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Home > Journals > Mountain Research and Development > Volume 22 > Issue 3 > Article
1 August 2002 An Evaluation of Forest Deterioration in the Disturbed Mountains of Western Mexico City
Arturo García-Romero
Arturo García-Romero*
*Arturo García-Romero, Departamento de Geografía Física, Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico. agromero@igiris.igeograf.unam.mx
Mountain Research and Development, 22(3):270-277 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022[0270:AEOFDI]2.0.CO;2
Twelve forest geosystems
Mountain area
Connecting ramp
Lack of research
Forest geosystems of the MA (2800–3580 m)
Forest geosystems of the CR (2240–2800 m)
The present article addresses the deterioration of 12 forest geosystems located in a mountain range to the west of Mexico City. On the basis of identification of plant species that are indicators of environmental deterioration, as well as application of a Deterioration Index that considers these species in relation to the richness, vertical structure, and total cover of the climax forest facies—representing the most developed and stable evolutionary stage of each geosystem—forest geosystems are classified according to the present stage of deterioration that affects the best preserved forests in each case.
The accelerated growth that characterizes several cities in the countries with transition economies leads to a rapid invasion of the agroforest fringes that limit them. Severe ecological degradation (including deterioration of the natural environment, air, water, and soil pollution, and hydrological and geomorphic imbalances) is reflected not only in the physical deterioration of forests but also in their capacity to mitigate future impacts (Berry et al 1994; Riebsame et al 1996). Mexico City's metropolitan area—comprising 22 million inhabitants—is a good example of this type of environmental dynamics. Its western border is located on the eastern slope of the Las Cruces mountain range (Figure 1). This slope, with an area of 832.8 km2 ranging up to 1500 m in altitude, features the ecological heterogeneity of temperate mountains (Ferreras 1987; Buzhuo et al 1997; Price and Thompson 1997; Forsyth 1998) as well as the high occupation indexes and changes in land use, which result in contrasting rural–urban landscapes and imbalances that affect forest systems.
Figures 2 and 3 show an overview of the environmental aspects of the slope, allowing classification into the 12 geosystems described below. The climate and water availability are subordinated to the slope's morphological features. In the mountain area (MA), between 2800 and 3580 m (Lugo 1990; García-Romero 1998), precipitation exceeds 1300 mm/y, and monthly average temperatures are below 10°C, favoring a maximum water surplus of 800 mm/y. Below 2800 m, on the connecting ramp (CR) that links the MA with the bottom of the Mexico basin, the lack of large topographic features mitigates orographic rainfall and promotes warming, which increases toward the ramp's base, where the mean annual temperature exceeds 18°C and precipitation is below 800 mm/y. The low moisture retention capacity in some soils and fractured pyroclastic materials reduces water availability, so that the annual average does not exceed 200 mm.
As shown in Figure 3, the distribution of forests reflects an altitudinal pattern resembling "steps" or floors on a series of soils that are similar to the parental materials both in structure and chemical features (Wright 1972; FAO-UNESCO 1981, 1991):
Peak floor (>3400 m). Dominated by peak pine forest, situated near the timberline located at 4000 m (Troll 1971). These forests grow above intercalated humic Andosols and lithic Leptosols.
Montane floor (3200–3400 m). Dominated by fir and fir–pine forests that grow on sequences of humic Andosols and lithic Leptosols that are frequent in rocky scarps at the mountain border.
Transition floor (2700–3200 m). Dominated by mixed pine–oak forests growing on umbric Andosols, chromic Cambisols, and eutric Regosols, which evolve on compact lava and cemented pyroclastic flows.
Piedmont floor (<2700 m). Dominated by oak forests growing on sequences of umbric Andosols and eutric Regosols. Chromic Luvisols and eutric Vertisols coincide with loose and altered pyroclast deposits under seasonal but abundant pluviometric conditions that favor percolations and wash-away processes.
During the mid-19th century Mexico City's western border reached the base of the Las Cruces mountain range. The population increased from 70,000 inhabitants in 1940 to 1,700,000 in 1980 and 3,000,000 in 1990 (García-Romero 1998). Although the urban area had not reached the 2300 m altitudinal zone by 1960, it had invaded the inner portion of ravines by 1980 without a single efficient control measure. Since then, changes in land use have mostly consisted in the replacement of agricultural and forest uses by several kinds of residential uses—dispersed settlement, concentrated (village) settlement, and urban settlement—as well as commercial establishments and services, offices, and transport infrastructure.
The forest geosystems classification presented in previous studies (García-Romero 1998, 2001) is based on the analysis and cartographical synthesis (1:50,000) of a series of natural and cultural variables covering several aspects: morphostructures, climate, runoff, landform dynamics, soil types, plant formations, and land use (Steedman and Haider 1993). This classification allows the identification of 12 forest geosystems in the study area (Figures 1–3).
I. Cold and humid geosystem located on the Catedral and San Miguel mountain peaks, covered by mountain pine forests (Pinus hartwegii); land use: silviculture and herding.
II. Cold and very humid geosystem on the Catedral, Las Cruces, and San Miguel upper slopes, covered by dense Abies religiosa and P. hartwegii forests; land use: silviculture.
III. Cold and very humid geosystem on the Catedral, Las Cruces, and San Miguel middle slopes, covered by A. religiosa forests; land use: silviculture.
IV. Cold and very humid geosystem on the Las Cruces mountain peaks and the Catedral and San Miguel lower slopes, covered by A. religiosa and Garrya laurifolia mixed forests; land use: silviculture and herding.
V. Cold and very humid geosystem on the San Miguel lower slopes, covered by G. laurifolia forest; land use: agriculture, recreation, and dispersed and concentrated settlements.
VI. Cold and very humid geosystem on the Las Cruces lower slopes and the La Magdalena river valley, covered by Quercus rugosa and Q. crassipes forests; land use: agriculture and concentrated settlements.
V11. Moderately cold and humid geosystem on the ramp's northern sector, covered by P. leiophylla and Q. crassipes mixed forests; land use: agriculture, silviculture, herding, and concentrated residential land.
VIII. Cool and semihumid geosystem on the ramp's central sector upper slopes, covered by Q. crassipes forests; land use: agriculture, silviculture, and concentrated residential land.
IX. Cool and semihumid geosystem on the ramp's northern sector upper slopes, covered by Q. crassipes and P. leiophylla forests; land use: agriculture, silviculture, herding, and concentrated residential and urban land.
X. Cool and semihumid geosystem on the ramp's central and northern sector lower slopes, covered by Q. centralis and Q. castanea forests, where agriculture, silviculture, and herding have been abandoned in favor of dispersed residential land use.
XI. Temperate and subhumid geosystem on the ramp's lower slopes in the central and northern sectors, covered by low Q. hartwegii and Q. centralis forests, where agriculture, silviculture, and herding have been abandoned in favor of dispersed and concentrated settlements.
XII. Temperate and subhumid geosystem on the ramp's southern sector, covered by Q. centralis and Stevia salicifolia forests, where agriculture has been abandoned in favor of dispersed and concentrated settlements.
Despite the problems associated with reduction of the forest area to one third of its original surface (5% in the last decade) and forest fragmentation into disconnected and exposed patches prone to physical damage and pollution, published studies on environmental effects are rare. Existing studies include the work of Pezzoli (1998), who warns against the severe environmental degradation associated with the urban dynamics of southern and western Mexico City, and that of García-Romero (1998), who offers the classification system of mountain range forest geosystems mentioned above.
Although it is of considerable geographical interest, the ecological meaning of flora—especially herbs and shrubs—in forest communities is poorly understood because it is often barely obvious in the landscape. The present study assesses the extent of deterioration currently affecting woodlands on the slope that was studied, on the basis of identification of plant species that function as indicators of deterioration and of their participation in the communities' richness, vertical structure, and total cover.
Given the numerous potential combinations between a fragile and diverse natural environment and a dynamic and unstable society (Pezzoli 1998), the concept of the geosystem's elementary facies—referring to plant communities that systematically synthesize and express several dynamic (ie, progressive or regressive) "stages" of the geosystem to which they belong (Bertrand 1968; Beroutchachvili and Bertrand 1978; Steedman and Haider 1993; Muñoz 1998)—is used as the minimum synthetic information unit.
This concept relies on the assumption that, currently and in the light of human-induced environmental deterioration, each geosystem on the slope consists of several elementary facies. The geosystem's functioning is determined by the interaction of multiple facies that succeed one another, so that within the geosystem there is only 1 highly evolved and specific facies that is dynamically stable, in this case the climax forest facies (Regier 1993; Price and Thompson 1997; Muñoz 1998).
The analysis of facies derives from the interpretation of their plant communities, which are considered important ecological and environmental synthesizers (Bertrand 1966; Matteucci and Colma 1982; Bugmann and Solomon 1995). Because the shift from one elementary facies to another not only has physiognomic implications but also involves the responses of communities to levels of human disturbance, the distribution of plant species within the different geosystem facies contains highly relevant ecological information.
To appreciate and assess the participation of alien plants in the physical structure of climax forest facies in each geosystem, the Landscape Integrated Analysis developed by Bertrand (1966, 1968, 1978) was taken as a point of reference and adapted to Mexican conditions by García-Romero (1998). The procedure consisted of the following sequential steps:
The elementary facies of the geosystems' evolutionary series were identified through direct observation, photographs taken in situ, and photointerpretation of their plant communities.
Inventories of floristic content, structured in vertical horizons, were conducted for each facies. The results were graphically depicted according to Bertrand's (1966, 1968) Vegetation Pyramids Method, as adapted by García-Romero (1998), to show results in a clear, immediate, and objective way.
