, Toffolatti L, Gangeri L, Allocca E. The validation of the Italian version of the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST). Support Care Cancer. 2020;28(9):4477–85.
Yu HH, Bi X, Liu YY. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version on Comprehensive Scores for Financial Toxicity based on the patient-reported outcome measures. Chin J Epidemiol. 2017;38(8):1118–20.
Witte J, Mehlis K, Surmann B, Lingnau R, Damm O, Greiner W, Winkler EC. Methods for measuring financial toxicity after cancer diagnosis and treatment: a systematic review and its implications. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(7):1061–70.
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Webster K, Cella D, Yost K. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Measurement System: properties, applications, and interpretation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:79.
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Kale HP, Carroll NV. Self-reported financial burden of cancer care and its effect on physical and mental health-related quality of life among US cancer survivors. Cancer. 2016;122(8):283–9.
Sharp L, Timmons A. Pre-diagnosis employment status and financial circumstances predict cancer-related financial stress and strain among breast and prostate cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(2):699–709.
O'Donnell E. The distress thermometer: a rapid and effective tool for the oncology social worker. Int J Health Care Qual Assur. 2013;26(4):353–9.
Tang L, Zhang Y, Pang Y, Zhang H, Song L. Validation and reliability of distress thermometer in Chinese cancer patients. Chin J Cancer Res. 2011;23(1):54–8.
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Yu CL, Fielding R, Chan CL, Tse VKC, Choi PHK, Lau WH, Choy DTK, O SK, Lee AWM, Sham JST. Measuring quality of life of Chinese cancer patients: a validation of the Chinese version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) scale. Cancer. 2000;88(7):1715–27.
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Geher G, Hall S. Straightforward statistics: understanding the tools of research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2014.
Schröder SL, Schumann N, Fink A, Richter M. Coping mechanisms for financial toxicity: a qualitative study of cancer patients' experiences in Germany. Support Care Cancer. 2019;28(3):1131–9.
Wright JD. Financial toxicity: a severe but underrecognized side effect for cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol. 2019;154(1):1–2.
Hospital Authority. Fees and Charges. 2019. https://www.ha.org.hk/visitor/ha_visitor_index.asp?Content_ID=10044&Lang=ENG&Dimension=100. Accessed 13 Oct 2020.
Honda K, Gyawali B, Ando M. Prospective survey of financial toxicity measured by the comprehensive score for financial toxicity in Japanese patients with cancer. J Glob Oncol. 2019;5:1–8.
This study was funded by The Chinese University of Hong Kong (reference number: CA-1806). The funding institution provided financial support for the research. The funding institution had no role in the study design, the data collection and analysis, the decision to publish or the preparation of the manuscript.
The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 7/F Esther Lee Building, Shatin, the New Territories, Hong Kong, China
Dorothy N. S. Chan, Kai Chow Choi, Marques S. N. Ng, Bernard M. H. Law & Winnie K. W. So
School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Weijie Xing
Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, China
Pui Shan Ho & Man Tong
Department of Clinical Oncology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
Cecilia Au, Wai Man Ling & Maggie Chan
Department of Clinical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
Mandy Chan & Suzanne S. S. Mak
School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
Raymond J. Chan
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Health, Brisbane, Australia
Dorothy N. S. Chan
Kai Chow Choi
Marques S. N. Ng
Bernard M. H. Law
Pui Shan Ho
Cecilia Au
Mandy Chan
Man Tong
Wai Man Ling
Suzanne S. S. Mak
Winnie K. W. So
DNSC: Interpretation of data and preparation of the draft manuscript. KCC: Data analysis and critical revision of the draft manuscript. MSNN: Interpretation of data and critical revision of the draft manuscript. WX: Design of the study and critical revision of the draft manuscript. BMHL: Interpretation of data and critical revision of the draft manuscript. PSH: Data acquisition and critical revision of the draft manuscript. CA: Data acquisition and critical revision of the draft manuscript. Mandy C: Data acquisition and critical revision of the draft manuscript. MT: Data acquisition and critical revision of the draft manuscript. WML: Data acquisition and critical revision of the draft manuscript. Maggie C: Data acquisition and critical revision of the draft manuscript. SSSM: Data acquisition and critical revision of the draft manuscript. RJC: Conception of the study and critical revision of the draft manuscript. WKWS: Conception and design of the study, funding acquisition and critical revision of the draft manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. In addition, all authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Winnie K. W. So.
This study was approved by The Joint CUHK-NTEC Clinical Research Ethics Committee (reference number: 2018.456) and the institutional research boards of the study sites. All patients provided written informed consent.
All patients provided written informed consent.
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Chan, D.N.S., Choi, K.C., Ng, M.S.N. et al. Translation and validation of the Traditional Chinese version of the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity-Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (Version 2). Health Qual Life Outcomes 19, 17 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01646-z


