text:
Anna Maria Sibylla Merian (née le  à Francfort-sur-le-Main, morte le  à Amsterdam) est une naturaliste et une artiste peintre. Elle mit son talent de dessinatrice, acquis au sein d'une famille d'éditeurs et d'illustrateurs célèbres, au service des observations naturalistes très détaillées qu'elle conduisit notamment sur la métamorphose des papillons.

Elle vécut entre l'Allemagne et les Pays-Bas et fit un grand voyage exploratoire au Suriname qui lui procura la matière de son ouvrage le plus important et le plus célèbre sur les métamorphoses des insectes.

Longtemps méconnue, elle est aujourd'hui considérée, en raison de la qualité de son œuvre artistique et scientifique, comme une importante figure de l'histoire naturelle de son époque. L'Allemagne redécouvrit son travail et lui rendit hommage au , en particulier en apposant son portrait sur les derniers billets en Deutsche Mark.

Biographie

Jeunesse et premiers ouvrages
Anna Maria Sibylla Merian naît le  à Francfort-sur-le-Main, en Allemagne. Elle est la fille de Matthäus Merian l'Ancien, graveur en taille-douce et éditeur de métier. Celui-ci devient relativement célèbre par la publication de Theatrum Europaeum — Théâtre européen — et de Topographien —Topographies. Il meurt alors que Maria Sibylla n'a que trois ans. Sa mère, Johanna Sybilla Heim, d'origine wallonne, est la deuxième femme de Matthäus Merian. Plus tard, son beau-père Jakob Marell, renommé pour ses peintures de fleurs, prend Anna Maria en apprentissage (à treize ans) et l'initie à la peinture, au dessin et à la gravure en taille-douce. Son compagnon d'étude est le peintre, spécialiste de nature morte, Abraham Mignon (1640-1679). À treize ans, elle peint déjà ses premières images d'insectes et de plantes d'après des modèles qu'elle capture dans la nature.

Je me suis dans ma jeunesse employée à la recherche des insectes. J'ai d'abord commencé avec les vers à soie dans ma ville natale de Francfort-sur-le-Main. J'ai ensuite établi que, à partir des autres chenilles, se développaient beaucoup de beaux papillons de nuit ou papillons de jour, comme à partir des vers à soie. Cela m'entraîna à recueillir toutes les chenilles que je pouvais trouver pour observer leur transformation.

En 1665, âgée de 18 ans, Anna Maria épouse le peintre spécialisé en architecture Johann Andreas Graff, un des étudiants de son beau-père. Deux ans plus tard, elle a sa première fille, Johanna Helena, et la famille déménage à Nuremberg, ville natale de son époux. Elle commence alors à étudier plus systématiquement les papillons et notamment leur cycle de vie, elle s'attache à décrire les chenilles comme les chrysalides et les adultes. La croyance populaire attribuait l'origine des insectes à un phénomène de « génération spontanée » (les insectes prenaient naissance, par exemple, de la boue en putréfaction ou des excréments), une opinion qui remontait au moins à Aristote. À cause de cette origine, les insectes étaient parfois désignés comme des « bêtes du diable » par l'Église. Elle se demande comment des chenilles peuvent naître les papillons alors que les premiers travaux modernes sur la génération spontanée, ceux de Francesco Redi (1626-1697) par exemple, dataient seulement d'une trentaine d'années. Ces observations avaient suscité dans l'Europe savante un immense intérêt et étaient connues par Merian qui avait aussi lu les ouvrages de Thomas Moufet (1553-1604), de Jan Goedart (1620-1668), de Jan Swammerdam (1637-1680). Merian observe le phénomène de métamorphose, illustre la chrysalide et s'intéresse aux plantes dont les chenilles se nourrissent. Elle illustre tous les stades de leur développement dans son livre de croquis. Elle s'intéresse également aux parasites qu'elle trouve dans les cocons au point de les faire figurer dans ses illustrations, près de dix ans avant les travaux de Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) et de Francesco Redi (1626-1697).

Ces esquisses constitueront la trame de son premier livre qui paraît dans le commerce en 1675 sous le titre Neues Blumenbuch — Nouveau livre de fleurs alors qu'elle a 28 ans. Elle ne travaille pas dans la boutique de son mari mais commercialise cet ouvrage pour son propre compte. Dans cet ouvrage, seules les fleurs et apparentées sont reproduites par ses soins de façon extrêmement ingénieuse et détaillée. Les deux plus grandes parties de ce livre paraissent en 1677. En 1678, elle met au monde sa deuxième fille, Dorotha Maria, et un an plus tard, elle poursuit ses publications avec le livre Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandelung und sonderbare Blumennahrung — La merveilleuse transformation et l'étrange nourriture florale de la chenille —, qui est la deuxième grande œuvre d'Anna Maria. Dans ce livre, elle présente les stades de développement des différentes espèces de papillons avec les plantes dont ils se nourrissent. Son intérêt n'est pas détaché de préoccupations matérielles. En effet, l'Académie des sciences de Berlin tente, sans grand succès d'acclimater des mûriers de Chine afin de développer la sériciculture . De nombreux naturalistes, comme Merian, étudient les papillons (notamment leur chenille et leur alimentation), dans l'espoir de trouver une espèce pouvant remplacer le ver à soie.

En 1685, sans que l'on sache précisément ses raisons, Anna Maria se sépare de son mari. Elle part avec ses deux filles chez son beau-frère dans le château de Waltha dans la Frise occidentale, où vit une communauté piétiste, communauté religieuse créée par Jean de Labadie. Les labadistes ne reconnaissent les mariages qu'à condition qu'ils unissent deux membres de leur communauté, peut-être fut-ce une raison supplémentaire qui incita Merian à venir s'y installer.

Ce château appartient à Cornelis van Sommelsdijk, le gouverneur du Suriname. Les sœurs du duc ont quitté les Pays-Bas pour s'installer au Suriname. Un an plus tard, après la mort de son beau-frère, elle repart à Amsterdam avant tout pour prendre rapidement contact avec des naturalistes au sujet de son livre sur les chenilles et pour rendre visite à plusieurs propriétaires d'orangeries et de volières privées.

En 1690, elle demande son divorce auprès des autorités de Francfort. En 1691, elle se déclare veuve, bien que son mari soit alors en parfaite santé. À cette époque et en Allemagne, de nombreux mariages se terminent par un divorce. En 1692, la communauté labadiste de Waltha est dissoute et Merian repart à Amsterdam où elle reçoit le soutien de labadistes, dont Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731). Elle devient le professeur de sa fille, Rachel Ruysch (1664-1750), qui deviendra une peintre de fleurs renommée. Elle entreprend une collection d'histoire naturelle (dont des insectes, des coquillages et des coraux) et fréquente d'autres collectionneurs comme Agneta Block (1629-1704), le maire d'Amsterdam, Nicolaes Witsen et Caspar Commelin, directeur d'un jardin botanique. Les Pays-Bas comptent alors de nombreux collectionneurs d'objets d'histoire naturelle, à la fois parce que cela correspond à une véritable mode, mais aussi grâce à la position privilégiée des Pays-Bas, plaque tournante du commerce avec les nouvelles colonies tropicales. Elle gagne sa vie en réalisant des illustrations : elle prépare ainsi 127 illustrations pour une traduction en français de Metamorphosis et historia naturalis insectorum de Jan Goedart (1620-1668).

Voyage au Suriname

C'est durant son séjour au château Waltha et grâce aux collections de ses amis que Merian découvre les papillons du Suriname. En juillet 1699, à 52 ans, elle décide de partir avec sa plus jeune fille, Dorothea Graff, dans ce pays pour y étudier la faune et la flore tropicale sud-américaine. L'une des raisons de son départ est son besoin d'observer les papillons vivants car, bien sûr, les animaux qu'elles observent dans les collections sont naturalisés. À propos de ce départ, elle écrit :

En Hollande, je constatais pourtant avec beaucoup d'étonnement qu'on laissait venir de beaux animaux des Indes orientales et occidentales, l'honneur m'étant fait de consulter particulièrement la coûteuse collection du bien né Docteur Nicolaas Witsen, maire de la ville d'Amsterdam et directeur de la société des Indes orientales, ainsi que celle du noble M. Jonas Witsen, secrétaire de cette même ville. De plus, je voyais aussi la collection de M. Fredericus Ruysch, docteur en médecine et professeur en anatomie et en botanique, celle de M. Livinus Vincent et de plusieurs autres personnes. Dans ces collections-là, j'avais trouvé celui-ci ainsi que d'innombrables autres insectes, mais enfin si là-bas leur origine et leur reproduction sont inconnues, cela amène à se demander comment elles vont se transformer à partir des chenilles en chrysalide et ainsi de suite. Tout cela m'a en même temps amené à entreprendre un grand voyage longtemps rêvé et à partir au Suriname.

