How deceptive postcard pictures can be. A small, sleepy town nestled in the green pastures of quiet, quaint Switzerland; a large family devoted to the craft business founded by their great grandfather; a pleasant, soft-spoken couple, Carl and his wife Veronika Elsener, at the head of the family affair. Welcome to Ibach, a small town of just over 4,000 inhabitants in the Swiss German-speaking canton of Schwyz.
It is here, at the very heart of the historic cradle of Switzerland that the Elseners run their family business. The region is often regarded as one of the most old-fashioned, primordial, if not plainly conservative regions of an already conservative country. When an interview is arranged to know more about the company, Carl and his wife Veronika come together as the representative members of a family of eleven siblings, many of whom work for the company. It all sounds like your textbook family legacy walk in the field. But we are in for a big surprise. Carl Elsener, the man who heads Victorinox, of Swiss Army knife fame, is soft-spoken indeed, and tends to sound more sweet than aggressively entrepreneurial when he describes, with a smile, Victorinox as "a box full of surprises". But in truth he is nothing less than a brilliant businessman who managed to make his very Swiss company, as he likes to describe it himself, a very successful one by any national and international standards.
It all began in 1884 when Elsener's great grandfather, Karl Elsener – after which his great grandson is named – opened his own cutlery business in Ibach having earned his spurs in Paris and Southern Germany as a journeyman. The tough economic conditions of the 1880s had forced many Swiss to emigrate, and Elsener was hoping to provide jobs to his fellow-countrymen, and to do so on the long term, a mindset that remained the cornerstone of the company structure. The company very early on became the official supplier of knives to the Swiss Army, and in 1909 started to use the very Swiss symbol of the cross and the shield to clearly differentiate its products from those of its competitors. A brand was born. To this day, all Victorinox products bear the same identifiable emblem, so reminiscent of the Swiss flag that one would be forgiven for assuming that Swiss Army knives and other Victorinox products are actually produced by the Swiss government itself in an attempt to capitalise of what must be one of the world's most instantly recognisable flags.
What was at first a simple move aimed at making the product stand out among others has become, under Carl Elsener, in the fourth generation, a very clear and conscious marketing strategy. Interestingly, Victorinox's competitor Wenger used their symbol of the cross as well on all its products without either of the two companies ever dreaming of changing their respective logo, Finally Victorinox bought out its competitor a few years ago.
Elsener recalls how his company was traditionally "all about the product", manufacturing and providing the best knives possible to the Swiss and US armies, business partners and the general public. "Victorinox was not so much about the marketing," says Elsener, who quickly saw the branding potential of a high-quality Swiss product. Ever since the Second World War, the US had become the single most important market, with the US Army, Air Force and Marines all using Victorinox knives. Those clients held Victorinox in high regard, and the Elseners, who were starting to feel the need to branch out from the star product focus, sensed that it was time to capitalise on this good image. Elsener seized the opportunity when his American distributor came to pay a visit to Switzerland and, impressed by the country's watchmaking, asked about the possibility of producing watches with that quintessentially Victorinox cross and shield on them. Worried about what would become of Victorinox if "Asia was ever to find a way to produce good quality knives while maintaining their low prices," Carl Elsener knew it was time to diversify and that relying solely on one product was becoming too risky. "I figured customers would always be willing to pay a little bit more for high quality products, especially if it comes from a brand they identify with," he says softly.
Carl Elsener tellingly notes that it was "time to invest in the brand". Watches, often identified as a "pure" Swiss product, stamped with the high quality image of Switzerland, seemed like "the right direction to go," and in 1989, Victorinox launched its watch range. The Elseners did not stop there. As Veronika Elsener explains, "we really wanted to open up our minds".
And opening up they did, identifying the products that could be brought under the Victorinox name without diluting the brand power, but instead reinforcing it. "It looked to us as if watches, outdoor equipment and clothes would be accepted as natural Victorinox products," says Elsener. And so 1999 saw the birth of a travel gear line. Not the one to toot his own horn, Elsener gentle tone belies the fact that this was indeed a truly bold decision.
It took vision and guts to sense and implement the branding potential of the family business and then to achieve the right balance between selling – when your company is product-focused – and branding – when you are all about the image. Elsener's advantage was that the new products for the market were as high quality as the knives that had made the brand's reputation. Like many other company managers today in Switzerland, he also knew how to leverage the business's Swissness for marketing purposes. "Brand" is a word that he and his wife use repeatedly, as they have clearly understood its power and use it to the company's advantage.
But there is more than just good marketing savvy in the Elseners' story; when Carl Elsener enthuses that "brands are something people identify with" and that Victorinox exudes Swiss values like high quality and professionalism, what one really feels is how the Elseners are their brand. Their passion, devotion and trust in what they produce go well beyond any calculated PR talk. Victorinox is the Elseners, and the Elseners are Victorinox in the most positive sense: they nurture their company and their brand by being truly innovative, exploring new possibilities, and venturing into new products. This might be why Victorinox' branding turned out to play such a crucial role in the expansion of the company, and why the new products actually reinforced the power of the core brand. As Scott Bedbury, the man who has been credited with building the brands of Nike and Starbucks, says: "A great brand taps into emotions. Emotions drive most, if not all, of our decisions. A brand reaches out with a powerful connecting experience. It's an emotional connecting point that transcends the product." The South African publication The Entrepreneur Magazine notes that, "if you go back and look at the history of any great brand, from a large or small company, you will find people who are super passionate about their work underlying the brand. In some way that passion transcends into the product and into the experience that the customer has when using that product… A truly passionate entrepreneur is something very special." Not only did the Elseners tap into the Swissness of their company to help developing it, but they truly believe in and embody this Swissness themselves and they are clearly passionate about it. What could be perceived as a calculated and clever move to use their country's image actually comes naturally to them.
It was obviously the right move. Swissness has become a competitive advantage in itself. Over time, it has come to embody a mix of luxury, excellence, quality, and trust that are thought, rightly or not, to emanate from anything originating from Switzerland. The products that leverage that Swissness aspect benefit from a very positive image that enable them to win and keep customers while positioning themselves at the higher end of the market in terms of price. This is actually so effective that the Swiss government has been in the process of revising the criteria for using the designation Swiss made or even emblematic images. The new regulations should make it harder for companies to actually use these terms. An innovative entrepreneur at the head of a family business, Elsener perfectly understood this, echoing the words of Richard Branson, CEO of Virgin and someone who happens to know a little bit about branding: "A brand is more than a name or a logo – it is a promise and a contract with every customer with whom you are dealing." And for the next decade, the Elseners resolutely honoured their contract and drove up the success of the company.
A few years into the diversification of the product range, distributors started to ask the company about licensing possibilities. Here again, the Elseners were careful to remain true to their business's core values, selecting only high-end distributors, issuing very strict guidelines about the use of the Victorinox brand and the products' quality. Risk-taking and innovative entrepreneurship seemed to be paying off, and the Elseners did not flinch when Cutlery World, one of their most important clients in the US, went bankrupt. They put on their innovation cap instead, reflecting on the best way to keep on reach- ing their US customers, and decided to launch their own retail chain. Elsener humorously remarks that "we could not fill up shops only with knives," again a very matter-offact observation that led to the launch of the Victorinox clothes line in 1999. The Elseners' pioneering approach was to culminate with the opening of the Victorinox flagship store in New York sometime during the month of September 2001, right in Soho, the city's trendy neighbourhood. But something else happened that month; something that would derail Victorinox from its successful course.
The images of the September 11, 2001 attacks are still vivid in everybody's mind. Beyond the obvious and immediate suffering of those who lost family or friends that day, the attacks sent shockwaves from New York directly through the global economy. The effects were short-lived in the end, but the airline industry took a severe and more lasting hit. After 9/11 airlines operated and people travelled differently.
The most obvious and visible consequence was a drastic change in air travel regulations to prevent that planes could ever be used as potential weapons again. Airlines' bookings were directly affected, as were the travellers who kept on flying and now had to face long waiting queues. But 9/11 and the radical change of airlines regulations that followed also made collateral victims thousands of kilometres away from the US. As airlines forbade to carry knives on board, Victorinox, for which the US was the most important market, witnessed an almost overnight decline of 30 percent in its turnover. Business to business sales also decreased sharply, as Swiss Army knives were now perceived as an inappropriate gift in the US – the terrorists had used simple box cutters to hijack the planes. "Watches helped to compensate the drop a little bit, but it was indeed a very difficult time," admits Carl Elsener in his usual even tone, which does not give away the number of sleepless nights one assumes the Elseners must have gone through trying to find ways of saving their business. This task was even made more complex by the Elseners' resolute decision not to let one person working for their company go.
It is very telling that in a time when most company CEOs would decide that they have no choice but to fire employees in order to save the company – all the more so if the business is a family one you are strongly attached to and would save at any cost – the Elseners concluded that this was to be avoided. The explanation for this once again lies in the clear, unwavering attachment and respect the Elsener family displays for the values on which their business is built. Employment opportunities were after all what Karl Elsener had in mind when he founded the company, and it only seemed natural to the Elseners to respect this principle. Renouncing redundancies meant that to save the company they had to come up with a more savvy solution than cut, cut and cut more.
A little deeper and counterintuitive thinking goes a long way. Victorinox froze hiring, cancelled overtime and reduced shifts by 15 minutes. Employees were encouraged to take vacation, sometimes in advance of when it was due. Stocks, an issue that can end up being very costly to a business, especially one in a precarious situation, were easily managed, as Elsener notes with a wry smile: "Luckily, knives do not take a lot of space to stock up." One of the most innovative measures saw the company's senior managers approaching other companies in the Ibach region to ask if they needed highly qualified workers temporarily. Elsener estimates that 60 to 90 Victorinox employees were lent that way to other businesses in the region for periods ranging from three to six months. Thanks to these measures, Victorinox managed to keep all the employees on its payroll. Most of the anti-crisis measures were in place for about two years. But Victorinox did not just remain reactive during this period, it also managed to create new opportunities to accelerate its progress towards recovery. The company speeded up its investments in new products, such as watches to sell in airports instead of pocket knives, and towards new markets such as Russia, China and India to lessen its dependence on a particular product, the knife, and sales channel, the US.
So did it work? Victorinox did not simply survive the 2001 crisis, it actually – once again in the history of the company – turned it to its advantage by using it as a means to create new business opportunities. It kept on making profits and expanding, opening its first European flagship store on London's New Bond Street in 2008 and its first Swiss flagship store in Geneva in 2010, always high-end retail locations.
The company is now venturing into new territories with the launch of a new luggage line, a new product that still embodies the values of the brand, "quality, innovation, functionality and iconic design", Elsener proudly enumerates. The Elseners's crisis management proved to be so successful that it actually became a case-study within business schools, with the Financial Times running a piece on it and remarking that the company had not only avoided bankruptcy, it had "also consolidated the loyalty of its workforce and diversified into various new product lines, including watches, travel gear, fragrances and fashion – many of which could still be sold in its traditional outlet of airports. These new product lines continued to carry the top quality image of the Victorinox brand and represented up to 60 per cent of company turnover composition in 2009".
What Carl Elsener demonstrated was an unwavering belief in his brand, and that the almost platitudinous crisis- opportunity sequence was not just a tired buzzword. He used the hard economic times "to renew the company and to keep on being relevant in the market"; his wife remarks that a "new blood" was needed and that "new markets demanded changes in the management style". Here again, their "power of the brand" credo was put to good use. The Financial Times notes that "having committed workers who understand and share the company mission is the goal of many businesses. But few achieve this. Victorinox is one of the exceptions. The secret lies in the consistency the company has always demonstrated. Victorinox has matched its words about cultural values with actions. It created some employee-oriented management systems, such as long-term employment, training and development opportunities, and an integration policy that aims to better incorporate young and older workers, immigrants and people with disabilities into its workforce. It maintains a 5:1 salary ratio between the highest-paid and average-paid workers. Most important, Victorinox stuck to its founder's credo in bad times as well as good. This is how Victorinox wins commitment from its workers and was able to develop new top quality products, such as its new line of luggage, that achieved the same excellence".
No small compliment coming from one of the most respected financial newspapers around. And it all goes back to those core family values that the Elseners staunchly defend. "We are a company of nine hundred people that actually feel like they are part of a family", says Carl Elsener, "and this feeling actually became even stronger after the 9/11 events". The Elseners even go as far as praising the "Christian values" passed within the family as a reason behind this resounding success, a speech that would normally raise eyebrows within the business community and beyond. But the Elseners are everything but conservative bigots. For them, Christian values on the contrary mean taking care of their employees and ensuring the future of the family business is secure, values often overlooked in modern management practices. "The future of the company is always paramount," stresses Elsener, "and we do not consider ourselves owners of the brand, but rather responsible for it". This is a rather striking thing to say, and something seldom heard within the business community. It is nonetheless a managerial attitude more and more people, among the general public but also in political circles, would like to see replicated. When the 2008 crisis broke, many expressed disgust at a financial system that seemed to be profoundly disconnected from reality or for that matter from any kind of positive values, and heads of government around the globe called for an overhaul of the system to finally achieve "responsible capitalism".
The company is more than just another business selling Swiss-made items. The Victorinox story above all shakes any misconceptions one could have had about what seems at first a traditional family business centred around an almost folkloric product. It also ultimately pushes us to revise our misconceptions about Switzerland in general, a country generally thought of as somewhat quaint and stodgy, old-fashioned, even comical. In March last year, the renowned Economist issued a harsh piece on Switzerland, stating that "bored and frustrated financiers were homesick for grimy, high-tax London," a nostalgia wave apparently entirely induced by the "oppressiveness" of Switzerland, perceived as boring and monotonous, to the point that even a lower tax bill could not console depressed foreign traders. One of them, moving his business back to London, assured that "the best training for young traders is on the dealing floor of one of the big London-based banks", which prompted the magazine to conclude that "size, it seems, is still a big advantage".
Yet the country has more to offer than what meets the eye of the dispirited expatriate. According to the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) in 2010, Switzerland was a leader amongst innovative countries in Europe. Its performance in innovation grew four percent above the average rate. The EIS explains that these results reflect "a balanced innovation system with a strong position to compete globally. Switzerland scored especially well in the field of registering international patents. Moreover, it also distinguished itself by a particularly high rate of employment in cognitive activities and the proportion above average of innovative SME and high-tech products exports". Switzerland appears to be "an agile economy, standing out in European competition and which can rely on the expertise of top universities and research in Switzerland. It has clearly imposed itself as an economy of specialised knowledge and highly skilled professionals".
The success story of Victorinox proves that in Switzerland business can be innovative and risk-taking while at the same time respectful of what people around the country regard as "Swiss" values: quality, client service and very good employment conditions, among others. Victorinox and other Swiss companies, be they well-known large multinationals or thriving SME, show that competitiveness and profitability can be sustained and even expanded without having to make sacrifices to the demands of harsh capitalism. A revolution might be taking place in Ibach, albeit a very Swiss revolution, quiet and civilised. Maybe some postcard pictures are not so far from the truth after all.
Could it be that Victorinox actually found the winning formula to save the system from its own egregious self? The concept of responsible capitalism is gaining ground and has been defended for quite some time by Professor Michael Porter from Harvard Business School, who developed the idea of "shared value" in the Harvard Business Review earlier this year. Porter's notion of shared value embodies the connection that exists between societal and economic progress, a link that has not only been overlooked but also undermined by what Porter calls the "current capitalism outdated approach to creating value". Porter sees a true "hunger for purpose" within the business community and beyond, that capitalism in its current, most usual incarnation does not seem to fulfil, as expressed by the general public outcry on the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. Because "business is profiting at the expense of society, consumers and employees," argues Porter, "capitalism is being increasingly seen with suspicion and even hostility". According to Michael Porter, most companies around the world keep on viewing value creation narrowly, optimising short-term financial performance in a bubble removed from societal needs, ignoring the broader influences that determine a company's long-term success. "How else," wonders Porter, "could companies think that simply shifting activities to locations with lower wages is a sustainable solution to competitive challenges?" A move, incidentally, that Victorinox never had to consider, and that has most probably never even entered the mind of the Elseners.
This "old, narrow" view of capitalism advocates that business contributes to society by simply making a profit, which in turn supports employment, wages, purchases, investments and taxes. This is the view defended by Milton Friedman and a line of argument Porter deems as completely disconnected from current society's needs, as the logic behind Friedman's thinking puts financial profit-making above anything else and prevents managers from understanding that a company can create economic value by creating societal value. It is actually what could guarantee its longevity and success in the long run, as a narrow conception of capitalism actually halts its course to achieving its full potential. According to Porter, the "socalled trade-off between economic efficiency and social progress" is what creates artificial limits to what capitalism could bring about to society as a whole. Even the "corporate social responsibility mindset," as Porter puts it, fails to grasp the true possibilities of capitalism since it puts societal issues "at the periphery rather than at the core".
When Porter calls for "a more sophisticated form of capitalism imbued with social purpose, one that should arise not from charity but rather out of a deeper understanding of competition and economic value creation," those familiar with the Victorinox success story cannot help but see how the Swiss company embeds Porter's notions of shared value and societal capitalism, and furthermore, how it actually contributed to the company's success and general profit sustainability. Carl Elsener truly echoes the ideas of Michael Porter when he enthuses about the values of the family company, how relevant they still are to their today's business and how central they are to the day-to-day management of the company: from the products' high quality to human resources management, everything at Victorinox is a reflection of values the Elseners have identified as being in total harmony with their business environment and history.
It is a persuasive illustration of how the type of capitalism advocated by Michael Porter and others can actually be successful in pure economic terms but also in societal terms. A German journalist touring the Victorinox facilities in Ibach was amazed to hear employees saying that working at Victorinox was "quite close to paradise". And it must be, since the company can pride itself in employing 43 people that have been with Victorinox for 50 years, and 101 that have been with the company for 40 years, nothing short of exceptional in today's business environment. Furthermore, and as a perfect illustration of Porter's argumentation, Elseners' view on business conduct not only contributes to the company's present success but also enables the family to secure its future. The eleven Elseners siblings have managed to agree on putting their company's shares in a foundation to ensure that the family business will not be the victim of potential familial bickering. This guarantees not only that Victorinox can remain financially independent, but also that the brand or company does not disappear in the event of an inheritance dispute. And finally, 15 percent of the foundation finances are dedicated to the support of "qualitative projects all around the world," as Carl Elsener discreetly calls them.
1884 — Karl Elsener opens his cutlery business in Ibach-Schwyz.
1945 — After the Second World War, the PX stores of the U.S. Army, Marines and Air Force sell large numbers of the "Swiss Officer's Knife" to their officers and soldiers. The Ameri cans call it "Swiss Army Knife" for short. This term is adopted in all English-speaking countries.
1999 — Victorinox strengthens the brand and broadens its appeal with the Travel Gear line.
2000 — Establishment of the Victorinox Foundation to provide job security in the long term and to ensure financial independence.
2001 — All five Victorinox product categories (pocket tools, household and professional knives, timepieces, travel gear and fashion) are presented for the first time together in a flagship store in Soho, New York.
2005 — Takeover of Wenger SA, Delémont (CH), a knife manufacturer since 1893 and also a supplier to the Swiss Army.
2008 — First European f lagship store in New Bond Street, London.
2009 — Victorinox has a global workforce of over 1,700 and generates sales of about CHF 500 million.


