text:
Khazarian mafia circles the wagons around the drain
http://benjaminfulford.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Vaccine-enforcement.mp4
Weekly Geo-Political News and Analysis / Benjamin Fulford
The worldwide offensive to permanently liberate humanity from the Satanic Khazarian mafia is intensifying on all fronts, multiple sources agree. The biggest next move is to return Ukraine to the bosom of mother Russia, according to senior sources in the US military space command. This will deprive the Khazarian mafia of control over their ancestral homeland of Khazaria (Ukraine).
The fall of Ukraine will cut off drugs and other money laundering activities that support the fake administration of "fuck" Joe Biden, the sources say. Remember when an Anglo Saxon says "fuck you," it means they are ready to fight to the death. Many Americans, especially in the military and the agencies, are doing just that. And make no mistake, this is a fight to the death as any aware human now realizes.
We are dealing with a Satanic cabal that is actively trying to kill you and your family. For example, Ursula Van Der Leyen, the unelected head of the EU commission, told the press she is in favor of scrapping the long-standing Nuremberg Code and forcing people to get vaccinated. In other words, she admits she's a war criminal who wants to carry out medical treatment based on lies and against people's will.
https://thepostmillennial.com/eu-chief-nuremberg-code
Another war criminal who needs to be arrested is Justin Castro, the brother murdering a Manchurian candidate who is trying to turn Canada into a Satanic totalitarian state. Take a look at him below trying to force vaccines on children to fight a disease his government publicly admits they cannot prove even exists.
https://benjaminfulford.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Vaccine-enforcement.mp4
The reason these people are still in power is because they are a million-member strong group of fifth columnists who control the very top levels of government in most Western countries.
For example, the horror story now unfolding in Australia has its roots in the murder of Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt in 1967 on the orders of David Rockefeller bagman Henry Kissinger, according to Australian secret service sources. MI6 confirms that Australia was secretly removed from the British Commonwealth in 1973. That is why the Federal Reserve Board was able to fire Prime Minister Kevin Rudd in 2010 after he tried to stop a nuclear terror attack on Japan, the sources say. This attack then went ahead on March 11, 2011, and is known to us as the Fukushima "disaster."
The picture below shows how the average Australian is rising up against their Satanic ruling class.
The state of Victoria saw a record demonstration of 450,000 people against the fascist "pandemic" measures while the press responded with drivel. However, state Dictator Dan Andrews has lost his SEVENTH MP in as many days, leaving his government in tatters.
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10270753/Victorias-Dictator-Dan-loses-SEVENTH-MP-days-Andrews-Government-left-tatters.html
MI6 sources promise Australia will be liberated soon.
There is also a move to liberate the UK. On this front, an FOI request sent on June 16th, 2021 "asking the most basic and fundamental questions about the science on which your Governments are issuing edicts to restrict the rights of the British people," got the reply last week that "This information is not held by the House of Commons."
https://namastepublishing.co.uk/breaking-foi-requesting-proof-of-the-covid-virus-buried-by-house-of-commons/
MI6 sources say this response was finally allowed through because the UK military is aware the civilian government has been hijacked by gangsters and is taking corrective action.
The real battle though will be the fight to destroy Khazarian mafia headquarters in Switzerland and Germany, CIA sources say. US Space command (formerly referred to here as Pentagon) sources say a major battle is now raging around the
Black Forest in Southern Germany and the Czech Republic. "This area is well known for horrible hunting parties of the cabal. The Rothschild Mansion was the hotspot for those parties where the cabal hunted raped and killed children in the forest. The Clintons have been VIP guests there as well," a CIA source says. The US Space command says they are taking out a complex of underground bases in the region as they close in on KM headquarters around Lake Geneva, Switzerland.
The battle to clear out underground bases shows how the war for the future of the planet earth is being fought in multiple dimensions. This is not abstract since the dimensions include finance, medicine, information, legal battles and more.
So now let us look at a legal battlefront related to the attack on the underground bases in Germany. This is the ongoing Ghislaine Maxwell trial which the KM is trying to turn into a circus act. As a Mossad source notes "The largest pedophile child trafficking case in history is being totally kept out of the MSM and being directed by [disgraced former FBI chief] James Comey's daughter, who is the lead prosecutor."
This farce is being presided over by Judge Alison Nathan, who was appointed to the job by Joe Biden one month before the trial started. Of course, Biden (the long-dead real one) himself is a known visitor to the pedophile Island of Jeffrey Epstein.
Already so-called "Judge" Allen has granted Ghislaine Maxwell's request that "sensational and impure," information be withheld.
What media coverage there is of this trial shows they are trying to make it look like the supposedly dead Epstein and a few celebrities were having sex with sexually mature 15-year-olds; "tut tut."
"Look how blatantly the Mockingbird Media deceives. The headline implies that a 14-year-old witness testified that Jeff Epstein trafficked her to President Trump. However, in the body of the article, they report that the witness testified there was no misconduct by Trump. Unfortunately, too many people only read headlines, not full articles," was how a Mossad source commented about what corporate coverage was being given to the trial.
What is not being mentioned is the systematic torture and murder of pre-pubescent children that took place on this Island. Remember this image of the bloodstained mattress photographed by a drone on the Island?
The CIA sent us a series of very disturbing pictures from the Epstein Island of such things as children who had their faces ripped off. This is the "sensational and impure," information they are trying to keep out of the public eye. We decided to include one of these pictures because disturbing as it is, we need to confront the evil behind this once and for all.
The other thing to realize is that this is not about what happened on one Island. There's plenty of evidence of a worldwide network of pedophile torture facilities used by the KM.
Mossad sources inform us that "Super Deep State agent Richard Branson is a citizen of Terramar." As a reminder Terramar is this entity created by the Rothschild family for Maxwell, that had its own passports, full diplomatic immunity (i.e. members were above the law) and control over the worlds' oceans. "Branson is a submarine pilot with his own line of submarines. His Nekker island is a short boat or submarine ride (G Maxwell) away from Epstein's island Little St James. He has given over $3 billion to the Clintons — by far one of the biggest donators," Mossad notes.
Branson once tried to lure this writer to the kangaroo trial of Michael Shrimpton by offering me a free first-class ticket to England. Shrimpton was on trial for warning that a nuclear terror attack was being planned against the 2012 London Olympics.
In any case, however the Maxwell show trial goes, rest assured these monsters will be hunted down and killed, White Dragon society sources promise.
The best way to finish off the KM, though, is likely to be by cutting off their control of world finance. On this front a full-on financial offensive is underway to bankrupt the Khazarian mafias' privately owned BIS, the Federal Reserve Board and the EU central bank etc., multiple sources, including European royals, confirm.
"We may see economic collapse in some countries unless G20 creditors agree to accelerate debt restructurings and suspend debt service while the restructurings are being negotiated," IMF chief Kristalina Georgieva said in a blog. What Georgieva failed to mention is that she was not talking about small developing countries but rather places like the United States.
https://news.yahoo.com/imf-warns-econom … 20058.html
On this front, the US corporate government appears to have kicked the bankruptcy can down the road until January 31st (February 18th after the two-week grace period is included) by selling off the US strategic petroleum reserve to India and China.
However, that is not going to stop the bankruptcy of the families that own not only the US but also the UN, the BIS, the IMF, the World Bank etc. The trigger may be the Chinese real estate company Evergrande, CIA sources say. The CIA notes: "Evergrande is finished. The CCP now owns and controls Evergrande. The foreign bondholders will NOT be paid. Only the bondholders inside China will be paid. This is going to have serious global financial ramifications. Especially for the [Rockefeller controlled] Australian government, Citicorp, JP Morgan Chase and Goldman Sachs.
They have multiple $10's of Billions invested in Evergrande bonds. The CCP will not redeem the bonds. Don't forget the derivatives totaling over $1 trillion.
Take a look at this video where European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde calls the current inflation profile a "hump."
<embedded video omitted>
She sure looks terrified, doesn't she? Just as this report was about to go live the CIA has informed us that Lagarde, Rothschild honcho Klaus Schwab and many others have fled to Antarctica.
Remember, Lagarde posed in front of a gate dedicated to the Babylonian god Ba'al (aka Satan) along with UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, at a "world government summit," in 2017.
https://thegoodnewstoday.org/the-arch-o … nt-summit/
The corporate propaganda media is trying to put a brave face on this by saying they are going to delist all Chinese companies from US stock exchanges. The reality though is the Chinese have decided to stop them from laundering their fiat dollars into China via the stock market.
We also see the US Treasury Department accusing Japan and China over potentially "unfair" currency practices. What they really mean is these countries have stopped buying worthless US government bonds.
https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20 … in/014000c
While the West continues into a dystopian nightmare descent into bankruptcy, fascism and finally revolution, the rest of the world is doing quite well. Last week China announced they would create a Belgium-sized forest each year for the next five years.
https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/china-a … BX8.reddit
India meanwhile, this year reached its 2030 goal of having 40% of its energy come from renewable sources -nine years ahead of schedule.
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1777364
Of course, the West too will leave the rest of the world in the dust as soon as it is cured of its KM parasitical infection. For example, the KM will no longer be able to suppress civilization-changing technology like free energy of the sorts mentioned in the article below.
https://www.sciencealert.com/for-the-fi … y-the-fuel
Also, once this war is over, people are going to be completely shocked by the truth that will come out. Here is what a Mossad source says about this:
Everyone who is heavily promoted by the matrix system is a distortion — misinformation to push humans away from the truth. If you think the news is fake, wait until you find out about humanity's history. Even in matrix schools, they taught us that the winners of the war write the history books. If you realized that the world has been ruled by draconian, satanic & wicked elites, how much distortion is truly in our school books? Zionist, Jesuits, khazarian mafia, illuminati, bloodline families, reptilians, archons, satanist, luciferians, freemasons — these are the groups that responsible for all written books in our modern civilization.
As the old adage says "the truth shall set you free."
Original Article: https://benjaminfulford.net/2021/12/06/78786/
Posted in Jewish News Tags: around, circles, drain, khazarian, mafia, wagons
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text:
Santorini (, ), officially Thira (Greek: Θήρα ) and classical Greek Thera (English pronunciation ), is an island in the southern Aegean Sea, about  southeast from the Greek mainland. It is the largest island of a small circular archipelago, which bears the same name and is the remnant of a caldera. It forms the southernmost member of the Cyclades group of islands, with an area of approximately  and a 2011 census population of 15,550. The municipality of Santorini includes the inhabited islands of Santorini and Therasia, as well as the uninhabited islands of Nea Kameni, Palaia Kameni, Aspronisi and Christiana. The total land area is . Santorini is part of the Thira regional unit.