Bien que ses amis et relations lui déconseillent ce voyage au Suriname, Anna Maria ne se laisse pas distraire de son projet, pour lequel elle reçoit une bourse d'étude de la ville d'Amsterdam. De plus, elle vend ses collections d'insectes et ses peintures, et lance une souscription pour l'ouvrage qu'elle souhaite réaliser à l'issue de son voyage. Arrivées à Paramaribo, la capitale du pays, au terme d'un voyage de deux mois, les deux femmes entreprennent plusieurs excursions jusque dans l'intérieur du Suriname. Anna Maria décrit tout ce qu'elle découvre sur la métamorphose des insectes tropicaux et réalise un grand nombre de dessins et d'aquarelles. Elle travaille principalement dans le jardin de sa résidence et emploie des esclaves d'origine amérindienne, esclaves qu'elle ne mentionne jamais par leur nom. Pourtant, ils jouent un grand rôle dans ses excursions et l'aident dans son travail.

Ses journaux témoignent de ses difficiles relations avec les planteurs néerlandais. Elle écrit qu'ils se moquent d'elle « parce que je m'intéresse à autre chose qu'au sucre ». Merian critique les planteurs, incapables de s'intéresser à la flore du pays, qu'ils pourraient pourtant cultiver de façon profitable. Ce constat est corroboré par plusieurs études récentes.

Retour en Hollande
Ayant contracté le paludisme – « J'ai presque payé [ces insectes] de ma vie » –, Anna Maria est contrainte d'interrompre son voyage et de rentrer aux Pays-Bas en 1701. Elle rentre avec une riche collection d'insectes et emmène avec elle une jeune femme d'origine amérindienne, qu'elle appelle « l'Indienne » (Indianin).

Ses dessins et croquis servent alors de base à un travail de grande ampleur sur la faune et la flore du Suriname. Avec l'aide de différents Amstellodamiens, l'éditeur peut publier après trois ans de travail intensif le plus important ouvrage d'Anna Maria, réalisé conjointement avec Joseph Mulder, qui grave les illustrations d'après ses dessins : Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium qui sort à Amsterdam en 1705. Elle écrit à ce propos :
Pour la réalisation de ce travail je ne fus pas cupide, mais quand je récupérais mes frais, je m'en contentais. Je n'ai pas regardé à la dépense pour l'exécution de cette œuvre. J'ai fait graver les plaques par un célèbre maître, et en même temps j'apportais le meilleur papier, pour apporter de la joie et du plaisir non seulement aux amateurs d'art mais aussi aux amateurs d'insectes, et cela m'apporte aussi beaucoup de joie quand j'entends que j'ai atteint mon but et que j'apporte en même temps de la joie.

Son livre ne lui rapporte pas d'argent malgré son prix très élevé – chaque exemplaire coûte 55 florins – et elle se satisfait de voir tous ses frais payés par les souscriptions et les ventes. Dans sa correspondance, récemment découverte, avec le médecin et naturaliste anglais James Petiver (v. 1663-1718), il semble que la première édition de son travail ne se soit pas bien vendue. De plus, elle n'a probablement jamais touché d'argent pour les planches du deuxième volume. Pour vivre, Anna Maria vend ses peintures, donne aussi des cours de peinture et vend des ustensiles de peinture ainsi que des préparations à base de plantes et d'animaux de toutes espèces. Elle nomme les plantes du Suriname d'après leur nom amérindien, Caspar Commelin (1667/8-1731) se chargeant d'ajouter leur nom en latin. Comme il est d'usage dans les ouvrages d'histoire naturelle, Merian ajoute des indications sur les usages pratiques des fruits représentées dans son livre, elle donne des recettes pour les accommoder. Elle ne figure pas que des fleurs et des insectes : elle représente d'autres animaux (reptiles, araignées, amphibiens, divers insectes…).

Pierre le Grand (1672-1725), qui admirait l'œuvre de Merian, acquiert pour  florins en 1717 deux volumes de ses peintures ainsi que son portrait. Ils figureront en bonne place dans les collections du tsar que celui-ci ouvre au public au palais Kikin. Anna Maria Sibylla Merian qui avait déjà de son vivant la réputation d'une grande naturaliste et artiste, meurt à Amsterdam le  à l'âge de 70 ans. Deux ans plus tôt, elle était contrainte de se déplacer en fauteuil roulant après une attaque d'apoplexie. Sa fille, Dorothea s'installe avec son mari, Georg Gsell, à Saint-Pétersbourg où ils deviennent peintres à la cour. Sa fille – petite-fille de Merian – épousera le mathématicien Leonhard Euler (1707-1783).

Hommage posthume
Sa notoriété en Russie va perdurer au point que Maria Sibylla Merian se retrouve, des siècles plus tard, au premier rang des émerveillements d'enfance qui vont déterminer la vocation d'entomologiste de Vladimir Nabokov.

Dans les dernières années du , le travail d'Anna Maria Sibylla Merian fut rénové, redécouvert et plusieurs fois honoré. Ainsi, par exemple, son portrait était-il imprimé sur les billets de 500 Deutsche Mark en vigueur en Allemagne jusqu'au passage à l'Euro. Son portrait a également orné un timbre de 0,40 DM sorti le . Elle est également mise à l'honneur par deux timbres de 32 cents aux États-Unis publiés le  dans la série . L'un présente un ananas en fleur et l'autre un citron avec plusieurs stades de développement d'un papillon. De nombreuses écoles portent son nom et en , la ville de Warnemünde met à l'eau un navire portant son nom et appartenant à l'Institut pour la recherche en mer Baltique.

Elle fut également consacrée par le monde scientifique, qui a nommé plusieurs espèces en son honneur. On peut citer :
Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763)
Pseudis merianae (Duméril et Bibron, 1841)
Rhinella merianae (Gallardo, 1965)
Catasticta sibyllae (Shinichi Nakahara, 2018).

Le cratère vénusien Merian a aussi été nommé en son honneur.

Son travail et son héritage

Le travail d'Anna Maria Sibylla Merian est considérable. En effet, à son époque, il est très inhabituel que quelqu'un s'intéresse avec attention à ces insectes à mauvaise réputation et désignés comme des « bêtes du diable ». La métamorphose de ces animaux commençait seulement à faire l'objet d'études de façon systématique, et, même si certains érudits connaissent la métamorphose de la chenille en papillon, ils font exception même parmi la société cultivée. Le fait qu'Anna Maria Sibylla Merian publie Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandlung und sonderbare Blumennahrung en langue allemande la rend populaire dans ce cercle de la haute société. Elle est évitée par les scientifiques de son temps puisque la langue « officielle » de la science est alors le latin. La parution en 1718 à titre posthume de son Erucarum ortus, alimentum et paradoxa metamorphosis, à savoir la traduction de ses travaux en latin qu'elle a initiée en 1705 et qui fut achevée par sa fille Dorothea, contribuera à la faire connaître auprès d'un grand nombre de savants. Carl von Linné (1707-1778) la cite dans son Systema Naturæ de 1753. Son œuvre est poursuivie par ses filles et une seconde édition paraît en 1719. L'ouvrage sera réédité trois fois durant le  : en 1726, il paraît une édition en latin et en français, en 1730, une version en néerlandais et en 1731, une nouvelle édition en latin et en français. Ses trois ouvrages sont réédités neuf fois entre 1675 et 1771. Ses illustrations deviennent un standard dans le domaine des arts décoratifs.

Parallèlement à la métamorphose, Anna Maria décrit aussi plusieurs autres détails de l'évolution et de la vie des insectes observés. Elle affirme, par exemple, que chaque espèce de papillon au stade de chenille dépend d'un petit nombre de plantes pour sa nourriture et qu'en conséquence, les œufs sont pondus près de ces plantes.

La justesse de ses observations est contestée par le révérend Lansdowne Guilding (1797-1831). Celui-ci estime que n'importe quel jeune homme entomologiste (c'est lui qui s'exprime ainsi) aurait été capable d'éviter les erreurs commises par Merian. Hermann Burmeister (1807-1892) affirmera que la popularité de l'œuvre de Merian ne s'explique que par le caractère esthétique des illustrations.

La poursuite de son travail au Suriname est sa plus grande particularité. En général, les hommes voyagent dans les colonies pour trouver des insectes, faire des collections et travailler dessus ou pour se fixer là-bas. Les projets d'Anna Maria font plutôt sourire car les voyages scientifiques sont à cette époque presque totalement inconnus. Elle réussit néanmoins à découvrir dans l'arrière-pays du Suriname toute une série d'animaux et plantes totalement inconnus, avec leur classification à élaborer et qu'elle représente avec beaucoup de détails. Elle le reprend pour les noms de plantes des Amérindiens et l'importe en Europe :

J'ai créé la première classification pour tous les insectes à chrysalide, les chapelles qui volent de jour et chouettes celles qui volent de nuit. La deuxième classification est celle des asticots, vers, mouches et abeilles. J'ai conservé les noms des plantes, puisqu'ils étaient gardés en Amérique par les habitants et les Indiens.

