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Rapid Identification of Unknowns in Blackwater Using LC/QTOF-MS /MS
Advances in Clinical and Forensic Analysis Virtual Symposium
Lab Hacks and Best Practices for Optimizing Organic Analytical Analyses
Detecting PPAS in Milk
Combating Olive Oil Fraud Using GC–IMS and FGC-Enose
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Liquid Chromatography (LC/HPLC)
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A Generic Method for Target (Group) Analysis in Edible Oils and Fats: Combined Normal-Phase Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Gas Chromatography
Herrald Steenbergen, Hans-Gerd Janssen
LCGC Supplements, Special Issues-09-02-2014, Volume 32, Issue 9
Edible oils and fats are complex mixtures of compounds. This article describes the role of normal-phase liquid chromatography as a generic sample pretreatment tool prior to detailed gas chromatography (GC) analysis.
Edible oils and fats are complex mixtures of compounds. To understand the properties of an oil or fat, information on groups of molecules, as well as individual molecules, is needed. This article describes the role of normal-phase liquid chromatography (LC) as a generic sample pretreatment tool prior to detailed analysis by gas chromatography (GC). Moving from one group to another can be performed by simply adjusting the elution conditions and collection windows. Different applications of the new unified method will be discussed, including detailed analysis of partial acylglycerides, steradienes, and glycidylesters, as well as the use of the novel method for total-polarity mapping.
Edible oils and fats are an important part of the human diet. From an analytical perspective, these food ingredients are extremely complex mixtures, irrespective of whether they originate from animals or vegetables. Analytical measurements are therefore challenging. A wide range of analytical methods are available that allow a detailed mapping of the overall bulk composition, as well as an analysis of specific trace compounds. In all of these methods sample preparation is a crucial step. Historically, little standardization of the sample preparation and analysis methods was performed. As a result, edible oil and fat laboratories are now confronted with a huge diversity of almost identical, yet slightly different, methods. More generic approaches could help to contribute to the efficiency of these laboratories.
As in all analytical measurements, the key aspects in method development for edible oil and fat analysis are selectivity and sensitivity. The compounds of interest should be measured at the desired levels without interferences from other species. Sensitivity is a crucial factor in trace analysis, for example, in contaminant or vitamin analysis. Selectivity, that is, the ability to distinguish the compounds of interest from those that are not relevant, is a second important factor in trace analysis, but it is equally relevant in the assessment of the main compound classes in the oil. Selectivity in oil and fat analysis is basically related to isolating the compound or compound group of interest from the total sample by exploiting differences in the physicochemical properties (reactivity, size, or polarity) between the compounds of interest and the rest. Isolation is very often performed in the sample pretreatment step. Saponification followed by extraction is an important sample preparation step for removal of the bulk triacylglycerides (TAG) and isolation of the (non-hydrolyzable) nonpolar species. Saponification will not be considered here because it is not a universal approach. All compounds that can be hydrolyzed are lost in the procedure. This article will focus on methods for target-group isolation that isolate the molecules in their native, intact form. After the initial isolation of the compounds of interest, chromatographic techniques can be used to introduce additional selectivity and quantify the groups or individual compounds for which information is needed.
In the past a wide variety of methods have been developed for the pre-isolation of the target analytes from an oil or fat sample. Liquid–liquid partitioning, solid-phase extraction (SPE), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and complexation are the most common tools.
After the initial isolation both gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), either in combination with or without mass spectrometry (MS), can be used for separation and quantification. It is clear that all the sample preparation methods, with the exception of SEC, exploit solubility and interactions as the mechanisms for separating the target compounds from the remaining sample material. It was from this that the idea to replace the wide variety of isolation methods by a single analytical isolation tool, normal-phase LC, arose. Much of the early work to replace complex sample work-up methods for oil and fat analysis by LC isolation of the fraction of interest was performed by Grob and coworkers (1). Normal-phase LC isolation of the compounds of interest provided an excellent selectivity. The drawback of LC isolation (the dilution of the fraction) was elegantly resolved by applying large volume sample transfer to the second dimension GC or LC method.
This article will describe previous work in the development of a single, unified analytical protocol that can replace most of the sample preparation procedures applied in the various edible oil analysis methods. Building on the pioneering work done by Grob, the use of combined normal-phase LC–GC for the analysis of compounds and compound classes that have been of interest for decades will be demonstrated. In addition, its use for the analysis of species that have only received interest recently will be illustrated. The latter group includes sterols, steroloxides, and glycidylesters.
The proposed novel methods rely on the use of tunable normal-phase LC as a unified route for target compound and target group isolation in edible oils. If one of the main compound groups, for example the TAG or diacylglycerides (DAG), is of interest, the oil sample is injected into the normal-phase LC system without any further sample pretreatment. For the analysis of trace-level compounds, such as in the analysis of glycidyl esters, it is generally worthwhile removing the bulk of the fatty matrix in a quick liquid extraction step prior to the normal-phase LC fractionation.
Sample Preparation: To remove the TAG, 100 mg of the oil sample was dispersed in 4 mL of acetonitrile. The oil sample at the bottom of the tube was gently warmed to obtain a homogeneous clear liquid oil phase. Vigorous mixing (vortex) for about 20 s was applied to disperse the oil into the organic phase. After centrifugation for 5 min at 3500 g, the acetonitrile was transferred into a clean test tube and the solvent was evaporated under a gentle stream of nitrogen (35 ± 5 °C). Immediately after drying, the walls of the test tube were rinsed with approximately 1 mL of chloroform. The solvent was again removed under nitrogen and finally the residue was redissolved in 1 mL of hexane/2-propanol (85/15 v/v).
Normal-phase LC Separation: The normal-phase LC separations were performed on a modular, binary gradient system, consisting of two solvent delivery pumps (type Gilson 305 + 306), a manometric module (Gilson 805s), and a dynamic mixer (Gilson 811b), and equipped with a UV detector (UV-2000, Thermo Separation Products), operated at 205 or 210 nm. The normal-phase LC separations were performed on either one or two (serially connected) 250 × 4.6 mm, Lichrosorb 5 Diol columns (Agilent Technologies) thermostatically controlled at 40 °C by the column oven of a Marathon-xt autosampler (Separations). The fraction of interest was collected by an Advantec SF-2120 fraction collector (Separations). Different normal-phase LC gradients were used matching the polarity of the analyte group(s) of interest. An overview of the gradients used for specific applications is presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Normal-phase LC gradient settings for typical edible oil and fat analyses. The flow rate is 1 mL/min unless indicated otherwise. Some of the applications are shown in this article (indicated by the figure number). Slight adjustments of the elution windows might be necessary because of between-column or between-eluent differences. Abbreviations: Hx: Hexane, MTBE: Methyl-tert-butylether, IPA: 2-propanol, CHCl3: Chloroform.
Since many of the target compounds showed no or very limited UV absorbance, collection windows were typically determined through the analysis of the pure model compounds. Fractions at 0.5 min intervals were then collected around the expected normal-phase LC retention time. These fractions were then analyzed by GC. In this way the approximate elution position could be determined. The exact elution window could then be established using either a series of standard compounds covering the whole chain-length range, or a real sample. Depending on the identity of the target analytes, whether derivatization prior to GC is needed, and the desired detection limits, the sample can be injected as such, or after removal of the solvent. This can be done under a stream of nitrogen at room temperature or slightly above. To avoid the loss of volatile sample constituents, a so-called keeper, for example, isooctane, can be added. The typical volume used was 200 µL. Derivatization was typically performed by adding 200 µL of a 25% BSTFA (bis-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide) solution in pyridine followed by heating at 70 °C for 30 min.
GC Separation: Separation of the compounds within a fraction was performed by capillary GC, either with flame ionization detection (FID) or MS detection. Different GC columns, injection methods, and injection volumes were applied depending on the desired chromatographic selectivity, the physicochemical properties of the compounds of interest, and the desired detection limits. An overview of the settings used is given in Table 2.
Table 2: Typical GC settings for analysis of the isolated normal-phase LC fractions.
GC–FID experiments were performed on a Trace GC2000 (Interscience) equipped with an AS2000 autosampler, a cold on-column injector and an early solvent vapour exit. All GC–MS experiments were performed on an Agilent 7890A GC coupled to a 5975C inert XL mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies) and controlled by Chemstation software version E.02.00 (Agilent). The GC–MS system was equipped with two injectors: a split/splitless and a PTV injector (OPTIC3, ATAS GL). Several analytical columns were employed.