A qualitative and integral analysis of all samples, supported by field work and the literature, made it possible to determine each of the facies in the series of phases included in the evolution of the geosystem to which they belong. The climax forest facies was identified among them, representing the most evolved, natural, and stable stage under the present conditions of deterioration affecting each geosystem.
Sixty plant species found in the climax forest facies were studied. Their frequency was determined, not only in climax facies but in all secondary facies of the 12 geosystems, which in turn allowed identification of the most frequent species among them in highly deteriorated and unstable environments, coinciding with the areas of most intense human activity. These were, therefore, considered as indicators of environmental deterioration.
Analysis of the participation of these phytoindicator plants in the richness of climax forests, their vertical structure, and their total cover made it possible to develop a Deterioration Index (DI):
All parameters were adjusted to fit a scale of 1–100 to facilitate comparison of results (Figure 4).
The participation of DIPs is expressed only through cover because the low values obtained for these plants in richness and complexity tend to minimize their importance. Furthermore, the characterization of communities is supported by 3 parameters—relative richness, vertical structure, and total cover—with the aim of balancing the trends that emerge when only 1 of these parameters is considered.
The responses of forests to human activities, as well as global deterioration levels, were obtained from the comparative analysis of results by geosystem, supported by visual interpretations made during field work.
The floristic stock of the 12 climax forest facies includes 60 species. They were classified according to their preference for natural or perturbed environments. Figure 5 shows the frequencies obtained for each species in the different successional facies (from A to I) of the 12 geosystems. A noticeable decrease was observed in frequency between climax forest facies (A) and those facies differing most importantly from it (I), in which the level of environmental deterioration is high and is tolerated only by certain species such as Baccharis conferta, Festuca amplissima, Penstemon gentianoides, Senecio salignus, and Verbesina virgata, which were therefore considered as indicators of environmental deterioration and instability.
Figure 5 also shows a fundamental difference between the most frequent species in columns A and B, which are indicative of the most evolved, stable, and natural facies (NF), and the most frequent species in columns C to I, indicative of facies distanced from the climax, tolerant of deterioration and instability (DF). The physiotype of the latter is mostly shrubby and herbaceous, coinciding with shrublands and grasslands that represent the first phases of recovery of abandoned agricultural parcels or those that are subjected to poor treatment and high pollution levels.
DIPs were determined by calculating the difference between frequencies for the different species in NF and DF facies. Twenty species were obtained this way, with a DIP value less than −2: Acaena elongata, Agave ferox, Arbutus xalapensis, Arctostaphylos arguta, Aristida spp, B. conferta, B. ramulosa, Bouteloua spp, Eupatorium glabratum, F. amplissima, Geranium mexicanum, Hilaria cenchroides, Penstemon gentianoides, P. leiophylla, Prunus capuli, Q. conglomerata, S. roldana, S. salignus, Thelypodium pallidum, and V. virgata. These are plants that either have been introduced with crops (Agave ferox) to tolerate certain disturbance environments (P. leiophylla cones tolerate fire) or are native but are favored by their competition abilities under the new conditions.
The DI, which considers the participation of these plant species in richness, vertical structure, and total cover of the climax forest facies, makes it possible to classify forest geosystems according to the present deterioration stage that affects the best preserved forests in each case.
Although an increase in deterioration with greater proximity to Mexico City might be expected, the DI curve shows intercalated high and low values along the slope, which can be explained by the local changes in land use intensity and the response of the different geosystems to damage. The most representative cases are described in the following paragraphs (see also Figure 4).
Human interventions are conditioned by difficulty of access in these mountain areas, whereas forests have a low or medium deterioration stage—DI < 60 in geosystem II (G. II), G. V, and G. VI—and richness, including more than 30 species per geosystem, with most plants that require cold and humid climates belonging to the pine family (A. religiosa and Pinus spp). Only the P. hartwegii (G. I) covering peaks above 3200 m and the G. laurifolia forest (G. V) in the large intermontane valleys are geosystems where thermal limitations and agricultural and cattle-raising practices become evident in a simple vegetal structure, with peaks in the DI curve (Figures 4, 6).
On the lower slopes of the mountain border (G. V and G. VI), proximity to the city increases direct physical interventions and, consequently, soil compaction, runoff, modeling, and erosion, all of which are reflected in the disappearance of the original "climax stages," as is the case for the subclimax oakwood of G. VI. Nevertheless, this geosystem admits zero participation values for disturbance indicator species (DI = 0.0), reflected as depressions in the DI curve, which can be explained by the high resistance of some oakwood forests to situations of severe disturbance (Figures 4, 6). The most frequent disturbing species in the mountain environment are Acaena elongata, Arbutus xalapensis, Arctostaphylos arguta, B. conferta, E. glabratum, F. amplissima, Geranium mexicanum, Penstemon gentianoides, P. leiophylla, Prunus capuli, S. roldana, and S. salignus (Figure 5).
Despite the floristic richness that characterizes temperate oakwood forests, some deterioration is evident—with less than 30 species per community—in most geosystems. The DI in the forest structure and physiognomy is medium or high: DI = 58.71 in low Q. hartwegii and Q. centralis low oakwood forests (G. XI), and DI = 90.9 in Q. centralis with Stevia salicifolia forests (G. XII). The peaks in the DI curve have been correlated with proximity to the urban area and mainly with areas of intense urban growth. Consequently, new degradation dynamics appear, such as intense land use change processes and environmental deterioration, that together result in fragmented, pest-infested, unhealthy forests (Figures 4, 6).
The P. leiophylla and Q. crassipes mixed forest (G. VII) constituted an exceptional case because despite its high location on the slope, it marks the highest point on the DI curve (100.0), interpreted as being a consequence of extensive cover by P. leiophylla, whose cones are resistant to fires provoked by agricultural and cattle-raising activities (Figures 4, 6). The remaining geosystems are subjected to the frequent presence of human beings, who favor the incorporation of new species including Agave ferox, Arbutus xalapensis, Artostaphylos arguta, Aristida spp, B. conferta, B. ramulosa, Bouteloua spp, E. glabratum, F. amplissima, H. cenchroides, P. leiophylla, Prunus capuli, S. roldana, S. salignus, T. pallidum, and V. virgata (Figure 5).
The identification of disturbance indicator species and their influence on floristic composition and plant community structure is an adequate method for evaluating the environmental degradation that affects the climax facies of forests in disturbed mountains, such as those in western Mexico City, given the high ecological and impact gradients that occur there. The most important results of the present study can be summarized as follows:
Better knowledge of flora, in this case better knowledge of the ecological significance of some species in central Mexico's temperate forests, is particularly valuable in regions of the world where evaluation and protection of forest areas are lacking.
Twenty plant species were identified that showed a high degree of correlation with secondary facies removed from the climax and were, hence, linked to human-related dynamics at least under the environmental conditions of the slope studied.
Forest geosystems in which sufficiently intense degradation mechanisms operate to affect the forests' plant structure were detected (DI = >60 in G. I, G. II, G. III, G. VII, G. VIII, G. IX, G. X, G. XI, and G. XII). Damage varied and became evident in (1) the reduction of plant quality and diversity, (2) greater complexity in the spatial organization of the landscape, (3) new degradation dynamics that exert an excluding effect on numerous plant elements and give rise to changes in the evolution of climax structures, and (4) loss or risk of destruction of some oakwood forests and other valuable (eg, coniferous) forests, which are frequently highly sensitive to environmental changes.
Comparative analysis of the results obtained in the 12 forest geosystems made it possible to identify the advance of the urban front and the permanence of agricultural and cattle-raising activities as factors that condition the invasion of foreign species and the expansion of other natural species that tolerate the incidence of human activities. Variations in the floristic stock of climax communities are mostly related not to the type of human intervention but to the degree to which intervention modifies the natural system.
The DI, which measures the participation of deterioration indicator species in richness, vertical structure, and total cover of climax forest facies, and the positive results of which open up the possibility of its application in other areas, was applied for the purpose of evaluating the significance of the presence of certain species within the plant community. The DI adjusted on a scale of 1–100 is a simple but very useful tool that facilitates comparison of results.
The author thanks the DGAPA-UNAM (Mexico) for supporting the PAPIIT project entitled "El efecto multiescalar del incremento del fuego en la persistencia de las poblaciones del zacatuche, en México: un modelo demográfico espacio-temporal de especies en peligro de extinción" (code IN210599), under which this research was carried out.
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Location of the Las Cruces mountain range, west of Mexico City; the zones correspond to the geosystems described in the paper (see Figures 2, 3). (Map by author)
Distribution of the forest geosystems. (Map by author)
Overview of the environmental aspects of the 12 forest geosystems west of Mexico City.
Proportion of DIPs in relation to richness, vertical structure, and total cover of climax forest facies.
Plant frequency obtained for the different internal facies (trees, shrubs, and grasslands) of the 12 forest geosystems and the resulting DIP values (DIPv).
Plant pyramids representing the climax forest facies in the 12 forest geosystems. Species, richness, plant cover, and vertical structure of the plant communities are indicated.
Arturo García-Romero "An Evaluation of Forest Deterioration in the Disturbed Mountains of Western Mexico City," Mountain Research and Development 22(3), 270-277, (1 August 2002). https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022[0270:AEOFDI]2.0.CO;2
Accepted: 1 February 2002; Published: 1 August 2002
Mountain Research and Development
Deterioration Index
environmental deterioration
forest facies
Forest geosystems
Arturo García-Romero "An Evaluation of Forest Deterioration in the Disturbed Mountains of Western Mexico City," Mountain Research and Development, 22(3), 270-277, (1 August 2002)