View CCTV security cameras installed at multiple remote DVR locations with iDVR-PRO CMS software for Windows PCs. CMS software is basically surveillance DVR viewer software that can connect to more than one DVR simultaneously. This software is included with all iDVR-PRO CCTV DVRs.
In this video I demonstrate how to remotely view security cameras that are installed at different locations using the iDVR-PRO CMS software for Windows. I will be connecting to two separate systems in this demo. First I have CCTV cameras mounted on my house that are connected to an iDVR-PRO 16A model surveillance DVR, and I have a similar setup at the office where we also have cameras recording to an iDVR-PRO.
To get started I'm going to double click on the iDVR-PRO CMS icon to launch the software. Once it starts up it prompts you for a login. I'm going to use the default admin user. Additional users can be set up for limited views and things like that. We're not going to go into that in this video. First screen you're brought to is the setup screen. If not, click on the setup tab and then that configuration gear. Go down to this configuration window and click on the configuration folder. Then click add. We're going to add our first DVR.
The first one I'm going to add is the DVR at the office so I'm just going to name this device office and add the host name, where it's located, the port that it's running on, and then the admin user ID and password, and leave the auto connection checkbox checked. Click okay; that one's added. I'm going to add the second one, which is my home surveillance system. I'll call that one home and I'll enter the host name where that DVR is located, the port it's running on, and the admin user ID and password, and leave auto connection checked. Click okay.
Then when I click apply down here in the lower right the software will connect to both of those devices. It will say connected in that device data field. If not, you might have entered some information wrong so just double check that. Then I'm going to come over here to the views and I'm going to create a private view. I click on that folder and then click on a new group. I'm going to call this group home plus office. Then within a group you can configure one or more views. The first view that I'm going to configure is going to be a six camera view. It's going to consist of three cameras from the office surveillance system, so I'll choose three cameras there, and then also three cameras from the home surveillance system, so I'll choose three of the cameras from my home system.
After the view is configured you can test it by clicking on the live tab in the upper left, and the software connects to those DVRs and shows the live streaming view from all six cameras that are configured. I can get a bigger view if I want by hiding that menu on the left by clicking on the arrow. Then I can bring that menu back just by clicking on it again and it expands again. Let's configure a couple additional views in that private group.
If I go in here I can just configure additional views. I click on that plus box and then I'm going to configure a three camera view. I'll name this office only. Then you can go down to your camera list and choose the cameras you want for this view, so we'll choose the office DVR, and I'll choose the same three cameras that are in the office plus home view. Then I select the group again. I'm going to create a third view; also that consists of three cameras. These cameras will be from the home surveillance system so I'll call this home only. If I expand the home DVR I'll choose three cameras from it. If I click on the live tab there's the three cameras at the home surveillance system. If I click on the office only tab it will display the cameras from the office surveillance system. Then if I want to see cameras from both I can click on the office plus home view, which shows the original six cameras we configured.
I just realized I have a typo so I'm going to go back into setup and change that to office plus home like it should be. I'll go back to my live view. You can see the software is extremely responsive. There's Chris walking around in our tech area like he does a lot when he's on the phone with customers. That's it. I'm going to shut the software down. It just takes a minute to close, that that's it.
In addition to the remote live camera view, the iDVR-PRO CMS also supports the ability to play back recorded video. This and other features will be covered in additional videos that we'll add to the iDVR-PRO playlist on YouTube as well as on the iDVR-PRO webpage. To learn more about iDVR-PRO surveillance DVRs, please visit www.iDVR-PRO.com. Thank you for watching.


