text:
GP Online: turning expectations into reality with the new NHS app
Paul Beaney, Anjolaoluwa Odulaja, Andy Hadley, Clive Prince and Ruth Chambers OBE
British Journal of General Practice 2019; 69 (681): 172-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19X701333
Paul Beaney
Keele University, School of Medicine, Keele, Newcastle-under-Lyme.
Roles: Medical Student
Anjolaoluwa Odulaja
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London.
Roles: Foundation Doctor
Andy Hadley
Staffordshire Clinical Commissioning Groups, Stafford.
Roles: Primary Care Digital Programme Lead
Primary Care Digital Transformation, Operations and Information Directorate, NHS England, London.
Roles: Digital Clinical Champion
Ruth Chambers OBE
Staffordshire Sustainability and Transformation Partnership (STP) Digital Workstream, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.
Roles: Clinical Lead for Technology Enabled Care Services Programme
Gaps in care provision are widening, and take-up of GP Online Services (GPOS) is increasing, but there is still a long way to go, as shown by a recent GP survey1 that highlights low usage of the service despite increasing sign-up. GPOS (the generic term for the multitude of platforms for medical record access) was envisioned as the gateway to primary health care, dually granting citizens increased control of their health and reducing practices' workloads. However, there are still millions of patients who are not signed up, and, if those who are do not use the service to an optimal extent, it is fair to say that GPOS will not meet expectations nationally. In the current market, where online GP consultations are increasingly being sold to patients through private providers, comes the launch of the new NHS app (now in a gradual rollout phase). But what factors are responsible for the slow progress in widescale adoption and substantive variation in the percentage of the population signed up to GPOS? And how does the app overcome them? Will building on existing GPOS by simplifying the sign-up process (for practices as well as patients), introducing additional features, and overall improvement of accessibility make it competitive enough? So far, expectations and reality have not aligned, but could the NHS app be the solution waiting on the horizon?
There are widening gaps in care provision, as forecast in the Five Year Forward View:2
'The health and wellbeing gap: If the nation fails to get serious about prevention then recent progress in healthy life expectancies will stall, health inequalities will widen, and our ability to fund beneficial new treatments will be crowded out by the need to spend billions of pounds on wholly avoidable illness.'
Recent figures show that these predictions are coming true. Box 1 shows the current evidence for the growing health and wellbeing gap in England.3,4
Box 1.
Current evidence for the growing health and wellbeing gap in England
Increase in male and female life expectancy reductions3 Males: 76%; Females: 90%
Health inequalities by area deprivation4 Increasing inequalities, for example, life expectancy, emergency admissions, <75 years mortality rate from cancer
The promise of GPOS and more generally technology-enabled care services (TECS) in the NHS is that we will be able to do more with less: reducing demand by providing access to routine services (and beyond) and increasing productivity by freeing up practice staff and clinicians' time. As reported in the recent Topol Review — Interim Report,5 Health Education England (HEE) forecasts that a failure to reduce demand and increase productivity will result in a shortfall of 118 000 staff by 2027. If services such as GPOS are not taken up and/or do not meet users' expectations, the likelihood is that the gaps in access to care will continue to widen, and scant resources will be spread even more thinly.
FACTORS AFFECTING TAKE-UP
Going digital, using GPOS as the spearhead, was a key message for the future of primary care, set out in the GP Forward View.6 But there are perennial complaints from practices about the lack of interest in digital modes of delivery of care from certain sectors of the population, in particular older people. This is a concern when these groups are also the people who may benefit the most from digital access. But do the complaints bear scrutiny? Data relating to internet access and usage of online transactional services7 are relevant comparators as a guide — the former is required for GPOS and the latter what most patients use GPOS for, that is, reordering prescriptions and booking/cancelling appointments. The data show that households with only one person aged ≥65 years had the lowest proportion of internet access. However, these households also had the fastest rate of growth in internet access (Box 2).7
UK internet access figures7
National proportion of households with internet access 90%
Proportion of households with internet access with one person aged >65 years 59%
Households with fastest growth olds
rate in internet access >65-year-
(up 23% since 2012)
Similarly, internet usage figures describe a digital literacy age-gap: only 48% of the >65-year-olds used the internet to shop online, but they had the fastest growth in internet shopping too (Box 3).7
Online shopping figures by age group7
16–24-year-olds 95%
>65-year-olds 48%
Fastest growth rate by age group >65-year-olds (up 32% since 2018)
So, although these data do support the claim of a digital literacy age-gap in the UK, they show it is narrowing faster than ever and numbers of those who do not have internet access and/or do not use the internet for transactions are dwindling. Thus (answering the complaints), it should only get easier to promote GPOS if present growth rates persist.
Of course, there are many other factors involved in the digital literacy question for both the ageing population and other social groups affected. While recognising that older people and those who are disadvantaged are increasingly using GPOS, more needs to done to make them as easy to use as other commercial apps and the affordability and/or connectivity of internet-linked equipment should be considered. The solutions require concerted efforts on multiple fronts. For instance, a general practice nurse action learning programme in Staffordshire is creating digital nurse champions who receive training and support to use health technologies and then share their knowledge and enthusiasm for TECS with their practices and patients.8 Even those nurses who (by their own admission) were not digitally savvy learnt how to use different modes of TECS such as GPOS, Facebook, apps, telehealth, and video-consultations, depending on their clinical focus. This type of frontline clinical champions approach is just what is required to help accelerate the digital revolution.
Variation of services
Patient sign-up to GPOS in Staffordshire ranges from 3% to 51% of patients in individual practices (as of November 2018). The variation in ways practices operate GPOS is considerable and may account for limited sign-up and usage, causing consumer dissatisfaction and loss of interest. Currently, patients who request access to GPOS via their practice are offered a few options for third-party solutions to enable them to view their own records online. Patients are given a code and password that can be used for recommended apps/portals provided by the practice, or they can search the App Store or Google Play Store for another option they may prefer. Functionality can differ between these products, but ultimately they should all present levels of record access requested/permitted by practices. Generally, this is access to appointments, prescriptions, and list of allergies. There is no right or wrong app to use but, as with all products, if the one chosen does not work well patients are unlikely to return and use it again, which may impact on usage of GPOS across primary care.
IS THE NHS APP THE SOLUTION?
Although the present transactional offer of GPOS may not feel transformative, it opens the door to faster and more personalised patient access to other facets of health and social care in the future. The NHS app allows citizens to identify themselves using the national Citizen Identity tool. This should potentially help by overcoming the annoyance for patients being required to attend their GP reception in person to validate their identity with supportive documents. This is a requirement that seems counterproductive in the modern world. Therefore, providing an option whereby patients can verify their identity online rather than going to their GP surgery removes another barrier.9 The new NHS app aims to address market competition on two fronts: with trusted branding and extra functionality. First, as market competition steadily rises, the importance of being the reliable provider increases. Second, the NHS app is intended to launch the additional facility of a symptom checker and access to donor information, that is, opt-out status. Although these are useful additions, some providers are now enabling access to GP consultations via mobile phone. A major shift in the landscape is taking place and, without further investment, the NHS app risks falling behind the competition. Increasingly, patients who prefer convenience and are prepared/able to pay for it are turning away from their usual general practice provider to an online private provider, raising another conundrum for traditional general practice altogether, as the richer and generally healthier patients are creamed off the NHS budget, and this in turn means risking financial deficits in traditional general practices with proportionately more complex and frail patients. Despite concerns raised over patient safety in 43%10 of online providers (for inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and failure to gather necessary patient information from GPs), this new style of healthcare access is increasingly popular and widening health inequalities further. Therefore, to help bridge the gap the NHS app needs to go much further than currently planned (requiring substantive government funding and support) to enable GP practices to provide similar e-consultation facilities, like some commercial companies are, meaning that patients do not have to de-register from their usual general practice. Paraphrasing Professor Helen Stokes-Lampard's address at the recent RCGP annual conference, online general practice services should work for patients, make GPs' lives easier, and '… not line the pockets of private investors at the expense of the NHS'.11
As demand for services continues to rise, digital delivery may provide an essential part of the solution to the necessary changes in healthcare provision, making the NHS fit for the 21st century. The more power patients are given to manage their health with online services, the more NHS resources can meet the needs of its population. Encouraging figures show that age-related digital literacy is improving and therefore demand will grow for online services as the population ages. Moreover, with further initiatives that champion digital services from the ground up, engagement is likely to be more meaningful. Improvements to GPOS are coming in the shape of the NHS app, which could be not only a better version of GPOS but also provide a platform for the latest digital health services. However, an eye must be kept on market developments for, without proper investment and vision, the danger is that expectations and reality may never meet.
Freely submitted; externally peer reviewed.
The authors have declared no competing interests.
© British Journal of General Practice 2019
This article is Open Access: CC BY-NC 4.0 licence (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/4.0/).
GP patient survey — infographic. https://www.gp-patient.co.uk/downloads/archive/2018/Weighted/GPPS%202018%20National%20infographic%20PUBLIC.pdf (accessed 31 Jan 2019).
(2014) Five year forward view (NHSE).
(2018) Changing trends in mortality: an international comparison: 2000 to 2016 (ONS).
(2017) Annual report and accounts 2016–17 (DH).
Health Education England
(2018) The Topol review — preparing the healthcare workforce to deliver the digital future. Interim report June 2018—a call for evidence (HEE).
(2016) General practice forward view (NHSE), https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/gpfv.pdf (accessed 5 Feb 2019).
(2018) Internet access — households and individuals, Great Britain: 2018 (ONS).
McGougan T,
Johnstone H,
Johnson K
(2018) The role of technology-enabled care in high-quality patient care. Pract Nursing 29(8):398.
NHS login. https://digital.nhs.uk/about-nhs-digital/our-work/transforming-health-and-care-through-technology/empower-the-person-formerly-domain-a/nhs-login (accessed 5 Feb 2019).
National Health Executive
(2018) CQC raises concern around online GP services as 43% of providers fall short on safety. http://www.nationalhealthexecutive.com/News/cqc-raises-concern-around-online-gp-services-as-43-of-providers-fall-short-on-safety (accessed 5 Feb 2019).
Online GP
(Oct 4, 2018) Read Professor Helen Stokes-Lampard's RCGP conference 2018 speech in full. GP Online.
You are going to email the following GP Online: turning expectations into reality with the new NHS app
Paul Beaney, Anjolaoluwa Odulaja, Andy Hadley, Clive Prince, Ruth Chambers OBE
British Journal of General Practice 2019; 69 (681): 172-173. DOI: 10.3399/bjgp19X701333
Time to reshape our delivery of primary care to vulnerable older adults in social housing?
General practice in the years ahead: relationships will matter more than ever
Vitamin D and COVID-19 in older age: evidence versus expectations
Show more Editorials


