text:
Official Court Docket
Official Record of Trial
Charges and Plea
Verdict and Sentencing
Unofficial Transcripts
Witness Profiles
Defense Legal Filings
Redacted Names and Notable
AFCENT CFACC Airpower
Disappeared AFCENT CFACC Airpower
The Sentencing of Chelsea Manning: Alexa O'Brien's Exclusive Interview with Attorney David Coombs
Posted on August 21, 2013 at 11:59 am
On August 21, 2013 The Sparrow Project partnered with Jeff Wirth of Burning Hearts Media to produce Alexa O'Brien's exclusive interview with David Coombs, lead civilian counsel for Private First Class Manning. An excerpt of this interview aired that afternoon on Huffpost Live and was embedded on Huffington Post. The next morning, 40 minutes of this interview aired on Democracy Now!. The following is Alexa's interview with David in its entirety available for embed or download. We welcome bloggers and media outlets to use this footage as it is the only comprehensive long-form interview with Manning's counsel and sheds an important light on one of the most historic and heartbreaking cases of whistleblower prosecution to date.
As Judge Denise Lind handed down a sentence of 35 years to Private First Class Manning the press pool was already framing the narrative of how the sentence would be reported upon from that moment forward. The prospect of Manning being paroled after 7 years (a hopeful one at best), words like "leniency", and a misplaced infatuation with Manning's private life started to bloat and leave little room for the ugly truth. Namely, that a young whistleblower who exposed war crimes was sentenced to decades in prison. A sentence which relied in part on a draconian application of the 1917 espionage act. This reflex by the media to eschew the complexities and embrace convenient or sensational headlines is why an interview with Manning's Attorney on his terms with the journalist of his choosing was so important.
REGARDING THE USE OF MALE PRONOUNS
During the pretrial proceedings, Court Martial and sentencing of Pfc. Manning, Chelsea requested to be identified as Bradley and addressed using the male pronoun. In a letter embargoed for August 21, 2013 Chelsea proclaimed that she is female and wished to be addressed from that moment forward as Chelsea E. Manning. This interview pre-dates Chelsea's public announcement.
Chelsea Manning, Interviews
Alexa O'Brien is an investigative researcher, analyst, and writer focused on intelligence and national security. She recently authored a 60-page report for Airwars, a London based organization that monitors and assesses civilian harm from airpower-dominated international military actions.
Her work has been published in the International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, The New York Times, VICE News, The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, Guardian (UK), The Daily Beast, NY Daily News, and featured on the BBC, PBS, NPR, Democracy Now!, and Public Radio International.
She obtained her Bachelor of Arts at Kenyon College, majoring in Political Science. She is currently pursuing a master's in applied intelligence at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.
She resides in New York City.
Contact: email [at] alexaobrien [dot] com
Andy Mueller-Maguhn's 36c3 talk about UC Global
Aaron Swartz as alleged WikiLeaks source and US persons in the WikiLeaks 'organization' circa 2009.
I plan to write about U.S. v. Assange and related WikiLeaks espionage cases, so here is my disclaimer.
Defense One Podcast Interview on new Airwars Report
Breakdown of currently known forensic and circumstantial evidence related to Count 18 against Julian Assange, Conspiracy To Commit Computer Intrusion (18 U.S.C. 371 and 1030)
This work by Alexa O'Brien is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at email@alexaobrien.com.


I love my inspiration board for my Master Bedroom makeover, and I love all the fabrics and colors that I bought, but this isn't working. Looks great on paper, not so much in reality.
I've ordered a white comforter and found some fabulous fabrics, totally ready to do a makeover that I thought was going to be gorgeous. I started to sew some of the pillows, then decided I should do a mockup to see how it was all going to look.
Love all of these fabrics, really pretty patterns and colors, but they really don't look good in this room.
Remember, this is my Inspiration Board.
I had a white blanket, so I put that on the bed and then started laying fabrics out.
I'd already made the banana leaf lumbar pillow and I will use that somewhere, then I started to work on the two peacock pillows. I put the cording around one of them before I decided to do a test run. I bought a latice fabric to use with this grouping too. Great fabrics, just not with my headboard.
It might still be a save if I use white behind the peacock fabric. I had a piece of off white fabric, so I put it across the pillows. No this is not going to work either.
I've used all kinds of colors in here in the past, but this is just not a winner. One thing I have learned is to stop now and don't keep on and try to force it. Anybody want a couple of peacock fabric cut out pillow covers?
Back to the fabric store.
I agree, it didn't work. I think the patterns all conflicted with each other. I know you love the banana leaf fabric but I think that peacock fabric is beautiful!
If I remember correctly you changed the headboard fabric when you bought it. Is it possible for you to apply a new fabric to the headboard to lighten that area up and maybe this would work? I really like what you started- the patterns are great!
Move your orange/blue/brown pillow to the bed to try them. I bet it would work beautifully. You need a fabric that has a touch of brown in it to calm the headboard.
I totally identified with your post, Marty. I just had to rip up a bathroom floor that went as wrong as wrong could go--looked great on paper, but in person, it looked like I'd smudged whole areas of the tile with black ink. As for your room, I do love your fabrics and inspiration board. I agree with Katz's suggestion, too. Also, would it be possible to use the peacock fabric in another part of the room--pillows, seat cover, even a cover for books--or in the bathroom? Have a great weekend!
Those are such beautiful fabrics. Sad they do not want to play nice together. I know you will come up with a solution, that is one thing that is so much fun about following you.
I love the Peacock pillows, the colors look more springy...I would relocate the darker green banana leaf pillows.
Sometimes we're in sort of a disappointment when something that looked so perfect on paper doesn't even reflect the idea we had, lol!
The Peacock pillow is awesome! You will find just the perfect ones soon.
Agh! I don't know if my last comment was lost. Yes, remember when I thought I HAD to have Schumacher chiang ming dragon in the living room? I actually made the pillows. Oh I still dearly love that fabric but it was wrong, all wrong! Maybe we should have a linky party of nice things that didn't turn out and swap. :) Anyhoo, agree with everyone, the headboard would need to be lighter. Love the peacock and lattice fabrics together. They are warm greens. The palm print is a cool green which is why it is fighting. But it could look nice in another area. I know you love a good challenge.
I like the Palm Beach fabrics. It might be wise to change the headboard fabric.
I like the trellis and the peacock fabrics together, maybe the oblong pillow would look nice repeated in the trellis fabric and maybe trimmed with pink or orange piping to tie everything together, and save the bamboo leaf fabric for another project...love the bright colors!
I do like the colorful pillows, and love that you use your blog to feel out how things look. Hope you find a way to make them work somehow. Thanks for sharing at Snickerdoodle.
ahh shucks.. sorry it isnt working for you Marty... the greens are Beautiful though. I'd sure keep those~!
I think the banana leaf fabric is the one that is not working. It is an off color from the other fabrics. Also you might want to try a solid color pillow between the trellis and peacock fabric or I think if you paired your pillows (minus the banana leaf one) with a more colorful duvet it would work better. Perhaps something in a blue (navy or a blue-green) without a lot of pattern but maybe with some texture. Just a thought.
Or if you are wanting more neutral and light colored bedding a nice tan would work better than the white.
You'll figure it out, Marty! Good idea to stop where you were and test out the look. You saved yourself a lot more time doing that and can now "reboot".
love the fabrics but agree not the right feel for the bad. I think the lumbar could stay, maybe a bit darker of a jungle type feel for the rest of the fabric with minimal bright colors? Or some big bold colors instead of prints? now you made me want to play around with fabric and my bedroom!
I like the colors in all three fabrics but I agree that they don't work together. To my eye, it's because they are all large prints. I think if you swapped one of them out for a smaller print pattern it would go together better.
Oh that's disappointing! I'm sure you will find an alternative.


