text:
CALmatters Commentary: The politics of slow population growth
Dan Walters discusses how the 2020 census could have negative ramifications for the Golden State.
CALmatters Commentary: The politics of slow population growth Dan Walters discusses how the 2020 census could have negative ramifications for the Golden State. Check out this story on vcstar.com: https://www.vcstar.com/story/opinion/columnists/2020/01/12/calmatters-commentary-politics-slow-population-growth/4423216002/
Dan Walters, CALmatters Commentary Published 12:01 a.m. PT Jan. 12, 2020
During the first decade of the 21st century, demographers in California's Department of Finance and those in the U.S. Census Bureau found themselves in a genteel conflict.
Year by year, the two agencies' estimates of California's population diverged, finally reaching a gap of about 1 million human beings.
It was officially resolved by the 2010 census, which declared that California had 37.3 million residents, close to the state's pre-census estimates.
Of course, the number was wrong because it's impossible to precisely count everyone, and could easily have been a million or two too low, given the state's large number of homeless and undocumented immigrants. However, it was the official number used by the federal government, including for its allocation of congressional seats.
After the 2010 census, California's delegation was frozen at 53 seats, still by far the largest of any state but a culture shock for a state that had been accustomed to seeing its congressional allocation grow steadily ever since it had entered the union in 1850.
Another census is scheduled for this year and last month, the two demographic agencies released their final estimates of the state's population (as of July 1, 2019) before the official count begins.
TODEC workers and volunteers walk through Veterans Park in downtown Coachella to inform people about the importance of participating in the census, Coachella, Calif., May 14, 2019. (Photo: Zoë Meyers/The Desert Sun)
Once again, they are markedly different, although not by as much as they had been a decade earlier. And once again, the state's number is higher than the Census Bureau's — 39.96 million by the state's calculation, 39.5 million in the federal estimate.
The state calculated population growth in the year ending July 1 at 141,300 or .35%, the lowest year-to-year rate ever recorded.
The feds, meanwhile, estimated that California's population grew by just 50,635 people during the 12-month period ending July 1, which is very close to a statistical zero. California barely escaped joining New York and the nine other states deemed to have lost population.
The low growth in both estimates reflects a strong outflow of Californians to other states — a net loss, in fact — a declining birthrate, a rising death rate and slowing immigration from other nations.
The 2020 census will once again settle the demographic conflict, and California officials are very concerned that President Donald Trump's administration will not try very hard to count everyone in politically blue states. They are especially concerned that relying on the internet as the primary vehicle for counting the population will undercount the poor.
California is spending millions of dollars to improve the count. However, what emerges from the census will be the official number and if the Census Bureau's latest estimates are validated, it's highly likely that California, for the first time since it became a state in 1850, would lose a congressional seat.
In contrast, the 1990 census found that during the 1980s, California's population increased by a whopping 6 million or 25% and it gained seven new congressional seats. However, it added just one after the 2000 census.
If California does lose a seat, it's more a symbolic event than one with practical effects, but it does give California's critics new ammunition to argue that the Golden State is now tarnished as its accumulated flaws, such as rampant homelessness, income disparity and sky-high housing costs impel people to move elsewhere.
A loss would have one concrete effect, decreasing the state's presidential electoral votes by one, joining the larger phenomenon of blue states such as California losing congressional seats and electoral votes to faster growing, conservative-voting states in the South and Southwest, such as arch-rival Texas.
Given the very close national political divide, that could have a very significant effect in the years ahead.
CALmatters Commentary Columnist Dan Walters (Photo: CALmatters)
Read or Share this story: https://www.vcstar.com/story/opinion/columnists/2020/01/12/calmatters-commentary-politics-slow-population-growth/4423216002/
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This soft brush lets you apply product with the lightest touch for a soft, sheer, natural looking effect. The slight point at the tip fits nicely into the contours of the face for more precise placement. Use the flat side for all over application of powders, or the skinny side for blush and bronzer.
Dip the brush into powder and sweep over the face in broad strokes for even coverage. Use the contoured edges to apply blush and bronzer. Clean regularly with brush shampoo to avoid bacteria build up.
Flawless Face Brush is rated 4.4 out of 5 by 27.
Rated 1 out of 5 by JB3086 from Falls apart I would have loved this brush had it not separated from the handle in less than one month of use.
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Is the size listed somewhere? I'm wondering if it will fit in my purse.
is the name of the brush stated on the handle?
This looks a lot like the IT Cosmetics Wand Ball Powder Brush. Would anyone say it is comparable in feel and quality?
I have both the IT wand ball and this elf brush. The iT brush is much larger,  rounder, and fluffier. I love them both but they are not the same at all.
Where is this sold in stores? Would I be able to find this newer brush in Target?
You can, it's all about preference. However I wouldn't recommend this for foundation. Would most likely absorb a lot of product and leave streaks because it is not as dense as other foundation brushes. They(E.L.F) actually has a brush specifically for foundation and it works quite well for the cost.
Is this only available online?


News photographers captured photos of the broad, two-page agreement, which was not immediately released by the White House. North Korean leader Kim secured a huge win just by standing on the world stage as a coequal with President Trump and by getting a concrete concession from the U.S.to end military exercises in South Korea. News of the summit itself had not yet been reported in the North as of late Tuesday night.
In a split-screen shot, Kim Jong Un waved to an adoring crowd while President Trump stood beside him with his thumb in the air. Responding to questions, he said "absolutely" he would invite Kim to the White House.
Bill Richardson, the veteran North Korea negotiator and former governor of New Mexico, said during a phone briefing on Tuesday the summit achieved a personal connection between Trump and Kim. And he did not mention formally ending the Korean War, which many observers had predicted could be one outcome of the meeting.
Hours earlier as he sat alongside Kim at the signing ceremony, Trump said the two leaders "have developed a special bond" and that after their several hours of talks Tuesday and the signing of the agreement he thinks the US relationship with North Korea "will be very different than in the past". But that, by itself, does little to reduce the North Korean threat. "We got to know each other well in a very confined period of time", he said.
In many ways, Trump's whirlwind negotiations with the North Koreans defy comparisons. About eight of their representatives were watching it, and I thought they were fascinated by it.
Mr Trump said the drills were "provocative" - even though the USA has previously defended them - and there were suggestions that USA allies in the region had not been forewarned of this move.
Bloomberg reported that Trump's departure time was moved up in response to Kim's plans to leave Singapore shortly after the summit. Kim has been accused of horrific rights abuses against his people. Trump responded. "I mean, this is what we have, and this is where we are, and I can only tell you from my experience, and I met him, I've spoken with him, and I've met him". And I'd like to be able to bring them back home. Asked by a reporter before the summit how he would know if Kim was serious about de-nuclearization, Trump said he would rely upon "my touch, my feel".
The summit capped a dizzying few days of foreign policy activity for Trump, who shocked U.S. allies over the weekend by using a meeting in Canada of the Group of Seven industrialized economies to alienate America's closest friends in the West. Lashing out over trade practices, Trump lobbed insults at his G-7 host, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.
Trump had a 40-minute private talk with Kim (with translators present), followed by an expanded bilateral talk and working lunch.
"No-one has shown more contempt for other nations and for the wellbeing of their own people than the depraved regime in North Korea", Mr Trump said during his infamous "little rocket man" speech to the United Nations past year.
Critics are charging that the letter was closer to North Korea's preferences than the "comprehensive, verifiable, irreversible de-nuclearization" sought by the United States. "We look forward to looking at the details of the agreement", Trudeau says.


Hey pals! There's another new pattern in the works, and I need your help! Whether optimistic or ill-advised, I'm opening up this pattern test while I've still got another on the go, because I can't get these patterns out fast enough! This time, I'm looking for people to help me out with the Beginner Boxy Crop. This is the perfect pattern for those who've knit the basics, and want to try garments – I call it my 'If you can knit a scarf, you can knit this tee, tee'! It's also great for anyone who likes a minimal knit and fancies something nice and easy to work on. All of the details are included in the form below, so please complete it if you'd like to be a tester.
I'm planning to choose and contact testers in the next few days.
UPDATE It looks like the form might be a little tricky to fill out on mobile. If you're having difficulties, you can access an alternative form here.


The Lexus RC F sports coupe has received an upgrade that includes a pseudo launch control system along with multimedia and active safety enhancements, which have also been added to the RC 300 and RC 350.
The RC F and range-topping RC F Carbon now feature Drive Start Control, which provides smoother starts and optimised gear changes for swifter take-off acceleration when the driver is using the shift lever manually.
The system manages power and torque delivery from the RC F's naturally aspirated 5.0-litre V8 engine to its rear wheels via an eight-speed automatic transmission, but, in a nod to the purists, it won't engage the system when traction control is switched off to allow keen drivers to do the work themselves. A light in the instrument panel indicates when the system is operational.
The RC F also gains a new customisable mode for its Drive Mode Select system, which allows the driver to individually specify a preferred powertrain, chassis and air conditioning setting under the one drive mode.
There are new colour options for the RC F, too, including Zinna Yellow, which first appeared on the LC coupe. A hue dubbed Titanium replaces Sonic Silver.
Infotainment has been enhanced in all RC models, with the display screen stretched from 7.0-inches to a panoramic 10.3-inches, and now shows the latest version of Lexus' multimedia system. Controlling on-screen functions is now easier thanks to the larger touch pad mountied on the centre console.
Meanwhile, the Lexus Safety System+ driver assistance package gains pedestrian detection for its pre-collision warning function, while the active cruise control system has new buttons making it simpler to operate. Lane departure warning now includes steering assist, to help keep the car between the lines, and a vibrating alert built into the steering wheel. Automatic high beam, which dips when a vehicle is detected ahead, has also been included.
From an aesthetic perspective the range-topping RC F Carbon's 20-spoke forged alloy wheels have a new matte finish, while the carbonfibre bonnet is now aluminium resulting in a $6248 price drop.
The RC 350's 3.5-litre quad cam V6 has also received some attention from Lexus engineers resulting in a slight performance tweak to 232kW and 380Nm and 3.2 percent improvement to fuel economy, now 9.1L/100km.