The island was the site of one of the largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history: the Minoan eruption (sometimes called the Thera eruption), which occurred about 3,600 years ago at the height of the Minoan civilization. The eruption left a large caldera surrounded by volcanic ash deposits hundreds of metres deep.

It is the most active volcanic centre in the South Aegean Volcanic Arc, though what remains today is chiefly a water-filled caldera. The volcanic arc is approximately  long and  wide. The region first became volcanically active around 3–4 million years ago, though volcanism on Thera began around 2 million years ago with the extrusion of dacitic lavas from vents around Akrotiri.

Names
Santorini was named by the Latin Empire in the thirteenth century, and is a reference to Saint Irene, from the name of the old cathedral in the village of Perissa – the name Santorini is a contraction of the name Santa Irini. Before then, it was known as Kallístē (, "the most beautiful one"), Strongýlē (, "the circular one"), or Thēra. The name Thera was revived in the nineteenth century as the official name of the island and its main city, but the colloquial name Santorini is still in popular use.

History

Minoan Akrotiri

Excavations starting in 1967 at the Akrotiri site under the late Professor Spyridon Marinatos have made Thera the best-known Minoan site outside Crete, homeland of the culture. The island was not known as Thera at this time. Only the southern tip of a large town has been uncovered, yet it has revealed complexes of multi-level buildings, streets, and squares with remains of walls standing as high as eight metres, all entombed in the solidified ash of the famous eruption of Thera. The site was not a palace-complex as found in Crete, but neither was it a conglomeration of merchants' warehousing, as its excellent masonry and fine wall-paintings show. A loom-workshop suggests organized textile weaving for export. This Bronze Age civilization thrived between 3000 and 2000 BC, reaching its peak in the period between 2000 and 1630 BC.

Many of the houses in Akrotiri are major structures, some of them three storeys high. Its streets, squares, and walls were preserved in the layers of ejecta, sometimes as tall as eight metres, indicating this was a major town. In many houses stone staircases are still intact, and they contain huge ceramic storage jars (pithoi), mills, and pottery. Noted archaeological remains found in Akrotiri are wall paintings or frescoes, which have kept their original colour well, as they were preserved under many metres of volcanic ash. The town also had a highly developed drainage system and, judging from the fine artwork, its citizens were clearly sophisticated and relatively wealthy people.

Pipes with running water and water closets found at Akrotiri are the oldest such utilities discovered. The pipes run in twin systems, indicating that Therans used both hot and cold water supplies; the origin of the hot water probably was geothermic, given the volcano's proximity.

Fragmentary wall-paintings at Akrotiri lack the insistent religious or mythological content familiar in Classical Greek décor. Instead, the Minoan frescoes depict "Saffron-Gatherers", who offer their crocus-stamens to a seated lady, perhaps a goddess. Crocus has been discovered to have many medicinal values including the relief of menstrual pain. This has led many  archaeologists to believe that the fresco of the saffron/crocus gatherers is a coming-of-age fresco dealing with female pubescence. In another house are two antelopes painted with a confident calligraphic line, a fisherman holding fish strung by their gills, and a flotilla of pleasure boats, accompanied by leaping dolphins, where ladies take their ease in the shade of light canopies, among other frescoes.

The well preserved ruins of the ancient town are often compared to the spectacular ruins at Pompeii in Italy. The canopy covering the ruins collapsed in an accident in September 2005, killing one tourist and injuring seven more. The site was closed for almost seven years while a new canopy was built. The site was re-opened in April 2012.

The oldest signs of human settlement are Late Neolithic (4th millennium BC or earlier), but c. 2000–1650 BC Akrotiri developed into one of the Aegean's major Bronze Age ports, with recovered objects that came not just from Crete, but also from Anatolia, Cyprus, Syria, and Egypt, as well as from the Dodecanese and the Greek mainland.

Dating of the Bronze Age eruption

The Minoan eruption provides a fixed point for the chronology of the second millennium BC in the Aegean, because evidence of the eruption occurs throughout the region and the site itself contains material culture from outside. The eruption occurred during the "Late Minoan IA" period of Minoan chronology at Crete and the "Late Cycladic I" period in the surrounding islands.

Archaeological evidence, based on the established chronology of Bronze Age Mediterranean cultures, dates the eruption to around 1500 BC. These dates, however, conflict with radiocarbon dating which indicates that the eruption occurred at about 1645–1600 BC. For those, and other reasons, the date of the eruption is disputed.

Ancient period

Santorini remained unoccupied throughout the rest of the Bronze Age, during which time the Greeks took over Crete. At Knossos, in a LMIIIA context (14th century BC), seven Linear B texts while calling upon "all the gods" make sure to grant primacy to an elsewhere-unattested entity called qe-ra-si-ja and, once, qe-ra-si-jo. If the endings  and -ios represent an ethnic suffix, then this means "The One From ". If the initial consonant were aspirated, then *Qhera- would have become "Thera-" in later Greek. "Therasia" and its ethnikon "Therasios" are both attested in later Greek; and, since -sos was itself a genitive suffix in the Aegean Sprachbund, *Qeras[os] could also shrink to *Qera. An alternative view takes qe-ra-si-ja and qe-ra-si-jo as proof of androgyny, and applies this name by similar arguments to the legendary seer, Tiresias, but these views are not mutually exclusive. If qe-ra-si-ja was an ethnikon first, then in following him/her/it the Cretans also feared whence it came.

Probably after what is called the Bronze Age collapse, Phoenicians founded a site on Thera. Herodotus reports that they called the island Callista and lived on it for eight generations. In the 9th century BC, Dorians founded the main Hellenic city on Mesa Vouno,  above sea level. This group later claimed that they had named the city and the island after their leader, Theras. Today, that city is referred to as Ancient Thera.

In his Argonautica, written in Hellenistic Egypt in the 3rd century BC, Apollonius Rhodius includes an origin and sovereignty myth of Thera being given by Triton in Libya to the Greek Argonaut Euphemus, son of Poseidon, in the form of a clod of dirt. After carrying the dirt next to his heart for several days, Euphemus dreamt that he nursed the dirt with milk from his breast, and that the dirt turned into a beautiful woman with whom he had sex. The woman then told him that she was a daughter of Triton named Calliste, and that when he threw the dirt into the sea it would grow into an island for his descendants to live on. The poem goes on to claim that the island was named Thera after Euphemus' descendant Theras, son of Autesion, the leader of a group of refugee settlers from Lemnos.

The Dorians have left a number of inscriptions incised in stone, in the vicinity of the temple of Apollo, attesting to pederastic relations between the authors and their lovers (eromenoi). These inscriptions, found by Friedrich Hiller von Gaertringen, have been thought by some archaeologists to be of a ritual, celebratory nature, because of their large size, careful construction and – in some cases – execution by craftsmen other than the authors. According to Herodotus, following a drought of seven years, Thera sent out colonists who founded a number of cities in northern Africa, including Cyrene. In the 5th century BC, Dorian Thera did not join the Delian League with Athens; and during the Peloponnesian War, Thera sided with Dorian Sparta, against Athens. The Athenians took the island during the war, but lost it again after the Battle of Aegospotami. During the Hellenistic period, the island was a major naval base for Ptolemaic Egypt.

Medieval and Ottoman period
As with other Greek territories, Thera then was ruled by the Romans. When the Roman Empire was divided, the island passed to the eastern side of the Empire which today is known as the Byzantine Empire. According to George Cedrenus, the volcano erupted again in the summer of 727, the tenth year of the reign of Leo III the Isaurian. He writes: "In the same year, in the summer, a vapour like an oven's fire boiled up for days out of the middle of the islands of Thera and Therasia from the depths of the sea, and the whole place burned like fire, little by little thickening and turning to stone, and the air seemed to be a fiery torch." This terrifying explosion was interpreted as a divine omen against the worship of religious icons and gave the Emperor Leo III the Isaurian the justification he needed to begin implementing his Iconoclasm policy.

The name "Santorini" first appears  in the work of the Muslim geographer al-Idrisi, as "Santurin", from the island's patron saint, Saint Irene. After the Fourth Crusade, it was occupied by the Duchy of Naxos which held it up to circa 1280 when it was reconquered by Licario (the claims of earlier historians that the island had been held by Jacopo I Barozzi and his son as a fief have been refuted in the second half of the twentieth century); it was again reconquered from the Byzantines circa 1301 by Iacopo II Barozzi, a member of the Cretan branch of the Venetian Barozzi family, whose descendant held it until it was annexed in  by Niccolo Sanudo after various legal and military conflicts. In 1318–1331 and 1345–1360 it was raided by the Turkish principalities of Menteshe and Aydın, but did not suffer much damage. Because of the Venetians the island became home to a sizable Catholic community and is still the seat of a Catholic bishopric.

