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The Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study on health disparities in Puerto Rican adults: challenges and opportunities
Katherine L Tucker1,2,
Josiemer Mattei1,3,
Sabrina E Noel1,3,
Bridgette M Collado1,
Jackie Mendez1,
Jason Nelson4,
John Griffith4,
Jose M Ordovas1,3 &
Luis M Falcon2
The Boston Puerto Rican Health Study is an ongoing longitudinal cohort study designed to examine the role of psychosocial stress on presence and development of allostatic load and health outcomes in Puerto Ricans, and potential modification by nutritional status, genetic variation, and social support.
Self-identified Puerto Ricans, aged 45-75 years and residing in the Boston, MA metro area, were recruited through door-to-door enumeration and community approaches. Participants completed a comprehensive set of questionnaires and tests. Blood, urine and salivary samples were extracted for biomarker and genetic analysis. Measurements are repeated at a two-year follow-up.
A total of 1500 eligible participants completed baseline measurements, with nearly 80% two-year follow-up retention. The majority of the cohort is female (70%), and many have less than 8th grade education (48%), and fall below the poverty level (59%). Baseline prevalence of health conditions is high for this age range: considerable physical (26%) and cognitive (7%) impairment, obesity (57%), type 2 diabetes (40%), hypertension (69%), arthritis (50%) and depressive symptomatology (60%).
The enrollment of minority groups presents unique challenges. This report highlights approaches to working with difficult to reach populations, and describes some of the health issues and needs of Puerto Rican older adults. These results may inform future studies and interventions aiming to improve the health of this and similar communities.
Racial and ethnic disparities in prevalence and incidence of chronic conditions are an important problem in the United States (US). Their investigation can contribute to progress toward their elimination and improved understanding of the etiology of diseases [1–5]. Reduction of existing racial and ethnic health disparities is a primary concern for ethical and economic reasons. Without improvements, as minority populations grow and age so will the burden on the health care system. Hispanics currently represent 14.8% of the US population and are projected to increase to almost 25% by the year 2050 [6].
Most epidemiologic research on Hispanics has focused on Mexican Americans, due to their majority as a subgroup. However, evidence suggests that health outcomes vary significantly by Hispanic ethnic subgroup; geographical and ethnic variation have been reported for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among elderly participants in the US, South America and the Caribbean [7]. There is evidence of variation in management of diabetes among Latino subgroups, which suggests that grouping Hispanics into one category may obscure important differences [8].
Puerto Ricans are the second largest Hispanic subgroup in the US [9]. They report the worst health status and highest prevalence of several acute and chronic medical conditions, when compared with non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and other Hispanic subgroups [10]. National data show that 21% of older Puerto Ricans reported having an activity limitation, compared with 15% of Cuban and Mexican Americans [11]. Puerto Rican elders living in Massachusetts show significantly greater prevalence of physical disability, type 2 diabetes, depression and other chronic conditions than NHW living in the same neighborhoods [12–18].
There is a paucity of knowledge regarding the health status and behaviors of Puerto Rican adults living in the US. Moreover, little is known about strategies for recruitment and retention when conducting research with this population. Therefore, the goal for this report is to describe the challenges and opportunities for recruitment and assessment of a cohort of Puerto Rican adults living in the Boston, MA area, as well as their baseline characteristics. The Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS) is funded as part of the Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities, a special initiative of the National Institutes of Health to foster trans-disciplinary and multilevel research to improve understanding of health disparities in the US [19].
The BPRHS is an ongoing longitudinal study that aims to examine the role of psychosocial stress on the presence and development of allostatic load (physiological dysregulation) and health outcomes such as depressive symptomatology, cognitive impairment, functional limitations, and metabolic conditions in Puerto Ricans. Further investigation includes the potential modification of these associations by nutritional status, especially for dietary fat, B vitamins and antioxidants, by genetic variation, and by sources and type of social and community support. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Tufts Medical Center and Northeastern University. All participants provided written informed consent.
Participants are recruited from the Greater Boston area using door-to-door enumeration and community approaches. Data from the 2000 Census was used to identify census tracks with at least 25 Puerto Rican adults, ages 45-75 years. Within these, randomly selected census blocks with 10 or more Hispanics, ages 45-75 years, were enumerated door-to-door. Blocks were visited at least three--and up to six--times, on different days of the week, including weekends, and at varying times of day, including evenings. Households with at least one eligible adult were identified. One participant per qualified household was randomly invited to participate.
Similar to other studies [20–22], multiple recruitment strategies were used. In addition to the door to door enumeration, participants were identified by random approach during community festivals/fairs and events sponsored by local community organizations, through referrals, and through calls to the study office from flyers distributed at community locations, or from radio or television spots about the study. The community partner, La Alianza Hispana, is a non-profit organization serving Latinos in the Boston area. They provided advice and assistance with the recruitment and retention efforts, and continue to serve as a liaison with the participants.
Eligible participants must be of self-identified Puerto Rican descent, able to answer questions in English or Spanish, ages 45-75 years, and living in the Boston, MA metropolitan area at the time of the study. Individuals who were unable to answer questions due to serious health conditions, planned to move away from the area within two years, or who had a low Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score (≤ 10) were excluded. Interviews were scheduled after the initial screening contact. Participants were provided with a written reminder of the interview date, and were called 1-2 days prior to the interview to remind them. For those who cancel, rescheduling was attempted at least five times, after which participants were considered de-facto refusals.
Baseline questionnaires and tests were administered by trained, bilingual interviewers in the participant's home. After obtaining informed consent, neuropsychological tests were conducted to identify participants that may need assistance from a proxy, or be excluded due to low MMSE score. Those who qualified completed the rest of the interview. Participants were given a 12-hour urine collection cup and two saliva tubes, with procedures for collection and instructions on fasting for the next day's blood draw. A certified phlebotomist returned to collect the samples and draw blood in the home.
All interviewers were thoroughly trained by experienced staff to administer the questionnaires and to perform measurements following procedures from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II [23] and the MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging [24]. Retraining and review sessions, including checks on scoring of tests and scales, were conducted periodically. Each new interviewer was required to observe several interviews by experienced interviewers and to practice repeatedly before collecting data. Completed interviews were self- and peer-reviewed prior to database entry.
General background characteristics
Participants provided information on age, education level, household income, migration, acculturation, employment history, family size and food security. These questionnaires were designed based on NHANES III [25, 26], the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [27, 28] and the National Health Interview Survey Supplement on Aging [29]. Poverty status was computed using the poverty thresholds released each year by the US Census Bureau [30]. Each participant's total annual household income was compared to the threshold based on the age of the head of household, participant's family size, and year of interview. If total household income was less than this threshold, the participant was considered to live in poverty.
Acculturation was captured by a set of questions on language use in a number of everyday activities [31, 32]. This language-based questionnaire was adapted from the Bi-dimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (BAS), which focuses on language preference in various settings [33]. This allows for the possibility that acculturation entails the acquisition of American cultural traits without displacing Hispanic ones. The scale yields two scores which rank participant's acculturation in the Hispanic domain and the non-Hispanic domain; a value of 100% represents a fully acculturated participant in the non-Hispanic domain who speaks fluent English. A psychological acculturation scale that focuses on psychological attachment to either culture was also administered. The scale was validated with three different samples of Puerto Ricans from the greater Boston area [34].
Health and health behaviors
Participants were asked to self-report whether they have been diagnosed with a specific list of chronic conditions. Detailed information on prescription and over-the-counter medications was collected by asking participants to show the bottles for medications they currently take. Participants provided health insurance information and self-rated their health status and satisfaction with health care practices. Frequency, history, and type of alcohol consumption and smoking were assessed. Current physical activity was captured using a modified Paffenbarger questionnaire of the Harvard Alumni Activity Survey [35, 36], which was effectively tested in an elderly Puerto Rican population [14]. A physical activity score was calculated as the sum of hours spent on typical 24-hour activities (heavy, moderate, light, or sedentary activity, and sleeping) multiplied by weighing factors that parallel the rate of oxygen consumption associated with each activity.
Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements
Standing height, knee height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were measured in duplicate [23, 37]. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using weight (Kg) divided by height (m) squared. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured in duplicate, at three time points during the interview. The second and third readings were averaged. Detailed methodology is included in Additional File 1.
Participants were asked to report difficulty performing daily activities, with modified Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scales [38]. The twelve ADL and six IADL items have been used effectively in a previous cohort of elderly Puerto Ricans [12]. Additional physical performance tests, which measure balance, gait, chair stands, foot taps and manual ability, were completed, following tests used in the MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging [39].
A comprehensive neuropsychological examination assessed specific impairments in cognitive functioning. Tests were selected based on evidence of validity in Spanish-speaking populations, and to evaluate higher cognitive functioning to minimize floor effects. They include the MMSE for general function [40], the word list learning test [41] for verbal memory, the Stroop [41] for mental processing speed, digit span [41] for working memory, verbal fluency [41] for executive function with language, and clock drawing [42] and figure copying [43] for visuospatial function. Cognitive impairment categories, as defined by MMSE scores, were adjusted for educational level, as this correction optimizes the test [44]. For all levels, considerable impairment was defined as a score of 11 through 17; mild impairment includes score of 18 through 21 for participants with middle school, 18-23 for those who completed high school, and 18-24 for those with college or graduate education. Higher scores than those cutoff values by educational attainment were deemed as having no impairment.
Depressive symptomatology, stress and support scales
Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression (CESD) Scale [45–47]. The CESD has shown consistency and validity in older adults [48]. It has also been used with Hispanics [47], including Puerto Ricans [12], with good reliability. The Spanish versions of the Life Events Questionnaire [49, 50] and the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire [51] were used to assess life and psychosocial stress. The Perceived Stress Scale measures the degree to which one's life is viewed as stressful [52], with higher values representing higher perceived stress. The scale has been satisfactorily tested in other Spanish-speaking groups [53, 54]. A second stress scale, developed through qualitative interviews with a subset of participants, was also administered in the second wave of interviews.
Dietary assessment
Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 126 items, adapted and validated for this population [55]. The FFQ, based on the National Cancer Institute-Block FFQ format, was revised to include appropriate foods and portion sizes, and was shown to capture intakes reported in 24-hour recalls more accurately than the original questionnaire, both in total nutrient estimates and in ranking of individuals [55]. This FFQ has been validated against plasma carotenoids [56], vitamin E [57] and vitamin B12 [58] in Hispanics aged ≥ 60 years. Those with energy intakes < 600 or > 4800 kilocalories and/or > 10 questions blank on the FFQ were excluded from dietary analyses.
Biological measures
Detailed methodology is included in Additional File 1. Blood samples were analyzed for complete blood counts, creatinine, albumin, plasma lipids, total carotenoids, vitamin C, folate, vitamin B12, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, C-reactive protein, glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. A 12-hour urine sample was analyzed for cortisol, creatinine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Saliva samples were used for measurement of salivary cortisol.
Definition of medical conditions
Diabetes status was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or use of medication [59]. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg or use of medication [60]. BMI was used to classify weight status, with BMI 25-29.9 as overweight, 30-39.9 as obese class I and II, and ≥ 40 as extremely obese [61]. Waist circumference > 102 cm in men or > 88 cm in women was defined as high [61]. Depressive symptomatology was defined as CESD score ≥ 16 [62].
DNA isolation and genotyping
DNA extraction and genotyping methods have been previously described [63]. Briefly, genomic DNA was isolated from blood using QIAamp DNA Blood mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Genetic polymorphisms were genotyped with Applied Biosystems TaqMan SNP genotyping system [64]. Genotyping error rate was < 1%, as estimated by internal quality control and independent, external laboratories. Genes and polymorphisms were selected by bioinformatics assessment, based on previously reported associations or knowledge of their function in known biological mechanisms. Over 140 autosomal, diallelic polymorphisms, from 35 different genes have been genotyped.
Two-year follow-up
Two-year follow-up is ongoing at time of writing. All subjects are contacted and asked to participate in a follow-up visit after two years, to repeat all questionnaires and measurements. Participants are called every six months to update contact information (at which point they update a life events inventory questionnaire), and receive holiday and birthday cards and occasional newsletters with updates on the study. At baseline, participants were asked to provide the names of two contacts who could locate them if they moved. These persons are contacted if the participant cannot be reached directly after several attempts. When participants cannot be contacted by phone, letters are sent requesting that they call the study. When there is no response, a staff member visits the home. Awareness of the study in the general community is fostered by participating in community events, attending meetings of community agencies to present information on the study, encouraging articles in both Spanish and main newspapers, and participating in media appearances.
Statistical analyses for this report were completed using the SAS System for Windows (version 9.1, SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC). Descriptive analyses to examine differences between sex and age groups (45-59 and 60-75 years) were performed using chi-square analyses for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables with normal distributions. Fisher's exact tests were used for variables with an expected cell count of less than five. P values were calculated and a significance level of < 0.05 was used. All tests were two-sided.
Participant recruitment
The majority of participants were identified through door-to-door enumeration (77.4%), with the rest recruited through community events (9.8%), referrals (7.2%), and calls to the study office (5.6%) (Figure 1). From June 2004 to October 2009, a total of 2,170 Puerto Rican age-qualifying adults were identified. Of these, 77 met the exclusion criteria, and 2,093 were invited to participate. From those invited, 1,811 (86.5%) agreed to be interviewed. Primary reasons for declining included not being interested in the study, too busy, and refusal of blood draw. Those who declined were more likely to be older (58.4 versus 56.7 years, data not shown) and had lived on the US for more years (32.9 versus 28.8 years, data not shown). No significant differences in sex, language spoken or birthplace were observed between those participating and those declining. Among those agreeing to participate, nine participants were excluded due to low MMSE score (0.5%), 15 (0.8%) dropped out, 36 (2.0%) were lost before interview, and 251 (13.9%) were never interviewed due to persistent unavailability. Therefore, 1,500 of 1,802 eligible participants who initially agreed to participate (83.2%), or of 2,084 eligible participants who were initially invited (72.0%), completed the baseline interviews. Results presented in this report include 1,357 participants with completed and cleaned baseline interviews at the time of writing.
Flowchart of study participant recruitment for the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. * Various reasons including: not Puerto Rican; spouse in study. ** Various reasons including: currently busy, upcoming vacation or surgery, and houseguests, health problems or illness.
Those recruited through door-to-door enumeration, relative to community events or calls in response to advertising the study, were significantly older, more likely to be women, have lower education, less acculturated, and less likely to be employed than those recruited by community approaches (data not shown). They did not differ by poverty status, BMI, or prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Based on year 2000 Census tract data, these recruitment strategies included access to 78% of the Puerto Ricans, aged 45-75 years, living in the Boston area towns with participants in the study. When limited to towns with 5 or more participants, coverage was close to 96% for the door-to-door enumeration approach.
Once recruited, completion of interviews was time-consuming and expensive. Appointments needed to be rescheduled approximately 40% of the time, usually because the participant was not home at the scheduled time, or cancelled at the last minute. Among the most common reasons for cancellations were participant's failure to remember the interview appointment, a conflicting medical appointment, illness or death of a family member, and reported illness by the participant.
Characteristics of baseline participants
The majority of the sample was female (70%). Mean ages were 57.2 years for men and 57.9 years for women. Older Puerto Rican adults (60-75 years) reported fewer years of education than younger adults (45-59 years); over 60% of older adults had < 8th grade education (Table 1). Approximately 50% of adults in all age categories fell below the poverty level, with older women more likely to be living in poverty. Only one-third of men and one-quarter of women in the younger group, and even fewer older adults, were employed at the time of the study. Residential stability was 50% or more for all groups except for younger men (35.1%).
Table 1 Selected baseline characteristics for participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.
The participants in this Puerto Rican cohort had lived in the US for over three decades, on average; of those aged 60-75 years, men had lived in the US longer than women (42.2 versus 36.0 years). Language-based acculturation scores were significantly lower in the older than younger age group for both men and women. In the younger age group, men were significantly more acculturated than women. Psychological acculturation score showed similar patterns as the language-based scale by age, but men and women had comparable scores.
To evaluate life events and social support, participants were asked to identify important persons in their life and to indicate their perception of how these important persons could support them emotionally or assist them in time of need. Significant differences by sex were found among the younger cohort in the size of the social networks and in the perception of availability of emotional and functional support (Table 2). Younger women reported larger networks, but also a lower perception of existing emotional and functional support from these networks than did men in the same age category. These differences were not found among the older cohort, suggesting that some of the earlier differences may be related to life cycle events like marriage, work, and the availability of kin. Women's social networks included a larger number of blood relatives than the social networks of men (3.7 versus 3.2, respectively). Differences between men and women in the presence of friends, other type of relatives, and others in their networks were not significant (data not shown). Reported sources of social support in this population were limited to close family and friends, with few social contacts, on average, beyond the latter two categories.
