"Connections: 48 Years", online journal article, MAS Context, Chicago, US.
Magdalena Kröner: "Ich folge den Assoziationen, die vom Material selbst ausgelöst werden", Kunstforum International, Bd. 254, 2018, p 209-219.
Annette Bosetti: "Kastens Kunst leuchtet lichterloh", Rheinische Post, 02.02.2018, p C4.
Elke Buhr: "Das Festival", Monopol 02/2018, p 88-89.
"Farewell Photography. No image is an Island. Resisting Images. Other Testimonies. Global Players", catalogue, Bienalle für aktuelle Fotografie 09/09 – 05/11/2017, p 52-67.
"Less is a Bore. Reflections on Memphis", catalogue, KAI 10 | Arthena Foundation, Düsseldorf.
Angela Maria Piga: "Barbara Kasten: Giochi di Specchi", Casa Vogue, October 2016, p 54-59.
Devika Singh: "Barbara Kasten. ICA, Philadelphia", frieze, No. 173, September 2015, p 162f.
Claudia Bodin: "Alles ohne Pixel!", ART, 07/2015, p 48-57.
"+ QUE 20 ANS APRÈS. Collected Words and Images", catalogue, Generali Foundation, p 254-257.
Charlotte Cotton: "Barbara Kasten. Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia", Artforum, Vol. 57, May 2015, p 368-370.
Leslie Hewitt: "Barbara Kasten by Leslie Hewitt", Interview for BOMB Magazine, Number 131 / Spring 2015.
Étienne Hatt: "La Photographie - une abstraction paradoxale", Artpress 420, March 2015, p 64- 71.
Niam Coghlan: "Form and Photography", Aesthetica, Issue 63, February/March 2015, p 28- 33.
Charlotte Cotton: "Barbara Kasten: Stages", Artforum, Vol. 53, no 5, January 2015, p 122.
Barbara Kasten: "Architectural Light", Art in America, January 2015, p 32-33.
Florence Derieux: "adams x burr x de cointet x coplans x cordebard x craven x dheurle x durham x filliou x fontcuberta x general idea x hains x hains x hains x kasten x majerus x majerus x rondeau x wall x welling", catalogue, FRAC Champagne-Adrenne, Reims, p 235.
Alex Klein: "Studio Visit. Photographers at Work: With Barbara Kasten in Chicago", Aperture Magazne, Issue #214, Spring 2014 , p 22 - 24.
"Museum of Modern Art and Western Antiquities Department of Light Recordings, Section IV: Lens Drawings", catalogue, Marian Goodman Gallery, Paris.
Magdalena Kröner: "Im Gespräch: die Fotografin Barbara Kasten. Mit all dem postmodernen Zeug", FAS, no 22 R, 02.06.2013.
Christian Mückl: "Tektonika" im Kunstverein Nürnberg. Stellenweise Stolperfallen, Nürnberger Zeitung, #154, p 8, Juli 2012.
Nick Stillman: "Review: Barbara Kasten", artforum international mar 2012, p 285-286.
Anthony Pearson: "set pieces - interview with Barbara Kasten", frieze, no 143,	p 114 - 119.
Daniel Pies: "Reviews. Barbara Kasten, Galerie Kadel Willborn, Karlsruhe", frieze, no 2/2011.
Rebecca Robertson: "Building Pictures", ARTnews, no 03/2011.
Kevin Moore: "Starburst: The History of Color Photography in the 1970's".
Lyle Rexer: "The Edge of Vision: The Rise of Abstraction in Photography", Aperture, New York.
Gottfried Jager, Rolf H. Krauss, Beate Reese, Kerber: "Concrete Photography, Konkrete Fotografie", Germany.
"Through Wider Windows, 170-Year Breakthroughs in Photography", Selections from the Tokyo Fuji Art Museum, Japan.
"Reflections of Egypt", University of Memphis, Tennessee (brochure).
Lyle Rexer, Harry N. Abrams: "Photography's Antiquarian Avant-Garde, The New Wave in Old Processes", New York.
"Go On Being, Our Blue Star", Tokyo Fuji Art Museum, Japan.
Harry N. Abrams: "Innovation/Imagination: 50 Years of Polaroid Photography", Friends of Photography.
"Contemporary Classicism", Curated by Judy Collinschan, Neuberger Museum of Art.
Thomas Bridges: "Moments of Grace: Spirit in the American Landscape", APERTURE, Winter Issue.
"Photography's Multiple Roles", The Museum of Contemporary Photography, Columbia College Chicago, Art Publisher.
Robert Friedman: "The Life Millenium", Time Life Books, New York.
"The M. Anwar Kamal Collection of Art", Margaret Koscielny, Curator, The Cummer Gallery of Art, Jacksonville, Florida.
"the art of shapes", Margaret Steele & Cindy Estes, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California.
Lanier Graham: "Goddesses", Abbeville Publishing Group.
James A. Michener: "Masterpieces of Photography From The Merrill Lynch Collection" Art Museum, Becotte & Gershwin.
Katherine Glasson: "Barbara Kasten Sees the Light", Flatiron News Magazine, Summer Issue.
"Our Mothers, Portraits by 72 Women Photographers", Viviane Esders, Stewart, Tabori & Chang.
"World History of Photography", Naomi Rosenblum, Abbeville Publishing Group.
"Skyscrapers", Judith Dupre, Black Dog & Levinthal, New York.
"This is a Set-Up: Fab Photo Fictions", Bowling Green Stste University, The Fine Arts Center Galleries, Ohio.
"A History of Women Photographers", Naomi Rosenblum, Abbeville Publishing Group.
"Metamorphosis: Photography in the Electronic Age", Michael Sand, APERTURE, no 136, Summer.
"Pathways to the Future of Digital Imaging", James L. Enyeart, George Eastman House.
"IMAGE", International Museum of Photography and Film Magazine, Vol 37, no 1-2.
"Colour in the Camera", Helen MacKinlay, Silver Kris, Singapore Airlines Inflight Magazine, October.
"American Made, The New Still-Life", Curated by Patty Carroll, Isetan Museum of Art, Tokyo.
"Proof: Los Angeles Art and the Photograph 1960-1980", Charles Desmarais, Fellows of Contemporary Art, Laguna Art Museum.
"San Jose Art in Public Places Program", Hilton Hotel and Tower, Curated by Frederick Spratt, The Pinnacle Company.
"20th Century Photography", Collectors' Annual, Curated by Timothy A. Eaton, Boca Raton Museum of Art.
Deborah Irmas, Meg Perlman, Michele Druon: "Barbara Kasten: Works 1986-1990", RAM, Tokyo, Japan.
"Site Work, Architecture in Photography Since Early Modernism", The Photographers' Gallery, London.
"To Collect The Art of Women", The Jane Reese Williams Photography Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
"Women Photographers", Constance Sullivan, Harry N. Abrams Publisher.
"New Art", Phyllis Freeman, Harry N. Abrams, Publisher.
"ICAC Weston Gallery Catalogue, Volume I", Keiichi Kitahara, Publisher.
"Das Konstruierte Bild", Kunstverein Munchen, Edition Stemmle/Verlag.
"Artists of the 80's, Selected Books From the Maslow Collection", Sordoni Art Gallery, Wilkes College, Llewellyn & McKane.
"Decade by Decade, Twentieth-Century American Photography", From the collection of The Center for Creative Photography, Little, Brown & Company.
"The Modernist Still-Life-Photographed", Jean S. Tucker, University of Missouri-St. Louis.
"Art of the 80's From the Collection of Chemical Bank", Janice C. Oresman, The Montclair Art Museum.
"Six Ideas in Photography", A Celebration of Photography's Sesquicentennial, Gretchen Garner, Grand Rapids Art Museum.
International Museum of Photography at the George Eastman House.
"Lorrin and Deane Wong Collection", Ettinger & Reynolds Galleries, Art Institute of Southern California.
"8 Visions, Works by 8 Contemporary American Women", PARCO Co., LTD.
"SmithKline & Fench Research & Developemtn Art Collection", Tennyson Schad & Associates.
"Contemporary Icons & Exploraitons", Curated by Daniel E. Stetson, Davenport Museum of Art, Iowa.
"Photography and Art: Interactions Since 1946", Andy Grundberg and Kathleen Gauss, Abbeville Press, New York.
"Legacy of Light", Constance Sullivan, Alfred P. Knopf Publisher.
"Capp Street Project 1985-86", San Francisco, California.
"Barbara Kasten: Contructs & Metaphases, Minolta Mirror", Minolta Corp., Osaka, Japan.
"The Spiral of Artificiality", Curated by P. Laster and R. Riccardo, Hallwalls, Buffalo, New York.
"The History of Photography", Peter Turner, Bison Books, Ltd., London.
"Cross Currents", San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Curated by Van Deren Coke.
"Artists in Mid-Carreer", Curated by Dorothy Vanderstell, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
"Barbara Kasten", catalogue, Yurakusho Ashai Gallery, Tokyo.
"Barbara Kasten; Toward an Interconnectedness Of All Things", catalogue, University Art Galleries, Wright State University, Ohio.
Estelle Jussim: "Constructs: Barbara Kasten", New York Graphic Society and The Polaroid Corporation.
"Masterpieces of Photography from the George Eastman House Collections", Robert Sobieszek, Abbeville Press, New York.
"Paris, New York, Tokyo", Curated by Etsuro Ishihara, Tsukuba Museum of Photography, Tokyo, Japan.
"The Gallery of World Photography: New Directions in Photography", Weston Naef, Sueisha Publishing, Tokyo, Japan.
"The Alternative Image II", John Michael Kohler Arts Center.
"Photographers Invite Photographers", Curated by Joyce Neimanas & Robert Heinecken, N.A.M.E. Gallery.
"Studio Work: Photographs by Ten Los Angeles artists", Kathleen McCarthy Gauss, Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
"Exchange Entre Artistes 1931-1982 Pologne-USA", Curated by Pontus Hulten and Suzanne Page, ARC Musee D'Art Moderne De La Ville De Paris.
"Reasoned Space", Timothy Druckery & Marnie Gillett, Center For Creative Photography, Tucson.
"The Photograph Collector's Guide", Lee D. Witkin & Barbara London, The New York Graphic Society, Boston.
"The New Season", Lee D. Witkin, The Witkin Gallery, New York.
"Interchange", Jim Murray, Mount St. Mary's College, Fine Art Gallery, Los Angeles.
"Exhibitions '76, '77", Marcia Weisman, Director, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles.
"The Gallery as Studio", Curated by Ann Leveque, The Galleries of the Claremont Colleges.
"California Photographers 1970", Curated by Fred Parker, Pasadena Art Museum, California.