From the 15th century on, the suzerainty of the Republic of Venice over the island was recognized in a series of treaties by the Ottoman Empire, but this did not stop Ottoman raids, until it was captured by the Ottoman admiral Piyale Pasha in 1576, as part of a process of annexation of most remaining Latin possessions in the Aegean. It became part of the semi-autonomous domain of the Sultan's Jewish favourite, Joseph Nasi. Santorini retained its privileged position in the 17th century, but suffered in turn from Venetian raids during the frequent Ottoman–Venetian wars of the period, even though there were no Muslims on the island.

Santorini was captured briefly by the Russians under Alexey Orlov during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, but returned to Ottoman control after.

19th century
In 1807, the islanders were forced by the Sublime Porte to send 50 sailors to Mykonos to serve in the Ottoman navy.

In 1810 Santorini with 32 ships was the seventh largest of the Greek fleet after
Kefallinia (118), Hydra (120), Psara (60), Ithaca (38) Spetsai (60) and Skopelos (35).

In the last years of Ottoman rule the majority of residents were farmers and seafarers who exported their abundant produce, while the level of education was improving on the island, with the Monastery of Profitis Ilias one of the most important monastic centres in the Cyclades.

In 1821 the island was home to 13,235 inhabitants, which within a year had risen to 15,428.

Greek War of Independence
As part of its plans to foment a revolt against the Ottoman Empire and gain Greek Independence, Alexandros Ypsilantis, the head of the Filiki Eteria in early 1821, dispatched Dimitrios Themelis from Patmos and Evangelis Matzarakis (–1824), a sea captain from Kefalonia who had Santorini connections to establish a network of supporter in the Cyclades. As his authority, Matzarakis had a letter from Ypsilantis (dated 29 December 1820) addressed to the notables of Santorini and the Orthodox metropolitan bishop Zacharias Kyriakos (served 1814–1842).
At the time, the population of Santorini was divided between those who supported independence, and (particularly among the Catholics and non-Orthodox) those who were ambivalent or distrustful of a revolt being directed by Hydra and Spetses or were fearful of the Sultan's revenge. While the island didn't come out in direct support of the revolt,  71 sailors, a priest and the presbyter Nikolaos Dekazas, to serve on the Spetsiote fleet.

Because of the lack of majority support for direct participation in the revolt, it was necessary for Matzarakis to enlist the aid of Kefalonians living in Santorini to, on 5 May 1821 (the feast day of the patron saint of the island), raise the flag of the revolution and then expel the Ottoman officials from the island.
The Provisional Administration of Greece organized the Aegean islands into six provinces, one of which was Santorini and appointed Matzarakis its governor in April 1822. While he was able to raise a large amount of money (double that collected on Naxos), he was soon found to lack the diplomatic skills needed to convince the islanders who had enjoyed considerable autonomy to now accept direction from a central authority and contribute tax revenue to it. He claimed to his superiors that the islanders needed "political re-education" as they did not understand why they had to pay higher taxes than those levied under the Ottomans in order to support the struggle for independence. The hostility against the taxes caused many of the tax collectors to resign.

Things were also not helped by the governor's authoritarian character, arbitrariness and arrests of prominent islanders losing him the support of Zacharias Kyriakos, who had initially supported Matzarakis. In retaliation Matzarakis accused him of being a "Turkophile" and had the archbishop imprisoned and then exiled him. The abbots of the monasteries, the priests and the prelates, complained to Demetrios Ypsilantis, president of the National Assembly.

Matzarakis soon had to hire bodyguards as the island descended into open revolt against him.  Fearful for his life Matzarakis later fled the island, and was dismissed from his governorship by Demetrios Ypsilantis. Mazarakis however later represented Santorini in the National Assembly and following his death was succeeded in that position in November 1824 by Pantoleon Augerino.

Once they heard of massacres of the Greek population of Chios in April 1822, many islanders became fearful of Ottoman reprisals, with two villages stating they were prepared to surrender, though sixteen monks from the Monastery of Profitis Ilias, led by their abbot Gerasimos Mavrommatis declared in writing their support for the revolt. Four commissioners for the Aegean islands (among them, Benjamin of Lesvos and Konstantinos Metaxas) appointed by the Provisional Administration of Greece arrived in July 1822 to investigate the issues on Santorini. The commissioners were uncompromising in their support for Matzarakis. With news from Chios fresh in their minds the island's notables eventually arrested Metaxas, with the intention of handing him over to the Ottomans in order to prove their loyalty. He was rescued by his Ionian guards.

Matters became so heated that Antonios Barbarigos (- 1824) who had been serving in the First National Assembly at Epidaurus since 20 January 1820 was seriously wounded in the head by a knife attack on Santorini in October 1822 during a dispute between the factions.
In early 1823, the Second National Assembly at Astros, imposed a contribution of 90,000 grosis on Santorini to fund the fight for independence, while in 1836 they also had to contribute in 1826 to the obligatory loan of 190,000 grosis imposed on the Cyclades.

In decree 573 issued by the National Assembly 17 May 1823 Santorini was recognized as one of 15 provinces in the Greek controlled Aegean (nine in the Cyclades and six in the Sporades).

The island became part of the fledgling Greek state under the London Protocol of 3 February 1830, rebelled against the government of Ioannis Kapodistrias in 1831, and became definitively part of the independent Kingdom of Greece in 1832, with the Treaty of Constantinople.

Santorini joined an insurrection that had broken out in Nafplio on 1 February 1862 against the rule of King Otto of Greece. However, the royal authorities was able to quickly restore control and the revolt had been suppressed by 20 March of that year. However, the unrest arose again later in the year which lead to the  23 October 1862 Revolution and the overthrow of King Otto.

World War II
During the Second World War, Santorini was occupied in 1941 by Italian forces and then by the Germans following the Italian armistice in 1943. In 1944, the German garrison on Santorini was raided by a group of British Special Boat Service Commandos, killing most of its men. Five locals were later shot in reprisal, including the mayor.

Post-war
In general the island's economy continued to decline following World War II with a number of factories closing as a lot of industrial activity relocated after to Athens. In an attempt to improve the local economy the Union of Santorini Cooperatives was established 1947 to process, export and promote the islands agriculture products, in particular its wine. In 1952 they constructed near the village of Monolithos what is today the island's only remaining tomato processing factory.
The island's tourism in the early 1950s generally took the form of small numbers of wealthy tourists on yacht cruises though the Aegean. The island's children would present arriving passengers with flowers and bid them happy sailing by lighting small lanterns along the steps from Fira down to the port, offering them a beautiful farewell spectacle. Once such visitor was the actress Olivia de Havilland who visited the island in September 1955 at the invitation of Petros Nomikos.

In the early 1950s the shipping magnate Evangelos P. Nomikos and his wife Loula decided to support their birthplace and so asked residents to choose whether they wanted the couple to pay for the construction of either a hotel or a hospital, to which local authorities replied that they would prefer a hotel. As a result, in 1952, the Nomikos' commissioned the architect Venetsanos to undertake the design and paid for the construction of the Hotel Atlantis, which was at the time the most glamorous hotel in the Cyclades.

In 1954, Santorini had approximately 12,000 inhabitants and very few visitors. The only modes of transport on the island were a jeep, a small bus and the island's traditional donkeys and mules.

1956 earthquake

At 3.11 am on 9 July 1956 a earthquake with a magnitude (depending on the particular study) of 7.5, 7.6, 7.7 or 7.8 struck 30 km south of the island of Amorgos. It was the largest earthquake of the 20th century in Greece and had a devastating impact on Santorini. It was followed by aftershocks, the most significant being the first occurring at 03:24, 13 minutes after the main shock, which had a 7.2 magnitude. This aftershock which originated close to the island of Anafi is believed to have been responsible for most of the damage and casualties on Santorini. The earthquake was accompanied by a tsunami which while much higher at other islands is estimated to have reached 3 metres at Perissa and 2 metres at Vlichada on Santorini.

Immediately following the earthquake the Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis declared Santorini a state of "large-scale local disaster" and visited the island to inspect the situation on 14 July.

Many countries have offered to send relief efforts, though Greece refused to accept the offer of the United Kingdom to send warships to help from Cyprus where they were involved in the Cyprus Emergency.

As there was no airport the Greek military made air drops of food, tents and supplies, while camps for the homeless were established on the outskirts of Fira.

On Santorini the earthquakes killed 53 people and injured another 100. On Santorini 35% of the houses collapsed and 45% suffered major or minor damage. In total, 529 houses were destroyed, 1,482 were severely damaged and 1,750 lightly damaged. Almost all public buildings were completely destroyed. One of the largest buildings that survived unscathed was the newly built Hotel Atlantis, which allowed it to be used as a temporary hospital and to house public services. The greatest damage was experienced on the Western side along the edge of the caldera, especially at Oia, with parts of the ground collapsing into the sea. The damage from the earthquake reduced most of the population to extreme poverty and caused many to leave the island in search of better opportunities with most settling in Athens.

Tourism
The expansion of tourism in recent years has resulted in the growth of the economy and population. Santorini was ranked the world's top island by many magazines and travel sites, including the Travel+Leisure Magazine, the BBC, as well as the US News. An estimated 2 million tourists visit annually. In recent years, Santorini has been emphasising sustainable development and the promotion of special forms of tourism, the organization of major events such as conferences and sport activities.