Unless you've been wearing earplugs and covering your ears for the last few hours, you're likely aware that Microsoft finally took the wraps off Windows 8 today, and promised that a developer preview would be released today as well. Best of all, it's accessible to everyone, not just developers.
If you've been waiting to get your hands on Windows 8, now is your chance: Microsoft is making the same developer preview it handed out to developers at BUILD today available to users around the world, free of charge and without requiring a registration. This is a departure from what Microsoft has done with previous versions of Windows, where developer previews were only available to a narrow range of users, and only the next milestone, the first Beta, would be available publicly, and always with a registration. With this move, Microsoft is clearly trying to get more users in the game as early on in the development process as possible.
As promised, three versions of the Developer Preview are being made available today: a 64-bit version with all the developer tools built-in, along with sample Metro apps to get developers started; a 64-bit version only with the sample apps and without the tools; and a similar 32-bit version without any developer tools. All of these three versions should operate in a similar fashion, so unless you're aiming to develop Windows 8 apps, you'll probably be fine with either one of these.
Keep in mind that no in-place upgrades are possible using the Developer Preview, only clean installs are supported, which is understandable given the system's early development state. If your machine currently works with Windows 7, chances are it will work with Windows 8, since the requirements are the same: 1GHz Processor, 1 GB of RAM, 16 GB of free hard drive space and a DirectX 9 graphics card with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver. You'll also need multi-touch capable hardware in order to try Windows 8's multi-touch support, of course.
The next version of Windows, currently known as Windows 8, was showcased in depth by Microsoft's own Steven Sinofsky and other members of his team. Teased as a system that would "change everything", Windows 8 indeed includes new usage paradigms that are unheard of on the Windows platform, such a full-screen tile-based user interface and an app store, among others. Microsoft has pledged to keep the Developer Preview fresh by issuing periodic updates.
wheres the download ? this is not useful at all !


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Science Round Up – Autumn Term 2021
It has been another busy term in the Sciences Middle and Upper School. Back in September, Year 5 were introduced to the Science labs with an introductory course on Safety as part of the Science curriculum. This included learning how to use Bunsen Burners. Pupils were very excited as it was their first time and can now safely light-up burners and use related apparatus correctly. The focus in Year 6 has been on designing experiments with Variables in mind. More recently, they have learnt how to purify mixtures by separating them using a variety of methods including Distillation and Chromatography, generating some very colourful chromatograms.
The bulk of Chemistry is covered in Year 7 Sciences. Pupils learn the fundamentals of the Periodic Table and key chemical equations and reactions that feature commonly in the Common Entrance Examinations. There were some interesting and 'explosive' outcomes with the Group 1 elements such as Lithium and Sodium in water, experiments conducted outdoors in the playground to avoid triggering the fire alarm!
Year 8 have now almost completed the course in time for revision for the Common Entrance, CASE and other school examinations to be held in the Spring Term. They studied properties of Light and Sound in the first term which included a range of practical work on reflection, refraction, colours and filters. They will now focus on revision techniques using plenty of past papers for practice. Preparations for the Science Fair (Stem Week) will begin in the summer term.
For Enrichment, pupils conducted a variety of 'Science for Fun' activities including making paper aeroplanes and helicopters, measuring reaction times and creating an action plan following on from the COP26 summit.
The highlight of the Autumn Term was the visit to the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 2021 on 18th December. Eight boys from years 7-8, accompanied by Mr. Datoo and Mrs. Gorard, attended the live recording of the lecture by Professor Sir Jonathan Van-Tam. He was joined by expert British scientists who all played vital roles in the Covid-19 pandemic, revealing how new discoveries are set to change the future of medicine. Professor Van-Tam also talked about public health measures, combined with ground-breaking science which will have an impact far beyond Covid-19. There were some hands-on and lively demonstrations on Immunity including presence of llamas and bats in the studio. Students were invited to tell some 'llama' jokes during the interlude. Our own Arjun (8G) won a 'Royal Institution – Science Lives Here' T-Shirt for the best llama joke ('What do you call a llama trapped between two sheets of plastic? A llamanator!').
Mr Datoo – Head of Science

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Aerolite is a fibreglass insulation product made in South Africa. It can save money on your heating and cooling bills by controlling the indoor temperature. It's an effective solution to keep warm in winter and cool in summer. Getting good quality insulation installed at home can be an economical solution when it comes to reducing power consumption. Think pink insulation is a cost-effective thermal and acoustic insulation.
As a matter of fact, Aerolite is the perfect solution for temperature control indoors. In turn, saving you money. With think pink, you can stay in a comfortable indoor climate at any time of the year.
The temperature outside has a direct effect on the temperature inside. If it's winter and you don't have insulation at all or you have poor quality insulation, you're in trouble!
Control the temperature indoors when you have quality insulation products installed. Keep your home or business indoor temperatures comfortable.
Cut down your electricity bill.
Keep heat and cool air locked in. Won't need as much energy.
Durable and non-combustible ceiling insulation.
No maintenance of the insulation is necessary.
Reduce the amount of hot or cold air that blows through your vents.
Though the material is high quality, it's very light.
It's still durable regardless of being lightweight.
You can stay cool in the summer and cosy and warm in the winter.
Depending on the climatic region, your home or business may need thicker insulation. Not all the thicknesses will be effective in cooler climates. Generally, with aerolite, the thicker the insulation the better. South Africa has been divided into climatic zones. Each zone has the recommended minimum to be installed for the highest efficiency.
This type of insulation is reasonably safe to work with. You should always wear a dust mask while working with it. The product is made from recycled glass and silica sand. Which is then spun and dyed pink.
The quality of Aerolite's fibreglass has improved over the years. It's much softer to the touch and it's not as itchy. Once it has been installed, you won't have to invest in new insulation for at least 30 years.
You can also read up on isotherm as an alternative to fibreglass which is chemical and dust free. It's also a non-allergic product for people who suffer from allergies.
With this type of roof insulation, you won't be annoyed with noise outside that can tamper with your concentration or even bother a little child that's sleeping.
Think pink insulation can dampen noise levels in your business or home environment. This will add to your indoor comfort levels.
Even if your next door neighbour has the music blasting outside and lots of people over, it will dampen the sound levels.
This is the best way to save on your electricity bill and significantly reduce your heating and cooling cost. You can get installers that can do any type of retrofit glasswool insulation such as with factorylite, isofoil and other reflective foils.
The reason why it's preferred by so many installers is that it won't catch on fire no matter how bad the situation is. It can be used anywhere like roofing, ovens, furnaces and more without worrying about it catching on fire regardless of how high the temperature is in and around the property.
The cost isn't set in stone and will depend on the installer as well as other aspects. Not all installers are local so travel costs also need to be considered. The Aerolite cost and price will also vary. Some installation specialists will get a discounted price depending on how much they buy from the manufacturer.
Bigger companies will get a discount price for higher volumes. The amount of space you have and also how challenging the work may be will also play a part in the installation cost. Remember to install the correct thickness for your climatic region.
We install aerolite Johannesburg and cover all the main areas. Our team members have years worth of experience installing insulation products in South Africa. When installing Aerolite Johannesburg, make sure to use the 135mm. Its the recommended thickness for that climatic region.
Getting Aerolite Pretoria installed is also easy. Our experienced teams cover the Pretoria region as well. The 135mm is also the recommended thickness for our customers wanting to install Aerolite Pretoria.
Now that you've decided to buy insulation, you need a good aerolite installer to install it for you. I'm sure you already know that the price will depend on the amount of space that needs to be covered. Compare prices before you make a commitment to hire someone. Don't assume the cheapest price is the best option.
This may come with risks when it comes to getting your installation done. Only work with an installer that is covered by insurance in case of any damage. Contact one of our specialists in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban or Western Cape. Find out more information about getting your home insulated today.
Find an installation specialist that has many years of experience and also check references for other jobs that were done. This can tell you a lot about how they manage service and how good they are. If you find anything negative, move on.
Get a quote first in writing to protect yourself from unexpected charges later. A little bit of homework can save you from a severe headache later on after the job is complete. Time is money and energy so taking a little bit of time now will save you time in the long run.
Contact one of our specialists in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban or Western Cape. Find out more information about getting your home insulated with aerolite today.