Imagine a new and improved biorefinery, one that produces advanced biofuels as environmentally sustainable as they are economically viable. In the biorefinery of the future, every step of the pipeline is optimized, almost every part of the energy crop is used, and the entire system, from field to fuel, serves to drive down carbon emissions.
As researchers at the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) work toward that vision, they're finding inspiration in what might seem an odd or unlikely place – the oil refinery. Oil refineries make an array of products from crude oil, including low-cost gasoline and high-value petrochemicals. The practice of making co-products alongside fuels helps improve the refinery's bottom line and could also prove critical to the biorefinery's economic model.
But what bioproducts should or could the future biorefinery produce alongside advanced biofuels? Which will succeed in making the process more economical? New work from GLBRC, published in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, is providing a much-needed framework for answering those questions, helping researchers to identify the most promising bio-based chemicals.
Maravelias, along with Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering Jennifer Reed and the study's first author Tony (Wenzhao) Wu, has developed and used a multi-scale modeling process to identify 32 biochemicals as economically promising if maximum yields can be achieved, and 22 biochemicals if the maximum productivities can be achieved.
To come up with the list, the team first identified a candidate pool of chemicals that can be created directly from microorganisms, and thus do not require potentially costly chemical conversion steps. Next, they screened the pool based on profit margin, market volume, and market size, while also incorporating the total process cost into their evaluation, including the downstream separation cost.
We don't want to use our valuable resources to study chemicals that don't appear to be promising.
The work provides immediate guidance for microbiologists and chemical engineers, steering them toward the production of biochemicals most worthy of time and investigation. As Wu says, "we don't want to use our valuable resources to study chemicals that don't appear to be promising." But it's also a flexible framework for answering other complex questions about the biology and economics of specific biochemicals and can be used to conduct other customized screenings.
GLBRC is one of four U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergy Research Centers created to provide scientific breakthroughs for a new generation of sustainable, cost-effective biofuels and bioproducts.
Source: Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, press release, 2018-07-16.