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In our view, e-bikes are approaching a crossroads in concept and design. Heading off in one direction are longer travel, enduro-style e-bikes, which are largely designed for cruising up and then blasting back down. Plotting a slightly different course is the idea of a lightweight model that rides much more like a normal mountain bike, but requires more work from the rider. Of the two approaches, both have their benefits, but it's the latter that gets us the most excited. Once the overall weight falls into the 16-17kg range (the lightest bikes are currently19-20kg) it's going to be really hard to tell the difference between an e-bike and a regular trail bike on the descents and the flat, but you get the benefit of a gentle push up the climbs.
The LT or long travel line that Haibike is one of the most interesting developments in electric mountain biking in quite some time. I've chosen the FullSeven LT 4.0 because I wanted to show you another quality, low-cost option. The FullSeven line is built a little less aggressively than the AllMtn series, but still functions as a great all-around mountain bike for those riders who want to hit fire roads, and maybe the occasional single-track trail. The coolest thing about the LT line is that it costs exactly the same as the standard FullSeven line that comes with 120mm of travel. You can upgrade to 150mm on any FullSeven bike for no extra cost.
Are Fat Tire Bikes Good On Pavement
You can set the maximum speed at more than 20mph (but the legal limit is 20). Also, you should not cross that limit because the Shimano 7-gear transmission system won't be able to cope up with anything higher than 22 to 23 mph. However, to the absolute joy of the thrill seekers, the huge weight of the bike can push the speed to go over 40 mph on downhill coasts. Be careful though and make sure that the road and traffic conditions allow that speed limit.
How Heavy Is A Folding Bike
Our testers were a little underwhelmed by a couple of our competitors. The Rocky Mountain Instinct Powerplay Alloy 50 has loads of potential with excellent geometry and trail smoothing rear suspension, but the spec of a wimpy fork and non-aggressive tires detract from its downhill confidence when the going gets steep or rough. The Trek Powerfly 7 FS was our least favorite e-bike to ride downhill, with an even less impressive component specification that held it back and didn't inspire confidence on descents.
What Is An Electric Assist Bike
There are various kinds and classifications of electric bikes on the market, but the most common type is the Class 1, or pedal assist, bikes which have motor units that are activated by pedaling and are limited to lower speeds. In the US, Class 1 electric bikes, the type tested and reviewed here, are limited to a top speed of 20 mph, and their motors are designed with a speed governor to regulate this. These types of e-bikes resemble modern mountain bikes, but they have significant battery packs, and small motor units integrated onto and into the frame design. The e-MTB pedal-assist motor is typically built around the bottom bracket and provides varying levels of pedaling "support" directly into the drivetrain while the cranks are turning. Most drive unit systems offer several support settings that provide pedal assistance between 25% and 100% of the user's pedaling input.
The F1-trained engineers at William Advanced Engineering assisted with the electrical parts and the result is a 250W motor that provides pedal assistance via the front hub – which is still a very unusual approach. It draws power from a 300Wh battery pack that sits in a bag and goes on the front where the Brompton luggage rack would normally sit. You can also opt for a larger bag that holds both the battery and your spare suit or laptop or whatever.
Ancheer has become an icon in electric bikes and this mountain bike has earned itself a spot as the best electric mountain bike to ever grace the market. The electric bike comes equipped with a 250 Wat motor and a 36-Volt removable battery that pushes this bike to the extreme. It has an amazing pedal assist functionality which makes it an excellent bike for outdoor and leisure riding.
Is A Fixie Bike Good For Commuting
Merax e-bike features a 7 speed Shimano gear system, aluminum alloy frame, front fork suspension and CST Jet brand tires. This bike is absolute great value for the price, although it does not come fully assembled and it does take some time to get the disc brakes sorted and the shifting tuned. But directions provided were accurate, tools are provided, and you will be able to take it out on trails or around town in no time.
Do Electric Scooters Need Insurance
Nakto electric bike comes with two styles of frame, both for man and a step-though frame for women. Equipped with Shimano 6 speed derailleur, the 6-speed gear system allows you to reach up to a 25mph top speed. Nakto City E-Bike is affordable, but it's got a lot of features that are found on more expensive models. You can switch between pedal assist and twist-and-go settings and engage the motor with just a flip of a switch when you need an extra push.
At What Psi Will A Tire Explode
The major feedback that we received was our viewer's dissatisfaction with high prices of those two-wheelers. So in this episode we decided to review 10 of the cheapest models on sale that come to your doorstep almost factory assembled and do not require additional skills and sophisticated instruments to be put together. Do you think you can get a decent electric bicycle for $1000 or less? Let watch and find out!
Is A Folding Bike Worth It
On the 8.0 specifically, Haibike sets you up with the brand new Yamaha PW-X motor. This motor comes standard with a 500 watt hour battery, Bluetooth connectivity, and 80 nm of torque out the gate. The PW-X also boasts the benefit of a dual chainring up front. This means you'll save some battery if you're willing to work a little harder and use those gears! Speaking of gears, you'll get a Shimano Deore XT drivetrain. Pair that with Fox 34 Float Performance front suspension and a Fox Float DPS rear shock (150mm travel) and you've got a fully-capable, all-around ride.
What Good Are Single Speed Bikes
Besides the fact that Ghost is indeed a very good bike, there is one huge reason that we decided to add it to this list and that is customer support. Guys at Ride1Up are awesome and really passionate about their brand and what they are doing, so you can be sure that they will be there for you to provide all the assistance you need with your Ride1Up bike, and answer all the questions you have. And the orders ship almost overnight, which means there is no months of waiting for your bike to arrive, as it's often the case with some other manufacturers. If you are not looking just for the cheapest option, but you want real value for your money this is THE bike to buy for less than $1000. And we also recommend that you take a look at other bikes from Ride1Up lineup as well.
Can You Ride A Electric Scooter On The Road
All the electric bikes need to have the best braking system to keep them safe for all users. With this quality E-bike, you are assured of a safe ride thanks to the front and rear disk brakes. This makes it easier to stop the bike even when at a higher speed. Besides this, the bike also lasts for years due to the high-strength carbon steel used in the construction. This makes it a great investment for anyone looking for the best electric bike.
How Are Mountain Bike Tires Measured
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With 170mm travel, aggressive angles and Shimano's superbly calibrated STEPS motor, the Focus Sam2 is an enduro bike with a built-in shuttle. With the bolt on TEC pack you really can climb to new heights, but without it the smaller capacity internal battery means you need to be ultra economical with your energy use. It's also frustrating that the internal battery can't be removed easily for charging. By far the biggest frustration with the Jam2 though is that the sizing isn't very generous and standover clearance is limited. It's still a great e-bike, but when you're spending this much money, you can afford to be fussy.
If you really want to see the future take a look at the Fazua Evation, with a battery and motor this system weighs an incredible 4.7kg! The battery only has 250wh, but at 1.3kg you could easily carry a spare in a pack. The really interesting thing about this system though, is the motor and the battery can be removed from the frame, so you really do have two bikes in one.
Do Electric Bikes Need To Be Registered
His early hobby was designing and building model aircraft, while paying careful attention to every gram of weight. His own custom design of electrically-powered motor-glider won four electric flight world championships in Europe (1986-1992), and six titles in the United States. In 1991, he designed and built an 800-gram solar-powered model aircraft with a wingspan of almost 2-meters…and it set a world record flight of 10 hours, 43 minutes, and 51 seconds, which was officially recorded in the Guinness Book of World records.
Are E Bikes Ok In The Rain
Moreover, the E-bike has an LCD display panel for easy and quick control of the bike. With the LED headlight, you will find it excellent for cycling even at night hours. It also features the 160 disc brakes system that provides the best all-weather stopping power. It is a great bike that features the 21- speed gear to boost the hill climbing power. The electric bike also has two working modes that include the pedal assistant mode and E-bike mode.
There is no crossbar or crazy geometry to speak of, simply a high modulus carbon front frame that is connected to a trailing arm. Even the wheels are cutting edge, with the special patented quick-detach "Pitstopwheels" fastening to a central hub like a sports car. On top of this, there's a futuristic Knightrider-esque "cockpit", which consists of numerous coloured LEDs that give slightly abstract readouts on battery range, gear selection and speed. Again, lighting is built in, drawing power from the main battery.
Are 29 Inch Wheels The Same As 700c