Total Polarity Separations: As outlined earlier, the main aim of the current work was the development of a tunable-selectivity method that could provide a generic approach for the analysis of specific groups of compounds in edible oils or fats. Within this strategy normal-phase LC is used to isolate the compound group of interest on the basis of its polarity. The idea for this strategy was derived from a series of early experiments performed using a novel technique called comprehensive LC×GC (2). In comprehensive LC×GC subsequent fractions from an LC separation are taken for detailed analysis by GC. This method was initially developed for detailed separation of triacylglycerides and later applied to whole oils as well (3). Figure 1 shows one of the early comprehensive two-dimensional normal-phase LC×GC chromatograms obtained. In this dot-plot figure the normal phase LC separation is plotted in the x-direction and GC chromatograms recorded for every normal-phase LC fraction are plotted in the y-direction. The size of a dot represents the peak area at a certain GC retention time. In the separation plane a large number of compound groups can be seen. Based on their relative polarity (normal-phase LC retention time) and size (GC retention) they could be identified tentatively. From Figure 1 it is clear that one single normal-phase LC gradient allows the separation of a number of important compound classes, which means that a generic method for tunable target analysis is feasible. It is important to emphasize that it is not the aim of the current study to obtain information on all compound classes in a single comprehensive LC×GC run. Information on all compound classes would only be required for very advanced applications such as authenticity research or patent infringement investigations, in most other cases only one compound group is of interest. For the latter purpose heart-cut LC–GC suffices.
Figure 1: Comprehensive normal-phase LC×C separation of an edible oil sample. All identifications of compound classes are tentative.
Chromatograms such as those shown in Figure 1 can be recorded in a fully automated manner as we have shown previously (4). Automated on-line heart-cut LC–GC using on-column or loop-type large volume injection was demonstrated by Grob and Frohlich in 1992 (5). We applied large volume injection using a programmed temperature injector (PTV) for solvent elimination between the LC and GC–MS. Full automation is evidently necessary for comprehensive LC×GC, but if just one or a few fractions of the LC separation are of interest, (automated) fraction collection with manual transfer to the GC for further analysis is generally easier.
Partial Acylglycerides: The main compounds present in edible oils are the TAG, triesters of fatty acids and glycerol. In addition to the TAG, low levels of the so-called partial acyl glycerides can also be present. These compounds consist of glycerol with two fatty acid chains (di-acylglycerides or DAG) or one fatty acid (mono-acylglycerides or MAG). Partial glycerides can result from incomplete acylation in the biosynthesis of the oil or from oil processing. Their analysis is important because even very low levels of these partial glycerides can strongly affect product stability of margarines and dressing products. For a full understanding of the influence of DAG and MAG on product stability, information on the chain length distribution within the DAG and MAG group is relevant. Obtaining this information begins with isolating the DAG and MAG fractions from the oil with subsequent analysis of the total chain lengths using GC after BSTFA silylation. Normal-phase LC isolation of MAG and DAG from each other and from TAG is relatively straight forward because of the large polarity difference between these three compound groups: Normal-phase LC retention is very different for molecules with none versus one or two free hydroxyl groups (DAG and MAG, respectively). During analysis MAG and DAG are collected in one combined fraction because separation is possible based on the retention times in GC. For most oils and fats, except those with a very broad fatty acid chain length distribution, the last eluting MAG elutes well before the first eluting DAG in GC. Figure 2 shows the GC–FID analysis of a combined MAG/DAG fraction from a palm oil sample. In the GC chromatogram two clear regions can be seen. The MAG elute between 12 min and 14 min (see expanded view), while the heavier DAG elute between 18.0 min and 23 min. Quantification was performed against cholesterol as the internal standard, which was added to the oil sample prior to the normal-phase LC isolation.
Figure 2: GC–FID analysis of the combined MAG/DAG fraction isolated from a palm oil sample using normal-phase LC.
Steradienes in Olive Oils: Olive oil is an important ingredient in Mediterranean cuisine. Different qualities of olive oils are available, depending on the origin and processing of the oil. The highest quality oils are the virgin or cold-pressed oils. The only processing steps allowed in the preparation of virgin oils are physical techniques such as pressing, filtration, decantation, and centrifugation (6). Because of its high price, virgin olive oil is susceptible to fraud and adulteration. There are various analytical methods to differentiate virgin from refined or thermally treated olive oils. An important indicator is the level of 3,5-stigmastadiene, a dehydration product of sterols formed upon thermal treatment of the olives. Virgin olive oils, obtained by cold pressing, do not contain measurable amounts of 3,5-stigmastadiene (less than 0.01 mg/kg [7]) while the level of 3,5-stigmastadiene in refined olive oils ranges between 0.3 mg/kg and 0.9 mg/kg (8). Reliable analysis of steradienes is therefore very relevant. Steradienes are four-ring compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms. In terms of polarity, steradienes are less polar than the bulk of the oil, the TAG. In normal-phase LC isolation this means the steradienes elute almost unretained, together with other nonpolar species such as alkanes and squalene. Since the latter compound is present at a much higher level than the steradienes in many oil samples an efficient separation and selective detection is needed. GC–MS is clearly the technique of choice. Figure 3 shows the GC–MS chromatogram of the isolated steradienes fraction of an olive oil. Full scan GC–MS is sufficiently sensitive while simultaneously the extracted ion chromatograms offer the required selectivity.
Figure 3: GC–MS analysis of steradienes as markers for edible oil fraud and adulteration.
Glycidylester Analysis: Glycidylesters (GE), fatty acid esters of glycidol, are process contaminants formed during the deodorization step of vegetable oil refining (9). They present a safety hazard as a result of the toxic effects of glycidol, which can be released upon digestion. Accurate measurement of GE is required for performing the risk assessment and for evaluating the effectiveness of various mitigation technologies. A suite of methods for GE analysis has recently been developed (9). These methods can be classified into indirect methods that measure glycidol after conversion of all glycidylesters into a single halogenated derivative, and direct methods that measure the levels of individual intact GE. A drawback of the indirect methods is that information on the fatty acid chain esterified to the glycidol backbone is lost as all esters are converted into a single analyte during sample preparation. We have recently developed a method based on off-line LC–GC for the analysis of intact GE (10). Figure 4 shows the normal-phase LC isolation of intact GE esters from a spiked palm oil sample. The GE elute well before the residual TAG, DAG, and MAG. Because the GE are present at extremely low levels, a liquid–liquid partitioning step using heptane–acetonitrile was performed prior to injection into the normal-phase LC system. In this partitioning step the TAG preferentially distribute into the heptane phase, while the GE are enriched into the acetonitrile phase. To enable a full separation of the non-polar GE from the only slightly more polar residual TAG, the normal-phase LC eluent needs to be strictly nonpolar and free of even the slightest traces of water or other polar species. Under these conditions the double bonds in the molecules start to strongly influence retention. In Figure 4 this becomes apparent from the rather large resolution between the glycidylesters with a saturated chain versus those containing one, two, or three double bonds. As a result of this rather strong separation, the fraction that has to be collected is wider than usual, necessitating an evaporative preconcentration prior to injection in GC–MS. Since the compounds have a low volatility, this preconcentration is straight forward and, if performed under nitrogen at a moderate temperature, holds little risk of losing analytes. The quantification limits of the novel method are better than 0.05 mg/kg for individual glycidylesters. In practical operation the method is very stable: Hundreds of samples could be analyzed without problems or excessive maintenance. The GC–MS performance was remarkably stable. This is a positive consequence of the efficient clean-up that is obtained in our generic normal-phase LC isolation strategy.
Figure 4: Normal-phase LC isolation of intact glycidylesters (GE) from spiked palm oil. The vertical lines indicate the collection window for the GE. Adapted and reprinted from Journal of Chromatography A 1313, H. Steenbergen, K. Hrncir쩬 A. Ermacora, S. de Koning, and H.-G. Janssen, Direct analysis of intact glycidyl fatty acid esters in edible oils using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, 202–211 (2013) with permission from Elsevier (10).
The combination of normal-phase LC as a selective method for the isolation of specific compound classes from edible oil samples for further detailed analysis of individual homologues by GC has been demonstrated. This combination offers a generic method with a selectivity that can be tuned from the keyboard. Fully automated off-line operation is easy to perform, and on-line coupling even allows unattended and therefore fast, cheap, and reliable operation. In addition to being highly selective, normal-phase LC pre-isolation combined with GC(–MS) quantification also provides good sensitivity. By using an intermediate evaporation step between the normal-phase LC isolation and the GC analysis, or by implementing a large volume injection step, detection limits in the ppb range are achievable. Future improvements could be achieved by combining the universal isolation method with more advanced analysis tools such as GC–MS–MS, comprehensive GC×GC(–MS), or ultrahigh-pressure LC (UHPLC)–MS.
Herrald Steenbergen is a research scientist in the analytical chemistry department of Unilever Research Vlaardingen, the Netherlands. He specializes in liquid chromatography and gas chromatography of food samples, with an emphasis on edible oil and fat analysis. He develops and uses hyphenated and comprehensive systems, often including mass spectrometric detection.
Hans-Gerd Janssen is the science leader of chromatography and mass spectrometry at Unilever Research Vlaardingen. He also is a part-time professor in biomacromolecular analysis at the University of Amsterdam. Professor Janssen's research interests include the development of multidimensional separation systems for food, biomedical, and environmental analysis. Direct correspondence to: Hans-Gerd.Janssen@unilever.com
(1) K. Grob, M. Lanfranchi, and C. Mariani, J. Chromatogr. 471, 397–405 (1989).
(2) H.-G. Janssen, W. Boers, H. Steenbergen, R. Horsten, and E. Floter, J. Chromatogr. A 1000, 385–400 (2003).