text:
Social media v. Casey Anthony
Tagged: Casey Anthony, Facebook, Jaclyn McNeil, Jason Selig, Platform Online Magazine, social media, Twitter
By Jaclyn McNeil
Casey Anthony was found #notguilty of murdering her 2-year-old daughter, Caylee, in the trial that became this summer's most watched reality TV show. The verdict was tweeted, retweeted, facebooked and blogged, mostly with outrage and disbelief. The media and public had already reached a verdict in the case long before the trial even began: guilty.
The social media world was captivated by the case and trial. Twitter accounts were created to give live feed of the trial throughout the day including OSCaseyAnthony, managed by the Orlando Sentinel, and NinthCircuitFL, managed by the 9th Judicial Circuit Court.
News coverage of the case by reporters Greta Van Susteran, Nancy Grace, Bill O'Reilly, Shep Smith and Geraldo Rivera aired around the clock with almost all bias toward the guilt of the accused, Casey Anthony. The lack of evidence did not seem to sway the media or the public's opinion. Although the trial is over, the social media trial of Casey is not. TIME magazine has coined the trial as "The Social Media Trial of the Century." The day the verdict was announced 325,283 Twitter posts about the case were made with "not guilty" appearing 20,000 times.
In the courthouse of Twitter and Facebook Casey Anthony is guilty. And that is what makes this case and trial so unique: the public has followed the case and trial through media outlets and announced their verdict in a public platform through social media.
Eric Dunning, a communication and justice theory instructor for the Department of Communication Studies at The University of Alabama, believes that social media has revolutionized the way people respond to criminal cases.
"The media creates a virtual town square, and the general public becomes an extension of the media as citizen journalists on social media," said Dunning.
Social media allows people to gain rapid information and rapid response. The public's disbelief of the verdict was likely a result of the misleading information from the media.
"The media made the prosecution seem better than it was, so naturally viewers were shocked by the result," said Dunning. "Shows stir up controversy; the media needs a convenient villian and a great storyline."
So what is the next step for Casey Anthony? Crisis management public relations expert Glenn Selig, founder of the PR firm The Publicity Agency, represented lead defense attorney Jose Baez. In an article for PR NewsChannel Selig comments on the Casey Anthony case, the potential money that may be made and defending clients to the public.
"If big money comes from anywhere, it will be from the entertainment world–movies and books–where payment is commonplace. And the less of the story that is told now, the more valuable a book or movie deal will be," said Selig.
If the public finds out that Casey Anthony is making money off of an interview, what is the potential backlash a network may receive? Is it worth the risk?
One thing can be certain: book deals and interviews will be made and there are many candidates. Juror number 6 has hired PR firm French/West/Vaughn. According to the New York Times a network executive said the fee to talk to juror number 6 was $50,000.
"That could be a book by itself and you could make the argument that because they arrived at the verdict they did, their story is now worth more than it would have been had they found her guilty," said Selig.
The public is fascinated by this case, and a book deal or interview with juror members would attract a lot of attention. The public backlash may be minimal for jurors since they have no direct association with the Anthony family.
However, as Selig points out, "Whoever is looking to make money on this needs to be very careful because just talking about capitalizing on the death of a child feels dirty."
Casey will likely make some sort of formal appearance or book deal in spite of Selig's warning. When she gets out of jail she will probably be shunned by most of the public and will run into the arms of the media. We have made Casey Anthony a celebrity, whether we like it or not.
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Postage stamps and postal history of the Canal Zone
Early Canal Zone postage stamp
issue of 1911
Panama Canal Zone Map, 1911
Postage stamps and postal history of the Canal Zone is a subject that covers the postal system, postage stamps used and mail sent to and from the Panama Canal Zone from 1904 up until October 1978, after the United States relinquished its authority of the Zone in compliance with the treaty it reached with Panama.
The Canal Zone was a strip of territory 50 miles (80 km) long and 10 miles (16 km) wide across the Isthmus of Panama, and was ceded to the United States for the purpose of constructing and operating the canal which connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Upon the establishment of the Canal Zone in 1903,[a] seventeen Post Offices had also been established and were operated by the U.S. Government.[b] The Canal Zone and its post offices, with the main distributing office in Cristobal, operated as an independent government agency under the direct authority of the President of the United States. In the towns where there were railroad stations, the station agents of the Panama Railroad functioned as postmasters. Along with ships and freight, domestic mail and mail from around the world moved through the canal. The Canal Zone Post Office began operating and issued its first postage stamps on June 24, 1904.[2] Initially these were the current stamps of Panama or (less often) the U.S., overprinted with 'CANAL ZONE' in various styles. Philatelists have identified over 100 varieties, some of them quite rare (and counterfeited).
1 First issues
2 1904 issues, second series
3 1904 issues, third series
3.1 8-cent surcharge
4 1906–1909 issues
5 1915 and 1917 pictorial issues
6 1921 issues
7 1924 Coat of Arms issue
8 1924–1925 overprints
9 1928 permanent issues
10 1939 25th anniversary issues
11 1946–1949 issues
12 Gold rush issues
14 Air mail issues
14.1 25th anniversary air mail issues
14.2 Winged globe issues
14.3 Canal Zone seal and jet, issues of 1965–1976
15 Postage due
16 Final years
16.1 1975 reprints
16.2 4-cent Thatcher Ferry Bridge
20 Bibliography
First issues[edit]
The Republic of Panama was formally part of Colombia, and after it broke away from Colombia, with assistance from the United States, it established itself as a separate nation where it immediately became necessary to establish its own post offices and issue its own postage stamps.[3] The Canal Zone Post Office was inaugurated on June 25, 1904. Beforehand the domestic rates of postage in the United States were made applicable to all possessions of the United States on June 20, 1904, which henceforth included the Canal Zone.[4]
The first Panama stamps consisted of existing Colombian stamps, which were overprinted with Panama. These in turn were used for Canal Zone postage and were again, overprinted with CANAL ZONE with a red bar at top blocking out the name Colombia.[3] Many varieties of the overprinting of PANAMA and CANAL ZONE exist, including doubled overprinting, complete inverts and stamps with the letter A inverted or completely missing.[5] The coloring of the overprinting varies from violet to bluish-violet, with the overprinting measuring 18 mm.[6] The first comprehensive study of these issues was conducted by George L. Toppan, and his classification of the various varieties that occur in these issues is the most feasible one yet presented.[7]
2-cent, Issue of 1904
10-cent, Issue of 1904
The first stamps issued for Canal Zone postage consisted of three values, 2c, 5c and 10c, which were first issued on June 24, 1904, but were only used for twenty-four days, until July 17, 1904, and were removed from sale after that date. They were overprinted with a rubber handstamp.[3] Dr. J. C. Perry, a surgeon in the U. S. Marine Hospital, and a philatelic student was stationed at Ancon at this time, whose investigations provided much information concerning this and some of the later series. In regard to the first stamp issues he said:[8]
The first issue of stamps was authorized by executive order of the Governor of the Canal Zone, which provided that a limited number of stamps of the Panama Republic should be secured and surcharged "Canal Zone" in order to meet the demands of the postal service until the United States stamps properly surcharged could be obtained from Washington.
These first issues were carefully guarded and purchases were limited to the amount of one dollar in silver or fifty cents in U.S. currency. The executive order also cautioned anyone about buying or keeping large quantities of these stamps, as they would not be available for postage after the above date. However, this cautionary measure was unnecessary.[8] This first series of Canal Zone overprint issues is the one with the most plentiful fakes.[6]
1904 issues, second series[edit]
These stamps consisted of existing U.S. regular issues of 1902–1903 and were overprinted in 1904 with CANAL ZONE and PANAMA in vertical fashion, for use as Canal Zone postage: Issued in denominations of 1c, 2c, 5c 8c and 10c. Benjamin Franklin became the first historical figure to appear on Canal Zone Postage.[9] The overprinting was conducted in Washington D.C.[10] These were the first U.S. stamps overprinted for use in the Canal Zone, and consisted of a huge quantity on 10-million stamps. As the stamps featured American historical figures, such as Benjamin Franklin, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, they were generally not well received by the largely Panamanian population in and around the Canal Zone. These issues were briefly used for less than five months and were taken off sale as a result of the "Taft Agreement". This agreement was brought about as a result of an investigation into the protests made by Panama officials and business. These issues were in use from July 18 to December 11, 1904. Only a small percentage were actually sold, with the greater bulk of them destroyed on January 2–3, 1906, supervised by the Director of Posts, Tom M. Cooke.[11]
Selected Issues :
US regular Issue, 1c, overprinted
US regular Issue, 10c, overprinted
Two years after they were issued they were withdrawn from sale with the remainders of all values destroyed on January 2 and 3, 1906. Their withdrawal was arranged through an agreement between the Secretary of War, William Taft, and the Government of the Republic of Panama. The arrangement between the two governments resulted in many varieties for two reasons: One was due to the fact that the Canal Zone surcharge was printed on small quantities of stamps, with copper faced type which was reset at least five times for some of the values. The other was because many of the stamps used were those which had already been surcharged by the Panama authorities, and which were again surcharged with the Canal Zone overprinting.[10] The last of these overprints were issued in 1939.[12]
1904 issues, third series[edit]
In 1904, the Taft agreement required that Canal Zone stamps be produced by overprinting Panama stamps, and that 40% of their face value was to be paid to Panama. Somewhat similar to the map design of the first issues of 1904, the Third Series of Canal Zone stamps went on sale December 12, 1904. This issue was first overprinted by Mr. C. Bertoncini who was the Chief of the Canal Zone Division of Map Making, and then transferred to the Printing Bureau of the Engineering Department, also known as the 'Commission Printing Office', in August 1905. The Third Series is very interesting because of the myriad combinations in the overprints. The Canal Zone Director of Posts, sent a memorandum to all postmasters instructing them to sell these stamps for their face value in gold, or in Colombian silver at the rate of two for one. All the stamps in this series were overprinted in black from the same style of Canal Zone plates, in several different stages, with slight changes in the lettering for each stage. The overprinting plate was set up to overprint a full sheet of 100 stamps in one pass. new plates were brought in after several printings as needed, with each plate resulting in variations or errors in the overprinting.[13][14][15]
8-cent surcharge[edit]
8-cent surcharge of 1904
In December 1904 the Canal Zone postal authorities requested from Panama a supply of 8¢ stamps for to be employed as registration fee stamps. Panama at the time did not have an 8¢ denomination in its current series of postage, making it necessary to prepare an 8¢ surcharge stamp to existing stocks of postage stamps. To this end Panama used their regular 50¢ stamp from their current series of issues. The 8¢ surcharge was made in Panama on Colombian stamps already overprinted with a red colored bar and the word PANAMA and occurs in varying thickness and forms.[16] There are three varieties of the '8' in the surcharge.[17]
1906–1909 issues[edit]
Postage stamps issued in 1906–1907 were printed by the Hamilton Bank Note Engraving and Printing Co, in New York; Those issued in 1909 were issued by the American Bank Note Company. This series of stamps features portraits of statesmen, educators and other prominent men involved in Panama's early history. There were ten designs in all. Some of the issues were printed with the portrait inverted.[18] The 1909 overprints were printed at the Isthmian Canal Commission's Printing Office in Panama City.[19] The overprinting in the first printing places the word CANAL near the left side of the stamp, reading upward. Successive printings were issued with CANAL at the right, reading downward.[20] Some of the issues have missing or partially missing overprints, doubled overprints and inverted overprinting. A specialized catalog is needed to determine which values have the various oveprinting errors.[18]
Selected issues:
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Fernandez de Cordoba
Arosemena
Jose de Obaldia
A second series of stamps was issued in 1909, honoring the same figures depicted above in the 1906 issues, with same color themes for a given stamp, but with different border designs.[21]
Fernandez de Cordoba,
Justo Arosemena Quesada,
Manuel José Hurtado,
1915 and 1917 pictorial issues[edit]
A set of four pictorial stamps were issued by the Canal Zone authorities on March 1, 1915 to commemorate the opening of the Panama Canal. These series of stamps were very different from any of the previous issues in both shape and design. The designs consists of a black picture (a vignette) in the center framed by a colored border design.[22]
1915 Commemorative issue, 1c
Map of Panama Canal
Balboa taking possession of the Pacific Ocean
1915 Commemorative issue, 24c
Gatun Locks
Culebra Cut
A second series of three pictorial commemorative stamps were issued in January 1917. On November 27, 1916, Executive Secretary McIlvaine wrote to Panama's Secretary of Foreign Affairs Narciso Garay, informing him that the official name of the cut had been changed from 'Culebra Cut' to 'Gaillard Cut' but by then the 24c stamp commemorating this had already been printed with the former title. Most of the 1917 issues were never sold and were destroyed.[23]
S.S. Panama in Culebra Cut
S.S. Cristobal in Gatun Locks
1921 issues[edit]
In 1921, the Republic of Panama planned to issue a Centennial commemorative series in honor of the 100th anniversary of Panama's independence from Spain. The Canal Zone was invited to participate in a postal way and the Canal Zone's Executive Secretary was pleased to accept their invitation. By the middle of January 1924, all the stamps of the 1¢ and 2¢ denominations were nearly exhaustedwhich prompted the next production of stamps, issued that year.[24]
Vallarino, 1c, 1921 Issue
Bolivar's Tribute, 5c, 1921 Issue
1924 Coat of Arms issue[edit]
Coat of Arms Issue
Only the 1¢ & 2¢ issues were released for postage in 1924.
Panama had ordered the new permanent coat of arms set both for use in Panama and for the Canal Zone. When stocks of the 1¢ Vallarino stamp were nearly used up it became imperative to have a new supply of 1-cent stamps at once. The Canal Zone Postal Authority requisitioned 50,000 of the 1¢ stamp from Panama for overprinting at Mount Hope and Panama sent over the Vallarino 1¢ stamp. On January 28, 1924, these stamps were overprinted at Mount Hope. Panama was billed for the cost of this overprinting. Before Panama was sent its order for its coat of arms series from the American Bank Note Company, it sent a letter of inquiry to the Canal Zone Administration informing them of their pending order and requested estimates of Canal Zone's stamp requirements for the next year. The Canal Zone overprints were shipped from the United States in January and February 1924 and delivered to the Canal Zone.[25] The Coat of Arms stamps were printed in denominations ranging from 1-cent to 50-cents, however, only the 1-cent and 2-cent issues were ever released for use as postage.[26]
Panama Coat of Arms, overprinted for Canal Zone postage, 1924 Issue
printed but never released for postage
1924–1925 overprints[edit]
U.S. Regular Issues printed on the flat plate press in 1922 were overprinted with the words CANAL ZONE and converted to Canal Zone Postage. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing received the first order of stamps from the Canal authorities in 1924. [18]
Regular Issues of 1922–1925
Overprinted and issued for Canal Zone postage in 1924–25
1928 permanent issues[edit]
Maj. Gen. George W. Goethals, 1928 permanent issue