Les dessins de plantes, serpents, araignées, iguanes et coléoptères tropicaux exécutés de sa main sont aujourd'hui encore considérés comme des chefs-d'œuvre et sont collectionnés par les amateurs du monde entier. Le mot allemand Vogelspinne — littéralement araignée-oiseau, en français mygale — tire probablement son origine d'une gravure d'Anna Maria réalisée d'après ses croquis du Suriname et à laquelle elle avait donné un nom. Elle a été la première naturaliste à observer et dessiner une tarentule avicularia sur le terrain alors que l'animal attaquait un nid de colibris. Cette gravure représente justement une grosse araignée qui capture un oiseau.

Au-delà de son œuvre artistique et de l'influence, somme toute réduite, de son œuvre scientifique, Merian est remarquable car elle est l'un des très rares exemples de femme naturaliste et voyageuse. On ne peut guère citer que Jeanne Barret (1740-1807), la compagne de Philibert Commerson (1727-1773) qui l'accompagne, déguisée en valet, lors du voyage autour du monde de Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1729-1811). Il existe, notamment durant le , des femmes qui étudient la nature sous les tropiques, mais elles n'y vont pas pour suivre, comme Merian, un intérêt personnel, elles suivent leurs maris nommés là-bas. Parmi ces épouses on peut ainsi citer Charlotte Canning (1817-1861), qui étudie les plantes en Inde. Merian part sous les tropiques alors même que de nombreux médecins déconseillent la venue des femmes sous ces climats : Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840) affirme ainsi que la chaleur augmente les menstruations à un point tel que l'issue peut être mortelle. Merian bénéficie aussi, comme de nombreuses autres femmes artistes, d'un cadre familial favorisant leur activité : son père est l'un des grands graveurs de la fin du , ses demi-frères, Mathais Merian le Jeune et Caspar Merian, sont des peintres, graveurs et imprimeurs respectés. Femme naturaliste et voyageuse, c'est bien là l'exception que représente Merian, plus que dans le fait qu'elle soit une artiste : des nombreuses femmes, dans les couvents du Moyen Âge, réalisent déjà des enluminures, des femmes appartiennent à certaines guildes artistiques de son époque. À une époque où les femmes étaient exclues des sciences comme des voyages scientifiques, Anna Maria Sibylla Merian est un cas unique d'une femme naturaliste, il faudra attendre la fin du  pour que son exemple ne reste plus isolé.

Elle était la cousine du peintre et graveur Jacob Christoph Le Blon, inventeur de la gravure en quadrichromie.

Œuvres

 Neues Blumenbuch : volume 1, 1675 ;
 Neues Blumenbuch : volume 2, 1677 ;
 Neues Blumenbuch : volume 3, 1677.
 , 1679.

 première édition (61 planches), 1705. Université de Goettingen,
  Veranderingen der Surinaemsche Insecten, réédition augmentée (72 planches), publiée par Joannes Oosterwyk, Amsterdam, 1719 : Gallica, Bibliothèque de l'université d'Amsterdam
  Erucarum ortus, alimentum et paradoxa metamorphosis, Amsterdam: Johannes Oosterwijk, 1718 / à lire en ligne sur Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum.

Galerie

Notes et références

Références

Notes

Annexes

Bibliographie
  Helmut Kaiser, Maria Sibylla Merian, Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf, 1997.
  Uta Keppler, Die Falterfrau, dtv, München, 1999.
  Charlotte Kerner, Seidenraupe, Dschungelblüte, Beltz & Gelberg, Weinheim, 1998.

  Dieter Kühn, Frau Merian!, Fischer (S.), Frankfurt, 2002.
  Inez van Dullemen: Die Blumenkönigin, Aufbau Taschenbuch, 2002.
  Marianne Bernhard, Maria Sibylla Merian : des plantes et des insectes, PML, ISBN .
  Kim Todd, Maria Sibylla Merian and the Secrets of Metamorphosis, I.B. Tauris, 2007, , partiellement consultable sur google.books
  Yannick Lelardoux, Maria Sibylla Merian, Collection « Grand destins de femmes », Biographie en bande dessinée aux éditions Naïve Livres, 2015, (ISBN) : 978-2-35021-365-1.

.

Sources

Article connexe
 Les papillons dans la peinture

Liens externes

  Ouvrage numérisé de Maria Sibylla Meriam par le SCD de l'Université de Strasbourg
des images vidéo de son travail
sur le site Mémoire vive patrimoine numérisé de Besançon : A la loupe : La Métamorphose des insectes du Surinam

Naissance en avril 1647
Naissance à Francfort-sur-le-Main
Décès en janvier 1717
Décès à Amsterdam
Décès à 69 ans
Illustrateur naturaliste
Naturaliste allemand du XVIIe siècle
Naturaliste allemand du XVIIIe siècle
Femme biologiste
Femme zoologiste
Femme entomologiste
Femme scientifique du XVIIe siècle
Femme scientifique du XVIIIe siècle
Zoologiste allemand
Entomologiste allemand du XVIIe siècle
Entomologiste allemand du XVIIIe siècle
Peintre de l'âge d'or néerlandais
Naissance dans la ville libre de Francfort


text:
Kreis Nordfriesland
Title: Kreis Nordfriesland
Subject: Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park, Groep fan Auwerk
2,047 km2 (790 sq mi)
Population (31 December 2012)[1]
nordfriesland.de
Nordfriesland, English "Northern Friesland" or "North Frisia", is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It includes almost all of traditional North Frisia along with adjacent areas to the east and south and is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Schleswig-Flensburg and Dithmarschen, the North Sea and the Danish county of South Jutland. The district is called Kreis Nordfriesland in German, Kreis Noordfreesland in Low German, Kris Nordfraschlönj in Mooring North Frisian, Kreis Nuurdfresklun in Fering North Frisian and Nordfrislands amt in Danish.
As of 2008, Nordfriesland was the most visited rural district in Germany.[2]
3 Coat of arms
4 Towns and municipalities
There has always been a strong influence of the sea in the region. In medieval times storm tides made life in what is now Nordfriesland quite dangerous. Only in modern times the loss of land and lives could be stopped by building solid dikes. Many villages that once existed are now at the bottom of the sea. The best-known example is the small seaport of Rungholt, which was destroyed by a storm surge in 1362. The island of Strand vanished in the Burchardi flood, another disastrous storm in 1634: subsequent to this storm surge, there were many small islets instead of Strand.
From approximately 1200 until 1864, the area that is now Nordfriesland was a part of the Duchy of Schleswig, which itself was not directly a part of the Danish Kingdom, but a fiefdom of the Danish crown and linked to the kings of Denmark by personal union as a separate entity. Nordfriesland is still a multilingual district: there are people speaking standard German, Low German, North Frisian and Danish including South Jutlandic. The North Frisian language exists in nine slightly different dialects, yet it is mainly used by older persons in mainland Nordfriesland. A relatively lively community of Frisian speakers exists though on the islands of Föhr and Amrum. After becoming German, three districts were established in the region: Südtondern in the north, Husum in the centre, and Eiderstedt in the south. In 1970 these three districts were merged to form the Nordfriesland district.
The entire coast is part of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park. Nordfriesland includes the coastal section between Dithmarschen and Denmark. In the south there is the Eiderstedt peninsula, where the River Eider meets the sea.
The North Frisian Islands are part of the district and located inside the national park as well. There are five large islands (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, Pellworm and Nordstrand) and ten small islets known as Halligen.
The coat of arms displays three golden ships on a blue background. These arms have been used by the Eiderstedt peninsula since the 17th century. When the district was established in 1970, the arms of Eiderstedt were applied to the entire district. Differing from the old arms, though, there are three images visible on the ships' sails: a plow, a herring and a bull's head.
Independent towns and municipalities
1. Eiderstedt
Garding1, 2
2. Föhr-Amrum
Wyk auf Föhr1, 2
3. Landschaft Sylt
Sylt1
4. Mittleres Nordfriesland
Bredstedt1, 2
5. Nordsee-Treene
Mildstedt1
6. Pellworm
Pellworm1
7. Südtondern
Niebüll1, 2
8. Viöl
Viöl1
1seat of the Amt; 2town
Biikebrennen
Commons has media related to Nordfriesland.
Official website (in German)
Urban districts
Rural districts
Dithmarschen
Herzogtum Lauenburg
Rendsburg-Eckernförde
Steinburg
Coordinates: 54°35′N 9°00′E / 54.58°N 9.0°E / 54.58; 9.0da:Kreis Nordfrisland frr:Kris Nordfraschlönj it:Nordfriesland no:Nordfrisland ro:Nordfriesland (district) ru:Северная Фризия (район) tr:Nordfriesland
Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park
Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, North Sea, Elbe, Wadden Sea