text:
Q: Typescript error using useReducer and useEffect I've created my reducer function, and I've imported it in my useShowSpell component and using it in useReducer but I'm not sure what the error means when it says No overload matches this call. Here's an image of the error:

Here's the code for my useShowSpell component:
import { useReducer, useEffect } from 'react';
import { apiGet } from '../utils';
import { reducer } from './reducers';

export const useShowSpell = (spellId: string) => {
  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, {
    spell: null,
    isLoading: true,
    error: null,
  });

  useEffect(() => {
    let isMounted = true;

    apiGet(`spells/${spellId}`)
      .then((results) => {
        if (isMounted) {
          dispatch({ type: 'FETCH_SUCCESS', spell: results });
        }
      })
      .catch((err) => {
        if (isMounted) {
          dispatch({ type: 'FETCH_FAIL', error: err.message });
        }
      });

    return () => {
      isMounted = false;
    };
  }, [spellId]);

  return state;
};

And this is what my reducer function currently looks like:
type SpellState = {
  spell?: any;
  isLoading: boolean;
  error?: string;
};

type SpellAction =
  | { type: 'FETCH_SUCCESS'; spell: any }
  | { type: 'FETCH_FAILED'; error: string };

export const reducer = (prevState: SpellState, action: SpellAction) => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case 'FETCH_SUCCESS': {
      return { isLoading: false, error: null, spell: action.spell };
    }

    case 'FETCH_FAILED': {
      return { ...prevState, isLoading: false, error: action.error };
    }

    default:
      return prevState;
  }
};

I'm also getting a secondary error in dispatch({ type: 'FETCH_SUCCESS', spell: results }) in the useShowSpell component where it says Expected 0 arguments, but got 1 and not quite sure why I'm getting this error as well when I'm using useEffect.
Any ideas on why this might be happening? Thanks!

A: *

*The error property is optional, which means it should be undefined or string type. But you assign null to the error property in the reducer.

Change:
case 'FETCH_SUCCESS': {
  return { isLoading: false, error: null, spell: action.spell };
}

To:
case 'FETCH_SUCCESS': {
  return { isLoading: false, spell: action.spell };
}

The error property in the initial state passed to useReducer should be undefined, NOT null.
const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, {
  spell: null,
  isLoading: true,
  error: undefined,
});

*The action type is FETCH_FAILED, NOT FETCH_FAIL. So you should modify it to:

dispatch({ type: 'FETCH_FAILED', error: err.message });

source code: https://github.com/mrdulin/jest-v26-codelab/tree/main/examples/65484084

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Post from Google that provides insight into the difference between CPUs, GPUs and TPUs for AI processing AI. Useful insight if you are considering on-prem AI.
When Google designed the TPU, we built a domain-specific architecture. That means, instead of designing a general purpose processor, we designed it as a matrix processor specialized for neural network work loads. TPUs can't run word processors, control rocket engines, or execute bank transactions, but they can handle the massive multiplications and additions for neural networks, at blazingly fast speeds while consuming much less power and inside a smaller physical footprint.