Table 2 Characteristics of social networks in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.
Health, health behaviors and chronic conditions
Significantly more men than women in both age groups were overweight, while a greater percent of all women fell into the extreme obesity category (Table 3). Close to 80% of women, in both age groups, had abdominal obesity. Overall, participants were relatively inactive; fewer than 12% of men and 4% of women participated in moderate or vigorous activity. Men were more likely to smoke cigarettes or be heavy drinkers than women. About one in five participants used multivitamins, with no significant differences in use by sex or age group. Men consumed significantly more energy and dietary fiber, but less carbohydrate, vitamin B6 and potassium than women across both age groups (Table 4). Participants in the older age category had lower energy intake, and consumed less fat but more carbohydrate than younger participants.
Table 3 Health behaviors and anthropometric characteristics for participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.
Table 4 Dietary profile of participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.
A quarter of women aged 45-59 years and over a third aged 60-75 years reported considerable physical impairment (Table 5). Cognitive impairment was significantly higher in women than in men in the older age category; considerable impairment was more prevalent in the older than the younger group. The majority of participants self-reported their health status as fair, but more women reported poor health status. Fifty-one percent of women and 45% of men aged 60-75 years had type 2 diabetes (Table 6). More than three-quarters of all older participants had hypertension. A higher proportion of younger than older participants had depressive symptomatology, but prevalence was high for all groups. Self-report of cardiovascular disease was significantly higher for the older group of Puerto Ricans; there were no significant differences by sex. Approximately 70% of older women self-reported diagnosis of arthritis.
Table 5 Physical and cognitive function and self-rated health in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.
Table 6 Chronic health conditions for participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.
At the point of this writing, 951 (78.7%) two-year follow-up visits have been completed, from the 1,209 participants who have reached their follow-up scheduling time point (data not shown). Of non-completing participants (258), 85 (7.0%) dropped out, 52 (4.3%) were lost to follow-up, and 17 (1.4) were deceased. The remaining 104 participants are being actively rescheduled due to frequent change of residence within the city, circular migration to and from Puerto Rico, and disconnected telephones. Although exact two-year timing of follow-up is difficult, participants are continuously being contacted. Increased participation and retention has been attained throughout the course of the study, as it becomes better known in the community. The remaining 291 baseline participants will be scheduled at their appropriate follow-up time. Assuming the same participation rate as baseline, a final two-year follow-up of at least 1,200 participants is expected.
The experience of the BPRHS illustrates the challenges of conducting research in a Hispanic ethnic subgroup, and demonstrates the disparities faced by this community. The study has recruited 1,500 older adult Puerto Ricans, but considerable effort to obtain completed interviews has been required. Several studies have reported difficulties in recruiting minority research participants [65–68], especially Latino men [20]. It is possible that with door-to-door enumeration, women are more likely to be at home and therefore more frequently approached. They also appear to be more willing to participate than men, although this was not statistically significant in this study.
After enumeration, re-contacting individuals posed significant challenges. A key factor in the eventual success in locating individuals was recording information of close contacts. However, in many cases, field staff needed to return to the neighborhood to locate the individual. Recruitment completion was further delayed by frequent cancellations of appointments. These challenges led to loss of staff time and effort, and greatly increased the study cost over that originally estimated. Similarly, Eakin et al. reported the need to hire extra phone staff in order to increase retention of Latinos [21]. Interestingly, main reasons for cancellation included medical appointments and illness of the participant or a relative, which is consistent with the observed high prevalence of disease, and the sharing of burden among socially connected individuals.
Mistrust of scientific investigations is frequently reported as a major barrier to recruitment in minority participants [65]. Several strategies were used to facilitate recruitment, including employing a bilingual and ethnically diverse staff, and partnering with a local community organization. Recruitment at community events increased the study's visibility and involvement in the community, and enabled staff to obtain updated contact information for enrolled participants. Use of the media also reinforced the legitimacy of the study. Because the total community is relatively small, receptivity increased over time.
Efforts to keep the participants' trust and engagement in the study have helped sustain a high retention during two-year follow-up. As the study moves forward, questions on progression and mechanisms of diseases may be answered more accurately. Little is known about the environmental influences and life events of elderly Puerto Ricans living in the US; thus, possible cohort effects require further consideration. The wide age range of this group, constant migration patterns to/from Puerto Rico, limited social networks, and low residential stability may limit assumptions about cohort effects.
As with most epidemiological studies, selection bias could be operating in this study. For example, as those declining participation in the study were living in the US longer that those participating, possible selection bias by acculturation, which is highly correlated to years living in the US, may occur. Still, there was low acculturation in this sample, suggesting that such bias may not exist. The door-to-door recruitment method may have introduced selection bias, as participants recruited with this method, who comprised the majority of this cohort, had somewhat differing characteristics than those recruited through community events. The study followed exhaustive protocols to identify participants at home, making a great effort to expand recruitment with various strategies; the addition of participants from community approaches likely improved the representativeness for the study, as individuals who may have been seldom at home were included. Notably, the majority of Puerto Ricans aged 45-75 years identified by Census tracts, lived in neighborhoods and communities from which the study recruited.
Data from the 2000 Census show that, of Puerto Ricans aged 45-75 years living in high-density Hispanic blocks in Boston, 75% were 45-59 years, and 25% were 60-75 years [69]. Overall, the sample of this study was somewhat older, with about two-thirds in the younger and one-third in the older age range. When stratified by recruitment method, the age distribution more closely resembled that of the Census findings for those approached through flyers, community events or referrals (70% aged 45-59 years), whereas door-to-door recruitment yielded 60% in the younger category. Education levels for study participants were similar to those identified for Census data for Puerto Ricans in Boston; yet the study had fewer women in the older group that held a current job relative to 2000 Census data, while a greater number of men in the older age category reported working in this sample. This difference may be partly due to economic changes that have occurred since the year 2000. This sample of 1,500 individuals represents a fairly large proportion (15%) of the 10,241 Puerto Ricans in this age range living in the towns that we recruited from, as of 2000. Although this may suggest that a representative sample for this population was likely captured, the limited areas and approaches for recruitment may have reduced representativeness. Still, the results should be reasonably generalizable to similar communities of Puerto Rican adults living in high density urban areas in the US.
Hispanic subgroups are often combined together in health research; however, this practice may obfuscate important differences in subgroups. Though limited, accumulating studies provide evidence that health disparities differ considerably by subgroup [7, 8, 12–18, 70]. The results of this study support observations that Puerto Ricans on the US experience considerable health disparities which exceed those reported for NHW or other Hispanic subgroups, including the more commonly studied Mexican Americans. The prevalence of physical and cognitive disability, type 2 diabetes, obesity, depressive symptomatology, hypertension, and self reported heart disease were higher in this sample, in relation to published reports for similarly-aged Mexican Americans [3, 71–73]. Notably, the high prevalence of these conditions was observed even for those in the younger age category. For example, the prevalence of obesity in this sample of Puerto Rican men and women, aged 45-59 years, (43% and 60.5%, respectively) was higher than that reported by NHANES 2001-2004 for Mexican Americans in the same age range (36.3% and 52.2%, respectively) [74]. One caveat of this type of comparisons is that differences in survey methodology and year of data collection may affect the interpretation of the comparison.
In conclusion, the BPRHS is the largest and most comprehensive study conducted to date on older adult Puerto Ricans living in the US, exclusively. It adds considerably to the efforts of other studies conducted in Hispanic elders, including the Health and Retirement Study, the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, and the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. This group experiences chronic health conditions at higher prevalence than those reported nationally for Mexican Americans or for NHW. The reasons for these health disparities remain largely unexplained, but illustrate the critical need for more research on the dynamics involved in these poor health outcomes. They also underscore the need to investigate Hispanic subgroups as unique cohorts, and to be careful when using the encompassing terms "Hispanic" or "Latino" when presenting health issues. The recruitment process portrays the challenges and opportunities involved in the enrollment of minority groups in epidemiological and clinical research, and may help strengthen future efforts for other studies. Understanding the unique needs of Puerto Ricans will inform interventions and public health practice, so that resources may be used prudently, and health disparities may be reduced. Improved scientific understanding of the etiology and progression of chronic conditions may also be attained.
ADL:
BMI:
BPRHS:
Boston Puerto Rican Health Study
CESD:
Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression scale
FFQ:
Food frequency questionnaire
IADL:
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
MMSE:
Mini mental state examination
NHANES:
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NHW:
Non-Hispanic white
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Rodriguez MD, Rodriguez J, Davis M: Recruitment of first-generation Latinos in a rural community: the essential nature of personal contact. Fam Process. 2006, 45 (1): 87-100. 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00082.x.
Eakin EG, Bull SS, Riley K, Reeves MM, Gutierrez S, McLaughlin P: Recruitment and retention of Latinos in a primary care-based physical activity and diet trial: The Resources for Health study. Health Educ Res. 2007, 22 (3): 361-371. 10.1093/her/cyl095.
Sheppard VB, Cox LS, Kanamori MJ, Canar J, Rodriguez Y, Goodman M, Pomeroy J, Mandelblatt J, Huerta EE: Brief report: if you build it, they will come: methods for recruiting Latinos into cancer research. J Gen Intern Med. 2005, 20 (5): 444-447. 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0083.x.
Chumlea WMC, Guo SS, Wholihan K, Cockram D, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL: Stature prediction equations for elderly non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican-American persons developed from NHANES III data. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998, 98: 137-142. 10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00036-4.
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Delgado JL, Johnson CL, Roy I, Trevino FM: Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Methodological Consideration. Am J Public Health. 1990, 80 (Suppl): 6-10. 10.2105/AJPH.80.Suppl.6.
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Bermudez OI, Falcon LM, Tucker KL: Intake and food sources of macronutrients among older Hispanic adults: association with ethnicity, acculturation, and length of residence in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000, 100 (6): 665-673. 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00195-4.
Lin H, Bermudez OI, Tucker KL: Dietary patterns of Hispanic elders are associated with acculturation and obesity. J Nutr. 2003, 133 (11): 3651-3657.
Marin G, Gamba RJ: A New Measurement of Acculturation for Hispanics: The Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (BAS). Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 1996, 18 (3): 297-316. 10.1177/07399863960183002.
Tropp LR, Erkut S, Coll CG, Alarcon O, Garcia HAV: Psychological acculturation development of a new measure for Puerto Ricans on the U.S. mainland. Educational & Psychological Measurement. 1999, 59 (2): 351-367. 10.1177/00131649921969794.
Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Lee IM, Jung DL, Kampert JB: The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N Engl J Med. 1993, 328 (8): 538-545. 10.1056/NEJM199302253280804.
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Seeman TE, Charpentier P, Berkman LF, et al: Predicting changes in physical performance in a high-functioning elderly cohort: MacArthur studies of successful aging. J Gerontol. 1994, 49: M97-M108.
Karno M, Burnam MA, Escobar JI, L Hough R, Eaton WW: Development of the spanish-language version of the National Institute of Mental Health diagnostic interview schedule. Arch Gen Phsychiatry. 1983, 40: 1183-1188.
Artiola Fortuny L, Hermosillo Romo D, Heaton RK, Pardee RE, Eds: Manual de Normas y Procedimientos para la Batería Neuropsicológica en Español. 2000, Swets & Zeitlinger
Wolf-Klein G, Silverstone F, Levy A, Brod M: Screening for Alzheimer's disease by clock drawing. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1989, 37 (8): 730-734.
Beery K: The Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration Manual, revised ed. 1989, Cleveland: Modern Curriculum Press
Uhlmann RF, Larson EB: Effect of education on the mini-mental state examination as a screening test for dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991, 39 (9): 876-880.
Mackinnon A, McCallum J, Andrews G, Anderson I: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in older community samples in Indonesia, North Korea, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. J Gerontol: Psychological Sciences. 1998, 53B (6): P343-P352.
Miller TQ, Markides KS, Black SA: The factor structure of the CES-D in two surveys of elderly Mexican Americans. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1997, 52 (5): S259-269.
Moscicki EK, Locke BZ, Rae DS, Boyd JH: Depressive Symptoms Among Mexican Americans: The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 1989, 130 (2): 348-360.
Radloff L: The use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale with older adults. Clinical Gerontology. 1986, 5: 119-136. 10.1300/J018v05n01_06.
Norbeck JS: Modification of life event questionnaires for use with female respondents. Res Nurs Health. 1984, 7 (1): 61-71. 10.1002/nur.4770070110.
Sarason IG, Johnson JH, Siegel JM: Assessing the impact of life changes: development of the Life Experiences Survey. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1978, 46 (5): 932-946. 10.1037/0022-006X.46.5.932.
Norbeck JS, Lindsey AM, Carrieri VL: The development of an instrument to measure social support. Nurs Res. 1981, 30 (5): 264-269. 10.1097/00006199-198109000-00003.
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R: A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983, 24 (4): 385-396. 10.2307/2136404.
Ramirez MT, Hernandez RL: Factor structure of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in a sample from Mexico. Span J Psychol. 2007, 10 (1): 199-206.
Remor E: Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Span J Psychol. 2006, 9 (1): 86-93.
Tucker KL, Bianchi LA, Maras J, Bermudez OI: Adaptation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess diets of Puerto Rican and non-Hispanic adults. Am J Epidemiol. 1998, 148 (5): 507-518.
Bermudez OI, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Talegawkar SA, Tucker KL: Hispanic and non-Hispanic white elders from Massachusetts have different patterns of carotenoid intake and plasma concentrations. J Nutr. 2005, 135 (6): 1496-1502.
Gao X, Wilde PE, Lichtenstein AH, Bermudez OI, Tucker KL: The maximal amount of dietary alpha-tocopherol intake in U.S. adults (NHANES 2001-2002). J Nutr. 2006, 136 (4): 1021-1026.
Kwan LL, Bermudez OI, Tucker KL: Low vitamin B-12 intake and status are more prevalent in Hispanic older adults of Caribbean origin than in neighborhood-matched non-Hispanic whites. J Nutr. 2002, 132 (7): 2059-2064.
American Diabetes Association: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2006, 29 (Suppl 1): S43-48.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT, et al: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003, 289 (19): 2560-2572. 10.1001/jama.289.19.2560.
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Mattei J, Parnell L, Lai CQ, Garcia-Bailo B, Adiconis X, Shen J, Arnett D, Demissie S, Tucker K, Ordovas JM: Disparities in allele frequencies and population differentiation for 101 disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms between Puerto Ricans and non-Hispanic whites. BMC Genet. 2009, 14 (10): 45-10.1186/1471-2156-10-45.
Livak KJ: Allelic discrimination using fluorogenic probes and the 5' nuclease assay. Genet Anal. 1999, 14 (5-6): 143-149.
Yancey AK, Ortega AN, Kumanyika SK: Effective recruitment and retention of minority research participants. Annu Rev Public Health. 2006, 27: 1-28. 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102113.
Levkoff S, Sanchez H: Lessons learned about minority recruitment and retention from the Centers on Minority Aging and Health Promotion. Gerontologist. 2003, 43 (1): 18-26.
Moreno-John G, Gachie A, Fleming CM, Napoles-Springer A, Mutran E, Manson SM, Perez-Stable EJ: Ethnic minority older adults participating in clinical research: developing trust. J Aging Health. 2004, 16 (5 Suppl): 93S-123S. 10.1177/0898264304268151.
Ness RB, Nelson DB, Kumanyika SK, Grisso JA: Evaluating minority recruitment into clinical studies: how good are the data?. Ann Epidemiol. 1997, 7 (7): 472-478. 10.1016/S1047-2797(97)00080-X.
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Allison MA, Budoff MJ, Wong ND, Blumenthal RS, Schreiner PJ, Criqui MH: Prevalence of and risk factors for subclinical cardiovascular disease in selected US Hispanic ethnic groups: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008, 167 (8): 962-969. 10.1093/aje/kwm402.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Health Statistics. Health Data Interactive. Diabetes, ages 20+, US, 1988-2006 (Source: NHANES). 1988, [http://205.207.175.93/HDI/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=61] -2006 (Source: NHANES)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Health Statistics. Health Data Interactive. Chronic conditions, ages 18+: US, 1997-2008 (Source: NHIS). 1997, [http://205.207.175.93/HDI/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=101] -2008 (Source: NHIS)
Franzini L, Ribble JC, Keddie AM: Understanding the Hispanic paradox. Ethn Dis. 2001, 11 (3): 496-518.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Health Statistics. Health Data Interactive. Overweight/obesity, ages 20+: US, 1988-2006 (Source: NHANES). 1988, [http://205.207.175.93/HDI/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=76] -2006 (Source: NHANES)
This study is supported by the National Institutes of Health-National Institute on Aging grant number P01-AG023394, and by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Institute agreement number 58-1950-7-707.
USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Katherine L Tucker
, Josiemer Mattei
, Sabrina E Noel
, Bridgette M Collado
, Jackie Mendez
& Jose M Ordovas
Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
& Luis M Falcon
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Josiemer Mattei
Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Jason Nelson
& John Griffith
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Correspondence to Katherine L Tucker.
KLT, the principal investigator, designed the study, directed its implementation, and supervised data analysis and interpretation; JMattei and SEN analyzed the data, interpreted the results, and contributed to writing the manuscript; BMC assisted with data analysis and the manuscript draft; JMendez coordinated the field activities and provided portions for the manuscript text; JN and JG collaborated with data analysis, interpretation of results, and portions of the text; JMO and LMF, co-principal investigators, helped design the study, conduct portions of its implementation, and interpret results. All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version.
Additional file 1: Detailed Methodology for the Boston Puerto RicanHealth Study. A full description of the protocols used to obtain anthropometric and biochemical (blood, urine, saliva) measures. (DOC 70 KB)
Tucker, K.L., Mattei, J., Noel, S.E. et al. The Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study on health disparities in Puerto Rican adults: challenges and opportunities. BMC Public Health 10, 107 (2010) doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-107
Depressive Symptomatology
Allostatic Load
Hispanic Subgroup
Great Boston Area
Psychological Acculturation