(3) A.J.H. Louter, H.-G. Janssen, H. Steenbergen, and E. Floter, Lipid Technology 15, 64–67 (2003).
(4) S. de Koning, H.-G. Janssen, M.M. van Deursen, and U.A. Brinkman, J. Sep. Science 27, 397–409 (2004).
(5) K. Grob and D. Frohlich, J. High Res. Chromatogr. 15, 812–814 (1992).
(6) EC Regulation Nr. 1234/2007, Appendix XVI, Descriptions and definitions of olive oil and olive pomage.
(7) M.C. Dobarganes, A. Cert, and A. Dieffenbacher, Pure & Appl. Chem. 71, 349–359 (1999).
(8) L Brühl and H.-J. Fiebig, Fat. Sci. Technol. 97, 203–208 (1995).
(9) C. Crews, A. Chiodini, M. Granvogl, C. Hamlet, K. Hrncirik, J. Kuhlmann, A. Lampen, G. Scholz, R. Weisshaar, T. Wenzl, P.R. Jasti, and W. Seefelder, Food Addit. Contam. Part A 30, 11–45 (2013).
(10) H. Steenbergen, K. Hrncirik, A. Ermacora, S. de Koning, and H.-G. Janssen, J. Chromatogr. A 1313, 202–211 (2013).


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First-time Homebuyers Guide Austin 2021
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Austin home decor store opens a health-conscious bakery on wheels
Desert Desserts
Brianna Caleri
Photo courtesy of Maaribu
What many Austinites may not realize when passing by Maaribu on Guadalupe Street is that the home goods store has a perfect name. A combination of Marfa and Malibu, the chic little showroom and café offers decor in desert tones, eclectic desserts made without gluten and with lots of buzzword ingredients, and the feeling that pursuing little luxuries is part of wellness. Speaking of those truly little treats, Maaribu's new bakery truck, which feeds the South First Street café, is now open at the Guadalupe Street showroom.
The truck carries a diverse menu of classics (chocolate chip cookies and brownies), savory snacks (rosemary parmesan and cheddar scallion dill scones), and several vegan offerings (matcha cheesecake and dark chocolate mousse). A mysterious golden spice sandwich cookie — nodding to turmeric — beckons with a piped swirl of frosting, while banana and lemon loaves stand by for instant, miniaturized comfort.
A press release shares that Maaribu's lemon blueberry scones and dragon fruit confetti cupcakes contain "superfoods and adaptogens" and are "full of antioxidants and prebiotics." While it likely doesn't matter that the star ingredient in your cupcake could keep you relatively more alive while lost in Big Bend than a boring old strawberry, dragon fruit confetti is an undeniably happy concept.
Other treats available at the café, like the Iced Immortality Mocha with adaptogenic mushrooms, are meant to deliver a tangible boost to energy and resilience to stress. Like anyone with experience in herbs or CBD could tell you, it's a long-term process, but a little variety is a fun way to break up your usual routine.
Everything on the menu is by pastry chef Serene Warren, who trained in part at the Culinary Institute of America. Despite taking two decades of full focus as a stay-at-home mom, Warren is back in the culinary game, and has created two restaurant concepts before Maaribu, which has taken up most of her eight years in Austin so far.
Maaribu has stores at 3402 Guadalupe St. and 1413 S. First St., with the bakery truck parked at the former. Maaribu stated in an Instagram comment that the truck is open Tuesday through Sunday, from 9 am to 4 pm, and Sundays from 10 am to 3 pm. More information about the brick-and-mortar stores is available at maaribu.com.
Photo courtesy of Watertrade
5 things to know in Austin food right now: Omakase experiences pop up around town
Editor's note: We get it. It can be difficult to keep up with the fast pace of Austin's restaurant and bar scene. We have you covered with our regular roundup of essential food news.
Pop-ups and special items
While the chef's away, the bar goers will play. That's how that phrase goes, right? Watertrade, an upscale bar attached to the omakase restaurant Otoko, is holding down the fort while chef Yoshi Okai is away in Aspen. On June 17 and 18 only, for the first time, the cocktail bar becomes its very own omakase experience with a pared-down six-course menu ($75). That includes five savory dishes, one sweet dish, a drink, and an optional caviar pairing. The bar will still be offering its izakaya and regular beverage menus. Reserve on Tock.
Never turn down another omakase pop-up: If that means omakase two weekends in a row, you make it work. Leroy & Lewis is bringing its barbecue chops to Texas Saké Company for a unique collaboration with Tare, an in-home omakase experience. The 11-course menu celebrates grilled and smoked meats paired with Asian garnishes and preparations including "beef tongue nigiri, pork brisket spring roll, a BBQ drippings ice cream, and more." Chefs Michael Carranza and Evan LeRoy are doing something truly adventurous with this one-night-only menu June 29. Reserve on Tock.
There's no right way to celebrate Pride, but there's a right way to make a doughnut, and that's a cake dooughnut with vanilla bean glaze. Sorry. The Salty Donut is doing things right, adding Swiss buttercream, rainbow milk crumb, and edible disco glitter for its celebratory "rainbow funfetti" cake doughnut, available in-store and via Uber Eats all week from June 20 to 26. Proceeds in Austin will go to Equality Texas, a nonpartisan LGBTQ+ advocacy group. If you happen to be in Dallas that week, those proceeds are going to Resource Center Dallas.
Other news and notes
On June 18, Texas Keeper Cider launches its Grafter Rosato, an 8 percent ABV, 10-month aged cider made with Sangiovese grapes and three heirloom varieties. The cidery describes the new offering as having a "pleasing amount of barnyard, earthy notes and bringing a lovely complexity." This is a great excuse to stop in and try the long new snacks menu, with highlights like a Texas cheese board, blistered shishitos, and panzanella (imagine if bruschetta were a salad). More information about the taproom and bottles is available at texaskeeper.com.
Health and nutrition-focused restaurant The Well is celebrating National Smoothie Day on June 21 with a free add-on ingredient addition or boost. That means ingredients like grass-fed whey isolate, collagen peptides, or plant-based proteins ("adaptogens, Lion's Mane, CBD, blue majik spirulina, and more"). The 20-ounce drinks also come as bowls with grain-free granola, fruit, and superfoods. Find the full menu at eatwellatx.com.
Photo courtesy of The Pitch Austin
7 things to know in Austin food right now: Giant soccer-themed hot spot rolls into town
Some big names in the local hospitality industry are among those pitching Austin on a new "food, fun, and fútbol" destination venue. Opening to the public in February is a unique sports-entertainment concept dubbed The Pitch. Located at 13000 Harris Ridge Blvd. in the 50-acre Parmer Pond business park in Northeast Austin, The Pitch features some definite draws for Austin FC fans and foodies alike. In collaboration with Austin FC and Two Oak Ventures, the concept was brought about by a partnership between Karlin Real Estate/Parmer Austin; several sports-focused, project-management, and design ventures; and, perhaps most notably for local foodies, Corner Kick Hospitality Group, the creative force behind 24 Diner, Irene's, and Cookbook at the Austin Central Library. Among its offerings, The Pitch — made from multi-level, customized shipping containers — will include a 1,200-seat stadium, jumbo TV screens, sports courts, and an artificial-surface soccer pitch. Planned eateries include high-end burger bar Ranger Burger; Ga Roti, a Vietnamese rotisserie chicken concept; Austin institution Taco Flats; Sand Bar, a beach bar alongside the onsite sand volleyball courts serving frozen tropical drinks; bakery Coffee Club; and a selection of local beer and craft cocktails will be available at the Corner Kick Bar. Follow The Pitch on Instagram for updates.
Another cherished Austin food institution is closing its doors permanently, but for once, it's for an entirely different reason than the pandemic. La Mexicana Bakery, which opened in 1989 at 1924 S. First St., will close permanently in mid-February when owner Jesus Martinez Becerra retires. While Austinites will no doubt miss the variety of Mexican breads and baked goods (ooh, that tres leches cake, y'all!), Becerra's daughter encourages locals to see the change not as something negative, but as part of a success story. "Yes, it's true. The bakery will be closing," Bianka Lopez said in a Facebook post from Sunday, January 23. "But don't think we got pushed out. Dad is retiring and wants to enjoy the fruits of his labor. Don't be sad. Be proud of what a Mexican immigrant [did] to build his American dream. If you know him, you know he's very humble and a hard worker. La Mexicana holds a special place in everyone's heart to the Austin locals and has made history to good ol' Austin. Legacy is what Dad will be leaving behind and no one can ever take that from him." You've still got a few weeks to pop by the bakery for some empanadas.
Meanwhile, a new bakery is on the rise in Leander. Noble Delights Bakery, which had previously been run by owner Regina Noble out of her home and cranks out some super impressive cakes, is renovating a space at 2091-B S. Hwy. 183 to make way for the new brick-and-mortar bakery, which will go in next door to a Papa John's pizza shop. According to a state filing, Noble and her team will begin renovations on the 986-square-foot space on February 1, with renovations complete by the end of May. As they say at Noble Delights, that sounds delightfully delicious and creative.