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PONTE VEDRA BEACH, Fla. — The Players Championship is bidding farewell to May at the conclusion of this year's tournament. Beginning next season, the PGA Tour's flagship event will return to its former March date.
When the Players Championship moved from March to May in 2007, overseeding at TPC Sawgrass became unnecessary because dormant Bermuda grass returned with the warmer temperatures.
It also led to the course playing differently and not necessarily in a good way, according to some.
Not everyone agrees, of course.
It's not only about how the course plays, though. It will look better, too.
The move to May helped elevate the Players, but there are still greater benefits to a March date.
When the Players was moved to May it was done so to make it stand out. It was already a big tournament, but putting it after the Masters and before the U.S. Open made for nice symmetry with each month from April to August featuring a signature event.
During the last 12 years, though, the Players has only grown in stature, from boasting the game's most ostentatious clubhouse to one of its biggest prizes in the form of an $11 million purse, with $1.98 million of that going to the winner. Only the U.S. Open pays more.
"I think it's a good time to switch it back given where everything else is going," Scott said. "I think it will enhance this tournament even more.
With the PGA Championship moving from August to May as the tour makes plans to finish its season by Labor Day weekend, the change was also necessary.
It still allows for a signature tournament each month, with the Players in March, the Masters in April, PGA in May, U.S. Open in June, Open Championship in July and the PGA Tour's Playoffs putting a bow on the year in August before the football season begins.
"It's better for our schedule," Zach Johnson said.


text:
Et masseskyderi fandt sted den 29. januar 2017 i en moske i nærheden af Québec by i delstaten Québec. Seks mennesker blev dræbt og nitten såret, da en enlig pistolmand åbnede ild efter aftenbønnen. Det raporteres at omkring 40 personer var til stede på tidspunktet for skyderiet. Mange mennesker er rapporteret at være blevet såret, og to mistænkte er blevet anholdt, men den ene blev kort efter løsladt.

Den mistænkte er 27-årige Alexandre Bissonnette, en studerende ved Université Laval. Han var ikke tidligere kendt af politiet, og han havde ikke andet end trafikforseelser på sin straffeattest. Folk, der kendte ham har udtalt at han har udtrykt støtte til Marine Le Pen og Donald Trump, og har givet udtryk for nationalistiske og anti-muslimske synspunkter.
Den mistænkte gerningsmand er blevet sigtet for seks mord. Premierminister Justin Trudeau har omtalt skyderiet som et terrorangreb, men Bissonnette er ikke blevet sigtet for terrorisme.

Baggrund

Der har været en langvarig debat i Québec om, hvordan man skal integrere den voksende muslimske befolkning i det stort set sekulære samfund, og en stigning i islamofobiske hændelser i de foregående par år.

Det islamiske kulturcenter i Québec by, også kendt som "Grande Mosquée de Québec", ligger i byens Sainte-Foy-regionen i den vestlige udkant, og er en af flere moskeer i byen. Moskeen ligger tæt på "Université Laval", der har mange internationale studerende fra fransktalende afrikanske lande med muslimsk flertal. Under ramadanen i juni 2016, var moskeen mål for en hadforbrydelse, da et grisehoved blev efterladt uden for moskeen. Denne hændelse fik moskeen til at installere CCTV overvågningskameraer.

Québec by har en lav kriminalitet; i 2015, var der kun to mord i byen.

Skydningen

Ifølge vidner på stedet trådte pistolmanden iført enten en hætte eller en skimaske ind i moskeen kort efter,at de planlagte bønner kl. 19:30 begyndte. Han begyndte at skyde på dem, der opholdt sig i moskeen efter bønnen omkring kl 19:55, da de første opkald til politiet blev foretaget.

Tabene

I den første pressekonference, som Sûreté du Québec, Québec-provinsens politi afholdt, blev oplyst, at 6 mennesker blev dræbt og 8 blev såret i skyderiet, foruden yderligere 39 mennesker, der ikke blev skadet. Men de bekræftede ikke andre detaljer om angrebet. The University of Québec Hospital Centers talskvinde Genevieve Dupuis sagde senere, at i alt 17 mennesker blev såret i angrebet, herunder 5, der er i kritisk tilstand. De døde omfatter to algiere, en tuneser, en marokkaner og to født i andre afrikanske lande.

Efterspil

Politiet afspærrede området og lukkede broen til Île d'Orléans, mens de søgte efter de mistænkte. To mistænkte blev anholdt af politiet. En af de mistænkte blev anholdt ved moskeen, den anden efter en forfølgelse, der endte nær Île d'Orléans. Politiet udelukkede oprindeligt ikke eksistensen af en tredje medvirkende men sagde senere, at der var kun to. Politiet udtalte senere at kun den ene var mistænkt, samt at den anden blev løsladt og blot var et vidne.

Den sårede blev transporterede til forskellige hospitaler i Québec City, som L'Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus og Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval. Politiet begyndte at behandle angrebet som en terrorhandling på 22:00 og aktiverede SGPCT-protokollen om at overgive kontrollen af undersøgelsen til det provinsielle Integrated National Security Enforcement Team - en fælles anti-terror taskforce bestående af Montreals politi, Sûreté du Québec, og Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Klokken 22:40 erklærede politiet situationen som værende under kontrol med bygningen sikret og beboerne evakuerede.

Philippe Pichet, chefen for Montreals politi, og Maxime Pedneaud-Jobin, borgmester i Gatineau, tilkendegav begge, at man ville øge sikkerheden omkring de lokale moskeer. Martin Coiteux, den provinsielle offentlige sikkerhedsminister, sagde, at religiøse bygninger i provinsen ville blive beskyttende overvåget, heraf dem i hovedstaden af Québec City politi.

Noter

Massakrer
Québec
Begivenheder i 2017

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text:
Histopathological Study of the Jaw Cysts
악골낭종의 병리조직학적 연구
Due to the facts that epithelial rests are frequently found in jaw bones and the jaw bones are vulnerable to trauma and infection which would stimulate to proliferate epithelial rest, occurrence of various types of cysts in jaw bones is not infrequently found. However, confusion exists in classification and terminology of the jaw cysts because of uncertainty of histogenesis of the cysts. Present study is, therefore, aimed to find the most rational classification of the jaw cysts with consideration of histopathologic features, clinical characteristics, and review of literatures. The material used in this stuffy consist of 70 cases of the jaw cysts examine at the Department of Pathology Yonsei University College of Medicine for ten year period from 1970 to 1980. All specimens were fixed in 10% neutral formalin. For histologic examination, paraffin embedded blocks were cut in 6 micron thickness and sections were stained by routine Hematoxylin-Eosin method. Classification recommended by World Health Organization in 1971 and description of Robinson in 1975 was applied. Each cases were analysed with clinical, radiological and histopathological findings. 1) Of the total 70 cases, 52(74.3%) were inflammatory periodontal cyst, and 18(25.7%) were developmental cysts. The developmental cyst consisted of 13 cases of dentigerous cysts (18.6%), 3 cases of odontogenic keratocyst, one case of Primordial cyst, and one case of nasopalatine cyst. 2) The peak age incidence of periodontal cysts was in the fourth decade of life with a wide age range, and developmental cysts were usually found in the second and third decades. There was a slight male predominance with the male to female ratio being 4:3. 3) The most common location of periodontal cysts was on the anterior aspects of the maxilla, and the majority of dentigerous cysts occurred in association with impacted supernumerary teeth in the maxilla. Multiple cysts were found in 2 cases of odontogenic keratocysts. 4) The most common complaints were swelling and pain. Other symptoms included pus discharge, trismus and delayed eruption of tooth. 5) Histologic type of epithlium lining cysts showed mainly stratified squamous epithelium, and ciliated cells were found only in the nasopalatine cyst. Inflamed fibrous wall was found predominantly in inflammatory periodontal cysts. 6) Heterogenous histological features of dentigerous cysts showed keratinization in 3 cases, hyaline bodies and calcification in 2 cases and adenoameloblastoma in one case. Metaplastic mucous cells were found focally on the lining epithelium in 2 cases of dentigerous and one case of periodontal cysts. 7) One case of odontogenic keratocysts showed microcyst formation in the fibrous wall. It is considered that this finding is the histologic evidence of high recurrence rate of odontogenic keratocyst.
Histopathological Study of the Gastrointestinal Polyps 1984 December;18(4)
A Pathologic Sutdy on Osteosarcoma 1984 September;18(3)
Pathological Study on Wilms' Tumor 1984 January;18(2)
Histopathological Study of Partial Hydatichiform Mole 1984 January;18(1)
Histopathologic Study on Hodgkin's Disease 1983 January;17(2)

