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Category: sustainability
Artificial Intelligence – Getting the Next Ten Years Right
June 23, 2021 / Adrian Stevenson / 2 Comments
I attended the 'CogX Global Leadership Summit and Festival of AI' last week, my first 'in-person' event in quite a while. The CogX Festival "gathers the brightest minds in business, government and technology to celebrate innovation, discuss global topics and share the latest trends shaping the defining decade ahead". Although the event wasn't orientated towards archives or cultural heritage specifically, we are doing work behind the scenes on AI and machine learning with the Archives Hub that we'll say more about in due course. Most of what's described below is relevant to all sectors as AI is a very generalised technology in its application.
My attention was drawn to the event by my niece Laura Stevenson who works at Faculty and was presenting on 'How the NHS is using AI to predict demand for services'. Laura has led on Faculty's AI driven 'Early Warning System' that forecasts covid patient admissions and bed usage for the NHS. The system can use data from one trust to help forecast care for a trust in another area, and can help with best and worst scenario planning with 95% confidence. It also incorporates expert knowledge into the modelling to forecast upticks more accurately than doubling rates can. Laura noted that embedding such a system into operational workflows is a considerable extra challenge to developing the technology.
Example of AI explainability data from the Early Warning System (image ©Faculty.ai )
The system includes an explainability feature showing various inputs and the degree to which they affect forecasting. To help users trust the tool, the interface has a model performance tab so users can see information on how accurate the tool has been with previous forecasts. The tool is continuing to help NHS operational managers make planning decisions with confidence and is expected to have lasting impact on NHS decision making.
'Responsible leadership: The risks and the rewards of advancing the state of the art in AI' – Lila Ibrahim
Lila works at Deep Mind who are looking to use AI to unlock whole new areas of science. Lila highlighted the role of the AI Council who are providing guidance to UK Government in regard to UK AI research. She talked about Alphafold that has been addressing the 50 year old challenge of protein folding. This is a critical issue as being able to predict protein folding unlocks many possibilities including disease control and using enzymes to break down industrial waste. DeepMind have already created an AI system that can help predict how a protein folding occurs and have a peer reviewed article coming out soon. They are trying to get closer to the great challenge of general intelligence.
'Sustainable Technologies, Green IT & Cloud' – Yves Bernaert, Senior Managing Director, Accenture
Yves focussed on company and corporate responsibility, starting his session with some striking statistics:
100 companies produce 70% of global carbon emissions.
40% of water consumption is by companies.
40% of deforestation is by companies.
There is 80 times more industrial waste than consumer waste.
20% of the acidification of the ocean is produced by 20 companies only.
Yves therefore believes that companies have a great responsibility, and technology can help to reduce climate impact. 2% of global electricity comes from data centres currently and is growing exponentially, soon to be 8%. A single email produces on average 4g of carbon. Yves stressed that all companies have to accept that now is the time to come up with solutions and companies must urgently get on with solving this problem. IT energy consumption needs to be seen as something to be fixed. If we use IT more efficiently, emissions can be reduced by 20-30%. The solution starts with measurement which must be built into the IT design process.
We can also design software to be far more efficient. Yves gave the example of AI model accuracy. More accuracy requires more energy. If 96% accuracy is to be improved by just 2%, the cost will be 7 times more energy usage. To train a single neural network requires the equivalent of the full lifecycle energy consumption of five cars. These are massive considerations. Interpreted program code has much higher energy use than compiled code such as C++.
A positive note is that 80% of the global IT workload is expected to move to the cloud in the next 3 years. This will reduce carbon emissions by 84%. Savings can be made with cloud efficiency measures such as scaling systems down and outwards so as not to unneccessarily provision for occasional workload spikes. Cloud migration can save 60 million tons carbon per year which is the equivalent of 20 million full lifecycle car emissions. We have to make this happen!
On where are the big wins, Yves said this is also in the IT area. Companies need to embed sustainability into their goals and strategy. We should go straight for the biggest spend. Make measurements and make changes that will have the most effect. Allow departments and people to know their carbon footprint.
* Update 28th June 2021 * – It was remiss of me not to mention that I'm working on a number of initiatives relating to green sustainable computing at Jisc. We're looking at assessing the carbon footprint of the Archives Hub using the Cloud Carbon Footprint tool to help us make optimisations. I'm also leading on efforts within my directorate, Digital Resources, to optimise our overall cloud infrastructure using some of the measures mentioned above in conjuction with the Jisc Cloud Solutions team and our General Infrastructure team. Our Cloud CTO Andy Powell says more on this in his 'AI, cloud and the environment' blog post.
'Future of Research' – Prof. Dame Ottoline Leyser, CEO, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)
Ottoline believes that pushing the boundaries of how we support research needs to happen. Research is now more holistic. We draw in what we need to create value. The lone genius is a big problem for research culture and it has to go. Research is insecure and needs connectivity.
Ottoline believes AI will change everything about how research is done. It's initially replacing mundane tasks but will some more complex tasks such as spotting correlations. Eventually AI will be used as a tool to help understanding in a fundamental way. In terms of the existential risk of AI, we need to embed research as collective endeavour and share effort to mitigate and distribute this risk. It requires culture change, joining up education and entrepreneurship.
We need to fund research in places that are not the usual places. Ottoline likes a football analogy where people are excited and engaged at all levels of the endeavour, whether in the local park or at the stadium. She suggests research at the moment is more like elitist Polo not football.
Ottoline mentioned that UKRI funding does allow for white spaces research. Anyone can apply. However, we need to create wider white spaces to allow research in areas not covered by the usual research categories. It will involve braided and micro careers, not just research careers. Funding is needed to support radical transitions. Ottonline agrees that the slow pace of publication and peer review is a big problem that undermines research. We need to broaden ways we evaluate research. Peer Review is helpful but mustn't slow things down.
'Ethics and Bias in AI' – Rob Glaser, CEO & Founder of RealNetworks
Rob suggests we are in an era with AI where there are no clear rules of the road yet. The task for AI is to make it safe to 'drive' with regulations. We can't stop facial recognition any more than we can stop gravity. We need datasets for governance so we can check accuracy against these for validation. Transparency is also required so we can validate algorithms. A big AI concern is the tribalism on social media.
'AI and Healthcare' – Rt. Hon. Matt Hancock
Matt Hancock believes we are at a key moment with healthcare and AI technology where it's now of vital importance. Data saves lives! The next thing is how to take things forward in NHS. A clinical trials interoperability programme is starting that will agreed standards to get more out of data use, and the Government will be updating it's Data strategy soon. He suggests we need to remove silos and commercial incentives (sic). On the use of GP data he suggests we all agree on the use of data, but the question is how it's used. The NHS technical architecture needs to improve for better use and building data into the way the NHS works. GPs don't own patient data, it is the citizen.
He said a data lake is being built across the NHS. Citizen interaction with health data is now greater than ever before and NHS data presents a great opportunity for research, and an enormous opportunity for the use of data to advance health care. He suggested we need to radically simplify the NHS information governance rules. On areas where not enough progress has been made, he mentioned the lack of separation of data layers is currently a problem. So many applications silo their data. There has also been a culture of Individual data with personal curation. The UK is going for a TRE first approach: 'Trusted Research Environment service for England'. Data is the preserve of the patient who will allow accredited researchers to use the data through the TRE. The clear preference of citizens is sharing data if they trust the sharing mechanism. Every person goes through a consent process for all data sharing. Acceptance requires motivating people with the lifesaving element of research. If there's trust, the public will be on side. Researchers in this domain with have to abide by new rules to allow us to build on this data. He mentioned that Ben Goldacre will look at the line where open commons ends and NHS data ownership begins in the forthcoming Goldacre Review.
The Building Blocks of the New Archives Hub
December 9, 2016 / Jane Stevenson / 2 Comments
This is the first post outlining what the Archives Hub team have been up to over the past 18 months in creating a new system. We have worked with Knowledge Integration (K-Int) to create a new back end, using their CIIM software and Elastic Search, and we've worked with Gooii and Sero to create a new interface. We are also building a new EAD Editor for cataloguing. Underlying all this we have a new data workflow and we will be implementing this through a new administrative interface. This post summarises some of the building blocks – our overall approach, objectives and processes.
What did we want to achieve?
The Archives Hub started off as a pilot project and has been running continuously as a service aggregating UK archival descriptions since 1999 (officially launched in 2001). That's a long time to build up experience, to try things out, to have successes and failures, and to learn from mistakes.
The new Hub aimed to learn lessons from the past and to build positively upon our experiences.
Our key goals were:
Within these there is an awful I could unpack. But to keep it brief…
It was essential to come up with a system that could be maintained with the resources we had. In fact, we aimed to create a system that could be maintained to a basic level (essentially the data processing) with less effort than before. This included enabling contributors to administer their own data through access to a new interface, rather than having to go through the Hub team. Our more automated approach to basic processing would give us more resource to concentrate on added value, and this is essential in order to keep the service going, because a service has to develop to remain relevant and meet changing needs.
The system had to be 'future proof' to the extent that we could make it so. One way to achieve this is to have a system that can be altered and extended over time; to make sure it is reasonably modular so that elements can be changed and replaced.
Key for us was that we wanted to end up with a store of data that could potentially be used in other interfaces and services. This is a substantial leap from thinking in terms of just servicing your own interface. But it is essential in the global digital age, and when thinking about value and impact, to think beyond your own environment and think in terms of opportunities for increasing the profile and use of archives and of connecting data. There can be a tension between this kind of objective of openness and the need to clearly demonstrate the impact of the service, as you are pushing data beyond the bounds of your own scope and control, but it is essential for archives to be 'out there' in the digital environment, and we cannot shy away from the challenges that this raises.
In pursuing these goals, we needed to bring our contributors along with us. Our aims were going to have implications for them, so it was important to explain what we were doing and why.
Data Model for Sustainability
It is essential to create the right foundation. At the heart of what we do is the data (essentially meaning the archive descriptions, although future posts will introduce other types of data, namely repository descriptions and 'name authorities'). Data comes in, is processed, is stored and accessed, and it flows out to other systems. It is the data that provides the value, and we know from experience that the data itself provides the biggest challenges.