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Indonesia, 2016 – IAAS Indonesia held an event which gathered over 60 agricultural students from around the globe to attend the biggest and most important event of the year: the 59th World Congress of the International Association of Students in Agricultural and Related Sciences (IAAS).
This summer, the committee of IAAS Indonesia organised the World Congress across the Java Island from July 23rd until August 14th. The theme of the event was 'Plant Your Future'. Quoting from one of the Sustainable Development Goals with 169 targets: 'you reap what you sow', what means that what happens in the future depends on which seeds and in which way the seeds are sown in the present. In other words, our committee wanted to make an impact in the agricultural sector on a large scale.
Bogor was the city in which WoCo started with an official opening ceremony in Bogor Agricultural University. The representatives from the University gave lectures regarding the theme which would inspire the delegates throughout the whole event. The delegates were briefed by the Local Committee about their stay in Bogor. In the afternoon, they enjoyed a tour around the campus and later that night, the delegates were welcomed by the Mayor for a beautiful Gala Dinner.
The Congress visited 'Sabisa Farm' to get to know the cultivation of one of the most popular local tropical fruits, dragon fruit. The delegates from tropical countries would be able to cultivate different types of dragon fruit in their own hometown afterwards. After the farm visit, the delegates went on a trip to the ASEAN Secretariat in Jakarta. The presenter explained how Southeast Asia countries' association might differ from any other regional association. To end the night, there was free time at a nearby mall.
The 3rd session of the GA in Bogor was held to discuss our new long-term strategy 'IAAS 2020'. The delegates gave ideas and hopes regarding the future of IAAS and added them to the IAAS Tree of Values. This was the last day for the delegates' stay in Bogor, so the Local Committee organized a nice farewell party.
On August 1st, cultural performances were held before the delegates moved to the next city, Semarang. We arrived late that night because of a long trip and crazy traffic.
In Semarang, we could visit Sam Poo Kong, a local Chinese temple. Then, hours before the sunset, the delegates were invited to plant some mangrove at a Village Concept Project (VCP) site of mangrove plantation. The main purpose of mangrove trees is to prevent coastal land as such from flooding with their numerous sturdy trunks. This was a great experience for us, because we helped the locals restoring local animal habitats and protected the city from flooding.
The last GA day existed of brainstorming for global projects and discussion of the amendments that were proposed for changes in the Constitution & By-laws. In the evening, we had a huge 'Trade Fair' event where each delegate presented local food and drinks and everyone had the chance to taste meals from all over the world.
Today, the delegates visited PT Indmira, a local farm of a VCP. We were invited to plant paddy in a rice field. Later that day, we went for a farm visit to Sabila farm. Unfortunately, due to heavy rain, we were not able to have a tour on the farm, but we enjoyed some cooking with dragon fruit.
The International Youth Climate Summit (IYCS) was held in Brawijaya University with the theme 'Environmental Conservation VS Industrial Development' highlighting one of SDGs purposes: climate action. Industrial development should grow rapidly and cannot be separated from the needs of modern society. Unfortunately, industrial development has negative impacts, such as global warming, that threaten our world. We, as the next generation in society, are challenged to change what has been going wrong for the past decades.
On July 24th, the WoCo delegates had an excursion and leisure time around the city, where they played traditional games and walked around the Bogor Botanical Garden. They also enjoyed an Orchid workshop and were able to discover a big variety of Orchid species.
Time for the General Assembly (GA)! We discussed internal affairs of IAAS World among the acceptance of new Candidate Members, the amendments of the Constitution & By-laws of IAAS and we reviewed the work of the previous Executive Committee (EC).
The 1st International Youth Symposium on Creative Agriculture (IYSCA) was held on the 5th day of the Congress, to promote IAAS on a national and international scale. The symposium's purpose was to let the participants – not only the delegates but also other public international students -brainstorm about innovation in agriculture. Later that night, the participants of IYSCA and the delegates gathered together for a gala dinner accompanied by traditional dance and other local entertainment.
The delegates travelled to Bandung where they were welcomed humbly by the Local Committee with a gala dinner for the first edition of the 'IAAS World Excellence Awards'.
In Bandung, we explored the Indonesian culture, so the Organizing Committee gave us the chance to play a very famous traditional music instrument, the Angklung. A wonderful experience, all playing and dancing together. Later that day, we visited 'Jendela Alam', a touristic farm where the delegates got to know more about the local agriculture in general, such as cultivating different commodities and a better view on the animal husbandry sector. Afterwards, we went for sightseeing and dinner to the city centre. To finish the day, we had our famous IAAS Development Fund night, where typical items which the delegates brought from their home country, were sold to support IAAS members from low income countries to attend international events.
On Wednesday, we visited the sponsor, PT Sidomuncul, a famous local company based on traditional herbs. We got a tour around its production site and learned a lot about producing medicines from spices and herbs. The company also owned a little zoo for the visitors with local animals, in which our delegates could walk around. In the afternoon, we went to another VCP site which was in Gemawang Village. The people in this village have different occupations, from farming until crafting Batik. The delegates were impressed by the humbleness of the villagers and we also got to learn how to craft Batik. Before the sunset, we continued our trip to Yogyakarta, where we arrived during the night.
After two full days in Semarang, we had our 4th GA session, where the next Executive and Control Committees 2016-2017 were elected, after they symbolically had to make wine from a bunch of grapes and watermelon with their feet.
The delegates were divided in 2 groups. One group went to visit the famous Borobudur temple and another group visited Taman Sari and Keraton. All of them are touristic places. In the afternoon, we went to buy souvenirs in Malioboro Street and had dinner at Balai Raos, where we played games and were singing Indonesian songs, as well as 'Happy Birthday' songs in all different languages.
The delegates had to wake up early in the morning and took the train to Malang, the last city. It took quite a long time to reach our final stop. During the trip, there were many beautiful views where we could see many farm fields and mountains.
Taji village is the VCP site of the local committee of Malang. The delegates were asked here to stay at the homes of local villagers. This way they learned about the daily life of villagers in Indonesia. It was a great experience for them to have felt the nature of the countryside. The villagers invited the delegates for dinner, organized a bonfire and prepared many traditional games.
The trip to the volcano site of Mount Bromo was another memorable activity for the delegates as they travelled by Jeep to get to the savanna and watched the sunrise there. Later that day, we enjoyed rafting in a local river.
The time went way too fast and the end of WoCo was near. The closing ceremony was held in Batu City.
Thank you, IAAS Indonesia for all your energy! Thank you for being so welcoming, kind and helpful during the whole event!
Do you want to be part of our 60th World Congress? WOCO2017 will take place 9 – 30 July in Mexico. Stay tuned for more information!
Are you IAAS Alumni? You will also be invited to participate in the first week of the 60th World Congress!


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MIAMI -- Gregg Popovich, the NBA's longest-tenured coach, lauded NBA commissioner Adam Silver on Tuesday for his stance supporting freedom of speech amid the ongoing rift with China.
Popovich, speaking before his San Antonio Spurs faced the Miami Heat in a preseason game, said he recognized that Silver is in a difficult situation following the Chinese dismay over a tweet posted last week by Houston general manager Daryl Morey that showed support for anti-government protesters in Hong Kong.
But he is thrilled with how Silver -- who issued a statement earlier in the day from Tokyo and then held a news conference there to further affirm how the NBA believes in freedom of speech as a core value -- is holding firm to Morey's right to expression.
"And it wasn't easy for him to say," Popovich said. "He said that in an environment fraught with possible economic peril. But he sided with the principles that we all hold dearly, or most of us did until the last three years. So I'm thrilled with what he said."
Silver reacts as Chinese TV cancels NBA games
Silver backs free speech rights of Rockets' Morey
Rivers encourages Clippers to register to vote Popovich is one of the NBA's most outspoken coaches, never shy to offer his opinion on political matters -- he is a staunch opponent of President Donald Trump -- or social causes. Many NBA coaches have remained largely mum on the current situation with China. Rockets coach Mike D'Antoni refused to answer questions on the topic after his team's game in Tokyo on Tuesday, Golden State coach Steve Kerr said he wanted to educate himself on the situation before speaking out, and Los Angeles Clippers coach Doc Rivers didn't go too deeply into specifics when asked his opinion.
"That's what this country is about: freedom of speech," Rivers told reporters at Clippers practice Tuesday. "And we should always have freedom of speech. But ... freedom of speech does not mean freedom of consequences."
Other coaches have said they are simply too busy getting ready for the season to fully dive into the topic.
"Training camp's a pretty immersive time for us to get into game film and training, etc.," Toronto coach Nick Nurse said. "I have a lot of faith in the leadership of the NBA that they know what they're doing to take care of these matters."
But Popovich spoke at length about Silver's remarks. He compared their significance to two other moments that he finds significant from Silver's career -- how the NBA banned former Clippers owner Donald Sterling over racist comments, and how the league has been a leader in supporting the LGBTQ community.
"Adam is a very progressive leader," Popovich said. "We all remember how he handled the situation with the former owner of the Clippers, which made everybody proud because it was the right thing to do. A couple years ago -- I can't remember, time goes by quickly, two, three, four years ago -- I was walking the streets of New York City during the Gay Pride parade and I turned around and here comes a float and Adam's standing on the float with a big sign in support of LGBTQ and I felt great again, just like I did with the Clipper deal.
"And then we come out strongly for freedom of speech. I felt great again."