Make Money Scams Don't Work? No…You Don't.
But the work didn't come on. I didn't make money.
It turns out that not all translation is equal to make money. If you can translate from English into the language of a new third-world market that manufacturers want to open up you can make money û large dollops of it. The manufacturers are happy to help you make money so that they can make money in larger quantities.
However, if you translate into English as I do, then the manufacturers are in the third-world countries. That means that they can't afford quality translators. They will always go for the cheapest work from their own country, where slave- labor fees are charged. It doesn't matter that English is not the native language of the translator. The manufacturer can't afford to help you make money by going for quality.
I only made money off a few thousand dollars over two years.
In the examples I gave above, I was trying to use my services to make money.
That is the big problem. Why do you want to make money? To get freedom? Then why are you working 70 hours a week in your business to make money? What kind of freedom is that?
I had the chance recently to buy into a business that needs my technical abilities and needs no salesmanship to make money. I grabbed the chance. You can't get in – the offer was only open for 24 hours. If you are too skeptical then when opportunity knocks, you will miss your chance to make money. Fortunately I already had experience of working with the vendor, so my skepticism was low.
One man who became filthy rich from the internet says that he expects 15 out of 16 of his projects to fail. He starts banging his ongoing income from the sixteenth project, then moves on to the next sixteen.
⟵Marketing Digital Products With Resell Rights – How Do You Do This?


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13 October 2005 Optical payload and label encoding using a single Mach Zehnder modulator
Yannick Keith Lize; Xiang Liu; Raman Kashyap
Yannick Keith Lize,1,2 Xiang Liu,2 Raman Kashyap1
1École Polytechnique de Montréal (Canada)
2Lucent Technologies/Bell Labs. (United States)
Proceedings Volume 5970, Photonic Applications in Devices and Communication Systems; 59702K (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.628145
Event: Photonics North, 2005, Toronto, Canada
Optical packet switching (OPS) and optical burst switching (OBS) are regarded as next-generation transport technologies that enable more efficient and flexible utilization of the capacity of optical networks by providing sub-wavelength granularity. Optically labelled packet transmission based on orthogonal intensity-modulation/differential-phase-shift-keying (IM/DPSK) modulation format, in which the payload is intensity modulated while the label is carried by DPSK has been proposed and demonstrated. More recently, it was found that using DPSK/IM for payload/label modulation and a balanced receiver for DPSK detection is more advantageous. In these optical label encoding schemes, two optical modulators are required, one for encoding the payload and the other for the label. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel payload and label encoding technique based on a single Mach Zehnder (MZ) modulator. In this scheme, the RF port of the MZ modulator is used to encode a 10G DPSK payload while the bias port is used to impose the label information through an appropriate intensity modulation. Direct detection of the label is achieved with an inexpensive low-speed receiver while the DPSK payload is decoded by using an optical 1-bit delay interferometer before detection by either a single or a balanced detector. Experimental results show superior receiver sensitivity for both the label and the payload, which compares favourably with previous reported schemes and with the advantage of using only a single modulator. Furthermore, we show that label removal and re-insertion can be realized in the RF domain without any polarization dependence.
Yannick Keith Lize, Xiang Liu, and Raman Kashyap "Optical payload and label encoding using a single Mach Zehnder modulator", Proc. SPIE 5970, Photonic Applications in Devices and Communication Systems, 59702K (13 October 2005); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.628145
Next generation 100Gb/s ethernet technologies
Proceedings of SPIE (November 19 2007)
Four dimensional coded optical OFDM for ultra high speed metro...
Scalable optical label generation and switching for packet routing in...
Proceedings of SPIE (February 08 2005)
Novel modulation formats for high-spectral efficiency optical transmission
100Gbit/s packet signal generation and switching
Advanced labeling schemes for future optical switching network
Proceedings of SPIE (September 28 2006)
Yannick Keith Lize, Xiang Liu, Raman Kashyap, "Optical payload and label encoding using a single Mach Zehnder modulator," Proc. SPIE 5970, Photonic Applications in Devices and Communication Systems, 59702K (13 October 2005); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.628145


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Millennium Pain Center Leaders in Pain Control, Research, Education and Advocacy.
Current Clinical Trials
Previous Clinical Research Trials
Research at Millennium Pain Center
Millennium Pain Center is a State-of-the-Art Center of Excellence. Our mission is early phase involvement in the development of clinical and basic research medications and treatment modalities. We are dedicated to providing our patients with a superior standard of care. We have an experienced research staff who follow Good Clinical Practices to ensure the subject's safety and well being are always our first priority.
Drs. Benyamin and Vallejo has authored more than 110 manuscripts published in peer reviewed indexed medical journals. Additionally they authored more than 12 book chapters. They serve on the editorial board of multiple national and international peer reviewed journals such as: Pain Physician, Clinical Journal of Pain, Journal of Opioid Management, and Pain Practice, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management.
Drs. Benyamin and Vallejo are the primary investigator and sub investigator of more than 100 clinical trials done at Millennium pain Center.
For Current studies being conducted click HERE.
Katie Mahnke
Echo Cundiff
Stephanie Wolfe
Millennium Pain Center supports a pre-clinical research laboratory located on the campus of Illinois State University, Normal, IL. The research primarily focuses on determining the mechanism by which these pain therapies reduce or eliminate pain sensation. Currently research is being actively pursued in the areas of electrical spinal neuromodulation and pain treatment alternatives using pulsed-radiofrequency.
David L. Cedeño, Ph.D
Dr. David L. Cedeño is the Director of Basic Research at the Millennium Pain Center (Bloomington, IL) and an Associate Professor of Chemistry at Illinois State University (Normal, IL). He got his Diploma in Chemistry (B.S. equivalent) at Universidad del Valle and worked as a research and development chemist at Colgate-Palmolive and Lloreda Soaps and Glycerine in Cali, Colombia. He earned his doctorate from Baylor University in 1999 and was a postdoctoral fellow at Northwestern …Read More
Courtney Kelley, B.S.
Courtney Kelley received her Bachelor of Science in Biology from Illinois State University in 2009 where she took advantage of opportunities to conduct undergraduate research and found her passion for science. Prior to her current role, Courtney worked in industrial lab in Decatur, IL. She has been a part of the basic science research team at Millennium Pain Center since 2012, investigating the mechanisms behind chronic neuropathic pain and therapy. Courtney's emphasis inside the lab …Read More
Basic Science Research
The Basic Science research program is in collaboration with local universities such as: Illinois State University, Illinois Weslyan, University of Illinois at Chicago with the main goal of seeking new and novel treatments for common painful conditions.
Our basic science research group is funded by the Millennium Pain Center, La Marató de TV3 Foundation, and Boston Scientific.
Cybernautic


text:
Watch: Historic moment as Port Royal welcomes first cruise ship
Increase in bands registering for Junior Panorama
Laura Dowrich-Phillips Created : 8 February 2019 Carnival
The National Junior Panorama 2019 has registered an increase in the number of participants for this year's competitions.
This is unlike its senior counterpart, Pan Trinbago said in a release.
A total of 60 junior steel orchestras attached to Primary and Secondary Schools across Trinidad and Tobago have registered to compete.
A total of 14 Non-School orchestras (21 and under) will also be participating in this year's competition.
There is no qualifying round in this category, all orchestras will participate in the finals.
Held under the aegis of The Multicultural Music Program Unit (MMPU) of the Ministry of Education, Pan Trinbago Inc. T.C. and the Pan In Schools Coordinating Council, 2019 marks the 44th edition of the competition.
Qualifying rounds start on Monday, February 11 with the Port-of-Spain based schools culminating on Thursday, February 14 in Tobago.
Popular tunes of choice include a number of this year's compositions such as "Hookin Meh" which will be played by nine bands, "Iron Love" which will be played by 10 bands, and "Party Start" which will be played by four bands. Shadow's (Dr. Winston Bailey) "Dingolay" and "Stranger" as well as Kes Dieffenthaller's "Hello" and "Marge Blackman and Aaron "Voice" St. Louis' "Full of Vibe" are among the playlists of the entrants.
Coming out this exercise, 12 Primary Schools, nine Secondary Schools and fourteen 21 and Under bands will proceed to the Grand Finals on Sunday, February 24 at Carnival City, Queen's Park Savannah, Port-of-Spain.
Starting time is 9:00 am. Admission is free.
Junior Panorama
Updated: Big bands prepping for Panorama as song selections revealed
WATCH: Renegades back on top after 21 years with 2018 Panorama title
Panorama 2019 to launch at bp Renegades panyard


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Senators send the Bruins home after a hard-fought battle
When I picked the Bruins to win in round 1 against the Senators, I failed to consider how many injuries they had at the time, and that is what ultimately broke them. It wasn't the coaching, as interim coach Bruce Cassidy did a fine job (18-8-1) after taking over from the longtime Bruins coach, Claude Julien, who was fired in February. It wasn't goaltending, either. Tukka Rask finished with a .920 Sv% in the playoffs - not too shabby. Sure, there were some bad penalties, but ultimately the Bruins were missing some key players.
Most notably, forward David Krejci missed the first two games in the series with an upper body injury. Krejci returned to the ice for games 3 and 4, only to get taken down by a knee hit from Senators defenseman Chris Wideman near the end of the first period in game 5. Adding insult to injury, reports say that chirping, directed at Krejci, was heard from the Ottowa bench as Krejci was helped off the ice. Interestingly enough, this might have been just what the Bruins needed to rally, and they ended up winning game 5 in double overtime.
Of course, Krejci sat out game 6 with a lower body injury, and that's the way the cookie crumbles. The Bruins lost in overtime - the 4th OT of the series. It was a valiant effort, though. Tukka Rask had 26 saves. Drew Stafford and Patrice Bergeron each scored a goal.
The Senators move on to face the New York Rangers in round 2.
At just 19 years, Charlie McAvoy made his NHL debut with the Bruins in game 1, and made quite an impression with 3 assists and 5 shots in six games. He was called up to fill in for the Bruin's critically depleted defense, and joins the ranks of outstanding young American-born players like Auston Mathews and Zach Werenski who are making a profound impact this season. He is one to watch next season.
Injuries. So many injuries. There was starting second-line center Krejci, and on defense: Kruge, Carlo, and McQuaid - all in their starting six. Drawing bad penalties didn't help them either, considering that their best penalty killers (Carlo and McQuaid) were on that injury list.
The Ugly:
So this one was controversial. In game 3, the Bruins came back from a 3-0 deficit to force an OT, and then the Senators Bobby Ryan scored on a power play due to this call. It looks like both players should have received matching penalties, but in this case, they only tapped Bruins Riley Nash for roughing.
You don't often hear Pierre McGuire get this fired up, but he's not wrong pic.twitter.com/f1UjENtvhM
— Pete Blackburn (@PeteBlackburn) April 18, 2017
Labels: Boston, Bruce Cassidy, Bruins, Charlie McAvoy, Claude Julien, David Krejci, Ottawa, Senators