The Archives Hub system that we originally created, working with the University of Liverpool and Cheshire software, allowed us to develop a successful aggregator, and we are proud of the many things we achieved. Aggregation was new, and, indeed, data standards were relatively new, and the aim was essentially to bring in data and provide access to it via our Archives Hub website. The system was not designed with a focus on a consistent workflow and sustainability was something of an unknown quantity, although the use of Encoded Archival Description (EAD) for our archive collection descriptions gave us a good basis in structured data. But in recent years the Hub started to become out of step with the digital environment.
For the new Hub we wanted to think about a more flexible model. We wanted the potential to add new 'entities'. These may be described as any real world thing, so they might include archive descriptions, people, organisations, places, subjects, languages, repositories and events. If you create a model that allows for representing different entities, you can start to think about different perspectives, different ways to access the data and to connect the data up. It gives the potential for many different contexts and narratives.
We didn't have the time and resource to bring in all the entities that we might have wanted to include; but a model that is based upon entities and relationships leaves the door open to further development. We needed a system that was compatible with this way of thinking. In fact, we went live without the 'People and Organisations' entity that we have been working on, but we can implement it when we are ready because the system allows for this.
Entities within the Archives Hub system
The company that we employed to build the system had to be able to meet the needs of this type of model. That made it likely that we would need a supplier who already had this type of system. We found that with Knowledge Integration, who understood our modelling and what we were trying to achieve, and who had undertaken similar work aggregating descriptions of museum content.
The Hub works with Encoded Archival Description, so descriptions have to be valid EAD, and they have to conform to ISAD(G) (which EAD does). Originally the Hub employed a data editor, so that all descriptions were manually checked. This has the advantage of supporting contributors in a very 1-2-1 way, and working on the content of descriptions as well as the standardisation (e.g. thinking about what it means to have a useful title as well as thinking about the markup and format) and it was probably essential when we set out. But this approach had two significant shortcomings – content was changed without liaising with the contributor, which creates version control issues, and manual checking inevitably led to a lack of consistency and non-repeatable processes. It was resource intensive and not rigorous enough.
In order to move away from this and towards machine based processing we embarked upon a long process, over several months, of discussing 'Hub data requirements'. It sometimes led to brain-frying discussions, and required us to make difficult decisions about what we would make mandatory. We talked in depth about pretty much every element of a description; we talked about levels of importance – mandatory, recommended, desirable; we asked contributors their opinions; we looked at our data from so many different angles. It was one of the more difficult elements of the work. Two brief examples of this (I could list many more!):
Name of creator is an ISAD(G) mandatory field. It is important for an understanding of the context of an archive. We started off by thinking it should be mandatory and most contributors agreed. But when we looked at our current data, hundreds of descriptions did not include a name of creator. We thought about whether we could make it mandatory for a 'fonds' (as opposed to an artificial collection), but there can be instances where the evidence points to a collection with a shared provenance, but the creator is not known. We looked at all the instances of 'unknown' 'several', 'various', etc within the name of creator field. They did not fulfill the requirement either – the name of a creator is not 'unknown'. We couldn't go back to contributors and ask them to provide a creator name for so many descriptions. We knew that it was a bad idea to make it mandatory, but then not enforce it (we had already got into problems with an inconsistent approach to our data guidelines). We had to have a clear position. For me personally it was hard to let go of creator as mandatory! It didn't feel right. It meant that we couldn't enforce it with new data coming in. But it was the practical decision because if you say 'this is mandatory except for the descriptions that don't have it' then the whole idea of a consistent and rigorous approach starts to be problematic.
This is not an ISAD(G) mandatory field – a good example of where the standard lags behind the reality. For an online service, providing information about access is essential. We know that researchers value this information. If they are considering travelling to a repository, they need to be aware that the materials they want are available. So, we made this mandatory, but that meant we had to deal with something like 500 collections that did not include this information. However, one of the advantages of this type of information is that it is feasible to provide standard 'boiler plate' text, and this is what we offered to our contributors. It may mean some slightly unsatisfactory 'catch all' conditions of access, but overall we improved and updated the access information in many descriptions, and we will ask for it as mandatory with future data ingest.
Normalizing the Data
Our rather ambitious goal was to improve the consistency of the data, by which I mean reducing variation, where appropriate, with things like date formats, name of repository, names of rules or source used for index terms, and also ensuring good practice with globally unique references.
To simplify somewhat, our old approach led us to deal with the variations in the data that we received in a somewhat ad hoc way, creating solutions to fix specific problems; solutions that were often implemented at the interface rather than within the back-end system. Over time this led to a somewhat messy level of complexity and a lack of coherence.
When you aggregate data from many sources, one of the most fundamental activities is to enable it to be brought together coherently for search and display so oftentimes you are carrying out some kind of processing to standardise in some way. This can be characterised as simple processing and complex processing:
1) If X then Y
2) If X then Y or Z depending on whether A is present, and whether B and C match or do not match and whether the contributor is E or F.
The first example is straightforward; the second can get very complicated.
If you make these decisions as you go along, then after so many years you can end up with a level of complexity that becomes rather like a mass of lengths of string that have been tangled up in the middle – you just about manage to ensure that the threads in and out are still showing (the data in at one end; the data presented through interface the researcher uses at the other) but the middle is impossible to untangle and becomes increasingly difficult to manage.
This is eventually going to create problems for three main reasons. Firstly, it becomes harder to introduce more clauses to fix various data issues without unforeseen impacts, secondly it is almost impossible to carry out repeatable processes, and thirdly (and really as a result of the other two), it becomes very difficult to provide the data as one reasonably coherent, interoperable set of data for the wider world.
We needed to go beyond the idea of the Archives Hub interface being the objective; we needed to open up the data, to ensure that contributors could get the maximum impact from providing the data to the Archives Hub. We needed to think of the Hub not as the end destination but as a means to enable many more (as yet maybe unknown) destinations. By doing this, we would also set things up for if and when we wanted to make significant changes to our own interface.
This is a game changer. It sounds like the right thing to do, but the problem is that it meant tackling the descriptions we already had on the Hub to introduce more consistency. Thousands of descriptions with hundreds of thousands of units created over time, in different systems, with different mindsets, different 'standards', different migration paths. This is a massive challenge, and it wasn't possible for us to be too idealistic; we had to think about a practical approach to transforming descriptions and creating descriptions that makes them more re-usable and interoperable. Not perfect, but better.
Migrating the Data
Once we had our Hub requirements in place, we could start to think about the data we currently have, and how to make sure it met our requirements. We knew that we were going to implement 'pipelines' for incoming data (see below) within the new system, but that was not exactly the same process as migrating data from old world to new, as migration is a one-off process. We worked slowly and carefully through a spreadsheet, over the best part of a year, with a line for each contributor. We used XSLT transforms (essentially scripts to transform data). For each contributor we assessed the data and had to work out what sort of processing was needed. This was immensely time-consuming and sometimes involved complex logic and careful checking, as it is very easy with global edits to change one thing and find knock-on effects elsewhere that you don't want.
The migration process was largely done through use of these scripts, but we had a substantial amount of manual editing to do, where automation simply couldn't deal with the issues. For example:
dates such as 1800/190, 1900-20-04, 8173/1878
non-unique references, often the result of human error
corporate names with surnames included
personal names that were really family names
missing titles, dates or languages
When working through manual edits, our aim was to liaise with the contributor, but in the end there was so much to do that we made decisions that we thought were sensible and reasonable. Being an archivist and having significant experience of cataloguing made me feel qualified to do this. With some contributors, we also knew that they were planning a re-submission of all their descriptions, so we just needed to get the current descriptions migrated temporarily, and a non-ideal edit might therefore be fine just for a short period of time. Even with this approach we ended have a very small number of descriptions that we could not migrate for the going live date because we needed more time to figure out how to get them up to the required standard.
Creating Pipelines
Our approach to data normalization for incoming descriptions was to create 'pipelines'. More about this in another blog post, but essentially, we knew that we had to implement repeatable transformation processes. We had data from many different contributors, with many variations. We needed a set of pipelines so that we could work with data from each individual contributor appropriately.. The pipelines include things like:
fix problems with web links (where the link has not been included, or the link text has not been included)
remove empty tags
add ISO language code
take archon codes out of names of repositories
Of course, for many contributors these processes will be the same – there would be a default approach, but we sometimes will need to vary the pipelines as appropriate for individual contributors. For example:
add access information where it is not present
use the 'alternative reference' (created in Calm) as the main reference
We will be implementing these pipelines in our new world, through the administration interface that K-Int have built. We're just starting on that particular journey!
We were ambitious, and whilst I think we've managed to fulfill many of the goals that we had, we did have to modify our data standards to 'lower the bar' as we went along. It is far better to set data standards at the outset as changing them part way through usually has ramifications, but it is difficult to do this when you have not yet worked through all the data. In hindsight, maybe we should have interrogated the data we have much more to begin with, to really see the full extent of the variations and missing data…but maybe that would have put us off ever starting the project!
The data is key. If you are aggregating from many different sources, and you are dealing with multi-level descriptions that may be revised every month, every year, or over many years, then the data is the biggest challenge, not the technical set-up. It was essential to think about the data and the workflow first and foremost.
It was important to think about what the contributors can do – what is realistic for them. The Archives Hub contributors clearly see the benefits of contributing and are prepared to put what resources they can into it, but their resources are limited. You can't set the bar too high, but you can nudge it up in certain ways if you give good reasons for doing so.
It is really useful to have a model that conveys the fundamentals of your data organisation. We didn't apply the model to environment; we created the environment from the model. A model that can be extended over time helps to make sure the service remains relevant and meets new requirements.