text:
Home / Katupose pursuing medical degree in India…says football is a short career
Katupose pursuing medical degree in India…says football is a short career
WINDHOEK – Football remains the world's most popular sport code with an estimated four billion fans across the globe, and while many of the beautiful game's top names are the most recognisable faces on the planet, they are many a time not always viewed as citadels of intelligence and responsibility.
Off the pitch and away from the stadium turnstiles, footballers are more famous for living large lifestyles and roving around in top-of-the-range sport cars.
However, as always the case in many instances, there are exceptions to this rule and the intelligence of some footballers may surprise some, and Namibia is alike no exception either.
Former Brave Warriors and Tigers Football Club industrious striker, Muna Katupose, is a man on a serious academic mission and will stop at nothing to annihilate the misplaced perception that footballers are destined to become vagrants once their playing days are over. The highly experienced 30-year old enterprising front man, who had stints with the Namibia Premier League (NPL) outfits Black Africa, African Stars, Tigers, Eleven Arrows, Oshakati City and Unam FC, also enjoyed a remarkable career with the national senior team, spanning well over a decade which saw him being part of Namibia's 2008 Africa Cup of Nations (Afcon) squad.
Muna, a twin brother to local football star Tara Katupose, has been in India since May last year pursuing a degree in Medical Radiology and Technology at that country's CT University in Punjab and is set to complete his studies in the next five years.
Speaking to New Era Sport, he explained that football is a short career and the need to have contingency plans is important for any footballer or sport person in general. "Sport, in general, is a short career that can end in a blink of an eye. You might be in an accident and not play anymore and that's where education comes in handy," said Katupose.
He was speaking to this publication on what it takes to be a footballer in Namibia and the necessary plans footballers should have to best secure their futures.
"You must never rely on football alone, especially in Namibia. Just imagine like right now, there hasn't been any football activities for a whole year and 90% of players rely on the salaries they get from their respective teams but since there is no football going on, it means no salaries will be coming in for them," highlighted Katupose.
A teacher by profession, he advised fellow footballers to have other options in place, suggesting those with lower grades can alternatively go to institutions such as Vocational Training Centres (VTCs).
Katupose added that he decided to further his studies in order to live a better life and provide a secure future for his family.
"It's better to have something that can make your life easier, for example, a good qualification will give you a good job which can help you earn more. I'm doing all this for my kids in future and my mother who sacrificed a lot securing a future for me," he said.
"Education is the key to success. Please, fellow players, get out of your comfort zones and do something that will benefit you after your playing days are over. The sad part about Namibian teams is that if one gets injured, they forget about you and that leaves players in a tough ordeal of having to foot and sort out their own medical bills, which tend to be way harder and difficult to bear when one doesn't have medical aid. This is why it is always important to have a back-up plan," he advised.
With an extensive background in teaching, after completing an education degree at the University of Namibia (Unam), Katupose revealed that was not his original future plan.
"Before studying for the education degree, I was accepted for Radiology at Unam and studied it for four months before quitting due to financial constraints. I opted for education because I was offered a government loan. I decided to take up all the time and save up for the Radiology course, which I am paying out of my own pocket right now."
Katupose is not the only footballer locally who has a career off the pitch. Brave Warriors former captain Ronald "Stigga" Ketjijere has since become an established lawyer by profession, while ex Black Africa's Quinton Kuruseb embarked on a career in Auditing.
Meanwhile, former Civics and Ramblers striker Alfred Ndyenge is an established entrepreneur, who is venturing into retail and lifestyle enhancement. Likewise, former Blue Waters talisman Knowledge Ipinge was recently voted councillor for Walvis Bay Urban constituency and remains a dedicated businessman.
Sport women with careers off the pitch
As much as sport is male dominated in Namibia, there are few women who have either embarked on the journey of fostering and penetrating into the industry through education. Former Brave Gladiator captions Helvi Eliakim and Stacy Naris always made sure their studies came first despite their first love being football.
"During my teaching career, I fell in love with sport but I decided to go back to school again because education is and will always be key. As a footballer, I picked up an injury and I have to thank education as it was my fall back zone. I would advise my sisters in different sport codes to take it upon themselves to get some kind of academic qualifications," said Eliakim, a teacher by profession who is now a full time student at the Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST) pursuing Sports Management.
Meanwhile, Naris completed her degree at Namibia NUST in Communications, she has decided to use it in something she loves and is now the acting Secretary General of the Namibian Football Players Union (Nafpu), contracted as a Communications Officer.
New Era Sport also established that U/20 national player Carmel Donn is currently a final year student about to obtain her pilot license, while Brave Gladiators' coach Mamie Kasaona is a teacher by profession at Berthold Himumuine Primary School in Katutura.