Some seriously good coffee is now brewing at the flagship Whole Foods Market at Lamar Boulevard and Sixth Street, thanks to Philadelphia-based coffee brand La Colombe, which has officially opened its first café location in Texas inside the bustling Whole Foods location. Originally aiming to open in early December 2021, the opening was a bit delayed, but a month late hardly even counts in these pandemic times. Open daily from 7 am-7 pm, the new La Colombe, which is an independent retail space and café, features a buzzworthy menu, including its signature brews, lattes on tap, and a rotating lineup of single-origin coffees and blends available in espresso and drip. Check out more about the new café here.
If you live in the Austin area and love Girl Scout Cookies, we've got some sweet news for you. Girl Scouts of Central Texas is making it over-the-top easy for cookie monsters to get their hands on the good stuff this cookie season. The local council has partnered with Austin burger chain P. Terry's, which will host Girl Scout Cookie booths at select dine-in burger joints around town. The booths will be up and running on the weekends through Sunday, February 27. Hours of delicious operation for the cookie booths are Fridays 5-7 pm, Saturdays 9 am-7 pm, and Sundays 11 am-7 pm. The move is in response to the local Girl Scouts having to pivot their cookie-business plans during the pandemic while still giving Austinites access to all the Thin Mints (and the array of other cookie flavors) they could ever hope for. Additionally, in the spirit of Girl Scouts delivering the goods directly to your door, the local council has also partnered with Favor, which is offering same-day delivery of Girl Scout Cookies within a 6-mile radius in Austin and an 8-mile radius in San Marcos. Search "Girl Scout Cookies" in the Favor app or on favordelivery.com to browse the available treats. And to sweeten the deal, Favor is even offering customers $3 discounted deliveries on all cookie orders, with no minimum purchase.
In mouthwatering news that has us wondering, "Wait, that wasn't already a thing?" local fan favorite Austin Eastciders is launching a new flavor: Apple Pie Cider. Only available locally and aiming to tap those nostalgic American feelings about apple pie, the new Eastciders beverage is a semi-sweet cider showcasing notes of cinnamon, vanilla, and fresh baked apples, and boasts a 6.9 percent alcohol content. The new Apple Pie Cider is launching as a tasting-room exclusive at Austin Eastciders' South Austin restaurant at 1530 Barton Springs Rd., which is where the official launch party will take place. Open to the public, the launch party is set for February 11 at 6 pm, and will include live music, cocktails — including an Apple Pie Float and Mulled Apple Pie Cider — and more. Watch Austin Eastciders on Instagram for more info.
Continuing with this report's sweet theme, we are happy to share this delightful news: The Salty, the wildly popular artisan doughnut shop based in Miami that opened to great success on South Congress Avenue in Austin in August, has launched its local catering program. Now, don't go thinking this is just another mediocre catering service, as The Salty serves up a pretty charming menu of catering offerings, including doughnut towers, custom doughnut letters, table setups, rentals of its cute doughnut camper, and more. Learn all about the The Salty's catering treats here.
Courtesy of Huckleberry
5 things to know in Austin food right now: Seafood truck nets new far-out location
Openings and reopenings
Some delicious coastal comforts have just rolled into South Austin. Huckleberry, the local seafood truck (and home to perhaps the best ceviche in town), has anchored at The Far Out Lounge on South Congress Avenue. The truck, which features chef-prepared, sustainably sourced Gulf seafood, was originally opened in the summer of 2020 and located in North Austin next to Circle Brewing Co. "After a successful year in business in North Austin, we're excited to welcome current and new customers to check us out down South at Far Out Lounge," says Melinda Reese, Huckleberry co-owner. "This is just one of the many exciting developments in the new year. We hope you will get acquainted with our new spot soon."
Speaking of south side seafood, a new sushi bar has washed up in the Sunset Valley neighborhood. Bluefin Sushi Bar and Ramen, which promises "high-quality ingredients, first-class atmosphere, and delicious eats," has opened at 5400 Brodie Ln., suite 1200, in the Sunset Valley Marketfair shopping center. Bluefin's vast menu features everything from tempura dishes and spicy tuna crispy rice to 11 different ramen dishes, and an array of cold small plates, sushi and sashimi, and classic rolls.
The latest eatery to hit a grand slam in the bustling suburb of Kyle, just south of Austin, is none other than ubiquitous American diner Denny's. According to a state filing, Denny's will start construction on a new 4,416-square-foot, free-standing restaurant at 19020 I-35 in Kyle on March 1 and complete the build-out by June 1. The eatery is one in a long line of restaurants to recently announce their expansion into the Austin suburb. This will be the first Denny's location in Kyle.
Following the opening of its first of 11 restaurants in Houston, fast-casual concept Aloha Poke Co. could be moving into the Austin market. According to industry site RestaurantNews.com, Aloha Poke, which started as a food stall in a Chicago train station, has a long-term development plan to open eateries in other Texas metroplex markets, including Austin and Dallas-Fort Worth. Core to the Aloha Poke menu is the build-your-own-bowl option, which includes a variety of rice dishes, meats (ahi tuna, shrimp, salmon, chicken, tofu), and a choice of toppings and sauces.
If your New Year's resolution involves eating more tasty treats, perhaps you should consider noshing doughnuts for breakfast (or lunch or dinner) every once in a while, especially considering Austin boasts one of the best doughnut joints in the country, according to one food site. Tasting Table, which recently ranked the best Doughnut Places Across the U.S., highlighted Gourdough's in Austin, home of "big fat donuts." Particular notice was given to the South Lamar Boulevard restaurant's blueberry-filled doughnut holes, the CBD doughnut, and every local's fave, the doughnut burger, which comes in no fewer than seven varieties. While chains The Salty Donut and Voodoo Doughnut, which both have locations in Austin, got shoutouts on the list for their locations in their home states, Gourdough's was the only Texas doughnut shop to make the list.
Curra's Grill/Facebook
7 things to know in Austin food right now: Tex-Mex favorite heats up Hyde Park
Central Austinites are raising a toast of avocado margarita to the newly opened Curra's Grill in Hyde Park. The family-run local darling and Tex-Mex staple has opened in the space that previously housed cherished vegetarian restaurant Mother's Café, which closed in October 2020 after losing its battle with the pandemic. The new Curra's, now known as the "mother of all Mex," previously noted that the menu will feature many longtime fan faves alongside family recipes like duck quesadillas and scallops. Though things are still getting up and running, Curra's Hyde Park also previously promised golf-cart delivery of tacos and margaritas in the neighborhood. Stay tuned for more on that rollout. The restaurant is located at 4215 Duval St. Hours are Monday through Saturday 4-10 pm.
Visitors to downtown bar Valhalla can now hit the sauce — the marinara sauce, that is. Restaurateur Tess Eastwood has opened a fresh pasta eatery inside the bar called Marinara Miracles. The miraculous menu, which feels far more exquisite than any bar food we've ever come across, features delicacies like squid-ink fettuccine, custom lasagna, ravioli, bruschetta, meatball subs, and arancini. It's kind of the perfect fare to nosh after a beer-guzzling night trudging around the Red River Cultural District. Marinara Miracles is open for business Wednesday through Saturday 7 pm-midnight.
Dollars to doughnuts that local foodies who tend toward the indulgent realm have already marked their calendars for Friday, August 27. That's when wildly popular Miami-based The Salty Donut will (finally!) swing open the doors at its new neighborhood spot at 2000 S. Congress Ave., and wow Austinites with its sticky, gooey, flavor-bomb artisanal doughnut specialties like Texas Chocolate Sheet Cake, Prickly Pear Margarita, and the undeniably spectacular Horchata. Prior to its grand opening, The Salty is hosting a tasty lotto giveaway. All locals have to do is follow The Salty on Instagram and fill out a short lotto form. The Salty will randomly choose 60 winners each day through Thursday, August 26 to visit the new SoCo shop and pick up a free lotto pack that includes six tantalizing doughnuts. The grand opening celebration will continue throughout the weekend with more giveaways. The Salty Donut will be open Sunday through Thursday 7 am-7 pm and Friday and Saturday 7 am-10 pm.
Downtown dwellers and Austinites in search of a sweet meal that will bowl them over need look no further than the Second Street District. Opening in the hot neighborhood downtown spot on Tuesday, August 24 is healthy quick-service eatery Sweetgreen, which serves up super fresh salads and warm bowls. Located at 200 W. Second St. on the bustling corner of Second and Colorado streets next to Jo's Coffee, Sweetgreen also has two other Austin locations, one on The Drag near the UT campus that opened in December 2020 and one on South Congress Avenue that opened in summer 2020. Hungry locals can check out the plant-forward menu while also sharing some Sweetgreen love with area kids: For every bowl sold on opening day, Sweetgreen will donate a bowl to Brighter Bites for elementary schools in Travis County.
As the Circuit of The Americas revs up for the Formula 1 U.S. Grand Prix this fall, race fans from around the world are also gearing up to take a bite out of Austin. For F1 weekend October 22-24, COTA will unveil its new COTA Culinary Experience, which will feature five unique food villages — and 45 restaurants — offering a mix of some of the best bites in Austin. Each restaurant will serve two to three menu items for race weekend. The five villages include Rodeo Driveway, a Beverly Hills-inspired sidewalk café; La Cantina, featuring classic Tex-Mex dishes, margaritas, and a fiesta ambiance; Lone Star Land, highlighting all things Texas, but mostly barbecue fare; Taste of Texas, which is inspired by chef-driven food festivals, live music, and picnic culture, will feature gourmet grab-and-go items from favorite local eateries; and the aptly named Biergarten, which will celebrate Texas' German heritage with Austin purveyors of sausage and schnitzel.