Doing the character checklist this week, I realized that I hadn't written much about dialogue. Oh, I have a couple times.
Once, I recorded dialogue (shh! I eavesdropped!) for a morning and talked about what you can learn from doing this.
Or, I did a post on how to make sure each character has unique dialogue.
But I've not tackled dialogue in general.
What topics interest you about dialogue?
So, I'm open for comments, suggestions, input! Where do you go for help on dialogue? What books help you the most? Any posts that help? Sure, put a link to your site in the comments if you've done a helpful post on dialogue!
I tell my students that, ideally, good dialogue serves more than one purpose. For instance, it can develop relationships even as it hints at conflict or it might develop character even as it shows a relationship. But no matter how dialogue serves the story, it also needs to be engaging and short. There's nothing worse than a character who preaches and pontificates and gives away the end!


Sugar Crafty Egg White PowderEgg white powder can be used in meringues, royal icings, macrons, buttercream and other recipes that require egg whites.This egg white powder is manufactured from specially treated fresh hen egg whites. 100gPackaging may differ from what is shown..
Sugar Crafty Royal Icing Mix500g bag, make a little or a lot, just add waterExcellent royal icing mix to easily make thick, pipable royal icing suitable for intricate cake decorating, royal icing flowers and to attach decorations to cakesThin the mix to make a brilliant royal icing suitable for cook..
Adds body to royal icing, meringue, boiled icing; stabilizes buttercream. Replaces egg white in many recipes. Resealable top opens completely for easy measuring. Certified Kosher.	113g..
Adds body to royal icing, meringue, boiled icing; stabilizes buttercream. Replaces egg white in many recipes. Resealable top opens completely for easy measuring. Certified Kosher.	226g..
Adds body to royal icing, meringue, boiled icing; stabilizes buttercream. Replaces egg white in many recipes. Resealable top opens completely for easy measuring. Certified Kosher.	453g..


The Polk Audio Striker ZX gaming headset is designed for the Xbox One in mind, all because of a supplied controller adapter, but will work with any console or device through its 3.5mm aux input. Polk Audio claim 'fully immersive' sound at a modest price of $89.95/£59.99. We were keen to put this attribute to test, as it's not offering any surround sound.
Contrasting colour schemes on gaming accessories are rife. Polk Audio generally design subtly elegant speaker products, but the Polk Audio Striker ZX gaming headset couldn't be further away from these disciplines. Ours has vibrant orange accents (can come in blue/black too) contrasted by a grey plastic body and even darker grey foam padding. It makes for an adventurous design that stands its own in a crowded market. But we do have some minor negative points to make about the plastics used: that they're flimsy and cheap feeling. Possibly a tactic to keep the price low, but we're fairly confident that if they were to be stood on, or crushed in a bag, they would indeed snap.
The headband can flex, extend, and each ear-cup can swivel on its axis by a few degrees, all in the effort to accommodate different head shapes and sizes. A nice layer of soft foam padding is integrated onto the ear cups, but the headband has just three squares of padding on the top. This basically creates around a centimetre of space between the headband's plastic and your head. We don't have any major complaints to make about comfort when gaming with these on for just over two hours, as they're very light and not tight, but our ears did sweat.
Basically the 100cm aux cable attached to the headset plugs into this adapter and it clicks into the Xbox One controller. The advantages of this don't offer any sound performance benefits, simply a remote for adjusting all things volume, including the balance between the in-game volume and voice chat.
It's retractable, flexible and is located within the left ear cup. The quality is astute and manages to remain bold and clear when speaking at normal volume, even with background noise such as other people speaking in the same room. It also doesn't pick up breathing; which is something that can be incredibly annoying for other players when using some headsets. Also, this may be a small thing, but the microphone doesn't interfere with our field of screen view, unlike many other gaming headsets we've tried.
Upon taking the Polk Audio Striker ZX headset out of the box we immediately played music through them. What we heard was capably warm sound that was balanced well enough so the headset could be used as a dedicated pair of headphones for music. 'So Lost' by 'Ady Suleiman', which is an acoustic R&B song, had a punchier bass and a clearer mid range through the Striker ZX headset than through the £120 Urbanears Zinken headphones. The configuration of the two 40mm audio drivers doesn't lean on the bass though; it can be punchy, which is a good attribute for first person shooters and action titles. The other frequencies are neutral against it in sound style. The highs and the mid range are independently strong.
At this price the lack of surround sound from technologies like Dolby isn't a shock or really a disappointment. Of course, it's like comparing night and day when we slip on the SteelSeries Siberia headset with full 7.1 Dolby surround sound, together with its large sound stage and multi-directional audio. However, the stereo is actually very good for the asking price and it's responsive and grasps the detail needed when gaming. Angling of something like a bullet shot or a tyre screech is crystal clear from a two directional basis.
Polk Audio Striker Zx gaming headset offers shining stereo sound for gaming and listening to music on a budget of $89.95/£59.99. The build quality is questionable, but they're comfortable when gaming for lengthy stretches.


text:
911 call: Evansville child dies after ingesting 'fentanyl pill'; police investigating
Jon Webb
Evansville Courier & Press
EVANSVILLE – Police are investigating the death of a child after the juvenile reportedly "got hold of a fentanyl pill," a family member told Evansville dispatchers.
Just after 8 a.m. Wednesday, Evansville Central Dispatch sent fire and emergency responders to a home on East Michigan Street after receiving a report of a "baby not breathing." In a 911 call obtained by the Courier & Press, a family member tells officials the child ingested the pill sometime Tuesday.
Local news:Widows get answers from NTSB 2 years after plane crash killed 3 Evansville residents
The caller said she told other family members to take the child to the hospital, but they didn't. The caller said the child was not breathing.
Evansville police spokeswoman Sgt. Anna Gray said detectives were working "an active death investigation," but wouldn't elaborate. She was trying to get more details from the coroner's office, she said.
Contact Jon Webb at jon.webb@courierpress.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How can I use Firebase/Google cloud functions to receive Apple's subscription status url notifications? I have an iOS app that uses auto-renewable subscriptions and is hence eligible to receive server-to-server-notifications from App Store Connect upon subscription changes. Given that I have no prior experience with Cloud Functions or server-to-server notifications, I am having trouble figuring out how to receive the notifications, extract and process its content and store the relevant information in my database.
I am finding very few information on that in general on the Internet. I have researched HTTPS requests, how to process them in Google Cloud Functions and so on, but I have nothing to show for it really, given that every solution I tried so far failed.
Hence, I need some guidance on the steps that I have to do to receive the Apple subscription status URL notifications and process them within Firebase to keep track of how many users are subscribed to my app.