text:
namespace base::mac {

namespace internal {

struct ScopedLaunchDataTraits {
  static launch_data_t InvalidValue() { return nullptr; }
  static void Free(launch_data_t ldt) { launch_data_free(ldt); }
};

}  // namespace internal

// Just like std::unique_ptr<> but for launch_data_t.
using ScopedLaunchData =
    ScopedGeneric<launch_data_t, internal::ScopedLaunchDataTraits>;

}  // namespace base::mac

#pragma clang diagnostic pop  // -Wdeprecated-declarations

#endif  // BASE_MAC_SCOPED_LAUNCH_DATA_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
page_title: "Common Ansible Options - Provisioning"
sidebar_current: "provisioning-ansible-common"
---

# Shared Ansible Options

The following options are available to both Ansible provisioners:

 - [`ansible`](/v2/provisioning/ansible.html)
 - [`ansible_local`](/v2/provisioning/ansible_local.html)

These options get passed to the `ansible-playbook` command that ships with Ansible, either via command line arguments or environment variables, depending on Ansible own capabilities.

Some of these options are for advanced usage only and should not be used unless you understand their purpose.

- `extra_vars` (string or hash) - Pass additional variables (with highest priority) to the playbook.

  This parameter can be a path to a JSON or YAML file, or a hash.

  Example:

    ```ruby
    ansible.extra_vars = {
      ntp_server: "pool.ntp.org",
      nginx: {
        port: 8008,
        workers: 4
      }
    }
    ```
  These variables take the highest precedence over any other variables.

- `host_vars` (hash) - Set of inventory host variables to be included in the [auto-generated inventory file](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/intro_inventory.html#host-variables).

  Example:

    ```ruby
    ansible.host_vars = {
      "host1" => {"http_port" => 80,
                  "maxRequestsPerChild" => 808},
      "host2" => {"http_port" => 303,
                  "maxRequestsPerChild" => 909}
    }
    ```

  Notes:

    - This option has no effect when the `inventory_path` option is defined.

- `groups` (hash) - Set of inventory groups to be included in the [auto-generated inventory file](/v2/provisioning/ansible_intro.html).

  Example:

    ```ruby
    ansible.groups = {
      "web" => ["vm1", "vm2"],
      "db"  => ["vm3"]
    }
    ```
  Example with [group variables](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/intro_inventory.html#group-variables):

    ```ruby
    ansible.groups = {
      "atlanta" => ["host1", "host2"],
      "atlanta:vars" => {"ntp_server" => "ntp.atlanta.example.com",
                         "proxy" => "proxy.atlanta.example.com"}
    }
    ```

  Notes:

    - Alphanumeric patterns are not supported (e.g. `db-[a:f]`, `vm[01:10]`).
    - This option has no effect when the `inventory_path` option is defined.

- `inventory_path` (string) - The path to an Ansible inventory resource (e.g. a [static inventory file](http://docs.ansible.com/intro_inventory.html), a [dynamic inventory script](http://docs.ansible.com/intro_dynamic_inventory.html) or even [multiple inventories stored in the same directory](http://docs.ansible.com/intro_dynamic_inventory.html#using-multiple-inventory-sources)).

  By default, this option is disabled and Vagrant generates an inventory based on the `Vagrantfile` information.

- `galaxy_command` (template string) - The command pattern used to install Galaxy roles when `galaxy_role_file` is set.