Maj. Gen. William C. Gorgas
On October 1, 1928, the first permanent issue Canal Zone stamp, 2 cent Goethals, was placed on sale. Other permanent issues followed, designed to honor new members of the Isthmian Canal Commission established on the Isthmus during 1907: Lieut. Col. George W. Goethals, Chairman and Chief Engineer; The denominations of the stamps honoring the various members of the Commission, were: 1¢, Gorgas, 2¢ Goethals, 10¢ Hodges, 12¢ Gaillard, 14¢ Sibert, 15¢ Smith, 20¢ Rousseau, 30¢ Williamson, and 50¢ Blackburn. Canal Zone permanent and provisional issues have since replaced all overprinted United States stamps and stamped paper.[27]
1939 25th anniversary issues[edit]
On August 15, 1939 the Canal Zone Post Office issued a series of 16 stamps commemorating the 25th anniversary of the canal's completion, depicting "before" and "after" views of various points along the canal.[9] Thereafter stamps appeared at an average rate of about two per year, with a commemorative set in some years and no stamps in others. The inscriptions were changed to just "CANAL ZONE" in the 1960s. This paralleled the abandonment of the word "POSTAGE" on many United States stamps, as the United States ceased to issue revenue stamps.[28] The last such item replaced was the 2 cent postal card on November 1, 1958. In 1928, the Zone issued a definitive series inscribed "CANAL ZONE POSTAGE" depicting various persons involved in the construction of the canal, as well as a 5 cent value showing the Gaillard Cut.
Balboa, before Balboa, after
Other selected issues :
Pedro Miguel Locks
Gatun Spillway
Between 1946 and 1949 five notable figures connected with the promotion and construction of the Canal Zone were commemorated on its postage.[29]
Davis, Magoon, Roosevelt, Stevens, Wallace
Gold rush issues[edit]
On June 1, 1949, the Canal Zone issued four stamps commemorating the 100th anniversary of the California gold rush. Printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the stamps underscored the Isthmus of Panama's significant role as a major crossing point for gold seekers en route to California. They remained on sale until August 11, 1952, after witch remaining stocks were destroyed.[30][31]
June 1949 Issues
75th anniversary of Gorgas Hospital
100th Anniversary Roosevelt
100th Anniversary of Canal Zone railroad
Air mail issues[edit]
Canal Zone Airmail cover, franked with 25c overprint on Goethals 1928 issue, Postmarked Feb. 12, 1931
The first Canal Zone air mail stamps were issued in 1928—1929, with rates of postage over-printed on existing Canal Zone permanent issue stamps, issued in 1929.[32]
Canal Zone's air mail stamp, issue of 1929
25th anniversary air mail issues[edit]
In 1938 the Canal Zone Postal Authorities issued a series of stamps commemorating the 25th Silver Jubilee anniversary of the opening of the Panama Canal, and the 10th anniversary of airmail service there. This series was printed on the flat plate printing press.[32]
25 cent Canal Zone Air mail plate proof (detail of entire plate)
Winged globe issues[edit]
The Globe and Wing airmail stamps were issued 1951—1958 a six-stamp series replacing the Gaillard Cut permanent series with a more modern depiction of a winged airmail allegorical image. The image is superimposed on a depiction of a map of the Americas centered on the Canal Zone. Printed on the flat plate printing press, of 1951—1958, in denominations ranging from 4-cents to 80-cents. Printed in 1963, he 8-cent Winged Globe is the only Winged Globe printed on the rotary press.[33] The 25-cent Globe and Wing stamp, issued on August 16, 1958, intended to pay the new airmail rate on letters to Europe.[34]
Canal Zone Air Mails, 1965—1976 Issues
Canal Zone seal and jet, issues of 1965–1976[edit]
The Canal Zone Seal and Jet airmails were printed on the Giori press, issued in two series at intervals between 1965 and 1976. The first series (6-, 8-, 15-, 20-, 30-, and 80-cent) replaced the previous series of airmails on July 15, 1965. The 10-, 11-, and 13-cent stamps were printed to meet airmail rate changes to the United States, while the 22-, 25-, while 35-cent stamps covered the new air mail rates to the rest of the world. Each denomination in this series of twelve-stamp stamps represents a specific postal rate with the exception of the 80-cent, used to cover general and larger postage costs, usually used in conjunction with one or more of the lower rate stamps.[35][36]
Canal Zone Air Mail, 6c
, 1965 Issue
Canal Zone Air Mail, 30c
center>Canal Zone Air Mail, 80c
Postage due[edit]
For several years after the United States assumed authority of the Canal Zone and its post offices no postage due stamps had yet been issued. Letters that were lacking in sufficient postage when received at the office of delivery were simply hand stamped "postage due", with the appropriate amount due indicated. Prior to its delivery, any such letter was affixed with a postage stamp in the amount of the postage due and then cancelled in the standard fashion. Then in 1908, Gerald D. Bliss, the postmaster at Pedro Miguel post office conceived the idea of precancelling entire sheets of stamps with the Postage Due cancelling stamp. This was not official method and was done simply to save time. To save time it soon became necessary to print and use specific Postage Due stamps without having to stop and treat every such letter lacking in sufficient postage. The ten cents stamp was the one most used but all of the denominations of the 1906, 1909 and 1910 issues were precancelled in such a manner. By 1914, Postage Due stamps were finally issued. These were the current Postage Due stamps of the United States, consisting of the denominations of one, two and ten cents overprinted with the words "canal zone" in one line, diagonal fashion along the bottom area of the stamps. The regular issue of U.S. Postage Due stamps were overprinted again in 1925, with a variation in the overprint, with CANAL over the word ZONE. Postmasters in the Canal Zone received strict orders not to sell any of these stamps to the public in unused condition. These orders were apparently followed as none of the unused Postage Due stamps had surfaced.[12][37]
1914 Issue, plate strip of 3
Canal Zone Postage Due stamps, 1915 Issue, made by overprinting U.S regular U.S. Postage Due stamps issued in 1898
Variation of Canal Zone Postage Due, Issued in 1924
In April, 1915, these stamps were replaced by a set of Postage Dues supplied by the Panama Government, and those remaining in the Post Offices were called in and destroyed. The new stamps had a pleasing appearance, consisting of three values: one, two, and ten centesimos de balboa; Printed by the American Bank Note Company all three of these stamps were of the same color, olive brown.[37]
Cristopher Columbus depicted on Postage Due, 1915 Issue
Printed by the American Bank Note Company
U.S. Regular Issues of 1922 overprinted for use as Canal Zone Postage Due
Final years[edit]
Last stamp issued by the Canal Zone, 1978 Issue
The final years of the Canal Zone saw few stamps issued—those that were issued were mainly for new first-class postal rates (the first-class rates paralleled those of the United States) The last stamp (fifteen cents) of the Zone was issued on October 25, 1978, and depicted one of the towing locomotives and a ship in a lock. Thereafter Panama took over the administration of postal service and, after a brief transition period, Canal Zone stamps became invalid.[38]
Dredge cascades, 13c, 1976 Issue
1975 reprints[edit]
In 1975 three stamps originally issued in 1928—1929, and one issued in 1946, were reprinted on the rotary press as coil stamps.[39]
4-cent Thatcher Ferry Bridge[edit]
A 4-cent Thatcher Ferry Bridge commemorative stamp (Scott 157) was issued on Columbus Day, October 12, 1962, commemorating the opening of the new bridge over the Panama Canal at Balboa.[40] (See below image, left)
Famous error
One pane of fifty stamps was released without the silver ink used to depict the Bridge. This error is likely to have made this issue the most famous Canal Zone stamp. Three additional sheets of this error were discovered in the Philatelic Agency at Balboa, which attempted to print an additional 100,000 copies in an effort to reduce its value to collectors. The sheet was unknowingly sold in a group of 5,000 to a Boston stamp dealer, H.E. Harris, who successfully sued in federal court to stop the additional printing. Today, examples of this famous error are still owned by collectors and are valued at many thousands of dollars. The National Postal Museum is in possession of two of these fifty-stamp sheets.[41] (See below image, right)
Thatcher Ferry Bridge, 4c, Commemorative Issue of 1962
Thatcher Ferry Bridge, printing error, Issue of 1962
Postage stamps and postal history of the United States
Revenue stamps of the United States
Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps
Postage stamps and postal history of Panama
History of Panama
U.S. Postage stamp locator
^ The actual canal wasn't completed until 1914
^ These Post Offices were located at Ancon, Cristobal, Culebra, Empire, Pedro Miguel, La Boca, Gatún, Paraiso, Bas Obispo, Bohio, Corozal, Gorgona, Las Cascadas, Miraflores, Matachin, San Pablo, and Taberuilla.[1]
^ Evans, 1916, p. 3 Dade & Shay, 1949, p. 31
^ Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald, 1986, p. 166. ISBN 0356108627
^ a b c Bartles, 1906, p. 1
^ Dade & Shay, 1949, p. viii
^ Evans, 1916, p. 6
^ a b Zemer, 2002, pp. 53–54
^ a b Evans, 1916, p. 5
^ a b Scott's United States stamp catalogue, 1982, p.656
^ a b Evans, 1916, pp. 7–8
^ Dade & Shay, 1949, p.10
^ a b Scott's United States stamp catalogue, 1982, pp. 655, 664
^ Dada & Shay, 1946, pp. 12, 29
^ Scott's United States stamp catalogue, 1982, pp. 656–657
^ Smithsonian national Postal Museum, Third Series (1904–1906)
^ Dade & Shay, 1946, p. 16
^ Scott's United States stamp catalogue, 1982, p. 656
^ a b c Scott's United States stamp catalogue, 1982, pp. 655–660
^ Dade & Shay, 1909, p. 154
^ Evans, 1916, p. 26
^ Evans, 1916, pp. 30–31
^ Smithsonian National Postal Museum, 24-cent S.S. Cristobal in Gatun Locks
^ Dadae & Shay, 1949, p. 36
^ Scott's United States stamp catalogue, 1982, p.666—667
^ Scott's United States stamp catalogue, 1982, p.667
^ Karrer, Essay, 2007, Smithsonian National Postal Museum
^ Smithsonian National Postal Museum
^ Karrer, 2007, Smithsonian National Postal Museum
^ a b Evans, 1916, p. 31
^ Scott's United States stamp catalogue, 1982, pp. 663–664, 667
^ Karrer, Essay, 2007
Dade, Philip L.; Schay, Gustavo (1949). The Story of Canal Zone Stamps. Dade and Shay.
James B. Hatcher; William W. Cummings, eds. (1982). Scotts United States Stamp Catalogue. Scotts Publishing Company, New York. ISBN 0894870424.
Bartles, James Murray (1906). Bartels' check list of Canal Zone stamps. Boston, J.M. Bartels Co.
Evans, William (1916). The stamps of the Canal Zone. Boston, Severn.
Karrer, Robert J. (2007). "The Canal Zone Seal & Jet Airmails (1965-1976)". Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Arago. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
Karrer, Robert J. (2007). "4-cent Thatcher Ferry Bridge". Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Arago. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
Karrer, Robert J. (2007). "Gold Rush Centennial (1949)". Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Arago. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
Stanley Gibbons Ltd: various catalogues
AskPhil – Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms
Encyclopaedia of Postal History
Zemer, David T.; Bates, Richard D. Jr (2002). "Forged Overprints of Canal Zone Stamps" (PDF). The Canal Zone Philatelist. 38 (4): 51–55.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stamps of the Canal Zone.
The first stamps of the Canal Zone.
Canal Zone Study Group
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text:
Discovering Literature: Restoration & 18th century
The turbulent 17th century: Civil War, regicide, the Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
Article written by: Matthew White
Theme: Politics and religion
The 17th century was a time of great political and social turmoil in England, marked by civil war and regicide. Matthew White introduces the key events of this period, from the coronation of Charles I to the Glorious Revolution more than 60 years later.
The 17th century was a period of huge political and social upheaval. From an age characterised by the Crown's tight control of the state, the century witnessed years of war, terror and bloodshed that enveloped the kingdom, as well as the execution of Charles I and the introduction of a republic. Yet all this was again to be overthrown with the restoration of Charles II: a short-lived return to autocratic royal influence finally swept away with the installation of William and Mary as ruling monarchs.
Charles I and notions of absolutism
The origins of the English Civil Wars are firmly rooted in the actions of one man: King Charles I. As a child, Charles was never destined to succeed to the throne. The weak and sickly second son of James I, Charles had lived in the shadow of his elder brother Henry, who was educated in the ways of kingship by his father. All this changed when, in 1612, Henry contracted smallpox and died, suddenly placing Charles as heir to the throne, eventually to be crowned in his own right in 1625.
Paintings of London in the friendship album of Michael van Meer, c. 1614-1615
King James I riding to Parliament with three noblemen.
Usage terms Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives licence
Held by© The University of Edinburgh
The old king, James I, had been schooled in notions of compromise, forced to negotiate with his nobles on matters of religion and affairs of state. Charles, by contrast, adopted a starkly different approach, believing that his authority alone was supreme and ordained by God: defined by the principle of the 'Divine Right of Kings'. 'It is for me to decide how our nation is to be governed' he wrote; 'I alone must answer to God for our exercise of the authority he has invested in me'.[1]
Charles I's absolutism manifested itself at a time of emerging self-confidence among the English elite. Though Parliament met only sporadically during this period – and acted mainly in an advisory role to the sovereign – by the time Charles was crowned he was already highly dependent on the gentry's ability to raise adequate tax revenues (derived from agricultural rents, which far exceeded any other sources of income). It was this body of landowning gentlemen that constituted the bulk of Members of Parliament, men who, in theory, could by withholding his sources of income, hold the king to account.
Image of the House of Commons, from True Platforme and Manner of the Sitting in the Lower House of Parliament
This print, published in 1624, is the earliest representation of the House of Commons sitting in the former St Stephen's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster.
Usage terms Public Domain
Conflict between Crown and Parliament arose for a number of reasons. In matters of religion Charles appeared to disregard the Protestant settlement secured by Henry VIII, favouring instead the Catholic mass and, in 1625, marrying a Catholic member of the French nobility, Henrietta Maria. Charles also continued to act unilaterally in matters of foreign policy and, in the face of criticism levelled by his chief advisers, dissolved Parliament in 1629. Parliament would not meet again for another 11 years.
Without Parliament to sanction his financial needs, Charles found himself in increasingly difficult circumstances. Rebellion in Scotland (provoked by Charles's insensitive imposition of a new prayer book) required that additional revenues be raised in order to finance a military response. Reluctantly, the king convened a new Parliament in 1640.
The new Parliament that met that year was at once openly hostile to the Crown. MPs complained bitterly about the imposition of taxes and the blatant disregard of religious toleration in the north. (The Scots had rejected Charles's prayer book and drafted a National Covenant in defiance of the king, resisting his religious reforms in favour of a simpler form of Protestant worship.) Sensing weakness in Charles's position, key concessions were demanded from the king, and personal attacks were launched against his key ministers. Among them, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, was to suffer the death penalty for what Parliament labelled acts of treason against the Scottish nation. A botched attempt to arrest five MPs for treason set the king directly in conflict with his people. The scene was set for civil war.
Print of scenes from the first English Civil War
This image depicts a failed Royalist plot to seize London from the Parliamentarians and its aftermath in May 1643.
A nation at war
Fearing for his own safety, in 1642 Charles fled London, first heading north to where he believed his main support lay. At Hull, the king was refused entry to the city by the Lord Mayor, and later that year, in Nottingham, Charles raised his royal standard: the first symbol of open warfare with Parliament.
On 23 October 1642 the first true battle of the Civil Wars took place, at Edgehill in Warwickshire, resulting in stalemate between Parliamentarian and Royalist forces. For four years afterwards skirmishing and warfare erupted across the nation, as Roundheads (labelled for the Parliamentarians' short cropped hair) and Cavaliers (a derogatory term describing the courtly dress of Royalists) pitched themselves against each other. Families were torn apart as uncles, sons, brothers and fathers took up arms against one another. In total, perhaps 100,000 soldiers and civilians perished during the wars, and 10,000 houses were destroyed.[2]