One fast-casual concept is using its noodle and considering reentering the Austin market. Noodles & Co., known for its variety of Asian and Italian noodle dishes, mac and cheese offerings, and stuffed pastas, is "looking for prospective multiunit franchisees to sign on this year within 18-24 months in Austin," a company rep tells CultureMap, adding that the Austin locations will likely feature lighter options from a smaller footprint. The company, which now boasts more than 450 locations nationwide, had previously opened five company-operated Austin spots, but they were all closed within four years of opening, according to the Austin Business Journal. Noodles & Co. recently told the ABJ that it could move back into Austin with five to 10 restaurants to start and would want to do so sooner than later.
If the pandemic has made you feel like you're missing out on some meaty, spicy stew a la Homer Simpson, Hotel Vegas is dishing out an event you won't want to miss. The East Austin venue will host its chili cook-off event, dubbed Rotel Vegas, on Sunday, September 5 from 4-7 pm, when "chili will be served, judged, and consumed by the masses" while DJ Boi Orbison spins all-country vinyl alongside other outdoor music performances. (No word on whether Homer's dreaded Guatemalan insanity peppers will make an appearance.) Each competing team will present a meat-based and a plant-based chili, and will be judged by a panel in two categories: professional chefs and at-home cooks. Best in Show will be judged by the community. This event is free, but to taste and judge the chili, you'll have to buy a $5 chili tasting kit (with serving bowls, spoons, napkins, and hand wipes) — well worth the experience. After the winners are announced, a free Hotel Vegas after-party kicks off outside. Hotel Vegas is located at 1500 E. Sixth St.
Shipley's Do-Nuts/Facebook
Austin-based private equity firm gobbles up iconic Texas doughnut shop
Shipley sold
Texas' iconic Shipley Do-Nuts has a new owner. The Austin-based private equity firm Peak Rock Capital announced it has purchased the company from the Houston-based Shipley family. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
Known for its doughnuts and kolaches, the company has over 300 locations in nine states, including seven in Austin. The acquisition will allow the company to grow with both its existing franchisees and to find new opportunities in other markets.
"My grandfather, father, and I have dedicated our lives to serving Shipley Do-Nuts, our franchisees and our guests. After an exhaustive search, it became clear that Peak Rock Capital was the ideal steward of our business as it pursues the next stage of growth," Lawrence Shipley III said in a statement. "My family is thrilled to continue as investors in the Company, and we look forward to the exciting growth to come."
With the completion of the purchase, Shipley has retired from his position as president of the company. He will focus on other family investments, according to a release.
"Shipley represents an exciting opportunity to invest in a beloved consumer brand with an established reputation for authenticity and quality," Peak Rock managing director Robert Strauss added. "We are incredibly impressed with the franchise that the Shipley family has built, and we look forward to partnering with the Company's management team to invest behind their growth plan."
Peak Rock Capital is an Austin-based "middle-market private investment firm" with investments in various businesses in both the U.S. and Europe. Its other holdings include snack foods maker Halo Foods Ltd. and Turkey Hill, a company that makes ice cream and refrigerated drinks.
Shipley Do-Nuts is the latest Texas brand acquired by a private equity firm. In November, Torchy's Tacos announced it has received a $400 million investment that will allow it to expand to 10 more states over the next four years. Chicago's BDT Capital Partners acquired a majority stake in Whataburger in 2019 with plans to expand the brand.
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Austin chefs turn out for farmer-focused food festival, returning this spring
Sometimes reinventing the wheel is a good thing, which may explain the immediate and warm welcome Field Guide Festival received upon its launch in 2021 and return in 2022. Moving past the food festival trope of tiny bites, loud music, and general Baccanalian vibes, Field Guide Festival seeks to foster connections between farmers, chefs, consumers, and everyone in between. Returning to East Austin on Saturday, April 22, the innovative event invites Central Texans to consider their role in the future of food in the Austin community.
Founded by female powerhouses, Lindsey Sokol and Trisha Bates, the goal of the fest is to leave guests inspired to participate in their local food system, equipped with the knowledge of where to find the best, most sustainable food available in Austin and the surrounding area.
"Field Guide Festival presents an answer to the question, 'Where does your food come from?' by highlighting the local farmers and chefs of Austin," Bates shares in a release. "Our festival is the only place in the city where you will see the farmers side-by-side with the chefs who transform their food, creating dishes uniquely representing this exact time and place. You'll never have this food, presented in this way, again."
The recently-released 2023 lineup features an impressive roster of 34 farmer and chef partners who will partner together to create dishes exclusive to the festival using in-season produce. Tickets will include a full day of food and beverages, cooking demonstrations, symposium conversations, live music, and a farmer's bodega — all benefiting the Central Texas Food Bank.
"The Central Texas Food Bank is honored to be a partner of such a special gathering," says Mark Jackson Chief Development Officer of Central Texas Food Bank in a releasE. "Not only will revenue from the event help ensure that thousands of our neighbors facing food insecurity have enough to eat, but attendees will learn about the impact food has on our whole community while having fun."
Curated by Field Guide Culinary Director Chef Philip Speer, the 2023 chef and farmer lineup is below:
Abby Love (Abby Jane Bakeshop) & Amalia Staggs (Farmshare Austin)
Colter Peck (Elementary) & Becky Hume (VRDNT Farm)
Fiore Tedesco (L'Oca D'Oro) & Sean Henry (Hi-Fi MYCO)
Graeme Little (Fairmont Austin) & Julia Poplawsky Lewis (Cielito Lindo Farm)
Graham Fuller (Emmer & Rye) & William Nikkel (Trosi Farms)
Joaquin Ceballos (Este) & Anamaria Gutierrez (Este Garden)
Krystal Craig + Ian Thurwachter (Intero) & Celia Bell (Two Hives Honey)
Mia Li (Ora King Salmon) & Joe + Kasey Diffie (Joe's Microgreens)
Natalie Gazaui (Chef Consultant) & Gregory Mast (Central Texas Food Bank Garden)
Nicholas Yanes (Juniper + Uncle Nicky's) & Perrine Noelke (Local Pastures)
Rhys Davis & Michael Fojtasek (Maie Day) & Marianna Peeler (Peeler Farms)
Kevin & Rosie Truong (Fil N Viet) & Travis Breihan (Smallhold)
Susana Querejazu (Lutie's) & Hannah Gongola (H2Grow Farms)
Todd Duplechan (Lenoir + Vixen's Wedding) & Ryan Gould (Geosmin Regenerative)
Zechariah Perez (Sour Duck Market + Odd Duck) & Montana Stovall (Dancing Bear Farm)
Ooni Chef Demos by Casey Wilcox (Little Trouble) & Christina Currier (Comedor)
Force of Nature Chef Demo by Katrina Ferraro and Freddy Diaz (Las Brasas)
Featuring a mix of savory, sweet, and plant-based options, all food and beverages are included with each ticket, allowing guests to roam and sample everything. Tickets are $100 for adults, while a new Young Foodies ticket option ($50 for ages 13-30) and free entry children 12 and under encourages the whole family to come savor and celebrate the best of Central Texas food.
"New this year, Field Guide will welcome guests of all ages!" says founder Lindsey Sokol. "We've created a food festival that puts education first in order to strengthen the food system for the future, including the next generation. Our goal is to present food in a way no one else in Austin is doing, where the local food system is the priority."
For more information and to purchase tickets for the event, please visit fieldguidefest.com or follow along on social media @fieldguidefest.
Trendy boxing gym knocks out Cedar Park with more planned
New or aspiring boxers who worry about punching above their weight may have a new solution that caters to all. Rumble Boxing, a gym that boasts clients including David Beckham, Selena Gomez, and Justin Bieber, is now open in Cedar Park, with plans to expand elsewhere in Austin in February.
Unlike the boxing-solo-before-dawn movie trope, Rumble offers group classes that make the sport accessible and fun, including some workouts that aren't just traditional boxing (called "boxing-inspired circuits"). Boxers of all levels get together for something that looks in videos like a spin class with boxing equipment.
The gym calls it a "10-round, 45-minute fight," but an explanation on the website reveals "fight" to be more of a metaphor. Some rounds involve punching bags, while others incorporate floor training with bodyweight and dumbbell exercises. The classes promise a balance of both; half and half throughout the class.
Ambiance plays a significant part in the experience, and the gym emphasizes its music and lights along with "the program, and the collective heartbeat of the room." Although the program contemporizes boxing for greater accessibility, the core elements are still there. Boxers will learn "the six punches": the jab, the cross, front and back hooks, and front and back uppercuts.
The system has proven popular so far, and not just with celebrities. In business since just 2017, Rumble has 35 studios in the United States, plus some in Australia and the Dominican Republic. In Texas, there are also locations outside of Houston and Dallas, with more set to open in both by March.