  The following (optional) placeholders can be used in this command pattern:
    - `%{role_file}` is replaced by the absolute path to the `galaxy_role_file` option
    - `%{roles_path}` is
      - replaced by the absolute path to the `galaxy_roles_path` option when such option is defined, or
      - replaced by the absolute path to a `roles` subdirectory sitting in the `playbook` parent directory.

  By default, this option is set to

  `ansible-galaxy install --role-file=%{role_file} --roles-path=%{roles_path} --force`

- `galaxy_role_file` (string) - The path to the Ansible Galaxy role file.

  By default, this option is set to `nil` and Galaxy support is then disabled.

  Note: if an absolute path is given, the `ansible_local` provisioner will assume that it corresponds to the exact location on the guest system.

- `galaxy_roles_path` (string) - The path to the directory where Ansible Galaxy roles must be installed

  By default, this option is set to `nil`, which means that the Galaxy roles will be installed in a `roles` subdirectory located in the parent directory of the `playbook` file.

- `limit` (string or array of strings) - Set of machines or groups from the inventory file to further control which hosts [are affected](http://docs.ansible.com/glossary.html#limit-groups).

  The default value is set to the machine name (taken from `Vagrantfile`) to ensure that `vagrant provision` command only affect the expected machine.

  Setting `limit = "all"` can be used to make Ansible connect to all machines from the inventory file.

- `raw_arguments` (array of strings) - a list of additional `ansible-playbook` arguments.

  It is an *unsafe wildcard* that can be used to apply Ansible options that are not (yet) supported by this Vagrant provisioner. As of Vagrant 1.7, `raw_arguments` has the highest priority and its values can potentially override or break other Vagrant settings.

  Example: `['--check', '-M /my/modules']`).

- `skip_tags` (string or array of strings) - Only plays, roles and tasks that [*do not match* these values will be executed](http://docs.ansible.com/playbooks_tags.html).

- `start_at_task` (string) - The task name where the [playbook execution will start](http://docs.ansible.com/playbooks_startnstep.html#start-at-task).

- `sudo` (boolean) - Cause Ansible to perform all the playbook tasks [using sudo](http://docs.ansible.com/glossary.html#sudo).

  The default value is `false`.

- `sudo_user` (string) - set the default username who should be used by the sudo command.

- `tags` (string or array of strings) - Only plays, roles and tasks [tagged with these values will be executed](http://docs.ansible.com/playbooks_tags.html) .

- `verbose` (boolean or string) - Set Ansible's verbosity to obtain detailed logging

  Default value is `false` (minimal verbosity).

  Examples: `true` (equivalent to `v`), `-vvv` (equivalent to `vvv`), `vvvv`.

  Note that when the `verbose` option is enabled, the `ansible-playbook` command used by Vagrant will be displayed.

- `vault_password_file` (string) - The path of a file containing the password used by [Ansible Vault](http://docs.ansible.com/playbooks_vault.html#vault).


text:
St Colm's Chapel, Burwick, South Ronaldsay
ND 441 842	(accurate position)
St Mary's Church, Burwick, North Ronaldsay (0.06 miles)
St Mary's Church, South Ronaldsay (Orkney) (0.06 miles)
South Ronaldsay St Mary's, former parish (ORK) (0.12 miles)
Our Lady's Chapel, Halcro, South Ronaldsay (1.43 miles)
St John's Geo, South Ronaldsay (1.43 miles)
On what was an island in Burwick Loch, now largely drained (NMRS).
Within South Ronaldsay, modern parish (Orkney)
Adjacent St Mary's Church, Burwick, North Ronaldsay
St Colm's Chapel
St Colm's Chapel 1843, OS 6 inch first edn.
Columb Cille m. Feidlimid (probable)