The great white shark, also known as the great white, white pointer, white shark, or white death, is a species of large lamniform shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans.
It is really difficult to measure that how large a shark actually is. The reason is simple: they live in water, and it is not entirely safe to get close to them. Safety is one thing, the other thing is their incredible speed: great white sharks can accelerate to over 56 km/h (35 mph).
Another difficulty is, their bodies are comprised of mostly water too, so when they are landed the water dries up, and they become smaller.
In overall, the great white is the fifth largest living fish on earth.
Historically, a number of very large great white shark specimens have been recorded. For decades, many sources including the Guinness Book of World Records, listed two great white sharks as the largest individuals: In the 1870s, a 10.9 m (36 ft) great white captured in southern Australian waters, near Port Fairy, and an 11.3 m (37 ft) shark trapped in a herring weir in New Brunswick, Canada, in the 1930s. Some researchers question these measurements' reliability, noting they were much larger than any other accurately reported sighting. This New Brunswick shark may have been a misidentified basking shark, as the two have similar body shapes. The basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) is the second largest living fish, after the whale shark, and one of three plankton-eating sharks besides the whale shark and megamouth shark.
The question of the Port Fairy shark was settled in the 1970s when J. E. Randall examined the shark's jaws and "found that the Port Fairy shark was of the order of 5 m (17 ft) in length and suggested that a mistake had been made in the original record, in 1870, of the shark's length".
So, what is the largest great white shark ever recorded?
A very large specimen was caught off of the coast of Cuba in 1945. Known as the "Cojimar Specimen", it allegedly weighed 7,000 pounds (3,175 kg) and was 21 feet (6.4 m) in length. It is often cited as the largest great white shark ever recorded. At the time, an entire village seemed to come out for the photo. Several adults stood at the background, while kids sat on the long-dead shark, legs dangling over the side.
But, later analysis of the photo by experts, such as R. Aidan Martin of the ReefQuest Center for Shark Research, suggests the shark fell short of its stated size. Martin instead concluded it measured around 16 feet (4.9 meters) in length, with a weight that's hard to determine just based on a single photo.
According to the American ichthyologist and a leading authority on coral reef fishes, also a shark expert J. E. Randall, the largest reliably measured great white shark was 6.0 meters (19.7 feet), found near Ledge Point, Western Australia in 1987.
The great white shark specimen caught off Filfla, Malta on April 17, 1987. First two photos from A. De Maddalene's archive. The third photo by J. Gullaumier.
On April 17, 1987, Alfredo Cutajar caught a big female great white off the coast of Filfla, Malta that was reportedly measured to be 7.23 meters (23.7 feet) long and weighed 2,880 kg (6,349 lbs).
In the mid-90s, Cutajar and John Abela were interviewed for a documentary "Jaws in the Mediterranean". This time, Cutajar has claimed that the shark was 7.01 meters (23 feet) and Abela confirmed that. He said that he had accurately measured the shark twice, as it lay on the floor, at 23 feet 5 inches (7.14 meters). In 2001, again, Cutajar said that it was 7.01 meters (23 feet) in length.
Later, based a set of its jaws, Spanish shark researchers Joan Barrull and Isabel Mate estimated that the Malta shark was between 6,68-6.81 meters (21.92-22.34 feet) in length.
There's been some dispute about the accuracy of these numbers, however, and experts have been arguing over it for years. Shark experts Richard Ellis and John E. McCosker, authors of the book The Great White Shark (1991), have also largely discounted the claim of the Maltese fisherman.
On May 14, 1997, a huge great white shark caught in a set-net off Hualien County, Taiwan. Gross weight of this animal was 2500 kilograms (5,500 pounds) and total length is claimed at 6.7 to 7.0 meters (~22 feet). This length, however, unconfirmed, and note that forced perspective is used in its only photo. Still, it is considered as possibly the largest great white shark ever recorded.
On April 1, 1987, a huge great white was captured near Kangaroo Island in Australia. It was estimated at at least 6.9 meters (23 feet) long.
According to Wikipedia, the shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the Kangaroo Island specimen was 5.8-6.4 meters (19-21 feet) long. In a similar fashion, I. K. Fergusson also used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the MALTA specimen was 5.3-5.7 meters (17-19 feet) long.
However, photographic evidence suggested that these specimens were larger than the size estimations yielded through Randall's methods. Thus, a team of scientists-H. F. Mollet, G. M. Cailliet, A. P. Klimley, D. A. Ebert, A. D. Testi, and L. J. V. Compagno-reviewed the cases of the KANGA and MALTA specimens in 1996 to resolve the dispute by conducting a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the remains of these sharks and re-examination of photographic evidence in an attempt to validate the original size estimations and their findings were consistent with them. The findings indicated that estimations by P. Resiley and J. Abela are reasonable and could not be ruled out.
In the photograph above, we see a huge 21′ 8″ (6.6 meter) great white shark caught by the Australian shark hunter Vic Hislop in 1985 (still forced perspective is used). This may be the biggest white shark ever caught. Hislop also believes there are many even bigger sharks out there in our oceans. He also claims to have a caught a bigger one than the one pictured, but couldn't land it.
Contrary to the current belief that the great whites are not natural man-eaters, Hislop believes that the great white sharks can develop a taste for humans and that once one does, it will travel from beach to beach devouring humans whenever it feels hungry. He says "At least a hundred swimmers disappear every year here and their bodies are never found. Many have been eaten. I've often caught sharks and removed human hands and feet from their stomachs. I even found a human foot still in its sandal." You can read more about this on the Edit International site.
According to the Canadian Shark Research Center, the world's largest accurately measured great white was 20 feet (6.1 meters) in length. This was a female caught in 1988 at Canada's Prince Edward Island. It is caught by the local fisherman David McKendrick. The shark became tangled in McKendrick's net as he fished off the western side of the island, and died before it was brought to the surface. A large female, the shark was a rarity in the northern seas.
This enormous shark named "Deep Blue" was spotted near Isla Guadalupe, off the coast of Mexico and is probably the largest great white shark ever to be filmed and believed to be one of the largest great white sharks ever seen. The massive predator was first featured in August by the Discovery Channel in a documentary when researchers tagged the gigantic fish. Researchers believed Deep Blue was pregnant. The shark thought to be around 50 years old and estimated at 20 feet (6.1 meters).
Great whites can live to around 70 years old in the wild. But today, sharks aren't living nearly as long as they used to – and in turn, not growing as large as they once did.
In the video below, a fearless diver high-fiving Deep Blue.
Photo: Shark Alerts South Australia Facebook page.
An Australian crew has photographed what may be the largest great white shark ever seen, at an approximate length of 23 feet (7 meters). The shark was spotted just 300 feet off the shore of Marino Bay, South Australia. The photo was published on Shark Alerts South Australia Facebook page. According to the non-profit organization, "the crew (of the shark patrol helicopter) used their Jet Boat to compare the size which is around 6 meters and the shark was bigger".
In a comment on their facebook page, Shark Alerts South Australia says: "These guys are professionals so I can ensure you no lies on the length here… As stated the "biggest they've ever seen".
The great white sharks also known as the great white, white pointer, white shark, or white death. Despite the great white shark is responsible for by far the largest number of recorded shark attacks on humans, many scientists believe that they do not prey on humans. In the Mediterranean Sea there have been 31 confirmed attacks against humans in the last two centuries, most of which were non-fatal. Scientists say many of the attacks are "test bites", and the fatalities are usually caused by blood loss from the initial bite rather than from critical organ loss or from whole consumption.
Humans are not appropriate prey because the shark's digestion is too slow to cope with a human's high ratio of bone to muscle and fat. Accordingly, in most recorded attacks, great whites broke off contact after the first bite. However, some researchers have hypothesized that the reason the proportion of fatalities is low is not that sharks do not like human flesh, but because humans are often able to escape after the first bite.
In the 1980s, John McCosker, Chair of Aquatic Biology at the California Academy of Sciences, noted that divers who dove solo and were attacked by great whites were generally at least partially consumed, while divers who followed the buddy system were generally rescued by their buddy. McCosker and Timothy C. Tricas, an author and professor at the University of Hawaii, suggest that a standard pattern for great whites is to make an initial devastating attack and then wait for the prey to weaken before consuming the wounded animal. Humans' ability to move out of reach with the help of others, thus foiling the attack, is unusual for a great white's prey.
Mediterranean Great White Sharks – A Comprehensive Study Including All Recorded Sightings. By Alessandro De Maddalena and Walter Heim.
there have been documented sharks 35 feet or larger. There was also a frozen architeuthis dux at 100 feet found frozen in the antarctica in the past. The oceans go VERY deep. There is no way to say what is really alive and what is not.
What about the 23″5′ caught and measured accurately in Malta in 1987?
A great write-up! Can I use it to update this article?


text:
\section{Introduction}

Let $K$ be a field, $m$ a positive integer and $n$ an integer prime to the characteristic of $K$. The Milnor-Bloch-Kato conjecture asserts that the Galois symbol
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:galoisclass}
K^M_m(K)/n K^M_m(K) \quad \longrightarrow \quad H^m(K, {\mathbb Z}/n{\mathbb Z}(m))
\end{equation}
from Milnor $K$-groups to Galois cohomology is bijective. Recently, Rost and Voevodsky have announced a proof (special cases have been obtained earlier by Merkurjev-Suslin, Rost and Voevodsky).

In \cite{somekawa}, Somekawa has introduced certain {\it generalized Milnor $K$-groups} $K(K; A_1, \ldots, A_m)$ attached to semi-abelian varieties $A_1, \ldots, A_m$. If $A_1 = \ldots = A_m = {\mathbb G}_m$ is the one-dimensional split torus they agree with the usual $K^M_m(K)$. If $m=2$, $A_1 = \Jac_X$ and $A_2 = \Jac_Y$ are the Jacobians of smooth, projective and connected curves $X$ and $Y$ over $K$ having a $K$-rational point, then $K(K; A_1, A_2)$ is the kernel of the Albanese map $\CH_0(X\times Y)_{\deg = 0} \to \Alb_{X\times Y}(K)$.

Somekawa has defined a Galois symbol
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:generalgaloisclass}
K(K; A_1, \ldots, A_m)/n K(K; A_1, \ldots, A_m) \longrightarrow H^m(K,A_1[n]\otimes\ldots\otimes A_m[n])
\end{equation}
and conjectured that it is always injective. In this note we present a counterexample (see section \ref{section:somekawa}). Let us describe it briefly. Let $L/K$ be a cyclic extension of degree $n$ and $\sigma$ a generator of the Galois group $\Gal(L/K)$. Let $T$ be the kernel of the norm map $\Res_{L/K} {\mathbb G}_m \to {\mathbb G}_m$. We show that the norm $K(L; T,T) \to K(K; T,T)$ induces an isomorphism  $K_2(L; T,T)/(1-\sigma) \to K_2(K; T,T)$. On the other hand, the corresponding map of Galois cohomology groups $H^2(L,T[n]\otimes T[n])/(1-\sigma) \to H^2(K,T[n]\otimes T[n])$ is neither injective nor surjective (for a suitable choice of $L/K$). Note that, since $T$ is split over $L$, the Galois symbol $K_2(L; T,T)/n \to  H^2(L,T[n]\otimes T[n])$ is bijective. Consequently, $K_2(K; T,T)/n \to  H^2(K,T[n]\otimes T[n])$ is in general not injective.

In the section \ref{section:beilinson} we show that the motive $M(T\times T)$ gives a counterexample to another generalization  of the Milnor-Bloch-Kato conjecture (proposed by Beilinson).

We would like to thank Bruno Kahn for his comments on the first version of this note. In particular he pointed out to us that our counterexample to Somekawa's conjecture should also provide a counterexample to Beilinson's conjecture.

\section{Counterexample to Somekawa's conjecture}
\label{section:somekawa}

\paragraph{Algebraic groups as Mackey-functors} Let $K$ be a field. For a finite field extension $L/K$ and commutative algebraic groups $G$ over $K$ and $H$ over $L$ we denote by $G_L$ the base change of $G$ to $L$ and by $\Res_{L/K} H$ the Weil restriction of $H$. The functor $G \mapsto G_L$ is left and right adjoint to $H \mapsto \Res_{L/K} H$. In particular there are adjunction homomorphisms $\iota_{L/K}: G \to \Res_{L/K} G_L$ and $N_{L/K}:\Res_{L/K} G_L \to G$. When $L/K$ is a Galois extension, the Galois group $\Gal(L/K)$ acts canonically on $\Res_{L/K} G_L$. The following simple result, whose proof will be left to the reader, will be used later.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma:norm}
Let $L/K$ be a cyclic Galois extension of degree $n$, $\sigma$ a generator of $\Gal(L/K)$ and let $G$ be a commutative algebraic group over $K$. Let $G'$ be the kernel of $N_{L/K}:\Res_{L/K} G_L \to G$ so that $G'_L \cong G_L^{n-1}$. Then the map
\[
\Res_{L/K} (G_L)^{n-1} \cong\Res_{L/K}G'_L\stackrel{N_{L/K}}{\longrightarrow} G' \hookrightarrow \Res_{L/K} G_L
\]
is given on the $i$-th summand by $1-\sigma^i$.
\end{lemma}

We denote by ${\cal C}_K$ the category of finite reduced $K$-schemes. Thus each object of ${\cal C}_K$ is isomorphic to $\Spec( E_1 \times \ldots \times E_r)$ where $E_1, \ldots, E_r/K$ are finite field extensions. A commutative algebraic group $G$ over $K$ defines a {\it Mackey-functor}, i.e.\ a co- and contravariant functor $G: {\cal C}_K \to \ab$ satisfying (i), (ii) below. If $f:X \to Y$ is a morphism we denote by $f_*: G(X)\to G(Y)$ and $f^*: G(Y)\to G(X)$ the homomorphisms induced by co- and contravariant functoriality respectively.
\begin{itemize}
\item[(i)] If $X = X_1 \coprod X_2 \in \Obj({\cal C}_K)$ then $G(X) = G(X_1) \oplus G(X_2)$.
\item[(ii)]
If
\[
\begin{CD}
X' @>> f' > Y'\\
@VV g' V @VV g V\\
X @>> f > Y
\end{CD}
\]
is a cartesian square in ${\cal C}_K$ then $g^* f_* = (f')_* (g')^*$.
\end{itemize}
If $K \subseteq E_1 \subseteq E_2$ are two finite field extensions and $f: \Spec E_2 \to \Spec E_1$ the corresponding map in ${\cal C}_K$ then $f^*$ (resp.\ $f_*$) is given by $\iota_{E_2/E_1}: G(E_1) \to G(E_2)$ (resp.\ $N_{E_2/E_1}:  G(E_2)\to G(E_1)$).