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Le diocèse d'Avezzano (en latin :  ; en italien : ) est un diocèse de l'Église catholique en Italie, suffragant de l'archidiocèse de L'Aquila et appartenant à la région ecclésiastique d'Abruzzes-Molise.

Territoire

Le diocèse est dans une partie de la province de L'Aquila, les autres parties de cette province sont dans l'archidiocèse de L'Aquila et les diocèses de Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo et de Sulmona-Valva. Il possède un territoire de  divisé en 97 paroisses. L'évêché est à Avezzano où est située la cathédrale saint Barthélemy. La cathédrale de Notre-Dame de Grâce de Pescina est cocathédrale depuis le changement de siège en 1924 tandis que l'église Santa Sabina de San Benedetto dei Marsi était la cathédrale jusqu'en 1057.

Histoire

Selon la tradition, le premier évangélisateur et évêque des Marsi est saint , disciple de saint Pierre ; Saint Rufin, alors évêque d'Assise, participe activement à l'évangélisation de la région avec son fils Cesidio, fut un autre évêque des premiers siècles dont la mémoire fut léguée . Après Marc et Rufin, la tradition mentionne les évêques Eutyche, Elpide et Vatican mais sans preuve qu'ils aient été évêques de Marsi.

La première mention historiquement fiable d'un Episcopus Marsicanus remonte au milieu du  avec l'évêque Giovanni, documentée à deux reprises, sa signature apparaît dans une sentence du pape Vigile contre Théodore de Césarée ; il est également présent à Constantinople avec le même pape lors du deuxième concile de Constantinople et sa signature figure au bas d'un des décrets contre les Trois Chapitres. Au début du , un prêtre autochtone de Marsica est élu pape sous le nom de Boniface IV.

Sous l'évêque Rottario (seconde moitié du ) la ville de Marsia Civitas marsicana aujourd'hui San Benedetto dei Marsi, ancienne capitale de la Marsica, est confirmé comme siège du diocèse de Marsica. Au cours de l'épiscopat de Pandolfo (), du fait de la rivalité entre les comtes des Marsi, l'un d'eux, Attone, crée son propre diocèse basé à Santa Maria in Valle à Carsoli. Le schisme dure jusqu'en 1057, lorsque le synode romain de cette année-là reconnaît Pandolfo comme seul évêque des Marsi ; dans le même temps, Attone est transféré au siège de Chieti et avec la bulle In specula Sanctae du 9 décembre, le pape Étienne IX trace les nouvelles limites du diocèse, qui comprend également la région de Carsoli. Pandolfo rédige l'un des documents historiques les plus importants de l'église de Marsicana, un Exultet pour l'évêque aux moines de Mont-Cassin.

Le , saint  obtient du pape Pascal II, par la bulle Sicut iniuxta, la définition des limites du diocèse et des églises soumises à la cathédrale, mettant ainsi fin aux diverses tentatives d'autonomie et d'exemption des églises locales. Les limites du diocèse sont confirmées par le pape Clément III dans une bulle adressé en 1188 à l'évêque Eliano. Pendant la période du grand schisme d'Occident, le diocèse se scinde en deux factions, l'une en faveur des papes de Rome, l'autre partisane des papes d'Avignon ; Giacomo Romano, Gentile Maccafani et Filippo sont évêques d'obédience romaine ; les évêques Pietro Albertini et Giuliano Tomasi sont l'obédience avignonaise.

En 1580, à l'époque de Matteo Colli, avec la bulle In suprema dignitatis du pape Grégoire XIII, la cathédrale et le siège de l'évêque sont transférés à Pescina, dans l'église Notre-Dame de Grâce. La création du séminaire diocésain, de l'évêché et la fin de la reconstruction de la cathédrale sont dues au même évêque. Au début du , l'évêque Bartolomeo Peretti consacre la cathédrale et organise le deuxième synode diocésain ; le premier est célébré par Giambattista Milanese à son retour du concile de Trente. L'évêque Diego Petra (1664-1680) publie à titre posthume l'Historiae Marsorum libri tres de l'abbé Muzio Febonio, le premier ouvrage historique sur les origines et les évêques du diocèse de Marsi. Au , l'évêque Benedetto Mattei (1760-1776) déplace son siège de Pescina à Celano en raison du mauvais état de son palais épiscopal, ce qui ravive les querelles entre le clergé des deux villes qui avait eu lieu pendant le Moyen Âge et jusqu'à la fin du .

Après la reconstruction de la région à la suite du grand tremblement de terre de 1915, l'évêché est provisoirement établi dans le palais ducal de Tagliacozzo. Le , par la bulle Quo aptius du pape Pie XI, l'évêché est officiellement transféré de Pescina à Avezzano avec l'église saint Barthélemy comme nouvelle cathédrale tandis que la précédente reçoit le titre de cocathédrale et celui de basilique en 2016.  Pio Marcello Bagnoli joue un rôle important dans la reconstruction matérielle et morale du diocèse après le tremblement de terre.

Le diocèse, immédiatement soumis au Saint-Siège depuis le Moyen Âge, est agrégé le  à la nouvelle province ecclésiastique de l'archidiocèse de L'Aquila et devient son diocèse suffragant. Le , en vertu du décret Cum procedere de la congrégation pour les évêques, le diocèse prend son nom actuel tout en conservant le nom latin de Dioecesis Marsorum.

Évêques de Marsi-Avezzano

Voir aussi
 Liste des diocèses et archidiocèses d'Italie

Sources
 http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org

Notes et références

Avezzano
Avezzano
Fondation au IXe siècle
Religion dans les Abruzzes
Avezzano

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Many homeowners look for fireplaces when evaluating potential properties to purchase. If you fall in love with a home despite the fact that it doesn't have any fireplaces, you can always add these architectural features in the future. Here are three things to consider when adding a fireplace to your new home. 1. Your desired location. Before you invest in a new fireplace for your home, it's important that you determine where you want the fireplace to be installed.
Getting a flood elevation certificate is imperative for flood-prone areas, as it documents your building's elevation. This certificate is mandatory before you can obtain an accurate flood insurance policy quote. Your insurance agent needs the information contained in your flood elevation certificate to compare with base flood elevation(BFE), which determines how high the level of water will rise in the event of a base flood. The base flood elevation does have a bearing on flood insurance rates.
Have you inherited an older home? Perhaps you have fallen in love with an older home and you have bought it with the intention of modernizing it. Either way, from replacing the siding to buying replacement windows, here are some ideas on how to successfully remodel an older home. Do Your Homework Before You Begin The Work - Take the time first to research the look you want and ask yourself some important questions, including the following ones.


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Home Arts & Culture Celtic Festival opens October 5
Celtic Festival opens October 5
The eighth Celtic Harmonies festival is upon us, October 5 to 13. The biennial nine-day celebration of music, culture and dance with the finest musicians from Ireland, Scotland, Brittany, United States, Quebec and our Atlantic East coast is set for multiple locations in Knowlton, plus single events in Mansonville and Waterloo. It begins at Theatre Lac Brome with The Winds of Erin, starring Ronan Browne, the original uilleann piper of Riverdance and Afro Celtic Sound System; Desi Wilkinson, a wizard of the traditional
Irish timber flute; and Séan Corcoran, Irish bouzouki player and one of the country's greatest singers. They are joined by Quebec stepdancer Pierre Chartrand and musicians Alexis Chartrand and Timi Turmel.
It ends in the big hall at Waterloo's Maison de la Culture with A World Without Borders, featuring 16 musicians from around the world, brought together by Montreal multi-talent Dave Gossage and performing both traditional and contemporary Celtic music with voices, fiddles, guitars, harp, flute, accordion, bodran, bones and old-fashioned foot stomp- ing, plus kora from Senegal, nyckelharpa from Sweden, Indian tabla and the elemental, fierce music of the Roma.
In between, practically everything, each and every night, with fascinating workshops during the day and an exhibit celebrating nature by local artists at England Hill.
Those who know and love this evocative music will recognize names like Richard Wood and Gordon Belsher from P.E.I.; Ryan McKasson, Eric McDonald and Jeremiah McLane, from the U.S.; Scotland's Cathy Anne MacPhee and Tony McManus; Keith Murphy from Newfoundland; Genticorum from Quebec; Tony McManus from Scotland and Germany's Julia Toaspern; and World Without Borders' Dan Armeana from Roumania, Sergiu Popa from Moldavia and Zal Sissokho from Senegal.
These and many, many others have been brought together by festival co-ordinator April O'Donoughue, from her global headquarters in beautiful downtown Mansonville.
"The line-up is really exciting, and I hope I get to see some of it," the exhausted organizer said recently. "More people are wanting lots of tickets. A man from Magog is bringing five relatives from France and musician Rowan Browne is bringing his family, and spending more money on airfare than he is making from his show.
And that's because they don't see this festival as just another gig. In the small world of Celtic music they see it as a gathering in a lovely part of the world with friends who have this magic music and culture in common."
For more of everything about Celtic Harmonies, go to celticharmonies.ca and pick up the informative brochure wherever brochures can be found.