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text:
Home Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeDepartment of Neurological SurgeryEligibility & Selection
Neurosurgery Home
Clinical Home
Current Residents & Fellows
Resident & Fellow Alumni
Divisions/Programs
Neurovascular Surgery & Endovascular Neurosurgery
Jefferson Brain Tumor Center
Spinal & Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center
Functional Neurosurgery
Giving to Jefferson
Eligibility & Selection
Applicants with one of the following qualifications are eligible for appointment to the neurosurgery residency training program:
Graduates of medical schools in the United States and Canada accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME).
Graduates of colleges of osteopathic medicine in the United States accredited by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA).
Graduates of medical schools outside the United States and Canada who meet one of the following qualifications:
Have received a currently valid certificate from the Education Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates or
Have a full and unrestricted license to practice medicine in a US licensing jurisdiction
Graduates of medical schools outside the United States who have completed a Fifth Pathway program provided by an LCME-accredited medical school.
Resident Selection
Residents will be selected from among eligible applicants on the basis of their preparedness, ability, aptitude, academic credentials, communication skills, and personal qualities such as motivation and integrity. The Neurosurgery Residency Training Program at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital does not discriminate with regard to sex, race, age, religion, color, national origin, disability, or veteran status.
The Neurosurgery Residency Training Program at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital participates in the San Francisco Matching Program.
All applicants will be interviewed in person. When evaluating the fitness of residents attempting to transfer from other educational programs (prior to completion of training offered in that discipline in that institution) the Program Director will speak directly with the referring program director or chairman (or relevant individual) to assess the educational qualifications and potential needs or deficiencies of the resident prior to accepting that resident. A final letter of recommendation must be obtained from the referring program director for all residents entering programs at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital after completing some phase of training in another institution.
Robert H. Rosenwasser, MD, MBA
Chair, Department of Neurological Surgery
Jewell L. Osterholm, MD Professor
Ashwini Sharan, MD
Residency Program Director
Clinical Office Building


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text:
The Ballad of Don Edwards
by Corinne J. Brown | Jan 1, 2002 | Art, Guns and Culture
In a fast-moving world where MTV has replaced live concerts and music is often delivered digitally off a "jukebox" known as a PC, can there still be room for a real live, old-fashioned balladeer?
Absolutely—if you're Don Edwards, a self-proclaimed minstrel of Western music. "That's how I see myself," he said in a recent interview for True West, "carrying on the tradition of bringing music to the people; one person, one song at a time." Edwards, originally an eastern transplant to Texas, proves that the West is truly a state of mind, as well as a region. No one sings more faithfully the old songs of the cowboy or lives closer to the cowboy code than this authentic musician.
Raised in the era of the singing cowboys, Gene Autry and Tex Ritter to name a couple, Edwards knew by the age of nine that he wanted to sing. His father played the old 78s as he grew up, especially music by Mac McClintock, and Edwards was deeply influenced by the sound and subject of these early Western musicians. By the time the folk-music era blossomed in the '60s, he was already bringing his warm and mellow style to audiences in the East, but they never really understood him. It wasn't until a decade later when he took his act to the clubs of Fort Worth and finally to Elko, Nevada, to the stages of the Western Folklife Center's annual Cowboy Poetry Gathering, that he truly found his niche.
In 1968, Edwards went to Nashville, at the time when the hugely popular country music of the '50s was already on the wane. Audiences there actually told him he belonged in Greenwich Village! Producers didn't understand his brand of Western music and tried to make it sound more like the popular radio music of the time, wanting more frills, more layers. He knew he had to move on.
The Western boom launched by the film Urban Cowboy in the '80s came and went, turning Western music briefly into a pop-disco phenomenon and popularizing blue jeans for a new urban consumer. In music, the closest thing to real Western at the time was Kenny Rogers, a far cry from Edwards' style.
One night, while playing at the White Elephant Saloon in Fort Worth, someone in the audience told him he ought to head for Elko, which he decided to do. From then on, his life has never been the same. Since his first appearances there, Edwards has tapped into the growing appreciation of authentic, historically based music of the West, and his career has flourished. "Performing at Elko has opened all kinds of doors. I've met so many great people: it's still a very special time and place for me."
Edwards eventually signed with the Western Jubilee Recording Company in Colorado Springs, Colorado, which liked what he had to offer and took him on, saying, "Just do what you like to do." Credit also goes to Scott O'Malley and Michael Evans who soon became his distributors, largely responsible for making Edwards the familiar face and name in the Western music business he has become today.
If Don Edwards' musical sound is new to the reader, just think back to the "Golden Era" when cowboys were gentle heroes with strong hearts and had compassion for all things. When the simple strains of Western music both inspired and healed and even seduced the listener into believing there was a better world behind us, and just maybe (if we listened hard enough), ahead of us, too. Imagine the quintessential voice of the range drover, singing his cattle to sleep, or the love-struck cowboy longing for his girl. Edwards, a consummate stylist, has a pleasant voice that ranges from the deepest baritone to a full tenor, with a warm and expressive sound, feeling familiar and new at the same time. Maturity has only lent depth and credibility to a voice that almost sounds ageless. From the passionate songs of legendary Marty Robbins to the classic titles of the old Western tradition, Don Edwards handles them all. Also known for his expert yodeling ability (a crowd-pleaser everywhere), Edwards also plays the banjo and is a skilled musician, owning a prestigious collection of acoustic guitars.
"When I was playing for audiences in my early days," he explains, "we sometimes played what was then called 'country music.' I had a string band and liked to perform swing, old cowboy songs, vaudeville tunes, and country blues." Titles of his recorded music today only hint at his rich and extended repertoire. Highlights among 14 popular CDs are "West of Yesterday," "Kin to the Wind—Memories of Marty Robbins," "My Hero Gene Autry," "Saddle Songs," and "America's Singing Cowboy." Recognized by the Western Music Association, Edwards also has twice received the National Cowboy Hall of Fame's Wrangler Award for Outstanding Traditional Music, for Chant of the Wanderer in 1992 and West of Yesterday in '96.
"What I'm most interested in today," Edwards says, "is the archival music: the old, historic pieces. I believe if we don't preserve these early tunes, they're going to be gone forever. Preserving them means bringing them to light." Edwards points out that in his own early days, he and other singers were writing new songs in the tradition. "My work was rooted in the Western mentality. Now, I'm more interested in research, trying to put together the threads that built the tradition, taking a look at voices and stories that have been neglected—the work of singer Walt LaRue for example."
By focusing on preservation, Edwards is in fact passing the torch, ensuring a future for a new generation to interpret. "You have to play the music to keep it alive; even if there's just a fragment to work with, you can add to it. At the moment, I'm currently redoing my old songbook with tablature since people who bought it were guitar players and wanted more. Another project was initiated by a performance at Yale University where one of the college deans remarked that my music evoked a sense of the blues, at least to her ear. Further discussion clarified that when I sang, she heard the same delivery and structure of the early black musicians she loved. That clicked for me. I'd always thought there was a link. With the research I've done, now I'm sure of it."
Edwards notes that, in the early days, music was one of the few professions where there was no prejudice; success was about how well you played, not who you were. So the opportunity for enrichment was huge. "Players got together all over the country and shared what they had. A great resource for early work is the anthology created by Jack Thorpe in 1908. Thorpe was the first man to collect and publish the songs of the old cowboys. Like him, I guess I've become a music ethnologist."
Don Edwards' future is one of his own design, geared toward reaching ever-wider audiences through personal appearances. As a result of a brief role singing in Robert Redford's huge film success The Horse Whisperer, Edwards gained instant recognition with a nation of filmgoers. A cable TV spot promoting a double CD recorded by Don airs throughout the West and has brought unexpectedly high returns. Warm audience response in terms of packed houses and brisk sales is a testament not only to Edwards' personal success, but also, to quote Bob Dylan, "to the changin' of the times."
"I believe there's a clear return ahead," Edwards says. "A way back to traditional values. When you think about it, we live in a culture that doesn't value much. Audiences often listen to what I have to say with a sense of nostalgia, even in college towns. I feel like America's kids are hungry for something that's real. For personal contact, for the story. And for the frontier that existed long before cyber-space. Remember, the greatest folk hero that ever lived is the American cowboy. Everyone recognizes him."
For every cowboy entertainer, there's a conflict between life on the road and the life that defines the man. Living the cowboy life gives anchor, reference and meaning to Western music, although being a cowboy is not requisite to playing Western music. In Edwards' case, he and his wife, Cathy, live on a 482-acre ranch in Texas that suits his lifestyle. His wife helps him manage his career and often tours with him as well. "She makes me feel grounded," Edwards says, admiration in his voice. "She does all my homework." In any case, when he's home he feels that he is a part of the greater Western community and relates to the cattlemen who live on the land he loves.
"In a way, I represent everybody in the lifestyle and that works for me. I don't try to go everywhere, penetrating the bluegrass market or Country. I know who I am and I'm comfortable with it. In mainstream, where music is manufactured for mass consumption, there are very few people who have succeeded in bringing the Western sound to audiences. Vince Gill, Marty Stuart, and Lee Roy Parnell are three notable exceptions. But America is listening: the recent soundtrack to the film O Brother, Where Art Thou?, a mix of bluegrass country and western blues, sold nearly two million units in nine weeks. That's good news for us all."
In a culture that worships youth, Don Edwards is no anomaly, but rather proof that talent has staying power and sex appeal. More popular today than at any time in his career, Edwards' white hair and piercing blue eyes brand him as an attractive entertainer. Young and old alike think he's "cool."
"What luck," he adds. "After all, in what other industry does one have the staying power I have except in the music industry?" Icons like Johnny Cash would agree. But the point is not that Edwards has grown children and grandchildren, but that his ability to reach the heart of his audience has not been diminished by his years, only enhanced by them. In addition to recognition, he now also has a hard-won, signature style, plus a measure of authority and credibility that can only come from the passing of time and the wisdom gained by it.
When asked if Edwards himself had reached his personal goals, he confirmed, "I believe I've accomplished what I set out to do. And, I'm still doing it. Currently I'm working on a record with Norman Blake and Peter Rowan called High Lonesome Cowboy, plus I continue to collect old 78s, songbooks, anything of historical value to further define what I sing."
In some ways Don Edwards is actually a curator, not just an entertainer, himself a kind of living history museum. "I believe that we're all a part of a net of music survival," he adds. "We owe a debt to each other. When you think about the men who got early starts like Ian Tyson and Ramblin' Jack Elliott—gosh, we're all getting up there. But we've continued the legacy of the balladeer and that's what's important."
Edwards points out that words like minstrel or balladeer are terms this culture barely understands. He reminds us that the early songsters were men who sang everything. They told the old stories and the new ones. "No matter what you do in life today," Edwards adds, "you just don't know who you are without the past. I owe a debt to those who went before. So, even if I'm looked at as an elder statesmen by some, I know I'm the lucky one. I'm a steward of this music no less than a rancher is a steward of the land."
Corinne J. Brown is a Colorado-born Western music wannabe who survived the folk era only to be eternally challenged by flat picks and yodeling. Her first Western novel has just been published by Thorndike Five Star (a trilogy) and will happily
keep her writing instead of singing.
Edwards' performances, whether you call them Country, Western, folk, Americana or whatever, are about music as art, not purely commercialism. "It's about not sounding manufactured, but sounding created," Edwards said in a True West interview.
– Photo by Donald Kallaus –
Don Edwards has capitalized on the growing appreciation of authentic, historically based music of the West.
– APhoto By Donald Kallaus –
Historian, author and musicologist, Edwards is well-versed in cowboy lore and varied musical traditions.
It may be called Honeycomb, but there's no sweetness in this hive. For music lovers,…
There's nothin' fancy here, just toe-tappin' good ole Bluegrass music. The disc is filled with…
Give an ear to "No One to Sing for Me," an acapella arrangement straight from…


text:
Tierra del Vino de Zamora és una denominació d'origen per designar els vins produïts a la comarca de Tierra del Vino (província de Zamora). A aquesta denominació és composta per 46 municipis de la província de Zamora i d'altres 10 en pertanyen a la de Salamanca.