\paragraph{Local symbols} We recall also the notion of a {\it local symbol} (\cite{serre} and \cite{somekawa}) for $G$. Let $X\to \Spec K$ is a proper non-singular algebraic curve (note that we do not assume that $X$ is connected). Let $K(X)$ denote the ring of rational functions on $X$ and $|X|$ the set of closed points of $X$. For $P \in |X|$ we denote by $K_P$ the quotient field of the completion ${\widehat{\cO}}_{X,P}$ of ${\cal O}_{X,P}$, by $v_P: K_P\to {\mathbb Z}\cup \{\infty\}$ the normalized valuation and by $K(P)$ the residue field of $K_P$. The local symbol at $P$ is a homomorphism $\partial_P: (K_P)^* \otimes G(K_P) \to G(K(P))$. It is characterized by the following properties:
\begin{itemize}
\item[(i)] If $f\in (K_P)^*$ and $g\in G({\widehat{\cO}}_{X,P})$ then $\partial_P(f\otimes g) =  v_P(f) g(P)$. Here $g(P)$ is the image of $g$ under the canonical map $G({\widehat{\cO}}_{X,P}) \to G(K(P))$.
\item[(ii)] For $f\in K(X)^*$ and $g\in G(K(X))$ we have $\sum_{P \in |X|} \, N_{K(P)/K}(\partial_P(f\otimes g)) = 0$.
\end{itemize}

\paragraph{Milnor $K$-groups attached to commutative algebraic groups} Let $G_1, \ldots, G_m$ be commutative algebraic groups over $K$. In \cite{somekawa} Somekawa has introduced the Milnor $K$-group $K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_m)$ (actually Somekawa considered only the case of semiabelian varieties though his construction works for arbitrary commutative algebraic groups). It is given as
\[
K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_m) = \left(\bigoplus_{X} \, G_1(X) \otimes \ldots \otimes G_m(X)\right)/R
\]
where $X$ runs through all objects of ${\cal C}_K$ and where the subgroup $R$ is generated by the following elements:

\noindent (R1) If $f:X \to Y$ is a morphism in ${\cal C}_K$ and if $x_{i_0}\in G_{i_0}(Y)$ for some $i_0$ and $x_i\in G_i(X)$ for $i\ne i_0$, then
\[
x_1\otimes \ldots\otimes f_*(x_{i_0}) \otimes\ldots \otimes x_m - f^*(x_1)\otimes \ldots\otimes x_{i_0} \otimes\ldots \otimes f^*(x_m)\in R.
\]

\noindent (R2) Let $X\to \Spec K$ be a proper non-singular curve, $f\in K(X)^*$ and $g_i\in G_i(K(X))$. Assume that for each $P\in |X|$ there exists $i(P)$ such that $g_i\in G_i({\widehat{\cO}}_{X,P})$ for all $i\ne i(P)$. Then
\[
\sum_{P \in |X|} \, g_1(P) \otimes \ldots \otimes \partial_P(f\otimes g_{i(P)}) \otimes \ldots \otimes g_m(P)\in R.
\]

For $X\in {\cal C}_K$ and $x_i\in G_i(X)$ for $i=1, \ldots , m$ we write $\{x_1, \ldots, x_m\}_{X/K}$ for the image of $x_1\otimes \ldots \otimes x_m$ in $K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_m)$ (elements of this form will be referred to as {\it symbols}).

A sequence of algebraic groups $G' \to G \to G''$ over $K$ will be called {\it Zariski exact} if $G'(E) \to G(E) \to G''(E)$ is exact for every extension $E/K$. The proof of the following result is straightforward; hence will be omitted.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma:rightexact}
Let $m$ be a positive integer and let $i\in \{1, \ldots, m\}$. Let $G_1, \ldots, G_m$ be commutative algebraic groups over $K$ and let $G_i' \to G_i \to G_i''\to 1$ be a Zariski exact sequence of commutative algebraic groups over $K$. Then the sequence
\[
K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_i',\ldots )\to K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_i,\ldots )\to K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_i'',\ldots)\to 0
\]
is exact as well.
\end{lemma}

\paragraph{The norm map}

Let $G_1, \ldots, G_m$ be commutative algebraic groups over $K$ and let $L/K$ be a finite extension. Set $K(L;G_1,\ldots, G_m) \colon = K(L;(G_1)_{L},\break \ldots, (G_m)_{L})$. Then we have the norm map \cite{somekawa}
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:norm}
N_{L/K}: K(L;G_1,\ldots, G_m)  \longrightarrow K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_m)
\end{equation}
defined on symbols by $N_{L/K}(\{x_1, \ldots, x_m\}_{X/L}) = \{x_1, \ldots, x_m\}_{X/K}$ for any $X\in {\cal C}_L$ and $x_i \in G_i(X) ~(i=1, \ldots, m).$
We give another interpretation of (\ref{eqn:norm}) below when $L/K$ is separable. It is based on the following result.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma:weilres}
Let $L/K$ be a finite separable extension and let $i, m$ be positive integers with $i\le m$. Let $G_1, \ldots, G_{i-1},  G_{i+1}, \ldots, G_m$ be commutative algebraic groups over $K$ and let $G_i$ be a commutative algebraic group over $L$. Then, we have an isomorphism
\[
K(K;G_1,\ldots, \Res_{L/K} G_i,\ldots, G_m ) \cong K(L;(G_1)_{L},\ldots, G_i , \ldots, (G_m)_{L}).
\]
\end{lemma}

{\em Proof.} To simplify the notation we assume that $i=m$. We denote by $\pi^{-1}: {\cal C}_K \to {\cal C}_L$ and $\pi: {\cal C}_L \to {\cal C}_K$ the functors
\[
\pi^{-1}(X \to \Spec K) \colon = (X\otimes_K L \to \Spec L),
\]
\[
\pi(Y \to \Spec L) \colon = ( Y \to \Spec L \to \Spec K).
\]
$\pi$ is left adjoint to $\pi^{-1}$. For $X\in {\cal C}_K$ and $Y\in {\cal C}_L$ let
\[
p_X: X\otimes_K L \longrightarrow X, \quad {\iota}_Y: Y \longrightarrow Y\otimes_K L.
\]
be the adjunction morphisms. We define homomorphisms
\[
\phi: K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_{m-1}, \Res_{L/K} G_m) \longrightarrow K(K;(G_1)_{L},\ldots, (G_{m-1})_{L}, G_m),
\]
\[
\psi: K(L;(G_1)_{L},\ldots, (G_{m-1})_{L}, G_m) \longrightarrow  K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_{m-1}, \Res_{L/K} G_m).
\]
as follows. For $X\in {\cal C}_K$, $x_1\in G_1(X), \ldots,  x_{m-1}\in G_{m-1}(X)$ and $x_m\in G_m(X\otimes_K L)$ we put
\[
\phi(\{x_1, \ldots, x_m\}_{X/K}) = \{p^*(x_1), \ldots, p^*(x_{m-1}), x_m\}_{(X\otimes_K L)/L}.
\]
Conversely, for $Y\in {\cal C}_L$ and $y_1\in G_1(Y), \ldots, y_m \in G_m(Y)$ let
\[
\psi(\{y_1, \ldots,  y_{m-1}, y_m\}_{Y/L} = \{y_1, \ldots, y_{m-1}, {\iota}_*(y_m)\}_{Y/K}.
\]
One can easily verify that these maps are well-defined and mutually inverse to each other.
\ifmmode\eqno\Box\else\noproof\vskip0.8truecm\fi

Let $G_1, \ldots, G_m$ be commutative algebraic groups over $K$ and let $L/K$ be a finite separable extension. Take any $i\in \{1,\ldots, m\}$. The map $N_{L/K}: \Res_{L/K}(G_{i})_{L}\to G_i$ induces a map $K(K;G_1,\ldots, \Res_{L/K} (G_{i})_{L},\ldots, G_m) \longrightarrow K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_m)$, and the composition of it with the isomorphism $\psi$ above coincides with the norm map \eqref{eqn:norm}. When $L/K$ is a Galois extension, the action of $\Gal(L/K)$ on $\Res_{L/K} (G_{i})_{L}$ induces its action on
\[
K(L;G_1,\ldots, G_m)\cong K(K;G_1,\ldots, \Res_{L/K} (G_{i})_{L},\ldots, G_m)
\]
and we have $N_{L/K} \circ \sigma = N_{L/K}$ for all $\sigma\in \Gal(L/K)$. This action does not depend on the choice of $i$.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma:hilbert90}
Let $L/K$ be a cyclic Galois extension and let $\sigma\in \Gal(L/K)$ be a generator. Suppose that for two different $i\in \{1, \ldots, m\}$ the sequence
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:normsurj}
\Res_{L/K}(G_{i})_{K}\stackrel{N_{L/K}}{\longrightarrow} G_i\longrightarrow 1
\end{equation}
is Zariski exact. Then the sequence of abelian groups
\[
K(L;G_1,\ldots, G_m)\stackrel{1-\sigma}{\longrightarrow} K(L;G_1,\ldots, G_m)\stackrel{N_{L/K}}{\longrightarrow} K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_m)\longrightarrow 0
\]
is exact.
\end{lemma}

{\em Proof.} Suppose that (\ref{eqn:normsurj}) is exact for $i=m-1, m$. Let $G_m' \colon = \Ker(N_{L/K}:\Res_{L/K}(G_m)_L\to G_m)$. By Lemmas \ref{lemma:rightexact} and \ref{lemma:weilres} there are exact sequences
\begin{align}
\label{align:exakt1}
& K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_m')\to K(L;G_1,\ldots, G_m)\stackrel{N_{L/K}}{\longrightarrow} K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_m)\to 0\\
\label{align:exakt2}
& K(L;G_1,\ldots, G_{m-1}, G_m')\stackrel{N_{L/K}}{\longrightarrow} K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_{m-1}, G_m')\longrightarrow 0.
\end{align}
Since $(G_m')_L\cong (G_m)_L^{n-1}$ ($n\colon =[L:K]$) we can replace the first group of (\ref{align:exakt2}) by $K(L;G_1,\ldots, G_m)^{n-1}$. By Lemma \ref{lemma:norm} the composite
\[
K(L;G_1,\ldots, G_m)^{n-1} \to K(K;G_1,\ldots, G_{m-1}, G_m')\to K(L;G_1,\ldots, G_m)
\]
is given on the $i$-th summand by $1-\sigma^i$. The assertion follows. \ifmmode\eqno\Box\else\noproof\vskip0.8truecm\fi