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Stories from Wednesday, April 18, 2012
Aldermen OK purchase of storm replacement sirens (Local News ~ 04/18/12)
The City of Dexter has long been on top of emergency technology in various areas, but not in all. Currently, three of the city's storm warning sirens range between 30 and 40 years old. "Technology has changed a lot since then," said Fire Chief Don Seymore of the city's ailing warning system...
McCoy arrested for meth (Local News ~ 04/18/12)
BLOOMFIELD, Mo. -- An Aid man is behind bars today following an investigation leading to a drug arrest this week. Acording to Stoddard County Sheriff Carl Hefner, as a result of an ongoing investigation into illegal drug use in the county, a search warrant was served on a residence near Aid, Mo...
Half-pound of marijuana seized in Bloomfield bust (Local News ~ 04/18/12)
BLOOMFIELD, Mo. -- Three people are behind bars today following the seizure of a half-pound of marijuana and various items of drug paraphernalia in Bloomfield. Those arrested were: Candis Lee, of Bloomfield, who has been charged with the Class C felony of possession of a controlled substance and two counts of the Class A misdemeanor of endangering the welfare of a child. Her bond is set at $50,000 cash-only...
Board makes speed limit changes (Local News ~ 04/18/12)
The Missouri Department of Transportation has requested some minor changes from the Dexter Board of Aldermen regarding speed limits in Dexter. MoDOT asked that the city consider changing the speed limit on Bus. Hwy. 60 from Hwy. AD to Hwy. 25 to 35 miles per hour...
Advance, Dexter to settle SCAA championship (High School Sports ~ 04/18/12)
BLOOMFIELD, Mo. -- It will be No. 1 Advance against No. 3 Dexter in the championship game of the Stoddard County Activities Association (SCAA) softball tournament after both teams came through with impressive semifinal wins Tuesday at Bloomfield. Advance used pitching and defense as much as the bats to take a 9-0 win over No. 4 Bernie, while Dexter outlasted No.. 2 Woodland for a 13-8 win in semifinal play...
Lady 'Cats take first, boys 7th at home meet (High School Sports ~ 04/18/12)
Dexter's Lady Bearcats track team continued its impressive season by winning as the host school Tuesday at the Dexter Invitational own meet Dexter's boys finished in seventh place. Taylor Martin was part of four of the Lady Bearcats total of nine first place finishes. the senior won the 100 and 200 and was a member of the winning 4x100 (Martin, Lindsey Hindman, Brooke Baker and Samantha Midgett) and 4x200 (Martin, Baker, Midgett and Courtney Potts) relay teams...
Margie Worley (Obituary ~ 04/18/12)
Margie Worley, daughter of the late Charles Clinton and Lola Blanch Taylor Boyt, was born in Como, Mo., on Nov. 28, 1922, and died at her home near Doniphan, Mo., on April 17, 2012, at the age of 89. Mrs. Worley had been a resident of Stoddard County, Mo., most of her life. She moved to Doniphan three years ago. She was a member of the Grandin Full Gospel Holiness Church in Grandin, where she served as a board member. She worked at Elders Manufacturing and at area nursing homes...
A. C. Lay (Obituary ~ 04/18/12)
A. C. Lay, son of the late Albert Charles Lay and Mabel Clara Ramsey Lay, was born on Aug. 4, 1924, in Bell City, Mo., and died on April 16, 2012, at the Southeast Missouri Hospital in Cape Girardeau, Mo., at the age of 87. Mr. Lay was a member of the Emmanuel Baptist Church in Dexter, worked in several factories in Dexter, was a former employee of the First Baptist Church in Dexter, and was a resident of Dexter...


The inspiring and refreshing folk and rock voice with influence of blues blended with perfect guitar strings defines the genius music produced by Lissie. Lissie tickets are giving you an opportunity to enjoy the live performance of the talented and emerging country and folk artist whose exceptional music and brilliant voice goes directly to the heart of audiences.
Born in 1982, Elizabeth Corrin Maurusi, mostly renowned as her stage name Lissie is an American folk rock music artist. Presenting a unique mix of country, folk and rock, Lissie is famous for setting the stage on fire with her melodious voice and perfect blend of music. She grew up in Rock Island, Illinois with a physician father and an interior designer mother. Since her childhood, she was interested in singing and dancing. After playing different roles in high school musicals, she started to contact musicians and DJs. She finally got her chance and collaborated with SCI Fidelity Records' DJ Harry on the song All My Life. This song was featured in famous television shows including House MD, Veronica Mars, The O.C. and Wildfire. In 2007, she produced an extended play of four songs and in 2008, co-wrote The Longest Road with DJ Morgan Page. The song peaked at no. four on Billboard charts and its remix got nominated for a Grammy.
Lissie released her debut extended play in November 2009 titled Why You Runnin produced by Bill Reynolds. The EP featured songs like Oh Mississippi and Why You Runnin which received positive reviews. The EP was also included among "Eight Most Auspicious Musical Debuts of 2009" by Paste Magazine. She released her debut album in June 2010 titled Catching a Tiger with Columbia Records of Sony Music UK. The album received favorable reviews with Paul Cole of Sunday Mercury calling it "a stunning debut album" while BBC writer Mike Diver wrote "she sounds like one of the greatest female vocalists of a generation, arguably without even really trying". The album was certified gold in UK and it peaked at number 5 on US Billboard Folk albums and number 12 on UK album charts. The album features lead single In Sleep, When I'm Alone and Cuckoo. In Sleep was selected by Q as track of the day on 13 March 2010 while When I'm Alone was chosen by iTunes UK as song of the year in 2010.
Her song Little Lovin was featured in Season 2 promo of Justified on FX. She was also featured on four tracks of album Fallen Empires by Snow Patrol in 2011. Her EP Covered Up With Flowers was released in November 2011. She has collaborated with Bigband, Robbie Williams and Ellie Goulding at several occasions. Her second album is to be released in late 2013.
Besides having a devoted and loyal fan following, Lissie has garnered several awards and positive reviews from critics. She was nominated as "Best Breakthrough Artist" by Q Awards. In 2010, she won awards for "Best New Solo Artist" and "Cover of the Year" by Paste Magazine. Sammy Richman of The Independent wrote about her album that it is "as refreshing a slice of pop as these jaded ears have heard in years". The Northern Echo praised her for having "a voice which crackles with the influence of blues as much as it does with folk and a range and delivery that could put most rock singers to shame".
Lissie is exceptionally talented and has emerged as the folk singer of the coming generation. Buy Lissie tickets and enjoy the bluesy vocals, intoxicating melodies and stunning performance of the folk and rock music star.
The average Lissie tickets price will cost you between $160 and $181, if you are looking for the cheapest seats then catch the event being held at the The Ardmore Music Hall, Ardmore on 15/05/2019. The average ticket will cost you the highest on 04/05/2019 at the The UC Theatre, Berkeley.
Minimum get in price is for Lissie tickets is $45 for the event being held at the The Ardmore Music Hall, Ardmore on 15/05/2019 , there are some venues that have a much higher get in price, for instance the cheapest seats at the The UC Theatre, Berkeley on 04/05/2019 will set you back $49.


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YARMOUTH — When Scott Macha started Total Eclipse Auto Detailing & Design six years ago, he never imagined it taking him across the country to work on some of the nation's most historic aircraft.
But on Sunday, Macha flew to Seattle, Washington, with 60 of the nation's most elite detailers. Their mission: Restore the first presidential jet, Air Force One, and 16 other multimillion-dollar aircraft at Seattle's Museum of Flight.
Known as Special Air Missions 970, the first presidential Air Force One served President John F. Kennedy; its color scheme was designed entirely by first lady Jacqueline Kennedy. For more than a decade, SAM 970 was stored on an open tarmac, subject to Seattle's climate. It has taken more than 12 years to restore the plane to nearly its original glory.
Among the 16 other aircraft this year's team is working on are a Boeing B-52G Stratofortress, Supersonic Concorde Alpha Golf, and a Boeing 747 jumbo jet.
Each hand-picked member of the Air Force One detailing team is also a member of a larger network of individually owned detailing businesses "dedicated to the art of true, professional detailing," known as The Detail Mafia.
At the forefront of the group is Renny Doyle, or "The Godfather," as Macha called him in a July 21 interview.
"This project began nearly 15 years ago with a Bush administration official asking me to save an icon of aviation history that was falling into ruin on the tarmac … (at that point) I had only five detailers who had trained under me and whom I trusted on such a project," Doyle said in a July 18 press release. He is now working with 60.
According to the press release, this year's team has "entered into a preservation stage rather than restoration stage," as the plane requires an annual cleaning and polishing. This responsibility has been assigned exclusively to Doyle's Air Force One Detailing Team until 2020.
The event is managed by the newly formed board of directors for Doyle's Detail Mafia.
The crew only has six days to clean, polish, and apply protective coatings to all 17 aircraft, but Macha said he is up for the challenge.
To Macha, these planes are more than just aircraft, they are artifacts.
Macha's own history is a humble one. He is the oldest of 11 children, born and raised in Hartford, Connecticut.
"Back when I grew up, there was a lot of struggle," he said. At 10 years old, Macha would delivery newspapers in the morning, spend his days in school, and his afternoons helping out his father, a mechanic. His grandfather and uncle were mechanics, too.
"Cars have been in my family forever," he said. It's no wonder Macha pursued a career in the auto industry. However, it wasn't until his wife's grandmother paid him his first $200 to clean her Lincoln Navigator that he found his niche in detailing.
Macha began his business working remotely and servicing cars at his customer's homes. Now, he can be found any given afternoon blasting music while detailing in his garage at 720 Route 1, alongside his "right-hand man" Tim Beaulieu, his nephew, Nathaniel Dobson, and his two dogs, Tom and Angel.
Macha and his team detail three to four cars a day, spending upwards of eight hours on each one. Eventually, he said, he would like to be the "McDonald's of detailing," with a shop in every state.
He also said he would not be where he is in the industry today without the help and support of his community.
His trip to Seattle is sponsored in part by GlassParency, Pat's Pizza, and the owner of the Ace Hardware in Yarmouth.
Scott Macha listens to Malt Shop music in his shop at 720 Route 1 as he works on detailing a client's car. On July 18, the owner of Total Eclipse Auto Detailing and Design was selected from hundreds of elite detailers nationwide for a coveted position on the Air Force One Detailing Team at Seattle's Museum of Flight.
Sixty of the nation's elite detailers have been selected by Renny Doyle of Detailing Success to clean, polish, and restore the original presidential jet Air Force One and 16 additional multimillion-dollar aircraft at Seattle's Museum of Flight. The six-day project began on July 24 and will end the 30th.