Nils Hansson (PhD) is associate professor at the Department of History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. His main research interests include the enactment of excellence in science and the history of medicine in the Baltic Sea region.
Thorsten Halling (MA) is researcher at the Department of History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. He is interested in medicine during the Nazi era and networks in medicine.
Heiner Fangerau ((Prof. Dr. med.) ) is Head of Department of History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. He does research in History of Science and Medicine and Medical Ethics.
The book is directed to a wide readership, including students, historians, physicians, and laypersons with an interest in medical history.


As we do more shows and events, we'll be able to fill this spot up more! If you ever stop by our table and would like to be in this gallery, let us know! We bring our camera to every show so we can take pictures with our friends and fans! :) We like seeing happy fans with stickers!


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Bethylus tenuis is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie van de platkopwespen (Bethylidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1858 door Wollaston.

Platkopwespen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


YouTube is the most popular videos sharing platform where we watched videos online. However, we often need to get those YouTube videos for offline uses. If you're a PHP developer then definitely you will look for a PHP script to download YouTube videos on your local server. So here in this post, I will explain how easily you can create your own script to download your favourite YouTube videos. At the end of this post, you will also see live demo of Youtube video downloader script and also link to download live demo script.
As we know that Youtube didn't provide any ways to get the raw video but still we can download it. As the player will always issue a HTTP request to http://youtube.com/get_video_id?video_id=THE_VIDEO_ID to get information about a specific video. The result of the request contains a URL-encoded string that has the video's location. So, we will need to get that part first of video.
$vformat = $_GET['vformat']; // The MIME type of the video. e.g. video/mp4, video/webm, etc.
Now we will get all the streams. As the stream is also different sets of URL-encoded data separated by a comma. In order to retrieve all the streams, we need to turn it into an array by using explode(',',$streams).
Finally, we will need to loop through all the streams and get its data.
$vformat = $_GET['vformat']; //the MIME type of the video. e.g. video/mp4, video/webm, etc.


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Airlines and Aircraft Serving Dallas/Fort Worth Effective February 15, 1985
Houston Intercontinental (TX), Toronto (ON)
AIR SPIRIT
Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante
Lawton (OK), Texarkana (AR), Waco (TX)
Boeing 727-200, Boeing 767-200, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, McDonnell Douglas MD-80
Acapulco (Mexico), Albuquerque (NM), Amarillo (TX), Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Baltimore (MD),
Baton Rouge (LA), Birmingham (AL), Boston (MA), Chicago O'Hare (IL), Cincinnati (OH), Cleveland (OH),
Columbus (OH), Corpus Christi (TX), Denver (CO), Detroit Metro (MI), El Paso (TX), Fort Lauderdale (FL),
Fort Myers (FL), Guadalajara (Mexico), Harlingen (TX), Hartford/Springfield (CT/MA), Honolulu (HI),
Houston Hobby (TX), Houston Intercontinental (TX), Huntsville (AL), Indianapolis (IN), Jackson (MS),
Jacksonville (FL), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Long Beach (CA),
Los Angeles (CA), Lubbock (TX), Memphis (TN), Mexico City (Mexico), Miami (FL), Midland/Odessa (TX),
Minneapolis/Saint Paul (MN), Nashville (TN), New Orleans (LA), New York Kennedy (NY),
New York LaGuardia (NY), Newark (NJ), Oakland (CA), Oklahoma City (OK), Omaha (NE), Ontario (CA),
Orange County (CA), Orlando (FL), Palm Springs (CA), Philadelphia (PA), Phoenix (AZ), Portland (OR),
Puerto Vallarta (Mexico), Reno (NV), Sacramento (CA), Saint Croix (Virgin Islands), Saint Louis (MO),
Salt Lake City (UT), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), San Jose (CA), San Juan (PR),
Santa Barbara (CA), Savannah (GA), Seattle/Tacoma (WA), Shreveport (LA), Tampa (FL), Toronto (ON),
Tucson (AZ), Tulsa (OK), Washington Dulles (DC), West Palm Beach (FL), Wichita (KS)
CASA C212 Aviocar, Grumman Gulfstream
Abilene (TX), Alexandria (LA)
AMERICAN EAGLE (OPERATED BY METROFLIGHT AIRLINES)
Convair, DeHavilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
Beaumont (TX), Fort Smith (AR), Lafayette (LA), Lawton (OK), Longview (TX), Tyler (TX)
BRANIFF, INC
Boston (MA), Chicago O'Hare (IL), Denver (CO), Las Vegas (LV), Los Angeles (CA), Miami (FL),
New York LaGuardia (NY), Phoenix (AZ), San Francisco (CA), Washington Dulles (DC)
Boeing 727-100, Boeing 727-200, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30
Houston Intercontinental (TX)
Boeing 727-200, Boeing 737-200, Boeing 757-200, Boeing 767-200, Lockheed L-1011 TriStar,
Lockheed L-1011-500 TriStar, McDonnell Douglas DC-8-60/70, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30
Albuquerque (NM), Amarillo (TX), Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Baltimore (MD), Baton Rouge (LA),
Birmingham (AL), Boston (MA), Chicago O'Hare (IL), Cincinnati (OH), Denver (CO), El Paso (TX),
Fort Lauderdale (FL), Honolulu (HI), Houston Hobby (TX), Houston Intercontinental (TX), Jackson (MS),
Jacksonville (FL), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Los Angeles (CA), Lubbock (TX),
Memphis (TN), Monroe (LA), Nashville (TN), New Orleans (LA), New York LaGuardia (NY), Newark (NJ),
Oklahoma City (OK), Ontario (CA), Orlando (FL), Philadelphia (PA), Phoenix (AZ), Raleigh/Durham (NC),
Salt Lake City (UT), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), Seattle/Tacoma (WA),
Shreveport (LA), Tampa (FL), Tulsa (OK), West Palm Beach (FL)
DELTA CONNECTION (OPERATED BY RIO AIRWAYS)
Beech 99, Beech 1900, DeHavilland Canada DHC-7
College Station (TX), Killeen (TX), San Angelo (TX), Temple (TX), Texarkana (AR), Waco (TX)
EAGLE COMMUTER AIRLINES
Brownwood (TX), McAlester (OK), Paris (TX)
Boeing 727-100, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30
Atlanta (GA), Miami (FL)
Boeing 737-200, McDonnell Douglas MD-80
Denver (CO), Durango (CO), Grand Junction (CO)
JET AMERICA AIRLINES
Long Beach (CA),Saint Louis (MO)
LUFTHANSA GERMAN AIRLINES
Boeing 747-100/200 Combi, McDonnell Douglas DC-10
Atlanta (GA), Mexico City (Mexico)
MEXICANA DE AVIACION
Cancun (Mexico), Guadalajara (Mexico), Puerto Vallarta (Mexico)
MIDWAY AIRLINES
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-10, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30
Chicago Midway (IL)
MIDWEST EXPRESS AIRLINES
Milwaukee (WI)
NORTHWEST ORIENT AIRLINES
Minneapolis/Saint Paul (MN), Omaha (NE)
OZARK AIR LINES
Saint Louis (MO)
Miami (FL), New York Kennedy (NY), San Antonio (TX), San Francisco (CA)
Boeing 727-200, Boeing 737-200
Charlotte (NC), Dayton (OH), Greensboro (NC), Raleigh/Durham (NC)
REPUBLIC AIRLINES
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-10, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-50
Kansas City (MO), Memphis (TN)
SCHEDULED SKYWAYS
Swearingen Metroliner
El Dorado (AR), Fayetteville (AR), Fort Smith (AR)
THAI AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL
Boeing 747-100/200
Seattle/Tacoma (WA)
TRANSAMERICA AIRLINES
Honolulu (HI), Saint Louis (MO)
TRANS WORLD AIRLINES
New York Kennedy (NY)
Chicago O'Hare (IL), Denver (CO), Houston Intercontinental (TX), Seattle/Tacoma (WA)
USAIR
Louisville (KY), Pittsburgh (PA), San Antonio (TX)
Salt Lake City (UT)
WISE AIRLINES
Brownwood (TX)
DETAILED DALLAS/FORT WORTH FLIGHT SCHEDULES >>