L'entorn
El clima de la terra és de tipus continental ,amb temperatures per sota de 3º a l'hivern i amb 23º a l'estiu. Les precipitacions són escasses i l'altitud mitjana és de 750 m. A mesura que s'avança de nord a sud la humitat es va perdent per guanyar-hi més temperatura. Pel que fa als sols, aquests són de caràcter al·luvial, degut al nombre de llits fluvials que hi travessen. Són sòls profunds, pobres en matèria orgànica, molt permeables i amb bona capacitat de retenció.

Varietats de raïm
 Varietats blanques: Malvasia, Moscatell de gra petit, Verdejo, Albillo, Palomino i Godello.

 Varietats negres: Ull de Llebre, Garnatxa i Cabernet Sauvignon.

Referències

Enllaços externs
 DO Tierra del Vino de Zamora - MARM

Denominacions d'origen


So just how important is your pet's name anyway? The answer is more than you know. The name you assign your pet forms a unique numerical blueprint for each of their lives. The "chosen" name will influence the personality and behavior of your pet in either a "positive" or "negative" way as a result of the vibrational patterns or energy stemming from the name itself. Who would ever suspect a pet name would have any significant meaning whatsoever other than for purposes of identification, let alone learning that a secret code lies hidden within each name assigned?


text:
'Total Divas': Season 3, Episodes 19 & 20 recap: Beginning of the end
The "Three Amigas" join Paige's new friend, Bradley, on a trip to Key West, Florida.
Does Paige have a boyfriend? No, at least not during the first half of E!'s double-sized "Total Divas" Season 3 Finale. She does, however, have a guy pal of some vaguely romantic nature, a soft-spoken singer named Bradley who joins the "Three Amigas" party crew on a Key West, Fla., getaway. Bradley's a hit among the ladies, but Paige's hot-and-cold overtures toward him leave the poor guy questioning whether or not she's got him pegged as a legitimate boyfriend. The situation degenerates quickly when he brings it up to her and is brutally shot down. With the Amigas' support, Paige rolls the dice later on by admitting her hesitation to commit to an official relationship thanks to a previous, ill-fated romance, and Paige and Bradley end the episode on amicable terms.
Photos from E!'s two-hour finale | See The Bellas' new cover shoot
The Bellas, meanwhile, are at the center of yet another familial dustup when brother JJ accidentally sends a private picture meant for his wife to Nikki and Brie. The twins are understandably horrified, but Nikki can't resist showing the image to some extended family members who happen to be in the room when they receive it. That drives JJ into a full-on fit, and Brie takes justice into her own hands by unlocking Nikki's Instagram and posting her mushy, homemade Valentine's Day card to John Cena all over the Internet. Turnabout being fair play, Nikki can't get too mad, but she isn't exactly thrilled about it either, and she elects to let it slide even as she secretly plots her revenge.
With Natalya and Tyson Kidd back together, you know what that means: The cats are back! Makavelli and Louis enter the equation once again as potential Internet sensations, an idea Nattie catches on to after meeting Grumpy Cat (and her managers) backstage at Raw. They decide to have the little guys groomed to better prep them for viral stardom, but the tidy-up is a total hatchet job, and it appears Internet stardom will have to wait for the time being.
Watch: Grumpy Cat meets The Miz on Raw
Paige is upset when she finds out her new boyfriend, Bradley, has been married.
Does Paige have a boyfriend? Yes! Or at least she does in thesecondhalf of E!'s double-sized "Total Divas" Season 3 Finale, in which The Diva of Tomorrow has officially claimed Bradley as her boo and even floated the idea of moving in together only a month into their relationship. Understandably, Bradley's a bit taken aback and attempts to stall for time by telling Paige she has to meet his mom first. All good, says the Diva, and a family gathering is soon arranged wherein everything spirals downward fast. First, Bradley's mom is taken aback by Paige's outgoing nature. Then, Paige's rapid-fire hints about the move-in situation are all but ignored by Bradley, who it turns out was previously married, something he neglected to tell Paige. (It's like Nikki and Cena, but in reverse!) When Paige presses Bradley to lay his cards on the table, he admits he's not ready to move in together and the two part on questionable terms.
Watch the finale highlights | WWE reality shows we'd love to see
Meanwhile, in the land of "All Red Everything," Eva Marie comes across several endorsement and tie-in opportunities, including a hair extension line, thanks to the moving and shaking of Jonathan as her "husbandger." Jonathan's treatment of Eva, her friends and associates during photo shoots, though, leaves a lot to be desired. Eventually, it turns out Eva's ventures might land her in hot water as they're unsanctioned by WWE's legal team, and she attempts to bail while she still can. After Jonathan forces her to press on, she blasts him with the revelation she can't reconcile his forceful business tactics with his behavior as a husband, leaving their relationship in jeopardy, too.
However, unlike previous season finales, Nikki Bella and John Cena are doing A-OK! The only relationship in danger there is that between The Bellas and WWE itself as their contracts come to an end and the prospect of a three-year re-up is floated before them. With baby fever gripping Brie and opportunities outside the ring knocking at Nikki's door, the twins are seriously debating hanging up their boots even after Nikki wins the Divas Championship at Survivor Series. As the season comes to a close, the sisters agree that their chance to pursue other ventures is rapidly thinning and they have to strike while the iron's hot. The Bellas shockingly inform WWE officials that, while no departure date is set, their days as Divas are officially numbered!
Anthony Benigno


HALBAN – Oman Educational Services (LLC) is well on its way to establishing itself as an education eco-system with a new target of setting up a 'Finland Private School' based on Finnish education best practices. OES (LLC) is the owner company of the German University of Technology in Oman (GUtech), the Convention and Exhibition Centre for Islamic Science & Civilizations and Mahara Research Centre.
OES is partnering with EduCluster Finland (ECF), a pioneer education expert organisation owned by the University of Jyväskylä; the leading university in education research and innovation in Finland. EduCluster has extensive international experience. It is behind the establishment and the operation of the Qatar-Finland International School.
ECF has achieved a recognisable milestone in GCC, in particular in Qatar, where Qatar-Finland International School is flourishing after merely one year of operation. This success is attributed to the great reputation of the Finnish education system worldwide. The Finnish education system enjoys high rankings and is well perceived by policy makers, educators and parents.
"It is promising and exciting to embark on establishing a private school that applies the Finnish education practices here in Oman. This is a milestone, not a destination. Educational cooperation between OES and ECF will go beyond spreading knowledge among educators and teachers in Oman" said Dr. Hussain Al Salmi – Chief Executive Officer, OES.
The Finnish education practices prepare learners for life. Teachers are equipped to educate all kids. This is very important, no kids should be left behind. Teachers deploy all necessary measures to bring kids up to and sustain them at mainstream levels.
OES and ECF have September 2018 as a target date to open their doors for the first intake of pupils into Finland Oman School. This reasonable timeframe is shared and considerable plans are shaping up to ensure a smooth process of setting up the school campus in Halban.
OES and ECF representatives inked an agreement that paves the ground for the first school in Oman offering pre-school, primary and secondary education on the basis of Finnish education practices.


A 92-YEAR-OLD army veteran has unveiled a new sculpture honouring the men who gave their lives from his village.
Donald Hector was proud to unveil the great stone memorial in Buckland St Mary last week, alongside local artist Simon Hitchens and the chairman of the parish council, Steve Albon.
Mr Hector's uncle, William Hector, can also be found on the church's memorial board after being killed at Arras in 1917.
The sculpture is a large piece of black granite, with one side almost fully polished save for a circle.
It also carries the words 'at the going down of the sun, and in the morning, we will remember them'.
Donald said: "I am impressed with the sculpture. It was expertly done by Simon.
"It means a lot to me because I call the names out every year at the Buckland St Mary Church and have done for years.
As well as having the sculpture placed on school grounds, Buckland St Mary Primary also worked on making clay poppies which have been put on display around the village.
Rachael Orton, headteacher, said: "We were inspired by the clay poppies outside the Tower of London.
"We worked with Holyrood Academy and have been going since July.
The poppies project was spearheaded by local artist June Dobson and a school parent, Rosie Thompson.
Rosie said: "Every child made a poppy and painted them and they are being displayed throughout the village.
Children also drafted letters thanking First World War soldiers for their service and designed commemorative mugs.
The memorial is a human sized slab of polished black marble, and the inflective circle means that people's faces will not be shown back at them.
This, artist Simon Hitchens said, was to make people think of the people who died in war who are absent today.
The circle also symbolises the sun, and matches the engraved words 'at the going down of the sun'.


text:
Q: Get memory usage of computer in Windows with Python How can I tell what the computer's overall memory usage is from Python, running on Windows XP?