A: See my code and answer here.
You will also need to set the URL for the server to server communications for your app in App Store Connect to be the URL for the Google Cloud Functions, which you can  find by clicking on functions in your console.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using Mvc.Mailer;
using System.Net.Mail;

namespace otr_project.Mailers
{
    public class NotifyMailer : MailerBase, INotifyMailer
	{
		public NotifyMailer():
			base()
		{
			MasterName="_Layout";
		}

        public virtual MailMessage OwnerPickupReminder(string toEmail, otr_project.Models.OrderDetailModel orderDeatil)
		{
            var mailMessage = new MailMessage { Subject = "Rambla - Pickup Reminder" };

			mailMessage.To.Add(toEmail);
			ViewData = new System.Web.Mvc.ViewDataDictionary(orderDeatil);
			PopulateBody(mailMessage, viewName: "OwnerPickupReminder");

			return mailMessage;
		}

        public virtual MailMessage RenterPickupReminder(string toEmail, otr_project.Models.OrderDetailModel orderDeatil)
		{
            var mailMessage = new MailMessage { Subject = "Rambla - Pickup Reminder" };

			mailMessage.To.Add(toEmail);
            ViewData = new System.Web.Mvc.ViewDataDictionary(orderDeatil);
            PopulateBody(mailMessage, viewName: "RenterPickupReminder");

			return mailMessage;
		}

        public virtual MailMessage OwnerReturnReminder(string toEmail, otr_project.Models.OrderDetailModel orderDeatil)
        {
            var mailMessage = new MailMessage { Subject = "Rambla - Return Reminder" };

            mailMessage.To.Add(toEmail);
            ViewData = new System.Web.Mvc.ViewDataDictionary(orderDeatil);
            PopulateBody(mailMessage, viewName: "OwnerReturnReminder");

            return mailMessage;
        }

        public virtual MailMessage RenterReturnReminder(string toEmail, otr_project.Models.OrderDetailModel orderDeatil)
        {
            var mailMessage = new MailMessage { Subject = "Rambla - Return Reminder" };

            mailMessage.To.Add(toEmail);
            ViewData = new System.Web.Mvc.ViewDataDictionary(orderDeatil);
            PopulateBody(mailMessage, viewName: "RenterReturnReminder");

            return mailMessage;
        }

        public virtual MailMessage OwnerOrderTerminated(string toEmail, otr_project.Models.OrderDetailModel orderDeatil)
        {
            var mailMessage = new MailMessage { Subject = "Rambla - Order Terminated" };

            mailMessage.To.Add(toEmail);
            ViewData = new System.Web.Mvc.ViewDataDictionary(orderDeatil);
            PopulateBody(mailMessage, viewName: "OwnerOrderTerminated");

            return mailMessage;
        }

        public virtual MailMessage RenterOrderTerminated(string toEmail, otr_project.Models.OrderDetailModel orderDeatil)
        {
            var mailMessage = new MailMessage { Subject = "Rambla - Order Terminated" };

            mailMessage.To.Add(toEmail);
            ViewData = new System.Web.Mvc.ViewDataDictionary(orderDeatil);
            PopulateBody(mailMessage, viewName: "RenterOrderTerminated");

            return mailMessage;
        }

        public virtual MailMessage OwnerOrderClosed(string toEmail, otr_project.Models.OrderDetailModel orderDeatil)
        {
            var mailMessage = new MailMessage { Subject = "Rambla - Rental Complete" };

            mailMessage.To.Add(toEmail);
            ViewData = new System.Web.Mvc.ViewDataDictionary(orderDeatil);
            PopulateBody(mailMessage, viewName: "OwnerOrderClosed");

            return mailMessage;
        }

        public virtual MailMessage RenterOrderClosed(string toEmail, otr_project.Models.OrderDetailModel orderDeatil)
        {
            var mailMessage = new MailMessage { Subject = "Rambla - Rental Complete" };

            mailMessage.To.Add(toEmail);
            ViewData = new System.Web.Mvc.ViewDataDictionary(orderDeatil);
            PopulateBody(mailMessage, viewName: "RenterOrderClosed");

            return mailMessage;
        }
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
MLB Game Preview: Los Angeles Dodgers at San Francisco Giants
Game: Los Angeles Dodgers @ San Francisco Giants
Time: 9:45 p.m. ET
Odds: Dodgers -157, Giants +145
Total: 7.5
The Dodgers have taken the first two games of this four-game series with their West Coast rivals, the San Francisco Giants. Last night, starting pitcher Tyler Anderson picked up his 12th win of the season despite giving up five earned runs, all of which came in the fifth inning. His Dodgers teammates had carved out a 6-0 lead by the top of the inning. Anderson would pitch one more inning before giving way to a bullpen that allowed just one hit the rest of the way. The Dodgers have now won six straight against the Giants. San Francisco will try to stop the bleeding with Alex Cobb (3-5, 4.39) on the mound tonight.
Cobb has made 16 starts this season for San Francisco. Over his last eight starts, the Giants have won just twice. Cobb has pitched at least five innings in all eight of those starts. One of them was just over a week ago against these very same Dodgers. Cobb went 5.2 innings, gave up eight hits and four earned runs in a 7-4 loss. Cobb typically pitches better at home where his ERA drops to 2.84. The problem is that Cobb just doesn't get enough run support. His home record is just 2-5 and over those last eight starts the Giants scored more than three runs just twice (and they lost one of those games).
Cobb will go up against Dodgers left-hander Julio Urias who is 10-6 with a 2.71 ERA. The Dodgers have won Urias' last eight starts in a row. Only once in those eight starts did Urias allow more than three earned runs. Urias has actually pitched slightly better on the road this season. He has a 6-4 record away from Dodger Stadium but a much better ERA at 2.49 and a WHIP of 0.98. Urias doesn't allow many baserunners and that has helped him over the last month and a half.
With last night's win, the Dodgers have now won six of their last seven games. They have won nine of their last ten games on the road. L.A. has also won 16 of the last 20 games against National League opponents. The Giants have just three wins in their last 13 games. They are fading in the NL West standings. San Francisco is 51-53 and the Giants are now 19.5 games out of first place. They trail the second-place San Diego Padres (60-46) by eight games.
With last night's 14 runs, both games in this series have gone Over the total. That makes it four of the last six Dodgers-Giants game totals going Over. The Over is 4-0 in the Giants last four division games and 5-1 in their last six games against a left-handed starting pitcher. The Dodgers are still the second-highest scoring team in MLB but, ironically, their season O/U record is 41-54-8. On the road, that record is 20-29-4.


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text:
- order: 4

当 Slider 的值发生改变时,会触发 onChange 事件,并把改变后的值作为参数传入。

---

````jsx
import { Slider } from 'antd';

function log(value) {
  console.log(value);
}

ReactDOM.render(
<div>
  <Slider defaultValue={30} onChange={log} />
  <Slider range step={10} defaultValue={[20, 50]} onChange={log} />
</div>
, document.getElementById('components-slider-demo-event'));
````