While it was agile and quicker handling, the Specialized Turbo Levo Comp lost ground in this rating metric due to the somewhat abrupt pedal assist cutoff that occurred the moment you stop pedaling. This abrupt power cutoff caused awkward moves in slower technical uphill sections when jockeying pedals to avoid rock strikes. The Bulls E-Stream had power for days and could mash its way up just about anything, but its overall weight and size made it a little more awkward in slower or more technical sections of climbing. The Trek Powerfly had a long wheelbase, reach, and chainstay length, giving the bike a long rear end that kept impressive traction while climbing as long as you kept your momentum, the overall length of the bike, however, made it a little tougher to negotiate in the tighter stuff.
The 2019 Specialized Turbo Levo Comp returns to our electric mountain bike test and claims our Editor's Choice Award for the second year in a row. The new model has several notable changes over the previous version we tested including a new frame design, 29-inch wheels, 150mm of front and rear wheel travel, a new motor, and an updated battery charge and power output display. All these new changes have only helped to solidify the Turbo Levo Comp's position at the top of the podium. It still has the same well-rounded performance on the trail that makes it "feel the most like a mountain bike." It is more playful and agile than the competition, yet it still manages to charge the fall-line just as hard. Like previous Turbo Levo models, Specialized has very stealthily integrated the battery and motor into the frame giving it a low center of gravity and a very non-e-bike look. The new Specialized 2.1 motor is very quiet, plus it weighs less and has reduced the overall weight of the bike by more than 2 lbs.
Can You Put A Motor On Any Bicycle
To help the rider find the perfect fit, the stem is adjustable. The bike also boasts dynamo powered lights alongside hydraulic disc brakes. The bike will suit riders from 4 ft 10 to 6 ft 5, and also integrates with a child seat. The total weight is 22.5kg, making it admittedly a fairly hefty folder – but that's fairly uniform across electric versions.
How Fast Electric Bike Can Go
Awesome ebike for the price...one issue that should be addressed is that the front wheel on the fork is facing backwards as shown on the the picture and on the video...the fork needs to be turned around so the disk break on the bike should be on the left side so as you pedal and make turns your foot does not hit the tire...for shipping purposes it was turned around so to fit in the shipping box...any reputable bike shop will correct this and also make minor tuneup and adjustments as needed as this is new out of the box and isn't tuned up like new bikes purchased at bike store...it is not safe riding the bike with the front wheel fork backwards...I luv this bike...safe rideing to you...
Chris McNamara spends a whole lot of time in the saddle. This rock climber turned mountain cyclist loves huge rides covering obscene distances. He is working on a few gigantic rides including a singletrack route around Lake Tahoe and a ride from South Lake Tahoe to Mammoth Lakes. Paul Tindal is a versatile rider who spent years in the elite ranks in the road, downhill and enduro disciplines. Paul is now the lead mechanic and shop manager at a busy bike shop in South Lake Tahoe. Joshua Hutchens has spent decades in the bike industry. He has been a racer, bike shop owner, mechanic, and a guide. Joshua has a great eye for the subtleties of a bicycle.
How Do E Bikes Work
Last year, the Trek Powerfly 9 LT was one of the only ebikes with geometry and handling that came close to a modern enduro bike. For 2018, Trek has built on that winning formula with new frame. It's lowered the battery in the downtube, while adding a stiffer Fox 36 fork, more powerful SRAM RE brakes and a stronger Bontrager wheelset. All welcome improvements to a really capable bike. The price has also crept up to reflect the changes. The biggest transformation however, is that Rocky Mountain has raised the ebike bar to a new high with the Altitude Powerplay.
What Is The Best Electric Bike For The Money
205-WH battery, $5,000. One of the sexiest bikes on this list, the frame is made from Titanium with no paint. Titanium is known for being sweet looking, lightweight, strong, and expensive, and an ebike made up of it is a rare piece of ebike porn. This bike is basically a conversion bike built by a company. It can easily be built the same way as a home build. It would be even sexier and cleaner with an internal gear hub in the rear such as a Rohloff. This is possible because this is a front wheel drive ebike. Get more info on this bike from the Prodego website
Which Ebike Is The Best
With three gears, variable assistance – you can change when and to what extent it kicks in via Gocycle's handy app, which also lets your phone serve as a basic bike computer – and small-ish but chunky, sporty wheels, the GX is just a blast to ride. Gocycle's power delivery algorithms and torque sensors have been tweaked by former F1 engineers, so the ride is one of the smoothest around. It's nippy, manouevrable and fun, and it also feels more like a 'proper bike' than the Brompton.
Are Electric Bikes Allowed In National Parks
The NAKTO Electric Mountain Bike is one powerful bike that delivers great speed. It has the Shimano 6-speed system to allow for easy shifting of the breaks. Secondly, the bike also features the powerful 350W high-speed motor, which ensures that it delivers top-notch speed. You can always adjust the speed from 20-24 MPH. The elegant and body friendly design of the bike makes it suitable for all users. It is a more refined and humanized bike recommended by both experts and riders.
To build a lightweight electric bike is a mission full of compromises. Forget ride comfort, balloon tires, comfy seat, suspension and other niceties. Forget top speed and long range, which would require a large battery and heavy motor. Forget doing it on the cheap, because lightweight bicycle pieces are expensive. If you really want a lightweight electric bike you are going to have to pay for it with cash and ride quality…and might as well forget high performance…the only thing exciting about these bikes is their light weight…however most of these also give you stealthiness because they look like normal bikes. Because of the onset of affordable LiPo batteries and new ebike motor technologies, lightweight ebikes have become a build-able and sell-able possibility. As LiPo batteries become lighter, more powerful, and more affordable we can only expect this list to improve. We only considered complete functioning electric bikes for this list…no tiny clown folding bikes etc.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Note: This page is a general survey of the vast Eurasian geographic area that stretches west
from the Baltic Sea to the east to the Pacific Ocean, north from the Arctic to the step
of Central Asia in the South. This land was ruled as one Empire in different political
forms. The start date of 1721 was the proclamation of an empire from what had been the
Russian Tsardom (Kingdom) which expanded the Russian territory eastwards to the Tatar lands.
This date is used to indicate the further expansion of the empire that the Soviets would
inherit. By 1913 this empire had expanded to include the Baltic, Poland, Finland, Crimea,
Siberia, the Caucuses, and the Central Asian Khanates and Northern part of Manchuria.
The revolution of 1917 lead to the collapse of the empire that splintered into independent
states, the European ones initially began as German client states in 1918. After end of the
civil war in 1921 the Soviets had successfully reconquered these states except the three Baltic
States that remained independent until 1940. The Soviet Union was founded in 1922 as a union
between Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Transcaucasia. This was changed in 1936 when Transcaucasia
was split into Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan and the five central Asian republics where
admitted as separate members after having been part of Russia. The Soviet Union comprised of
fifteen republics in 1989 dissolved in December 1991 after all the republics declared
independence. The Eurasian Union established in 2015 is not a successor state to the USSR or
even a state at all but an economic union based on the European Union where its members retain
their independence. However, further integration of the union is planned, and for this reason
it should be considered as a continuation of the Eurasian political entity.
02 Nov 1721 Russian Empire
07 Jan 1795 Annexation of Poland (including Latvia and Lithuania)
28 Feb 1801 Annexation of Georgia
28 May 1812 Bessarabia (Moldova) annexed from Principality of Moldavia
22 Feb 1828 Armenia (Eastern) ceded to Russia by Persia
1847 Russian conquest of Kazakhstan
1869 Russian conquest of Turkmenistan
17 Mar 1917 Russian Provisional government, abolition of the Monarchy
1917 - 1918 Disintegration of the state, secession of Poland, Finland,
Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan
30 Dec 1922 Formation of the Soviet Union, accession of Russia, Ukraine,
Belarussia and Transcaucasia
13 May 1925 Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan
05 Dec 1936 Accession of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Transcaucasia dissolved
into Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia
02 Aug 1940 Accession of Moldova (annexed from Romania)
03 Aug 1940 Accession of Lithuania
05 Aug 1940 Accession of Latvia
06 Aug 1940 Accession of Estonia
06 Sep 1991 Independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania recognised
08 Dec 1991 Belavezha Accords, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus dissolve the Soviet Union
26 Dec 1991 Council of the Republics votes to abolish the union
31 Dec 1991 U.S.S.R finally dissolved, all 15 republics independent
09 Oct 2014 Eurasian Union treaty signed by Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia
01 Jan 2015 Establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU)
Imperial Russia
29 Mar 1809 - 06 Dec 1917 In Personal Union with Finland
09 Jun 1815 - 1915 In Personal Union with Poland
15 Mar 1917 Russia (no official style adopted)
14 Sep 1917 Russian Republic
07 Nov 1917 October Revolution (old style) Russian Soviet Republic
06 Dec 1917 Independence of Finland
11 Dec 1917 Independence of Lithuania
30 Jan 1918 Independence of Latvia
23 Feb 1918 Independence of Estonia
26 May 1918 Independence of Georgia (recognised by Soviet Russia 1920)
28 May 1918 Independence of Armenia and Azerbaijan
Emperors
22 Oct 1721 - 08 Feb 1725 Romanov, Pyotr I Alekseyevich
08 Feb 1725 - 18 May 1727 Skavonska, Yekatarina I Alexeyevna .................. 1684-1727
18 May 1727 - 13 Feb 1730 Romanov, Pyotr II Alekseyevich ...................... 1715-1730