About 80 people attended an opening reception Saturday. The exhibit is in its second year, but is in the fine arts center for the first time. Last year it was up for one day only, while this year it will be up for more than two weeks.
At the reception, writers met their artists and saw their pieces for the first time. Elisabeth Lucien, a 24-year-old survivor of depression, said seeing the acrylic-and-copper painting her artist had made brought her immediately to tears.
The piece features a female figure (Lucien), reaching toward a bright sky, climbing up from a dark area where she's left behind a broken mask. The mask, Lucien said, represents the facade she wore around friends and family while she tried to hide her severe depression and cutting habits.
After multiple suicide attempts over seven years, Lucien revealed her struggles to a friend and eventually sought counseling, she said. Now, she's headed to the University of Southern California to pursue dreams of becoming a social worker.
She wants to share her story to encourage others to seek help, she said.
Emily Falcone, a 24-year-old with bipolar disorder, said seeing her piece gave her a huge confidence boost. The ceramic sculpture features a woman looking confidently upward, in spite of the small, nagging figure that is relentlessly tugging at her hair.
Falcone, who has been taken to multiple hospitals and residential programs for suicide attempts and other crises, said the small figure represents the manic thoughts she constantly fights off.
Channeling someone else's lifelong struggle into artwork is a tough task, said Jane Hansjergen, the artist who sculpted Falcone's piece. She spent about a month, on and off, creating the piece.
The exhibit, part of the county's wider mental health stigma reduction campaign, is funded by Proposition 63, also known as the Mental Health Services Act, and will be on display until Aug. 25. For more information about Journey of Hope, call the Elk Grove Fine Arts Center at 916-685-5992.


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Home » Browse » Academic journals » History Journals » The Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association, Inc. » Article details, "A Short History of the Crescent Machine Company..."
Academic journal article The Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association, Inc.
A Short History of the Crescent Machine Company Part I: 1894 to 1920
By Rucker, Keith S.
My personal interest in the Crescent Machine Company began in the mid 1990s. While I was volunteering at the Georgia Agrirama (Georgia's official Museum of Agriculture and Historic Village), located in my hometown of Tifton, Georgia, a new piece of woodworking machinery was acquired by the museum for the historic site's "variety works," the steam-powered and line-shaft driven woodworking shop. The "new" machine-a large, heavy-duty combination machine that consisted of a band saw, table saw, and jointer all mounted on a single base and powered from a single power source-had the name Crescent Machine Company, Leetonia, Ohio, cast into the base in raised letters. Later on, I would discover that Crescent called the machine a "Universal Wood-worker," and due to its unusual configuration, it was one of the most distinctive machines ever made by Crescent.
After discovering this machine, I wanted to find out as much as I could about the machine and the company that made it. When my initial searches for information yielded little results, I embarked on a personal quest to find and acquire as much information on this manufacturer of woodworking machinery as possible.
Over the course of the next ten years, I managed to assemble an extensive library of original literature produced by Crescent, as well as many other historical pieces of information (Figure 1). This data has allowed me to construct a history of the manufacturer from its humble beginnings in the 1890s through its unprecedented growth during the first two decades after the turn of the last century, its struggle of just surviving the great depression, and its ultimate takeover in the post-World War II economy by a large industrial conglomerate, which eventually resulted in the disappearance of the Crescent name as it was merged into other brands owned by the same parent company. During Crescent's life, it managed to become a major manufacturer and a well-respected name in the woodworking-machinery industry.
In addition to collecting information on Crescent, I have also managed to collect many of the machines made by the company over the sixty years they were in operation. The machines in my personal collection are the cast iron beasts that rolled off Crescent's line over a period of sixty years. Owning and using so many of these machines has provided me with insight regarding the true quality of the machines, how they were made and, more important, how easily they can be restored.
This history of the Crescent Machine Company is my first real attempt to share the results of my research to date. I doubt that I will ever quit collecting information on Crescent and adding to my database, but I feel that the time is right to publish what I know and have learned. If any reader has information to add to this account or wishes to dispute what is written here, I invite correspondence on the subject.
The Birth of a Company
The 1934 catalog for Crescent Woodworking Machinery describes the company's beginnings:
The Crescent Machine Company began operations at Leetonia, Ohio, in 1893, with a very limited capital and an abundant ambition. Backed by a firm determination to build a product that would give universal satisfaction, the Crescent line of wood working machinery was established.1
Much of Crescent's literature throughout the years credit 1893 as the year that the company began operations. However, it appears that this claim may be somewhat of a stretch; no proof has yet to be discovered that can trace the company back before 1894. In fact, the oldest document concerning the creation of the Crescent Machine Company found to date is an announcement published by the founding fathers in August, 1894:
We wish to inform our friends that co-partnership relations have been entered into by Elmer Harrold, F. H. Grove and C. G. Wilderson, for the establishing of a manufacturing machine shop, under the firm name of the Crescent Machine Co. …
Publication: The Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association, Inc.
Rucker, Keith S.
Corporate histories
Series & special reports
Crescent Machine Co
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Bingo Blitz - Blitzy's Bakery
Producing a Viral Sensation with Blitzy's Bakery
Bingo Blitz, the world's #1 bingo mobile app, enlisted Sprinkles Cupcakes founder Candace Nelson as both a spokesperson for the game and also a character in the game. Bingo Blitz developed a new game feature where users will be able to tour across Europe in Candace's food truck to earn more points to play Bingo. In order to finish the game's development and to create social media and marketing assets, Bingo Blitz hired the agency's LAB186 to produce all need video and photographer assets. The agency used its green screen studio to produce footage and photos that will be used within the game and also on social media to promote the game and the new game feature. Production included pre-production planning, prop acquisition, production budget management, green-screen shooting and color-correcting, as well as production management with the client.


Pepper, Hot - Cleveland Seed Co.
Plant produces good yields of 6 to 8½ inches long by 1½ wide peppers. Peppers are tapered, have medium thick walls, and are a deep green color, turning to red at maturity. Very mild and turn from green to red when mature. Excellent fresh, pickled, or dried. This variety has a Scoville Rating of 500 to 3,500 and is considered a medium hot pepper. 85 days.
Cayenne Peppers are slightly hotter than Jalapeños. They have a multitude of uses, whether fresh, canned or pickled. Cayenne peppers grow up to 5" in length and 1/2" in diameter around the shoulder. These are one hot pepper variety, but also thin, slender and twisted for a great appeal! These plants will grow 24" to 30" tall, upright and vigorously. Matures in 70 days.
Plant produces heavy yields of 4 ¾" long by 1" wide banana shaped hot peppers. Peppers turn from yellow, to orange, to red when mature. Excellent for pickling, frying, or stuffing. This variety has a Scoville Rating of 1,000 – 15,000 and is considered a medium hot pepper. 65 days.
© 2018 Cleveland Seed Co. All Rights Reserved.


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Lester Senior Housing -- Improvisational dance with poetry!
This past friday, participants of our regular memoir writing workshops at Lester Senior Housing had a special treat! Teaching artists Zoe Rappaport and Libby Mislan stopped by to run a unique writing assignment that combined improvisational dance with poetry by Kahlil Gibran. Check out some photos taken from that special day!
Created in our Memoir Workshop, September 2014.
Who could have known the heights we'd reach?
A World War Two Vet, who'd crossed The Pond.
There weren't many who could compare.
You didn't want to negotiate.
We'd go steady, and then be married.
Just entering college, is why I tarried.
Overwhelmed me, and my resistance.
Ex-soldier, school girl, husband, wife.
And, amazingly, I love you yet.
We made love music, in life's band.
The participants of the Floral Arts program enjoyed escaping the winter blues by creating miniscapes with beach sand, seashells and Tilandsias. The Air plants and Spanish Moss are part of the Bromeliad family of plants and conjured up many memories of bright tropical blooms, warmer wonderful days in Florida and vacations in the south.


Rich with history and a captivating culture, Spain is a bikers' dream. One of the most fascinating countries in Europe where remnants of power and wealth, remind you that this was once the most influential force in Europe and the New World. Today, tradition and modern trends coexist happily. On the Camino visit ancient cathedrals and tiny hamlets where life remains as it was 500 years ago. In Andalucia, ride across rolling hills through the countryside dotted with white villages. From the north to the south, Spain offers opportunities to bike along rolling terrain past fields of golden wheat, warm beaches, giant sunflowers, pine tree forests, grazing bulls and lush green vineyards.
The perfect region for a cycling holiday.