For Bryan O'Connor, commander of the space shuttle's first dedicated life sciences mission, the key concern on STS-40 was not that his flight was the first in history to feature three women, but the first in history to include three medical doctors! Twenty-five years ago, this week, O'Connor and his crew—Pilot Sid Gutierrez, Mission Specialists Jim Bagian, Tammy Jernigan, and Rhea Seddon, and Payload Specialists Drew Gaffney and Millie Hughes-Fulford—launched aboard Columbia for a nine-day voyage which comprehensively examined how the bodies of humans, animals, and fish were influenced by the strange microgravity environment.
Before Challenger, neither Seddon or Bagian had much time to commit to the mission. Seddon did not fly her first shuttle mission until April 1985, and Bagian was still in training for what would have his first flight—Mission 61I, then manifested for September 1986—at the time of the 51L tragedy. "I did what I could," Seddon later told the NASA oral historian, "but it was all kind of a scramble, because I didn't have much time to devote to it." By her own admission, the payload "was very over-subscribed," with "too much to do, too many experiments, too much crew time required." Animal holding facilities, meant to accommodate laboratory rats, had performed poorly on a previous mission, and in the post-Challenger effort to get the shuttle fleet back to operational status the first dedicated life sciences flight was of low priority.
Eventually, in February 1989, Seddon and Bagian were named to the "new" SLS-1 mission, then planned for STS-40 and targeted to launch in June 1990. "It was time for us to get back together and nail everything down," Seddon said of the first few months after assignment, "the timeline, the equipment, what we could do, what we could sign up to do." By this time, Williams had long since resigned from the mission and the prime Payload Specialist slots were assigned to Gaffney and Phillips, with Hughes-Fulford backing them up. Unfortunately, a medical problem grounded Phillips in 1989 and Hughes-Fulford was reassigned to take his place. By this time, NASA had also named Commander Bryan O'Connor, Pilot John Blaha, and Mission Specialist Tammy Jernigan, thus making STS-40 the first spaceflight in history to feature as many as three female crew members. Sadly, in June 1989, Blaha was removed from the mission and reassigned to STS-33, following the untimely death of another astronaut in an aircraft accident. His place on the STS-40 crew was taken by Sid Gutierrez, who went on to become the first and only person of Hispanic descent to pilot—and later command—the shuttle.
O'Connor's humor masked a real concern about the compatibility of members of his crew—in particular, his Payload Specialists. After the medical disqualification of Phillips, the arrival and involvement of Hughes-Fulford was far greater than it had been previously. This caused friction with Gaffney. "Sometimes," O'Connor told the NASA oral historian, "I've thought that Millie and Drew were like oil and water and it was a pleasant surprise for me when, seeing how they operated or didn't operate together in the office or after the training's done or whatever, to where they would take all that baggage, old concerns with one another's performance, disagreements about the science, and we'd get into the simulator and there was none of that. These two trained like two professionals." Yet when the pair left the simulator, O'Connor compared their relationship to the 19th century feud between the Hatfields and the McCoys. In her NASA oral history, Seddon agreed that there was "some stress, just some frictions" in the crew relationship.
The personality assessment enabled them to smooth the road to a much better working relationship. "I think everybody just assumed that everybody would get along," remembered Seddon. "Sometimes that's hard to do, especially when you've been training together in close quarters for a long time. Everybody has their little quirks." By the time STS-40 closed in on its launch in June 1991, O'Connor was more than satisfied that his crew would work like an oiled machine. And STS-40—whose bus-sized Spacelab module was packed with apparatus for 18 major medical investigations—would be one of the most complex research flights ever staged by the space shuttle.
That was a fascinating mission to work on, I worked in the POCC for that mission and worked with the crew very closely. It will be interesting to read the second part of this and see if some of the weird things are mentioned – like the combination lock on the mid-deck hatch that Bryan insisted on. There were few missions that flew with that lock in place.


text:
Who is Carmen Best? Meet Seattle's new police chief
Best started working for the Seattle Police Department in 1992.
Author: KING 5, AP
Published: 9:51 AM PDT July 17, 2018
Updated: 5:37 PM PDT July 17, 2018
Seattle Mayor Jenny Durkan named Carmen Best as the new Seattle police chief on Tuesday morning after a search that began in January. The Seattle City Council will need to confirm Best before she can officially take over the permanent position, which is expected to happen in August.
Who is Carmen Best?
Best was born and raised in Tacoma, and graduated from Lincoln High School in 1983. She started working for the Seattle Police Department in 1992 and became the interim police chief on January 1, 2018, following the departure of Kathleen O'Toole.
Best will be the first black woman to lead the department as chief.
Since starting her career, Best has served in a wide range of positions including school safety, media relations supervisor, operations lieutenant, and assistant chief in the criminal investigations bureau.
WATCH: Mayor Durkan selects Carmen Best as Seattle police chief
During her time at the department, Best rose through the ranks of police officer, sergeant, lieutenant, captain, and deputy chief.
Best completed the Senior Management Institute for Police, the FBI National Academy, and the Criminal Justice Executive Leadership Academy.
She also received the "Newsmaker of the Year" award from the Seattle Black Press, according to the Seattle Police Department website.
Best has a certificate in police management from the University of Washington and is expected to receive her Master's in Criminal Justice from Northeastern University later this year.
The Seattle Police Department says Best is married and has two adult daughters.
READ: Carmen Best cover letter, resume, and competitive exam answers


text:
Italian Design Report: Luca Nichetto
Written by author 4
Luca Nichetto is at a crossroads. And as always when standing before the devil of life-changing decisions, it's time for reflection. Nichetto has ten years behind him as a designer on Italian soil, largely for Italian companies, but recently decided to open a second studio in Stockholm, because his long-term partner lives there. "Now that my private life is part in Sweden and part in Italy I think it is quite normal to try and take the positive aspects of both countries and combine the two," says Nichetto, pondering his position.
For years Nichetto has been an obscure name on the design scene but, with an increasing number of international projects, he is moving into the design limelight, partly thanks to his Swedish connection. His Robo chair for Swedish manufacturer Offecct, presented last year, received a lot of press for its ingenious construction. It's a chair in six parts – four legs, one seat and one back rest – interconnected via metal rods, which means it can be assembled and disassembled easily, as well as being transported in a flat pack.
"Before I worked with Offecct I didn't care about what happened after the product was made, but with the Robo chair I had to think about sustainability and ease of transport as part of the design brief. It really opened up a lot of doors in my mind," says Nichetto.
Since graduating from the University Institute of Architecture of Venice in 1999, Nichetto has had a studio in Venice, in the city's regenerated Porto Marghera industrial area. He is originally from Murano, just outside the city, and he has favoured staying in this part of the country over moving to Milan.
credit Fausto Trevisan
"So much of the Italian manufacturing industry is based in the north-eastern part of Italy," says Nichetto. "Foscarini, Casamania, Moroso, they're all here." He has worked with all of these and his geographical location has made it easy to access the industrial expertise that forms in clusters around these manufacturing hubs.
Maybe because of this embarrassment of riches, Nichetto's style is difficult to pin down. On the one hand he makes sinuous vases in Murano glass, on the other bulky stools in concrete. But the Arillo vase for glass manufacturer Venini and the Plinto stool-cum-table for Skitsch have something in common. They are a testament to a designer that sees experimentation with material and production processes as the core of his practice, rather than personal expression or a signature style.
This is where it's easy to see what an influence the access to the local manufacturing knowledge has had on Nichetto's work. "When I design something it's part of my experience, I can't take myself out of that process," he says.
Maybe that is why many of his pieces vaguely resemble things that are familiar from everyday life, such as his Pipe lamp for Established & Sons, which looks like the bend in a drainpipe. Or the Troag light for Foscarini which borrows its shape from a trough. It's simple but effective, a kind of found aesthetic – a ready-made. "I try to make functional things that also have emotion," he says.
Luca Nichetto is showing new products at Foscarini, Established & Sons and Superstudio during the Milan Furniture Fair. See our Milan guide for details.
credit Peter Guenzel
Massimo Gardone_Azimut
When I design something it's part of my experience, I can't take myself out of that process
Luca Nichetto,
Offecct,
Foscarini,
Established & Sons,
Superstudio,
The talks and exhibitions to see at London Design Festival 2019
The San Siro is Milan's architectural monument to football
Icon of the Month 02.07.19
Jasper Morrison discusses his new cork fireplace and furniture collection
Nonobjects
Milan: Design Miami & Fendi, Design Vertigo
The Icon Lexicon
SPACE design Copenhagen restaurants
Milan Furniture Fair: Scholten and Baijings


Specially designed for youth or smaller framed rider the Youth Neck Support functions when the helmet and support frame provide an alternative load path for the excessive energy that compresses the neck. If the helmet is in contact with the neck support at the moment of impact the overall load passing through the neck can be reduced, which may prevent a fracture from occurring and reduce the chance of muscular injuries from extreme head movement. Although it is not possible to eliminate the risk of any form of injury, the support has been proven to help reduce the most serious damage and minimize the risk of collateral injury as the impact load is channeled away from the neck.
• New compact and easy to use lightweight neck protection to fit kids from 8 to 14 yrs.
• Ergonomic designed and engineered shape for perfect fitment and engagement with A-5s.
smooth edged soft injected EVA provide a perfect fit and stable positioning.
• Overall frame construction dissipates energy loads by transmitting them across the back.
• Flexible back connector between the left and the right frames allows the Neck Support to follow the body movement when riding.