One thing that makes AtD so powerful is using the right tool for the right job. AtD uses a rule-based approach to find some errors and a statistical approach to find others. The misused word detection feature is the heaviest user of the statistical approach.
Last week I made great progress on the misused word detection making it look at the two words (trigrams) before the phrase in question instead of just one (bigrams). There were several memory challenges to get past to make this work in production, but it happened and I was happy with the results.
Before this, I just looked at the one word before and after the current word. All well and good but for certain kinds of words (too/to, their/there, your/you're) this proved useless as it almost always guessed wrong. For these words I moved to a rule-based approach. Rules are great because they work and they're easy to make. The disadvantage of rules is a lot of them are required to get broad coverage of the errors people really make. The statistical approach is great because it can pick up more cases.
Wrong verb tense (irregular verbs only) – Writers tend to have trouble with irregular verbs as each case has to be memorized. Native English speakers aren't too bad but those just learning have a lot of trouble with these. An example set would be throw vs. threw vs. thrown vs. throws vs. throwing.
Agreement errors (irregular nouns only) – Irregular nouns are nouns that have plural and singular cases one has to memorize. You can't just add an s to convert them. An example is die vs. dice.
Confused words – And finally there are several confused words that the statistical approach just didn't do much good for. These include it's/its, their/there, and where/were.
You'll notice that each of these types of errors relies on fixed words with a fixed set of alternatives. Perfect for use with the misused word detection technology.
My next step was to generate datasets for training and evaluating a neural network for each of these errors. With this data I then trained the neural network and compared the test results of this neural network (Problem AI) to how the misused word detector (Misused AI) did as-is against these types of errors. The results surprised me.
So, my instinct was at least validated. There was a big improvement going from bigrams to trigrams… just not big enough. What surprised me from these results is how close the AI trained for detecting the misused words performed to the AI trained for the problem at hand.
So one this experiment showed there is no need to train a separate model for dealing with these other classes of errors. There is a slight accuracy difference but it's not significant enough to justify a separate model.
The experiment shows that all I need (in theory) is a higher bias to protect against false positives. With higher biasing in place (my target is always <0.05% false positives), I decided to run this feature against real writing to see what kind of errors it finds. This is an important step because the tests come from fabricated data. If the mechanism fails to find meaningful errors in a real corpus of writing then it's not worth adding to AtD.
Unfortunately, most of the errors are noise. The confused words and nouns have similar stories.
The misused word detection is my favorite feature in AtD. I like it because it catches a lot of errors with little effort on my part. I was hoping to get the same win catching verb tenses and other errors. This experiment showed misused word detection is fine for picking a better fit from a set and I don't need to train separate models for different types of errors. This gives me another tool to use when creating rules and also gives me a flexible tool to use when trying to mine errors from raw text.
Welcome to After the Deadline Sing-A-Long. I'm constantly trying different experiments to catch my (and occasionally your) writing errors. When AtD is open sourced, you can play along at home. Read on to learn more.
Today, I'm starting a new series on this blog where I will show off experiments I'm conducting with AtD and sharing the code and ideas I use to make them happen. I call this After the Deadline Sing-A-Long. My hope is when I finally tar up the sourcecode and make AtD available, you can replicate some of these experiments, try your own ideas, have a discovery, and send them to me.
One of the mistakes I make most is to accidentally add an 's' to a word making it plural when I really wanted it to be singular. My idea? Why not take every plural verb and noun and convert them to their singular form and see if the singular form is a statistically better fit.
AtD rules each exist on their own line and consist of declarations separated by two colons. The first declaration is a pattern that represents the phrase this rule should match. It can consist of one or more [word pattern]/[tag pattern] sequences. The tag pattern is the part-of-speech (think noun, verb, etc.). After the pattern comes the named declarations. The word= declaration is what I'm suggesting in place of the matched phrase. Here I'm converting any plural noun or verb to a singular form. The pivots specify the parts of the phrase that have changed to inform that statistical filtering I mentioned earlier.
There are several people I never had a chance to thanks publicly.
After the Deadline is a tool to finds errors and correct them.
And that was that. After I ran the experiment against a more substantial amount of text, I found too many phrases were flagged incorrectly and I didn't find many legitimate errors of this type. If I don't see many obvious mistakes when applying a rule against several books, blogs, and online discussions–I ignore the rule.