Death of a king
Following defeat at the Battle of Naseby in 1645, Charles I placed himself in the hands of Scottish forces at Newark, hoping to seek concessions from Parliament. Three years of effective house arrest followed, during which time further battles were fought across the country. In 1648, while in custody at Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight, Charles attempted one final effort to save his crown. Though senior politicians voted to consider his proposals for negotiation, military forces (commanded by Oliver Cromwell) overruled Parliament, branding the king a tyrant and a traitor.
Autobiography of Lady Anne Halkett
In April 1648, Charles I's son James – the future James II – escaped England for Holland, disguised in girl's clothing. The royalist Lady Anne Halkett, whose memoirs are shown here, assisted James by ordering him a scarlet 'petticoate' and 'wastcoate'.
Public Domain in most countries other than the UK.
In January 1649 Charles was indicted by Parliament on a charge of high treason, accused of waging an unjust war 'whereby the country has been miserably wasted, the public treasure exhausted, trade decayed [and] thousands of people murdered'.[3] On 20 January 1649 Charles stood trial at Westminster Hall, where he refused to acknowledge the authority of the court, once again claiming that only the sovereign could exert ultimate authority.
A Perfect Narrative of the Whole Proceedings of the High Court of Justice in the Tryall of the King in Westminster Hall
This account of the trial of King Charles I is one of the best contemporary descriptions of the proceedings.
Parliament would not countenance such a position. After listening to 30 witnesses for the prosecution, on 26 January Charles I was condemned to death, his execution warrant signed by 59 commissioners.
The death warrant of Charles I
The signed, sealed death warrant of King Charles I.
Usage terms © Parliamentary Archives
Held by© Parliamentary Archives
On the morning of Tuesday 30 January 1649 Charles I was led through St James's Park to the Banqueting House in Whitehall, where a scaffold had been prepared for his execution. On mounting the platform at two o'clock that afternoon he prayed fervently, declaring defiantly that 'I shall go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be'.[4] With one swift blow, Charles's head was removed by the executioner's axe: an unprecedented act of regicide hitherto unknown in British history.
Print of the execution of Charles I
On 30 January 1649, King Charles I was beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall. This German engraving was made that same year.
Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth
The death of Charles I was greeted with shock by many people. Few believed that in spite of years of savage warfare, the king would pay for his actions with his life. Yet by 1649 the monarchy had been swept away. For the next 11 years Britain was governed as a republic, with Oliver Cromwell – styled 'Lord Protector' – as head of a new 'Commonwealth'.
The Embleme of Englands distractions, 1658
This topical print depicts Oliver Cromwell in favourable terms; it praises him for upholding the rule of law and the Protestant faith.
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Held by© Trustees of the British Museum
Between 1649 and 1653 the so-called 'Rump Parliament' sat at Westminster, compossed of English gentry generally loyal to the 'New Model Army' of parliamentary forces. Many members were also religious zealots – so-called 'puritans' – who demanded that strict moral behaviour be adopted by the country at large. During this period many theatres were ordered to close and strict rules of church attendance imposed. Moves to ban the festival of Christmas were even attempted.
'The Royal Oake of Brittayne' in The Compleat History of Independency
This print depicts Oliver Cromwell in derogatory terms. It shows him presiding over the destruction of the 'Royall Oake of Brittayne', which represents the Constitution based upon the Crown, the Church and the law.
Though England experienced a relative period of peace during the Commonwealth, forces still loyal to the deposed monarchy continued to wage war in both Ireland and Scotland. Ireland in particular was the scene of much brutal violence, as Parliament attempted to quash a Catholic rebellion. In 1649 Oliver Cromwell laid siege to the town of Drogheda, resulting in the massacre of 3,500 people, both Royalists and ordinary civilians alike.[5]
That same year Prince Charles (son of the dead king) landed in Scotland, where he was declared titular Scottish monarch. After commanding armies during several skirmishes north of the border, Charles was forced to flee England in disguise in 1651, following defeat at the Battle of Worcester.
In 1653 Oliver Cromwell dissolved Parliament and assumed power in his own right. For eight years the country was run as a military dictatorship, divided into 11 regions which were controlled by major-generals. Cromwell made many concessions to his Army Council. He implemented a decisive foreign policy and ensured that the tyranny of royal absolutism would never again exist. Yet history also remembers Cromwell for his sheer brutality: for pitching the country into years of warfare, for his relentless persecution of Catholics for dissolving several parliaments.
On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died as a result of pneumonia, and was succeeded by his son Richard. As second Lord Protector, Richard was a weak, indecisive and ineffective leader who failed to win support of the Army.
Pamphlet on the death of Oliver Cromwell
A detailed woodcut engraving of Cromwell lying in state bedecked with all the royal trimmings, including a crown.
Autograph poem by Dryden on the death of Oliver Cromwell
This is the only surviving autograph manuscript of John Dryden's 'Heroique Stanza's, Consecrated to the Glorious Memory of his most Serene and Renowned Highnesse Oliver Late Lord Protector of this Common-Wealth, &c.'
Though Richard Cromwell convened a new Parliament to reassess the nation's financial difficulties, after just seven months in power he was deposed by his generals. Scottish forces loyal to the old monarchy, led by General Monck, seized the moment and marched south. After arriving in London unopposed, a new Parliament was convened, and Commonwealth leaders imprisoned. Charles II, as eldest son of the executed king, was recognised as the rightful sovereign. The years of bitter civil war were over.
Engraved plate from The Devils Cabinet-Councell with Oliver Cromwell
This print, made after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, depicts Cromwell sitting at the left hand of the Devil, in council with the other prominent regicides.
Charles II and the Restoration
Following years of exile in France, on 25 May 1660 Charles II landed at Dover. Four days later he entered London to a rapturous public reception, later to be crowned king at Westminster Abbey in April the following year.
Portrait of King Charles II
This portrait celebrates King Charles II's coronation and the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy.
Usage terms Royal Collection Trust/© Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2017
Though many historians see continuities between the reigns of the old and new kings, the Restoration brought significant changes to British politics. On his acceptance of the Crown Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, which formally recognised religious toleration, protected rights to land ownership and subordinated control of the Army to the sovereign. Ever wary of how his father's uncontrolled tyranny had created years of bloodshed, Charles was eager to achieve a new settlement between the monarchy and Parliament. A mutual – though wary – respect thus emerged between the two institutions.[6]
Many of the stifling restrictions imposed on public life during the Commonwealth were also lifted, creating more liberal circumstances in which the arts and politics could flourish. Theatres reopened, religious festivals were reinstated and the natural rhythm of life was resumed. This was the great era of Restoration plays, poetry and comedy (many works written with a bawdy edge), with writers such as John Dryden, Andrew Marvell, John Milton and Aphra Behn gaining recognition and acclaim.
Portrait of Aphra Behn by Sir Peter Lely
The Restoration ushered in greater freedoms for women in the arts. This is a portrait of Aphra Behn, the first British woman to earn a living from writing.
Held by© Yale Center for British Art
Charles II's personality certainly assisted the liberal attitudes that flourished at court. The king was known for his many love affairs (most famously with the actress Nell Gwynne), and his reign gained something of a reputation for scandal owing to his rakish and at times extravagant lifestyle.
Yet Charles II was held in high esteem by many of his subjects, a position earned through his compassionate responses to the two great disasters that marked his reign: the arrival of plague in 1665 and the Great Fire of London, which devastated the capital the following year.
But Charles II's relationship with Parliament was always an uneasy one. In spite of formal acts recognising religious toleration, many politicians considered the king as too easily influenced by Catholic forces. Throughout the later Stuart period the country remained deeply divided on sectarian lines, and several plots emerged (though mostly fabricated) in which Catholic agents were implicated in attempts to overthrow the state.
An Account of Popery and Arbitrary Government, 1678
A political tract written by Andrew Marvell denouncing the growing influence of both France and Catholicism at the English court, and by extension in the English government.
Who should succeed the king was also a particularly difficult problem. With no surviving male heirs, Charles's natural successor remained his overtly Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. Though several attempts were made to exclude James from the line of succession, no clear settlement was ever reached. And on 2 February 1685, after suffering a sudden fit, Charles died unexpectedly, aged 54.
The Succession Crisis and the Glorious Revolution
The accession of James II in 1685 once again threw British politics into turmoil. With buoyant trade creating relatively healthy revenues, the newly crowned king felt less compelled to consult with Parliament than his brother once had, particularly when it came to formulating foreign policy. During the early years of his reign the Army increased in strength by some 20,000 men (largely as a measure required to crush two significant rebellions), creating unease among MPs about James's wilfulness in disregarding their views.
It was matters of religion, however, that were to prove James II's undoing. As a committed Roman Catholic the new king sought to remove laws barring Catholics from office and to reverse the laws of religious toleration previously established by Charles II. By attempting to pack Parliament and local government with Catholics, he further hoped that more of his subjects would flock to his own faith. Most parliamentarians, however (a large proportion of whom were dissenting Presbyterian Protestants), were not prepared to tolerate such steps. Further alarm was created in June 1688, when a Catholic line of succession appeared to be confirmed with the birth of a new son to James.
Parliament began to move quickly against the king. A group of seven Protestant noblemen contacted William, Prince of Orange – the husband of James's eldest daughter Mary – inviting him to invade Britain, a move which they confirmed would remain unopposed by English forces.
In November 1688 William crossed the English Channel accompanied by a huge invasion fleet, landing at Torbay in Devon. Sensing his hopeless situation, James threw his badge of office, the Great Seal, into the river Thames, and fled the country, eventually finding exile in France. William III and Mary II were to be crowned joint sovereigns in April 1689.
The relatively peaceful overthrow of James II in 1688 – labelled the 'Glorious Revolution' by later historians – marks the establishment of a lasting Protestant settlement in British politics. New constitutional arrangements were established that would endure into the modern age. A Bill of Rights enacted by Parliament in 1689 implemented new rules and conventions governing the affairs of state: the illegality of the Crown raising taxes or mobilising armies without Parliament's support, for example, along with the requirement for regular sessions of Parliament to be held, the right to free elections and the right to free speech.
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights, signed by William and Mary in February 1689, is often seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta.
Usage terms © Parliamentary Archives, London HL/PO/JO/10/1/1430, membrs. 2–3
Held by© Parliamentary Archives, London HL/PO/JO/10/1/1430, membrs. 2–3
Never again would an absolutist monarch be allowed to hold power over the British Parliament, safeguarding against the horrors of civil war witnessed throughout the country some 40 years before.
[1] Quoted in T Hunt, The English Civil War At First Hand (London, 2003), p. 4.
[2] P Ackroyd. The History of England, Volume III: Civil War (London, 2015), p. 302.
[3] Hunt, The English Civil War, p. 201.
[4] Charles Carlton, Charles I: The Personal Monarch (London, 1995), p. 354.
[5] John Barratt, Sieges of the English Civil War (London, 2009), p. 155.
[6] J R Jones, The Restored Monarchy, 1660–1688 (London, 1979), p. 32.
Written by Matthew White
Dr Matthew White is Research Fellow in History at the University of Hertfordshire where he specialises in the social history of London during the 18th and 19th centuries. Matthew's major research interests include the history of crime, punishment and policing, and the social impact of urbanisation. His most recently published work has looked at changing modes of public justice in the 18th and 19th centuries with particular reference to the part played by crowds at executions and other judicial punishments.
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text:
MainAll NewsMiddle EastReport: Assad Sends Children to Europe
Report: Assad Sends Children to Europe
According to intelligence officials in Egypt and Syria, President Bashar al-Assad has sent his mother and children out of the country.
, 10/02/12 08:36
Syrian President Bashar Assad
Israel news photo: Flash 90
Sometime after midnight on Thursday, last week, a heavily guarded convoy departed Damascus under cover of darkness for a secure airfield north of the Syrian capital.
According to the Hebrew-daily Yisrael Hayom the convoy carried the three children of Bashar and Asma Assad as they seek asylum in Europe.
According to the Egyptian daily al-Masry Hayom, a senior Egyptian diplomat said the convoy also included Assad's mother, Inessa, and the children of other members of the Syrian President's inner circle, including those of billionaire Rami Makhlouf.
Rebels who saw the convoy understood it could only be carrying high profile individuals associated with the regime and staged an attack.
According to Egyptian reports the convoy broke through to the airfield, from which a plane took off from an airport to an unspecified Muslim country, probably Sudan or Yemen, before reportedly departing for Europe.
A report in Britain's Daily Mail said a convoy was forced to turn back to Damascus under withering fire earlier in the week.
It is unclear which European country may have extended asylum to Hafez, 11, Zane, 9, and Karim, 7. Analysts say Asma Assad holds Bitish citizenship, but doubt the United Kingdom was the destination due to the large community of Syrian expatriates who might target the family there.
Most information about the escape of Assad's children has come from the Egyptian Intelligence Service (GIS), and Syrian military intelligence (DS), which is commanded by Assad's brother-in-law General Assef Shawqat. He is considered one of the strongest and most influential people in Assad's regime.
Egyptian officials say Asma Assad remains with her husband, but insisted the children be spirited away to safety in the event the increasingly unstable regime falls. But security officials in both Egypt and Syria believe Asma could join her children within the week.
The timing of Assad's escape is significant according to Egyptian officials. According to al-Masry Hayom the decision was made shortly before last weekend's Security Council meeting. Assad reportedly believed - and in retrospect was mistaken - that the Security Council would close Syrian airspace, making his family's escape impossible.
However, some security analysts say recent comments by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, calling for the formation of a coalition like the one that supported rebels in Syria, as well as rumors Turkey might intervene, were also likely factors in the decision.
According to Egyptian security sources, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, who visited Damascus on Tuesday offered to grant asylum to Assad and his family on condition that the Syrian president step down and transfer his powers to his deputy, Farouk Ash-Shara, but that offer was rejected.
Tags:Syria, Bashar Al-Assad, Syrian unrest