Rumble Boxing is now open at 12160 W Parmer Lane, Suite #150. Hours of operation vary by day and are available at rumbleboxinggym.com.
This professional development group is working to connect Black Austinites and keep them in Austin
Fellowing the Leader
Even though Austin is generally understood as friendly and good for transplants, it's always hard to land in a new city and gauge your longevity there. Finding resources takes time and connections, and for new Austinites who experience social marginalization, it may not feel possible to thrive.
Seeking to create those connections, the African American Leadership Institute (AALI) is a professional development group focused on increasing civic awareness and leadership opportunities for Austin's Black population. According to the website, their mission is to "build a stronger Black Austin community by equipping exceptional leaders to live up to their moral responsibility ... to make life better for everyone in our city, state, and the world."
Established in 2021, the idea for AALI evolved out of the Leadership Austin model, which also provides civic leadership training and is in turn an evolution of the Greater Austin Chamber of Commerce. After participating in the 2002 class at Leadership Austin, AALI founder Heath Creech noticed a pattern: Companies were bringing Black employees to Austin, but underutilizing their skill sets when they arrived. Feeling more like guests than active community members, those employees packed up and looked for a new place to hit the ground running.
Creech realized Black Austinites needed their own program like Leadership Austin, so he connected with BiNi Coleman, a strategist who prioritized Black leadership through her organization 212 Catalysts. Partnering with Leadership Austin to create a parallel system, the pair started AALI to target exceptional leaders through its annual Leadership Cohort. This group of annual fellows learns how to engage in intensive community building and "deep dives" into multiple issue areas — all with a lens toward the Black community in Central Texas.
In just two years, AALI has seen in its first two groups that a third of participants say they were thinking of leaving Austin, but decided to stay. To find people willing to offer the vulnerability to apply even while feeling untethered from the Austin community, AALI had to drop some pretenses that other organizations may use to ensure commitment to applying.
"[The] AALI launch committee … determined for one that our Northstar metric should be connection: Addressing this lack of belonging in the community," says Coleman, now AALI's CEO. "If people emphasize that they feel a greater sense of connection to the Black community, or the overall community, we are doing our jobs. So far, that's never been less [affirmative feedback] than 96 percent or so."
The only eligibility requirement is that participants must live in the Austin MSA (the Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos metropolitan area). The organization waived the minimum years of residence requirement. Applications could be written or recorded via video, to ensure that different communication styles made their strongest possible impacts. It's working.
"We've had people that range from being … essentially homeless, and made it in AALI because they are relentless about being out in the community, and delivering basic needs to families and things of that nature," says Coleman. "And then we have people that are corporate VPs, and we have people who are executive directors of nonprofits. In our inaugural year we had [Austin ISD Police Chief] Wayne Sneed, for instance. It really ranges the gamut."
The 2023 fellows are no exception: Announced in January, the group of 34 includes an associate professor addressing education policy and philanthropy, the CPO of the Boys & Girls Club of Austin, the director of the Downtown Austin Alliance, a doula, multiple school principals, and more. Throughout the program, these Fellows' main objective is to get to know each other and make themselves known, so when program leaders can offer connections to outside organizations, they know who to recommend. Coleman tells a story about Aaron Demerson of the Texas Workforce Commission speaking at a session, and having a meeting booked with one of the fellows within "a couple of hours."
AALI has further expanded its outreach by launching a one-day event, Black X Conference, which allows anyone who registers to join and make connections whether or not they plan to pursue a fellowship. Scheduled annually for the Friday leading into the Juneteenth holiday, this year's Black X Conference is set for June 16.
"People ... seem to just really enjoy it and it lights a fire beyond just connecting with each other" says Coleman. "They learn about all these different issue areas and the Black community history and lens ... and then they're connected. So now if they choose to activate, they'd have what they need: They've got the information, they're aware. They know where to get more information."
More information about the African American Leadership Institute (AALI), including a full list of 2023 fellows with LinkedIn pages, is available at aaliaustin.org.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Tap into your inner stillness during our Horse Meditation Circle and Reiki and open up to your own energy flow and healing.
Reiki is a gentle and profound energy healing practice that works holistically on the whole body, mind and spirit.
Because horses are so sensitive to our inner states, when we practice inner stillness and embodied calm presence, almost immediately we can see our horses respond by also becoming calmer and more peaceful. Learning to connect with horses from this calm inner space will also help deepen our relationship with them.
Species differences seem to melt away in the Reiki space of a peaceful heart. Peace is an energetic language beyond words, one that horses already understand. They are ready to speak it with us; we just have to remember to listen. The quieter we can become, the more we can hear. To practice Reiki with horses is to learn how to "Be Peace" with them.
Horses are fully present, with no expectation, judgment, or agenda. They accept us unconditionally as we are, and this causes our hearts to open without our even trying. It is when our hearts are open that healing can truly begin. In this way, horses are also mirroring to us the best part of our True Self. Even better, they show us when we've got it right by manifesting their relaxation and connection with us. The more we relax into that peaceful space, the deeper they will relax with us. The more we feel healing within ourselves, the more we will see that they are experiencing healing as well, and so on.
When we connect heart to heart with another being, we remember the ultimate truth of existence-that we are all One. This is the place where healing starts.
During our Horse Meditation Circle we will explore Reiki, a gentle and profound energy healing practice that works holistically on the whole body, mind and spirit.
Species differences seem to melt away in the Reiki space of a peaceful heart.
Book your own Reiki and Horses healing session.
When sharing Reiki with horses, practitioners often find an amazing result-we see that the horses are helping us to heal, even though we may initially think we are there to help them heal. This is a result of the beautiful gift of their presence. Just being with horses is healing, connecting with them through petting, speaking to them, or even just sitting with their gentle presence has immediate healing effect on us.
My calling is to partner with horses to share their wisdom for the exploration of self- awareness, connection to self & nature, and to gain new perspectives on life.
Amber Moore-Barcus has been practicing Reiki for almost 4 years. After first being introduced to Reiki following a car accident, she quickly wanted to learn more about this gentle and wonderful healing modality. Since becoming certified in 2014, she has been privately giving sessions and using it as a daily part of her life as a mom, acroyogi, artist and admin assistant.
Species differences seem to melt away in the Reiki space of a peaceful heart. Peace is an energetic language beyond words, one that horses already understand. They are ready to speak it with us; we just have to remember to listen. The quieter we can become, the more we can hear. To practice Reiki with our horses is to learn how to "Be Peace" with them.
I am looking forward in sharing this program with you!
See our Upcoming Events or contact us toorganize your private or small group Reiki and Horses Program.
No prior horse experience is necessary.
Are you ready to experience the healing energy of horses?
Reiki - "Life Force Energy"
In Japanese, the word "rei" refers to a higher intelligence that permeates all living and nonliving entities and guides the inherent functioning of the universe. The word "ki" refers to the nonphysical energy that flows through everything that is alive, including plants, animals, and human beings—because of this, ki is also often called "life force energy," and is known as qi or chi from other lineages. The combination of these two words is what defines reiki as "spiritually guided life-force energy."
The philosophy encourages living and acting in ways that promote harmony both with others and within oneself. Making the decision and commitment to improve yourself is an integral part of Reiki teachings.
Reiki is an energy healing treatment that works holistically on the whole body, mind and spirit. Not a system of religious beliefs, Reiki is simply a relaxing treatment whereas natural healing vibrations are transmitted through the hands of a Reiki practitioner (acting as a conduit) to the body of the recipient.
The purpose of a Reiki treatment is to relieve stress and pain, induce relaxation, release emotional blockages, accelerate natural healing, balance subtle body energies and support other medical modalities including traditional therapies.
The gentle subtlety of Reiki may be felt through the soft touch of your giver's hands and may feel slightly tingly, cool, or warm and benefits of Reiki can be felt for several days, even weeks, after your session.


Whitney Robinette is a Director at L3 Capital and joined the team in 2013. Whitney is primarily responsible for the asset management of L3's portfolio, including leasing, construction management, and debt procurement. In addition, she is actively involved in acquisitions and investor relations.
Whitney began her career in real estate at Heitman, a global investment management firm, where she served as a Senior Portfolio Accountant in the Investor Accounting department for five years. In this role, she was primarily responsible for the reporting and valuation of one of the firm's largest national retail, office, and residential portfolios. Her specific focus on retail assets fostered her knowledge and interest in the urban retail niche.
Whitney is an active member of the International Council of Shopping Centers. She graduated from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign with a BS in Accountancy and was the Captain of the Illinois Dance Team and an active member of Kappa Kappa Gamma.


text:
St Lawrence's Church (RC)
Gloucestershire Places of Worship
Other Places of Worship in this Area
Chipping Sodbury, St John the Baptist's Church
(0.07m.)
Chipping Sodbury, Chipping Sodbury Baptist Church
Chipping Sodbury, Old Baptist Chapel
(0.1m.)