A: You can also just call GlobalMemoryStatusEx() (or any other kernel32 or user32 export) directly from python:
import ctypes

class MEMORYSTATUSEX(ctypes.Structure):
    _fields_ = [
        ("dwLength", ctypes.c_ulong),
        ("dwMemoryLoad", ctypes.c_ulong),
        ("ullTotalPhys", ctypes.c_ulonglong),
        ("ullAvailPhys", ctypes.c_ulonglong),
        ("ullTotalPageFile", ctypes.c_ulonglong),
        ("ullAvailPageFile", ctypes.c_ulonglong),
        ("ullTotalVirtual", ctypes.c_ulonglong),
        ("ullAvailVirtual", ctypes.c_ulonglong),
        ("sullAvailExtendedVirtual", ctypes.c_ulonglong),
    ]

    def __init__(self):
        # have to initialize this to the size of MEMORYSTATUSEX
        self.dwLength = ctypes.sizeof(self)
        super(MEMORYSTATUSEX, self).__init__()

stat = MEMORYSTATUSEX()
ctypes.windll.kernel32.GlobalMemoryStatusEx(ctypes.byref(stat))

print("MemoryLoad: %d%%" % (stat.dwMemoryLoad))

Not necessarily as useful as WMI in this case, but definitely a nice trick to have in your back pocket.

A: You'll want to use the wmi module.  Something like this:
import wmi
comp = wmi.WMI()

for i in comp.Win32_ComputerSystem():
   print i.TotalPhysicalMemory, "bytes of physical memory"

for os in comp.Win32_OperatingSystem():
   print os.FreePhysicalMemory, "bytes of available memory"

A: You can query the performance counters in WMI. I've done something similar but with disk space instead.
A very useful link is the Python WMI Tutorial by Tim Golden.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Q: Filtering rows from a dataframe and creating a new one with only similar values I'm trying to take a dataframe of "patient' and 'drug" data and  create a new data frame with only patients that have used both drugs.
import pandas as pd
data = [['1001', 'A'], ['1001', 'B'], ['1002', 'A'], ['1003', 'B'], ['1004', 'A'], ['1004', 'B']]
df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns = ['patient', 'drug'])

patient drug
1001    A
1001    B
1002    A
1003    B
1004    A
1004    B

I started by filtering and creating 2 separate dataframes on the drug value.
df1 =df.loc[(df['drug'] == 'A')]
df2 =df.loc[(df['drug'] == 'B')]

My issue is that I want to combine these 2 dataframes but only keep the rows that have ths same patients in both dataframes. I tried to use .concat but it did't give me what I wanted, I just combined the dataframe back together.
pd.concat([df1, df2], join="inner")

This is what I want the output to look like
 patient drug
 1001    A
 1001    B
 1004    A
 1004    B

I know I'm probably just missing an easy parameter but I have no idea what it is.

A: Use groupby:
>>> df.loc[df.groupby("patient")["drug"].transform("nunique")==2]
  patient drug
0    1001    A
1    1001    B
4    1004    A
5    1004    B

A: You can also get the list of patients appear in both df1 and df2 by inner merge with .merge() on the 2 dfs on column patient.  Then, use .loc and isin() to filter the patients in the original df, as follows:
df.loc[df['patient'].isin(df1.merge(df2, how='inner', on='patient')['patient'])]

Result:
  patient drug
0    1001    A
1    1001    B
4    1004    A
5    1004    B

Additional Test Case
If, in case the original df has a 3rd drug other than 'A' and 'B', e.g.
Input
data = {'patient': [1001, 1001, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1004, 1004],
        'drug': ['A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'B', 'A', 'B', 'C']}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
df

   patient drug
0     1001    A
1     1001    B
2     1001    C
3     1002    A
4     1003    B
5     1004    A
6     1004    B
7     1004    C

Output
df1 =df.loc[(df['drug'] == 'A')]
df2 =df.loc[(df['drug'] == 'B')]

df.loc[df['patient'].isin(df1.merge(df2, how='inner', on='patient')['patient'])]

   patient drug
0     1001    A
1     1001    B
2     1001    C
5     1004    A
6     1004    B
7     1004    C

Here, we also display rows with the 3rd drug 'C' since we are still fufilling the requirement of

only keep the rows that have the same patients in both dataframes.

(though with extra drugs but still the same set of patients).
If, in this case, we want a clean output to display the entries with only drug 'A' and 'B', we can use:
df_A_B = df1.append(df2).sort_values(['patient', 'drug'])

df_A_B.loc[df_A_B['patient'].isin(df1.merge(df2, how='inner', on='patient')['patient'])]

Result:
    patient drug
0     1001    A
1     1001    B
5     1004    A
6     1004    B


Commencing with installation of pile mats, attendance to pilers, construction of cores, pile caps, ground beams and the formation of the ground floor slabs. Superstructure comprises of 2 no 10 storey blocks and 1 no 24 storey block adjacent to the DLR. Frames were constructed utilising precast columns and jump form construction for the cores. Titan Screen Saver will be installed from the 3rd floor of the 24 storey tower.Commencing with installation of pile mats, attendance to pilers, construction of cores, pile caps, ground beams and the formation of the ground floor slabs. Superstructure comprises of 2 no 10 storey blocks and 1 no 24 storey block adjacent to the DLR. Frames were constructed utilising precast columns and jump form construction for the cores. Titan Screen Saver will be installed from the 3rd floor of the 24 storey tower.


Irish baby necklace features a sterling silver Celtic cross.
This Irish baby Celtic cross necklace has been hallmarked sterling silver by the Irish Assay Office at Dublin Castle in Ireland.
This Irish baby's Celtic cross necklace is a sterling silver design that that measures 3/8" wide x 3/4" tall, including the jump ring and the chain bail, and it includes an 16" long sterling silver chain with a loop at 14" so that you may make a shorter chain.
This child's size Irish necklace is part of the Little Fáilte Collection from Solvar Jewelry in Dublin, Ireland and it is gift boxed with a Celtic cross history card, complements of The Irish Gift House.
Irish baby earrings feature sterling silver Celtic cross studs.
Irish baby bracelet features a Celtic cross that is an ideal size for a baby or small child.
Celtic cross necklace features a silver plated finish along with glass pearls; it is an ideal size for a baby or child.
Celtic cross necklace is an ideal size for a baby or child.


text:
A Treatise on the Law Relating to Mines, Including the Latest Cases..
by Collier, R.P.
1855. Scarce Nineteenth-Century English Treatise on Mining Law Collier, R.P., Baron Monkswell [1817-1886]. A Treatise on the Law Relating to Mines: Including the Latest Cases Reported, July, 1855; And the New Stannary Act, 1855. London: W.G. Benning & Co., 1855. xv, 281 pp. Forms. Octavo (7-1/2" x 4-1/2"). Contemporary cloth, blind frames to boards, rebacked, printed paper title label to spine, hinges mended. Minor edgewear, corners bumped and lightly worn. Light toning to text, internally clean. Ex-library (Birmingham Law Society). Institution name stamped to front board, small inkstamps to title page and a few leaves. $195. * Second edition. "This treatise is intended to contain a summary of those principles of Law and Equity which govern the acquisition and transfer of property in mines, and the duties, rights, and liabilities of Mine-owners and adventurers, arising out of their relations among themselves and the public" (Preface). Collier's first edition was published in London in 1849, then reissued in Philadelphia in 1853. All editions are scarce. OCLC locates six of the second edition in North American Law Libraries (Columbia, Harvard, Library of Congress, UC-Berkeley and the Universities of Georgia and Pennsylvania. Sweet & Maxwell, A Legal Bibliography of the British Commonwealth 72. (Inventory #: 57456)
$195.00 add to cart or Buy Direct from
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Flooding the Courtrooms. Law and Water in the Far West
by Miller, Mary Catherine
(click for more details about Flooding the Courtrooms. Law and Water in the Far West)
Niles' Weekly Register, New Series No 14 Vol IV, May 29, 1819 Jew Bill
by Brackenridge, Henry Marie
(click for more details about Niles' Weekly Register, New Series No 14 Vol IV, May 29, 1819 Jew Bill)