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text:
Photo by Boise Metro Chamber of Commerce, Flickr CC
Tags: Civility, democracy, Higher Ed, Idaho
Civility and civil discourse are in vogue again. Many say we have Donald Trump and the resurgence of white nationalism to thank for civility's sudden relevance, but there are also those who say the state of our union has been fundamentally uncivil for too long and that the incendiary Trump campaign was only the logical result. It depends, of course, on what we mean by civility. Does civility mean suppressing real conflicts for the facade of cooperation, arguing nicely, or does its definition and importance go deeper still?
We at the Civility Research Network (CRN) at Boise State have taken seriously the question of what matters most about civil discourse, how it is defined and practiced, and what its primary obstacles and limitations might be. We have surveyed the campus and surrounding community, asking which causes of incivility people find most concerning. We have also hosted a series of discussions with different groups on and off campus on topics such as "Why does civil discourse matter?", "What's the point of civil discourse?" and "What are the conditions of civil discourse?"
The provisional answers to these questions that we have collected so far are useful for addressing controversial issues, such as the debate between free speech and safe spaces on college campuses. By first defining the purpose and scope of civil discourse we find that neither 'free speech' nor 'safe spaces' are ends in themselves, nor are these principles good in isolation. What this means is that free speech and safe spaces are both only good insofar as they are balanced for the sake of civil discourse, not the other way around.
CIVILITY: ITS PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND CONDITIONS
At the Boise State University's 2018 Civility Symposium a speaker said that when people hear the word 'civility' they often immediately associate it with wealthy liberals trying to reign-in and silence dissent against the status quo. However, we believe civil discourse runs much deeper, sometimes even contrary to this understanding. Rather than merely arguing cordially or ignoring real conflicts, civility is necessary for approximating truth, problem solving, resolving conflicts, and therefore maintaining peace in a functioning democratic republic.
One of the reasons we need one another is because along with our unique perspectives come myriad limitations, such as confirmation bias and polarized thinking. Civility in discourse opens the way for understanding new perspectives, correcting for biases, and finding new solutions.
WHAT CONSTITUTES CIVIL DISCOURSE?
We've talked about what civil discourse does, but what constitutes civil discourse? Our provisional answer, developed through the discussions mentioned above, is as follows:
Civil discourse requires an ongoing effort to practice respect, good faith, and benefit of the doubt. Civility is not the absence of conflict, but instead how conflicts are navigated. Within reason, license must be given for differences, disagreement, and critique, while committing the time and energy for active-listening, learning, and discovering shared values and concerns.
If solutions can be reached through genuine dialogue, the number one obstruction to this process are those repeat offenders who have no serious commitment to the elements laid out above. What happens when one person's involvement manifests as a threatening, fear-mongering, or otherwise aggressive assault that undermines the conditions for others to safely engage in the discourse? What about when a person wants their opinions heard but is unwilling to listen to others? In other words, what about when reactionary dogmatism crosses the line into hate speech?
THE DEBATE: FREE SPEECH VS. SAFE SPACES
Last fall, Boise State's Young Democrats and College Republican clubs had a debate about freedom of speech. Below we paraphrase the key ideas put forward in that debate.
Free speech: Free speech is necessary for the operation of a healthy democratic republic. Without free speech we are unable to express ourselves, genuinely disagree, and then potentially find ways of understanding one another. Instead, limitations on free speech put us on a slippery slope to despotism. Therefore, according to the Republican debate representative, we must defend the ability for others to say even the most reprehensible things imaginable.
Safe spaces: Free speech ends where hate speech begins. Hate speech undermines the conditions for even having a diverse and inclusive discourse. We must be cognizant that the very frames of certain debates compromise the involvement of systematically disadvantaged and historically marginalized groups. Therefore, giving platform to those who fear-monger against groups that are continuously the victim of hate crimes structurally undermines the conditions for a civil discourse that would be inclusive of these groups.
At first, these two positions seem irreconcilable. On the free speech side, defenders claim that 'hate speech' becomes a subjective matter of marginalized people merely taking offense. If anything that offends others is considered hate speech, then there can be no freedom of speech. On the safe space side, speech that calls into question the very validity of certain citizens, especially historically/systemically abused and marginalized people, undermines the kind of good faith and initial respect necessary for even having a civil discourse.
A common concern: As irreconcilable as these two stances seem at first, they actually share an important concern: Freedom from the threat of violence. On the safe space side of the debate the concern is against systemic violence as it affects marginalized groups. On the free speech side the concern for safety is in regards to totalitarianism, since infringements upon free speech are a 'slippery slope' into tyranny.
A COMMON VALUE: CIVIL DISCOURSE AS A NECESSARY CONSTITUENT OF A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Going back to the purpose of civil discourse, we see that the ultimate reason we want to ensure that people have the freedom to speak in the first place is the same reason for why we want to ensure that those who are most systemically disadvantaged are safe to participate in the discourse: diversity of perspectives increases social buy-in and opens the way for new solutions. In other words, both sides, at their most honest and sensible moments, are fighting for a healthier democratic republic.
Both the principles of safety for marginalized voices and the safety for free speech in general are only good insofar as they are balanced with one another for the sake of civil discourse itself. This is a call for all of us to not value any one principle or virtue in isolation while neglecting others that are also fundamentally important to civic engagement.
In other words, grey areas, such as the grey area between what counts as hate speech and free speech, should not be evaded. Civil discourse is not running away from conflicts by latching onto absolutized principles in isolation from other perspectives or values. Instead, civil discourse requires trying to harmonize competing principles that are necessary conditions for even having civil discourse. Therefore, rather than coming to a dogmatic position that is to be applied in all domains, grey areas are a challenge for us to explore discursively, case by case, while balancing principles and goals through the practice of civil discourse. Free expression of voices and diversity of participating voices must, therefore, be balanced with one another, since either taken in isolation from the other will undermine the very conditions for civil discourse. Because really, without civil discourse, what's the point of either?
David McKerracher is a graduate student and adjunct instructor at Boise State University, lead coordinator for the Civility Research Network, and nonprofit director at the Victory Farm Center for the Humanities located in Boise, Idaho. When he's not organizing, studying, or hiking, he's trying real hard to be a good father to his cat, Rascal.
Jessica Wells
A Portrait of a Millennial, In Thirty Tweets and (Four Confessions)
Vignettes for a connected generation
By Kelsey Crow
In middle school, I mocked my father's dollar-store plastic wayfarer sunglasses as hopelessly unfashionable. In high school, I bought a …
Return of the Tiny Houses
What's old is new, in Boise's tiny house scene
By Brandi Burns
Today, wherever you look you can find mention of the growing popularity of "tiny houses." From a complete documentary (Tiny: …
Gallery: Quintessential South Boise
An architectural journey into Boise's South Side
By bluereview_admin
As part of a series on city life, the focus of this gallery is on the South Side, an area …
Reclaiming the Flag
Basque nationalism at home in Boise
By Kyle Eidson and Dave Lachiondo
In December 1970, 16 members of the Basque separatist group ETA, the acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Homeland and …