The island's pumice quarries have been closed since 1986, in order to preserve the caldera. In 2007, the cruise ship MS Sea Diamond ran aground and sank inside the caldera. As of 2019, Santorini is a particular draw for Asian couples who come to Santorini to have pre-wedding photos taken against the backdrop of the island's landscape.

Geography

Geological setting

The Cyclades are part of a metamorphic complex that is known as the Cycladic Massif. The complex formed during the Miocene and was folded and metamorphosed during the Alpine orogeny around 60 million years ago. Thera is built upon a small non-volcanic basement that represents the former non-volcanic island, which was approximately . The basement rock is primarily composed of metamorphosed limestone and schist, which date from the Alpine Orogeny. These non-volcanic rocks are exposed at Mikro Profititis Ilias, Mesa Vouno, the Gavrillos ridge, Pyrgos, Monolithos, and the inner side of the caldera wall between Cape Plaka and Athinios.

The metamorphic grade is a blueschist facies, which results from tectonic deformation by the subduction of the African Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Subduction occurred between the Oligocene and the Miocene, and the metamorphic grade represents the southernmost extent of the Cycladic blueschist belt.

Volcanism

Volcanism on Santorini is due to the Hellenic subduction zone southwest of Crete. The oceanic crust of the northern margin of the African Plate is being subducted under Greece and the Aegean Sea, which is thinned continental crust. The subduction compels the formation of the Hellenic arc, which includes Santorini and other volcanic centres, such as Methana, Milos, and Kos.

The island is the result of repeated sequences of shield volcano construction followed by caldera collapse. The inner coast around the caldera is a sheer precipice of more than  drop at its highest, and exhibits the various layers of solidified lava on top of each other, and the main towns perched on the crest. The ground then slopes outwards and downwards towards the outer perimeter, and the outer beaches are smooth and shallow. Beach sand colour depends on which geological layer is exposed; there are beaches with sand or pebbles made of solidified lava of various colours: such as the Red Beach, the Black Beach and the White Beach. The water at the darker coloured beaches is significantly warmer because the lava acts as a heat absorber.

The area of Santorini incorporates a group of islands created by volcanoes, spanning across Thera, Thirasia, Aspronisi, Palea, and Nea Kameni.

Santorini has erupted many times, with varying degrees of explosivity. There have been at least twelve large explosive eruptions, of which at least four were caldera-forming. The most famous eruption is the Minoan eruption, detailed below. Eruptive products range from basalt all the way to rhyolite, and the rhyolitic products are associated with the most explosive eruptions.

The earliest eruptions, many of which were submarine, were on the Akrotiri Peninsula, and active between 650,000 and 550,000 years ago. These are geochemically distinct from the later volcanism, as they contain amphiboles.

Over the past 360,000 years there have been two major cycles, each culminating with two caldera-forming eruptions. The cycles end when the magma evolves to a rhyolitic composition, causing the most explosive eruptions. In between the caldera-forming eruptions are a series of sub-cycles. Lava flows and small explosive eruptions build up cones, which are thought to impede the flow of magma to the surface. This allows the formation of large magma chambers, in which the magma can evolve to more silicic compositions. Once this happens, a large explosive eruption destroys the cone. The Kameni islands in the centre of the lagoon are the most recent example of a cone built by this volcano, with much of them hidden beneath the water.

Minoan eruption

During the Bronze Age, Santorini was the site of the Minoan eruption, one of the largest volcanic eruptions in human history. This violent eruption was centred on a small island just north of the existing island of Nea Kameni in the centre of the caldera; the caldera itself was formed several hundred thousand years ago by the collapse of the centre of a circular island, caused by the emptying of the magma chamber during an eruption. It has been filled several times by ignimbrite since then, and the process repeated itself, most recently 21,000 years ago. The northern part of the caldera was refilled by the volcano, then collapsed once more during the Minoan eruption. Before the Minoan eruption, the caldera formed a nearly continuous ring with the only entrance between the tiny island of Aspronisi and Thera; the eruption destroyed the sections of the ring between Aspronisi and Therasia, and between Therasia and Thera, creating two new channels.

On Santorini, a deposit of white tephra thrown from the eruption is found lying up to  thick, overlying the soil marking the ground level before the eruption, and forming a layer divided into three fairly distinct bands indicating different phases of the eruption. Archaeological discoveries in 2006 by a team of international scientists revealed that the Santorini event was much more massive than previously thought; it expelled  of magma and rock into the Earth's atmosphere, compared to previous estimates of only  in 1991, producing an estimated  of tephra. Only the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption of 1815, the 181 AD eruption of the Taupo Volcano, and possibly Baekdu Mountain's 946 AD eruption have released more material into the atmosphere during the past 5,000 years.

The Minoan eruption has been considered as possible inspiration for ancient stories including Atlantis and the Exodus. These hypotheses are not supported by current archaeological research, but remain popular in pseudohistory and pseudoarchaeology.

Post-Minoan volcanism

Post-Minoan eruptive activity is concentrated on the Kameni islands, in the centre of the lagoon. They have been formed since the Minoan eruption, and the first of them broke the surface of the sea in 197 BC. Nine subaerial eruptions are recorded in the historical record since that time, with the most recent ending in 1950.

In 1707 an undersea volcano breached the sea surface, forming the current centre of activity at Nea Kameni in the centre of the lagoon, and eruptions centred on it continue – the twentieth century saw three such, the last in 1950. Santorini was also struck by a devastating earthquake in 1956. Although the volcano is dormant at the present time, at the current active crater (there are several former craters on Nea Kameni), steam and carbon dioxide are given off.

Small tremors and reports of strange gaseous odours over the course of 2011 and 2012 prompted satellite radar technological analyses and these revealed the source of the symptoms; the magma chamber under the volcano was swollen by a rush of molten rock by 10 to 20 million cubic metres between January 2011 and April 2012, which also caused parts of the island's surface to rise out of the water by a reported 8 to 14 centimetres. Scientists say that the injection of molten rock was equivalent to 20 years' worth of regular activity.

Climate
Santorini has a semi-arid climate (BSh in the Köppen climate classification) with Mediterranean characteristics. Total rainfall averages  per year. In the summer season, strong winds can also be observed.

Economy
Santorini's primary industry is tourism, particularly in the summer months.
Agriculture also forms part of its economy, and the island sustains a wine industry.

Agriculture

Because of its unique ecology and climate - and especially its volcanic ash soil - Santorini is home to unique and prized produce such as the Santorini cherry tomato.
Viticulture, whose history goes back to prehistoric times, could not remain unaffected by the rapid increase in tourism, where there was a gradual decrease until 1997. Although today viticulture is the most important sector of agricultural production in Santorini and now traditional throughout Greece
.

Wine industry

The island remains the home of a small, but flourishing, wine industry, based on the indigenous Assyrtiko grape variety, with auxiliary cultivations of Aegean white varieties such as Athiri and Aidani and the red varieties such as Mavrotragano and Mandilaria. The vines are extremely old and resistant to phylloxera (attributed by local winemakers to the well-drained volcanic soil and its chemistry), so the vines needed no replacement during the great phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century. In their adaptation to their habitat, such vines are planted far apart, as their principal source of moisture is dew, and they often are trained in the shape of low-spiralling baskets, with the grapes hanging inside to protect them from the winds.

The viticultural pride of the island is the sweet and strong Vinsanto (), a dessert wine made from the best sun-dried Assyrtiko, Athiri, and Aidani grapes, and undergoing long barrel aging (up to twenty or twenty-five years for the top cuvées). It matures to a sweet, dark, amber-orange unctuous dessert wine that has achieved worldwide fame, possessing the standard Assyrtiko aromas of citrus and minerals, layered with overtones of nuts, raisins, figs, honey, and tea.

White wines from the island are extremely dry with a strong citrus scent and mineral and iodide salt aromas contributed by the ashy volcanic soil, whereas barrel aging gives to some of the white wines a slight frankincense aroma, much like Vinsanto. It is not easy to be a winegrower in Santorini; the hot and dry conditions give the soil a very low productivity. The yield per hectare is only 10 to 20% of the yields that are common in France or California. The island's wines are standardised and protected by the "Vinsanto" and "Santorini" OPAP designations of origin.

Brewing
A brewery, the Santorini Brewing Company, began operating out of Santorini in 2011, based in the island's wine region.

Governance
The present municipality of Thera (officially: "Thira", ), which covers all settlements on the islands of Santorini and Therasia, was formed at the 2011 local government reform, by the merger of the former Oia and Thera municipalities.

Oia is now called a  (community), within the municipality of Thera, and it consists of the local subdivisions () of Therasia and Oia.

The municipality of Thera includes an additional 12 local subdivisions on Santorini island: Akrotiri, Emporio, Episkopis Gonia, Exo Gonia, Imerovigli, Karterados, Megalohori, Mesaria, Pyrgos Kallistis, Thera (the seat of the municipality), Vothon, and Vourvoulos.

Towns and villages

 Akrotiri
 Ammoudi
 Athinios
 Emporio
 Finika
 Fira
 Firostefani
 Imerovigli
 Kamari
 Karterados
 Messaria
 Monolithos
 Oia
 Perissa
 Pyrgos Kallistis
 Vothonas
 Vourvoulos

Attractions

Architecture

The traditional architecture of Santorini is similar to that of the other Cyclades, with low-lying cubical houses, made of local stone and whitewashed or limewashed with various volcanic ashes used as colours. These colours, in recent years, tend to replace white in the colour of house façades, according to the traditional architecture of the island as it was developed until the great earthquake of 1956. The unique characteristic is the common utilisation of the hypóskapha: extensions of houses dug sideways or downwards into the surrounding pumice. These rooms are prized because of the high insulation provided by the air-filled pumice, and are used as living quarters of unique coolness in the summer and warmth in the winter. These are premium storage space for produce, especially for wine cellaring: the Kánava wineries of Santorini.