13 Feb 1730 - 20 Nov 1740 Pribislaw, Anna I Ivanovna .......................... 1693-1740
20 Nov 1740 - 06 Nov 1741 Romanov, Ivan VI Ivanovich .......................... 1740-1764
20 Nov 1740 - 06 Nov 1741 Pribislaw, Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna ........... 1718-1746
(Regent for Ivan VI)
06 Dec 1741 - 05 Jan 1762 Romanov, Yelizaveta II Petrovna ..................... 1709-1761
05 Jan - 09 Jul 1762 Oldenburg, Pyotr III Fyodorovich .................... 1726-1762
09 Jul 1762 - 17 Nov 1796 Askanien, Yekatarina II Frederika ................... 1729-1796 "the Great"
17 Nov 1796 - 24 Mar 1801 Oldenburg, Pavel I Pyotrevich ...................... 1754-1801 "the Mad"
24 Mar 1801 - 01 Dec 1825 Oldenburg, Aleksandr I Pavlovich .................... 1777-1825 "the Blessed"
(Grand Duke of Finland, King of Poland, Czar of Georgia)
01 Dec - 26 Dec 1825 Oldenburg, Konstantin Pavlovich ..................... 1779-1831
(Proclaimed Emperor, did not except)
26 Dec 1825 - 02 Mar 1855 Oldenburg, Nikolay I Pavlovich ...................... 1796-1855 "the Conqueror"
02 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881 Oldenburg, Aleksandr II Nikolayevich ................ 1818-1881 "the Liberator"
13 Mar 1881 - 01 Nov 1894 Oldenburg, Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich ............. 1845-1894 "the Peace-maker"
01 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917 Oldenburg, Nikolay II Aleksandrovich ................ 1868-1918 "the Bloody"
21 Aug 1915 - 15 Mar 1917 Hesse, Empress Aleksandra Feodorovna
von Hessen-Darmstadt (Regent) ...................... 1872-1918
15 Mar 1917 (Hours) Oldenburg, Aleksey Nikolayevich (Tsarovich) ......... 1904-1918
15 Mar - 17 Mar 1917 Oldenburg, Mikhail II Aleksandrovich ................ 1878-1918
(Proclaimed Emperor, but declined the throne)
State Chancellors
22 Oct 1721 - 31 Jan 1734 Count Gavril Ivanovich Golovkin ..................... 1660-1734
01 Feb 1734 - 21 Nov 1740 Heinrich Johann Friedrich,
Baron von Ostermann ................................ 1686-1747
21 Nov 1740 - 15 Nov 1742 Prince Aleksey Mikhailovich Cherkassy ............... 1680-1742
15 Nov 1742 - 26 Feb 1758 Count Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin ............ 1693-1766
26 Feb 1758 - Mar 1765 Count Mikhail Illarionovich Vorotsov ................ 1714-1767
Mar 1765 - 09 Mar 1775 Prince Aleksandr Mikhailovich Golitsyn .............. 1723-1807
09 Mar - 13 Apr 1775 Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin ........................ 1718-1783
13 Apr 1775 - 02 May 1797 Count Ivan Andreyevich Ostermann .................... 1725-1811
02 May 1797 - 17 Apr 1799 Count Aleksandr Andreyevich Bezborodko .............. 1747-1799
17 Apr - 06 Oct 1799 Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey ........................... 1768-1834
06 Oct 1799 - 18 Nov 1800 Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin (2nd Time)
18 Nov 1800 - 04 Mar 1801 Stepan Alekseyevich Kolychev ........................ 1746-1805
04 Mar 1804 - 20 Sep 1802 Prince Aleksandr Borisovich Kurakin ................. 1752-1818
20 Sep 1802 - 28 Jan 1804 Count Aleksandr Romanovich Vorontsov ................ 1741-1805
Chairpersons in the Committee of Ministers
13 Jan 1810 - 01 Apr 1812 Count Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev .................. 1751-1826
10 Apr 1812 - 28 May 1816 Count Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov .................... 1736-1816
06 Jun 1816 - 18 Apr 1827 Prince Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin ................... 1753-1827
11 May 1827 - 15 Jun 1834 Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochbubey .................... 1768-1834
20 Jun 1834 - 20 Apr 1838 Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltov ............... 1761-1838
21 Apr 1838 - 05 Mar 1847 Prince Ilarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov .............. 1777-1847
28 Jan - 05 Oct 1848 Duke Vasily Vasilyevich Levashov .................... 1783-1848
13 Nov 1848 - 17 Apr 1856 Prince Aleksandr Ivanovich Chernyshov ............... 1785-1857
17 Apr 1856 - 20 Jan 1861 Prince Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov .................... 1786-1861
20 Jan 1861 - 02 Mar 1864 Count Dimitry Nikolayevich Bludov ................... 1785-1880
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers
07 Mar 1864 - 04 Mar 1872 Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin ............................. 1789-1872
09 Mar 1872 - 31 Dec 1879 Count Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev ................... 1797-1879
01 Jan 1880 - 16 Oct 1881 Count Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev .................. 1815-1890
16 Oct 1881 - 11 Jan 1887 Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern ..................... 1820-1890
13 Jan 1887 - 15 Jun 1895 Nikolay Khristoforovich Bunge ....................... 1823-1895
27 Oct 1895 - 11 Jun 1903 Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo ........................... 1834-1903
11 Jun 1903 - 06 Nov 1905 Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte ........................ 1849-1915
06 Nov 1905 - 05 May 1906 Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte
05 May - 21 Jul 1906 Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (1st Time) ............... 1839-1917
21 Jul 1906 - 18 Sep 1911 Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin .......................... 1862-1911
18 Sep 1911 - 12 Feb 1914 Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov ..................... 1853-1943
12 Feb 1914 - 02 Feb 1916 Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (2nd Time)
02 Feb - 23 Nov 1916 Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer ....................... 1848-1917
23 Nov 1916 - 09 Jan 1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Trepov ........................ 1862-1928
09 Jan - 12 Mar 1917 Knyaz Nikolay Dimitryevich Golitsyn ................. 1850-1925
Chairmen of the Provisional Government
15 Mar - 21 Jul 1917 Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov ..................... 1861-1925
21 Jul - 07 Nov 1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky ...................... 1881-1970
Chairmen of the State Duma
27 Apr - 08 Jul 1906 Sergey Andreyevich Muromtsev ........................ 1850-1910
20 Feb - 03 Jun 1907 Fyodor Aleksandrovich Golovin ....................... 1867-1937
01 Nov 1907 - 06 Mar 1910 Nikolay Alekseyevich Khomyakov ...................... 1850-1925
10 Mar 1910 - 15 Mar 1911 Aleksandr Ivanovich Guchkov ......................... 1862-1936
22 Mar 1911 - 06 Oct 1917 Mikhail Volodymyr Rodzianko ......................... 1859-1924
The Emperor's full style: "By the Grace of God, N.N, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow,
Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King of Kazan, King of Astrakhan, King of Poland, King of Siberia,
King of the Chersonese Taurian, King of Georgia, Lord of Pskov and Grand Prince of Smolensk,
Grand Prince of Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, Grand Duke of Finland, Prince of Estonia,
Prince of Livonia, Duke of Courland Semigalia, Samogitia, Belostok, Karelia, Tver, Yugorsky
land, Perm, Vyatka, Bolgar and others; Lord and Grand Prince of Nizhny Nogorod, Chernigov,
Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozersk, Udorsky land, Obdorsk, Kondia,
Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all of the northern countries Master; and Lord of Iberia, Kartli, and
Kabardia lands and Armenian provinces; Circassian and Mountainous Princes and their Hereditary
Lord and Owner; Lord of Turkestan; Norwegian Heir; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen, and Oldenburg and others and others."
30 Dec 1922 - 31 Dec 1991 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R),
Russia, Ukraine, Beylorussia and Transcaucasia
05 Dec 1929 Accession of Tazhik SSR
05 Dec 1936 Accession of Armenia, Azerbaizhan, Georgia,
Kazakh and Kirgiziya
02 Aug 1940 Accession of Moldovian S.S.R (Bessarabia)
17 Jun 1941 - 1944 Western territories occupied by Germany
11 Mar 1990 Independence of Lithuania declared
17 Mar 1991 Referendum supports the preservation of the Soviet Union by 78%*
06 Sep 1991 Recognition of the independence of the Baltic states
12 Dec 1991 Independence of Russia
16 Dec 1991 Kazakhstan the last remaining Soviet republic declares independence
26 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the U.S.S.R
31 Dec 1991 The union is formally disolved, the Russian Federation becomes
the legal successor state
Government: Federal Socialist Republic.
Capital: Moscow.
Language: Russian (de facto).
Religion: None.
National Anthem: "Gimn Sovetskovo Soyuza" (Hymn of the USSR)
National Emblem: Hammer, Sickle and Red Star.
National Day: 7 November, October Revolution (1917).
National Motto: Proletarii vsekh stran, Soedinyaytes! (Workers of the World Unite!).
Currency: Soviet Ruble.
General Secretaries of the Communist party of the U.S.S.R
03 Apr 1922 - 16 Oct 1952 Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili Stalin ............. 1878-1953 (G.SSR)
(continues as de facto leader to 05 Mar 1953)
05 Mar - 14 Mar 1953 Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov .................... 1902-1988 (R.SFSR)
(de facto)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
07 Sep 1953 - 14 Oct 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich Krushchev ........................ 1895-1971 (R.SFSR)
14 Oct 1964 - 08 Apr 1966 Leonid Ilych Brezhnev ............................... 1906-1982 (UK.SSR)
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
08 Apr 1966 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid Ilych Brezhnev ............................... s.a
10 Nov 1982 - 09 Feb 1984 Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov ......................... 1914-1984 (R.SFSR)
09 Feb 1984 - 10 Mar 1985 Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko ..................... 1911-1985 (R.SFSR)
11 Mar 1985 - 24 Aug 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ....................... 1931-2022 (R.SFSR)
(susspended 19 Aug - 22 Aug 1991)
18 Aug - 22 Aug 1991 State Emergency Committee
- Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kryuchkov ................... 1924-2007 (R.SFSR)
- Valentin Ivanovich Varennikov ....................... 1923-2009 (R.SFSR)
- Dmitriy Timofeyevich Yazov .......................... 1924-2020 (R.SFSR)
- Aleksandr Ivanovich Tizyakov ........................ 1926-2019 (R.SFSR)
- Sergei Feodorovich Akhromeyev ....................... 1923-1991 (R.SFSR)