text:
Chempenguin
1 What is the Periodic Table of Elements?
1.1 How Are the Elements Arranged?
2 Key terms
3 How to use the periodic table to determine the identity of any element?
4 What does the group number tell us about an atom.
4.1 Why is this the case?
4.2 Similarities between elements of the same group
5 Metals, non-metals, and metalloid
6 What does the period number tells us?
7 Properties of Group 1 elements
Periodic Trends
What is the Periodic Table of Elements?
The Periodic Table is an arrangement of elements in the order of increasing proton number/atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of the elements. As the elements move from left to right in the periodic table, the number of protons in their nucleus increases by one.
Recall: Elements are substances that contain one type of atoms. Common misconceptions are that elements are made up of a single atom. This statement is not true. Elements are not made up of a single atom. Instead, they are made up of many atoms that are identical to one another.
The number of protons in an atom of an element determines the identity of the element since each element has a unique proton number. In other words, atoms of an element with the same number of protons are the same element.
How Are the Elements Arranged?
The elements are arranged in the periodic table such that the proton number of the atoms increases by one as the elements move to the across the period (horizontal section of the periodic table) and down the group (vertical section of the periodic table).
The periodic table consists of:
7 horizontal rows called periods.
8 vertical columns called groups.
*When you are looking at the periodic table, remember to look for the legend at the bottom of the periodic table, which will indicate the proton number/atomic number and the nucleon number.
Group - This refers to the vertical section of the periodic table. There are a total of 18 periods, and they are read from left to right. E.g. group one, group two..
Groups are numbered from I to VIII/O in Roman numerals.
Group I elements are also known as Alkaline Metals.
Group II elements are also known as Alkaline Earth Metals.
Group VII elements are also known as Halogens.
Group VIII elements are also known as Noble gases.
Period - This refers to the horizontal sections of the periodic table. They are read from top to bottom, e.g., period one, period two...
How to use the periodic table to determine the identity of any element?
Let's say you are asked to identify an element with its atom having a proton number of eight and neutron number of ten.
In other words, the atom contains eight protons and ten neutrons in each nucleus of an atom.
Now, look at the periodic table and find the element with an atom that contains 8 protons. The element with eight protons in the periodic table is the element you are looking for.
Note: The nucleon number (sum of the proton number and neutron number) does not help us identify an element. In fact, the number of neutrons varies among in the atoms of the same element. These atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes.
(Extra) Why is there an exact nucleon number written at the top of the element in the periodic table when there are isotopes? This is because nucleon number is the average nucleon number of all the naturally existing atoms of the elements. In fact, most of the elements have nucleon number that is not a perfect number, but for the periodic table used in O level chemistry, most of the nucleon number is rounded to the nearest whole number, except for chlorine (Mr= 35.5).
What does the group number tell us about an atom.
The group number (vertical column) tells us the number of valence electron of an atom, which is essential to know the identity of the ions formed since ions are formed by gaining or losing electrons.
Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. Hence, all elements in Group 1 have one valence electrons in their atoms.
Why is this the case?
Remember the electronic configuration of atoms. The first electron shell can only contain a maximum of two electrons, and the rest of the electron shells can fill a maximum of eight electrons.
There is a total of two groups in the first period and a total of eight groups from the second period onwards, excluding the transition metals. The reason why the group number tells us the number of valence electrons because the total number of groups in a period is the same as the maximum number of valence electron it can hold.
Note: although hydrogen has one valence electron, it does not belong to group one. This unique case only applies to hydrogen. Also, hydrogen is a non-metal, not a metal.
Similarities between elements of the same group
When an element undergoes a reaction, only the valence electrons are involved. This is because the valence electrons are located furthest away from the positively charged nucleus. Therefore, they are the most weakly attracted electrons in the atoms and can lose or gain electron with little energy relative to the inner electrons.
As mentioned above, elements in the same group has the same number of valence electrons (which are the only electrons involved in reactions). This means that they have same chemical properties (such as their reactivity to water, acid etc).
Metals, non-metals, and metalloid
Metals are generally located at the left-hand side of the periodic table. Non-metals, on the other hand, are found at the right-hand side of the periodic table.
Using this information, you can easily predict the properties of an unknown element if you know the position of the component of the periodic table. For example, you can predict calcium, which is located on the left-hand side of the periodic table, as a solid in room temperature.
This is because most metals (except mercury) exist in a solid state at room temperature and pressure due to its high melting and boiling points.
As we move across the period, the metallic character of changes to the non-metallic character. In between metals and non-metals, we have the metalloids, which have properties of metals and non-metals. Metalloids can be found near the zigzag line of the periodic table.
What does the period number tells us?
The period number tells us the number of electron shells in an atom.
This can be explained easily. In the first period, there are two atoms and the maximum number of valence electrons in period 1 is two. This is also the maximum number of valence electron that the first shell can hold. Therefore, at the end of period one,
In the same period, the element in Group I has one valence electron, and in Group II has two valence electrons, and in Group VII has seven valence electrons and in Group 0 has eight valence electrons.
The first electron shell can hold up to 2 electrons, and the subsequent electron shell can hold up to 8 electrons.
When the outer most/last electron shell contains the maximum number of electrons, it has a full valence electron and obtains a noble gas configuration.
(Recap) When atoms have a noble gas configuration, they have full valence electrons. Atoms will lose/gain electrons to obtain a noble gas configuration because it is more stable. When atoms gain/lose electrons, they form ions.
Properties of Group 1 elements
Group 1 elements have only one valence electron, that is, only one electron in the outermost electron shell.
Because it only has 1 valence electron, it requires just a small amount of energy to lose the valence electrons when it is taking part in the chemical reaction. The ease of losing electrons explains why group 1 metals are highly reactive.
This explanation is valid for all the elements in a group because elements in the group have the same number of valence electron shell and therefore similar chemical reactivity.
© 2020 Chempenguin.com


text:
M47 Dragon – amerykański przenośny zestaw przeciwpancerny, skonstruowany i produkowany przez wytwórnie McDonnell Douglas Aerospace.

W połowie lat sześćdziesiątych XX wieku w amerykańskiej wytwórni McDonnell Douglas Aerospace zaprojektowano przeciwpancerny zestaw kierowanych pocisków II generacji, oznaczony jako M47 Dragon. Zestaw ten przeznaczony był do zwalczania celów opancerzonych (czołgi, transportery, itp.) na odległość do 1000 m. Wyposażony był on w półautomatyczny system sterowania. System ten umożliwiał ograniczenie roli operatora w trakcie naprowadzania do utrzymania krzyża celownika na celu. Naziemna aparatura sterująca automatycznie określała odchylenie pocisku od linii celowania i przesyłała je linią przewodową do lecącego pocisku. Linia przewodowa rozwija się ze szpuli umieszczonej w tylnej części pocisku. Zmiany toru lotu uzyskuje się poprzez uruchomienie 60 bocznych rakietowych silników korekcyjnych – jest to jedyne takie rozwiązanie wśród przeciwpancernych pocisków kierowanych (ppk). Zestaw ten jest obsługiwany przez jednego żołnierza.

W skład zestawu wchodzi pocisk umieszczony w pojemniku startowym, celownik wraz z elektroniczną naziemną aparaturą sterującą i wspornik.

Strzelanie odbywa się z pozycji siedzącej. Operator – strzelec odchyla i opiera o ziemię wspornik podtrzymujący przednią część pojemnika, natomiast tylną część opiera na ramieniu. Utrzymuje krzyż celownika na celu balansując własnym ciałem. Pocisk wyrzucany jest z pojemnika za pomocą ładunku prochowego. Po opuszczeniu przez pocisk pojemnika otwierają się stateczniki i uruchamia silnik rakietowy.

Zestaw ten był przez cały czas ulepszany i modernizowany. W 1990 roku opracowano kolejną jego wersję oznaczoną jako M47 Superdragon, która mylnie określana jest jako kierowany pocisk przeciwpancerny III generacji. Wersja ta wyposażona jest w głowicę nowej generacji i nowoczesny celownik termowizyjny. Według niektórych danych, głowica ta zapewnia przebijalność ponad 450 mm, efektywność rzędu 80 – 90% i jest skuteczna przeciwko pancerzom aktywnym i warstwowym. Poprawę uzyskano przez zastosowanie wkładki kumulacyjnej w kształcie trąbki z kutej na zimno miedzi, precyzyjnego zespołu pobudzająco-uzbrajającego i zastosowania nowych materiałów. Celownik termowizyjny umożliwia zwalczanie celów w dowolnych warunkach atmosferycznych, w dzień i w nocy, nawet w trakcie stosowania sztucznego zadymiania.

Zestaw M47 Dragon został wprowadzony na uzbrojenie armii USA w 1970 roku, był również używany w 9 innych państwach.

Dane taktyczno-techniczne zestawu przeciwpancernego M47 Dragon
 Kaliber pocisku: 120 mm
 Masa:
 Pocisku: 14,6 kg
 Celownika: 3,1 kg (dzienny) 9,82 kg (nocny)
 Długość:
 Pocisku: 744 mm
 Wyrzutni: 1154 mm
 Zasięg: od 65 do 1000 m
 Przebijalność:
 M47 Dragon: 500 mm
 M47 Superdragon: 1000 mm

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Zdjęcia
 Podręcznik użytkowania

Amerykańskie przeciwpancerne pociski kierowane

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Read about how to make the future simple here.
1: We use the future simple with 'will' to predict the future. It is the basic way we talk about the future in English, and we often use it if there is no reason to use another future tense. We can use it for future facts and for things that are less certain.
The sun will rise at 7am.
I think the Conservatives will win the next election.
2: Promises / requests / refusals / offers. This is sometimes called 'volitional' will. It's about wanting to do something or not wanting to do something in the future.
I'll help you with your homework.
In a similar way, we often use 'will' when we're talking about a decision at the moment of speaking. We are usually making an offer or promise or talking about something that we want to do.
A: I'm cold. B: I'll close the window.
3: We use the simple future with 'will' in the first conditional, and in other sentences that have a conditional feeling.
If it doesn't rain, we'll go to the park.
Let's arrive early. That will give us time to relax.
'Shall' is used mainly in the forms 'shall I?' and 'shall we?' in British English. These forms are used when you want to get someone's opinion, especially for offers and suggestions.
1: We often use 'be going to' to talk about our future intentions and plans. We have usually made our plans before the moment of speaking.
A: We've run out of milk. B: I know, I'm going to buy some.
2: We can also use 'be going to' to make a prediction about the future. Often it's possible to use both 'be going to' and 'will' but it's more common to use 'be going to' if we can see evidence in the present.
Look at those boys playing football! They're going to break the window.
The sky is getting darker and darker. It's going to rain.
Read more about the different ways of talking about the future here.
Try some exercises about the future here.