When strong earthquakes struck the island in 1956, half the buildings were completely destroyed and a large number suffered repairable damage. The underground dwellings along the ridge overlooking the caldera, where the instability of the soil was responsible for the great extent of the damage, needed to be evacuated. Most of the population of Santorini had to emigrate to Piraeus and Athens.

Fortifications
During the 15th and 16th centuries the Cyclades were under threat from pirates who plundered the harvests, enslaved men and women and sold them in the slave markets. The small bays of the island were also ideal as hideouts. In response the islanders built their settlements at the highest most inaccessible points, and very close to, or on top of, each other; while their external walls, devoid of openings, formed a protective perimeter around the village. In addition the following additional types of fortifications were built throughout the island to protect the island's inhabitants.
 (castles), also written as kasteli, were large fortified permanent settlements. There were five on the island, Agios Nikolaos (at Oia), Akrotiri, Emborio, Pyrgos, and Skaros. At the entrance to every  was a church dedicated to Agia (St.) Theodosia, the Protector-Saint of castles.
 (from the Turkish word  which means 'tower') were multi-storey, rectangular, and the highest tower of most kastelli. There were four goulas on the island. They were used both as an observatory and as a place of refuge for the islanders. They had thick walls, parapets, an iron gate, murder holes, and embrasures.
 were small coastal watchtowers, which were permanently garrisoned, from where a watch was maintained and an alarm raised when a pirate ship was sighted.

Infrastructure

Electricity
Electricity for both Santorini and Therasia is principally supplied from the Thira Autonomous Power Station which is located at Monolithos in the eastern part of Santorini. Owned by Public Power Corporation (PPC) it has generators powered by diesel engines and gas turbines. The two islands have a total installed capacity of 75.09 MW of thermal generation and 0.25 MW of renewable generation. There is a programme underway at a cost of €124 million as part of the Cyclades Interconnection Project to connect the island via a submarine cable to Naxos and hence by extension to the mainland system by 2023.

A fire at the power station in Monolithos on 13 August 2018 put it out of service, resulting in a total loss of electricity supply across the two islands. Within four days electricity had been restored to all but 10% of the islands' consumers. Vessels were dispatched to carry two power generators to assist in supporting the restoration of the electricity supply.

Electricity is distributed around the island by The Hellenic Electricity Distribution System Operator (HEDNO S.A. or DEDDIE S.A.) which is a 100% owned subsidiary of PPC. A cable connects the Thirasia and Santorini electrical distribution systems.

Transportation
The central bus station is in Fira, the capital of the island, where buses depart very frequently. They cover routes to almost all places around the island and to most tourist spots.

Airport

Santorini is one of the few Cyclades Islands with a major airport, which lies about  southeast of downtown Thera. The main asphalt runway (16L-34R) is  in length, and the parallel taxiway was built to runway specification (16R-34L). It can accommodate Boeing 757, Boeing 737, Airbus 320 series, Avro RJ, Fokker 70, and ATR 72 aircraft. Scheduled airlines include the new Olympic Air, Aegean Airlines, Ryanair, and Sky Express, with flights chartered from other airlines during the summer, and with transport to and from the air terminal available through buses, taxis, hotel car-pickups, and hire cars.

Land
Bus services link Fira to most parts of the island.

Ports

Santorini has two ports: Athinios (Ferry Port) and Skala (Old Port). Cruise ships anchor off Skala and passengers are transferred by local boatmen to shore at Skala where Fira is accessed by cable car, on foot or by donkeys and mules. Tour boats depart from Skala for Nea Kameni and other Santorini destinations.

Water and sewerage
As the island lies in a rain shadow between the mountains of Crete and the Peloponnese water seems to have been scarce at least from post-eruption times. This, combined with the small size of the island, the lack of rivers, and the nature of the soil, which is largely composed of volcanic ash, as well as the high summer temperatures meant that there was very little surface water. With only one spring (Zoodochos Pigi – the Life-giving Spring) this encouraged the practice of diverting any rain that fell on roofs and courtyards to elaborate underground cisterns, supplemented in the 20th century with water imported from other areas of Greece. Owing to the lack of water islanders developed non-irrigated crops such as vines and olives that could survive on only the scant moisture provided by the common early-morning fog condensing on the ground as dew.

Many cisterns ceased to be used following the 1956 earthquake. As tourism increased, the existing rainwater harvesting methods proved incapable of supplying the increased demand. As a result, it has become necessary to construct desalination plants which now provide running but non-potable water to most residents. This has led to many of the historic cisterns falling into disrepair.

The first desalination plant was built at Oia following a donation in 1992 by the Oia-born businessman Aristeidis Alafouzos. By 2003 the plant had expanded to house three desalination units (of which two had been donated by Alafouzos). As of 2020 the plant has six desalination units with a total capacity of  per day.

In addition to Oia there are currently desalination plants at Aghia Paraskevi, located on the southwest side of the airport with a capacity of  per day which supplies Kamari, Vothonas, Messaria, Exo Gonia, Mesa Gonia, Agia Paraskevi, and Monolithos; Fira with a capacity of  per day; Akrotiri (also known as the Cape) which has two units with a total capacity of  per day; Exo Gialos which has two units with a total capacity of  per day which supplies Fira, Imerovigli, Karteradou, Pyrgos, Megalochori and Vourvoulou; and Therasia which has two TEMAK units with a total capacity of  per day

There are also a number of small autonomous drinking water production units with a capacity of  per day located at Kamari, Emporio, Messaria and Thirasia Island.

The provision of water supply and sewage treatment and disposal on both Santorini and Therasia Islands is undertaken by the municipally owned DEYA Thiras. It was founded in May 2011, after the merging of the Municipal Water Supply and Sewerage Company of Thera (DEYA Thera) and the Community Water Supply and Sewerage Company of Oia (). Known as DEYATH it is responsible for the planning, construction, management, operation and maintenance of the water supply system (desalination plants and pumping wells), irrigation, drainage, and the wastewater collection networks and treatment plants for the islands of Thira (Santorini) and Therasia. The Loulas and Evangelos Nomikos Foundation has funded a number of projects aimed at improving the water supply and sewage systems on the islands.

Notable people
Aristeidis Alafouzos businessman
Giannis Alafouzos, former president of Panathinaikos F.C.
Mariza Koch, singer
Spyros Markezinis, politician
Themison of Thera

In popular culture

The movie Summer Lovers (1982) was filmed on location here.

The island was a featured filming location in the 2005 film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants and its sequel.

The Santorini Film Festival is held annually at the open-air cinema, Cinema Kamari, in Santorini.

American hip hop musician Rick Ross has a song titled "Santorini Greece", and its 2017 music video was shot on the island.

The 2018 video game Assassin's Creed Odyssey features a DLC extra entitled Fate of Atlantis, in which a gateway to the mythical lost city of Atlantis is located in a temple beneath the island of Thera.

In Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire and their remakes, the landscape of Sootopolis City was modelled on that of Santorini.

The board game Santorini, inspired by the architecture of the island's cliffside villages, was published in 2004 by Gordon Hamilton.

See also
List of volcanoes in Greece
Santorini tomato
Santorini (wine)
Santorini cable car

References

Notes

Bibliography
Forsyth, Phyllis Y.: Thera in the Bronze Age, Peter Lang Pub Inc, New York 1997.
Friedrich, W., Fire in the Sea: the Santorini Volcano: Natural History and the Legend of Atlantis, translated by Alexander R. McBirney, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
History Channel's "Lost Worlds: Atlantis" archeology series. Features scientists Dr J. Alexander MacGillivray (archeologist), Dr Colin F. MacDonald (archaeologist), Professor Floyd McCoy (vulcanologist), Professor Clairy Palyvou (architect), Nahid Humbetli (geologist) and Dr Gerassimos Papadopoulos (seismologist)

Further reading

Bond, A. and Sparks, R. S. J. (1976). "The Minoan eruption of Santorini, Greece". Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 132, 1–16.
Doumas, C. (1983). Thera: Pompeii of the ancient Aegean. London: Thames and Hudson.
Pichler, H. and Friedrich, W.L. (1980). "Mechanism of the Minoan eruption of Santorini". Doumas, C. Papers and Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Congress on Thera and the Aegean World II.