text:
RecommendedStream
=================

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


You have been eagerly anticipating the day of childbirth since Pregakem Pregnancy Detection Kit confirmed your pregnancy. You unconditionally and willingly endured all the pains of pregnancy and labor, yet instead of being ecstatic, you are paranoid and nervous. On sharing your anxieties with your peers, you concur that it is extremely normal to feel unsure, this puts you perplexes at rest for a time while. But very soon the bundled up unexpressed worries and emotions flare up. Now you feel the blues round the clock; post-pregnancy mental illness or postpartum depression has encroached.
2. What is irritating me?
3. Why am I so melancholic?
5. Will I be a good mother?
6. Did I take the right decisions?
7. What if I hurt my baby with my incompetence?
8. How will I manage all these pressures?
9. What if I fail to live up to the expectations?
10. How do I get over them?
11. Will my frustrations ever leave?
However, these aren't questions but symptoms with a signpost. Most woman after birth experience perinatal mood or anxiety disorder commonly known as post-partum depression. A large proportion of the new mother population goes through significant depression and anxiety.
Besides, it is completely curable and can be controlled from deteriorating. Therefore, it serves no purpose to suffer, you should immediately visit your health care adviser and let them guide you through these difficult times.
Post-partum depression is now diagnosed in its early stages. Most Healthcare providers diagnose dominant symptoms after the six-week post-partum period and immediately begin treatment. They judge the severity of the symptoms through a question-answer session and respond with required treatment promptly.
These symptoms mimic lot of other mood-related symptoms. It takes an expert to determine whether you are suffering from postpartum depression or another condition, such as bipolar disorder or postpartum psychosis. Health care providers check thyroid levels for anomalies; hypothyroidism can cause the same symptoms as postpartum depression.
Postpartum depression (PPD) most of the times vanishes within the first three months of giving birth. If prolonged after the third week you would need to visit your health care provider. A combination of medication and Psychotherapy treatments will be used for cure. It is completely curable 90% of the times.
1. Keep yourself good company, talking and sharing with family and friends will help a lot.
2. Self-care, take some time off to rest or exercise. Maintaining a healthy diet will also help you feel better.
3. Take proper medication. Women who have low levels of DHA have higher rates of postpartum depression intake of omega-3 fatty acids will help you increase DHA levels, to fight post pregnancy illness.
Breastfeeding, some studies mention that nursing may reduce the risk of suffering from mental illness, however, it isn't guaranteed, women may develop symptoms of illness even while breastfeeding.
Women of all ages and from all strata's of society, post their pregnancy have suffered from some of the other forms of mental illness, for varied time frames and intensities. Fluctuations in hormones before a menstrual period might aggravate your condition again. It's completely curable, worry doesn't cure it, but sharing surely does.