Alex Rodriguez became the youngest player in major league history to hit 500 home runs, sending the first pitch he saw Saturday just past the foul pole in left field.
Rodriguez stood at home plate for a second, waiting to see if his first-inning drive off Kansas City's Kyle Davies would stay fair. He threw his hands in the air after the ball landed in the seats and began trotting around the bases with a wide grin on his face as the Yankee Stadium crowd cheered wildly.
When he reached the plate, he hugged Derek Jeter and Bobby Abreu, who both scored on the landmark home run, and blew a kiss toward the stands. His teammates were already on the field and he embraced several of them on his way back to the bench.
The crowd buzzed and roared again when A-Rod stuck his head out of the dugout for the long-awaited curtain call, which came more than a week after he hit No. 499 and eight days after his 32nd birthday.
After he took his seat next to Jeter, the Yankees captain reached out and playfully rubbed A-Rod's head as the two superstars laughed. The two were close when they were younger but Rodriguez admitted in spring training that their relationship had cooled over the years.
Rodriguez surpassed Jimmie Foxx (32 years, 338 days) as the youngest player to reach 500 homers. A-Rod is the 22nd player to reach the mark, the second this season behind Frank Thomas.
"Never, as a kid, did I ever think I'd hit even one," Rodriguez said after hitting No. 499 in a 7-1 win over Kansas City on July 25.
Now he's considered a strong candidate to become baseball's career home run leader someday. First up though is Barry Bonds, who was two away from breaking Hank Aaron's record of 755 heading into San Francisco's game at San Diego on Saturday night.
Rodriguez went into a tailspin after his previous homer against the Royals. He was hitless in a career-worst 22 straight at-bats before he singled in the second inning of Thursday's 13-9 loss against the Chicago White Sox.
His 500th came in his 1,855th game. Only two players took fewer games to reach 500: Mark McGwire (1,639) and Babe Ruth (1,740).
Rodriguez also became the third player to accomplish the feat as a Yankee and the second to do it in the Bronx. Babe Ruth hit his 500th at Cleveland on Aug. 11, 1929, and Mickey Mantle reached the mark at home against Baltimore on May 14, 1967.
Yankees manager Joe Torre, standing next to the dugout mister on a hot summer day, saw the drive off A-Rod's bat and pointed toward the pole as it went out.
One fan held up a yellow sign that read "501?" before his second at-bat, but Rodriguez walked on four pitches. He stole second, advanced to third on a groundout and scored on Wilson Betemit's single to give New York a 5-2 lead.
He singled to right in the fourth, flied out to deep center in the sixth and singled to left in the seventh.
The Seattle Mariners took Rodriguez with the first overall pick in the 1993 draft. One year later, he became the third 18-year-old shortstop in the majors since 1900. At that point, he gave little indication that he would develop into a two-time AL MVP and one of the game's greatest home run hitters.
He went homerless in 17 games for Seattle in that first season, and hit five in 48 games the following year.
But in 1996, his first full season in the big leagues, he hit 36 home runs. And after hitting 23 in 1997, he hasn't fallen short of 30 since. His seven seasons of 40 or more home runs are tied for fifth in major league history, and in 2001 he became only the fourth player with 50 homers and 200 hits in a season.
A-Rod's first home run came on June 12, 1995, against Tom Gordon and Kansas City. He hit No. 100 in August 1998, No. 200 in May 2001 with Texas and No. 300 in April 2003 with Texas. Number 400 came on June 8, 2005, against Milwaukee during his second season with the Yankees.
He hit 189 home runs with Seattle, 156 with Texas and has 155 with New York. He is one of only three players, along with Reggie Jackson and Darrell Evans, to hit 100 home runs for three different teams.
Rodriguez leads the majors with 36 this season, already surpassing the 35 he hit last year.
"Fifty home runs doesn't seem to be an issue," Torre said recently. "Fifty home runs. That's incredible. You're talking about his age, you're talking about him hitting in the 50s — in a couple of years he'll be going for No. 600."


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Q: Xtify API to delete TAG from all XIDs - Bulk Untag and Bulk Tag options Is there any Xtify API which can delete an existing TAG completely from Xtify (either by API or by Xtify console website)
Concern:
Following API's operate on XID as an input parameter, which means TAG and UNTAG can be done by sending request to Xtify one by one for each XID.
https://api.xtify.com/2.0/tags/XID/addtag
https://api.xtify.com/2.0/tags/XID/untag

I'm in need of the options

*

*where some existing TAG can be removed from Xtify in a single call to Xtify. (Bulk UNTAG)

*Similarly, I can upload a list of XID and provide TAG name in a single call (bulk tagging)

In case these are not possible, then please suggest best practice in such scenario. I think making call multiple times for each XID may not be an optimized way.

A: There is no API for bulk tag / untag in Xtify. Your only option is to change the tags using one call for each XID.
Using settag is a little more efficient than addtag/untag, since it doesn't require as many lookups. However, this works only if you are keeping the list of tags.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Manchester United to sell Tyler Blackett and Guillermo Varela - Sky sources
By Andy Burton, SSN HQ
Guillermo Varela is not part of Jose Mourinho's plans at Old Trafford
Tyler Blackett and Guillermo Varela are set to be sold by Manchester United after Jose Mourinho deemed them surplus to requirements at Old Trafford, according to Sky sources.
Neither Blackett, a central defender, nor Varela, a full-back, are currently training with the United first-team squad, an indication that they will play no part in Mourinho's plans for the future.
However, Mourinho remains keen to promote young players from the club's academy and has identified central defender Axel Tuanzebe and full-back Timothy Fosu-Mensah as stronger options to be involved in the first team.
Tyler Blackett has also been told he can leave Manchester United
Both will be given opportunities this season, with Mourinho confident they possess much greater potential for development.
Fosu-Mensah broke through to the first-team ranks last season, making 10 appearances for the senior side and featuring in wins against Arsenal, Manchester City and Everton, amongst others.
He can operate across the back four, as well as a defensive midfielder. It is believed Mourinho intends to focus on his development as a right-back if he is to replace Varela within the ranks of talented youngsters at the club
Madrid out of Pogba race
Lozano in dark over United move
Man Utd transfer rumours
'Pogba facing tough decision'
Timothy Fosu-Mensah impressed when given the chance under Louis van Gaal
Tuanzebe was born in the Democratic Republic of Congo, but grew up in Rochdale. He has been identified by United coaches as a leader, having captained the U18 team as a first-year scholar.
He has also been a key player for United's U21 team, although is yet to make his full first-team debut - that opportunity could come under Mourinho's stewardship this season.
Berbatov: Lukaku should stay
Conte: Lukaku important for Inter
Solskjaer: I can see a new Martial