External links

5:12 | A documentary about the 1956 earthquake in Santorini.
TheraFoundation.org, The Eruption of Thera: Date and Implications
Santorini.gr, Thira (Santorini) Municipality Official WebSite
CGS.Illinois.edu , Was the Bronze Age Volcanic Eruption of Thira (Santorini) a Megacatastrophe? A Geological/Archeological Detective Story, Grant Heiken, Independent consultant, author, geologist (retired) Los Alamos National Laboratory; lecture presented at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, sponsored by CGS.Illinois.edu, Center for Global Studies and CAS.UIUC.edu, Center for Advanced Study
NewAdvent.org, Thera (Santorin) – Catholic Encyclopedia article
URI.edu: Santorini Eruption much larger than previously thought
Moving Postcards: Santorini
Older eruption history at Santorini
Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants and Bang Bang: Santorini In Pop Culture
The castles of Santorini
 Photos of Santorini
 The sacred Rock Le Rocher sacré (Santorin)

Wine regions of Greece
Supervolcanoes
Municipalities of the South Aegean
Landforms of Thira (regional unit)
Islands of the South Aegean
Volcanoes of Greece
VEI-7 volcanoes
Members of the Delian League
Populated places in Thira (regional unit)
Phoenician colonies in Greece

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text:
South Africa Says Its Being Punished For Detecting New Omicron Variant
Posted by African Examiner African News, Latest News, News Around Africa, South Africa, Southern Africa Saturday, November 27th, 2021
(AFRICAN EXAMINER) – South Africa said on Saturday it was being punished for its advanced ability to detect new Coronavirus (COVID-19) variants early.
South Africa's Ministry of International Relations and Cooperation said this in a statement.
The allegation is coming as travel bans and restrictions imposed because of the new Omicron variant threaten to harm tourism and other sectors of the country's economy.
South Africa has some of the world's top epidemiologists and scientists, who have managed to detect emerging coronavirus variants and their mutations early on in their life cycle.
The Omicron variant was first discovered in South Africa and has since been detected in Belgium, Botswana, Israel, and Hong Kong.
"This latest round of travel bans is akin to punishing South Africa for its advanced genomic sequencing and the ability to detect new variants quicker," the Ministry of International Relations and Cooperation said.
"Excellent science should be applauded and not punished," the ministry said.
Many nations rushed on Friday and Saturday to announce travel curbs to South Africa and other countries in the region.
The foreign ministry noted that while the new variant was also detected in other countries, the global reaction to those countries have been "starkly different" to cases in southern Africa.
The new variant was first announced on Wednesday by a team of scientists in South Africa who said they had detected a variant that could possibly evade the body's immune response and make it more transmissible.
On Friday the World Health Organisation named it Omicron and designated it as a "variant of concern" – its most serious level – saying preliminary evidence suggests an increased risk of re-infection. read more
"Our immediate concern is the damage that these restrictions are causing to families, the travel and tourism industries and business," South African Foreign Minister Naledi Pandor said in the statement.
The government was engaging with countries that have imposed travel bans to persuade them to reconsider, it added.
On Friday, the World Health Organisation cautioned countries against hastily imposing travel restrictions linked to the variant, saying they should take a "risk-based and scientific approach".
Hike in Electricity Tariff Is Irreversible –Fashola
Buhari Celebrates Osinbajo At 64
"Nigerian Copyright Laws And The Music Industry (The Add Up 1)." By J.A. Kester Esq
Whistle-Blower Policy Effective Tool of Fighting Corruption –Minister

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This is the first in a series highlighting specific milestones in the history of Timber Products Company. Look for more installments in the future.
With little over one year before Timber Products Company turns 100, it is important to look back at where the company came from and how times have changed, as well as the evolution of the wood products industry.
Timber Products Company was founded as the Tomlin Box Company in 1918 by John Tomlin. The company's first product was wooden boxes to hold fruit and other agricultural goods, filling a sizable need for Southern Oregon's apple and pear orchards.
The company not only sold boxes and box shook—the set of parts for assembling boxes—to local fruit-packing houses, it also had a bustling business with farmers to the south. Oranges, lemons, berries and other sunny California produce were all packed in boxes made by John Tomlin's company.
Tomlin Box Company grew throughout the years, spurred on by railroad construction and thriving West Coast farms. It even weathered a devastating fire at its sawmill in 1926. The focus on boxes would continue until 1930. Shortly after, John Tomlin would change his business' name to Timber Products Company and begin manufacturing and processing pine lumber.


text:
Assignology > Public Health > Social Exclusion and Reducing the Issue of Prejudice
Social Exclusion and Reducing the Issue of Prejudice
Subject: Public Health
Prejudice is a pre-conceived and stereotype attitude of social rejection towards certain groups of people in the society. Prejudice is a serious issue when relating to health matters. It makes people to discriminate others basing on their health condition. Human beings tend to associate some physical anomalies with a contagious disease; the natural response is always discrimination and disease avoidance. Hence, this has adverse effects to the affected victim. It causes a victim to feel stigmatized, prejudiced and inferior in society. The role played by public health is vital. Through measures such as immunization among others, they are viewed to alleviate prejudice and guarantee a new beginning to the prejudiced.
Positive social relationships are a fundamental part of life. They are necessary for the psychological and physiological health of humans. Despite human efforts to live harmoniously and be socially accepted, social rejection is an all-encompassing feature of social life. The society stigmatizes or socially rejects certain individuals based on a health characteristic they possess. According to Kurzban & Lear (2001) social groups susceptible to social exclusion include; the mentally ill, obese people, epileptics, HIV/AIDS patients, cancer patients and members of some racial and religious groups. This essay discusses how prejudice (social exclusion) evolved to protect us from disease by socially rejecting people who are carriers of contagious infections. The essay also illustrates the role played by public health facilities in disease avoidance and intervention. It is evident the increase participation and involvement of public health has greatly decreased prejudice. This is demonstrated in practices such as; immunization and increasing disease avoidance among others.
Disease avoidance and social rejection
In response to the risk of pathogenic infections, the human body has immune systems that destroy disease causing pathogens that gain entry into the body. Similarly, human beings have developed behavioral, immune systems. The behavioral immune system enables them to identify and circumvent pathogen entering the body (Park et al, 2007). Numerous communicable diseases have outward manifestation in the form of lesions, rashes and other physical abnormality. Consequently, humans correlate certain physical abnormalities with infectious disease and naturally react by embracing avoidant behavior.
This is to minimize risk of infection. Besides, the human mind has acquired behavioral adaptation to disease threats by having specialized sensitivity to disease signs such as disfigurement. Hence, people with disabilities and phenotypic anomalies face social rejection and discrimination (Ackerman et al., 2009). However, many authors note that physical disfigurement is not always an indication of contagious infection hence, disease avoidance mechanisms often lead to unnecessary stigma and false alarm (Park et al, 2007). According to Haselton & Nettle (2006) it is difficult to alleviate the social stigma associated with both contagious and non-contagious physical disability. Gangestad & Buss (1993) states that in regions of high pathogen prevalence, humans evolve by sexual selection; where humans are likely to select mates based on physical attractiveness as a measure of current health and pathogen resistance.
With advancement in medical technology, preventive measures against disease have been developed. Among other measures, immunization has been viewed as an effective means of protecting oneself against serious disease (Navarrete & Fessler, 2006). Thus, this explanation argues out that with public health intervention, through measures such as vaccination, disease avoidance can be averted. If disease threat is reduced by immunization, it is thought that the mental responses to disease avoidance would be suppressed.
Immunizing against anti-immigrant attitudes
To affirm the statement that prejudice caused by disease avoidance can be reduced by public health intervention, three studies were conducted. Huang et al (2011) examined psychological immunity brought about by public health interventions like immunization. He noted the perception of disease threat triggers behavioral avoidance and xenophobic attitudes towards immigrants who are thought to be carriers of disease. Similarly, disease avoidance mechanisms were noted as a norm stimulated by the violation of foreign out-groups leading to social rejection. Foreign out-groups violate norms either due to their lack of knowledge or lack of motivation to conform (Huang et al (2011). The study suggested that immunized individuals have a sense of protection against disease threat; consequently they reported less prejudice towards foreign out-groups. In addition, the study revealed that in disease threatened individuals, their perception of vaccine effectiveness had an impact on their reduced anti-immigrant prejudice.
Framing effects of prejudice
A second study was done to account for alternative explanations for the difference in anti-immigrant prejudice between immunized and un-immunized individual (Duncan et al., 2009). The study revealed that perception of protection from disease influence an individual's prejudice towards out-groups and manipulates the perception of an individual to the effectiveness of a vaccine. The study had an ensuing effect on prejudice. The assessment considered the fact that people vary in intensity to which they perceive themselves vulnerable to disease. Duncan et al (2009) predicted that in the threat of disease, people who perceive themselves as being more vulnerable to getting infected were likely to be more prejudiced towards other groups.
Moreover, the study showed that in the case of a serious disease threat, the way vaccination is framed has an effect on the perception to disease vulnerability. Framing vaccination is contagious because individuals most alarmed about the disease infection are more prejudiced against out-groups. However, according to Borg et al (2008) framing vaccination as a protective initiative as it reduces aversion towards out-groups. Duncan et al ( 2009) results concurs with similar findings from other studies where increased perception to vulnerability of disease, results in amplified negative reactions to foreign out-groups associated with the disease risk.
Washing away prejudice
In the third study, the effect of hand-washing on perception of disease vulnerability and prejudice towards out-groups was observed. The study assessed the extent to which members of an out-group are associated with disease threat, as opposed to members of an in-group. Results of the study affirmed germ aversion through hand washing lead to diminished prejudice towards out-groups. Consequently, in individuals who did not wash their hands, disease aversion was associated with increased negative attitudes towards out-groups. In the health care, hand washing is a key contributor to disease avoidance, reducing morbidity and mortality rates (Curtis & Cairncross, 2003). These results from the study were consistent with results of previous work where hand washing not only removed dirt, but released past guilt in a person (Lee & Schwarz, 2010). In the study, the psychological impact of hand washing on past behaviors was seen as a likelihood of averting the extent of negative attitudes towards out-groups.
This paper explored how social exclusion evolved to protect us from diseases. It also discussed the role of public health facilities averting prejudice. The paper indicated that in the face of disease threat, immunization and vaccination of individuals significantly diminishes prejudice (Faulkner et al, 2004). Public health measures such as immunization and vaccination are critical in reducing the issue of prejudice. This is because they ensures a person is protected against unpredictable health condition.
Ackerman, J. M., Vaughn Becker, D. D., Mortensen, C. R., Sasaki, T., Neuberg, S. L., & Kenrick, D. T. (2009). A pox on the mind: Disjunction of attention and memory in the processing of physical disfigurement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), 478-485.
Borg, J., Lieberman, D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2008). Infection, Incest, and Iniquity: Investigating the Neural Correlates of Disgust and Morality. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(9), 1529-1546.
Curtis, V., & Cairncross, S. (2003). Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3(5), 275.
Duncan, L. A., Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2009). Perceived vulnerability to disease: Development and validation of a 15-item self-report instrument. Personality & Individual Differences, 47(6), 541-546.
Faulkner, J., Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Duncan, L. A. (2004). Evolved Disease- Avoidance Mechanisms and Contemporary Xenophobic Attitudes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 7(4), 333-353.
Gangestad, S. W., & Buss, D. M. (1993). Pathogen prevalence and human mate preferences. Ethology & Sociobiology, 14(2), 89-96.
Haselton, M. G., & Nettle, D. (2006). The Paranoid Optimist: An Integrative Evolutionary Model of Cognitive Biases. Personality & Social Psychology Review (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 10(1), 47-66.
Huang, J. Y., Sedlovskaya, A., Ackerman, J. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2011). Immunizing against prejudice: Effects of disease protection on attitudes toward out-groups. Psychological Science, 22(12), 1550-1556.
Kurzban, R., & Leary, M. R. (2001). Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 187-208.
Navarrete, C., & Fessler, D. T. (2006). Disease avoidance and ethnocentrism: the effects of disease vulnerability and disgust sensitivity on intergroup attitudes. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27(4), 270-282.
Park, J. H., Schaller, M., & Crandall, C. S. (2007). Pathogen-avoidance mechanisms and the stigmatization of obese people. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(6), 410-414.
Workplace Wellness Programs Study
Asthma in Children in Philadelphia
Health Issues for Aging: Prevention
Public Health Agenda for Haiti
Temporal Trend in Diabetes Among Adults in America
Ethnographic Descriptive Analysis of Mechanism Curanderismo
The Development of Health Information System
Smoked Marijuana for HIV-Associated Anorexia and Wasting
Pain Management for Patients With Dementia
Lyme Disease Description and Analysis
Nursing Student Success: Strategies
Nurse Retention: Nature and Causes