- Vasily Aleksandrovich Starodubtsev .................. 1931-2011 (R.SFSR)
- Oleh Dmitriiyevych Baklaniv ......................... 1932- (UK.SSR)
- Boriss Karlis Pugo .................................. 1937-1991 (LV.SSR)
24 Aug - 29 Aug 1991 Volodymyr Antonovych Ivashko ........................ 1932-1994 (UK.SSR)
29 Aug - 06 Nov 1991 Vacant
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin ........................... 1875-1946 (R.SFSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Grygory Ivanovych Petrovsky ......................... 1878-1958 (UK.SSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 16 Jun 1937 Alyaksandr Grygoryevich Chervyakau .................. 1892-1937 (B.SSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 19 Mar 1925 Nariman Kerbalay Nadzaf-oglu Nariman................. 1870-1925 (AZ.SSR)
21 May 1925 - Jun 1937 Gazanfar Makhmud-oglu Musab ......................... 1888-1938 (AZ.SSR)
21 May 1925 - 21 Jul 1937 Nedirbay Aytak ...................................... 1894-1938 (TM.SSR)
21 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1937 Fayzulla Ubaydullo Xojay ............................ 1896-1938 (UB.SSR)
18 Mar 1931 - 04 Jan 1934 Nusratulla Maksum Lutfullo .......................... 1881-1938 (TK.SSR
04 Jan 1934 - 31 Dec 1937 Abdullo Rakhim ...................................... 1896-1938 (TK.SSR)
Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet
17 Jan 1938 - 19 Mar 1946 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin ........................... s.a
19 Mar 1946 - 15 Mar 1953 Nikolay Mikhailovich Shvernik ....................... 1888-1970 (R.SFSR)
15 Mar 1953 - 07 May 1960 Klyment Yerfremovych Voroshylov ..................... 1881-1969 (UK.SSR)
07 May 1960 - 09 Jul 1964 Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1st Time)
15 Jul 1964 - 09 Dec 1965 Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan .......................... 1895-1978 (AR.SSR)
09 Dec 1965 - 16 Jun 1977 Mykola Viktorovych Podhorny ......................... 1903-1983 (UK.SSR)
16 Jun 1977 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (2nd Time)
10 Nov 1982 - 16 Jun 1983 Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov ........................ 1901-1990 (R.SFSR)
16 Jun 1983 - 09 Feb 1984 Yury Vladimirovich Andropov ......................... s.a
11 Apr 1984 - 10 Mar 1985 Konstanin Ustinovich Chernenko ...................... s.a
10 Mar 1985 - 01 Oct 1988 Andrei Andreyevich Gramyka .......................... 1909-1989 (B.SSR)
01 Oct 1988 - 15 Mar 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ....................... s.a
15 Mar 1990 - 25 Dec 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ....................... s.a
19 Aug - 21 Aug 1991 Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev ........................... 1937-2010 (R.SFSR)
(acting [in opposition])
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
30 Dec 1922 - 21 Jan 1924 Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov Lenin ........................ 1870-1924 (R.SFSR)
02 Feb 1924 - 19 Dec 1930 Alexey Ivonavich Rykov .............................. 1881-1937 (R.SFSR)
19 Dec 1930 - 06 May 1941 Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov ..................... 1890-1986
06 May 1941 - 15 Mar 1946 Iosif Dzhugashvili Stalin ........................... s.a
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Mar 1946 - 05 Mar 1953 Iosif Dzhugashvili Stalin ........................... s.a
05 Mar 1953 - 08 Feb 1955 Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov ..................... s.a
08 Feb 1955 - 27 Mar 1958 Nikolay Alexandrovich Bulganin ...................... 1895-1975 (R.SFSR)
27 Mar 1958 - 14 Oct 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev ....................... s.a
14 Oct 1964 - 23 Oct 1980 Alexey Nikolayovich Kosygin ......................... 1904-1980 (R.SFSR)
23 Oct 1980 - 27 Sep 1985 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Tikhonov ..................... 1905-1997 (UK.SSR)
27 Sep 1985 - 14 Jan 1991 Nikolay Ivanovich Ryzhkov ........................... 1929- (UK.SSR)
14 Jan - 22 Aug 1991 Valetin Sergayevich Pavlov .......................... 1937-2003 (R.SFSR)
22 Aug - 06 Sep 1991 Vacant
Chairman of the State Council
06 Sep - 26 Dec 1991 Ivan Stepanovich Silayev ............................ 1930- (R.SFSR)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
17 Jan 1938 - 15 Mar 1990 The Heads of State of the Soviet Union
15 Mar 1990 - 05 Sep 1991 Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov .......................... 1930-2019 (R.SFSR)
Chairmen of the Soviet of the Union
12 Jan 1938 - 10 Feb 1946 Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev ......................... 1895-1971 (R.SFSR)
12 Mar 1946 - 25 Feb 1947 Andrey Aleksandrovich Zhdanov ....................... 1896-1948 (R.SFSR)
25 Feb 1947 - 12 Jun 1950 Ivan Andreyevich Parfenov ........................... 1906-1992 (R.SFSR)
1950 - 1954 Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov ......................... 1906-1991 (R.SFSR)
06 Jun 1954 - 14 Jul 1956 Aleksandr Petrovich Volkov .......................... 1910-1990 (R.SFSR)
14 Jul 1956 - 18 Mar 1962 Pavel Pavlovich Lobanov ............................. 1902-1984 (R.SFSR)
23 Apr 1962 - 14 Jun 1970 Ivan Vasilyevich Spiridonov ......................... 1905-1991 (R.SFSR)
14 Jul 1970 - 11 Apr 1984 Aleksey Pavlovich Shitikov .......................... 1912-1993 (R.SFSR)
1984 - 1988 Lev Nikolayevich Tolkunov ........................... 1919-1989 (R.SFSR)
24 May 1988 - 25 May 1989 Yury Nikolayevich Khristoradnov ..................... 1929- (R.SFSR)
03 Jun 1989 - 31 Mar 1990 Evgeny Maksimovich Primakov ......................... 1929-2015 (R.SFSR)
03 Apr 1990 - 21 Oct 1991 Ivan Dmitryevich Laptev ............................. 1934- (R.SFSR)
21 Oct 1991 - 02 Jan 1992 Konstantin Dmitryevich Lubenchenko .................. 1945- (R.SFSR)
Chairmen of the Soviet of the Nationalities
12 Jan 1938 - 10 Feb 1946 Nikolay Mikhailovich Shvernik ....................... 1888-1970 (R. SFSR)
12 Mar 1946 - 12 Jun 1950 Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov ........................ 1901-1990 (R. SFSR)
12 Jun 1950 - 20 Apr 1954 Zhumbai Shayakhmet .................................. 1902-1966 (Kaz. SSR)
20 Apr 1954 - 27 Mar 1958 Vilis Tenis Latsis .................................. 1904-1966 (Lat. SSR)
27 Mar 1958 - 02 Aug 1966 Janis Voldemar Peive ................................ 1906-1976 (Lat. SSR)
02 Aug 1966 - 14 Jul 1970 Justas Ignac Paleckis ............................... 1899-1980 (Lit. SSR)
14 Jul 1970 - 25 Jul 1974 Yadgar Sadi Nasriddin ............................... 1920-2006 (Uz. SSR)
25 Jul 1974 - 11 Apr 1984 Vitaljis Peteris Rubenis ............................ 1914-1994 (Lat. SSR)
11 Apr 1984 - 25 May 1989 August Eduard Voss .................................. 1916-1994 (Lat. SSR)
06 Jun 1989 - 05 Sep 1991 Rafiq Nishan Ulu Nishan ............................. 1926- (Uz.SSR)
Chairman of the House of the Republics
29 Oct - 26 Dec 1991 Anuarbek Turlybekuly Alimzhan ....................... 1930-1993 (Kaz. SSR)
CPSU=Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza (Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communism, Marxist-Leninism, Stalinism 1922-53). Susspended 29 Aug 1991, dissolved 06 Nov 1991].
Orders: Geroy Sovietskogo Soyuza (Hero of the Soviet Union).
Orden Lenina (Order of Lenin).
Geroy Sotsialistmicheskoso Truda (Hero of Socilialist Labour).
Note: The referendum held on 17 March 1991 was not held in Armenia, Estonia, Georgia, Lathuania,
Latvia and Moldova, as these republics favoured independence. The signing of a new Union Treaty
designed to creat a new union scheduled for the 20 August 1991, was cancelled following the failed
coup attempt and never realised.
Commonwealth of Independent States
08 Dec 1991 Commenwealth of Slavic States (Belarus, Russia and Ukraine)
21 Dec 1991 Commenwealth of Independent States
22 Jan 1993 Charter of the CIS signed
16 Jan 1992 - 29 Apr 1998 Ivan Mikhailovich Korotchenya (1st Time) ........... 1948- (Belarus)
29 Apr 1998 - 04 Mar 1999 Boris Abramovich Berezovsky ........................ 1946-2013 (Russia)
04 Mar - 02 Apr 1999 Ivan Mikhailovich Korotchenya (2nd Time)
02 Apr 1999 - 14 Jun 2004 Yury Fyodorovich Yarov ............................. 1942- (Russia)
14 Jun 2004 - 05 Oct 2007 Vladimir Borisovich Rushailo ....................... 1953- (Russia)
05 Oct 2007 - Sergey Nikolayevich Lebedev ........................ 1948- (Russia)
21 Dec 1991 - Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Belarus
- Kyrgyzstan
- Russia
- Tajikistan
- Turkmenistan (withdrew 26 Aug 2005, continues as an associate member)
- Ukraine (ceased active participation on 19 May 2018)
- Uzbekistan
09 Dec 1993 - Georgia (withdrew 18 Aug 2009)
10 Oct 2001 Eurasian Ecomomic Community
01 Jan 2010 Eurasian Customs Union founded
01 Jan 2012 Creation of the Eurasian Economic Space
29 May 2014 Treaty of Astana ratified by Russia,
Belarus and Kazakhstan creating the Eurasian Union
10 Oct 2014 Armenia ratifies the treaty
23 Dec 2014 Kyrgyzstan ratifies the treaty
01 Jan 2015 Eurasian Economic Union, accession of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia
02 Jan 2015 Accession of Armenia
12 Aug 2015 Accession of Kyrgyzstan
Capital(s): Astana, Minsk, Moscow.
Language(s): Armenian, Belarusian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Russian.
Chairmen of the Eurasian Commission
01 Feb 2012 - 31 Jan 2016 Viktor Borisovich Khristenko ....................... 1957- (Russia)
01 Feb 2016 - 31 Jan 2020 Tigran Sureni Sargsyan ............................. 1960- (Armenia)
01 Feb 2020 - Mikhail Uladzimiravich Myasnikovich ................ 1950- (Belarus)
Chairman of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council
01 Jan - 31 Dec 2015 Aleksandr Grygoryevich Lukashenka .................. s.a (Belarus)
01 Jan - 31 Dec 2016 Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbay ........................ 1940- (Kazakhstan)
01 Jan - 31 Dec 2017 Almazbek Sharshenulu Atambay ....................... 1956- (Kyrgyzstan)
01 Jan - 31 Dec 2018 Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin ....................... 1952- (Russia)
01 Jan - 31 Dec 2019 Nikol Vovayi Pashinyan ............................. 1975- (Armenia)
01 Jan - 31 Dec 2020 Aleksandr Grygoryevich Lukashenka .................. 1954- (Belarus)
01 Jan - 31 Dec 2021 Qassym-Zhomart Kemeluli Toqaev ..................... 1953- (Kazakhstan)
01 Jan - 2022 Sadyr Nurgozh uulu Zhapar .......................... 1968- (Kyrgyzstan)