\paragraph{Galois symbol}

Let $G_1, \ldots, G_m$ be connected commutative algebraic groups over $K$, and let $n$ be an integer prime to the characteristic of $K$.
For any finite extension $L/K$, we have a homomorphism \cite{somekawa}
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:galoissymbol}
h_L: K(L; G_1, \ldots, G_m)/n
\longrightarrow H^m(L,G_1[n]\otimes\ldots\otimes G_m[n])
\end{equation}
called the {\it Galois symbol}.
This is characterized by the following properties.
\begin{itemize}
\item[(i)]
If $x_i \in G_i(L)$ for $i=1, \ldots, m$,
then
$h_L( \{x_1, \ldots, x_m \}_{L/L} ) = (x_1) \cup \ldots \cup (x_m)$.
Here we write by $(x_i)$ for the image of
$x_i$ in $H^1(L, G_i[n])$ by the connecting homomorphism
associated to the exact sequence
$1 \to G_i[n] \to G_i \overset{n}{\to} G_i \to 1.$
\item[(ii)]
If $M/L/K$ is a tower of finite extensions and if $M/L$ is
separable (resp. purely inseparable), then the diagram
\[
\begin{CD}
K(M; G_1, \ldots, G_m)/n @>> h_M >
H^m(M,G_1[n]\otimes\ldots\otimes G_m[n])\\
@VV N_{M/L} V
@VVV\\
K(L; G_1, \ldots, G_m)/n @>> h_L >
H^m(L, G_1[n]\otimes\ldots\otimes G_m[n])\\
\end{CD}
\]
is commutative, where the right vertical map is the corestriction
(resp. the multiplication by $[M:L]$
under the identification
$H^m(M,G_1[n]\otimes\ldots\otimes G_m[n]) \cong
H^m(L, G_1[n]\otimes\ldots\otimes G_m[n])$ ).
\end{itemize}
Property (i) implies in particular that (\ref{eqn:galoissymbol}) coincides with the usual Galois symbol (\ref{eqn:galoisclass}) in the case $G_1= \ldots = G_m = {\mathbb G}_m$. In \cite{somekawa} Remark 1.7, Somekawa conjectured that the Galois symbol associated to semiabelian varieties should be injective.

\paragraph{Galois cohomology of cyclic extensions}

Let $L/K$ be a cyclic Galois extension of degree $n$ and let $\sigma$ be a generator of $G \colon = \Gal(L/K)$. For a discrete $G_K$-module $M$, tensoring the short exact sequence of $G$-modules
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:char}
0\longrightarrow {\mathbb Z} \longrightarrow {\mathbb Z}[G] \stackrel{1-\sigma}{\longrightarrow} {\mathbb Z}[G] \longrightarrow {\mathbb Z}\longrightarrow 0
\end{equation}
with $M$ yields a distinguished triangle
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:triangle}
M[1] \stackrel{\alpha}{\longrightarrow} C^{\punkt}(M) \stackrel{\beta}{\longrightarrow} M \stackrel{\gamma}{\longrightarrow} M[2]
\end{equation}
in the derived category $D(G_K)$. Here we denote by $C^{\punkt}(M)$ the complex
\[
\Res_{L/K} M \stackrel{1-\sigma}{\longrightarrow}\Res_{L/K} M
\]
concentrated in degree $-1$ and $0$. The spectral sequence
\[
E^{p,q}_1 = H^q(K, C^p(M))\Longrightarrow E^{p+q} = H^{p+q}(K,C^{\punkt}(M))
\]
induces short exact sequences
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:edge}
0 \to H^q(L, M)_G \to H^q(K,C^{\punkt}(M)) \to H^{q+1}(L, M)^G\to 0.
\end{equation}
It is easy to see that the composite
\[
H^{q+1}(K, M)\stackrel{\alpha}{\longrightarrow}H^q(K,C^{\punkt}(M))\to H^{q+1}(L, M)^G
\]
is the restriction and
\[
H^q(L, M)_G \to H^q(K,C^{\punkt}(M)) \stackrel{\beta}{\longrightarrow}H^q(K,M)
\]
is induced by the corestriction. In particular we have $\gamma(H^q(K,M)) \subseteq \break \Ker(\res: H^{q+2}(K, M) \to H^{q+2}(L, M))$ hence
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:killn}
n \gamma(H^q(K,M)) = 0.
\end{equation}

For an integer $m$ prime to $\charac K$ and $r\in {\mathbb N}$ we write ${\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z}(r) \colon = \mu_m^{\otimes^r}$ and
\[
H^3(L/K,{\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z}(2))\colon =  \Ker(H^3(K, {\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z}(2))\stackrel{\res}{\longrightarrow}H^3(L, {\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z}(2))).
\]
By restricting $\alpha: H^3(K, {\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z}(2)) \to H^2(K,C^{\punkt}({\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z}(2)))$ to the subgroup $H^3(L/K,{\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z}(2))$ and composing it with the inverse of the first map in (\ref{eqn:edge}) we obtain a map
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:keymap}
 H^3(L/K,{\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z}(2)) \to \Ker(H^2(L, {\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z}(2))_G\stackrel{\cor}{\to} H^2(K, {\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z}(2))).
\end{equation}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma:keylemma}
Assume that $n$ is prime to $\charac K$ and $\mu_{n^2}(\overline{K}) \subset K$. Then the homomorphism (\ref{eqn:keymap}) is injective for $m=n$.
\end{lemma}

{\em Proof.} It is enough to show that $\gamma: H^1(K, {\mathbb Z}/n{\mathbb Z}(2)) \to H^3(K, {\mathbb Z}/n{\mathbb Z}(2))$ is zero. Consider the commutative diagram
\[
\begin{CD}
H^1(K, {\mathbb Z}/n{\mathbb Z}(2)) @>>>H^1(K, {\mathbb Z}/n^2{\mathbb Z}(2))\\
@VV \gamma V@VV \gamma V\\
H^3(K, {\mathbb Z}/n{\mathbb Z}(2)) @>>>H^3(K, {\mathbb Z}/n^2{\mathbb Z}(2))
\end{CD}
\]
induced by the canonical injection ${\mathbb Z}/n{\mathbb Z}(2)\to {\mathbb Z}/n^2{\mathbb Z}(2)$. The assumption $\mu_{n^2}(\overline{K}) \subset K$ implies that the upper horizontal map can be identified with
\[
K^*/(K^*)^n \longrightarrow K^*/(K^*)^{n^2}, x (K^*)^n \mapsto x^n (K^*)^{n^2}.
\]
In particular the image is contained in $n H^1(K, {\mathbb Z}/n^2{\mathbb Z}(2))$. By (\ref{eqn:killn}) it is mapped under $\gamma$ to $n\gamma(H^1(K, {\mathbb Z}/n^2{\mathbb Z}(2)))= 0$. On the other hand it is a simple consequence of the Merkurjev-Suslin theorem \cite{ms} that the lower horizontal map is injective. Hence $\gamma(H^1(K, {\mathbb Z}/n(2))) = 0$. \ifmmode\eqno\Box\else\noproof\vskip0.8truecm\fi

\paragraph{The counterexample}

Let $L/K$ be as in the last section and let $T \colon = \Ker(N_{L/K}:\Res_{L/K} {\mathbb G}_m \to {\mathbb G}_m)$. We make the following assumptions
\begin{align}
\label{align:torus1}
& \mbox{$n$ is prime to $\charac K$ and $\mu_{n^2}(\overline{K}) \subset K$,}\hspace{3cm}\\
\label{align:torus2}
& \mbox{$H^3(L/K,{\mathbb Z}/n{\mathbb Z}(2)))\ne 0$.}
\end{align}

\begin{proposition}
\label{proposition:counterex}
The Galois symbol $K(K; T,T)/n \to H^2(K, T[n]\otimes T[n])$ is not injective.
\end{proposition}

{\em Proof.} Let $\sigma$ be a generator of $G \colon = \Gal(L/K)$. The exact sequence
\[
1\longrightarrow {\mathbb G}_m \longrightarrow\Res_{L/K} {\mathbb G}_m \stackrel{1-\sigma}{\longrightarrow}\Res_{L/K} {\mathbb G}_m\stackrel{N_{L/K}}{\longrightarrow} {\mathbb G}_m \longrightarrow 1
\]
yields two short exact sequences
\begin{align}
\label{align:torus3}
& 1\longrightarrow {\mathbb G}_m \longrightarrow \Res_{L/K} {\mathbb G}_m \longrightarrow T \longrightarrow 1,\hspace{2cm} \\
\label{align:torus4}
& 1 \longrightarrow T \longrightarrow \Res_{L/K} {\mathbb G}_m\longrightarrow {\mathbb G}_m\longrightarrow 1.
\end{align}

Correspondingly, (\ref{eqn:char}) induces two short exact sequences
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:cochar}
0 \to {\mathbb Z} \to {\mathbb Z}[G] \to X \to 0, \qquad 0 \to X \to{\mathbb Z}[G] \to{\mathbb Z} \to 0
\end{equation}
where $X$ denotes the cocharacter group of $T$. Note that the sequence (\ref{align:torus3}) is Zariski exact by Hilbert 90. Since the map $\Res_{L/K} {\mathbb G}_m \to T$ factors through $\Res_{L/K} {\mathbb G}_m \to \Res_{L/K} T \to T$ the sequence $\Res_{L/K} T \to T \to 1$ is Zariski exact as well. By Lemma \ref{lemma:hilbert90} the upper horizontal map in the diagram
\[
\begin{CD}
(K(L; T, T)/n)_G  @> N_{L/K} >> K(K; T,T)/n\\
@VVV@VVV\\
H^2(L, T[n]\otimes T[n])_G @> \cor >>H^2(K, T[n]\otimes T[n])
\end{CD}
\]
is an isomorphism. The vertical maps are Galois symbols. Since $T_L$ is a split torus the left vertical map is an isomorphism by the Merkurjev-Suslin theorem \cite{ms}. Thus to finish the proof it remains to show that the lower vertical arrow is not injective. Note that $T[n] \cong {\mathbb Z}/n{\mathbb Z}(1)\otimes X$. Hence the assertion follows from Lemma \ref{lemma:keylemma} and Lemma \ref{lemma:directsum} below.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma:directsum}
There exists homomorphisms of $G$-modules $e: {\mathbb Z} \to X\otimes_{{\mathbb Z}} X$ and $f: X\otimes_{{\mathbb Z}} X\to {\mathbb Z}$ such that $f\circ e: {\mathbb Z}\to {\mathbb Z}$ is multiplication by $n-1$.
\end{lemma}