text:
Home News Water
How reconnecting with nature can help us cope with floods
Catastrophic rains, urban flooding and warmer temperatures are forecasted for Southeast Asia in the next few decades. Is the region prepared? Water experts suggest that reconnecting with nature is one key way to cope.
A toddler cools off in a stream in Bishan Park, a part of which was remodelled under Singapore's Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Programme to function as a floodplain. Image: Jan, CC BY-SA 2.0
By Hannah Koh
If Southeast Asia is to keep its head above water in the next few decades, it must take a proactive rather than reactive stance on flood control, and work to reacquaint its people with nature, said experts at an event in Singapore last week.
Most countries in the region are focused on adaption and mitigation rather than preventing the floods in the first place, noted Danish pump manufacturer Grundfos' regional business director of water utility, Grundfos, Asia Pacific, Chee Meng Tan.
He was speaking on a panel discussion with other industry experts examining the impact, attitudes and action on climate change in Southeast Asia. The conversation was part of the launch of a whitepaper on Flood Controls in Southeast Asia by Grundfos and sustainability media outlet Eco-Business, held at the Mandarin Orchard Hotel on Tuesday.
Addressing the 40-strong audience of water and sustainability experts, Tan pointed out that the region's reactionary approach to flood management has been proven by history. "We've seen that in Thailand in 2011 when Bangkok was submerged for nearly a month," said Tan.
"After that, you could see a huge amount of money being poured into flood mitigation," he added.
Tan said that as intense rainfall and flooding become more regular occurrences in the future, countries should look into early flood mitigation, get everyone involved in prevention efforts, and keep awareness of these issues high.
The whitepaper surveyed 417 sustainability industry leaders across Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam to understand local attitudes towards water infrastructure, management and climate change. It shares case studies of how countries have used water technologies to stave off the worst effects of urban flooding.
Malaysia, for instance, has used rain animation software to study rainfall incidence around the Sungai Selangor and Sungai Tinggi dams in Selangor state and review its water infrastructure.
Jeffrey Obbard, professor and director of the Environmental Science Center at Qatar University remarked: "Technology is not the panacea [to climate change], but it is possibly the ladder out of this problem, or can at least alleviate it, if we're smart about its use."
The nature of flooding
A member of the audience, Robert Wasson, senior research fellow at the Institute of Water Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, commented that engineering and installing hardware to tackle climate change was "easy", but persuading people to care about such issues was the hard part.
To address this challenge, Governments in more affluent Southeast Asian countries have sought to forge a stronger relationship between people and water, on top of existing water management and flood prevention efforts. Singapore, for example, is making its waterways greener and accessible to the public under the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Programme, administered by national water agency PUB.
Panellist at the event, PUB's director of catchment and waterways, Ridzuan Ismail shared how the Singapore utilities board worked with the National Parks Board to turn the previously utilitarian, concrete canal in Bishan Park into a lush floodplain where people can relax and play.
When it rains, the area fills with water as it was designed to. But some citizens don't understand that flooding is part of the country's natural landscape and, alarmed by it, contact PUB, said Ridzuan. Such incidents are opportunities to reach out and educate the public about nature and Singapore's water infrastructure, he added.
While Southeast Asia, Singapore included, is naturally prone to floods as a result of monsoon seasons and low-lying coastlines, the rate at which water and sewage infrastructure is growing cannot keep up with urban expansion in most Southeast Asian countries.
Building up cities with little consideration of the natural landscape also has the side effect of alienating the population from nature at a time when climate change promises to unleash more rain and floods in the region.
But a close connection with nature is important, said Eco-Business research director Tim Hill, because if citizens are able to respect and understand the importance of water, it would be easier for them to appreciate the urgency of fighting climate change.
"Singapore is a low-lying tropical city and people have to get back in touch with nature here," said Hill, who authored the whitepaper.
"Consumers may not be able to impact flooding directly, but the carbon emissions they generate daily contribute to extreme weather patterns and we need to educate these consumers in order to fight climate change."
The whitepaper called for countries in the region to have take a unified approach to tackling flood management, sharing best practices and establishing frameworks for prevention and protection comma similar to practices adopted in the European Union.
Grundfos' Tan, said there was not enough regional dialogue about flood controls. Singapore has a role to play in sharing flood management practices with its neighbours, he said, though other speakers wondered if the Singapore experience would be applicable in countries with larger waterways.
Countries could build greater water awareness starting with schools, suggested the whitepaper, while businesses that use water or develop urban infrastructure must keep up to date on the dialogue on climate change and flood control rather than simply react to government legislation.
Tim Hill, research director, Eco-Business
This is critical as studies have found that the region will see as much as a 25 per cent increase in catastrophic precipitation as a result of global warming, and lose up to 11 per cent of gross domestic product by 2100. Cities most exposed to the extreme weather patterns as a result of climate change—including Jakarta, Singapore, Manila, Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City— may very well see up to US$2.8 trillion in assets go up in smoke.
The impacts of climate change are happening "bigger, sooner and faster" than expected, said Qatar University's Obbard, who pointed out that Southeast Asia will be the first to experience climate departure starting in 2020. Based on a study by the University of Hawaii, climate departure is the year in which the average temperature of the coolest year will be warmer hotter than the warmest year between 1960 and 2005.
Manokwari in West Papua, Indonesia will be the first into this brave new world in 2020, but Singapore will follow not too far behind, in 2028.
But Obbard said he remains optimistic, pointing out that there has been a "sea change" in climate change protection, mitigation and adaptation investment.
"That gives me a lot of hope and interest in the engineering solutions, beyond new technology, which will be absolutely critical for Southeast Asia in the coming decades," he said.
Download and read the whitepaper Flood Controls in Southeast Asia by Eco-Business here.


Professor Harris challenges my argument that bankruptcy reform takes place in an environment too isolated from the rest of the legal world. He also challenges each of the three illustrations I offered to support my thesis. Discussion of his views on the environment in which reform occurs is best deferred until after discussion of his analysis of my three illustrations.
Eisenberg, Theodore, "Bankruptcy Law in Perspective: A Rejoinder" (1983). Cornell Law Faculty Publications. 412.
Published in: UCLA Law Review, vol. 30, no. 3 (February 1983).


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There are 11 new home developments in Civic Center, Jersey City, all high-rise that are planned, under construction or recently completed. Of these, 11 are condo developments , with 392 units currently under construction. The median list price for a condo in Civic Center is $4,050,000. The most active developer in Civic Center is Abra.


A sleeping giant has awakened. The Name of our Heavenly Father Yahweh is under ramped-up attacks from various WWCG "Worldwide Church of God" breakaway groups. Because of its unquestionable proof and rock-solid, historical fact, their members in large numbers are questioning why their leaders refuse to honor and teach the personal Name of their Creator Yahweh.
Herbert Armstrong Used the name Yahweh?
Herbert Armstrong himself used the Name Yahweh for about six months in his early Radio Church of God (before it became the Worldwide Church of God) broadcasts, according to an elderly former member.
In attempts to stop the bleeding, nervous leaders are amping up their efforts to discount their Creator's Name Yahweh. Regardless, His revealed Name is going out in power and in unprecedented ways. Any attempts to squelch it will prove futile, according to Yahweh Himself.
The Book of Revelation tells us that His Name will be honored by the true Philadelphia Church (Assembly). "…(for thou) hast … kept my Word, and hast not denied my name," Revelation 3:8. Scripture even issues this warning for those who refuse His Name: "If ye will not hear, and if ye will not lay it to heart, to give glory unto my name, saith Yahweh of hosts, I will even send a curse upon you, and I will curse your blessings: yea, I have cursed them already, because ye do not lay it to heart," Malachi 2:2.
We are a ministry on the vanguard of "contending for the faith once delivered unto the saints," Jude 3. Rather than resurrecting a defunct parent ministry that had stopped short of all the Truth, our goal at Yahweh's Restoration Ministry is earnestly to contend accurately for every right teaching in Scripture. Truth is our concern, not numbers, prestige, funds, or founders. Our focus is also on common error. Most churches and organizations rest on their traditions or point to their founder and swallow everything he taught without solid verification in the Word. When someone says theirs is the only true church on the face of the earth, we must ask, have you really investigated every other one in existence?
We invite you to get acquainted with us. We are a family-friendly, commandment-keeping ministry for all ages. We honor the Third Commandment, which is not to allow His personal Name Yahweh to be abandoned through the use of substitute titles. (God is not a name but just a label that was never used in true, biblical worship.) We also honor and call on His Son's Name Yahshua. The name Jesus is Latinized Greek. He was neither Roman nor Greek but was born a Hebrew with a Hebrew name that means "Yahweh's Salvation." With this reality as a launch point, the sincere seeker will discover a whole panorama of amazing understanding built on the fact that his Christian faith should be Hebraic based, not steeped in the Roman church.
Posted in Sabbath, Sacred Name, End-time Prophecy, Former WWCG Member? and tagged WWCG, Worldwide Church, Herbert Armstrong of God.
I happened to meet Nehemia Gordon last FOT in Jerusalem. A nice man, but I was not impressed. He is a Karaite Jew and as such does not believe in Messiah, Yahshua. So what can he teach me, a born-again believer in Yahweh and Yahshua (for 33 years) who has been baptized in His Set-Apart Spirit which is my teacher?
How does one view the comments? All I see is a link to an article. Does this mean that the link is considered to be the comment? If so, how does it rate as 2 comments?
Comments can be added and viewed at the bottom of the post. Yes, links count as comments.