Chipping Sodbury, Chipping Sodbury Cemetery
Chipping Sodbury, Friends Meeting House
Yate, Grace Church Yate
Yate, Sacred Spirit Church
Yate, Baptist Chapel (Demolished)
Yate, Gospel Hall (Demolished)
Yate, St Mary the Virgin's Church
Yate, St Paul's Church (RC)
Yate, Christ the Rock Christian Fellowship
Note: distances (in miles) are calculated as the crow flies; it may be further by road or on foot.
We do not have a
Photograph at present.
Image by courtesy of
openclipart.org
St Lawrence's Church (RC), Chipping Sodbury
St Lawrence's Church (RC),
Broad Street,
Chipping Sodbury, Gloucestershire.
We believe the Church does NOT have a graveyard.
Note: any church within an urban environment may have had its graveyard closed after the Burial Act of 1853. Any new church built after that is unlikely to have had a graveyard at all.
This Place of Worship was founded in 1838, and we understand it is still open.
There is a History of St Lawrence's Parish ("The First 150 Years, 1838 to 1988") downloadable as a PDF file) available on the Catholic Parish of St Lawrence & St Paul, Chipping Sodbury and Yate website.
Now or formerly Roman Catholic.
If more than one congregation has worshipped here, or its congregation has united with others, in most cases this will record its original dedication.
This Church is located at OS grid reference ST7286582256. You can see this on various mapping systems. Note all links open in a new window:
St Lawrence's Church (RC), Chipping Sodbury shown on a Google Map.
Places of Worship in Chipping Sodbury shown on a Google Map.
Old Maps (www.old-maps.co.uk) (verified 2018-10-15)
Streetmap.co.uk (arrow on map shows the Place of Worship's location) (verified 2018-10-15)
Bing (Ordnance Survey option) (verified 2018-10-13)
Bing Maps ('Bird's Eye' View) (verified 2018-10-15)
Ordnance Survey "getamap" (NB some of the 'Change Map' options may require a subscription) (verified 2018-10-15)
OpenStreetMap (Maps © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA) (verified 2018-10-15)
A Vision of Britain Through Time - useful for Boundary Changes (verified 2018-10-15)
www.magic.gov.uk (Modern Maps with various overlays) (verified 2018-10-15)
I have found many websites of use whilst compiling the information for this database. Here are some which deserve mention as being of special interest for Chipping Sodbury, and perhaps to Local History and Places of Worship as a whole.
You may want to visit Catholic Parish of St Lawrence & St Paul, Chipping Sodbury and Yate website for present-day information.
The above links were selected and reviewed at the time I prepared the information, but please be aware their content may vary, or disappear entirely. These factors are outside my control.
Information last updated on 25 Jan 2019 at 14:30.
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You can specify either a Place, or OS Grid Reference to search for. When you specify a Place, only entries for that place will be returned, with Places of Worship listed in alphabetical order. If you specify a Grid Reference, Places of Worship in the immediate vicinity will be listed, in order of distance from the Grid Reference supplied. The default is to list 10, but you can specify How Many you want to see, up to a maximum of 100.
You can further refine your search by supplying other search terms.
You can specify entries with ('Yes') or without ('No') photographs.
You can specify a church or chapel's Dedication, to restrict entries to those containing the term you supply as a dedication. So for instance, 'John' would return 'St John', 'St Mary and St John', 'St John the Divine' &c.
You can specify a Street address, and likewise 'George' will return George Place, St George's Street, George and Dragon, &c.
You can restrict the search to classes of Denomination. The exact denomination is always shown in the results, although the search is for broad types. So you can search for 'Methodist', but not 'Wesleyan Methodist' or 'Primitive Methodist'. 'Multi-denominational' includes Ecumenical Partnerships, and 'Miscellaneous' means anything not covered by other broad classes.
Please note the above provides a search of selected fields in the Gloucestershire section of the Places of Worship Database on this site (churchdb.gukutils.org.uk) only. For other counties, or for a full search of the Database, you might like to try the site's Google Custom Search, which includes full webpage content.
This site provides historical information about churches, other places of worship and cemeteries. It has no affiliation with the churches or congregations themselves, nor is it intended to provide a means to find places of worship in the present day.
Please also remember that whilst the above account may suggest that St Lawrence's Church (RC) remains open and accessible, this may not remain so.
Do not copy any part of this page or website other than for personal use or as given in our Terms and Conditions of Use.
You may wish to take a look at our About the Places of Worship Database page for an overview of the information provided, and any limitations which may be present.
This Report was created 23 Dec 2019 - 04:07:29 GMT from information held in the Gloucestershire section of the Places of Worship Database. This was last updated on 14 Jun 2019 at 13:31.
URL of this page: http://churchdb.gukutils.org.uk/GLS584.php
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Places of Worship Database © Rosemary Lockie and Contributors, 2010-2019, &c. All Rights Reserved.
[Prototype 8 Jul 2010. Script last updated 5 Jun 2019 - 12:53 by Rosemary Lockie]


On behalf of the Board of Directors and Staff of Frontier College, I am pleased to send you this year's Annual Report: The Power of Literacy.
I am proud of everyone who made this our best year ever: our dedicated staff and volunteers, our committed supporters, and most importantly, our learners and participants.
I encourage you to read the stories in this report and see how we are working with communities across Canada to improve lives through literacy.
Thank you for believing in the power of literacy to change lives.


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Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement as determined by market conditions and other factors.
This Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 (this "Post-Effective Amendment No. 1") to Registration Statement on Form S-3 No. 333-220026 (the "Registration Statement") is being filed by MDU Resources Group, Inc. (formerly known as MDUR Newco, Inc., the "Company" or the "Registrant") pursuant to Rule 414 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), to reflect the holding company reorganization (the "Merger") of MDU Resources Group, Inc. (now known as Montana-Dakota Utilities Co., the "Predecessor Company"). The Merger was completed on January 1, 2019 pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 31, 2018, by and among the Company, the Predecessor Company and MDU Newco Sub, Inc. ("Merger Sub"), which resulted in the Company owning all of the outstanding capital stock of the Predecessor Company. Pursuant to the Merger, Merger Sub, a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of the Predecessor Company, merged with and into the Predecessor Company, with the Predecessor Company surviving as a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. The Merger was conducted pursuant to Section 251(g) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which provides for the formation of a holding company without a vote of the stockholders of the constituent corporation. As a result of the Merger, the Company became the successor issuer to the Predecessor Company pursuant to Rule 12g-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act").
In the Merger, each share of each class of stock of the Predecessor Company issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Merger was converted automatically into an equivalent corresponding share of stock of the Company, having the same designations, rights, powers and preferences and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions as the corresponding share of stock of the Predecessor Company being converted. Accordingly, upon consummation of the Merger, the Predecessor Company's then-current stockholders became stockholders of the Company.
The Registrant is filing Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 pursuant to Rule 414 under the Securities Act solely to update the Registration Statement as a result of the Merger. In accordance with Rule 414(d) under the Securities Act, except as modified by this Post-Effective Amendment No. 1, the Registrant, now as successor issuer to the Predecessor Company pursuant to Rule 12g-3 of the Exchange Act, hereby expressly adopts the Registration Statement as its own registration statement for all purposes of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as updated by subsequent filings under the Exchange Act.
The information set forth in this item is incorporated by reference from Item 14 of Registration Statement on Form S-3 No. 333-220026, effective as of August 18, 2017.
Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL") authorizes a corporation to indemnify its directors, officers, employees and agents against expenses (including attorney's fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement reasonably incurred, provided they act in good faith and in a manner reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe their conduct was unlawful, although in the case or proceedings brought by or on behalf of the corporation, such indemnification is limited to expenses and is not permitted if the individual is adjudged liable to the corporation (unless the Delaware Court of Chancery or the court in which such proceeding was brought determines otherwise in accordance with the DGCL). Section 102 of the Delaware General Corporation Law authorizes a corporation to limit or eliminate its directors' liability to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breaches of fiduciary duties, other than for (1) breaches of the duty of loyalty; (2) acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or knowing violations of law; (3) unlawful payments of dividends, stock purchases or redemptions; or (4) transactions from which a director derives an improper personal benefit. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation contains such a provision.
7.07 Indemnification of Officers, Directors, Employees and Agents.
(a) Indemnification Granted. The Corporation shall indemnify and hold harmless, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended, any director or former director or officer or former officer of the Corporation (a "Director or Officer") who was or is made or is threatened to be made a party or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (a "Proceeding") by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of the Corporation or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust, non-profit entity or other enterprise, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines, penalties, excise taxes and penalties assessed with respect to employee benefit plans, and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such Director or Officer. The Corporation shall be required to indemnify a Director or Officer in connection with a Proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such Director or Officer only if the Proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors.
(b) Consent to Settlement or Nonadjudicated Disposition. No indemnification pursuant to this Section 7.07 shall be required with respect to any settlement or other nonadjudicated disposition of any threatened or pending Proceeding unless the Corporation has given its prior consent to such settlement or disposition.
(c) Advancement of Expenses. The Corporation shall pay the expenses incurred by a Director or Officer in defending any Proceeding in advance of its final disposition, provided, however, that the payment of such expenses shall be made only upon receipt of an undertaking by the Director or Officer to repay all amounts advanced if it shall ultimately be determined that the Director or Officer is not entitled to be indemnified.