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Home Articles Practice Pretty or Pity? Female Body Image Oppression as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders
Is a Psychiatric Unit the Right Setting for You?
Reflective Practice in Child Protection: A Practice Perspective
Pretty or Pity? Female Body Image Oppression as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders
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By: Ting-Ting Avis Lau, MA, MSW
This article aims to help social workers who are working with eating disordered clients in clinical settings, and school social workers who are frequently in contact with females of different ages, to raise their awareness of the prevalent body image oppression in society. How does body image oppression manifest in the eating disorders (ED) and affect women's lives pervasively? This article will focus on female body image oppression, because based on 2004 statistics, women comprise 90% of the entire eating disordered population in the United States. Most ED clients also suffer from a distorted body image.
Being more conscious of how the message of body oppression is manifested in our society will better prepare us to empower our female clients to resist its influence and to teach them to advocate against this oppression.
First, let's look at how this oppression is manifested in different facets in society. Then, we will give some suggestions for how we, as social workers, can act proactively to help our clients approach issues of body image.
Facts About Eating Disorders
The term "eating disorders" is an umbrella designation for the various forms of illnesses that exist when a person uses harmful eating behaviors as a means to control his or her weight and body shape. Such disorders can gradually aggravate one's physical, emotional, and behavioral development, even leading to death (Bardick, Bernes, McCulloch, Witko, Spriddle, & Roest, 2004). More than five million Americans have eating disorders, 90% of whom are adolescent and young women (National Institute of Mental Health, 2005). The mortality rate among individuals with eating disorders is more than 12 times higher than any other causes of death in females ranging in age from 15 to 24 years (Cavanaugh & Lemberg, 1999). In the past few years, more studies indicate that eating disorders are not only affecting young, white females, but also other racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. According to the Minnesota Adolescent Health Study, dieting, weight dissatisfaction, and distorted body images are found in all ethnic groups (Story, French, Neumark-Sztainer, Downes, Resnick, & Blum, 1997). In the study of Kilpatrick, Ohannessian, & Bartholomew (1999), 6,504 adolescents, Asian, Black, Hispanic, and Caucasian youth have all reported attempting to lose weight at similar rates, with Native American adolescents rating the highest level of attempt.
The number of cases shows how prevalent and destructive eating disorders are, especially for females. In recent decades, the number of cases of eating disorders and the affected age range are higher and broader than in the past. One of the key risk factors is the socially constructed ideal body—the thin female as perfect or desirable.
Many studies demonstrate that females have a strong desire to be thin (Dolan, 1994; Ferron, 1997; Hesse-Biber, 1996; McFarland, 1990; Vincent and McCabe, 2000), whereas males are more likely to be content with their body image (Vincent & McCabe, 2000). Although both genders have their culturally defined standards of attractiveness, studies show females are more vulnerable to cultural influence because of higher stress as related to their gender role and weaker power in the patriarchal society (Eldredge & Agras, 1996; Martz, Handley, & Eisler, 1995). To reach this ideal of thinness, an unrealistic standard, many women diet, undertake excessive amounts of exercise, or take diet pills or laxatives. It is common to see excessive forms of dieting gradually become self-starving, while the guilt of food intake will trigger the development of purging behaviors. Both of these unhealthy coping mechanisms are common symptoms of eating disorders. Some feminists claim that women's obsession with weight control and dieting results from the desire for power in a sexist society (Cogan, Bhalla, Sefadedeh, & Rothblum, 1996; Eldredge & Agras, 1996). Body oppression can be manifested in many different forms in our society. We must be very conscious of it to avoid being hypnotized by it.
Body Oppression Manifested in Different Forms in Society
In the United States, thinness is associated with attractiveness, fitness, and health, whereas obesity is equated with poor health, brainlessness, lack of self control, unattractiveness, clumsiness, and ineffectiveness (Marlowe, Schneider, & Nelson, 1996; Popkin & Udry, 1998). The social desirability research in psychology also documents our prejudices against the unattractive, particularly the obese (Pipher, 1996). The majority of society seems drowned in this concept, which can be found in the job market, the mass media, schools, and romantic relationships.
Job market and placement. The social value imposed on people based on their body size causes inequality for women in job placement, and there is bias based on physical appearance in the job market (Puhl & Brownell, 2001). For example, it is very unlikely to find employers in the modeling industry, cosmetic and fashion industries, and even health promotion providers who will hire women who are fatter than the cultural ideal standard (Becker & Hamburg, 1996). It might even prove impossible for women deemed to be fat to be hired by a company to do health promotion, or for the media to use fat women in advertising (Becker & Hamburg, 1996), regardless of the type of product being advertised. A successful female image is always portrayed as slim, tall, independent, and decisive, and most of these qualities are just the opposite of how people perceive the obese. In Puhl & Brownell's study (2001), results showed that regardless of the settings, obese people are often perceived as lacking self-discipline, having low supervisory potential, and exhibiting poor personal hygiene and professional appearance.
Mass media. The mass media, including magazines, television, and advertisements, are an influential source of images and messages about the ideal body for which women and girls are expected to strive (Botta, 1999; Field, Camargo, Taylor, Berkey, & Colditz, 1999). It is not uncommon to see how thin figures are promoted and praised in an advertisement or magazine. These thin images are often associated with wealth, prosperity, fashion, and elegance (Rathner, 2001).
Other mass media, especially those for dieting and weight-altering products, promote the idea that body shape and size are flexible, and that achieving the thin ideal is just like taking a magic pill—painless and requiring no special effort (Brownwell, 1991). No matter that the pictures are heavily edited and refined with computer software—consumers, mainly women, still believe the body type presented is realistic and reachable for everyone (Richins, 1991; Thompson & Heinberg, 1999). It pushes them to be on a ceaseless, life-long diet.
School setting or peer groups. From an early age, boys and girls are taught how to meet the societal ideals for their gender—not just how to act and talk, but what they are supposed to look like (Byrant & Creck, 2000; Bussy & Bandura, 1992; Egan & Perry, 2001; Ragg, 1998).
Research found that anorexia nervosa (AN) often begins in junior high, and bulimia nervosa (BN) tends to develop in a later stage of adolescence (Piper, 1994). High school students are already very sensitive to body shape and weight, often leading to the formation of peer pressure or mutually accepted ideal image. There is high stress among peers, who compare with each other and compete with each other, which, in turn, is a strong form of body oppression. This oppression further provokes the development of eating disorders among high school and college females (Thompson, Corwin, & Sargent, 1997). It is believed that peer/group influences usually have a tremendous role in shaping the thoughts and values of school-aged people (Irving, 2000; Hayden-Wade, Stein, Ghaderi, Saelens, Zabinski, & Wilfley, 2005). Researchers show that post-pubertal girls, especially those who are dating, may be more vulnerable to developing eating disorders because of internalizing the concept of thinness as the equivalent of beauty (Cauffiman & Steinbert, 1996).
Romantic relationships. Some studies have focused on people's preference of romantic partners based on physical appearance, and the results showed both men and women least preferred the obese sexual partner and the partner in the wheelchair (Flegal, Carroll, & Ogden, 2002). Men also ranked the obese partner significantly lower than women did (National Center for Health Statistics, 2005). This trend reflects how social worship of thinness affects one's thoughts and actions for both genders. This idea that thinness is preferable imposes a heavy pressure on females within their romantic relationships. It is common to find teenage females concerned about their figures because of the fear of not having a boyfriend. It is also common to see married women, regardless of the age range, on diets because of their fear of losing their husbands after aging and maternity change their body shapes (Markey & Markey, 2006).
The foundation of self-esteem. The influence of body oppression is more likely affecting people with low self-esteem or who value themselves based on social acceptance. It is important for people to recognize their intrinsic values, such as virtues or potential talents, and not to put their self-esteem solely under the social influence.
Education and prevention. In order to combat the negative influence of body oppression, social advocates, including educators, social workers, and health promoters, could bring this issue to the forefront and encourage the public to be proactive in fighting against this oppression. In addition, education to emphasize the possible severe consequences brought by this oppression, such as eating disorders, is essential. Eating disorders are very difficult to cure and there is no specific method guaranteed to be wholly effective. However, bringing up awareness of its risk factors so as to prevent it happening is essential.
Combat the social stigma of eating disorders. Eating disorders are often associated with social stigma. Individuals with eating disorders are readily misunderstood by society as the product of self-induced or self-deserved problems. In fact, research suggests that eating disorders, like all addictions, are a way to run from pain (Pipher, 1994). Studies also show that eating behaviors symbolize a desire for safety through creating a sense of control in life (Wilson, 2004). Young females may feel intense fear of moving toward womanhood because femininity in our culture is constructed as "a complex and difficult to define concept, laden with impossible cultural and personal expectation" (Wilson, 2004).
Thus, eating disorders should be addressed from a public health perspective in which primary prevention is implemented at the level of the community and educational institutions (Mensinger, 2005). Access to informaton about eating disorders helps the general public form a better understanding of the issue and will encourage those suffering to disclose the problem and seek help.
Body image oppression of females is not something new for our society. It has manifested through centuries and has negatively affected females' self image and well being to a great extent. Even as we come to understand the underlying factors, we know that change will take time. It is, however, important to bring up this issue again to remind us, our clients, and the next generations about what oppression we are facing and how we may help ourselves and each other in this battlefield. Bringing awareness is the first step, and becoming proactive is the next. It is time for females to fight back and redeem their sense of worth, as well as their personal and collective empowerment, in this long-term battle toward understanding and acceptance.
Bardick, A. D., Bernes, K. B., McCulloch, A. R. M., Witko, K. D., Spriddle, J. W., & Roest, A.E. (2004). Eating disorder intervention, prevention, and treatment: Recommendations for school counselors. Professional School Counseling. 8 (2), 168-175.
Becker, A. E. & Hamburg, P. (1996). Culture, the media, and eating disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4, 163-7.
Brownell, K. D. (1991). Dieting and the search for the perfect body: Where physiology and culture collide. Behavior Therapy, 22, 1-12.
Botta, R.A. (1999). Television images and adolescent girls' body image disturbance. Journal of Communication, 49 (2), 22-40.
Byrant, A., & Creck, E. (2000). How parents raise boys and girls. Newsweek: Your Child, 136, 64-65.
Cauffiman, E., & Steinbert, L. (1996). Interactive effects of menarcheal status and dating on dieting and disordered eating among adolescent girls. Development Psychology, 32, 631-635.
Cavanaugh, C. J., & Lemberg, R. (1999). What we know about eating disorders:
Facts and statistics. In Lemberg, R., & L. Cohn (Eds.), Eating disorders: A reference sourcebook (pp.7-12). Phoenix, AZ: The Oryx Press.
Cogan, J. C., Bhalla, S. K., Sefadedeh, A., & Rothblum, E. (1996). A comparison study of United States and African students on perceptions of obesity and thinness. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 27, 98-113.
Dolan, B. (1994). Why women? Gender issues, and eating disorders. London: Athlone.
Egan, S. K., & Perry, D. G. (2001). Gender identity: A multidimensional analysis with implications for psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 37 (4), 451-463.
Eldredge, K. L., & Agras, W. S. (1996). Weight and shape overconcern and emotional eating in binge-eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19, 73-82.
Ferron, C. (1997). Body images in adolescence: Cross-cultural research—Results of the preliminary phase of a quantitative survey. Adolescence, 32, 735-745.
Field, A. E., Camargo, C. A., Taylor, C. B., Berkey, C. S., & Colditz, G. A. (1999). Relation of peer and media influences to the development of purging behaviors among preadolescents and adolescents. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 1184-1189.
Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2002). Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, JAMA, 288, 1723-7.
Hayden-Wade, H. A., Stein, R. I., Ghaderi A., Saelens B. E., Zabinski, M. F., & Wilfley, D. (2005). Prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of teasing experiences among overweight children vs. non-overweight peers. Obesity Research, 13, 1381-1392.
Hesse-Biber, S. (1996). Am I thin enough yet? The cult of thinness and the commercialization of identity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Irving, L. (2000) Promoting size acceptance in elementary school children: The EDAP puppet program. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 221-232.
Kilpatrick, M., Ohannessian, C., & Bartholomew. J. (1999). Adolescent weight
management and perceptions: An analysis of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The Journal of School Health, 69 (4), 148-152.
Markey, C., & Markey, P. (2006). Romantic relationships and body satisfaction among young women. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35 (2), 256-264.
Marlowe, D. M., Schneider, S. L., & Nelson, C. E. (1996). Gender and attractiveness biases in hiring decisions: Are more experienced managers less biased? Journal of Applied Psychology, 81 (1), 11-21.
Martz, D. M., Handley, K. B., & Eisler, R. M. (1995). The relationship between feminine gender role stress, body image, and eating disorders. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 493-508.
Mensinger, J. L. (2005). Disordered eating and gender socialization in independent school environments: A multilevel mediation model. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 28 (1), 30-40.
McFarland, B. (1990). Shame and body image: Culture and the compulsive eater. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications.
National Center for Health Statistics (2005). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/obese/obse99.htm (Accessed October 20, 2005).
Pipher, M. (1994). Worship the gods of thinness. In Reviving Ophelia: Saving the selves of adolescent girls (pp. 166-185). New York: Putnam Book.
Popkin, B. M., & Udry, J. R. (1998). Adolescent obesity increases significantly in second and third generation US immigrants: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Journal of Nutrition,128, 701-706.
Puhl, R., & Brownell, K. D. (2001). Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obesity Research, 9, 788-805.
Rathner, G. (2001). Post-communism and the marketing of the thin ideal. In Nasser, M. Katzman, M.A., & R.A. Gordon (Eds.), Eating disorders and cultures in transition (pp. 93-101). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Richins, M. L. (1991). Social comparison and the idealized images of advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 71-83.
Story, M., French, S., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Downes, B., Resnick, M., & Blum, R.
(1997). Psychosocial and behavioral correlates of dieting and purging in Native
American adolescents. Pediatrics, 99 (4), e8.
Thompson, S., Corwin, S., & Sargent, R. (1997). Ideal body size beliefs and weight
concerns of fourth-grade children. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 21 (3), 279-84.
Thompson K., & Heinberg, L. (1999). The media's influence on body image disturbance eating disorders: We've reviled them, now can we rehabilitate them? Journal of Social Issues, 55 (2), 339-353.
Vincent, M. A., & McCabe, M. (2000). Gender differences among adolescents in family and peer influences on body dissatisfaction, weight loss, and binge eating behaviors. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 29, 205-221.
Wilson, J. (2004). Beyond psychiatry: How social workers conceptualize women and self-starvation. Australian Social Work, 57 (2), 150-160.
Ting-Ting Avis Lau, MA, MSW, is a May 2007 graduate of Washington University in St. Louis. She is originally from Hong Kong. She has been interested in the issues of eating disorders, depression, and trauma for years. Most of her studies were on topics related to eating disorders. She also has a master's degree in linguistics.
Great gift book for social work graduates!
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text:
Expanding 'Us in Lupus' Effort, GSK Focuses on Women of Color
by Mary Chapman
Expanding its Us in Lupus effort, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has planned "Night of Beauty" events to reach women of color, a group disproportionately affected by this disease.
Us in Lupus is a 12-week online community and education program for new lupus patients. The upcoming events are extending support to a population that is two to three times more likely than whites to have the disease, which affects 1.5 million U.S. residents, 90 percent of them women.
The Lupus Foundation of America defines women of color as African-Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, Asians, Native Americans, Alaska natives, native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. In particular, lupus affects 1 in 537 black women.
GSK will host "Night of Beauty" events on Oct. 29 at Sephora stores in Dallas, and on Nov. 14 in Los Angeles. Participants will learn more about the disease, connect with fellow patients, and get self-care tips from health and beauty experts. Local patient advocates will also be on hand.
"One of our goals as a leading healthcare company is to reduce healthcare disparities," Carla Pearson, GSK vice president, U.S. special marketing, said in a press release. "The Night of Beauty concept was born out of a desire to provide women of color with education and tools to advocate for themselves with their healthcare team, and to help them feel more confident in doing so."
Research at GSK has shown that lupus patients in general have sought more information on nutrition, hair loss, skin and scalp problems, and overall mental health and well-being. However, participants who identified as persons of color indicated a preference for more personalized resources.
A 2015 GSK survey in the United States and elsewhere found that lupus patients overall have difficulty describing symptoms to physicians, leading to a chasm in healthcare professionals' understanding of the disease's full impact. The company believes that women of color can especially benefit by having the Us in Lupus program brought to their communities.
"What made me finally go the doctor was I lost some of my hair," Shanelle Gabriel, an African-American who was diagnosed at age 20, said in a GSK video. "I realized what my life with lupus was going to be like when I was first hospitalized. … I remember thinking to myself, so is this what my life is going to be like? Am I going to be in the hospital all the time now? And it was really, really, really challenging, and really scary."
GSK recently presented Night of Beauty events in Atlanta, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and Chicago. The events are part of a larger effort that includes self-care, mindfulness, nutrition, and fitness & exercise, and are aimed at empowering patients to have more candid discussions with their healthcare providers. Next year, the campaign will focus on increasing mindfulness.
The landmark LUMINA (Lupus in Minority Populations: Nature vs. Nurture) study found that, compared with white patients with lupus, African-Americans with the disease are more likely to have organ system involvement, more active disease, and less social support. In addition, a 2014 study showed that African-American patients tend to develop lupus at a younger age and experience more serious complications than white patients.
"Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect any organ of the body, including the skin," said rheumatologist Donald Thomas, founder of the the Lupus Encyclopedia Facebook page. "We need to find more ways to raise awareness of this relatively unknown disease in the U.S. for which there is no cure and disproportionately affects women of color."
Mary Chapman
Mary M. Chapman began her professional career at United Press International, running both print and broadcast desks. She then became a Michigan correspondent for what is now Bloomberg BNA, where she mainly covered the automotive industry plus legal, tax and regulatory issues. A member of the Automotive Press Association and one of a relatively small number of women on the car beat, Chapman has discussed the automotive industry multiple times of National Public Radio, and in 2014 was selected as an honorary judge at the prestigious Cobble Beach Concours d'Elegance. She has written for numerous national outlets including Time, People, Al-Jazeera America, Fortune, Daily Beast, MSN.com, Newsweek, The Detroit News and Detroit Free Press. The winner of the Society of Professional Journalists award for outstanding reporting, Chapman has had dozens of articles in The New York Times, including two on the coveted front page. She has completed a manuscript about centenarian car enthusiast Margaret Dunning, titled "Belle of the Concours."
Fact Checked By:
Jose Marques Lopes, PhD
José is a science news writer with a PhD in Neuroscience from Universidade of Porto, in Portugal. He has also studied Biochemistry at Universidade do Porto and was a postdoctoral associate at Weill Cornell Medicine, in New York, and at The University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, Canada. His work has ranged from the association of central cardiovascular and pain control to the neurobiological basis of hypertension, and the molecular pathways driving Alzheimer's disease.
Tagged African American women, GSK, LUMINA, Night of Beauty, Us in Lupus.
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text:
Q: Allow user to create only one Google Maps marker at a time I have the following code that allows a user to click somewhere on the map and it records the GPS location of wherever they click.  It works properly on the backend but whenever the user clicks more than once it leaves multiple markers on the map.  It always keeps whatever the last location is so it works but it is somewhat confusing for the user who doesn't know what is going on on the backend.  Is there some little trick I can do to make it so that whenever the user clicks to create a new marker the old one is removed?
code:
    var map;
var GPSlocation;