Bring DD along so that he can sniff out the tank unit's location.
Get ready for a tough one! Deploy to the north of the mission area and be ready to fire a CGM rocket at the gunship. Once the gunship is down, immediately run away and take cover! Snipers will start shooting and you don't want them finding you!
The tank unit are located just a few meters east of guard post #6 and has NINE enemies: one gunship, one tank, three snipers, and four soldiers.
The enemies are spread pretty far apart, so focus on eliminating the snipers first. Don't forget to use DD's Kill option if you are prone.
With the snipers out of the way, approach and extract the tank next.
For the remaining soldiers, use a level 3 Stun Arm blast to end it all.
Extract the ones you want for Mother Base and eliminate the rest.


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Home › John Lister › Office 365: $99 Subscription, Files Saved Online
Office 365: $99 Subscription, Files Saved Online
by John Lister on January, 31 2013 at 08:01AM EST
After months of hype, Microsoft has finally released a subscription edition of Office 365. The new package represents a huge change from the past, when consumers simply bought a physical copy of the Office software and installed it on their machine using a disc.
Instead, buying Office 365 means signing up to pay an annual subscription fee. Currently, it costs $99 for the Office 365 Home Premium edition.
Subscribers will automatically receive any software updates released during this time (and this could include significant new features in addition to bug and security fixes).
Access Your Office Documents From Anywhere
While you can still save documents on your computer, when using Office 365 your documents are also automatically saved on Microsoft's servers. That means you can access them from any machine with Internet access.
It also means that you can collaborate on editing a document with other people without the need to send email attachments back and forth. Microsoft is keen to stress that you'll still be able to access download documents, even if you stop subscribing to Office 365.
Another new feature: Office 365 runs through your web browser and doesn't require standalone software. That could be a big help in cases where people are using mobile devices that don't have a lot of storage space.
No Sign of Office 365 iPad App
The browser access means you can use Office 365 on a tablet computer such as the Apple iPad. Microsoft says Office 365 will automatically adjust the settings to display larger "press-able" icons rather than the small icons designed for clicking with a mouse. (Source: cnet.com)
Still, many analysts are wondering if Microsoft will produce a dedicated application for tablets that is even easier to use on small touchscreens. Microsoft chief executive officer Steve Ballmer refused to discuss the matter, telling reporters: "I have nothing to say on the topic." (Source: businessweek.com)
It appears the hold-up may not be related to a technical problem with producing a dedicated app. Instead, reports suggest Microsoft isn't willing to play by Apple's rules, which could mean having to hand over 30 per cent of the Office 365 subscription fee.
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Life With Archie #10
Life With Archie
Collects Archie Marries Veronica #10 and Archie Marries Betty #10:
In 'Archie Loves Betty: Freshman Year-The First Semester' Part 4, Archie makes a startling realization about his career, while Betty discovers a new mission. Meanwhile, in 'Archie Loves Veronica: The Trial of Reggie Mantle' Part 4' Reggie stands trial! But for what?
Paul Kupperberg
Norm Breyfogle Pat Kennedy Tim Kennedy
Joe Rubinstein Bob Smith
Romance Slice of Life School Life
Archie Marries Betty features the newlyweds as they move to the city to pursue their dreams and are faced with seemingly endless disasters engineered by a sinister figure from the past, and also includes the moving story of the death of their former teacher Miss Grundy. Archie Marries Veronica showcases the newlywed couple struggling to balance business and conscience while trying to keep Mr. Lodg
From Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and the writers of the new CW series Riverdale comes the MUST-READ, brand new, ongoing comic series. Set in the universe of the TV series, the Riverdale comic offers a bold, subversive take on Archie, Betty, Veronica, Josie & the Pussycats and their friends, exploring small-town life and the darkness bubbling beneath Riverdale's wholesome facade.
Archie: The Married Life - 10th Anniversary
10 years later, a landmark moment in Archie Comics history is being revisited! ARCHIE: THE MARRIED LIFE 10th ANNIVERSARY, is a sequel to the headline-making 2009 "Archie Wedding" storyline. The original storyline written by Michael Uslan answered Riverdale's longest-running question: will Archie marry Betty or Veronica? Fans were treated to two alternate worlds that explored each possibility
Afterlife With Archie
This is how the end of the world begins... Archie and the gang go where they've never been before -- to the grave and back! A horrific accident sets off a series of grim events and Sabrina the Teenage Witch must try to repair the unspeakable evil her spell has unleashed. Gasp in horror as Riverdale faces an impending zombie Arch-pocalypse in this spine-tingling ongoing series -- but be warned, kid
Archie (2015-)
Change is coming to Riverdale in this all-new reimagining of an American icon! Familiar faces return in new and unexpected ways. As the new school year approaches, you'd think Archie Andrews would be looking forward to classes and fun -- but nothing is as it seems in the little town of Riverdale. But is this a one-off or a sign of bigger changes awaiting for America's favorite teens -- and the ent


KATHMANDU, Nov 6: Federation of Nepali Journalists (FNJ) has said that the death of journalist Sanjaya Neupane has resulted in an irreparable loss to Nepali journalism.
"Nepali journalism has suffered an irreparable loss due to Neupane's death. FNJ extends tribute to the deceased and condolences to the bereaved family," FNJ said in the statement.
Journalist Neupane died on Saturday evening. He was 45. Neupane was suffering from brain tumor and died in the course of treatment at Lalitpur-based Nepal Cancer Hospital.
He was former Vice President of Society of Economic Journalists of Nepal (SEJON). He also served as the editor of the Karobar National Daily as well as worked for the Kantipur Daily.
He is survived by a wife, a daughter and a son.


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Weekly Overview: Focus on the US
Markets and economics Conferences and events
24 January 2013, at 11:24pm
ANALYSIS - With the International Production & Processing Expo (IPPE) taking place in Atlanta next week, our focus this week is on the developments in the US poultry industry. There are positive signs for the industry, including more acres planted with maize and soybeans, rising retail prices and a peak in demand for chicken wings coming up. Some negative - and some entirely false - consumer perceptions continue to dog the industry but strenuous efforts are being made to correct the misconceptions.
Looking ahead in 2013, two developments reported recently should cheer the poultry industry; firstly, increased areas planted to maize and soybeans should help reduce feed prices, and retail prices for chicken and turkey meat have risen over the last year. A record for chicken wing consumption is expected in just over a week's time.
More maize, soybean and wheat acres will be planted for this year than in 2012, according to a University of Missouri agriculture business specialist.
"Corn acres this year will likely be about 99 million acres, which is two million more than last year," David Reinbott said. "With a more normal weather pattern, most trend-line yield calculations put yield at 162 bushels an acre."
Planted acres of soybeans are also expected to increase about two million acres to 79 million in 2013. Figuring 42 bushels an acre, he said that would create a supply of 258 million bushels.
Winter wheat acres also increased from last year, but not as much as expected. Weather will continue to play a big role in the grain fields this year, Dr Reinbott warned.
Meat price inflation at the retail level was a mixed bag in 2012, according to Steve Meyer and Len Steiner. Broiler and turkey retail prices rose by double digits, in some cases, after three years of flat prices, they noted.
National Farmers Union has praised Majority Leader, Harry Reid, for his commitment to making a new Farm Bill priority legislation for the 113th Congress.
Chicken wings have become a staple food of Super Bowl parties in the US, and demand for them on menus is now at an all-time high, leading up to the second biggest eating day of the year – Super Bowl Sunday (3 February) It is forecast that 1.23 billion wings will be consumed over that major sporting weekend.
On a less positive note, the US poultry industry has been under pressure again from negative public perceptions. In the last week, a TV programme promoted meat-free meals as being healthier, for example, but gaining public support for agriculture is the key theme of a forthcoming expert panel discussion.
Meat consumption has been attracting more criticism recently as meat-free vegetarian organisations continue to push for the introduction of meatless meals and engages with state legislature.
Animal Agriculture Alliance President and CEO, Kay Johnson Smith, said: "We believe in consumer choice when it comes to selecting one's meal choices, but this particular campaign is based on misleading and false information which is a disservice to America's hard working farm families, as well as consumers."
The need for agriculture to maintain public support of animal production practices while at the same time provide enough food for the world will be examined by experts at Purdue University and the US Department of Agriculture next month.
"Far too often discussions about animal well-being are political, and they can erode quickly," said Candace Croney, a Purdue University associate professor of animal sciences who will lead the panel discussion on 'Balancing Act: Meeting the Growing Demands for Food, Enhanced Animal Well-being and Consumer Trust' in Indianapolis on 2 February.
"Doing the right thing should be the driving factor for our practices and policies," Ms Croney said.
And finally, in other news, two new H7N3 highly pathogenic bird flu outbreaks have been reported in Mexico. Outbreaks in the same region in 2012 opened the opportunity of US egg exports to Mexico to meet demand.
Farming in focus: Harm Langen
25 Jun 2019 Sponsored
Harm Langen, CEO of Pas Reform, spoke with The Poultry Site at IPPE 2019 and shared his reflections on the company's 100 years of hatchery innovation technologies.
Poultry specialists heading to Washington, DC, for latest insights on flock health, welfare and food safety
Poultry health professionals from more than 20 countries will gather in Washington, DC, Aug. 2-5, for the annual meeting of the American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP).
Emu farming's struggle for revival in India
Emu farming has been heavily promoted in India by many unscrupulous suppliers keen to take advantage of small-scale farmers. Here's why many have been taken in by the big lure of big birds.
Five steps to going cage-free in China
The organisers of the 2019 China Cage Free Egg Summit offer their top tips for going cage-free successfully.