Indiana's winter wheat, forage and fruit crops apparently survived the unusually cold weather earlier this month with little or no severe damage.
Keith Johnson, Extension forage specialist, said he noticed "a little" freeze burn on some alfalfa plants in Tippecanoe County, but had not heard any reports of significant damage to crops in other parts of the state.
Amanda Mosiman, Extension educator in Warrick County, said she noticed "a little bit of damage" to fruit trees from the freeze but nothing severe enough to reduce yield.


text:
Your Exclusive Look Inside Emirates' $150 Million 777 Retrofit
Zach Honig
Emirates is known for operating one of the world's most advanced airport terminals, at Dubai International Airport (DXB). The world's largest fleet of Airbus A380s pulls right up to the world's longest (and possibly largest) first-class lounge, which happens to be just a few miles from the world's tallest building, the world's largest mall and the world's largest indoor amusement park. If everything is bigger in Texas, it's absolutely larger than life in Dubai.
But as impressive as Dubai International may seem to those passing through it, there's far more happening behind the scenes than the casual traveler can imagine. I was offered an exclusive opportunity to pass through DXB's heavily guarded checkpoint for a tour of Emirates Engineering, the airline's enormous 136-acre technical operations facility.
The occasion of my visit was an inside look at Emirates' retrofit process: The carrier's fleet of 10 Boeing 777-200LRs is currently undergoing a comprehensive refresh, at a total cost of some $150 million. The LRs are the smallest and longest-range planes flown by Emirates.
Emirates' second 777-200LR undergoes a retrofit in Dubai. Photo by Zach Honig.
One renovated aircraft has been flying since March, when it launched on Emirates' route between Dubai and Fort Lauderdale (FLL). The second wide-body Boeing was making its way through the process when I arrived for my tour at the end of May.
A "star" lighting effect is installed in the business-class cabin. Photo by Zach Honig.
Emirates Engineering completely stripped the aircraft, removing everything but the cockpit and some elements of the crew rest.
All 266 seats were yanked out, and then the real work began, with technicians working to upgrade electrical systems and wiring, update the galleys and lavatories and even raise the ceiling height in the business-class cabin by eliminating the center bins.
A toilet after being removed from the aircraft. Photo by Zach Honig.
In total, there are more than 2,700 total components to manage as part of each retrofit.
Ventilation ducts and ceiling panels are just some of the components being replaced. Photo by Zach Honig.
With an entirely new two-cabin configuration, the airline decided not to reinstall the eight first-class seats on this long-range subfleet — instead, all 10 777-200LRs will offer 38 business-class seats in a 2-2-2 arrangement, with lie-flat beds and two extra inches of width compared to the 2-3-2 seats installed on the airline's new 777-300ERs. (It still won't be an industry-leading 1-2-1 business class.)
Emirates installed brand-new lie-flat business seats on its 777-200LR. Photo by Zach Honig.
Economy will maintain the dense 3-4-3 configuration, but the seat count will jump from 216 to 264, with the extra space coming from those eight scrapped first-class seats.
The installation of in-flight entertainment software shortly after re-installing the economy section. Photo by Zach Honig.
While the first retrofit took 55 days to complete, engineers were able to trim that time to just 35 days for the second plane, having made numerous tweaks after processing the first -200LR.
The second retrofit took just over a month to complete. Photo by Zach Honig.
With this second aircraft complete, Emirates is offering lie-flat seats between Dubai and Santiago, Chile (SCL), with the inaugural taking place today, July 5.
Then, later this summer, the airline should be able to offer lie-flat business seats on all of its Fort Lauderdale flights, which operate five days per week.
Emirates' new 777-200LR business class. Photo by Zach Honig.
Note that you'll still get the angle-flat seats in biz on dates where first class is available to book, so choose wisely.
Emirates' old angle-flat seats will continue flying until the retrofit is complete. Photo by Emily McNutt.
Itineraries originating in the US are priced starting at $5,800 round-trip in business class or $900 round-trip in coach.
The easiest way to book award flights is through Alaska Mileage Plan, with economy seats available most days for 42,500 miles (+$20) each way.
Business class will run you 82,500 miles in each direction — not a bad deal when you consider the high nonstop paid fares, at least in the business cabin.
For more on Emirates business class and the 777-200LR, see:
Emirates' New 777-200 Business Class: Upgrade or Downgrade?
Check Out Emirates' First 777-200LR With the New Business-Class Seats
Emirates Is Scrapping the Middle Seat in Business — on 10 Planes
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Home / News / Entertainment News / Want to meet the 'F.R.I.E.N.D.S' cast? Here's your golden chance
Want to meet the 'F.R.I.E.N.D.S' cast? Here's your golden chance
Sagar Malik
Have you ever wondered... well, let's cut to the chase: Of course you have fantasized about being with the six coolest friends in the world.
Well, now, more than ever before, it is practically possible.
The beloved F.R.I.E.N.D.S stars are auctioning a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to six fans to join them during the filming of their upcoming HBO Max reunion episode.
Here's more.
Firstly, what is 'F.R.I.E.N.D.S' all about? The opportunity is part of the All In Challenge So, what's on offer? The announcement was made by Lisa Kudrow on Instagram Here is Lisa's Instagram post 'F.R.I.E.N.D.S' reunion special to be filmed later this year
Firstly, what is 'F.R.I.E.N.D.S' all about?
F.R.I.E.N.D.S, that originally aired on NBC between 1994 and 2004, focused on the lives of six friends: Monica Geller (Courtney Cox), Phoebe Buffay (Lisa Kudrow), Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston), Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry), Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc), and Ross Geller (David Schwimmer).
The New Yorkers struggled with the ups and downs of their mediocre jobs and faulty relationships, but stayed together through it all.
The opportunity is part of the All In Challenge
The opportunity is part of All In Challenge, where Hollywood stars auction experiences to fans in order to raise funds to feed those who have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The proceeds are dispersed to organizations such as Meals on Wheels America, No Kid Hungry, and America's Food Fund.
All you need to do is make a donation with any amount you can.
So, what's on offer?
In order to participate, go to AllinChallenge.com and make your donation.
And, one lucky winner along with five of their friends will get the chance to attend the filming of the forthcoming special episode.
What's more? The winners will also get to tour the Warner Bros. studio and get a chance to sip a cup of coffee at Central Perk with F.R.I.E.N.D.S. cast.
The announcement was made by Lisa Kudrow on Instagram
The announcement was made by 'Phoebe' Lisa Kudrow on Instagram.
"Hi everyone. Your Friends from FRIENDS want you to know something... We are all in!!," Lisa wrote.
"Go to AllinChallenge.com and give WHATEVER you can- $10, $25 - every dollar counts," the actor added.
Help the needy, and stand a chance to meet your favorite on-screen friends.
It's clearly a win-win situation!
Here is Lisa's Instagram post
Hi everyone. Your Friends from FRIENDS want you to know something... We are all in!! You may have heard about the reunion special we are doing for HBO Max, well... WE ALL want YOU and five of YOUR friends to join the 6 of us on Stage 24. Be our personal guests in the audience for the taping where you'll see us all together again for the first time in AGES, as we reminisce about the show and celebrate the fun we had. PLUS sip a cup of coffee with us in Central Perk and get the "Friends" VIP experience on the Warner Bros. Studio Tour. Go to AllinChallenge.com and give WHATEVER you can- $10, $25 - every dollar counts. 100% of proceeds will go to @nokidhungry, @mealsonwheelsamerica and #AmericasFoodFund which benefits @FeedingAmerica and @WCKitchen You in? #ALLINCHALLENGE Stay safe, see you SOON
A post shared by lisakudrow on Apr 21, 2020 at 10:01am PDT
'F.R.I.E.N.D.S' reunion special to be filmed later this year
The much-awaited F.R.I.E.N.D.S reunion special will be filmed later this year.
It was earlier set to be filmed last month, however, it got postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic.
Meanwhile, talking of the All In Challenge, celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio, Justin Bieber and Madonna have also taken part in the campaign, reportedly helping raise more than $14 million, so far.
Last updated on Apr 22, 2020, 01:43 pm
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