Our salvation isn't just to get us a home in heaven, although that is part of it, it is also to create in us a new life here in this world – so that we will be lights in the world of darkness.
Look at what Paul reminds us of in Ephesians 2:8-10, "For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast. For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them." We are saved to glorify God through our lives, our words, and all our actions!
If the entire point of salvation was to simply get us a home in heaven, we would die the moment we believed in Jesus Christ! There would be no other point for us to remain in this world. In fact, this world and it's sin and darkness would only be a huge disappointment from then on.
Rather, God calls us to Himself so that we may accomplish the plan and purpose that He has for us while we are still in this world – and it's ALL about following Him. We become His property and slaves to our new Master when we give Him control of our lives.
Paul sums it up quite well in Ephesians 5:8, "For at one time you were darkness, but now you are light in the Lord. Walk as children of light" If we have no burning desire to walk as we're commanded, then we have no genuine salvation!


text:
Michigan drivers looking strong for MIS
Matt Sisoler Daily Telegram Sports Writer @lenaweesisoler
Heading into this weekend, no NASCAR driver born in the state of Michigan has ever been able to take a checkered flag at Michigan International Speedway in Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series competition.
Rochester Hills native Brad Keselowski has come the closest, finishing second twice in 2012 and 2018. He earned his second pole win Friday to put him in prime position to notch that first home win, a race that he has referred to in the past as being as big as winning the Daytona 500 for him, in Sunday's Consumer's Energy 400.
"This race track means a lot to me for a lot of reasons," Keselowski said. "With family and friends and being my home track ... you just want to impress. You want to do a good job in front of your family. You want to show them what you're made of and make them proud, and that does put a lot of pressure on yourself."
Keselowski has shown good speed this weekend, but he will be leading a field of hungry drivers today. In final practice on Saturday, the one most teams were trying to dial in their race setups in conditions similar to how today will go, Keselowski's best lap was good enough for just 13th fastest, over three-tenths of a second down from the other Michigan native in the field.
Erik Jones, out of Byron, had the fastest car in the final practice session, being the only driver to put his car into the sub-38 second laptime range with a 37.926 second-lap at a speed of 189.843 miles-per-hour.
Jones sees an opportunity for today to be his day, and possibly at no bigger time, as h'is looking to continue a hot streak. The No. 20 Toyota Camry team for Joe Gibbs Racing has reeled off four straight top-five finishes, taking third at Kentucky and New Hampshire, a runner-up finish at Pocono and a fourth at Watkins Glen, and could lock himself into the playoffs for the second straight season with a win at his home track.
"We came here with a little different mentality then we did for the first race," Jones said "Just trying to get some more speed and trying to get the car to contend a little bit better. I feel we didn't have enough speed in the (June) race to really get up there and run with some of those guys up front, and we went toward the side of building speed in the car and maybe sacrificing some handling. We'll kinda see where it ends up but I think it's the correct direction."
The fastest Chevrolet in final practice on Saturday, Hendrick Motorsports' Alex Bowman, also could use a strong run this weekend, but more-so for a bounce back. He is already locked into the playoffs, butin his last five races he has finished inside the top 15 twice.
"I think our car's really good," Bowman said. "We've had good speed and good stability. That first run in final practice we were really strong. We waited a bit, tried to get with a pack for the end of practice, and just got too tight there at the end. Made some adjustments, got the car on the splitter pretty badly, so we'll undo that and go race."
A concern for all of the drivers, even after final practice Saturday, was the fact that NASCAR had only applied its traction compound, PJ1, to the top two lanes of the corners. The cars were primarily running in the third, or middle, of MIS' five lanes, barely touching the PJ1 except when the cars come off of the corners.
One of the biggest proponents of NASCAR extending the PJ1 further down the banking was Kevin Harvick. Harvick had the fastest Ford in the final practice with a 38.168 (188.640 mph), but still wanted NASCAR to extend the traction compound further down the bankings.
"Can't get to the PJ1, it's too high," Harvick said. "We won't use lane five (closest to the wall). Hopefully when they get done with the truck race, (NASCAR) will lower that down three or four feet so at least the middle, third, lane has all the PJ1 in it. There's been a lot of cars trying to get up there, and it's better than it was, but still just, it was a little too high."
NASCAR and MIS apparently agreed after watching the Gander Outdoors Truck Series race on Saturday, as the majority of the trucks were running through the corners where the MENCS cars were with only a few drivers venturing up into the top two lanes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
US airman receives almost �500,000 compensation
Rebecca Gough
Rebecca Gough A US serviceman who suffered multiple injuries in a crash on a Suffolk road has been awarded $750, 000 compensation.
A US serviceman who suffered multiple injuries in a crash on a Suffolk road has been awarded $750, 000 compensation.
Juan Feliciano-Diaz was stationed at RAF Lakenheath in 2006 when he was involved in an accident on the C624, Higham Road. He was driving his jeep in the direction of Tuddenham when he crashed with a Volkswagen Caravelle and suffered injuries to his elbow, abdomen, pelvis, and right leg.
Mr Feliciano-Diaz, 28, a former staff sergeant working in avionics, was treated at the West Suffolk Hospital in Bury St Edmunds, then the Lakenheath Medical Centre. Whilst his other injuries healed, his leg became a permanent problem and he was unable to return to work for a month, when he was limited to a desk job.
The figure, which equates to just under �500,000, has allowed him to return to America and undergo further surgery.
Head of the personal injury team at Norfolk solicitors Kester Cunningham John, Ruth Booy , who represented Mr Feliciano-Diaz, said: "While a small proportion of his claim related to the injury itself, and a further portion to his medical treatment, the bulk of his settlement is in respect of lost earnings, the loss of his airforce pension and other benefits associated with being in the US military.
"It is hoped that further treatment being recommended by his orthopaedic surgeon will soon be carried out in the US, brightening his future prospects".
Mr Feliciano-Diaz was medically discharged from the US airforce on November, 2007 and remains unemployed.
Later that year, a review was carried out by the American airforce following a string of accidents which left two servicemen dead.
The first, on September 23, claimed the life of 26-year-old flight commander John Jacob Biram from RAF Lakenheath who was killed when his car crashed with a lorry in thick fog on the A1304 near Newmarket.
On October 6, RAF Mildenhall suffered the loss of airman Julious Hawkins, 24, who was killed after he drove the wrong way on the A14 at Bury St Edmunds and crashed with a van transporter.