function initialize() {
  var haightAshbury = new google.maps.LatLng(37.7699298, -93.4469157);
  var mapOptions = {
    zoom: 4,
    center: haightAshbury,
    mapTypeId: google.maps.MapTypeId.TERRAIN
  };
  map =  new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("map"), mapOptions);

  google.maps.event.addListener(map, 'click', function(event) {
    addMarker(event.latLng);
  });
}

function addMarker(location) {
//I save the location right here
    GPSlocation = location;
    document.getElementById("GPSlocation").value = GPSlocation;
    marker = new google.maps.Marker({
    position: location,
    map: map
  });
}

A: Just use setPosition method of google.maps.Marker instance:
var map,
    GPSlocation,
    marker;  // <-- Added

// ... snip ...

function addMarker(location) {
    // ... snip ...
    if (!marker) {
        // Create the marker if it doesn't exist
        marker = new google.maps.Marker({
        position: location,
        map: map
        });
    }
    // Otherwise, simply update its location on the map.
    else { marker.setPosition(location); }
}

A: Make the marker a global variable by declaring it outside your function:
var marker;
function addMarker(location) {
    GPSlocation = location;
    document.getElementById("GPSlocation").value = GPSlocation;
    marker = new google.maps.Marker({
        position: location,
        map: map
    });
}

You can also make it more efficient by only updating the location of the marker rather than creating a new object:
var marker;
function addMarker(location) {
    GPSlocation = location;
    document.getElementById("GPSlocation").value = GPSlocation;
    if (!marker) {
        marker = new google.maps.Marker({
            position: location,
            map: map
        });
    } else {
        marker.setPosition(location);
    }
}