(d) Claims. If a claim for indemnification (following a final full or partial disposition of a Proceeding with respect to which indemnification is sought) or advancement of expenses (including attorneys' fees) under this Section 7.07 is not paid in full within sixty (60) days after a written claim therefor has been received by the Corporation, the Director or Officer may file suit to recover the unpaid amount of such claim and, if successful in whole or in part, shall be entitled to be paid the expense of prosecuting such claim, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. In any such action, the Corporation shall have the burden of proving that the Director or Officer was not entitled to the requested indemnification or advancement of expenses under this Section 7.07 or applicable law.
(e) Other Indemnification and Advancement of Expenses. The Corporation may provide indemnification and advancement of expenses (including attorneys' fees) to employees and agents to the extent permitted by applicable law.
(f) Non-exclusivity of Rights. The rights conferred on any Director or Officer by this Section 7.07 shall not be exclusive of other rights to which such Director or Officer may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, provision of the Certificate of Incorporation, these Bylaws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise. Nothing in this Section 7.07 shall limit the power of the Corporation or the Board of Directors to grant indemnification and advancement of expenses, including attorneys' fees, to directors, officers, employees and agents otherwise than pursuant to this Section 7.07.
(g) Other Source Indemnification. The Corporation's obligation to indemnify any Director or Officer who was or is serving at its request as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust, non-profit entity or other enterprise shall be reduced by any amount such Director or Officer may collect as indemnification from such other corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust, non-profit entity or other enterprise.
(h) Repeal or Modification; Legal Representatives. Any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions of this Section 7.07 shall not adversely affect any right or protection hereunder of any Director or Officer in respect of any act or omission occurring prior to the time of such repeal or modification. The rights provided to any Director or Officer by this Section 7.07 shall inure to the benefit of such Director's or Officer's legal representative.
Section 145 of the DGCL authorizes a corporation to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation against any liability asserted against and incurred by such person in any such capacity, or arising out of such person's status as such. We have obtained liability insurance covering our directors and officers for claims asserted against them or incurred by them in such capacity.
In addition, we have entered into agreements to indemnify our directors and certain of our officers in addition to the indemnification provided for in the amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws. These agreements, among other things, indemnify our directors and some of our officers for certain expenses (including attorney's fees), judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by such person in any action or proceeding, including any action by or in our right, on account of services by that person as a director or officer of the Company or as a director or officer of any of our subsidiaries, or as a director or officer of any other company or enterprise that the person provides services to at our request.
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated December 31, 2018, by and among MDU Resources Group, Inc., MDUR Newco, Inc. MDU Newco Sub, Inc., filed as Exhibit 2(a) to Form 8-K12B, filed on January 2, 2019 (File No. 001-03480).
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of MDU Resources Group, Inc., filed as Exhibit 3(a) to Form 8-K12B, filed on January 2, 2019 (File No. 001-03480).
Amended and Restated Bylaws of MDU Resources Group, Inc., filed as Exhibit 3(b) to Form 8-K12B, filed on January 2, 2019 (File No. 001-03480).
Form of Certificate of Designation.
Specimen of Preferred Stock Certificate.
Opinion of Perkins Coie LLP.
Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP.
Consent of Perkins Coie LLP (included in Exhibit 5).
Form T-l Statement of Eligibility under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, with respect to the Indenture filed as Exhibit 4(c).
+ To be filed by amendment, as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form 8-K or by other applicable filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission to be incorporated by reference herein.
* Incorporated into this document by reference as indicated.
# To be filed in accordance with the requirements of Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended.
provided, however, that paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iii) above do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to section 13 or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.
offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(ii) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.
(b) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the registrant's annual report pursuant to section 13(a) or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan's annual report pursuant to section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing this Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Bismarck, State of North Dakota on the 2nd day of January, 2019.
Re: Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-220026) Filed by MDU Resources Group, Inc.
(f) units consisting of any combination of the Securities ("Units").
authority documents and not as of the date of this opinion letter), and (b) information provided in certificates of officers of the Company. We have not independently verified the facts so relied on.
In such examination, we have assumed the following without investigation: (a) the authenticity of original documents and the genuineness of all signatures; (b) the conformity to the originals of all documents submitted to us as copies; (c) the truth, accuracy and completeness of the information, representations and warranties contained in the records, documents, instruments and certificates we have reviewed; and (d) the Company will have obtained, prior to the offer, issuance and sale of the Securities, any legally required consents, approvals, authorizations and other orders of any regulatory authorities necessary to issue and sell the Securities.
1. With respect to Common Stock, when the shares of Common Stock have been issued and delivered in accordance with the applicable purchase, underwriting or similar agreement against the receipt of requisite consideration therefor provided for therein, such shares of Common Stock will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
2. With respect to Preferred Stock, when (a) the applicable Certificate of Designation for the Preferred Stock to be issued has been duly filed with the Office of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and (b) the shares of Preferred Stock have been issued and delivered in accordance with the applicable purchase, underwriting or similar agreement against the receipt of requisite consideration therefor provided for therein, such shares of Preferred Stock will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
3. With respect to Common Stock or Preferred Stock to be issued upon conversion or exercise of the Debt Securities, Preferred Stock or Warrants, when (a) if applicable, the Certificate of Designation for the Preferred Stock to be issued has been duly filed with the Office of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and (b) such Common Stock or Preferred Stock, as the case may be, has been issued and delivered in accordance with the terms of the applicable Debt Securities, Preferred Stock or Warrants, as the case may be, such shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
4. With respect to Debt Securities to be issued under one or more indentures (each, an "Indenture"), when (a) the terms of the Debt Securities have been established in accordance with the Indenture, (b) the Indenture has been qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, (c) the Indenture and the applicable supplement thereto, if any, has been duly authorized and validly executed and delivered by the Company and the trustee thereunder and (d) the Debt Securities have been executed, issued, delivered and authenticated in accordance with the terms of the Indenture and the applicable purchase, underwriting or similar agreement against the receipt of requisite consideration therefor provided for therein, the Debt Securities will be legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company.
5. With respect to the Warrants, when (a) a warrant agreement relating to the Warrants (the "Warrant Agreement") has been duly authorized and validly executed and delivered by the Company and each party thereto, (b) the terms of the Warrants have been established in accordance with the Warrant Agreement and (c) the Warrants have been executed and delivered in accordance with the related Warrant Agreement and the applicable purchase, underwriting or similar agreement against the receipt of requisite consideration therefor provided therein, the Warrants will be legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company.
6. With respect to Purchase Contracts, when (a) a purchase contract agreement relating to the Purchase Contracts (the "Purchase Contract Agreement") has been duly authorized and validly executed and delivered by the Company and each party thereto, (b) the terms of the Purchase Contracts have been established in accordance with the terms of the Purchase Contract Agreement, (c) the terms of any collateral or security arrangements relating to such Purchase Contracts have been established and the agreements related thereto have been validly executed and delivered by each of the parties thereto and any collateral has been deposited with the collateral agent, if applicable, in accordance with such arrangements and (d) such Purchase Contracts have been executed and delivered in accordance with the Purchase Contract Agreement and the applicable purchase, underwriting or similar agreement against the receipt of requisite consideration therefor provided therein, the Purchase Contracts will be legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company.
7. With respect to the Units, when (a) a unit agreement relating to the Units (the "Unit Agreement") has been duly authorized and validly executed and delivered by the Company and each party thereto, (b) the terms of the Units have been established in accordance with the Unit Agreement and (c) the Units have been executed and delivered in accordance with the related Unit Agreement and the applicable purchase, underwriting or similar agreement against the receipt of requisite consideration therefor provided therein, the Units will be legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company.
(a) Our opinions are as of the date hereof, and we have no responsibility to update this opinion for events and circumstances occurring after the date hereof or as to facts relating to prior events that are subsequently brought to our attention. This opinion is limited to the laws, including the rules and regulations, as in effect on the date hereof, and we disavow any undertaking to advise you of any changes in law.
(b) We express no opinion as to enforceability of any right or obligation to the extent such right or obligation is subject to and limited by (i) the effect of bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, receivership, conservatorship, arrangement, moratorium, fraudulent transfer or other laws affecting or relating to the rights of creditors generally; (ii) rules governing the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and general principles of equity, regardless of whether arising prior to or after the date hereof or considered in a proceeding in equity or at law; or (iii) the effect of federal and state securities laws and principles of public policy on the rights of indemnity and contribution.
and expressly disclaim responsibility for advising you as to the effect, if any, that the laws of any other jurisdiction may have on the opinions set forth herein.
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto, including any and all post-effective amendments, and to the reference to our firm in the prospectus and any prospectus supplements relating thereto under the heading "Legal Matters." In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or related rules and regulations of the Commission issued thereunder.
We consent to the incorporation by reference in this Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement No. 333-220026 on Form S-3 of our reports dated February 23, 2018, relating to the financial statements and financial statement schedules of MDU Resources Group, Inc. and subsidiaries and the effectiveness of MDU Resources Group, Inc. and subsidiaries' internal control over financial reporting, appearing in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of MDU Resources Group, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2017.