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text:
Sagent issues voluntary recall of injectable anti-inflammatory due to impurities
by Joseph Keenan |
Mar 8, 2018 9:13pm
Sagent issued a voluntary recall of methylprednisolone sodium succinate for injection after finding impurities during routine quality testing. (Pixabay)
Sagent Pharmaceuticals issued a voluntary nationwide recall of 10 lots of methylprednisolone sodium succinate for injection after detecting higher-than-specified impurities during routine quality testing.
The specific impurity has yet to be determined, the company said in a statement, adding that it is not aware of any adverse events to patients who might have used the lots.
The products were manufactured by Gland Pharma Ltd.—which is owned by China's Fosun Pharma—and distributed by Sagent Pharmaceuticals. The impurities were at a level that have the potential to decrease effectiveness of the product in patients.
The lot numbers being recalled were distributed to hospitals, wholesalers and distributors in the U.S. from April 2017 through February 2018.
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate is used as an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid for the treatment of conditions like allergic reactions, dermatologic diseases, endocrine disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, hematologic disorders and other diseases and disorders.
Illinois-based Sagent issued a voluntary recall in 2016 of antibiotics manufactured by one of its India-based contractors after a customer complained that small, dark particulate matter was found in the solution after it was reconstituted. The foreign matter found in the vials was identified as iron oxide.
voluntary recall Sagent Pharmaceuticals
Joseph Keenan


Stills from Interiors. Leather Bar. premiering at Sundance on January 19th.
Christian Patrick's most recent work was starring in James Franco' "Interior. Leather Bar." which was selected to appear at Sundance in the New Frontier program. Given the world's fascination with James Franco's artistic choices, the film is receiving intense media attention.


text:
tedbrussels3001
Squawk Comments 21
US DOT nearing decision on Qantas-American alliance
Take a look at what happened when Qantas tried this with Air NZ it failed some how Emirates saved them as a co sharer. Qantas has sustained a loss in the American routes and are considering stopping KDFW TO KJFK if things don't improve. Usinf the B744'S is very costly and flying them to and from this route economy is only a quarter full competitors are at each others throats on the US aviation seen.
Virgin Australia to remove five Embraer E190s from fleet, reaffirms guidance for full year profit
Still trying to figure out why they stored two B738'S at YMML that still awaiting there fate have not entered back into service since being stored there in 2015
Tigerair counts down to new Bali service
This will shock there rivals JetStar maybe take there pax of them Virgin Australia will be happy
IRON MAIDEN's New Boeing 747 Plane Arrives At Cardiff Airport; Video, Photos
Not bad at all good to see the Queen of the skies in the air with such a great music group. I remember PAN AM a B747SP jet called Clipper KISS they chartered around the world tour with not sure if it was N532PA OR N539PA?? anyone know what KISS the pop group aircraft rego was
First A350-1000 enters final assembly line
I am impressed with this aircraft and it's instruments in the flight deck very advanced I just hope airbus never see's a fatality from it with any of there customers
Dutch Safety Board Releases Video Detailing MH17 Crash
Other theories floated by Russia over the past year included usage of an air-to-air rocket, possibly Israeli-made, launched by a Ukrainian plane. All 298 people, some two-thirds of whom were Dutch, aboard the doomed Boeing-777 from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur were killed when it was blown out of the air over rebel-held east Ukraine on July 17 2014. Ukraine and its allies in the West have consistently accused rebels for downing the jet with a BUK missile system that was likely supplied by Russia, which Moscow denies. Read more at http://www.9news.com.au/world/2015/10/14/14/07/russian-missile-maker-disputes-dutch-mh17-inquiry-findings#0ymh6q2RmZ9gyZUb.99
October 14, 2015: Timelapse footage shows Dutch Safety Board investigators reconstruct MH17 from the crash site wreckage This older missile is banned from use by Russian military as its expiration date passed in 2011, the company said. The firm in July suggested the missile could have been the 9M38M1 model, which is a later version of the weapon. But tests now proved that the earlier type was used, it said yesterday. Read more at http://www.9news.com.au/world/2015/10/14/14/07/russian-missile-maker-disputes-dutch-mh17-inquiry-findings#0ymh6q2RmZ9gyZUb.99
October 14, 2015: Traces of explosives and ferrous metal fragments were found in the MH17 cockpit and the bodies of three crew members. The firm's glitzy presentation, which saw reams of slides projected on a giant screen, was carried live by Russia's state-run media. It is expected to form a central plank of Moscow's rebuttal to the report from the international inquiry. "Today we can definitively say that if the Boeing was shot down by a BUK missile system then it was hit by a 9M38 from the area of Zaroshchenske village," company official Mikhail Malyshevsky said. Read more at http://www.9news.com.au/world/2015/10/14/14/07/russian-missile-maker-disputes-dutch-mh17-inquiry-findings#0ymh6q2RmZ9gyZUb.99
October 14, 2015: A computer simulation carried out by Dutch Safety Board investigators supports the scenario that MH17 was brought down by a surface-to-air missile. The experiment, it said, disproved claims the missile was shot down from Snizhne, a village controlled by pro-Russian rebels. Instead they said the passenger jet seems to have been shot down from territory disputed by insurgents and Ukrainian troops, and by an outdated version of the BUK missile that is no longer in use by the Russian military. "The results of the experiment completely dispute the conclusions of the Dutch commission about the type of the rocket and the launch site," said Yan Novikov, director of Almaz-Antey, which has been put under Western sanctions. Read more at http://www.9news.com.au/world/2015/10/14/14/07/russian-missile-maker-disputes-dutch-mh17-inquiry-findings#0ymh6q2RmZ9gyZUb.99
The Russian maker of BUK missiles has released videos of a missile being exploded close to the nose of decommissioned Ilyushin plane in an attempt to discredit the findings of an official inquiry into the downing of a Malaysia Airlines jet MH17. International investigators concluded a 15-month probe into the tragedy last night and concluded that flight MH17 was shot down by a Russian-made BUK fired from rebel-held eastern Ukraine. State-controlled Russian firm Almaz-Antey published videos of a BUK missile being exploded close to the nose of a plane in the wake of the report's release. Read more at http://www.9news.com.au/world/2015/10/14/14/07/russian-missile-maker-disputes-dutch-mh17-inquiry-findings#0ymh6q2RmZ9gyZUb.99