COLTS NECK - In an unusual and legally questionable move, the township has filed suit to stop the Asbury Park Press and two others from using the Open Public Records Act to obtain a municipal report about an investigation into the police chief's activities.
The township is asking a Superior Court judge to issue a "declaratory judgment" to determine if the documents requested through OPRA are open to the public. This would require the requestors to be in court to defend their OPRA at their own expense. Under ordinary circumstances, a government agency is required to provide records or state why they should remain confidential. At that point, a requestor can decide to sue or not.
Colts Neck attorney James L. Plosia Jr. filed the suit even though an appellate court ruled last year that a government custodian responding to a public records request can't seek a declaratory judgment. In April, the state supreme court agreed to hear the case. The lawsuit by Colts Neck seeks to stall the response to the Press' records request until the state's highest court weighs in.
The records sought concern Police Chief Kevin Sauter, who was ordered by the Township Committee last month to serve a five-day suspension after allegations that he didn't obtain proper approval before attending a conference for law enforcement leaders last year.
The Press, a retired police chief and Sauter's brother sought a copy of the recommendation issued to the Township Committee by the officer presiding over the disciplinary hearing, Robert O'Hagan, a retired Superior Court judge.
"The Township is unsure, under the prevailing law, whether Judge O'Hagan's recommended decision is a 'public record' which must be produced under either the 'Open Public Records Act' or New Jersey's Common Law public records judicial decisions," the lawsuit said.
"This is nothing but a ludicrous attempt by a government to intimidate the public from filing requests for public documents," said Paul D'Ambrosio, news director for the Press. "It is unconscionable that they would force ordinary citizens, at their own expense, to defend their OPRA request in court. This is not how the law works, and the appellate court has agreed."
During Sauter's disciplinary hearing in April, which he chose to make public, the township accused him of failing to get approval from the Township Committee to attend the International Association of Chiefs of Police, failing to use his vacation days for the conference and calling an on-duty police officer to pick up him, his wife and another police chief from the airport upon their return.
In August, the Township Committee approved disciplinary action against Sauter, following O'Hagan's recommendation. The Press has been unable to get a copy of that recommendation. The recommendation was also requested by Jeffrey Sauter, Chief Sauter's brother, and Robert Verry, a retired New Jersey police chief. Jeffrey Sauter and Verry were named in the lawsuit alongside the Press as "interested parties."
"The chief wanted his hearing held in public," D'Ambrosio said. "So there is no reason all the information about the case shouldn't be made public. This is a classic case of the taxpayers having a right to know what their government is doing with their money."
An attorney who represents one of the requestors said she found the lawsuit shocking.
"I can't fathom why they'd file this unless it's to harass the requestors that are making the request or to delay access to this record for as long as they possibly can, once the news stories regarding the chief have passed over," said CJ Griffin, an attorney representing Verry. Griffin is also involved in the supreme court case regarding an OPRA custodian requesting a declaratory judgment.
Griffin pointed out the chilling effect on access to public records such an action would have.
"If agencies are given permission to just sue requestors, even though the statute clearly doesn't contemplate that, we'll end up with everybody being too scared to file an OPRA request," she said.


To link to our web site, copy and paste the code from one of the following options into your web page.
Using the code below will hide certain sections of the site (Contact Us and Stockists) from the customer. If you wish to simply link to our main site, change the address to http://www.workwear.co.nz.


text:
carson mcdowell
Carson McDowell appoints three partners and 14 senior associates
Pictured (left–right): Carson McDowell partners Francesca Lowry, Roger McMillan, Neasa Quigley, Sarah Cochrane and Cathal O'Neill
Belfast-based Carson McDowell has appointed three new partners and promoted 14 lawyers to the position of senior associate.
The appointment of Sarah Cochrane as a partner in the employment team, Cathal O'Neill as a partner in the defence insurance division and Francesca Lowry as a healthcare partner brings the firm's senior team to 34 partners.
Ms Lowry joined Carson McDowell as an apprentice in 2003, becoming part of the healthcare team upon qualification in 2005. She is highly regarded in the healthcare sector, particularly in defending claims on behalf of dentists, pharmacists, doctors and nursing homes, and representing clients at inquests.
Ms Cochrane joined the employment team in 2012. She has contributed significantly to the team's growth as well as working closely with other departments within the firm, leading on the employment law aspects of key transactions.
Mr O'Neill joined the defence insurance team in 2017 and since then has used his existing significant experience handling a range of public and employers' liability cases, with a particular proficiency in industrial disease claims.
The new senior associates are Aisling O'Hare, Andrew Davison, Anna Haines-Smyth, Enya McKenna, Faye Phillips, Fergal McGoldrick, Gillian Greenfield, Helen Cosgrove, Laura McKee, Le-ann Campbell, Niamh Magee, Orla Kelly, Rosie Timoney and Yvonne McMahon.
Roger McMillan, managing partner at Carson McDowell, said: "I would like to congratulate Francesca, Sarah and Cathal, who I know will each, through their contributions, add significant value to our market-leading team.
"As well as a reputation for excellence, Carson McDowell has a strong track record of hiring and developing the best talent. We want to retain that talent as we look to the future and are committed to continued investment in our people and their wellbeing to ensure the firm remains a great place to work."
Neasa Quigley, senior partner, added: "I would like to add my congratulations to our new partners and to the 14 individuals who have been rewarded for their hard work by being promoted to senior associate within the firm, as we remain focused on delivering for our clients and helping them to take advantage of opportunities for growth.
"Our law firm is made up of a diverse range of talent and we are continuing to invest in our people at all levels to ensure we offer our clients a wider variety of expertise than any other law firm of our size."


The COED Volleyball League is open to anyone 16 years and older. This is a "C" league recreational indoor COED 6's division, and will be a mix of fun and competitive. Some knowledge of the game is recommended. These are self regulated games that rely on the Honor System. Rally score format playing 3 games a match. All players who sign the waiver are responsible for knowing and abiding by the rules. Players must form their own teams consisting of 6-10 players. Each team will play 7 regular season games and participate in a seeded single elimination tournament based on league results at the end of league play. The fee is $270 per team. There will be a 10 team max. Team roster sheets and registration forms can be picked up at the Bardstown Recreation Department Monday - Friday, 8:30am-12:30pm/1:30pm-5:00pm. For additional information, call the Recreation office @ 348-9281.


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The paper utilized for this format must be 81/2 x 11 inches and the content must be double in space and also the citation page. The manuscripts and periodical titles must be Italian. Moreover, the in-text citations in an ASA format must have the author's last name and the date of publication as well. Straight quotations in the superior essays must be situated in quotation symbols followed by the correct in-text reference of the source which is quoted. If the writers are 3 in numbers the 3 last names are comprised in the 1st in-text citation but following citations must only comprise the last writer's last name and followed by etc plus the date of publication.
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text:
Where next for France's complex relationship with Islam?
France must prove that Islam is fully compatible with the fundamental values of the republic or it risks letting fear and distrust overwhelm society
Corinne Narassiguin
Islam is the second religion in France, after Christianity. There are an estimated 5 to 6 million French citizens of Muslim culture, about a third of whom declare themselves to be practicing Muslims. Contrary to what the Front National would have us believe, their presence is not the result of a forceful invasion. It is very simply the result of our history. A tumultuous history, made of lights and shadows.
From the cultural celebrations of French Orientalism to French imperialism, and from the bloody battles of independence to the successes and failures of post-colonial immigration and integration, our relationship with Islam and the Muslim culture has been long, complex and possibly more intense than for any other western country.
France has known other waves of immigration, even in our recent history. But before the 1950s, those immigrants came mostly from Europe, and they were overwhelmingly Christians. Their integration was also a complex process, but their children and grandchildren, not being part of a visible minority, have not suffered the same discrimination as their parents and grandparents, and have therefore blended quite seamlessly into French society, without anyone demanding that they forget where they or their ancestors came from.
Such is not the case for immigrants who came to France from our former colonies in black Africa and the Maghreb, in the aftermath of decolonisation and as a result of organised efforts to bring low-wage workers to France, especially in the 1960s. This immigration wave has, to this day, put our model of integration to the test. The children and grandchildren of those immigrants are part of a visible minority, and are mostly of Muslim culture, whether they are actually religious or not. Too often, they are presumed foreign, and are expected to prove again and again how French they are, whatever that means in the minds of those who make such demands.
Racist discrimination has considerably decreased over the past decades, but it does still exist. A recent report on discrimination around access to employment shows that, after sexism, racism is the biggest obstacle in access to jobs, whatever the level of academic and professional qualifications a person holds. This situation creates negative reactions on the part of those French citizens who do not feel fully welcome in the French nation because of their ethnicity or presumed religion, with the risk of some of them then retreating into segregated communities, at odds with our model of integration.
The question of Islam and its compatibility with the French republic compounds discrimination based on straight up racism. Long before the rise of jihadist terrorism, first in the early 1990s in the wake of the GIA upheaval in Algeria, and more recently with al-Qaida then Isis, France had cultivated a tumultuous relationship with Islam and French Muslims.
During the times of the colonies in the 19th century, Muslims in the French provinces of Maghreb were literally considered second-class citizens. The advent of separation of church and state, with the law on laïcité (French secularity) in 1905, did not change that situation.
Now, we are faced with a major challenge: proving that Islam is fully compatible with the fundamental values of the French republic, including laïcité, and equality between men and women. The conflict between many different versions of Islam, including its incursion into terrorism, and the rise of identity politics (as is also the case in many European countries and in the United States) further complicates the issue.
For its own sake, France must take that challenge head on, or risk letting fear and distrust overwhelm our society. For Europe's sake too, France must succeed, because we are the European country with the largest percentage of the population who are of Muslim culture. We have a responsibility to show Europe, and indeed the world, that it is possible for a western country to welcome Islam peacefully.
There are no easy solutions. But France must start with standing our ground on our definition of laïcité: the state must be religiously neutral to guarantee freedom of religion and freedom of conscience, as long as it does not interfere with public order or the freedom of others; all religions in France must accept that in our republic, man's law always prevails over God's law.
The second part of the equation is to fully acknowledge our complex history with Islam and with what Muslim cultures have brought to French culture over the centuries. This can be accomplished through education and cultural policy. This is the best way for the French government to help Islam in France find its own way to religious practice within the values of the republic.
Only then can we start building a new path for all French citizens to feel, be treated and respected as full citizens, whatever their faith or lack thereof.
This work is supported by the Barrow Cadbury Fund. Its migration programme aims to promote an immigration system that is fair to both migrants and established residents and a policy and public debate on migration and integration that is based on shared values as well as evidence.
Image credit: ChameleonsEye / Shutterstock.com
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