text:
METAL MINING — from pigs of lead to pockets of gold
The Stiperstones ridge, south Shropshire
ACCORDING to the history books, South Shropshire has been known since Roman times for its rich lodes of lead, deposited deep underneath its rocky terrain.
In the late-19th century, at the height of the British Empire, this area of Shropshire was purportedly, "the most productive lead mining region in the whole world."
Certainly our mining industry was a profitable affair, at least for a lucky few. But was it ever a productive one? Not likely, it would seem.
SHARE ISSUE: The Central Snailbeach Mining Company Ltd [click for full size]
In the late Victorian era, money flooded in to the new Shropshire mining companies that were springing up with each new month.
Led by mining pioneers claiming to be eager to work those precious lead veins hidden far beneath our hills.
Where ores could yield weight-for-weight an unrivalled 20 or even 30 per cent lead. Or so the mining stock promoters would claim to any who'd listen!
Over just a few years, countless new mining ventures were advertised in the press, near and far.
Attracting interest from genteel Bath and Edinburgh, to the industrial boom towns of Bradford and Birmingham.
SHARE ISSUE: THE BOG LEAD MINE [click for full size]
New investors lured in by the promise of financial returns on an unprecedented scale.
Promises, however, that would ultimately prove to be wholly unfounded.
A SCAM FROM THE OFF?
Was Shropshire's heritage of lead mining, stretching back at least 2,000 years (or so some claim), nothing but a giant financial hoax from the very start?
A phony bonanza founded on little more than rudimentary, yet ruthless, sleights of hand? Relying on time-worn scams well-known to those versed in the tricks of the trade?
Was there ever any real evidence of Roman mining in this area? Was much lead, if any at all, ever mined commercially in south Shropshire?
Could the entire industry have been just another fraud from those notorious days of industrial capitalism? The heyday of industrial plunder. Get-rich-quick tricks played out on an industrial scale. In an era rife with financial swindles of one form or another.
ROMAN PIGS?
"ROMAN" PIG OF LEAD — Curious Latin; use of genitive case (HADRIANI) instead of nominative (HADRIANVS) as found on all coinage of Hadrian
Shropshire's history of lead mining dates back, so it's said, to the Romans.
Evidenced, we're told, by the discovery of "Roman" ingots of lead known as "lead pigs".
In not so many years, no less than six ingots were supposedly discovered. All within a few square miles of rural south Shropshire. [1]
ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS (Oct 4 1856) – "an excursion to the Roman lead mines at Shelve", etc. [click for full size]
Several of those ingots were supposedly found actually inside the "old" mine workings! [2]
Each ingot bearing the impress of IMP HADRIANI AVG.
Surely dating their manufacture, unequivocally, to the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD)?
Irrefutable proof that the Romans were mining here all those centuries ago?
A promising place indeed to start mining for lead once again?
Yet before we accept these claims without question, should we perhaps apply a sceptical critique?
HADRIANUS AUGUSTUS (117-138AD in Scaligerian chronology)
Hadrian must be the most famous emperor to have ruled Provincia Britannia (Britain).
Ask any child today to name a famous Roman, and he'll probably name Hadrian; recalling that legacy of Hadrian's Wall, the 70 mile monolith across our land.
In Britain, Hadrian is one of the most emblematic Romans, even now.
Appropriate that these ingots of lead, unmistakably date by their inscription alone, to the reign of "Hadrian" – the nation's favourite emperor!
Insightful, too, that the ingots should surface so providentially at the zenith of Shropshire's mining eldorado!
And perhaps even more telling, not a single "Roman" ingot, of any imperial dynasty, has been discovered here since!
PIG GIMMICKS
THE GIMMICK – a tricky or ingenious device for attracting publicity
At the time, those ingots served as effective devices for the mining stock promoters.
Persuasive 'stage props' for those men in the City reeling in an endless stream of would-be investors. Punters eager to secure their stakes in the new mining bonanza of deepest Shropshire. An area "known since the Romans for its rich lead deposits," or so they were told!
Those ingots were the lures to draw in the gullible; gimmicks for fleecing their wealth, in that den of vipers: the City of London!
MISSING "ROMAN" INGOTS [1]
Now here's where our scepticism grows even stronger.
At least four of those six "Roman" ingots of lead purportedly discovered at the time, all disappeared sometime afterwards.
Mysteriously vanishing after their public exhibition.
The sixth, last surviving ingot remaining hidden away, in safe keeping at Linley Hall, near Bishops Castle. [3]
"ROMAN" LEAD PIG AT LINLEY [photo credit: P. Stamper; 2003]
Photographed in 2003 by former county archaeologist, Paul Stamper, is a rare image of that last existing "Roman" ingot. [4]
Yet there's a problem with it — where is its patina?
Over time, lead reacts naturally to the atmosphere and starts to tarnish.
In a complex three-stage chemical process – which is difficult to reproduce artificially – the dull grey metal slowly develops an off-white coating, or patina, of lead sulphate. [5]
NATURAL LEAD PATINA: early 19th century lead musket-balls (compare against the "Roman" lead ingot at Linley)
Even lead musket-balls lying in the ground for just a century or two develop that dusty white patina.
Thus, that ingot, after two thousand years of lying in Shropshire's sodden soils should have gained a very rich patina of its own. And yet it hasn't. Why not?
That "Roman" ingot at Linley Hall looks fresh from its mould. As if preserved since manufacture in a warm, dry display cabinet. As if kept well away from the brutal elements that raged outside during its "2,000 year" alleged history. How so?!
Perhaps it's no surprise that those "Roman" ingots have gone astray or else remain out-of-reach. Today's forensic metallurgists might otherwise have a field-day, analysing them all.
Applying, for example, modern techniques of mass spectrometry. To determine their exact elemental composition; matching their chemical structure to their alleged geographical locale; confirming their method of casting; and ultimately their true date of manufacture.
Were these really Roman ingots from 117-138 AD? Or, more likely, modern Victorian fakes from the latter half of the 19th century?
Counterfeit "Roman" ingots used in a series of grand share-ramping scams? Devices of City conmen, for selling worthless Shropshire mining stock to the naïve masses?
LINLEY HALL (1891)
Back though to Linley Hall where that last ingot was "found".
Linley was the country seat of the Mores; a prominent family of country landowners, barristers, and parliamentarians. [6]
Over the years, the More family produced several Members of Parliament for Ludlow and South Shropshire, both Liberal and Tory.
Not surprising, the Mores, wealthy by any standard, had a vested interest in hyping these schemes.
LINLEY HALL NOW (2014) (Google Street View at [7] )
With influence in the City, the Mores doubtless enjoyed a share of capital from the mining stock issues; and through land-rents and royalties from mining prospects opened up on their estates; with lucrative insider share-dealing and metal-trading to be had in between.
MORE'S TOURS OF ROMAN FAKERY? [click for full size]
To promote these stock market ventures, the Mores even gave local history tours to visitors from as far as London.
"ROMAN" WOODEN SPADES AT LINLEY HALL?!
On display at Linley was that infamous "Roman" ingot. Together with other, equally impressive "Roman" artefacts.
Wooden "Roman" spades, pottery, and even "Roman" tallow candles, abandoned by miners way back in Hadrian's day, apparently!
Only to be discovered by the Mores two millennia later in remarkable condition, and just in time for the mining bonanza!
Though not everyone was quite so convinced of that Roman provenance.
The incumbent at Linley, the Rev. T.F. More (Oxon), received a sceptical reception from Thomas Wright Esq., a well-known 19th century antiquarian scholar.
When shown the "Roman" exhibits, Wright could scarcely conceal his disbelief. Politely challenging the "extraordinary preservation" and thus the true antiquity of these "Roman" relics. [2]
Wiser then than now, it seems!
FOLLOW THE MONEY!
Invariably the financiers behind these schemes had little interest in whether the miners struck it rich or not. In fact they were expecting failure!
By the time a mining prospect was formally declared barren and bankrupt, the promoters were long gone; their fortunes secured years before.
SWINDLING THE SAME VICTIMS FOR EVEN MORE CASH! [click for full size]
Though even before that inevitable collapse, the really audacious swindlers would take several bites at the same cherry.
Launching further raids on their victims' capital; tapping the same investors in multiple demands. (see press article, right)
Appealing in desperate pleas for more "emergency" funds. With threats that if extra cash were not forthcoming, the venture would go bust, and investors would lose the lot. Which they always did anyway!
In practice, the capital actually spent on these (fruitless) mining enterprises was minimal. Funding just enough work to convince the casual observer of productive activity. Generating just enough bustle to assure any doubting investors; those demanding to witness the workings for themselves.
Even so, there were occasional reports of disgruntled shareholders ordering meetings with the "captains" of these mines; skilled conmen who worked in collusion with the financiers themselves.
In angry confrontations, distressed stockholders would put the managers on the spot. Ordering them to demonstrate, there and then, that their finances weren't being squandered or stolen.
The scams relied heavily on the credibility of a tight-knit team of confidence tricksters.
THE COVER OF QUARRYING
CALCITE: worthless mineral used for pebble-dashing and grave-dressing
Typically, at several of these "mines" were incidental stone quarrying operations; making work for the miners when their mines lay idle(!)
Calcite, an almost worthless white mineral used in decorative stonework for pebble-dash and grave-dressing, is found throughout the Stiperstones.
Along with roadstone aggregates it was recovered and processed for minimal profit, all supposedly secondary to the metal mining itself.
While generating negligible returns, quarrying for base minerals nevertheless provided tangible evidence of human activity. Visible proof to show any mining investor that their cash was at least paying for some activity of sorts.
While the real money was being quietly siphoned off in the City by the financiers behind these schemes.
THE £35,000 MINING STOCK FRAUD AT DISGWYLFA (SQUILVER) HILL [click for full size]
For example in 1873, the promoters of "The Stiperstone's Consols (Limited)" — one of many such scams — sought £35,000 from investors – around £3.5m in today's money – through a single share subscription issue.
A MINE AT DISGWYLFA HILL?: near Lydham
Prospectuses were placed in the London and provincial presses to attract hapless investors.
The capital raised from the stock issue, the promoters said, would be used to work Disgwylfa Hill near Lydham.
To extract its "well-defined lodes" of lead (as well as copper, ochre, barytes, and nickel!), they claimed.
Yet at Disgwylfa (Squilver) today, there's no evidence at all, beyond that 1950's Tarmac quarry, that any workings were ever undertaken.
So what became of the investors' £35,000 from the Disgwylfa prospect? Need we ask?!
These share issues were replicated in numerous scams which sprung up to purportedly mine the Stiperstones over a decade or two, from the late 1850s onwards.
£110,000 TANKERVILLE SHARE ISSUE (equivalent to £13 million today) [click for full size]
Interestingly, the directors chosen for each new mining company were usually different in each case.
More often gentlemen drawn from outside the area.
Given the fraudulent nature to all these schemes, that was surely no accident, and likely expedient!
There was nevertheless a plentiful supply of peers, baronets and honourable gentlemen, willing to lend their names as directors of each new venture.
Strongly suggesting that the mining scams were coordinated by powerful hidden hands in the City. Those directors lending credence through their association were just expendable puppets in the frauds.
WHITE GRIT "ENGINE-HOUSE" [photo credit: John M 2011]
That distinct lack of industrial activity at Disgwylfa is evident throughout the so-called mining district of south Shropshire.