{\em Proof.} For a $G$-module $M$ we write $M^{\vee}$ for the $G$-module $\Hom(M, {\mathbb Z})$. Let $(\,\,,\,\,):{\mathbb Z}[G] \otimes_{{\mathbb Z}} {\mathbb Z}[G] \longrightarrow {\mathbb Z}$
be the symmetric pairing given by
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:pair}
(g,g') \quad =  \quad  \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
                       1 & \mbox{if $g=g'$,}\\
                       0 & \mbox{if $g\ne g'$.}\\
\end{array} \right.
\end{equation}
It yields an isomorphism ${\mathbb Z}[G]\to {\mathbb Z}[G]^{\vee}$. For a submodule $M \subseteq {\mathbb Z}[G]$ let
\[
M^{\perp} = \{x\in {\mathbb Z}[G]\mid \, (x,m) = 0 \,\,\,\forall\, m\in M\}.
\]
Then we have $X^{\perp} = {\mathbb Z} S$ and $({\mathbb Z} S)^{\perp} = X$ where $S = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \, \sigma^i$. Thus (\ref{eqn:pair}) yields an isomorphism
$X \cong ({\mathbb Z}[G]/{\mathbb Z} S)^{\vee}$. By (\ref{eqn:cochar}) we have ${\mathbb Z}[G]/{\mathbb Z} S\cong X$, hence
\[
X\otimes_{{\mathbb Z}} X\quad \cong\quad X\otimes_{{\mathbb Z}} X^{\vee} \quad \cong\quad \Hom(X,X)
\]
Thus it suffices to prove the assertion for $\Hom(X,X)$. Obviously, for the two maps $e:{\mathbb Z} \to \Hom(X,X), m\mapsto m\id_X$ and $f: \Hom(X,X) \to {\mathbb Z}, \tau \mapsto \Tr(\tau)$ we have $f\circ e = \rank(X) = n-1$. \ifmmode\eqno\Box\else\noproof\vskip0.8truecm\fi

\begin{remark}
\label{remark:nlocal} \rm It is easy to construct examples where the assumptions (\ref{align:torus1}) and (\ref{align:torus2}) above are satisfied. For instance if $K$ is a $2$-local field satisfying property (\ref{align:torus1}) and $L/K$ is any cyclic extension of degree $n$ then (\ref{align:torus2}) holds by \cite{kato}.
\end{remark}

\section{Counterexample to a conjecture of Beilinson}
\label{section:beilinson}

We first introduce some notation and recall a few facts from \cite{voevodsky} and \cite{mvw}. Let $K$ be a field of characteristic zero. Let $Cor_K$ denote the additive category of finite correspondences (\cite{mvw}, 1.1). The objects of $Cor_K$ are smooth separated $K$-schemes of finite type and for $X,Y\in \Obj(Cor_K)$ the group of morphisms $Cor_K(X,Y)$ is the free abelian group generated by integral closed subschemes $W$ of $X\times Y$ which are finite and surjective over $X$. Let $\Dnis{K}$ (resp.\ $\Det{K}$) denote the derived category of complexes of Nisnevich (resp.\ {\'e}tale) sheaves with transfer bounded from above.

The category of effective motivic complexes $\DMn(K)$ (resp.\ {\'e}tale effective motivic complexes $\DMe(K)$) is the full subcategory of $D^{-}(Shv_{\Nis}\break (Cor_K))$ (resp.\ $\Det{K}$) which consists of complexes $C^\star$ with homotopy invariant cohomology sheaves $H^i(C^\star)$ for all $i$ (see \cite{voevodsky}, 3.1 or \cite{mvw}, 14.1, resp.\ 9.2). $\DMn(K)$ and $\DMe(K)$ are triangulated tensor categories. They are equipped with the t-structure induced from the standard t-structure on $\Dnis{K}$ (resp.\ $\Det{K}$). There is a covariant functor $M: Cor_K\to  \DMn(K), X \mapsto M(X)$ and we have $M(X\times Y) = M(X)\otimes M(Y)$. There is also the "change of topology" functor $\alpha^*: \DMn(K)\to \DMe(K)$. It is a tensor functor which admits a right adjoint $R\alpha_*: \DMe(K)\to \DMn(K)$.

Beilinson \cite{beilinson} has proposed the following generalization of the Milnor-Bloch-Kato conjecture: For any smooth affine $K$-scheme $X$ the adjunction morphism $M(X)\to R\alpha_*\alpha^* M(X)$ induces an isomorphism on cohomology in degrees $\le 0$, i.e.\ the map
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:beilinsonconj}
a_X: M(X)\longrightarrow t_{\le 0} R\alpha_*\alpha^* M(X)
\end{equation}
is an isomorphism in $\DMn(K)$.

If $X = ({\mathbb G}_m)^d= {\mathbb G}_m\times \ldots \times {\mathbb G}_m$ ($d$-fold product of ${\mathbb G}_m$) we have $M(X) \cong ({\mathbb Z} \oplus {\mathbb Z}(1)[1])^d$. Thus $a_X$ is an isomorphism if and only if
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:mbkconj}
{\mathbb Z}(n) \longrightarrow t_{\le n} R\alpha_*\alpha^* {\mathbb Z}(n)
\end{equation}
is an isomorphism for all $n\le d$. It is known (compare \cite{sv}) that the Milnor-Bloch-Kato conjecture is equivalent to the assertion that (\ref{eqn:mbkconj}) is an isomorphism for all $n\ge 0$.

Let $L/K$ be a separable quadratic extension and let $T \colon = \Ker(N_{L/K}:\Res_{L/K} {\mathbb G}_m \to {\mathbb G}_m)$. We shall show that (\ref{eqn:beilinsonconj}) is in general not an isomorphism for $X = T^n$ for $n\ge 2$.
By (\cite{hk}, 7.3) there exists a canonical decomposition $M(T) = {\mathbb Z} \oplus {\mathbb Z}(L/K, 1)[1]$
where ${\mathbb Z}(L/K, 1)$ is the cone of the morphism ${\mathbb Z}(1)\to \Res_{L/K} {\mathbb Z}(1)$.

\begin{remarks}
\rm (a) Here is a more explicit description of the motive ${\mathbb Z}(L/K, 1)$. The torus $T$ defines a homotopy invariant {\'e}tale (hence Nisnevich) sheaf with transfer and therefore an element of $\DMn(K)$. We have
\[
{\mathbb Z}(L/K, 1) \quad \cong \quad T[-1].
\]
This can be deduced from the corresponding statement for ${\mathbb G}_m$ (\cite{mvw}, 4.1) and the exactness of (\ref{align:torus3}) (as a sequence in $Shv_{\Nis}(Cor_K)$).

\noindent (b)\footnote{This remark has been communicated to us by B.\ Kahn.} Let $A_1, \ldots , A_n$ be semi-abelian varieties over $K$. It should be possible to identify the generalized Milnor $K$-group $K(K;A_1,\ldots, A_n)$ with a $\Hom$-group in $\DMn(K)$. For that we view $A_1, \ldots , A_n$ again as elements in $Shv_{\Nis}(Cor_K)$. Then we expect that
\[
K(K;A_1,\ldots, A_n) \cong \Hom_{\DMn(K)}({\mathbb Z}, A_1\otimes \ldots \otimes A_n).
\]
If $A_1= \ldots = A_n = {\mathbb G}_m$ this is proved in (\cite{mvw}, lecture 5) and it is likely that the proof given there can be adapted to the case of arbitrary semi-abelian varieties.
\end{remarks}

For $p,q \ge 0$ and $n= p+q$ we define
\[
{\mathbb Z}(L/K, p, q) \colon = {\mathbb Z}(L/K, 1)^{\otimes^p}\otimes {\mathbb Z}(q)
\]
and denote by $C(p,q)$ the cone of ${\mathbb Z}(L/K, p, q) \longrightarrow t_{\le n} R\alpha_*\alpha^* {\mathbb Z}(L/K, p, q)$.
Note that ${\mathbb Z}(L/K, p, q)[n]$ is a direct summand of $M(T^p\times ({\mathbb G}_m)^q)$. We also put $C(n) \colon = C(0,n)$. We have
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:mbk2}
C(n)\cong  (t_{\ge n+1} R\alpha_* {\mathbb Q}/{\mathbb Z}(n))[-1]
\end{equation}
This follows from the Milnor-Bloch-Kato conjecture (in fact for our purpose we need (\ref{eqn:mbk2}) only after localization at the prime $2$ where it follows from the Milnor conjecture \cite{voevodsky2}).

Tensoring ${\mathbb Z}(1)\to \Res_{L/K} {\mathbb Z}(1)\to {\mathbb Z}(L/K,1) \to {\mathbb Z}(1)[1]$ with ${\mathbb Z}(L/K, p-1, q)$ (for $p\ge 1, q\ge 0$) yields a distinguished triangle
\[
{\mathbb Z}(L/K, p-1, q+1) \to \Res_{L/K} {\mathbb Z}(n) \to {\mathbb Z}(L/K, p, q)\to {\mathbb Z}(L/K, p-1, q+1)[1]
\]
hence also a triangle
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:basictri}
C(p-1, q+1)\to \Res_{L/K} C(n) \to C(p,q)\to C(p-1, q+1)[1].
\end{equation}
The following Lemma follows easily by induction on $q$ using (\ref{eqn:mbk2}) and (\ref{eqn:basictri}).

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma:counterexample}
Let $p\ge 1,q\ge 0$ and $n= p+q$. Then we have $H^{k}(C(p,q)) = 0$ for $k<q+2$ and
\[
H^{q+2}(C(p,q))(K) \cong H^{n+1}(L/K, {\mathbb Q}/{\mathbb Z}(n))
\]
where $H^{n+1}(L/K, {\mathbb Q}/{\mathbb Z}(n))\colon = \Ker(H^{n+1}(K, {\mathbb Q}/{\mathbb Z}(n))\stackrel{\res}{\longrightarrow}H^{n+1}(L, {\mathbb Q}/{\mathbb Z}(n)))$.
\end{lemma}

Since $[L:K]=2$ we have
\begin{align*}
H^{n+1}(L/K, {\mathbb Q}/{\mathbb Z}(n)) & \cong H^{n+1}(L/K, {\mathbb Q}_2/{\mathbb Z}_2(n)) \cong H^{n+1}(L/K, {\mathbb Z}/2{\mathbb Z}(n))\\
& \cong H^{n+1}(L/K, {\mathbb Z}/2{\mathbb Z})
\end{align*}
(the second isomorphism is a consequence of the Milnor conjecture).
Now the following Proposition follows by
applying Lemma \ref{lemma:counterexample} for $(p,q) = (2,0)$ and $(n, 0)$.

\begin{proposition}
\label{proposition:beilcounterexample} (a) There exists a short exact sequence
\[
0\longrightarrow H^0(M(T\times T))(K)\longrightarrow R^0\alpha_*\alpha^* M(T\times T)(K)\longrightarrow H^3(L/K, {\mathbb Z}/2{\mathbb Z})\longrightarrow 0
\]
In particular if $H^3(L/K, {\mathbb Z}/2{\mathbb Z})\ne 0$ then (\ref{eqn:beilinsonconj}) is not an isomorphism for $X = T\times T$.