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GSES 2013 inaugural debate
Social Entrepreneurship: The Future
Goldsmiths, University of London, NAB Building
Postgraduate students from the Goldsmiths 2012-13 MA Social Entrepreneurship cohort have set up Goldsmiths Social Entrepreneurship Society (GSES), a platform for thought-provoking discussions about social entrepreneurship today. The GSES inaugural panel debate will take place on July 24th 2013 entitled 'Social entrepreneurship: The Future'.
The last two decades have seen a surge in global interest, research and legitimisation of Social Entrepreneurship as an increasingly popular approach to addressing the world's diverse and pressing social issues and as an umbrella term which encompasses multiple types and subtypes of social ventures across the globe.
With some of the world's most supportive policies and comprehensive support for social entrepreneurs and the world's first social investment bank, the UK is a leading nation in the field of social entrepreneurship. Reports reveal that more people in the UK are now setting up 'social' than conventional start-ups. The 2012 SE100 Index confirms the burgeoning nature of the field, revealing that the top 100 fastest growing SEs grew on average by 60%, outstripping those in the FTSE, which only hit 48% - demonstrating that people are choosing to engage with businesses that make a difference over those that just make money.
Yet, despite all these impressive statistics, it's still a niche industry. Where is social entrepreneurship going? What's it doing and what could it be doing better?
'Social Entrepreneurship: The Future' brings together an exciting panel of prominent players from the field of social entrepreneurship to focus on some of the often contentious challenges, trends and predictions for the field.
• Liam Black, Co-Founder at Wavelength Companies Ltd & former CEO of Fifteen
• Dominic Campbell, Founder and Director at FutureGov
• Nigel Kershaw OBE, Chief Executive at Big Issue Invest and Group Chairman of The Big Issue Company
• Servane Mouazan, CEO and Founder of Ogunte
• Sally Reynolds OBE, Social Enterprise Adviser; Co-Founder & Former CEO of Social Firms UK
• Tom Rippin, Founder and CEO at On Purpose
• Soushiant Zanganehpour, Manager, Strategy & Operations at Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship
• Chair: Tim West, Editor, Pioneers Post; Director, Matter & Co.
The event will be followed by complimentary drinks and an opportunity for informal discussion and networking.
Further information is available at www.gsesociety.com and tickets from http://gsesevent.eventbrite.com.


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A tribute to Lord Alton on the 40th anniversary of his entry into Parliament
By Benedict Rogers, Hong Kong Watch Chair of Trustees
Lord Alton at the reception
Lord Alton of Liverpool, one of Hong Kong Watch's Patrons, has served in Parliament for 40 years. On 29 March 1979 he was elected to the House of Commons in a by-election in Liverpool as the youngest Member of Parliament, aged 28 – the "baby of the House". In 1997 he was appointed to the House of Lords.
Last week, at a surprise reception to celebrate the 40th anniversary of his election, over 100 people gathered in Speaker's House in Parliament, where tributes were made by the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, Cardinal Vincent Nichols, and the former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams. A tribute video was also shown, which included messages of appreciation from Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement activist Joshua Wong, and the former legislator Nathan Law – himself elected as the youngest member of Hong Kong's Legislative Council. Last year, speaking at a Hong Kong Watch dinner which he hosted, Lord Alton recalled meeting Nathan Law, whom he described as "a very impressive, intelligent and courageous young man." He told Nathan: "Us 'babies of the House' must stick together".
Throughout David Alton's entire political career, one theme has been consistent: human dignity, human freedom and human rights. His motto on his coat of arms as a member of the House of Lords encapsulates his values: "Choose life!".
That has led him to take up an extraordinary range of causes, from human rights in the Soviet Union in the 1980s, to Sudan, the Congo, street children in Brazil, child prisoners in the Philippines, Burma, North Korea, China and Hong Kong. The US Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom, Sam Brownback, described him as "one of the lead pillars in the world on human rights – you can always count on David Alton."
In his own remarks at the reception, after recovering from the surprise, Lord Alton did not miss the opportunity to remind us again of his central cause and to challenge us to continue the fight for freedom. He recalled a monument in the United States to those who died in the Korean war, with the words "Freedom is not Free". And he added: "Our freedoms and our privileges come at a great price and we should never take them for granted. All of us must go on doing small things for those without a voice ….. We must never forget how privileged we are to live in a parliamentary democracy. And we must never forget the price that others have paid: Freedom is not free." We must, he said, be "politically courageous rather than politically correct".
Despite already being a patron or trustee or friend of numerous charities, organisations and causes, when Hong Kong Watch invited Lord Alton to be one of our founding Patrons, he did not hesitate to accept. Despite being in the depths of winter with ice and snow on the roads, he left his home in the north of England early in the morning to make a special journey to be with us at the launch. And despite being busier than almost anyone I know, he never fails to table questions, speak in debates, write letters to ministers or chair meetings on Hong Kong. As Joshua Wong said, he is "a champion of human rights …Being a voice of the inconvenient truth is never easy. I thank you for your courage"
Lord Alton's involvement with Hong Kong goes back decades. "I first became interested in Hong Kong when, as a young Member of Parliament in Liverpool, I came to know a Hong Kong Chinese family and was invited by them to Hong Kong where I learnt the story of their escape from famine and Mao's Cultural Revolution," he recalls. Since then he has followed developments in the city actively. "When I heard that Nathan was disqualified from the legislature, by a court and not by the President of the legislature, simply for quoting Mahatma Gandhi after taking his oath, I was appalled. When I heard that Nathan, Joshua and their colleague Alex Chow were jailed, I knew something had gone badly wrong with Hong Kong, and that we in Britain have a responsibility to act."
At the reception last week was a campaign poster from David Alton's election campaign 40 years ago. Prior to his election to Parliament, David had served as a councillor in Liverpool, and the poster, based on his record, said simply: "Everybody knows someone who has been helped by David Alton." Forty years on that is as true now as it was then, and nowhere is it more true than in Hong Kong. We in Hong Kong Watch pay tribute to Lord Alton for his tireless efforts to defend human freedom and human rights, express our appreciation to him for everything he does as our Patron, and look forward to continuing to work with him for many years to defend the basic freedoms which the people of Hong Kong were promised and which are now being eroded by the day.
ViewHong Kong Watch May 4, 2019 WW
US Congressional Committee on China (USCC) say proposed extradition law amendments pose "significant risks" to United States
NewsHong Kong Watch May 9, 2019 WW
Jung-hoon Lee: China Cracks Down in Asia's Once Freest City
ViewHong Kong Watch May 2, 2019


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"Огън и плам" е български документален филм на режисьора Иван Трайков, номиниран от Съюза на българските филмови дейци за най-добър документален филм за 2000 – 2002 г. Оператор е Ваньо Георгиев, а музиката е създадена от Александър Нушев. Художник е Адрияна Найденова. Монтажът и компютърната анимация са дело на Благой Димитров. В ролята на Юрий Захарчук е Тодор Кайков. Текстът се чете от Радко Дишлиев и Васил Банов. Автори на сценария са Митре Стаменов и Иван Трайков.