Around 5 hours walking time. Steep terrain, for experienced mountain hikers only.
Accessibility and parking as above.
This is a romantic hike via steep and rocky alpine-style tracks. There are many viewpoints along the way to the Predigtstuhl across the Dreisesselberg, Karkopf and Hochschlegel.
Around 6 hours walking time. For experienced mountain hikers. Local parking available. Bus stop Hallthurm or Winkl, Route 841.
The route takes you over the Rotofensattel and past the prominent nose of the "Sleeping Witch" (officially Montgelasnase) and on to the Steinerne Agnes. Initially, you can enjoy the marvellous panoramic view into the Berchtesgaden Basin. Later on, you have views in all directions from the tops of the Dreisesselberg, the Karkopf and the Hochschlegel. The Schlegelmulde Alpine Hut is the destination of this hike.
Around 6 hours walking time. For experienced mountain hikers. Local parking available. Bus stop Taubensee, Route 845.
Both trails form part of the Ramsau "Almerlebnisweg" (alp experience way). From the Moosenalm, the Moosensteig (470) leads all the way to the Predigtstuhl along the western flanks of the Latten Mountains. There are no great inclines to be overcome.
The track across the Mordau Alp first trails along the eastern side, but then quickly gains height before leading across the Karkopf as the highest peak of the Latten Mountains. The Schlegelmulde Alpine Hut is the destination of both routes.