\noindent (b) More generally let $n$ be an integer $\ge 2$ and assume that $H^{n+1}(L/K, {\mathbb Z}/2{\mathbb Z})\ne 0$. Then the map (\ref{eqn:beilinsonconj}) is not an isomorphism for $X = T^n$. More precisely either the map
\[
H^{2-n}(M(X))\longrightarrow R^{2-n}\alpha_*\alpha^* M(X)
\]
is not surjective or
\[
H^{3-n}(M(X))\longrightarrow R^{3-n}\alpha_*\alpha^* M(X)
\]
is not injective.
\end{proposition}

An $n$-local field $K$ of characteristic $0$ provides an example where the above assumption holds. In fact by \cite{kato} we have $H^{n+1}(L/K, {\mathbb Z}/2{\mathbb Z})\cong {\mathbb Z}/2{\mathbb Z}$ for such fields.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


I know that sometimes I can seem all doom & gloom about the state of the drug-consuming universe, but once and a while I happen upon something that justifies my concern. This letter by Dr. Leon Gussow, published in the Emergency Medicine News (March 2017) journal is one of those things.
The filtration of fentanyl & fentanyl analogs into the recreational opiate supply has pushed us into a place where the simple "opiate overdose" prognosis in emergency rooms & EMT visits is no longer simple. Previously, treating an opiate overdose involved a single dose of narcan/naloxone, with a few hours of observation before the patient was back on their feet. The patient was then assessed for discharge and removed from the workload of the emergency room if released. This allowed even severe opiate overdoses to be handled in a timely, almost mundane fashion, if the EMTs were timely and the staff was experienced. But as Dr. Gussow explains, this is no longer the case.
Emergency rooms are now being forced to handle overdoses that stem from a massive range of increasingly potent novel opiates. 10-15 years ago, if you presented with a set of symptoms that pointed towards an opiate OD, there were a half dozen drugs that ER staff saw, legal and illegal that could cause it. They were of similar strength and had known toxicology profiles, chemical half-lives and side effects. Today, a patient who claims to have injected or snorted "heroin" or "dope" could have actually taken fentanyl, carfentanil, flurofentanyl, acrylfentanyl. In some cases, even Xanax was adulterated. As you can imagine, this makes diagnosis and rapid treatment difficult. The idea that you could present with symptoms of consuming one drug, while having actually consumed a sister drug that's 5-10,000x more potent than that drug is mind-bogglingly dangerous. Yet, here we are.
Even when you're lucky enough to get prescription painkillers, these substances are counterfeited as well. As Dr. Gussow sadly reminds us. Prince thought he was taking a legitimate prescription painkiller when he overdosed on fentanyl & U-47700. Some believe that Philip Seymour Hoffman injected himself with fentanyl-laced heroin, those reports are still being challenged. This problem is hitting emergency rooms across the country like a ton of bricks. The lethality of the drugs, combined with the fact that there is no good guidance on how to differentiate between these substances, including novel drug tests, leaves ERs fighting blind.. For many of these substances, one dose of naloxone is insufficient, with even the CDC declaring that multiple naloxone doses may be needed for fentanyl overdoses.
This has taken emergency medicine staff by surprise. Not only are previous tactics almost totally ineffective, but these new patients need continual monitoring to ensure they don't get worse without warning. Dr. Gussow mentions a patient who experienced respiratory depression 8 hours after naloxone infusion completed. That's a novel risk to users that present for treatment at hospitals that aren't familiar with the recent shifts in adulterants in their community. A problem this big won't go away because of a border wall or even the Fentanyl export ban recently levied by China. This has fundamentally changed how emergency medicine interfaces with opiate users.
I've spoken about the growth on novel psychoactive substances, but when it comes to novel psychedelics like NBOME or even novel stimulants like Alpha-PVP/Flakka, there seems to be some collective memory surrounding those substances. Novel psychedelics are being seized significantly less often, with fewer overdose reports than we saw in years past. One of the last bastions of novel psychoactive substance use outside of Fentanyl is synthetic cannabinoids, which were responsible for a rash of non-responsive states at a Brooklyn bodega in the summer of last year. People seem to understand which drugs prove problematic, especially when they're doing them only at parties. But fentanyl is uniquely dangerous for a few reasons.
Opiate dependent individuals can consume truly startling quantities of opiates. This is the case whether they have done heroin for decades, or have chronic pain and have been prescribed increasing doses of painkillers by their general practitioner for the same amount of time. Fentanyl used to be available for a very narrow band of painkiller users, who had exceptionally high tolerance and were being carefully supervised. One of the most reassuring things about classical opiates like morphine, opium and heroin is that when found on the street, they were most likely cut and not very strong. This has all changed now. People using fentanyl are not only unlikely to know they're using it, they probably don't even know how much they took. Add to that the proliferation of fentanyl analogues and the spikes in overdose death that America is currently wrestling with becomes more understandable. Not only are more people consuming opiates, but they're consuming dangerous ones that might kill them before emergency medicine can arrive, assess and treat them.
On a macro level, wave after wave of heroin overdoses, buffered by fentanyl & fentanyl analogues, rapidly deplete naloxone stores. Just look at what happened in Louisville two weeks ago. 151 overdose calls in 4 days. This is the equivalent of a multi-alarm fire overwhelming a single fire department, requiring backup. We currently have no strategy to deal with this. Either in the emergency room, as Dr. Gussow reminds us, or on the national level, with states continuing to tread water in this flood, with 50,000 people dying from drug overdoses in 2015 (the most ever).
We need to stop pretending that walls or prisons or bans of drugs from China will put a dent this problem. Banning carfentanil from our shores will save some lives in the next 3-12 months (which should be celebrated) , but we cannot ignore the need to ensure non-adulterated opiates are being used by those in chronic pain, dependent or using recreationally. Safe injection sites provide an environment that allows for medical monitoring, clean needle use and hopefully, expanded testing of substances. Safe injection sites create an opportunity to stamp out a significant chunk of new HIV, Hep C, & STD diagnoses, and to guarantee people aren't injecting fentanyl, carfentanil or the cornucopia of problematic substances adulterating the drugs in the USA, Canada, Mexico and across Europe. Legalization may be a long way off, but there are ways we can save lives and prevent extreme added cost & capacity to our emergency medicine systems. Those costs tend to be ignored during arguments about treatment and insurance, and so many people look for the best life insurance to cover for them in such cases. Dr. Gussow illustrates, if opiate users require 40 hours of naloxone, that's going to explode our costs, and very few healthcare systems are up to that challenge.
It must be nice to work with animals.


The brain is unique in its structure and development. Unlike other organ systems in which the vascular tree arborises within the organs they perfuse, the cerebral blood vessels form a collateral network along the base of the brain with only the smaller vessels penetrating the brain substance. The larger vessels are contained within the subarachnoid space, a well formed compartment which contains circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).1-3 Sheets of arachnoid partition the subarachnoid space into distinct chambers called cisterns. It is within this fragile network of arachnoidal reflections that a subarachnoid haemorrhage may occur.


Orchid Beauty Butterfly Bush features showy panicles of fragrant lavender flowers with orange eyes at the ends of the branches from mid summer to mid fall. The flowers are excellent for cutting. It has grayish green foliage throughout the season. The fuzzy narrow leaves do not develop any appreciable fall colour. The fruit is not ornamentally significant.
Orchid Beauty Butterfly Bush makes a fine choice for the outdoor landscape, but it is also well-suited for use in outdoor pots and containers. Its large size and upright habit of growth lend it for use as a solitary accent, or in a composition surrounded by smaller plants around the base and those that spill over the edges. Note that when grown in a container, it may not perform exactly as indicated on the tag - this is to be expected. Also note that when growing plants in outdoor containers and baskets, they may require more frequent waterings than they would in the yard or garden. Be aware that in our climate, this plant may be too tender to survive the winter if left outdoors in a container. Contact our store for more information on how to protect it over the winter months.


Is The Ark Encounter Accessible?
The Christmas season is finally here! During this season, there are so many family fun activities you can do. This year my family started the season off with a visit to the Ark Encounter! The Ark Encounter is open year long, but during December, they have ice-skating, and festive light displays. Sounds fun, right? That's because it is, unless it has poor accessibility for wheelchair users.
This park is about two years old, so I expected it to be fully ADA compliant. Here's the accessibility adaptions you can expect when you visit the Ark Encounter.
A bus transports you from the parking lot to the actual Ark.
It is like a regular city bus. A ramp deploys from each door. There's a section for two chairs to park. The only concern I have, and I have this for every city bus, is this: they don't use tie-downs for your chair. AKA, you are not strapped in. I am always nervous that my chair will slide on the floor because it has done that in the past. Thankfully, this bus driver drove slowly, and I asked my uncle and dad to stand next to my chair just in case something were to happen.
It's a very large park so if you use a push chair, you may become exhausted quickly. Be prepared.
The park is beautiful, but it can be tiring, even if you're able bodied! If you have trouble walking, they also have rental scooters available.
There are 0 stairs, only ramps. Probably to replicate the interior of Noah's Ark (I'm guessing animals didn't use stairs haha), but this is also great for wheelchairs! This is great because you will never have to separate yourself just to use a ramp. You won't feel like everyone is waiting for you. It's those details, whatever the intention was, that helps wheelchair users connect and feel "normal" with the general public.
More parks should be like this.
As you explore the Ark Encounter, you travel up floors. At the end, there are two elevators that you will use to transport downstairs to exit through the gift shop.
You can warm up by the fire! Huddle around to stay warm.
The Encounter is full of answers.
They go into extreme detail about the Ark and how they survived, cooked, and worked. If you have any questions or you are curious about the Ark, like how they disposed the animal poop, they have an educated answer (but we will most likely, never know 100% how it was done). I don't want to spoil anything else! It was all interesting. Even if you know the story, you will learn something!
End the day and walk around!