Тема
С помощта на множество специални ефекти, 3D анимации, възстановки и инсценировки е създаден един ексклузивен документален филм за почти митологичната личност на Юрий Захарчук – командир на Столичната пожарна команда от 1923 до 1944 година, кавалер на над 20 български и чуждестранни ордени и високи отличия… Написал последните си слова на 10 септември 1944 година…

Външни препратки
 Огън и плам в BG movies

Филми на Иван Трайков
Български документални филми от 2003 година


Kodi on PC and Android is the perfect combination for an unrestricted supply of great content.
As far as replacing a Home Theater is concerned, there is no piece of software better than Kodi.
Before we actually begin, we would just like to mention that Kodi's old name is XBMC. And we'll interchange between the two to make this guide comfortable for both old and new users.
Kodi is perhaps the best open source media player in the market today.
If you have an HTPC device, then Kodi can transform your streaming experience.
Kodi supports multiple platforms as well.
If you have a smartphone and it uses Android then you can install Kodi on it.
How about that TV in your living room?
Kodi can transform that too.
Kodi is the perfect media player for all your streaming needs.
The developers behind Kodi have made sure that its user interface remains pretty even on the largest of TV screens.
And when you add a remote control to the whole package, then you can see the reason why XBMC is ranked as the best open source media player.
Even without a remote control, XBMC is great.
Moreover, if you don't have a remote control, you can command XBMC via your iOS and/or Android device.
Of course, you must first install Kodi on your HTPC device.
This guide will show you how to download Kodi to your device with Kodi links.
With Kodi on Android and PC, you can make all your content dreams comes true.
As mentioned before, all HTPC devices which are based on the Android platform work with XBMC.
In other words, XBMC supports Android.
If you want to install Kodi on your Amazon Fire Stick, then we have a handy guide for that here.
And while we are talking about installing XBMC on your devices, we want to let you know that even if you want to, you can't install Kodi on Roku.
Roku does support Android, but sadly it doesn't support XBMC.
If you have a Smart TV then you are golden though. To learn more about that click here.
To install Kodi on Smart TV you must make sure that your TV set supports Android.
Now, the thing you need to know about XBMC is that it doesn't come with any content on its own.
To give XBMC something to stream or play, you will have to make use of some storage device.
Only then can XBMC play some content from your storage.
XBMC can also stream media from other media sources such as Blu-Ray and DVD.
As you know, XBMC is one of the most in-demand open source media players on earth.
Part of the reason why that is such is the fact that XBMC can increase its content library with Kodi add-ons.
If you want to know which are the best Kodi add-ons and which can enable you to watch every channel you ever wanted to watch, then click here.
With Live TV Kodi add-ons, you can watch a lot of content live and for free via your IPTV device.
The above-linked guide will also show you the best add-ons for Kodi Live TV.
The latest version of Kodi is Jarvis.
Jarvis uses the Estuary skin in its current version.
But you can change the skin via XBMC customization options.
That way, you can also indirectly customize and reinvent your HTPC.
To boost XBMC performance you can install renowned add-ons such as Genesis and Exodus.
These add-on repositories will allow you to stream TV shows and movies from all over the world.
But remember, some of this content shown is pirated.
And XBMC is not going to accept any responsibility about you watching pirated content via its service.
Kodi on PC and Android is any movie buff's wildest dream.
This guide will show you how to download Kodi for your TV or any other device.
We will show you some download links as well.
Each link will cater to one specific operating system.
The latest version of XBMC has two builds at the moment.
One is the Nightly, or Beta, build and the other is the Stable build.
We recommend that if you are new to Kodi or aren't an expert then it is best that you stick with XBMC stable rather than XBMC nightly.
Maybe you have an HTPC device that is already operating on Windows.
If that is the case then you can easily download Kodi to your device using the links we will provide you shortly.
Moreover, we also recommend that you ahead and install Apple Bonjour.
Apple Bonjour is a service that allows users to pair their iOS and/or Android smartphone with the open source media player, XBMC.
Go here if you want to download Kodi via the Windows App Store.
Consider it as an absolute must that you download your copy of XBMC from Microsoft Windows.
It will guarantee you safe software and will also take care of updates automatically.
You can just go ahead and click on that link above.
When you get to the Windows App Store, simply hit the install button.
Once the Windows App Store has downloaded and finished the installation process, you can just go ahead and start to search for the new app from your start menu.
Just search XBMC in there and it should pop up.
Do take note that you cannot download anything from the Windows App Store if you don't have Windows 8 or higher.
If you are running Windows 7 then click here to get your XBMC.
The link above will take you to a place where you can download a .exe file.
This .exe file will easily work with Windows Devices that are running WIndows 7.
All you have to do is download the .exe file and then run it to install it on your system.
Kodi on PC is not so difficult to set up if you know what you are doing. We'll show you what you should do to get Kodi on PC.
To get the installer .exe file for the Nightly build click here.
And remember, this build is not for users who are new to XBMC.
If you want to test some new features out, then this is the build you should go for.
Other than that, don't install this build unless you know what you are doing.
Android is a very versatile operating system.
The primary reason for that is because of the features it offers.
If you have an HTPC device and you have installed Android on it, then you can easily download Kodi from the links below and then install Kodi.
Moreover, if you want to then you can install Kodi on Android boxes too with the links given below.
We will provide you with four download links for Kodi.
Use the one you feel most comfortable with.
If you want to download Kodi on your Android via Google Play Store then click here.
We are not biased, but this method is the fastest and the least painful way to install Kodi on your Android device via a simple download.
If you don't want to install Kodi via Play Store and have an Android device, including an Android TV, that runs on a Processor by the name of ARMV7A, then we think you should go ahead and click here for an APK file made for ARMV7A 32-bit processor.
If you don't know which processor you are using then turn on your Android device and then tap on Settings and then go to About.
This is where you will find all the information about your processor.
Moreover, you can also use an app called CPUZ app. This app will also give you information regarding your processor.
If you have an Android device that is running ARMV8 64-bit processor then click here for an APK file made for the ARMV8 62-bit processor.
Again, how do know which process you are running?
Well, again you will have to turn on your Android device and then make your way to Settings.
After that, you can easily see your processor information.
Moreover, you can use the same old CPUZ app in order to find all the information about your processor.
You may also have an Android device that is running on those x86 processors.
If that is the case then go to this link and download Kodi from here.
The process for nightly builds remains the same.
So again, if you are looking to install Kodi on an ARMV7A 32-bit processor then click here.
This link will only work for you if you have an Android device that is specifically running the processor type this link is for.
As always, to check which processor version your Android device is using, you can go to Settings and then to About.
OR perhaps use that CPUZ app that we keep mentioning.
For an Android device or an Android box that is operating with an ARMV8 64-bit processor, click here for the relevant APK file.
By now, you should know how to check your processor type and other information.
In case you don't, just go to Settings menu of your Android device and then hit About.
You should see your processor information now.
And for those folks who have x86 processors on their Android devices, there is this link for an APK file specifically made for an x86 processor.
Kodi on PC or Android is an amazing thing.
Make sure you experiment enough to fully enjoy XBMC.
And as we have mentioned time and time again in this guide, setting up this open source media player on your desktop and/or Android device is not difficult.
Of course, once you learn how to set the whole thing up properly, watching free content on your favorite device will become quite easy for you.
All you need to do is download the most suitable version of XBMC for your device and you'll sail smoothly from there moving forward.
Using XBMC (older name XBMC) on PC and Android is not illegal per se.
It all depends on how you use the program.
If you use it to watch copyrighted content on the internet, then you may get into trouble.
Even then, it would depend on the law in your region.
And of course, your luck.
The point is, your internet service provider along with your government like to spy on you.
If you want to stop them from doing so, then use a VPN service with XBMC.
The best VPN service that we think fulfills all the requirements is IPVanish.
IPVanish is ranked as the number one VPN service on our site.
Moreover, it is also ranked as the best VPN service by many other reviewing sites as well.
The reasons for that are simple enough.
Perhaps the last remaining elite VPN service that still offers a seven-day money back guarantee.
Therefore, you take no risks when you sign up for IPVanish.
If you run into problems then don't hesitate to let us know via the comments section below.


Southeast Missouri State University's Horticulture Club and Collegiate Farm Bureau are co-sponsoring an initiative to collect new and gently used shoes March 25-April 1 as part of the Soles4Souls shoe campaign.
Twenty collection barrels will be placed around Southeast's campus for students to donate shoes for people living in extreme poverty and recovering from natural disasters. St. Andrew Lutheran Church, 804 North Cape Rock Drive, and Marcy's Planet Shoes, 3050 William Street, both in Cape Girardeau and co-sponsors of the effort, will be collecting shoes for Soles4Souls throughout the week at their locations.
A table will be set up in Southeast's University Center March 28-March 31 to raise awareness of Soles4Souls. Many student volunteers are participating in the effort as well.
The City of Cape Girardeau has proclaimed March 25-April 1 as Soles4Souls Week in Cape Girardeau, acknowledging Southeast Missouri State University's Horticulture Club and Collegiate Farm Bureau along with St. Andrew Lutheran Church and Marcy's Planet Shoes as the official sponsors for Soles4Souls Week.
Capping the week-long collection during Soles4Souls Week, will be the National Soles4Souls University RV Tour which will make its way to Southeast Missouri State University March 28 to help support the cause. The RV will also visit St. Andrew Lutheran Church, Marcy's and Alma Schrader Elementary School during its stop in Cape Girardeau.
Soles4Souls Inc. is a Nashville, Tenn.-based shoe charity that provides shoes to those in need. Since 2005, Soles4Souls has distributed more than 17 million pairs of shoes and gives one pair of shoes to a person in need every seven seconds. After the tragedies of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the Asian Tsunami, Soles4Souls gave more than one million shoes to the victims of these natural disasters. The shoe charity recognizes its success as a result of individuals and industry partners who clean out closets and warehouses so individuals around the world can have a better life through Americans' excess. Soles4Souls has two divisions, Clothes4Souls and Hope4Souls, that provide other necessities such as clothes to those in need.
For more information about Southeast's collection efforts, please contact Cheryl Reinagel at creinagel@semo.edu or Rhonda Weller-Stilson at rstilson@semo.edu.