Go to our website and read it to get who we are. Google Shell Knob to get where we are.
Please provide a short resume which includes contact information, your education focus, hopes for future ministry, references, and a photo of the two of you as well. Email it to the address provided. Initial interviews will be conducted on the OCC campus.


In The Peculiar Possum, Tobin, a sweet pangolin, Bismark, a loud-mouthed sugar glider, and Dawn, a serious fox, encounter strange sounds and smells in the valley. When an unfamiliar animal appears, Bismark is not pleased But soon Bismark and the Brigade learn that being peculiar is also reason to be proud.
Tracey Hecht has written, directed, and produced for film. The American Booksellers Association chose the first book in her critically acclaimed middle grade series, The Nocturnals: The Mysterious Abductions, as a Kids' Indie Next List pick. Last year, she expanded the series to include early reader books, The Peculiar Possum and The Slithery Shakedown, so that families could share the reading experience together. In partnership with the New York Public Library, Tracey created a Read Aloud Writing Program that she has since conducted--both in person and virtually--in over eighty-five schools, libraries, and bookstores across the country. Tracey currently splits her time between New York City and Oquossoc, Maine, with her husband, four children, and dog, Penny. Josie Yee is an award winning illustrator specializing in children's books. She lives in New York City with her daughter, Ana, and their cat, Dude.