After almost seven years, I finally got a shiny new laptop! I've been wanting a new laptop for several years already but kept delaying the purchase because I wanted to max out my old computer as much as possible. I was also waiting for Apple to come out with a new 15″ MacBook Pro worthy of an upgrade. Apple products are not cheap, but I love them and to me, they are worth the premium. Having used Mac notebooks since 2002 I have no interest in Windows-based laptops even if they are significantly cheaper.
Things have been going great with my new laptop so far and I literally use it at least six hours a day if not more. The only challenge I've had so far has been typing with the ginormous track pad – I tend to rest my wrists on the laptop itself when I type (instead of using an ergonomic hover) so sometimes my palms accidentally brush the trackpad, jumping my cursor to a different place. With more practice, however, I should get used to adjusting to new hand position so I won't have so many accidental palm clicks.
I'm super pleased with the speed most of all. It's crazy how slow my old computer is in comparison! The thin profile, Touch ID and Touch bar are fantastic new features too. I get giddy with excitement every time I use my new laptop now and hope it will last me for many years to come. Not having to deal with crashes is already increasing my productivity!
One of the best ways to achieve goals is to keep them at the forefront of our minds and regularly monitor our progress. Here's a peek at the status of my 2017 goals.
Invest $10,000 a month. Agh, I failed on this in February. I totally lost track of time and with the run up in the markets I had planned on paying off some mortgage principal but I missed the end of the month deadline. I need to make up for my forgetfulness in March.
Expand my personal finance writing portfolio. I haven't spent as much time on this as I should have, but I got two article drafts in place that I plan to polish off this month.
Set up contingency plans for my business and assets. I filed some paperwork with the state, set up some new calendar reminders and put some new procedures in the cloud.
Connect with new friends in my neighborhood. I connected with a couple new women over email but didn't get a chance to meet up in person due to scheduling conflicts.
Record clips for 1SE more often. I took a lot more videos in February but I got behind on selecting my clips yet for the second half of the month. I got them all up to date by March 2nd though.
It feels great to finally have a new laptop. And even though it was very expensive, it was worth it. I waited a long time to get it and I use it to do my job every single day! Having a faster machine makes such a difference and I no longer get frustrated every day with frozen programs. I also like the feel of the keys and the better battery life. My old laptop could only hold about 1-2 hours of charge, so getting 24 hours or more between charges feels like a huge luxury.
I'm sure there are other features I haven't use yet that I'll learn to love soon enough as well. I still need to figure out how to use the Photos app and decide if that will work for me or if I should purchase Lightroom. I'll probably keep things simple and stick with Photos.
If any of you have a recent MacBook Pro and have some favorite features, please let me know in the comments below!
Untemplaters, are you a laptop or desktop user? How old is your current computer? Are you a device junkie? What's on your electronics wish list?
Dang, 7 years is a long time to hold out! Well done. I like to go in 5 year cycles as things slow down and get filled up to capacity.
It's weird how we wait so long to upgrade when our laptops are the #1 tool to help us create?! I can spend $10,000 on landscaping so easily, but I cringe at spending more on a laptop.
Nice job with your online profits this month.
Thanks Sam! Yeah seven years sounds like a crazy long time now. One of the main reasons I was able to hold out for so long was I didn't want to migrate my gigantic set of photo libraries lol. I must say I'm really loving my new laptop now though. It's so much faster than my old one!
I've been thinking about getting a new laptop. I've had my Sony Vaio for more than 5 years. I don't use it for much thought except this. And it works fine unless I go many days without using it; then I feel like it takes a while to start up for some reason. I try to keep as little files on it as possible and am always clearing search history and cookies to free up space. Congrats on your new laptop. I think whenever I do upgrade though, it probably will be a MAC too!
If you don't have a lot of data on it and don't use it much, then there's not much rush to change. I had so many weird caching issues with my old one that it would constantly hang and really started to drag on my productivity towards the end. I also have a ton of data and use mine constantly, so I'm glad I finally upgraded. Macs are great btw. I have no desire to go back to windows!
Nice choice! I've been tempted to get a new Macbook Pro ever since we started using them at work. They're very nice machines. But I really love the Dell XPS 15 I bought last year, so I'll be sticking with it until it stops working. It's a very solid machine so I expect it to last me a long time.
I previously had a Dell Inspiron that I used for a solid two and a half years. It was still going strong until I dropped it and damaged it enough to warrant splurging on something new with much better screen resolution. The best feeling of having a new laptop is that the screens are so much better these days. I went from an awful 1366 x 768 screen to a 4K display. It's like seeing the world with new eyes!
Thanks! I had a Dell in college and loved it. But it screwed me over one day when the blue screen of death appeared and would not revive itself to no end. After that I swore never to buy a Dell again. lol. I'm glad yours is working out though and I'm sure you've got a good backup system in place to protect all your files.
Congrats on your new MacBook. I agree that Apple products are worth the premium. I. too, am not interested in any Windows-based laptops regardless of how much cheaper they are. Windows laptops don't last more than 2 years in my experience. I've had a MacBook air since 2014 now and am hoping to get 5 years out of it. I've had no problems thus far.
Thanks! I think it's totally feasible for you to get 5 years out of your MacBook. I anticipate using my new one for at least that long too.


Las Vegas 14 Gram Clay Poker Chips in Acrylic Trays - 200 Ct.
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text:
Q: Firebase notifications service is causing the app to crash I have implemented Firebase notifications and it used to work just fine but now when I try to send a notification the app crash with your app unexpectedly stopped working
This is the log I got from google play console (my code seems fine)
java.lang.AbstractMethodError:
  at com.google.firebase.iid.zzb$1.run (Unknown Source)
  at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker (ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1113)
  at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run (ThreadPoolExecutor.java:588)
  at java.lang.Thread.run (Thread.java:818)

My dependencies
dependencies {
compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
compile 'com.github.javiersantos:AppUpdater:2.6.3'
compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:24.2.0'
compile 'com.android.support:design:24.2.0'
compile 'com.android.support:support-v4:24.2.0'
compile 'com.android.support:cardview-v7:24.2.0'
compile 'com.android.support:recyclerview-v7:24.2.0'
compile 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-ads:10.2.4'
compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-core:10.0.1'
compile 'com.simplecityapps:recyclerview-fastscroll:1.0.11'
compile 'com.nshmura:snappysmoothscroller:1.0.0'
compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-messaging:10.0.1'
compile 'com.android.support.constraint:constraint-layout:1.0.2'
compile 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-analytics:10.2.4'
compile 'com.github.loregr:lgsnackbar:1.0.2'
testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
}

Screenshot of the error after changing to 11.4.0

A: Add Google Maven to your project level build.gradle file like this:
....
allprojects {
    repositories {
        jcenter()
        maven {
            url "https://maven.google.com"
        }
    }
}

Change your dependencies to this:
ompile 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-ads:11.4.0'
compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-core:11.4.0'
compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-messaging:11.4.0'
compile 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-analytics:11.4.0'

The list of all the latest version dependencies is here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Gorbachev Foundation (, Gorbachyov-Fond) is a non-profit organization headquartered in Moscow, founded by the former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in December 1991 and began its work in January 1992. The foundation is active in researching the Perestroika era, as well as current issues of Russian history and politics. It was financed by Mikhail Gorbachev and donations by people and companies.

History
After 1991, late Soviet foreign policy adviser Anatoly Chernyaev worked with the Gorbachev Foundation and also published books.

In May 1992, Gorbachev toured the United States in a two-week speaking tour as part of the foundation.

In June to October 1992, Boris Yeltsin transferred the Gorbachev Foundation's headquarters and buildings to the Russian government by decree, and assigned them to the Finance Academy, though ordered the academy to leave some rooms for Gorbachev to rent. This occurred without notice while the Gorbachev Foundation was building a library. The dispute with Gorbachev followed Yeltsin's ban on the Communist Party. After the Russian Constitutional Court requested in 1992 that Gorbachev be forbidden from leaving the country because he refused to testify in that court's trial over the banning, Gorbachev described himself as the first "refusenik of Russia".

In 1993, Gorbachev founded Green Cross International, a separate organization whose Russian national office is headquartered in the Gorbachev Foundation building.

In 1995, the foundation hosted its first event, the State of the World Forum, at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco, which discussed international political goals of the 21st century such as resolving differences following the Cold War. The forum included guests such as Mikhail Gorbachev, economist Milton Friedman, former U.S. national security adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, former U.S. Secretary of State George P. Shultz, as well as former U.S. President George H.W. Bush, former British PM Margaret Thatcher, scientists Carl Sagan and Jane Goodall, broadcaster Ted Turner, billionaire David Packard, former Senator Alan Cranston, singer John Denver, and chef Wolfgang Puck, South Korean politician Kim Dae-jung, the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize winner Rigoberta Menchu, journalist Bernard Shaw, and Reagan administration US-Soviet Exchange official Stephen Rhinesmith. The conference was described and partially criticized by the book The Global Trap in 1996, written by later populist European Parliament member Hans-Peter Martin. The book noted that the idea of a "one-fifth society" was discussed, and the book, as some speakers, claimed that 20% of the population would sustain the world economy, whereas 80% would be distracted by what Zbigniew Brzezinski criticized and purportedly called "tittytainment" a mindless form of entertainment.

The first World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates was held in 1999 as encouraged by the Gorbachev Foundation. Major World Summits have included the 2009 Berlin Summit celebrating the end of the Cold War and reunification of East and West, the 2010 Hiroshima Summit about global nuclear disarmament, and the 2012 Chicago Summit. World Summits have included guests such as the Dalai Lama, F.W. de Klerk and Lech Walesa, and Jayantha Dhanapala.

In February 2012, bankers from Russia's National Reserve Bank, after 130 Russian security service agents raided the bank, demanded information on funding to the Gorbachev Foundation, as well as to Novaya Gazeta.

During a Gorbachev Foundation-TIME interview in December 2014, following the Russian invasion of Crimea, Gorbachev claimed that the U.S. was starting a "new Cold War" although also stated "We have to return to what we started with at the end of the Cold War."

In 2017, the Gorbachev Foundation hosted a conference called "Russian Lessons for Reagan" involving various end of the Cold War diplomats, a book of the same name by Suzanne Massie, and guests included U.S. Ambassador John Huntsman, and former Soviet Foreign Minister Alexander Bessmertnykh.

In August 2021, on the 30th anniversary of the failed 1991 coup by hardliners, Gorbachev published a statement through the foundation: "I believe that the democratic path of Russia's development is the only correct one, that only on this path can our country develop and solve any problems."

Foundation projects
The Raisa Maximovna Club (launched in 1997)
 World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates
 Green Cross International (Russian national office)
The Global World of the XXI Century: Challenges and Responses
The University of Calgary – the Gorbachev Foundation (1993–2003)
Documentary History of Perestroika
Mikhail Gorbachev After the Kremlin: a Record of Events and Socio-Political Activities
Expertise Round Table
The Gorbachev Readings
The Public Affairs Center

Foundation structure
President – Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Vice-president – Irina Mikhailovna Gorbacheva-Virganskaya
The Archives
The Library
Exhibit Mikhail Gorbachev: Life and Reforms

References

Mikhail Gorbachev
Organizations established in 1991
Organizations based in Moscow
Non-profit organizations based in Russia
Foundations based in Russia
1991 establishments in Russia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A note having the time duration of twice the time duration of a whole note. The term double note was used mostly in Medieval and Renaissance music.See also [Am.] Double whole note; [Br.] Breve; [Fr.] Double-ronde; [Ger.] Doppelganze; [Ger.] Doppelganzenote; [It.] Breve.


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text:
Condos eye tax relief
Erik Kriss
Social Links for Erik Kriss
Condo and co-op owners outside Manhattan who have been complaining about high property taxes could soon get an unexpected break worth tens of millions of dollars, The Post has learned.
Sources said the city is in discussions with Albany to yank the 17.5 percent property-tax rebate on co-op and condo apartments that are not owner occupied.
The money that's generated — estimated at $50 million to $100 million — would then be redistributed to co-op and condo owners in the outer boroughs through higher 25 percent rebates and other tax changes.
The rebates were introduced in 1997 as a way to reduce the tax burden on co-op and condo owners who had howled for years about the sweet deal the city was giving to undertaxed owners of one- and two-family homes.
But even with the rebates, the playing field remains uneven.
A study prepared by the Real Estate Board of New York shows that small homes account for 48 percent of the total market value of city properties but that their owners pay only 15 percent of the total tax tab.
Co-ops and condos are lumped into the same tax class as apartments buildings and account for 24 percent of market value, but 38 percent of the tax levy.
The Independent Budget Office said the rebates now cost the city about $445 million annually. Around 365,000 co-op and condo owners are getting them but not in equal measures.
The rebate program expires on June 30. An extension requires Albany's approval.
Read Next Manhattan penthouse sells for record $90-100M: sources

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A pond adds an interesting dimension to the garden. It's a world in itself with its own collection of plants and animals. Ponds are made in different sizes and shapes. It is quite possible to build a pond in a smaller garden. To be able to create a beautiful pond, you need to use the best materials, which you can find in our webshop. In addition to practical items such as pond equipment, pond bottom liners and other tarpaulins of various shapes and sizes, we have an extensive collection of aquatic plants and pond accessories to turn your pond into a paradise for fish and other animals.
Once the pond is built, you can start enjoying it, but it also needs maintenance. With proper care and use of the right tools, your pond is kept nice and clean. There are various types of pond plant that you can use to create a beautiful effect. Water lilies, for example, that float on the water or many types of grass that you can grow at the edges of the pond. With pond accessories you can customize your pond and adapt it to the style of your garden.