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Cambridge United's ground to remain the Abbey Stadium after sponsorship deal
It has undergone a lot of name changes over the years
Andrew Georgeson
Cambridge United's home ground will continue to officially be called the Abbey Stadium
Cambridge United's home ground will continue to be officially named the Abbey Stadium after an extension of the club's partnership with AstraZeneca.
Formerly known as the Cambs Glass Stadium, among other things, for sponsorship reasons, the club returned to its traditional name in November 2017 due to support from key partners, including those who formerly owned the naming rights.
As part of the pharmaceutical giant's ongoing support of the club's community initiatives - including projects targeting social isolation among the elderly and education within the Abbey Ward - they have gifted the naming rights back to United.
And Nick Fairbain, head of partnerships at Cambridge United, said their support was vital in safeguarding the Abbey name.
"We are thrilled to renew our partnership with AstraZeneca," he said.
"Not only does if further strengthen our ties with a world-renowned, world-class company, but crucially, it also ensure we are staying true to our roots by safeguarding the Abbey name without sacrificing commercial revenue."
Steve Twait, left, and Nick Fairbairn. Picture: Cambridge United
The company, which has been based in Cambridge since 2013, has also agreed to extend its Active Science Partnership with the Cambridge United Community Trust, which has already reached more than 3,000 school children in the area over the past three-and-a-half years.
The aim of the programme is to engage young people in science through of sport.
On the partnership, Steve Twait, vice-president of alliance and integration management, added: "We are delighted to renew our sponsorship of these programmes for another year.
"The Active School programme promotes science in schools through sport and, like many of our community initiatives, enables colleagues from across our company in Cambridge to get involved in the delivery of the programme.
"Having seen the tremendous work the club and trust do across the community, it is a pleasure and a privilege to work together on several really great community initiatives."


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Home / News / National / Venezuela empties prisons, sends violent criminals to US border
Migrants waiting to cross the border. Photo: Video from the BBC.
Venezuela empties prisons, sends violent criminals to US border
Among the 2.2 million illegal aliens that have entered the country this year are violent criminals released from prisons in Venezuela.
The news, alluded to on Thursday by President Joe Biden, has led Congressional Republicans to compose a letter demanding action of Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas.
Rep. Troy Nehls (R-Texas), who is leading the Republican effort to have Mayorkas answer questions, said in the Sept. 22 letter that the decision by the Nicolas Maduro regime has put the United States "in grave danger."
"We write you with serious concern about a recent U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) intelligence report received by Border Patrol that instructs agents to look for violent criminals from Venezuela among the migrant caravans heading towards the U.S.-Mexico border," the letter says, citing a recent report from Breitbart.
The outlet reported on Sept. 18 that it had reviewed the DHS intelligence report from an unnamed source within the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). The report warned that released prisoners—including those convicted of murder, rape, and extortion—had been seen within migrant caravans traveling from Tapachula, Mexico, to the southern border, as recently as July.
The report also said the Bolivarian National Intelligence Service, Venezuela's intelligence agency, may have played a role in deliberately releasing prisoners.
After the report was published, Nehls took to Twitter to announce that he had obtained confirmation from the DHS.
"DHS confirms that Venezuela empties prisons and sends violent criminals to our southern border," Nehls wrote. "President Trump warned us about this years ago."
Former President Donald Trump issued such a warning several times in 2021. He did it again last week while speaking to radio show host Hugh Hewitt, when he said America had become a "dumping ground" as other nations were "emptying their prisons into the United States."
Nehls later commented during an interview with Fox News contributor Sara Carter on Sunday.
"This bombshell report confirms what we've known for years," Nehls said. "Our adversaries despise what America stands for and take pride in emptying their prisons filled with the most violent and sick individuals to walk the earth and send them to our southern border, where they know they'll have no trouble getting in."
Nehls added, "Our overworked border patrol agents can only do so much when President [Joe] Biden gives everyone a no-strings-attached invitation into this country."
The letter comes as the United States is seeing an influx of migrants along the U.S.-Mexico border. According to CBP data, the number of migrants arriving at the southern border in fiscal year 2022 surpassed 2 million in August, with unprecedented numbers coming from Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela.
–Wire services and Metro Voice
border cbp criminals crisis cuba DHS Homeland Security immigration policy joe biden mayorkas nicaragua open border policy politics prison report southern border troy nehls venezuela 2022-09-23
Tagged with: border cbp criminals crisis cuba DHS Homeland Security immigration policy joe biden mayorkas nicaragua open border policy politics prison report southern border troy nehls venezuela
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Q: Knockout Style attribute float I am trying to align a div using a computed value using Knockout however this seams to have no affect on the attribute "Float". I am able to change the color using the same approach.
The UI should float div elements left/right based on their user group.
JFiddle Example here: http://jsfiddle.net/TMVAT/1/
    this.floatAlign = ko.computed(function() {
        if(this.employee() == undefined || this.employee()=="") {
            return "right";
        } else {
            return "left";
        }
    }, this);

Any help would be appreciated.

A: I fixed this issue with css binding . It's working perfect.
Html Changes:-
<div data-bind="style: { color: colour },css:{FloatLeft : floatAlign() ==  left',FloatRight : floatAlign() == 'right'}" style="width:65%; margin-bottom: 10px;">

Css Changes:-
.FloatLeft{
  float:left;
 }
.FloatRight{
  float:right;
 }

Mark it as answer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In September 1920, Horsley resident Mr Harold H. Coote wrote to several of his fellow villagers asking them to become either members or vice-presidents of a new choral group.
A donation of one guinea bestowed the honour of being vice president and one of the earliest to respond to Mr Coote's letter was Tommy Sopwith (of Camel fame) who lived at Horsley Towers.
In 1930 the choir, under conductor W.H. Maelor Jones, joined the Leith Hill Musical Festival, founded by Margaret Vaughan Williams and Evangeline Farrer and conducted by Ralph Vaughan Williams, at the new Dorking Halls. Rising through the ranks Horsley joined the 'Advanced' division in 1979 with the 'Horsley Quartet' dominating the Quartet (and latterly Ensemble Class) for nearly three decades. HCS continues to be a LHMF choir singing in the competition which takes place every spring, still at Dorking Halls, culminating in a large concert under the baton of Festival Conductor, Jonathan Willcocks.
Currently HCS numbers approximately sixty mixed voices, singing and performing a wide variety of choral and other music at twice yearly HCS concerts and also by invitation at various festivals and special events. HCS have toured in Europe, regularly sing at Eton College and often sing with other choirs.


Anyone know of sombody in Houston that can rebuild a motorcycle engine? I am thinking about buying a vintage one, and it has a siezed motor. It is a Maico.
Everyone knows flies cause disease, so keep yours closed.
The guy in Beaumont that had the Yam. shop used to race bul's and Maicos ' Revon Craig. He is still around there i believe. Just pull the plug and fill cyl. with liquid wrench and let soak, on a 2 stroke, only the rings stick most of the time. Ya may get lucky if the motor is still all together. Later, and see ya at October Blast. Wayne B.
Unfortunatley Revon sold out and some guys bought his shop. Last I heard he was retired living on Sam Rayburn. Stubbs cycle I think messes with vintage stuff, but two strokes are easy, as long as the bottom end isn't shot. Just do like he said and fill it with oil so it'll work around the rings. Most likely it will unseize it and then rebuild is easy as long as you don't have to split the cases.
Which Maico is it if you don't mind me asking? That brings back of lot of memories of my youth, my dad used to flattrack Maicos and Bulltacos.
It is a 73 501. I think I will pass on it. The guy that has it, has a couple more of them. This is one of those, if it looks to good to be true, it probably is, kinda things.