text:
Goethe WMA
This brochure is designed to provide the public with information and a summary of regulations pertaining to hunting and other recreational use on the Goethe Wildlife Management Area. Regulations that are new or differ substantially from last year are shown in bold print. Area users should familiarize themselves with all regulations. For exact wording of the wildlife laws and regulations, see the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission's wildlife code, on file with the Secretary of State and state libraries. This brochure, the Florida Hunting Regulations handbook, and quota permit worksheets should provide the information necessary for you to plan your hunting activities. These publications are available at MyFWC.com.
Muzzleloading Gun - 250, no-cost, quota permits.
General Gun Still - 300, no-cost, quota permits for each of 3 hunts.
General Gun Dog - 125, no-cost, quota permits for each of 3 hunts.
Spring Turkey - 130, no-cost, quota permits for each of 3 hunts.
Guest hunters: For each non-transferable archery, muzzleloading gun, general gun, wild hog, spring turkey and mobility-impaired quota permit issued through GoOutdoorsFlorida.com, a quota permit holder (host) may take a guest hunter by obtaining a guest permit. Guest hunters are not allowed during family hunts. A guest hunter must possess a completed guest permit while hunting except the following persons may be a guest hunter without a guest permit: a youth under 16 years of age, a youth supervisor, a mentor license holder or a mentor license supervisor. A host may only bring 1 guest hunter at a time and may only use 1 guest permit per day. The following persons are not considered to be guest hunters: other quota permit holders, non-hunters and exempt hunters (on areas and during seasons that allow exemptions). The guest hunter and host must enter and exit the area together and must share a street-legal vehicle while hunting on the area. The guest hunter may hunt only while the host is on the area. Refer to the quota hunt worksheets for additional information.
Fires are allowed only at locations specified by the Florida Forest Service (FFS).
Open to public access year round but only from 1½ hours before sunrise until 1½ hours after sunset, except that those persons in possession of a valid camping or special use access permit from the FFS may be on the area during periods specified on the permit.
Vehicles must enter and exit the area at a designated entrance. Only during general gun dog season may vehicles enter and exit at the designated entrances to Chimney Road, Gate 1 Road and Road 47 as indicated on the WMA brochure map. Walk-in access is allowed from public roads.
Motor vehicles shall be operated only on roads shown on the brochure map. Vehicles may not be operated on any road that has been gated or posted as closed to vehicular traffic.
Only during general gun dog season may vehicles be operated on portions of Chimney Road, Gate 1 Road, South Angle Road and Roads 7, 47, 49 and 50 as indicated on the WMA brochure map.
Use of airboats, all-terrain vehicles and tracked vehicles is prohibited.
Horses are allowed only on roads and designated horse trails.
Hunting on or from the rights-of-way of State Road 121 or County Roads 326, 336, 337 and 343 is prohibited.
The portion of the area north of Hospital Road and east of C.R. 337, known as the Hog Pond Tract, is open for hunting only during the small game season.
The portion of the area south of C.R. 326 and adjacent to the east side of C.R. 337, known as the Dove-Only Area, is open only for dove hunting as described in the Migratory Bird Seasons section.
Only shotguns are allowed for hunting in the Dove-Only Area.
Hunting at night with a gun is prohibited (see exception for small game season).
Hunting with dogs is prohibited during archery, muzzleloading gun and general gun still seasons.
During general gun dog season, hunting with dogs with a shoulder height of more than 17 inches is prohibited.
During the family hunt, hunting with dogs other than waterfowl retrievers and bird dogs is prohibited.
During small game season, hunting with dogs is prohibited except by persons hunting raccoon or opossum at night who are in possession of a special use access permit from the FFS (352-566-5225) and dogs may be used for hunting small game (quail, rabbit, squirrel and migratory birds).
Camping is allowed only by permit from the FFS (see Florida Forest Service Rules and Information below).
Archery, muzzleloading gun and general gun seasons - See statewide limits below.
Family hunt - 1 antlered and 1 antlerless deer per quota permit (not per person).
Legal to Hunt - Deer with at least 1 antler having 2 or more points (each point 1-inch or more in length) and having at least 1 antler 5-inches or more in length, antlerless deer (which includes does and bucks with antlers less than 5 inches in length, but not spotted fawn), wild hog, turkey of either sex, gray squirrel, quail, rabbit, raccoon, opossum, armadillo, beaver, coyote, skunk, nutria and migratory birds in season.
Legal to Hunt - Deer with at least 1 antler having 2 or more points (each point 1-inch or more in length) and having at least 1 antler 5-inches or more in length, wild hog, gray squirrel, quail, rabbit, raccoon, opossum, armadillo, beaver, coyote, skunk, nutria and migratory birds in season.
General Gun Still Season Expand/Collapse General Gun Still Season
November 2-4, 5-7 and 8-11.
General Gun Dog Season Expand/Collapse General Gun Dog Season
November 15-17, 18-21 and 22-25.
Regulations Unique to General Gun Dog Season - Only dogs with a shoulder height of 17 inches or less may be used for hunting.
December 28-29.
Legal to Hunt - Deer with at least 1 antler having 2 or more points (each point 1-inch or more in length) and having at least 1 antler 5-inches or more in length, antlerless deer (which includes does and bucks with antlers less than 5 inches in length, but not spotted fawn), wild hog, gray squirrel, quail, rabbit, raccoon, opossum, armadillo, beaver, coyote, skunk, nutria, bobcat, otter and migratory birds in season.
January 4 through February 2.
Persons in possession of a special use access permit from the FFS (352-566-5225) may hunt raccoon or opossum at night with the aid of a light and dogs, with .22 rimfire firearms other than .22 magnum, or with a single-shot .410 shotgun using shot no larger than No. 6. Hunting raccoon or opossum by display or use of a light from a moving vehicle, boat or animal is prohibited.
Dogs may be used to hunt quail, rabbit, squirrel and migratory birds.
March 21-27, March 28 through April 5 and April 6-12.
In the Dove-Only Area, mourning dove and white-winged dove may be hunted during statewide migratory bird seasons for these species. On the remainder of the area, rails, common moorhen, mourning dove, white-winged dove, snipe, ducks, geese, coot, woodcock and crows may be hunted during statewide migratory bird seasons that coincide with the seasons where migratory birds are listed as legal to hunt in this brochure, except hunting on the Hog Pond Tract is allowed only during the small game season.
Only mourning dove and white-winged dove may be hunted in the Dove-Only Area (see map). Hunting other animals in this area is prohibited. A quota permit is not required.
Permit, Stamp and License Requirements - Fishing license (if fishing) or management area permit (if frogging). A special use access permit from the FFS is required to frog on the area from 1½ hours after sunset until 1½ hours before sunrise (352-566-5225).
This land was acquired under the Conservation and Recreational Lands (CARL) program. The purpose of CARL is to conserve and protect unique and irreplaceable lands and water resources, restore areas to their original condition, as much as possible, and allow controlled multiple recreational and educational uses consistent with this purpose.
As a courtesy to other forest users, please remove your flagging at the end of each hunt.
The Florida Forest Service (FFS) requires a fee at some day-use areas and all campgrounds. Hunters are exempt from paying day-use fees 2 weeks prior to and during scheduled hunts. All campground and other fees apply. For information on general recreation and fees, please contact the FFS at 352-566-5225.
The maximum speed limit on all forest roads is 30 MPH unless otherwise posted.
The FFS management includes prescribed burning and timber management most months of the year, including hunting seasons. Area users should contact the FFS for information and location of burn areas, 352-566-5225.
Goethe State Forest is a multiple-use forest and other recreational users may be on the WMA during hunting seasons. To reduce the potential for conflicts between user groups, hunters are encouraged to set up their stands and blinds away from the designated trails and open roads.


text:
Language & Literature /
Memoir & Biography /
John Ford [Paperback]
Joseph McBride (Author); Michael Wilmington (Author)
Published by : University Press of Kentucky
Series: Screen Classics
Orson Welles was once asked which directors he most admired. He replied: "The old masters. By which I mean John Ford, John Ford, and John Ford." A legend in his own time, John Ford (1894–1973) received a record four Academy Awards for best directo... .... Learn More
John Ford [Hardback]
Gatewood: Kentucky's Uncommon Man [Hardback]
Matthew Strandmark (Author)
Series: Kentucky Remembered: An Oral History Series
When Louis Gatewood Galbraith passed away in 2012, a flood of tributes merely scratched the surface of this "colorful" and controversial figure. Throughout his life and political career, regional and national media outlets focused on the policy id... .... Learn More
The Coal Miner Who Became Governor [Hardback]
Paul E. Patton (Author); Jeffrey S. Suchanek (Other)
Born in Fallsburg, Kentucky, in a tenant house insulated with newspapers, Paul Patton had a humble upbringing that held few clues about his future as one of the most prominent politicians in the history of the state. From the coal mines of eastern... .... Learn More
Commanding Professionalism: Simpson, Moore, and the Ninth US Army [Hardback]
William Stuart Nance (Author)
Series: American Warriors Series
When one thinks of influential World War II military figures, five-star generals such as Dwight D. Eisenhower and Omar Bradley instantly come to mind. As important as these central figures were to the Second World War, the conflict produced equall... .... Learn More
The Warner Brothers [Hardback]
Chris Yogerst (Author); Michael Uslan (Author)
One of the oldest and most recognizable studios in Hollywood, Warner Bros. is considered a juggernaut of the entertainment industry. Since its formation in the early twentieth century, the studio has been a constant presence in cinema history, res... .... Learn More
Clarence Brown: Hollywood's Forgotten Master [Paperback]
Gwenda Young (Author); Kevin Brownlow (Author)
Greta Garbo proclaimed him as her favorite director. Actors, actresses, and even child stars were so at ease under his direction that they were able to deliver inspired and powerful performances. Academy–Award–nominated director Clarence Brown (18... .... Learn More
Eleanor Powell: Born to Dance [Hardback]
Paula Broussard (Author); Lisa Royère (Author)
When considering the best dancers in Hollywood's history, some obvious names come to mind - Fred Astaire, Gene Kelly, and Bill Robinson. Yet often overlooked is one of the most gifted and creative dancers of all time, Eleanor Powell. Powell's effe... .... Learn More
Hans Christian Andersen – A Cultural Icon [Hardback]
Anne Klara Bom (Author)
Hans Christian Andersen is an cultural icon. But what is an icon exactly? And how did Hans Christian Andersen become one? In Denmark and abroad. This book looks into the different meanings and uses of the word icon and into the making of the cultu... .... Learn More
Jessica Lange: An Adventurer's Heart [Hardback]
Anthony Uzarowski (Author)
Brilliant, beautiful, driven, uncompromising, elusive, iconic - Jessica Lange is one of the most gifted and fascinating actors of her generation. From her rise to fame in Dino De Laurentiis's remake of King Kong (1976) and her Oscar-winning perfor... .... Learn More