If you have a contemporary or contemporary house design, then you may start looking for a lovely ace granite that features a modern vibe. This millstone granite signs is extremely fit for minimalist property or basic house or even house which doesn't need lots of distances. The reason is that this kind of granite gives the airy feeling so that it makes your dining room area seems ample. The blank lines and sharp edges allow this granite look so uncomplicated yet fashionable. The shade of it usually includes white, black, beige, white or soft brown. Additionally, it comes in a variety of sizes and shapes, in order to mix-matched them with your dining room fashion.
In spite of the fact that it is not the main furniture that every one has to have within their domiciles, lovely ace granite still gets to be the frequent thing that can be easily found in many people's residences. How can they buy a tray granite for? There are numerous purposes of the tray table. This is the reason why everyone will love to have it. It may function as a side granite positioned around your sofa, a thing to save a number little stuff, a little and sensible granite to serve drinks, etc.. Prior to getting a menu table, there are a few elements which should eventually become your concern. These facets cannot be solved. Or else, you will end up regretting your decision to get the granite monument designs that is not going to move well with your chamber.
Besides, you also had better think about the magnitude of this granite using the area of the room. You have to review the size of the granite together with the region of the room. Do not let the size of the granite in addition to the settee create the living area crowded. The key you need to understand is a transparent coffee granite is extremely ideal for dwelling rooms with limited distance. To the other hand, the granite plaques with arms that are low can create a broad impression onto a small distance. Well, if your family room is large, you are lucky in order to set a sizable lovely ace granite.
In terms of material, the lovely ace granite for analyzing should be reached from the safe-for-children materials. There is just two recommended cemetery signs. They truly are solid wood and veneer plate. Strong wood table gives an all natural feel and its particular feel will soon be better as time goes on. The disadvantage is that the burden will be very heavy and that means that you should create your wood desk stay in one spot for quite a very long moment. In terms of your veneer plate, it is a coating of thin wood using a thickness of 0.2 mm. The appearance of the veneer desk are much like the good wood one but its own weight is milder as the veneer is using a blended timber rather than a pristine wood.
The next essential step you need to watchfully do is wood trimming edge. To earn a very simple table, you may just need to earn the granite mat as well as legs. Meanwhile, even if you desire a functional desk, then then you definitely are able to add shelves or drawers beneath. Cut timber according to the size you've manufactured. As soon as you're finished with cutting, you ought to repackage the timber using wood lubricant. This sanding is meant to remove the remaining paint from the previously used wood and also to make it simpler so that your granite will seem more stunning and desirable. Then you can start installing the thighs onto the granite mat. Make sure that you try this process correctly. At length, the very last stage is always to paint-your stone signs. Now, the lovely ace granite is ready to be always a focus inside the space.


text:
WHOLEDUDE – WHOLE PLANET
WholeDude is about Whole Man, Whole Person, and Whole Individual
THE FATE OF FREEDOM IN TIBET HINGES ON TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY TO TIBETANS
Posted byBhavanajagat	 December 5, 2018 December 5, 2018 Leave a comment on THE FATE OF FREEDOM IN TIBET HINGES ON TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY TO TIBETANS
The fate of freedom in Tibet hinges on transparency and public accountability to Tibetans.
In my analysis, the Fate of Freedom in Tibet hinges on Transparency and Public Accountability to Tibetans. The type of governance in China, India, and the United States is of no consequence if their State Policy is not transparent and is not accountable to Tibetans. On behalf of The Living Tibetan Spirits of Special Frontier Force, I demand a Government Policy that is transparent and is accountable to Tibetans to decide the fate of freedom in Tibet. Hidden Agendas, Covert Actions, and Secret Negotiations will utterly fail to deliver the Blessings of Peace and Justice in Occupied Tibet.
Rudranarasimham Rebbapragada
https://wholedude.com/2018/05/04/living-tibetan-spirits-demand-transparency-and-public-accountability-as-precondition-for-democracy/
The fate of freedom in Tibet hinges on democracy in China
Clipped from:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2018/11/28/fate-democracy-china-hinges-freedom-tibet/
Tibetan Americans walk in protest to China's consulate in Los Angeles on Nov. 19, where they held a prayer and candlelight vigil for a 23-year-old Tibetan man named Dopo who self-immolated. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP)
By Carl Gershman
Carl Gershman is president of the National Endowment for Democracy.
The death last month of Lodi Gyari, who as the Dalai Lama's special envoy conducted nine rounds of negotiations with Beijing over Tibet's status, offers an occasion to reflect on the increasingly troubled relationship between the United States and China.
The negotiations conducted by Gyari in 2002 through 2010 were based on the Dalai Lama's Middle Way Approach, which seeks genuine autonomy for the Tibetan people within the framework of the existing Chinese state and constitution. Earlier in his career, when he was an interpreter for the Tibetan resistance fighters training in the United States and helped found the Tibetan Youth Congress, Gyari was committed to the struggle for Tibetan independence. He never changed his belief that Tibet is "in every sense an occupied nation, brutally occupied." But he became persuaded that the Dalai Lama's vision of autonomy offered a nonviolent way to preserve the Tibetan people's religion, culture, language, and identity. And after conducting exploratory talks in China in the 1980s during the period of reform under Deng Xiaoping and Hu Yaobang, he believed that such an approach was feasible.
But Beijing had no interest in finding a middle ground with the Dalai Lama, and the negotiations were unsuccessful. Beijing actually hardened its position on Tibet. In a speech Gyari gave after the breakdown of the talks, he charged that the regime had increased repression and was seeking the "cultural destruction" of the Tibetan people. China also issued a white paper denouncing the Middle Way and asserting that it wouldn't resume talks until the Dalai Lama acknowledged that Tibet has been part of China "since antiquity," a view rejected by all independent scholars. The growing repression, Gyari said, was responsible for "the terrible and tragic wave of self-immolations" by desperate Tibetans, whose resistance was likely to grow.
The bitter disappointment experienced by Gyari parallels the profound disenchantment with China in the United States and other advanced democracies, where policymakers once believed that as China modernized economically it would liberalize internally and become a responsible stakeholder in the rules-based world order.
In fact, exactly the opposite has happened. As China has risen economically, Beijing has become far more repressive, arresting dissidents and independent lawyers, creating mass concentration camps for Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang province, and using facial-recognition technology and other digital tools to establish what has ominously been called the "surveillance state."
Internationally, it has militarized the South China Sea, despite President Xi Jinping's pledge in the White House Rose Garden in 2015 not to take such action. China's military buildup has been described in a Pentagon study as "perhaps the most ambitious grand strategy undertaken by a single nation-state in modern times." It has engaged in "cyber theft on a massive scale," and through its $1 trillion Belt and Road Initiative, targets more than 60 countries in an effort to advance its economic and military goals, including securing access to strategic ports.
Such threatening behavior has provoked an international backlash that the Economist has called "the starkest reversal in modern geopolitics." An example of this reversal was the harsh speech given by Vice President Pence last month at the Hudson Institute, which added the charge of meddling in American politics to all the other alarming Chinese actions. Some observers have seen this speech as a portent of a new Cold War. But one shot across the Chinese bow is not a coherent policy response to the greatest international challenge now facing the United States.
Here Gyari's experience may help point a way forward. While he failed in his negotiations with Beijing, he was immensely successful as the Dalai Lama's special envoy in Washington, building bipartisan backing for the Tibet Policy Act (2002), which institutionalized support for Tibet in U.S. foreign policy. He had many allies in this effort, but none was more devoted than Nancy Pelosi, the California Democrat who is the presumptive next House speaker and whose heartfelt statement on the passing of Gyari emphasized that "members of Congress on both sides of the aisle benefitted from Lodi's insight and wisdom." She could be an important ally in building bipartisan congressional support for a new China policy.
Two additional elements of such a policy are also tied to Gyari. The first is the importance he attached to the role of India, which has given refuge to the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government-in-exile, and whose free political environment, he said, "has deeply enriched my thinking." The Trump administration has emphasized the growing strategic partnership with India, which must be a core part of U.S. policy.
The second element is democracy. Gyari, like the Dalai Lama, believed in the paramount importance of democracy for all people, not least for Tibetans and Chinese. Following the Tibet uprising in 2008, Chinese dissident and future Nobel laureate Liu Xiaobo wrote, "Democratization for all of China is the necessary condition for any solution, whatever its form, to the Tibet issue."
The fate of freedom in Tibet depends on transparency and public accountability to Tibetans.
Posted byBhavanajagat December 5, 2018 December 5, 2018 Posted inBlessings for Peace, Living Tibetan SpiritsTags: Freedom-Democracy-Peace-Justice-Tibet
Published by Bhavanajagat
Whole Man - Whole Theory: "I am Consciousness, Therefore I am" is my proposition to examine the reality of Man and the World in which he exists.	View more posts
THE LIVING TIBETAN SPIRITS MAKE A DREAM TRIP TO MOUNT EVEREST
THE BATTLE FOR TIBETAN SOUL – REINCARNATION vs RESURRECTION
WHOLEDUDE – WHOLE PLANET, Blog at WordPress.com.


text:
var Top = (new function Top() {
	this.javaClassName = 'Top';
	var _toplists	= [];
	var _instance	= this;
	var _events		= [];
	var _size		= {
		width:	476,
		height:	522
	};

	this.setSize = function setSize(width, height) {
		_size.width		= width;
		_size.height	= height;
	};

	this.add = function add(toplist) {
		_toplists.push(toplist);
	};

	this.get = function get(name) {
		if(typeof(name) == 'undefined') {
			return _toplists;
		}

		var toplist = undefined;