text:
Suzanne Martin (Heldt)
-Found obituary for Lewis Heldt, Suzanne's husband, who recently died on Dec. 2, 2010. In it, it mentions that Suzanne preceded him in death in 1994.
Lewis O. HELDT
| Visit Guest Book
HELDT Lewis O. Lewis O. Heldt, 71 years, of Columbus, OH, passed away Thursday, December 2, 2010 in his home. A bakery bread man for 20 years, he had worked for Perfection Bakeries, retiring in 2001. The son of Orville and Wilhelmina (Neimeyer) Heldt, he was born November 11, 1939 in Crete, IL. He married Suzanne Martin in 1963 and she preceded him in death in 1994. He was a U.S. Army Veteran. Lewis was an avid fisherman, golfer, bowler, and accordion player. He loved playing the slots at casinos and was a Chicago Bears fan. Lewis was a loving husband, father, grandfather, and great-grandfather. He is survived by his loving children, Brent Heldt, Tracy (Wayne) Cain, Wendy (Carl) Stevens, III, Lewis Heldt; sister, Patricia (Darrell) Avery; 15 grandchildren, and 2 great-grandchildren. Visitation will be Monday from 4 until 8 PM in the Bedford Funeral Chapel, 8300 Lewis Avenue, Temperance, MI, where the Funeral Service will be held at 7 PM, by Pastor Rick Deisler of Whiteford Wesleyan Church. Military Honors will be conducted by Lambertville VFW Post #9656. Cremation will follow. Online condolences may be shared at: www.bedfordfuneralchapel.com
Merry Stewart (Fourhman)
Found obituary for Lewis Heldt, Suzanne's husband, who recently died on Dec. 2, 2010. In it, it mentions that Suzanne preceded him in death in 1994.
Published in Toledo Blade on December 5, 2010


text:
Q: TextFormField Value to TextField New Line I have a question. I want to send the return(returnvalue1...2...3) output from TextFormField to a TextField. I want it to append each output to newline without clearing the TextField.
How can I do that?
Thank you for your help.
TextFormField Codes:
TextFormField(
              decoration: InputDecoration(
                  enabledBorder: OutlineInputBorder(
                    borderSide: BorderSide(
                      color: Colors.green,
                      width: 2.0,
                    ),
                  ),
                  prefixText: 'test: ',
                  prefixStyle: TextStyle(color: Colors.green, fontSize: 20),
                  errorStyle: TextStyle(
                      backgroundColor: Colors.black,
                      color: Colors.green,
                      fontSize: 18)
                  ),

              style: TextStyle(
                  fontSize: 18,
                  color: Colors.green,
                  backgroundColor: Colors.black),
              validator: (value) {
                if (value == null || value.isEmpty) {
                  return AppLocalizations.of(context)!.returnvalue1;
                }
                if (value == girdi) {
                  return AppLocalizations.of(context)!.returnvalue2;
                } else {
                  return AppLocalizations.of(context)!.returnvalue3;
                }
              },
            ),
            Padding(
              padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 16.0),
              child: ElevatedButton(
                onPressed: () {
                  if (_formKey.currentState!.validate()) {
                  }
                },
                child: Text(AppLocalizations.of(context)!.addTextToNewLine),
              ),
            ),

TextField Codes:
 TextField(
      readOnly: true,
      showCursor: false,
      style: TextStyle(
          fontSize: 18,
          color: Colors.green,
          backgroundColor: Colors.black),
    ),

A: Append \n to the String.
This\nall\nare\nin\nnew\nlines

A: Add controllers to both TextFormField and TextField. Then, do this when you want to append each output:
textFieldController.text = textFieldController.text + textFormFieldController.text + "\n";

A: You need a TextEditingController to set the current string in the TextField:
final controller = TextEditingController();

Then, you will pass this controller to the field:
TextField(
  controller: controller,
  ...
)

Now, you can edit the string in the TextField whenever the value changes in the TextFormField:
TextFormField(
  onChanged: (value) {
    if (value != '') {
      controller.text = "${controller.text}\n$value";
    }
  },
  ...
)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In an effort to save some taxpayer money and improve patient care at the same time, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has made a list of health conditions that are preventable and should never occur in the nursing home or hospital setting.
According to the National Quality Forum, "never events" are errors in medical care that are clearly identifiable, preventable, and serious in their consequences for patients, and that indicate a real problem in the safety and credibility of a health care facility.
● Stage 3 or 4 pressure ulcers or bedsores acquired after admission to a facility.
● Patient death associated with a fall while being cared for in a healthcare facility.
● Patient death or serious disability associated with patient elopement (disappearance) for more than four hours.
● Patient death or serious disability associated with a medication error.
● Patient death or serious disability associated with the use of restraints or bedrails while being cared for in a healthcare facility.
● Sexual assault on a patient within or on the grounds of a healthcare facility.
So serious are these never events that starting October 1, 2008 CMS will not reimburse healthcare facilities for the occurrence of these conditions, unless the condition was present upon admission to the facility.
While the list contains many events that have no application to nursing facilities, I can say (sadly) that I have been involved in many lawsuits involving all the "never events" listed above, a few of them more than once.


From a standard road car to full race specification and everything in between, you can rest assured your pride and joy will be built to the highest of standards and care. We have considerable experience over the whole spectrum of all things Triumph.
We can offer you everything from an MOT to a full body off restoration. We can carry out your yearly service, suspension rebuilds, mechanical upgrades in our fully equipped workshops along with any paintwork required in our low bake oven.
Our extensive motorsport experience in the historic race, rallying, sprinting and hill climbing scene, allows us to build a competition vehicle capable of enduring the rigors of the Spa 6 Hours classic or the mighty Le Jog! We supply tried and tested components and unrivalled technical support. On event support is also a service we offer to our customers, leaving them to concentrate on the event and not with the maintenance of the vehicle.
Our spares department carries a huge range of parts to help you keep your TR on the road. We also stock many upgrade parts, e.g. heated windscreens for the TR4-6 range, high-torque starter motors, front hub anti-knock off kits and many more. Please visit our uprated parts website at www.triumphspecialtuning.com for more details.
In 2017 we made the decision to offer cars for sale, please see the separate page on this website. From projects to show cars, we hope to cater for all. If you have a car you are wishing to sell then we can help you on a commission sale basis.
Steve Hall established the company in 1984, he continued at the helm until June 2017 when the company was purchased by the long standing employees of Simon Watson and Thomas Boyd. Front of house you will be greeted by Simon Watson and Thomas Boyd who together have over 40 years experience between them, along with being the directors of the company, they are on hand to look after the general day to day running of the business. If it's a parts enquiry then you couldn't talk to anyone better than Simon and for general enquiries, bookings and quotations have a word with Thomas.
Simon joined the company in 1989 as a trainee and progressed up the ladder to parts manager. As well as being the co-general manager alongside Thomas, Simon also runs the parts department.
In June 2017 Simon became co-owner of the business.
Having completed his apprenticeship at Peoples College, Thomas joined the company in 1994 as a Workshop Technician. He moved over to the body shop in 1997 subsequently becoming manager. In 2013 Thomas joined Simon in the office as co-General Manager.
In June 2017 Thomas became co-owner of the business.
James joined the company in 1997 as a Workshop Technician. Whilst his experience allows him to turn his hand to most tasks, his main area of expertise is in engines, gearboxes & axles.
Paul joined the company in 2013 as Workshop Technician. As well as the everyday servicing/repairs, Paul is our competition car builder and he is always the first to offer to go to the meetings and act as race support to our customers.
Charlie joined the company in 2013. His previous experience is very much with historic sporting cars so Charlie fits in very well with the rest of the guys. Along with Paul he is happy to spend the weekends at the race circuits supporting our customers.
Howard joined the company in 2014 as Workshop Technician. His eye for perfection means Howard is entrusted with putting together your vehicle to the exacting specification for you.
John joined us in 2015 after several years working on classic cars. His eye for panel gaps and perfection is just what is needed in the bodyshop.
Three years ago we had a tough decision to make, as after more than thirty years of ownership, our much loved family 1969 TR6 needed a new lease of life, or to wave it a tearful goodbye.
Throughout the project, Steve, Thomas and their team have been most professional and helpful, with always a friendly voice on the end of the 'phone in Nottingham to give us updates and advice on the next stage. This is important as every customer will have their own ideas and having Steve and the team's experience meant we could avoid taking the wrong path. This extends to the post delivery period when adjustments are usually needed while running in. The workmanship has been excellent, and the team's pride in their work is evident. We are thrilled with the end result, which has given the TR a completely new lease of life as a fast, well handling, road/classic car and we are looking forward so much to enjoying driving her, or perhaps him, this summer and onwards into the sunset.
After competing with the VSCC for many years I first became involved with TR-Enterprises in 2008 when with their help I purchased a road-going TR2 to do some 50's sports car racing. This was prepared for racing and FIA papers obtained and great fun was had competing in the Woodcote Trophy over the next 4 years. I competed all over Europe with this car racing with the two top memorable events being the support race for the Le mans 24 hours and the six hours of Spa (1st in class). The car was looked after throughout this time by TR-Enterprises and the car was always great fun, competitive and reliable.
To the team at TR Enterprises, you build an ace race car. Thank you for helping me enjoy myself and I look forward to that elusive sub 3 minute lap at Spa Francorchamp.
Just over ten years ago I sold my 185 BHP Westfield in the interest of prolonging my life and bought the TR4A as more appropriate to my reflexes and Meg's comfort….. Since then, TRE have undertaken work on the TR4A, taking on major jobs that I either couldn't be bothered, or wasn't competent to undertake, or wanted doing properly first time!
They have undertaken projects including upgrading engine and chassis/drivetrain to hill climb/sprint specification while maintaining reasonable flexibility for touring, in addition to other work suggested by Thomas Boyd which I "might as well have done while they have the car"!!!
TR Enterprises continues to invest in providing a top quality service to the classic sports car movement, with excellent facilities and friendly and knowledgeable staff (none of whom can make a decent cup of tea!). I will continue to use TRE where appropriate, if only to maintain the social interchange…..!
Give them a call and arrange a visit – you will not be disappointed.
We have had an association with TR Enterprises for over 8 years. Having first met them when they repaired our TR6 which had unfortunately been stolen, they did a great job and with their experience of TR's, enhanced the car in many ways that we would not have thought of.
We had the bug with TR's now and they helped us greatly to build our TR4 for Hill Climbs and Sprints…the engine is superb, having never missed a beat and the body work is still magnificent 5 years on.
Moving forward with our Dolomite Sprint they built for us two years ago. My Wife and I have been double driving this now for two seasons in the TR Register Sprint and Hillclimb competition, we won Best In Class last year which proves that their constant attention to detail delivers a really reliable car .We are looking forward to a great season this year with the further developments that they have recommended.