I have an issue with inter company invoice. the problem is that the delivering plant/companu code can see the tax component in the invoice where as the selling sales orgn is not getting the tax..assuch, there is a difference in the receivables and payables..the accounting information shows that the data is not posted against the PO number..
I am still not clear with issue.Can you explain in detail?
No currency conversion takes place in the document..moreover..if it is aproblem arising of currency conversion..then even the other conditions should not have got posted against the PO..


Or to call it what it is: theological propaganda.
Google is also responding to the growing skepticism in climate science by starting "an effort to foster a more open, transparent and accessible scientific dialogue aimed at inspiring pioneering use of technology, new media and computational thinking in the communication of science to diverse audiences." They'll start by focusing on communicating the science on climate change.
That means they are going to help ramp up climate propaganda. According to their press release at Google blog, they've started the effort by selecting 21 mid-career Ph.D. scientists who have "the strongest potential to become excellent communicators." A list of the 21 selected members can viewed at the website.
Following the workshop, fellows will be given the opportunity to apply for grants to put their ideas into practice. Those with the most impactful projects will be given the opportunity to join a Lindblad Expeditions & National Geographic trip to the Arctic, the Galapagos or Antarctica as a science communicator.
Expect to see more calving ice footage – dubbed with dire messages of planetary destruction. Folks, they've been crowing this 20 years.
This is not the Internet giant's first effort to try to sway public opinion concerning climate change. Last year it launched Google Earth map "which shows how the world would be affected by a global average temperature increase of 4C in a bid to rebuild public trust in climate science," the UK Telegraph writes here.
Thankfully, trust is real hard to rebuild once lost. And it doesn't get rebuilt by returning (again) to the old scare-mongering and serial exaggerating. If they truly wish to win back the trust of the public, then they have to start being honest. But they can't afford that because that would mean the end of their Utopian pipe dream and scam.
And check out this jewel of propaganda made with massaging, über-alarmist Al Gore.
It's the "science is settled" mantra, "now get with the program" message all over again hah.
The world is confronted by an insane Left, crazed by the lust for total control. An incompetent climate science is just its tool. Being an honest, competent scientist, I cannot say "hah" to that, it's not funny at all. It is obscene. When the worldwide science community confronts its own incompetence to date, and the corruption of all of its institutions to a political ideology, then I will say "hah", and "finally".
Just speculation: Anything to do with the recent meeting with Obama?
My WAG is no. Seems too longterm a plan. But who knows what else, if anything, was discussed.
You are right. The relationship is long term.
One of those crazy ideas of Larry and Sergej that go nowhere.
Yep, CNN and Apple Computer are also in on this deal.
I have written to Apple that I will stop using their computers if they continue to support the political doctrine of Anthropogenic Global Warming that is aimed to destroy the West.
CNN, the only US news outlet available on networks in the Netherlands and Germany can be switched off and you don't have to use Google.
But I haven;t found a better search engine yet an the best way for us to respond is to make them know that we think they are on the wrong track.
Google is wasting its time and money. People are fed up with alarm while they freeze at home. It's simple as that.
Yes, Google support of crony-corporatism and socialist-Democrats is of long standing, which I imagine is due to the misguided idealism of its founders — or the goodies they are receiving from the Obama administration and global corporations. Same with those owning the "mainstream" media, and, of course, those corporations that make up the Chamber of Commerce. Apple was also mentioned. They are all on the AGW cap-n-trade bandwagon/payroll in some way. Furthermore, Google was complicit in hiding Obama's background, willingly erasing information from many sites; they posted overwhelmingly positive sources for Obama as well as mostly negative for H Clinton during the primaries. I found the same biases today as I tried to search for the details of Wisc Gov Walker's budget proposal. The information I received was not "fair and balanced". Unfortunately, it still remains the best search site I can find. I constantly do my own filtering of Google's disgusting bias.
I look forward to in-depth research about the money and influence that is at stake for these businesses and institutions to take such an anti-American (country, citizen) and anti-science stance. I'm sure the evidence will curl our toes. This is indeed a battle but exactly how do the forces line up? Both Democrats and Republicans are complicit in the U.S. So far thank goodness for the Tea Party movement. I consider it one of those "great awakening" moments of a very large number of citizens.
Joe Bastardi resigns at AccuWeather.


text:
package org.wildfly.extension.camel.config;

@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class ConfigException extends RuntimeException {

    ConfigException(String message) {
        super(message);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn's Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) and its allies won all seats in the House of Peoples' Representatives. Two main opposition groups rejected the election results, arguing that their supporters were harassed. Those groups were Medrek ('Forum', founded in 2008 (see note)) and the Semayawi party ('Blue Party', established in 2012). No international observers monitored the elections. The African Union said the elections were "generally peaceful and calm ". The elections were the first to be held under Prime Minister Desalegn. He succeeded Mr. Meles Zenawi, the long-serving Prime Minister and former President, who died in office in 2012. The EPRDF has been in power since 1991. During the election campaign, the party focused attention on its achievements while in government, citing stability, economic growth and development. The campaigning of opposition parties was reportedly invisible. Medrek used the slogan "I vote for clean hands" while the Semayawi party called for justice and freedom. Note: In the 2010 elections, the EPRDF and its allies took 545 of the 547 seats. Medrek, also known as the Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum (FORUM), became the sole voice of opposition represented in the outgoing legislature along with one independent member.


text:
Panthers tender Andrew Norwell
Max Henson
CHARLOTTE – The Panthers have placed a second-round tender on restricted free agent guard Andrew Norwell to retain his rights for the 2017 season.
By tendering a contract to Norwell, Carolina has the right of first refusal on any contract offers made by other teams to Norwell by the April 21 deadline. The Panthers would receive a second-round draft pick if they chose to not match an offer.
Norwell has played in 39 games with 38 starts in three seasons with Carolina. The former undrafted free agent from Ohio State, who has earned admiration from teammates and coaches with his relentless effort, started all 16 games at left guard in 2016.
The Panthers also tendered two exclusive rights free agents – center Tyler Larsen and punter Michael Palardy, both of whom made their NFL debuts in 2016 when injuries forced them into action.
Larsen played in nine games and made five starts. Palardy played in seven games, recording a 42.5 gross average with a 37.9 net and 13 punts inside the 20.


I am launching in June an ice cream popup store...two-hours consultation first, with the potential of becoming a more frequent collaboration that ultimately will last for a long time. Ideal person, I want to work with: All-rounder knowledge of retail marketing, ice cream industry, and distribution would be a huge plus. I am happy to pay for quality.
I am looking for a senior shopify app developer who can fix the simple issues on my shopify app.
We are looking for skilled mobile app designer having experience in designing outstanding User Interface.
Im searching for a Facebook Ads Manager specialist. Someone who could show me how it works for 1-2 hours.
Hi, I'm looking for someone who can build cross-poster tool automation on our own (already build) platform. The cross-poster is something we want to use for Reddit.
Hey, i am looking for a professional personal assistant who can manage my account, write applications for jobs. Please let me know if you are interested in this job.


text:
Dodonaea serratifolia är en kinesträdsväxtart som beskrevs av Mcgillivray. Dodonaea serratifolia ingår i släktet Dodonaea och familjen kinesträdsväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Kinesträdsväxter
serratifolia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Suspect in custody following a standoff in Pueblo County
The Pueblo County Sheriff's Office and SWAT Team were called to an area east of Pueblo on Tuesday.
By Jon Wiener
Published: Nov. 16, 2021 at 11:43 AM MST|Updated: Nov. 16, 2021 at 3:12 PM MST
PUEBLO COUNTY, Colo. (KKTV) - The Pueblo County Sheriff's Office and SWAT Team were called to an area east of Pueblo on Tuesday.
A standoff lasted for several hours near 30th Lane and Jordan Road, the area is just south of Highway 50. Authorities tell 11 News the home where the standoff took place became the focus of an investigation tied to a string of gun shop burglaries, all of the burglaries taking place this past weekend. A total of three stores were robbed.
Deputies surrounded the property and cleared several mobile homes on the site before advancing to the main house.
They used tear gas on the house several times to try and force the suspect to exit the home.
Several people living in the mobile homes nearby were evacuated when the standoff began. They will not be allowed to return home until the health department determines that the area is safe to return to.
Until then, the Sheriff's Office has arranged for them to stay in a hotel.
multiple dogs that were inside the home during the standoff were exposed to tear gas. Those dogs were treated by medics as the scene cleared.
A suspect was taken into custody Tuesday afternoon, however the sheriff's office didn't identify that person.
Law enforcement responded to a scene in Pueblo County where a person was barricaded inside a home.