		_toplists.each(function(top) {
			if(top.getName().toLowerCase() == name.toLowerCase()) {
				toplist = top;
				return false;
			}
		});

		return toplist;
	};

	this.addEvent = function addEvent(name, callback) {
		_events.push({
			name:		name,
			callback:	callback
		});
	};

	this.fireEvent = function fireEvent(name, user, data) {
		_events.each(function EventsEach(event) {
			if(event.name == name) {
				event.callback.call(this, user, data);
			}
		});
	};

	this.handleEvent = function handleEvent(user, data) {
		var params	= '';
		var event	= false;
		var block	= false;

		if(typeof(data.action) != 'undefined') {
			switch(data.action) {
				case 'init':
					block = true;
					this.fireEvent('onOpen', user, data);
				break;
				case 'close':
					block = true;
					user.sendEvent('close', block);
					this.fireEvent('onClose', user, data);
				break;
				case 'view':
					if(typeof(data.name) != 'undefined') {
						params += data.name;

						if(typeof(data.page) != 'undefined') {
							params += ':';
							params += data.page;
							event = true;
						}
					}
				break;
			}
		} else if(typeof(data.name) != 'undefined') {
			params += data.name;

			if(typeof(data.page) != 'undefined') {
				params += ':';
				params += data.page;
				event = true;
			}
		}

		if(!block) {
			this.handleCommand(user, params, event);
		}
	};

	this.getCategorys = function getCategorys() {
		var categorys = {};

		_toplists.each(function(top) {
			var cat = top.getCategorys();

			if(typeof(categorys[cat[0]]) == 'undefined') {
				categorys[cat[0]] = [];
			}

			if(categorys[cat[0]].indexOf(cat[1]) == -1) {
				categorys[cat[0]].push(cat[1]);
			}
		});

		return categorys;
	};

	this.handleCommand = function handleCommand(user, params, event) {
		event = (typeof(event) == 'undefined' ? false : event);

		if(params.length == 0) {
			var text		= new KCode();
			var _categorys	= _instance.getCategorys();

			text.append('Es gibt folgende Listen:');

			_categorys.each(function(categorys, name) {
				text.newLine();
				text.append('°r°');
				text.append('_');
				text.append(name);
				text.append(':_');
				text.newLine();

				categorys.each(function(category, index) {
					text.append(Colors.CHANNEL_BLUE);
					text.append('_');
					text.append(new KLink(category, '/toplist ' + name + ' ' + category));
					text.append('_°r°');

					if(index + 1 < categorys.size()) {
						text.append(', ');
					}
				});
			});

			user.private(text);
			return;
		}

		var page = 1;

		if(params.contains(':')) {
			var split	= params.split(':');
			var params	= split[0];
			page		= parseInt(split[1], 10);
		}

		var toplist = _instance.get(params);

		if(typeof(toplist) == 'undefined') {
			user.private('Die Topliste \"_' + params.escapeKCode() + '_\" existiert nicht.');
			return;
		}

		_instance.sendToplist(user, toplist, page, event);
	};

	this.sendToplist = function(user, toplist, page, event) {
		var users	= [];
		var limit	= 20;
		var entries	= toplist.getEntries(limit, page);
		var view	= new View('KFToplist');
		var prices	= toplist.getPrices();
		view.setSize(_size.width, _size.height);
		//view.setMode(AppViewMode.Popup);

		entries.getData().each(function(entry, index) {
			var place = entry.getPosition();

			users.push({
				place: 		place,
				nickname:	entry.getUser().getNick(),
				bolded:		entry.getUser().getID() == user.getID(),
				points:		entry.getValue(),
				price:		(typeof(prices[place - 1]) != 'undefined' ? prices[place - 1] : {})
			});
		});

		if(event) {
			user.sendEvent('name',		toplist.getName());
			user.sendEvent('data',		users);
			user.sendEvent('limit',		limit);
			user.sendEvent('page',		entries.getPage());
			user.sendEvent('pages',		entries.getPages());
			return;
		}

		view.addObject('name',		toplist.getName());
		view.addObject('data',		users);
		view.addObject('limit',		limit);
		view.addObject('page',		entries.getPage());
		view.addObject('pages',		entries.getPages());

		if(!view.send(user)) {
			var text = new KCode();
			text.append('_Topliste - ' + toplist.getName() + '_');

			if(users.size() == 0) {
				text.newLine();
				text.append('"- Es existieren keine Einträge -"');
			} else {
				users.each(function(entry) {
					if(user.getClientType() == ClientType.Applet) {
						text.newLine();
					} else {
						text.append('°#r°');
					}

					text.append('_' + entry.place + '_');
					text.append('     ');

					if(entry.bolded) {
						text.append('°BB°_');
					}

					text.append('°>' + entry.nickname.escapeKCode() + '|/w "<°');

					if(entry.bolded) {
						text.append('_°r°');
					}

					if(typeof(prices[entry.place - 1]) != 'undefined') {
						var price = prices[entry.place - 1];

						text.append(' (');
						switch(price.type) {
							case 'knuddel':
								text.append('°>sm_classic_00.gif<° ' + price.value + ' Knuddel');
							break;
							case 'code':
								text.append(price.value + ' °>features/codegenerator/code_001...mw_30.mh_15.png<°');
							break;
						}
						text.append(')');
					}

					text.append('     ');
					text.append(entry.points.toFixed(2));
				});
			}

			var pages = entries.getPages();

			if(pages >= 2) {
				text.newLine();
				text.append('_Seiten:_ ');

				for(var index = 1; index <= pages; ++index) {
					if(entries.getPage() == index) {
						text.append('°BB°_');
					}

					text.append(new KLink('' + index, '/toplist ' + toplist.getName() + ':' + index));

					if(entries.getPage() == index) {
						text.append('_°r°');
					}

					text.append(' ');
				}
			}

			user.private(text);
		}
	};

	this.toString = function toString() {
		return '[KFramework Top]';
	};
});

function Toplist(key, categorys) {
	this.javaClassName = 'Toplist';
	var _key			= '';
	var _instance		= this;
	var _categorys		= [];
	var _prices			= [];
	var _payout_cycle	= undefined;
	var _payout_cron	= undefined;
	var _payout_remove	= false;

	this.init = function init(key, categorys) {
		_key		= key;
		_categorys	= categorys;
		Top.add(this);
		this.createCron();
	};

	this.getKey = function getKey() {
		return _key;
	};

	this.getName = function getName() {
		var name = '';

		_categorys.each(function(category) {
			name += category + ' ';
		});

		return name.trim();
	};

	this.setPayout = function setPayout(cycle, remove) {
		_payout_cycle	= cycle;
		_payout_remove	= remove;
		this.createCron();
	};

	this.getPayout = function getPayout() {
		return _payout_cycle;
	};

	this.createCron = function createCron() {
		if(typeof(_payout_cron) == 'undefined' && typeof(_payout_cycle) != 'undefined') {
			_payout_cron = new Cronjob('::Toplist:' + _key, _payout_cycle, this.executeCron);
			return;
		}

		if(typeof(_payout_cycle) != 'undefined') {
			_payout_cron.changeCycle(_payout_cycle);
		}
	};

	this.executeCron = function executeCron() {
		var entries = [];

		UserPersistenceNumbers.each(_key, function(user) {
			entries.push({
				user:	user,
				place:	UserPersistenceNumbers.getPosition(_key, user, {
					ascending: false
				})
			});
		}, {
			onEnd: function() {
				var index	= 0;
				var watcher = setInterval(function() {
					for(var i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
						var entry	= entries.shift();

						if(typeof(entry) == 'undefined') {
							clearInterval(watcher);
							return;
						}

						var user	= entry.user;
						var place	= entry.place;

						if(typeof(user) == 'undefined') {
							clearInterval(watcher);
							return;
						}

						var value	= DB.load(_key, 0, user);
						var text	= new KCode();

						text.append('Hallo _' + user.getProfileLink() + '_,');
						text.newLine();
						text.newLine();

						var price = _prices[place - 1];

						text.append('für die Topliste _\"');
						text.append(_instance.getName());
						text.append('\"_ im _°BB>Channel ');
						text.append(Channel.getName());
						text.append('|/go ');
						text.append(Channel.getName());
						text.append('<r°_ hast du _');
						text.append(value.toFixed(2));
						text.append(' Punkte_ erreicht');
						text.newLine();
						text.append('und machst somit den _');
						text.append(place);
						text.append('. Platz_.');

						if(typeof(price) != 'undefined') {
							text.newLine();
							text.newLine();
							text.append('Für deine Platzierung erhälst du folgenden Gewinn:');
							text.newLine();

							switch(price.type) {
								case 'knuddel':
									text.append(' - _');
									text.append(new KImage('sm_classic_00.gif'));
									text.append(' ');
									text.append(price.value);
									text.append(' Knuddel_');
									Logger.info('Toplist: ' + user.getNick() + ', Place: ' + place + ', Kn: ' + price.value);
									Bot.knuddel(user, price.value, 'Toplisten-Gewinn: ' + _instance.getName(), false);
								break;
								case 'code':
									text.append(' - _');
									text.append(price.value);
									text.append(' ');
									text.append(new KImage('features/codegenerator/code_001.png'));
									text.append(' SmileyCode_');
								break;
							}
						}

						if(typeof(price) != 'undefined') {
							user.post('°BB°' + KnuddelsServer.getAppName() + '°r°: Topliste - ' + _instance.getName(), text.toString());
						}

						if(_payout_remove) {
							DB.delete(_key, user);
						}

						++index;
					}
				}, 5000);
			}
		});
	};

	this.getPrices = function getPrices() {
		return _prices;
	};

	this.addPrice = function addPrice(type, value) {
		_prices.push({
			type:	type,
			value:	value
		});
	};

	this.getCategorys = function getCategorys() {
		return _categorys;
	};

	this.getEntries = function getEntries(max, page) {
		return {
			getData:	function getData() {
				return UserPersistenceNumbers.getSortedEntries(_key, {
					ascending:	false,
					count:		max,
					page:		(page - 1)
				});
			},
			getPage: function getPage() {
				return page;
			},
			getPages: function getPages() {
				return UserPersistenceNumbers.getCount(_key) / max;
			}
		};
	};

	this.toJSON = function toJSON() {
		return {
			key:		_key,
			categorys:	_categorys,
			prices:		_prices
		};
	};

	this.toString = function toString() {
		return '[KFramework Toplist]';
	};

	this.init(key, categorys);
}