There's very little tangible proof of any workings, except for a few 'prospect' shafts, and those romantic yet conspicuously odd "engine-houses".
Structures which rise so prominently above the rolling pasture land.
Otherwise, though, precious little proof that extensive mining activities occurred anywhere here.
And notably, of those "engine-houses", why do they look like they've never housed an engine?!
Stand inside one. Take a studious look around. Try and determine where the engine mountings would, or should have been; and where the drive-shafts might supposedly have secured to the stone and brick walls.
It would seem from their internal configuration that these buildings could never have housed an engine!
LADYWELL "ENGINE-HOUSE" [photo credit: Ian Castledine 2008]
Furthermore, those 'engine houses', while standing so prominently on the skyline – appear as if they were sited foremost to be seen.
Why are they so far from any signs of underground workings?
The Ladywell and White Grit engine houses are perhaps the most obvious examples here. Very obtrusively placed.
And where are the accompanying stacks to these "engine houses"?
A steam engine needs a stack! And what about the access roads to and from these buildings, for delivering coal to fuel the furnaces? And where is all the combusted clinker?
For a really obvious example of a fake set-up, study the above-ground workings near the (redundant) Lordshill Particular Baptist Church. Google Street View of it here. [8]
SPLENDID STACK BUT NO "ENGINE-HOUSE"?
Where is the "engine house" at that site? Why isn't it adjacent to that splendid stack which dominates the skyline?
And why is there a stack but no engine house?
Further, why build the stack there, on the precarious sloping hillside (except to be seen)?
Why not build the stack (and missing engine house) at the bottom of the hill?
Why wasn't it sited next to the "Chapel Shaft" and the lane? Surely that would be the most practical place; where one could easily service the (missing) engine with coal and water?
Just imagine trying to haul coal right up that hillside!
And please examine for signs of a track up to that engine-house site. There are none.
It looks very fake! Built just to fool any curious investors.
At the very top of Lords Hill, Snailbeach is an even taller stack.
This stack supposedly had a kilometre-long brick flue running up to it! Not remotely realistic nor practical. Surely much simpler to build a taller stack in the right place? Of course, building the stack at the top of the hill made sure it was seen from afar. That was critical for the scammers.
BEST STACK OF ALL: with its "kilometre-long flue" !
NO TAILINGS
Perhaps the clearest hallmark of this wholesale fraud is this lack of any remains of industrial endeavour. An obvious indicator today is the near total absence of "tailings" at any of the supposed mining sites. Sites where underground hard-rock mining had purportedly taken place on a grand scale over some years.
Tailings are worthless piles of 'gangue' – unwanted rock by-product, devoid of any valuable mineral content. The debris dug from deep underground and the discarded output of the milling process. It should be present as large heaps of crushed stone, found piled nearby to every (genuine) mine working.
The tailings are always found nearby to the mine and the ore-dressing plant, since moving the tailings elsewhere costs labour and capital, which eats into profit. Back then environmental obligations were unheard of. So any genuine commercial mine operation simply left its tailings as is.
The scale of the tailings is thus an obvious indication, a reliable gauge, of the extent to an underground mine workings. The more tailings there are, the larger the workings there once were.
TYPICAL MINE TAILINGS — Comstock Gold Mine, CA (c.1885)
In the gold and silver mines of the American West, even mines deep into Death Valley, there are always extensive tailing piles; including at the earliest hand-worked mines from the days of the Forty-Niners.
And yet by contrast here in South Shropshire we find almost no mine tailings.
How can that be? In what was apparently the most productive lead-mining region of its time?
Just where are all our tailings?!
LEGENDARY: double entendre
Again, by way of explanation, the history books tell another bizarre tale.
Some have it that the (defunct) Shropshire County Council of the late-20th century "removed" (to where, and how?!) the tailing piles from the Stiperstones area, where most of the lead mines were supposedly worked.
LEGENDARY TAILINGS! See [9]
Those tailings described, curiously, in one "photo" caption as "legendary". A double entendre, maybe?! [9]
Certainly there's a tall tale of tailings to tell. (sorry!)
MINING FRAUDS OF THE PAST
Mining scams like these go back centuries; perhaps as far back as mining itself. Scams were commonplace in the feverish Gold Rush era in north America, decades earlier. There again, the smart money was rarely if ever made in mining, per se.
MINING INTELLIGENCE REPORTS TO MANIPULATE THE MARKET [click for full size]
The real riches from the Gold Rush were reserved to those on the East Coast. The money-men on Wall Street who secured the initial capital for prospecting 'Out West'; and who manipulated the mining stocks and metal prices thereafter.
"Mining intelligence" reports, like the one to the left (for "Ritton Castle Lead Mine") were planted in the press, to enable profiteering from the distorted or "cornered" markets they created.
With a plethora of confidence tricks, frauds and misrepresentations used, then as now, to draw-in and deceive the hordes of new investors.
SALTED OR NOT?
As mining cons go, the simplest, and yet one of the hardest to detect is "salting". That is when an ore sample from a mining prospect is sprinkled or "salted" with grains of a desirable metal, before being officially assayed. Fraudulently boosting the ore-to-metal ratio, the potential reserves, and the overall worth of a mine.
Surprising indeed if Shropshire's mining promoters didn't engage in at least a little "salting" of their own, to help along the bubble!
Let us turn now to perhaps the most important aspect of these scams: how things worked in the City of London:
BUSINESS AS USUAL IN THE SQUARE MILE?
THE BEGINNING OF MODERN PLUMBING
Not coincidentally, at the dawn of this mining bonanza, lead was becoming an increasingly valuable commodity. Today, lead remains an important industrial metal, used mainly in the battery industry. [10]
But back then, it was prized for its malleability; an ideal material for use in 'modern' plumbing.
This was the era of the great Victorian public health programmes when domestic plumbing was finally coming of age.
The seamed copper piping used commonly today was not yet invented. Instead, lead piping was the best there was; a crucial metal in that public health initiative.
Empowered by the new Public Health Acts, local authorities were ordering sanitation for slum neighbourhoods where poor hygiene was the cause of disease. Installing running water and flushed water closets, reliant on pipework of lead. [11]
That public health programme, and that new demand for lead, ensured tremendous profits for those controlling the metal market. That, it would seem, was one of the key objectives behind the Shropshire lead mining scam.
ENGROSSING: dictionary definition
This was a scam to leverage control and manipulate the underlying metal price; possibly through a practice known as engrossing.
Publishing exaggerated figures for lead mining output to depress the metal price in the City. Causing lead to be dumped on the market in desperation by genuine mining operators, at rock-bottom prices.
The market manipulators could then snap up that cheap lead and stockpile it. Before turning the market around with bullish press reports – claiming shortages and surges in demand for the metal. Enabling them to re-sell that warehoused lead at great personal profit!
PRICE LEVERAGING
Falsified production figures for the sham lead mines of Shropshire could be used to leverage the lead price across the whole country and beyond; particularly the lead imported from Spain and Italy; which amounted in the 1870s to a significant 100,000 tons a year. [12]
That manipulation could work the price up or down, as required by the speculators.
Similar to the world oil market where control is wielded through the "spot price" of Brent Crude oil, also set in London.
The Brent oilfield in the North Sea is just a tiny contributor (0.4%) to global oil production. Yet the Brent spot price nevertheless determines the price of crude for most of the world (60%). Market leverage at work! [13]
In the 1870s, trading of commodities was done semi-privately, absent any official exchange. Metals including lead were bought and sold by profiteering middlemen in dingy London coffee-houses like The Jerusalem in Exchange Alley, an old district of the City.
RING TRADING: London Metal Exchange [photo credit: Daily Telegraph 2013]
Shropshire's sham mining bonanza foreshadowed, and was perhaps even a precursor to the founding of the official London Metal Exchange (LME) in 1877.
LME TRADER'S SCREEN
That Exchange is today the hub for a £14.5 trillion a year global market where strategic metals including lead are traded on a futures-basis.
With forward delivery of contracts to any number of domestic warehouses, foreign ports and entrepôts around the world. [14]
The LME is a key instrument of the real British empire – the City of London – an omnipotent cartel monopolising the world trade in strategic commodities – metals, minerals, hydrocarbons, and even raw food stuffs. [15]
DERIVATIVES: "THE CANCER OF THE MARKETS" ( See [16] )
Today, the City oligarchy relies heavily on the derivatives trade to truly gouge out its fortunes (and/or fend off collapse!)
Derivatives – those so-called futures and options – are an entire layer of casino-like speculation in the City. This is commodity trading that exists on paper alone! [16]
In the oil market, derivatives traders even deal in "paper barrels"! Pure gambling where rarely a barrel of oil, or an ounce of metal, is ever delivered from seller to buyer.
"THE CLUB OF THE ISLES": A LONDON-CENTRED RAW MATERIALS CARTEL (see [15]) [click for full size]
Derivatives are a wholly speculative financial market that sits precariously atop the (barely) tangible metal-dealing and mineral extraction industries.
Derivatives are a trade created explicitly to manipulate the price of an underlying physical commodity, while rarely taking delivery of it.
The sham lead-mining bonanza of the 19th century, focussed on deepest south Shropshire, was likely a progenitor to the shenanigans of the commodities trade we witness today.
Let's finish with a quotation from Petronius, a Roman courtier from the reign of Nero, apparently:
Which roughly translates to "In his hands, lead became gold"! Perhaps that should be the latter-day motto for the financier-alchemists who gave Shropshire her "legendary" lead-mining heritage:
"In his hands, lead became gold!"
SHARE ISSUE: WEST SNAILBEACH LEAD MINING COMPANY LTD [click for full size]
RITTON CASTLE LEAD MINING COMPANY SHARE ISSUE [click for full size]
PERKINS BEACH CONSULS LIMITED SHARE ISSUE [click for full size]
[1] http://www.aditnow.co.uk/documents/linley-lead-mine/mining-around-linley.pdf
[2] http://www.ludlow-eye.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/illustrated_london_news_oct_04_1856_an_excursion_to_the_roman_lead_mines_shelve_etc.1-2.jpg
[3] http://www.search.secretshropshire.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?theme=&originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault.asp&page=2&records=9616&direction=1&pointer=16846&text=0&resource=2268
[4] http://www.iccgov.org/FilePagineStatiche/Files/EVENTS/Conferences/2013/Arctic/Presentations/Barbante.pdf
[5] http://www.rupertharris.com/final/sc_leads/examples/lead_dioxide/lead_dioxide_formation.php
[6] https://archive.org/details/countyseatsofshr00leac
[7] http://goo.gl/maps/s6dbi
[8] http://goo.gl/maps/AsIOF
[9] http://www.2shrop.net/2shropnet/AToZOfMini-sites/S/SnailbeachVillageHall/VirtualArchive
[10] http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/lead.aspx
[11] http://www.ludlow-eye.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/19thcenturypublichealth1.pdf
[12] https://archive.org/details/mineralstatisti02britgoog
[13] http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2004/eirv31n23-20040611/index.html
[14] http://www.lme.com/about-us/history/
[15] http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1996/eirv23n22-19960524/eirv23n22-19960524_043-raw_materials_cartels_lock_up_wo.pdf
[16] http://wlym.com/archive/oakland/brutish/Derivatieves.pdf
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