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View this video to learn more about this family farming project in Bangladesh.
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) from Asia and the Pacific opened a two-day Consultation today to discuss their joint concerns about the future of small farmers, landless farmers, farm workers and other concerned stakeholders.
2014 is the UN's International Year of Family Farming and in this video series, family farmers from Ethiopia, Indonesia, Gambia, Egypt and Guatemala share their challenges and successes in their own words.
A Családi Gazdaságokkal foglalkozó szervezetek követelései a Családi Gazdaságok Nemzetközi Évére - 2014 tekintettel, Abu Dhabi 2014.január 22.


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U.S. Muslim Brotherhood Reacts To Indian Terrorist Attacks
By gmbwatch on	 November 30, 2008 Daily
The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), a part of the U.S. Muslim Brotherhood, has issued a statement condemning the Indian terrorist attacks while at the same time making reference to "legitimate grievances":
The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) strongly condemns the tragic multi-pronged terrorist attack which recently took place in Mumbai, India. At several high-profile locations within Mumbai, according to international news reports, over 85 people have been killed and hostage situations have emerged at several major Mumbai landmarks. In addition to cafes and train stations, the terrorists also targeted the famous Oberoi and Taj Mahal hotels; two of Mumbai's best-known five-star hotels. In a statement today, ISNA said: "As the largest Islamic organization in North America, we at ISNA condemn, in the strongest terms possible, the brazen and vicious terrorist attacks which recently took place in Mumbai, India. India is the largest democracy in the world, where over a billion people of all religions, castes and ethnic backgrounds have co-existed for centuries. There is no doubt that there are serious and legitimate grievances among the Indian population over discrimination, social and economic marginalization and outstanding political conflicts. However these conflicts can and must be resolved within the political framework of Indian democracy, and never with violence. There is no justification for terrorism. We send our sincere prayers and heartfelt condolences to the families and friends of the victims of these attacks. We hope that the perpetrators of these heinous crimes will be brought to justice in the immediate future."
A previous post titled "Muslim Brotherhood Positions On Terrorism- Denial, Deception, Defense, And Obstruction" identified the concept of "legitimate grievances" as a one of the key component sof the Muslim Brotherhood rhetorical strategy for responding to Islamic terrorism. The third component of that strategy is "Defense":
Having staked out the positions that Islam is not violent and that Jihad is not connected with violence, the Brotherhood is left with the task of defending the violence carried out by Islamist groups. Since according to the Brotherhood these groups cannot, by definition, be motivated by Islamic ideology, there can be only one answer- they are fighting because of "legitimate grievances" and hence are sometimes referred to by the Brotherhood as "freedom fighters"
The Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC) took a different approach, issuing a statement appearing to reach out to the U.S. Jewish community:
As the tragic events continue to unfold in Mumbai, India, the Muslim Public Affairs Council today shared its sadness over the deaths of so many, including five hostages killed at a Chabad hospitality center. New York-based Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg, and his wife Rivka, were among those taken hostage and killed at the Chabad-Lubavitch hospitality center which served as an outreach center for travelers of the Jewish faith MPAC expresses its condolences to the Jewish community and the various other communities whose members were involved in the tragic series of terrorist attacks in recent days. MPAC has sent letters of condolences to the Indian embassy, and encourages people of all faiths and nationalities to stand together against those who seek to divide our communities. Media reports indicate that more than 150 people have been killed in the attacks. Those responsible for these brutal and immoral attacks should be swiftly brought to justice. Islam considers the use of terrorism to be unacceptable for any purpose.
MPAC was established in the mid 1980's by individuals whose backgrounds are likely rooted in the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and since its inception has acted in concert with the U.S. Muslim Brotherhood. The organization, like other U.S. Brotherhood organizations, has a long history of fundamentalism, anti-Semitism, and support for terrorism. Despite this background, MPAC has been more willing than some other U.S. Brotherhood organizations to engage in relations with the U.S. Jewish community.
As previous posts have discussed, ISNA has also been making unusually strong efforts to develop partnerships with U.S Jewish groups.
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The Friedman test is a non-parametric statistical test developed by Milton Friedman. Similar to the parametric repeated measures ANOVA, it is used to detect differences in treatments across multiple test attempts. The procedure involves ranking each row (or block) together, then considering the values of ranks by columns. Applicable to complete block designs, it is thus a special case of the Durbin test.