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Let Them Eat Cake! Fighting Food Waste, One Startup at a Time
By Akudo McGee
This year, the Swedish e-commerce startup, Matsmart raised €7.5 million ( approximately $8.9 million) to expand their business across Europe. Matsmart operates on the idea that food fit for human consumption should be consumed and they ensure that it is by selling food goods, which would otherwise be thrown out at a 20-90% discount. Food fit for consumption, being consumed, sounds logical right? Well, according to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, almost half of all the world's food is thrown away, 2 billion tonnes of that food never even reaches our plates. This is an unfortunate paradox because on the other side of this statistic 793 million people worldwide go hungry.
The reason for food being wasted can range from expiration dates which don't accurately reflect how edible or "safe" food is to food being oddly-shaped, too big, too small or too "ugly" to sell. For instance, in the UK, up to 30% of vegetable crops aren't harvested due to their physical appearance. As of 2016, Matsmart has saved 708 tonnes of food from being wasted by selling it to customers, this is significant, even compared to the 1.3 million tonnes of food that is thrown away annually in Sweden alone. Matsmart sells surplus food that is thrown away because of changes in branding, packaging, seasonality or products with shorter shelf lives.
While no products marked with a "last consumption date" after the expected date of receipt by the customer are sold, customers may receive products marked with "best before" or "expiration dates" after the date of expected receipt. This is because best before dates serve as a recommendation by the manufacturer and the product maintains the same taste and quality as it would on a previous date. Expiration dates indicate that the food may not be fit for consumption. This label is used for sensitive products which spoil faster, like meats but does not mean that a product cannot be consumed. All of this information can be accessed by customers before completing their order in the event that they prefer not to have expired food or food that has passed its "best before" date.
Matsmart's contributions to eliminating food waste are also good news for consumers. Across the globe, 550 billion cubic meters of water is wasted on crops that will never make it to our plates and that water use is multiplied when the production of animal products is considered. So far Matsmart, which has expanded to Finland and Norway has seen great success, with annual revenues reaching €20 million ($23.7 million approximately). That revenue is being reinvested into growth for international expansion. They currently deliver both to private individuals and companies, bringing goods directly to the door or service point of customers.
Matsmart is an online food retailer, on a mission to reduce food waste. By providing an alternative route to market for surplus food, we aim to revolutionize and challenge the perception and consumption of food.
Their website, which is an online market features products from multiple categories like spices, pantry, sauces and oils, beverages, candy, tea, coffee, disposables, laundry, dishes, pet supplies, laundry supplies and many more. They even have special discounts like their after Christmas sale. Their site looks like any other online grocery store and allows customers to browse products, review product information and then add items to the cart. Once items are in the cart, customers have a number of methods to pay, like debit or credit card, direct payment or with their Klarna (a Swedish bank) accounts.
Matsmart, who posts tips on how to avoid food waste and do better by the environment (sorry it's in Swedish, but there is Google translate) wants to go beyond selling consumers food to avoid waste and towards encouraging consumers to make better food choices. On their site, they encourage consumers to understand the "best before," "expiration" and "last consumption day" dates on their food so that they don't inadvertently toss food which can still be consumed. Reducing or avoiding waste is also suggested. Other advice encourages consumers to plan their purchases, store food appropriately, take advantage of the entire product and use leftovers before just tossing.
While governments and larger entities like the EU have committed to tackling food waste, it's obvious that this issue is multifaceted and requires the input and commitment of multiple parties. Consumers and companies are just some of those and Matsmart has found the pivotal balance between profit and making a difference. With such a successful start and a profitable year, they're worth keeping an eye on as they expand to other markets.
matsmart.se
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Egypt's army is taking charge of billions of dollars of development aid from the United Arab Emirates, an army official said, raising further doubts over the narrow separation of powers with the military backed administration in place since July.
One of several Gulf states to shower Egypt with cash and petroleum products after the army ousted elected Muslim Brotherhood president Mohammed Mursi, the UAE also looked ahead, seeking to bolster a system that could keep Islamists it sees as an existential threat from running the most populous Arab state.
Alongside money to build clinics, schools and housing units, it offered to fund a project in Egypt's strategic wheat sector--the construction of 25 wheat silos that could help the world's biggest importer of the commodity lower its huge food bill.
Bread is a politically-explosive issue in Egypt -- failure to deliver it at an affordable price has triggered major riots in the past and the government wants to boost its storage capacity to reduce its reliance on international markets.
When army chief Field Marshal Abdel Fattah al-Sisi toppled Mursi, he put in place an interim civilian cabinet meant to be at arm's length from the military.
But Major General Taher Abdullah, who heads the Engineering Authority of the Armed Forces, said when UAE officials discussed projects shortly after Mursi's ouster, it was with the army.
"They said, 'we will support the Egyptian people but through the army -- if the people want a hospital, the armed forces will build it,'" the 58-year-old career officer and engineer told Reuters in an interview.
The army's role in building construction became public earlier this month when UAE government-linked Dubai firm Arabtec's announced it had inked a $40 billion deal with the military to build one million homes in Egypt.
In the silos project, it has been acting behind the scenes.
The army was not mentioned when a $4.9 billion UAE aid package for development and infrastructure schemes was announced in October. It included funds for the new silos, which the government says should help prevent the loss of 1.6 million tonnes - around half a billion dollars worth - of wheat a year.
An official at Egypt's state-run silos and storage company with knowledge of the wheat project told Reuters the interim government's Investment Ministry launched a tender in January to choose a company to build four of the silos.
The estimated per-silo construction cost in the tender specifications was nearly three times the cost projected by the UAE, according to the silos company source.
The UAE told the Egyptian ministry to withdraw the tender, making clear that they would not release money until they saw more "suitable" prices in it, the source said.
He said the UAE held a meeting at a Cairo hotel in early March, convening representatives from the three Egyptian ministries and the state silo company along with army officials.
A trader with knowledge of the Egyptian wheat sector also said the UAE had rejected the January tender.
Sherif Oteifa, an adviser to the Investment Minister on "mega projects", confirmed a tender was issued in January but said it had not been rejected. He said he hoped next week to have final clearance from the Emirates government to award contracts for construction of two of the silos. Officials estimate they will take about 18 months to build.
Oteifa said the army had monitored the tendering process on a weekly basis. "We are happy with this, it makes the process go quicker. But the army will not be involved in construction: the bidders are public and private companies."
The UAE's Egypt aid point man said recently Abu Dhabi had excellent cooperation with the interim government, which was reshuffled unexpectedly last month.
The silos company source said the tender would be run again, along with tenders for the remaining silos. "We agreed that revisions will be made to the tender, and a deadline was set ... for the opening of bids again," the source said.
The trader said he did not have an update on the timing, adding: "They are looking to reorganise the tender and re do it. The Turkish silos are very cheap, they will probably buy those."
Asked why the army attended the meeting, the silos company source said: "The UAE wants to make sure the money goes to the right place...and thinks the army is the best way to guarantee this."
Major General Abdullah said meetings between officials from the two governments over the silos were happening on a weekly basis and that army officials attended them.
"When we say a project will be done in six months, then, with the will of God and the support of God, in six months it will be done."
The interim government's decision to resign in February, with many but not all the same faces reappointed shortly afterwards, has not been fully explained: some analysts see it as a way for the army to distance itself from some of the economic problems that have persisted since Mursi's ouster.
Sisi, 59, who became defence minister after he ousted Mursi in July and held on to the post in the new government, resigned as both army chief and defence minister on Wednesday so he could run for president in an election that is part of a roadmap to return Egypt to civilian rule. He is expected to win easily.
Thousands of supporters of Mursi have been jailed, hundreds killed and the movement is back underground, where it was before former air force chief and longtime Egyptian ruler Hosni Mubarak was toppled in a popular uprising in 2011.
Under Mubarak, the military gained control of a vast business empire ranging from bottled water companies to petrol stations.
Government spokesman Hani Saleh told Reuters it was logical for it to be involved in the wheat silos project.
"The army is an integral part of this country and is known for its integrity, discipline and past experience in conducting major national projects, especially of this size," he said.
The Supplies Minister was not reappointed in the new cabinet. The turnover happened just days after he had sacked several government officials involved in the wheat sector, including the head of the silos and storage company.
Shadi Hamid, fellow at the Brookings Institution's Saban Center in Washington noted a contrast between the pace of work by the Egyptian government and that in Gulf nations such as the UAE, the most modernised Arab economy.
"There's a frustration there because the Egyptian government cannot get basic things done," he said.
"It's not something that the Emiratis or Saudis are used to; for them, when they want results they can actually take specific measures to get those results."
Emirati officials say publicly that they are supporting Egypt's "march of progress".
"There was excellent cooperation and commendable efforts on their side," UAE minister of state Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber said, when asked in a newspaper interview for his assessment of ties between the UAE and the government of interim Prime Minister Hazem el-Beblawi that was in place until last month.
"The Egyptian-Emirati relationship is and will always be strong, and it's of a strategic nature," said Jaber, according to a transcript of the interview published on March 17. The interview also appeared on the UAE's official WAM news agency.
Jaber is the UAE's point man on the Egyptian aid projects.
Despite the difficulties of doing business in Egypt, there are no signs that the UAE, or Saudi Arabia or Kuwait, will withdraw their support for a pivotal country in the Arab world.
"Even though the Emiratis are frustrated, they've signed on for the long term (and) they are on board ideologically," said Justin Dargin, a Middle East energy expert at the University of Oxford.
It is clear who they see as their partner. When Arabtec announced the housing construction deal, Egyptian papers splashed front page pictures of one of its executives, shaking hands with Sisi.


0:00 Sam Keating at goalie for York (Pa.).
1:33 Shot by York (Pa.) Meghan Heary, Save (by goalie) Morgan Domanico.
1:41 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [1:41].
2:22 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [2:22].
3:08 Shot by York (Pa.) Lindsay Nye, Blocked.
5:48 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [5:48].
6:34 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [6:34].
7:13 Shot by York (Pa.) Lindsay Nye, Save (by goalie) Morgan Domanico.
11:17 Shot by Washington College Kailyn Brandt, Wide.
14:14 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [14:14].
14:57 Shot by York (Pa.) Peyton Martino, Blocked.
15:04 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [15:04].
15:43 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [15:43].
20:08 Shot by Washington College Olivia Auer, Save (by goalie) Sam Keating.
20:45 Shot by Washington College Nicole Schroyer, Save (by goalie) Sam Keating.
23:37 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [23:37].
24:20 Shot by York (Pa.) Jordan Sleeth, Save (by goalie) Morgan Domanico.
24:54 Shot by York (Pa.) Peyton Martino, Blocked.
25:26 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [25:26].
28:31 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [28:31].
29:12 Shot by York (Pa.) Greta Plappert, Save (by goalie) Morgan Domanico.
30:37 Penalty corner by Washington College Olivia Auer [30:37].
38:17 Penalty corner by Washington College Olivia Auer [38:17].
38:48 Shot by Washington College Nicole Schroyer, Wide.
45:17 Penalty corner by Washington College Olivia Auer [45:17].
46:47 Shot by Washington College Kailyn Brandt, Wide.
47:19 Green card on Washington College Nicole Schroyer.
47:19 Penalty corner by Washington College Olivia Auer [47:19].
51:30 Penalty corner by Washington College Emily Pantazes [51:30].
52:13 Penalty corner by Washington College Emily Pantazes [52:13].
52:48 Shot by Washington College Nicole Schroyer, Wide.
56:54 Yellow card on Washington College Nicole Schroyer.
56:54 Shot by York (Pa.) Sam Collis, Save (by goalie) Morgan Domanico.
56:54 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [56:54].
62:29 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [62:29].
64:05 Shot by Washington College Kailyn Brandt, Save (by goalie) Sam Keating.
65:24 Green card on York (Pa.) Sam Collis.
65:24 Shot by York (Pa.) Greta Plappert, Save (by goalie) Morgan Domanico.
65:24 Penalty corner by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey [65:24].
65:58 Shot by York (Pa.) Lindsay Nye, Save (by goalie) Morgan Domanico.
66:02 Shot by York (Pa.) Julea Truskey, Save (by goalie) Morgan Domanico.
67:09 Shot by York (Pa.) Greta Plappert, Wide.