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This introduction to the ISO 22000 Procedures Manual provides an introduction to ISO 22000, a brief history of ISO, and an explanation of the process involved in certifying to ISO 22000, as well as definitions of ISO terms. This section also provides a brief introduction to the basic concept of food safety – its structure, standards, security requirements, and definitions. The food supply chain is constantly changing, so that no document can claim to capture every possible issue, policy, or procedure and still be current. The concepts discussed in this manual cover the common, basic elements of a Food Safety Management System (FSMS).
Why Register for ISO 22000?
The level of a safety hazard considered to present a risk the consumer would accept. The acceptable level of the hazard in the end product, sometimes referred to as the "target level", should be stated in the product description and set at or below statutory/regulatory limits. An acceptable level for a hazard at an intermediate step in the commodity (product) flow diagram may be set higher than that of the final product, provided that the acceptable level in the final product is achieved.
One of the food safety terms that refers to the record currently in use or used in the context of ongoing business. May also be referred to as a "production" record.
Comparison of a measurement standard or instrument of known accuracy with another standard or instrument to detect, correlate, report, or eliminate by adjustment any variation in the accuracy of the item being compared.
Period during which a certified calibration is valid.
A sequence of questions to assist in determining whether a control point is a CCP.
State of having a combination of adequate training and experience to perform a task or set of tasks.
An action or activity that can be used to prevent or eliminate a food safety hazard (3.3) or reduce it to an acceptable level.
Any step at which biological, chemical, or physical factors can be controlled.
Document that provides information or direction for performance of work within the scope of a given procedure. Control characteristics of this one of the food safety terms may include, but are not limited to, revision number/letter, revision date, signatures indicating review and approval, and controlled distribution.
Action taken to eliminate a detected nonconformity.
For the purposes of ISO 22000, a correction relates to the handling of potentially unsafe products and can, therefore, be made in conjunction with a corrective action.
A correction may be, for example, reprocessing, further processing, and/or elimination of the adverse consequences of the nonconformity (such as disposal for other use or specific labeling).
A nonconformity may have more than one cause.
Corrective action includes [root] cause analysis and is taken to prevent recurrence.
Often confused with "preventive action".
A step at which control can be applied that is essential to prevention or elimination of a food safety hazard or reduction of the hazard to an acceptable level.
Criterion that separates the acceptable from the unacceptable. Critical limits are established to determine whether a CCP remains in control. If a critical limit is exceeded or violated, the affected products are deemed potentially unsafe.
This food safety term refers to the transfer of harmful bacteria from one food to another by way of a nonfood surface, such as a cutting board, countertop, utensils, or a person's hands.
Information and its supporting medium. The medium may be paper, magnetic, electronic, optical computer disc, photograph, or sample.
A product that will undergo no additional processing or transformation within the organization. This one of the food safety terms refers to the product that undergoes further processing or transformation by another organization is an end product within the context of the first organization and a raw material or ingredient in the context of the second organization.
A document of external origin that provides information or direction for the performance of activities within the scope of the Food Safety Management System. Examples include, but are not limited to, customer drawings, industry standards, international standards, and equipment manuals.
A multi-step journey that food travels before it is consumed. The steps in the continuum are Farm, Processing, Transportation, Retail, and Table. Each sector along the farm-to-table continuum plays a role in ensuring that the food supply is fresh, of high quality, and safe from hazards. If a link in the continuum is broken, the safety and integrity of the food supply can be threatened.
A schematic, systematic presentation of the sequence and interactions of steps in a process. A flow diagram usually takes the form of a flowchart, where all steps in a process and their inputs and outputs (including byproducts and waste) are shown as boxes connected by unidirectional arrows. Flow diagrams may be referred to as "process maps".
A 400-page reference guide published by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Food Code instructs retail outlets (such as restaurants and grocery stores) and institutions (such as nursing homes and schools) on how to prevent food borne illness. It consists of model requirements for safeguarding public health and ensuring that food is unadulterated (free from impurities) and honestly presented to the consumer. The FDA first published the Food Code in 1993 and revised it every two years through 2001; at that time, it was agreed that the Food Code would be revised every four years. The last revision was in 2009.
The concept that food will not cause harm to the consumer when prepared and/or eaten according to its intended use.
Biological, chemical, or physical agent in food or condition of food with the potential to cause an adverse health effect.
The term "hazard" is not to be confused with the term "risk" which, in the context of food safety, means a function of the probability of an adverse health effect (e.g. becoming diseased) and the severity of that effect (death, hospitalization, absence from work, etc.) when exposed to a specified hazard. Risk is defined in ISO/IEC Guide 51 as the combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm.
Food safety hazards include allergens.
In the context of feed and feed ingredients, relevant food safety hazards are those that may be present in and/or on feed and feed ingredients and that may subsequently be transferred to food through animal consumption of feed and may thus have the potential to cause an adverse human health effect. In the context of operations other than those directly handling feed and food (e.g. producers of packaging materials, cleaning agents, etc.), relevant food safety hazards are those hazards that can be directly or indirectly transferred to food because of the intended use of the provided products and/or services and thus can have the potential to cause an adverse human health effect.
Examine free sample ISO 22000 food safety systems policies and procedures.
An ordered, well-documented system that results in safe food. The FSMS is designed to ensure consistency and improvement of work procedures and practices, including produced goods. These procedures are based on standards or principles, such as ISO 22000 or HACCP, that specify procedures for achieving effective management in the safety of food production.
This one of the food safety terms means personnel responsible for testing, inspecting, and reporting on FSMS procedures to ensure their conformance to applicable requirements.
Someone who has acquired the necessary competencies, training, certifications, and managerial skills to lead a Food Safety Team.
A sequence of stages and operations involved in the production, processing, distribution, storage, and handling of food and/or its ingredients, from primary production to consumption.
This includes production of feed for food-producing animals and for animals intended for food production.
A Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP is a practice or set of practices designed to ensure that manufactured food products, services, etc., are executed according to prescribed food safety standards. Good Practices ensure that finished products have the correct identity, strength, quality and purity characteristics they are represented to have, and have not been altered during processing, packaging, or handling. Most "good practices" have been around for so long and are commonly followed by good producers, etc., that standards and regulations have grown up around them. Examples of "good practices" include Good Manufacturing Practice, Good Veterinary Practice, and Good Hygienic Practice.
Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points (HACCP) is an acronym for the systematic approach to the identification, evaluation, and control of food safety hazards. Identify the hazards, analyze the hazards and implement controls at critical points within the system.
The HACCP Plan is a written document, based upon the principles of HACCP, which delineates the food safety procedures to be followed by the Company.
The result of implementing the HACCP Plan.
People responsible for developing, implementing, and maintaining the HACCP system.
The process of collecting and evaluating information on hazards associated with the food under consideration to decide which are significant and must be addressed in the HACCP plan. Hazard analysis is one of the food safety terms and consists of two steps, identification and evaluation.
Food that supports the growth of bacteria and/or microbes, such as meat, dairy, or eggs.
Time period used for investigation after a food has been identified as potentially unsafe. The "hold" process is unique to USDA commodity foods.
Document of internal origin (developed entirely by or completed by the Company) that provides information or direction for the performance of activities within the scope of the Food Safety Management System. Examples include, but are not limited to, the procedures contained in the Company's FSMS manual.
Consists of the Food Safety Team Leader, Department Managers, and the Company President, at a minimum.
A Material Safety Data Sheet is designed to provide workers and emergency personnel with the proper procedure(s) for handling or working with a particular substance. MSDSs include information such as physical data (melting point, boiling point, flash point, etc.), toxicity, health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, disposal, protective equipment, and spill/leak procedures that are of particular use if a spill or other accident occurs.
An MSDS is designed for employees who may be occupationally exposed to hazards at work, employers who need to know the proper methods for storage, etc., and emergency responders (such as fire fighters, hazardous material (HazMat) crews, emergency medical technicians, and hospital emergency room personnel).
MSDSs are not designed for consumers – they reflect the hazards of working with materials occupationally. For example, an MSDS for paint does not apply to someone who uses a can of paint once a year but does apply to someone who uses paint, especially in confined spaces, 40 hours a week.
Food packaging in which a mixture of gases replaces ordinary air in the food package. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are commonly used in MAP to replace oxygen. Many food borne pathogens cannot thrive in low-oxygen environments. A low-oxygen environment also inhibits spoilage by preventing growth of molds and yeasts.
Conducting a planned sequence of observations or measurements to assess whether control measures are operating as intended; also, the regular measurement or observation of a critical control point to make sure the product does not go outside of its critical limits.
Basic conditions and activities necessary to maintain a hygienic environment throughout the food supply chain which is suitable for production, handling, and provision of safe end products and safe food for human consumption. Prerequisite programs of PRPs depend on the segment of the food chain in which the organization operates and the type of organization (see ISO 22000:2005, Annex C). Examples of equivalent terms are Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), Good Veterinarian Practice (GVP), Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), Good Hygienic Practice (GHP), Good Production Practice (GPP), Good Distribution Practice (GDP), and Good Trading Practice (GTP).
Long term cost / risk weighted action taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a problem from occurring, based on an understanding of the product or process. See "corrective action".
The act of bring a product (goods or services) into existence; making a product.
Remove a food product from the market because it may cause health problems or possible death; withdraw.
A standard of the highest order of accuracy in a calibration system, establishing the basic accuracy values for that system. See "working standard".
A function of the probability of an adverse health effect (e.g., disease, illness) and the severity of that effect (e.g., work absence, hospitalization, death) when exposed to a specified hazard.
Food that is not harmful or injurious when consumed; food that does not cause medical illness or pose a health hazard to the consumer. Recently, food scientists, nutritionists, and various organizations have pushed for a narrower definition of safe food, to include only foods that provide a long-term nutritional benefit or promote health. It is unlikely the narrower definition will ever have full force of law, considering the economic impact it would have on producers, not to mention the success of similar legislation (e.g., Prohibition, 1919-1933, USA). Regardless, one must be mindful of the context in which the term "safe food" is used.
Removal of product to an area of storage that spatially (physically) isolates it from other foods.
Company/organization that directly supplies Our Company with food; food ingredients; food processing, handling, and/or packaging equipment; and/or other items directly or indirectly related to food safety (e.g., cleaning/sanitation chemicals, labels, containers, equipment maintenance services).
Standard which must be met to control a hazard.
The ability to relate individual measurement results to national standards or nationally accepted measurement systems through an unbroken chain of comparisons.
Document that was removed from – or never was a part of – the Company's controlled document system. Uncontrolled documents may not be used to provide work direction or information necessary for the performance of work. Uncontrolled copies of documents may be used as training aids.
Immediate and/or planned activity to ensure application of the most recent information on a given topic.
Confirmation, by obtaining objective evidence, that specified requirements have been fulfilled. (See the difference between verification and validation).
Designated measuring equipment used in a calibration system as a medium for transferring the basic value of reference standards to lower echelon transfer standards or other measuring and test equipment. See "reference standard".