Classic examples of use are:
 n wine judges each rate k different wines. Are any of the k wines ranked consistently higher or lower than the others?
 n welders each use k welding torches, and the ensuing welds were rated on quality. Do any of the k torches produce consistently better or worse welds?

The Friedman test is used for one-way repeated measures analysis of variance by ranks. In its use of ranks it is similar to the Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks.

The Friedman test is widely supported by many statistical software packages.

Method
 Given data , that is, a matrix with  rows (the blocks),  columns (the treatments) and a single observation at the intersection of each block and treatment, calculate the ranks within each block. If there are tied values, assign to each tied value the average of the ranks that would have been assigned without ties. Replace the data with a new matrix  where the entry  is the rank of  within block .
 Find the values
 The test statistic is given by . Note that the value of Q does need to be adjusted for tied values in the data.
 Finally, when n or k is large (i.e. n > 15 or k > 4), the probability distribution of Q can be approximated by that of a chi-squared distribution. In this case the p-value is given by . If n or k is small, the approximation to chi-square becomes poor and the p-value should be obtained from tables of Q specially prepared for the Friedman test. If the p-value is significant, appropriate post-hoc multiple comparisons tests would be performed.

Related tests
 When using this kind of design for a binary response, one instead uses the Cochran's Q test.
 The Sign test (with a two-sided alternative) is equivalent to a Friedman test on two groups.
 Kendall's W is a normalization of the Friedman statistic between 0 and 1.
 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a nonparametric test of nonindependent data from only two groups.
 The Skillings–Mack test is a general Friedman-type statistic that can be used in almost any block design with an arbitrary missing-data structure.
 The Wittkowski test is a general Friedman-Type statistics similar to Skillings-Mack test. When the data do not contain any missing value, it gives the same result as Friedman test. But if the data contain missing values, it is both, more precise and sensitive than Skillings-Mack test. An implementation of the test exists in R.

Post hoc analysis

Post-hoc tests were proposed by Schaich and Hamerle (1984) as well as Conover (1971, 1980) in order to decide which groups are significantly different from each other, based upon the mean rank differences of the groups. These procedures are detailed in Bortz, Lienert and Boehnke (2000, p. 275). Eisinga, Heskes, Pelzer and Te Grotenhuis (2017) provide an exact test for pairwise comparison of Friedman rank sums, implemented in R. The Eisinga c.s. exact test offers a substantial improvement over available approximate tests, especially if the number of groups () is large and the number of blocks () is small.

Not all statistical packages support post-hoc analysis for Friedman's test, but user-contributed code exists that provides these facilities (for example in SPSS, and in R.). Also, there is a specialized package available in R containing numerous non-parametric methods for post-hoc analysis after Friedman.

References

Further reading

Analysis of variance
Statistical tests
Milton Friedman
Nonparametric statistics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Discovery of a new type of dinosaur in Australia
Gresham Nash June 22, 2021 6 min read
It all started in 2006 in the northeast of Australia. Robin and Stuart McKenzie raise sheep and oxen on their family farm in Queensland. One day, while riding a motorcycle through their vast outlying lands, they spotted large black stones. Unaware of this, they have now made a historic discovery for their country and biodiversity. In fact, an initial study confirms that it is Dinosaur fossils.
This is only in 2021, After long and meticulous research, these bones can be properly identified. The discovery of this new type of dinosaur in Australia was published in Birge magazine. Archaeologists from the Queensland Museum and the Iromanga Museum of Natural History present the characteristics of this model, explaining the identification process and claiming that Australian soil has not yet revealed all the secrets.
The largest dinosaur ever discovered in Australia
The first fragments of this skeleton were discovered in 2006. It Cooper baptized by researchers, referring to Cooper Creek, Cove near where his bones were found. Scientific publication carefully presents the results of the research: Cooper was the first to discover a new type of dinosaur,Astralotian Cooperative.
According to archaeologists, he lived in the Iromanga Basin about 100 million years ago during the Cretaceous. At the time, Australia was still connected to Antarctica and was part of the Kondwana Supercontinent. It measures 5 to 6.5 meters high and 25 to 30 meters long. It weighs between 23 and 75 tons. For example, this robot was a basketball court and taller than a giraffe.
Research by the team shows that this dinosaur is closely related to 3 other Australian robots. The latter – Diamondinosaurus modilde, Windnotian Watch And Savannasaras elliotorum – Cooper lived in the Cretaceous and was discovered over the past 30 years. On the other hand, This astrologer surpassed them all in its dimensions. It is the largest animal to set foot on Australian soil.
See also China challenges US semiconductor export restrictions at WTO
It took 15 years of hard work to identify this new type of dinosaur in Australia
In a statement, the Queensland Museum drew attention to the fact that the landmark was the result of a joint effort by archaeologists, geologists, fossil makers and volunteers. In fact, the first bones in Cooper's skeleton were discovered in 2006. The discovery was initially kept secret, while researchers meticulously excavated the site. One year later, the fossils were not shown to the public until 2007. It took fifteen years of research to rebuild the dinosaur skeleton Learn more about Cooper. By comparing this with other robots it was possible to confirm that this dinosaur belonged to a new species.
Scott Hocknell, a geologist at the Queensland Museum, confirmed that his team had worked very long and hard to come to this conclusion. To systematically identify Cooper as the first prototype of a new species, researchers compared Cooper's fossil bones to the "Titan of the South" already known and discovered in other parts of Australia and around the world. Gold, The bones of these robots are very large, heavy and, above all, very fragile. They are also housed in museums scattered around the world. It is technically impossible to move them side by side and observe their differences and similarities. It can also destroy highly fragile specimens.
Then the team of scientists turned to digital technology in search of an alternative solution. For the first time, sconning and modeling equipment were used, one by one, all of the bone fragments found in Iromanga. It was then easier to compare with other museums. This three-dimensional scan helped Scott Hoagnell achieve the feat of carrying a ton of dinosaur bones on a laptop weighing less than 10 kilograms. Digital capture of bone fragments provided valuable information such as whether Cooper's bones were trampled by other robots.
See also Students: Steps to follow to work in Australia!
Australia, New playground for archaeologists
Until the late 90s, the largest dinosaur discoveries took place in South America and mainly in Argentina. Australia was not considered an archeological center at the time. However, for 20 years, many discoveries confirm the existence of this part of the planet It also hosted a wide variety of dinosaurs at the end of the Mesozoic era. Scott Hagnul mentions that the bed of Iromanga was a vast sedimentary bed, which, at the time of the Cretaceous, was a large inland sea. This waterhole is essential for robots and may explain why recent discoveries have occurred in this part of Australia.
Search for fossils in Australia, new playground for archaeologists. Photo credit: SA Hagnul et al. 2021
By the time the supercontinent Kondwana was divided, we knew a little more about the fauna that inhabited this area. If scientists have not yet provided Australia with as many dinosaurs as other countries, it is not because they are not in the soil. It is less because it is important Ancient excavations In this part of the world. According to experts, not all fossils have been found and Queensland could become Australia's "paleo-capital".
Researchers hope that such invasive species will be found soon. All over the world where these gigantic dinosaurs have been found, excavations have also uncovered the fossils of their predatory giant therapos.
Theropods are often carnivorous – the most popular of which are the Tyrannosaurus Rex. A few specimens have already been found in the Windon area, but these are too small to threaten the "Southern Titan". According to Dr. Hognall, this means it may be the largest predator ever expelled.
This Astralotian joins a group of giant dinosaurs called the Titanosaurs
With its exceptional measurements, this dinosaur belongs to the Titanosaur group. According to the research team, their Australian Titan is one of the 5 heaviest titanos in the world, and 15 the longest.
The other largest specimens of this group were discovered in South America, and their classification is here:
Pine with boat , Otherwise known as the "Patagonian Titan", is currently considered the largest dinosaur ever discovered on Earth. The team of researchers who discovered it in 2017 estimated that it must have measured about 37 meters and weighed 70 tons, the dimensions of a Boeing 737. In Vadis, its height is 8 meters.
Argentinosus hunculencis It is a titanosaur, and its discovery dates back to 1989. This "Argentine lizard" is a giant robot that measures about 35 meters and weighs about 80 tons.
Butolacnosis – Giant Head Lizard – A long-necked herb that fossils were discovered in 2000 in Newken State. It weighed 30 tons and had to measure a maximum of 30 meters.
Treadnotes, "Fearless" was discovered in 2005. Its length is 26 meters with a weight of about 30 tons.
Noctococcus gonorrhoeae Described in 2016, it weighs 50 to 55 tons and weighs about 26 meters.
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Fossils are usually found during excavations and many claim to have discovered the largest dinosaur. So, Boat Swimsuit Can be removed soon: early 2021, Argentine archaeologists find 24 vertebrae and some hip bones in a new model It could be even bigger.
Although Cooper is not the largest dinosaur ever to live on Earth, his proportions make him a tremendous model. Those who want to see for themselves the dimensions of this titanosaur can visit the Iromanga Natural History Museum. A life-size reconstruction of Australia and its fossils is on display in a specially fitted section by the Queensland Museum and a team of local archaeologists.
Source: SA Hagnul et al. 2021. A new giant robot, the Astralotian Cooperance Gen. And S.P. nov., from the middle of Australia. Pierre 9: E11317; doi: 10.7717 / peerj.11317
Gresham Nash
"Certified food fanatic. Extreme internet guru. Gamer. Evil beeraholic. Zombie ninja. Problem solver. Unapologetic alcohol lover."
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Dans la mythologie égyptienne, Heddet est le nom d'une déesse poisson.

Index égyptologique
Divinité égyptienne


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package org.jboss.jube.process.service;

import org.jboss.jube.process.ProcessManager;

public interface ProcessManagerServiceMBean extends ProcessManager {
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