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But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law,
The fulness
Zechariah 6:12
Made under
The scepter will not depart from Judah, Nor the lawgiver from between his feet, Until Shiloh come, And to him will be the obedience of peoples.
Seventy weeks are apportioned out upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to close the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make expiation for iniquity, and to bring in the righteousness of the ages, and to seal the vision and prophet, and to anoint the holy of holies.
Behold, I send my messenger, and he shall prepare the way before me; and the Lord whom ye seek will suddenly come to his temple, and the Angel of the covenant, whom ye delight in: behold, he cometh, saith Jehovah of hosts.
and saying, The time is fulfilled and the kingdom of God has drawn nigh; repent and believe in the glad tidings.
And he said to them, It is not yours to know times or seasons, which the Father has placed in his own authority;
for the administration of the fulness of times; to head up all things in the Christ, the things in the heavens and the things upon the earth; in him,
consisting only of meats and drinks and divers washings, ordinances of flesh, imposed until the time of setting things right.
For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder; and his name is called Wonderful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Father of Eternity, Prince of Peace.
(And thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, little to be among the thousands of Judah, out of thee shall he come forth unto me who is to be Ruler in Israel: whose goings forth are from of old, from the days of eternity.)
and speak unto him, saying, Thus speaketh Jehovah of hosts, saying, Behold a man whose name is the Branch; and he shall grow up from his own place, and he shall build the temple of Jehovah:
And the angel said to them, Fear not, for behold, I announce to you glad tidings of great joy, which shall be to all the people;
And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us (and we have contemplated his glory, a glory as of an only-begotten with a father), full of grace and truth;
concerning his Son (come of David's seed according to flesh,
whose are the fathers; and of whom, as according to flesh, is the Christ, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen.
who, subsisting in the form of God, did not esteem it an object of rapine to be on an equality with God;
And confessedly the mystery of piety is great. God has been manifested in flesh, has been justified in the Spirit, has appeared to angels, has been preached among the nations, has been believed on in the world, has been received up in glory.
Since therefore the children partake of blood and flesh, he also, in like manner, took part in the same, that through death he might annul him who has the might of death, that is, the devil;
Wherefore coming into the world he says, Sacrifice and offering thou willedst not; but thou hast prepared me a body.
Hereby ye know the Spirit of God: every spirit which confesses Jesus Christ come in flesh is of God;
And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; he shall crush thy head, and thou shalt crush his heel.
Therefore will the Lord himself give you a sign: Behold, the virgin shall conceive and shall bring forth a son, and call his name Immanuel.
How long wilt thou wander about, thou backsliding daughter? For Jehovah hath created a new thing on the earth, a woman shall encompass a man.
Therefore will he give them up, until the time when she which travaileth shall have brought forth: and the residue of his brethren shall return unto the children of Israel.
Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which is, being interpreted, 'God with us.'
and behold, thou shalt conceive in the womb and bear a son, and thou shalt call his name Jesus.
and she brought forth her first-born son, and wrapped him up in swaddling-clothes and laid him in the manger, because there was no room for them in the inn.
But Jesus answering said to him, Suffer it now; for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness. Then he suffers him.
Think not that I am come to make void the law or the prophets; I am not come to make void, but to fulfil.
And when eight days were fulfilled for circumcising him, his name was called Jesus, which was the name given by the angel before he had been conceived in the womb.
For I say that Jesus Christ became a minister of the circumcision for the truth of God, to confirm the promises of the fathers;
having effaced the handwriting in ordinances which stood out against us, which was contrary to us, he has taken it also out of the way, having nailed it to the cross;
And he made a mercy-seat of pure gold; two cubits and a half the length thereof, and one cubit and a half the breadth thereof.
And thou shalt bring Aaron and his sons near, at the entrance of the tent of meeting, and bathe them with water.
And if she be cleansed of her flux then she shall count seven days, and after that she shall be clean.
after that he is sold there shall be right of redemption for him; one of his brethren may redeem him.
After these things was a feast of the Jews, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.


text:
class WebGestureCurveMock : public blink::WebGestureCurve {
 public:
  WebGestureCurveMock(const gfx::Vector2dF& velocity,
                      const blink::WebSize& cumulative_scroll);
  ~WebGestureCurveMock() override;

  // Returns false if curve has finished and can no longer advance.
  bool Advance(double time,
               gfx::Vector2dF& out_current_velocity,
               gfx::Vector2dF& out_delta_to_scroll) override;

 private:
  gfx::Vector2dF velocity_;
  blink::WebSize cumulative_scroll_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(WebGestureCurveMock);
};

#endif  // CONTENT_TEST_WEB_GESTURE_CURVE_MOCK_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Заозёрная — деревня в Варгашинском районе Курганской области. Входит в состав Уральского сельсовета.

География
Деревня расположена на северо-восточном берегу озера Нюхалово, в 48 км к северу от пгт Варгаши.

Историческая справка
Крестьянин Борис Лукин Сутягин основал в 1770 году д. Нюхалово. В 1782 году население д. Нюхалово составило 88 чел. душ мужского пола и 86 чел. душ женского пола. Деревня входила в Марайскую волость Курганского уезда Тобольской губернии. В духовном отношении деревня входила в приход храма во имя Богоявления Господня, расположенного в селе Марайское. По данным переписи 1926 года в д. Нюхалова Марайского сельсовета Марайского района Курганского округа Уральской области проживало 646 чел., в том числе русских 646 чел. (295 чел. мужского пола и 351 чел. женского пола). Решением Курганского облисполкома № 185 от 26 апреля 1956 года д. Нюхалова перечислена из Марайского сельсовета в состав Уральского сельсовета.

В 1964 г. Указом Президиума ВС РСФСР деревня Нюхалова переименована в Заозерная.

Население

Национальный состав
 По переписи населения 2002 года проживало 102 человека, из них русские — 98 %.

Инфраструктура
Личное подсобное хозяйство.

Транспорт
Деревня доступна автотранспортом.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Варгашинского района
переименованные населённые пункты Курганской области

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Big Lubinski is transforming himself into the Smaller Lubinski.
Richard Lubinski is on a mission to slim down and fatten the coffers at the Ronald McDonald House at the same time.
In a YouTube video that he hopes will go viral on the Internet, the man who turned 37 years old on Saturday, pokes fun at his own weight and issues a challenge to viewers to help him raise money for Ronald McDonald House of Akron at the same time.
�The reason I�m making this video is because I�m fat and need to lose weight,� Lubinski said at the beginning of the video.
Weighing 335 pounds when he started the 100-day weight loss challenge, Lubinski acknowledged that he had a big weight problem.
�Yea, that is huge,� he said.
Since starting the diet in February, the Twinsburg man is down 35 pounds to about 300 pounds and has raised about $1,000 in pledges out of a goal of $10,000 for Ronald McDonald House of Akron, where families of sick children stay during hospitalizations at Akron Children�s Hospital.
Lubinski, a real estate agent with Stouffer Realty, is also president of the Red Shoe Society of Akron, a group of young philanthropists and business people who work to support Ronald McDonald House.
While his own 100-day weight loss challenge will end around Mother�s Day, he hopes to eventually drop another 75 pounds.
He has been working out regularly at the Akron General Medical Center�s Health & Wellness Center in Stow on Allen Road.
Lubinski, married and the father of three children, hopes others will take up the challenge and start their own mini fundraising drive to help Ronald McDonald House.
Anne Collins, executive director of the Ronald McDonald House of Akron, said the house is in the fundraising stage of a planned $10-million expansion that will take the home from the current 20 rooms to 60 rooms.
The expansion of the house is part of the Akron Children�s Hospital building on the Promise Capital Campaign in which it seeks to raise $60 million, Collins said.
So far, about $3.3 million has been raised for the Ronald McDonald House project, said Collins, who praised Lubinski for his efforts.
Last year, 13,000 people stayed at the Ronald McDonald House in Akron on Locust Street but 6,000 people were turned away, Collins said.
�I give him much credit,� she said of Lubinski�s weight loss challenge.
Lubinski said he wants to get word out via the Internet that there is a need to help Ronald McDonald House.
�They do so much,� he said.
For more on Ronald McDonald House of Akron go to www.rmhakron.org. For information on the Red Shoe Society of Akron go to http://www.rmhakron.org/en/how-you-can-help/red-shoe-society.
There are also Facebook pages for Ronald McDonald House and the Red Shoe Society.
To donate directly to the Ronald McDonald House, send checks to Ronald McDonald House at 245 Locust St., Akron, OH 44302, attention: Anne Collins.
To see Lubinksi�s ?video go to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyLaRLJURrc.
To contact Lubinski, email him at richlubinski@gmail.com or call him at 330-622-0501.