The African Green Revolution Forum (AGRF) 2012 - from 26 to 28 September in Arusha, Tanzania - will continue the global dialogue that began with the World Economic Forum on Africa and the G8. Putting smallholder farmers at the center of the conversation, the forum will develop concrete action plans for developing Africa's agricultural sector.
AGRF 2012 will bring together African heads of state, ministers, farmers, private agribusiness firms, financial institutions, NGOs, civil society and scientists, to discuss the right way to scale up investments and innovation for sustainable agricultural growth and food security.


9pm, Chiesa Sant'Agnese in Portogruaro, Riccardo will play the Requiem by Mozart in a very interesting version for two accordions and cello. Gianni Fassetta and Riccardo Centazzo have made the transcription adapting the original score for this special event. Coro Santa Cecilia will be conducted by Giuliano Fracasso. Giulia Bolcato, Laura Rizzetto, Stefano Speranzon, Sikai Lai are the soloists.
Riccardo will give a solo recital at Lincoln's Inn Chapel in London. Music by Bach, the english composer John Tavener and three pieces for cello solo and loop station written by Riccardo especially for this concert.
Riccardo will be playing the virtuoso piece for cello and piano "Une Larme" by Gioachino Rossini. A Gala to celebrate the Maestro's 150th anniversary of his death by performing a selection of some his last compositions for soprano, choirs and solo instruments.
Riccardo will introduce the children of the primary schools in Pordenone to the world of the Cello: how is built and how it sounds. During the demonstration there will be a few choices from the standard repertoire along with some new pieces with new techniques and sounds.
Riccardo will be touring this November with the international-prizes winner Coro Polifonico di Ruda, conducted by Fabiana Noro. The concerts are part of the Bernardino Lupacchino Festival and they will take place in the Church of Vasto and the Municipal Villa.


text:
January 16, 2023 by SA Admin
They embody detailed information about the way to produce and use Rick Simpson Oil in the remedy of assorted variety of illnesses and Rick's story which describes the obstacles he confronted, in attempting to bring this knowledge to the common public. After studying the truth in regards to the superb healing talents of cannabis oil which he produced himself, Rick Simpson made this information public. He put up the phoenixtears.ca website again in 2004 and made the information folks have to heal themselves free for all to make use of for free of charge. Rick did not even try to patent the oil or the strategy he used to produce the oil, because he felt that that is data everybody should have, so they could learn the way they will deal with their medical issues themselves, in a wise harmless manner. We do not promote RSO hashish oil, we solely present info on its advantages and the method the method to make your individual. Based on last 12 months's data, hashish gross sales will rise ahead of the Super Bowl however dip on the day of the large game, a market analysis firm says.
Start with low THC, learn product labels for approximate onset occasions, and wait to find out how you react. If you need to be unblocked please e-mail us at and provide the IP tackle and reference quantity proven right here along with why you require entry. If you want to order more books, please place your order at our publishing firm Simpson RamaDur LLC where you'll have the choice to determine on between 1-4 books. https://thepotshop.cc/ wishing to order 10+ books can contact us at and can receive a quote with a wholesale discount.
Rick Simpson doesn't have a foundation, a clinic or therapeutic center. He only offers information on its benefits and the tactic the way to make your personal RSO. Since he was growing plants in his personal yard, Rick Simpson was giving the oil away free of charge, while he was still in Canada. He has been doing this till 2009, when the Royal Canadian Mounted Police did the ultimate raid at his home. The oil that he was making a present of at no cost had a very high proportion of THC. Today these extracts are normally called RSO or Rick Simpson Oil and it was the late chief of the hashish movement Jack Herer himself who coined this phrase.
Rick has come a good distance in the final two and a half years however despite all human efforts to satisfy and keep up with all of Rick's medical wants, Rick and Danijela are now going through immense monetary challenges. It is for sure that a stroke and its aftermath often prove to be an excessive challenge for the individual who suffered from it in addition to their instant household. For documents which may be no longer on our website, search the record of presidency webpages at the National Library's Trove.
The content you're looking for has been updated or moved, so bookmarked links may not work. Both homes in the state legislature approve a invoice to grant short-term permission to farmers to develop hashish as New York gears up its hashish license push. Bright Green Corp. discloses a total float of 157.6 million shares and plans to trade on the Nasdaq beneath the symbol "BGXX" in a direct itemizing with EF Hutton. CEO Kim Rivers eyes uptick in stores it acquired from Harvest and different positives, however sees macroeconomic uncertainty as a actuality for 2022. Yoko Miyashita sees New York as potential boom state for adult-use cannabis as she celebrates the unofficial cannabis holiday of April 20.
Northern Lights Acquisition Corp. to purchase Safe Harbor from Partner Colorado Credit Union in a $327 million deal for the hashish monetary services company. U.S. cannabis firm Curaleaf has informed traders that it isn't topic to any sanctions against Russia although it has some ties to the nation. New Jersey delays transfer to allow medical dispensaries to also sell to anybody over age 21 as rollout of legal hashish drags nicely past unique Feb. 22 deadline.
Miltax: Free Military Tax Return Preparation Providers


text:
Crenobia teratophila is een platworm (Platyhelminthes). De worm is tweeslachtig. De soort leeft in of nabij zoet water.

Het geslacht Crenobia, waarin de platworm wordt geplaatst, wordt tot de familie Planariidae gerekend. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1908 door Steinmann.

Planariidae


text:
What Is DNS Support for Active Directory?
Applies To: Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, Windows Server 2003 with SP2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2012 R2
DNS is the primary name resolution service for Windows Server 2003 and later. Active Directory depends on DNS for domain controller location, and DNS influences Active Directory domain naming. Thus, to fully understand Active Directory, it helps to understand how DNS acts as an integral component in the design of Active Directory.
Active Directory requires:
A name resolution service that enables network hosts and services to locate Active Directory domain controllers.
A naming structure that enables an enterprise to reflect its organizational structure in the names of its directory service domains.
DNS provides Active Directory with both a name resolution service for domain controller location and a hierarchical design that Active Directory leverages to provide a naming convention that can reflect organizational structure.
Typically, a DNS domain namespace deployed to accommodate the Active Directory mirrors the Active Directory domain namespace. In cases where there is an existing DNS namespace prior to Active Directory deployment, the DNS namespace is typically partitioned for Active Directory, and a DNS subdomain and delegation for the Active Directory forest root is created. Additional DNS domain names are then added for each Active Directory child domain.
DNS data is used to support the location of Active Directory domain controllers also. During or after the creation of the DNS zones used to support Active Directory domains, the zones are populated with DNS resource records that enable network hosts and services to locate Active Directory domain controllers.
The following resource contains additional information that is relevant to this section.
How DNS Works


Scientists researching sleeping habits have discovered that people tend to fall into sleep more quickly when swinging in a hammock – and achieve better quality sleep – particularly if they are gently swayed.
The nature of their sleep also differed when being rocked: The amount of time spent in a dreamless stage called N2, which takes place soon after we fall asleep increased and the swaying also encouraged a deeper stage of sleep.
It has been suggested that the gentle swaying reminds the human mind of the developmental stages of gestation in the womb and from this association lying in a hammock is an ideal way to counter stress and achieve a sublime state of relaxation.


Brian Hoang, Industrial Hygienist in Training - Chem Scope, Inc.
Brian earned a bachelors of science in geography, environmental, and marine studies. He performs asbestos and lead inspections in the field. He joined Chem Scope in 2017.