text:
1Biography
2Statistics
4Other websites
Yoshiteru Yamashita
(1977-11-21) November 21, 1977 (age 45)
Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
1.77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)
Youth career
Higashi Fukuoka High School
Avispa Fukuoka 118 (27)
Vegalta Sendai 59 (14)
Kashiwa Reysol 27 (1)
→Omiya Ardija (loan) 5 (0)
Tochigi SC 28 (6)
FC Ryukyu 93 (19)
Japan U-20 2 (0)
Japan 3 (0)
Representing Japan
2001 Korea-Japan
Yoshiteru Yamashita (山下 芳輝, Yamashita Yoshiteru, born November 21, 1977) is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography[change | change source]
Yamashita was born in Fukuoka on November 21, 1977. After graduating from Higashi Fukuoka High School, he joined J1 League side Avispa Fukuoka in 1996. He played many matches from first season. However the club relegated to J2 League in 2001 and he moved to Vegalta Sendai. However the club relegated to J2 in 2003 again and he moved to Kashiwa Reysol in 2004. However his opportunity to play decreased. He also played in Omiya Ardija on loan in 2005. He moved to Japan Football League club Tochigi SC in 2007 and FC Ryukyu in 2008. He retired end of 2010 season.
In June 1997, Yamashita was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1997 World Youth Championship. He played in 2 matches. In 2001, Yamashita was selected the Japan national team for 2001 Confederations Cup. He made his international debut in the tournament on June 4 against Brazil. At this tournament, Japan won the 2nd place. He earned 3 caps between 2001 and 2003 and scored no goals for Japan.
Statistics[change | change source]
Emperor's Cup
J.League Cup
1996 Avispa Fukuoka J1 League 19 2 2 2 6 2 27 6
1997 13 3 3 0 6 0 22 3
2000 8 3 0 0 0 0 8 3
2002 Vegalta Sendai J1 League 30 10 1 0 0 0 31 10
2004 Kashiwa Reysol J1 League 13 0 0 0 3 0 16 0
2005 9 1 0 0 2 0 11 1
2005 Omiya Ardija J1 League 5 0 1 0 2 0 8 0
2006 Kashiwa Reysol J2 League 5 0 0 0 - 5 0
2007 Tochigi SC Football League 28 6 2 0 - 30 6
2008 FC Ryukyu Football League 31 6 - - 31 6
2009 30 9 - - 30 9
2010 32 4 0 0 - 32 4
↑ Yoshiteru Yamashita at National-Football-Teams.com
↑ Yoshiteru Yamashita at J.League (in Japanese)
↑ Japan National Football Team Database
Yoshiteru Yamashita at FIFA
Yoshiteru Yamashita at J.League (player) (in Japanese)
Yoshiteru Yamashita at National Football Teams.com
Yoshiteru Yamashita at Soccerway.com
Yoshiteru Yamashita at WorldFootball.net
Yoshiteru Yamashita at Transfermarkt (player)
This short article about a Japanese sports person can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
Japan squad – 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup runners-up
1 Kawaguchi
2 Uemura
3 Matsuda
4 Morioka
5 Inamoto
6 Hattori
7 H. Nakata
8 Morishima
9 Nishizawa
10 Miura
11 Nakayama
12 Narazaki
13 Yamashita
14 Ito
15 Fujita
16 K. Nakata
17 Myojin
18 Toda
19 Kubo
20 Hato
21 Ono
23 Tsuzuki
Coach: Troussier
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoshiteru_Yamashita&oldid=7439430"
Footballers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Avispa Fukuoka players
Vegalta Sendai players
Kashiwa Reysol players
Omiya Ardija players
Tochigi SC players
FC Ryukyu players
2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Articles with Japanese-language sources (ja)
Articles using sports links with data from Wikidata
Japanese sportspeople stubs
Pages using national squad without sport or team link


As winter fades into spring, and the equinox approaches, days grow longer and warmer. The natural world awakens and pushes out new growth. We, being creatures of nature, experience our own rhythm of flowing from darkness into light. Join us for a weekend rich in appreciation of nature, self-expression with mandalas, and depth of meaning.


Oversize jacket with metal zipper and two big pockets at front. The pocket openings are hidden with the big panels at front. The fabric is high quality double faced jersey - very luxurious!
Match with tight pants or the Sweat Pants.


Posted December 8, 2014 by Santo Nicotera & filed under Downtown News, Highlights, News, University News.
It may seem like a long way off but our 8th graders will be becoming 9th graders in just a few short months. On Thursday, May 21st (less than 6 months from now) the PFFS-U 8th grade class will be promoted to 9th grade at our formal promotion ceremony in the ZUZI! Theater at 6:00pm. Whereas the graduation of our 8th grade culminates in ZUZI! Theater on May 21st, the promotion process itself has begun much earlier. Our PFFS 8th graders have been collecting work examples and writing reflections since early in the 1st Semester (although some have been more diligent than others) and they will be presenting/defending portfolios of their middle school work to panels of judges on Wednesday, May 6th in what we call our 8th Grade Portfolio Exhibition.
Only students who have successfully presented/defended their portfolio and who have shown proficiency in the core competencies for the middle grades will participate in the formal 8th Grade Promotion Ceremony on May 21st. Students who are not successful with their portfolio presentation/defense on May 6th are given the opportunity to make the necessary revisions and re-present/defend their portfolio at a later date.
Preparing for these presentations is a lot of work. Now that we are concluding the 1st Semester and beginning the 2nd Semester after Winter Break, every 8th grader must be spending significant blocks of time getting both their portfolio and their presentation/defense of their portfolio ready for exhibition. We hope that Winter Break may provide opportunities for students to complete significant work on their portfolio. To download/print a copy of this description of the portfolio presentation process go to Graduation_Exhibition.


Headquartered in the Republic of Mauritius with branches offices spread across Asia, Europe and the United States, Millenium Outsourcing is a leading global communications provider that provides communication services to enterprise, government and carrier customers.
Anchored by extensive networks on six continents and connected by undersea facilities, our Global IP Network features deep metro assets reaching more than 300 markets in more than 50 countries.
Millenium Global IP Network reliably and securely provides enhanced, scalable network capabilities to address the increasing complex operating environment of today's technology landscape.
We take end-to-end responsibility for monitoring and maintaining the Millenium Global IP Network. We listen to what you need and engineer solutions conducive to your needs. Our comprehensive portfolio of hosting and IP solutions provide powerful options to address your most difficult IT challenges.
We can help your business grow, expand into new markets and improve efficiency of your operations. Because when it comes to your success, we firmly believe it's just as much our responsibility as it is yours.


text:
Q: SQLite Database in Android database doesn't created I'm trying to create a simple database in android, but the database doesn't created and i don't know why. I read many solutions but nothing help.
This is the SQLiteOpenHelper extended class
public class TodoDB extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
    public static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
    public static final String DATABASE_NAME = "todo.db";

    public TodoDB(android.content.Context context){
        super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
    }
    @Override
    public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase sqLiteDatabase) {
        String query = "CREATE TABLE "+ TaskSchema.TaskColumns.TABLE_NAME + "(" +
                TaskSchema.TaskColumns.ID + " INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, " +
                TaskSchema.TaskColumns.TITLE + " TEXT NOT NULL, " +
                TaskSchema.TaskColumns.INFORMATION + " TEXT NOT NULL, " +
                TaskSchema.TaskColumns.DATE + " TEXT NOT NULL " +
                ");";
        sqLiteDatabase.execSQL(query);
    }

    @Override
    public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase sqLiteDatabase, int i, int i1) {

    }

    public void addTask()
    {
        ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
        values.put(TaskSchema.TaskColumns.TITLE, "l");
        values.put(TaskSchema.TaskColumns.INFORMATION, "temporal");
        values.put(TaskSchema.TaskColumns.DATE,"20-8-16");
        this.getWritableDatabase().insert(TaskSchema.TaskColumns.TABLE_NAME,null,values);
    }

    public String getTask()
    {
        String args[] = {"l"};
        String columns[] = {TaskSchema.TaskColumns.TITLE};
        Cursor c = this.getReadableDatabase().query(TaskSchema.TaskColumns.TABLE_NAME,columns, TaskSchema.TaskColumns.TITLE + " LIKE ?",args,null,null,null);
        String result = c.getString(c.getColumnIndex(TaskSchema.TaskColumns.TITLE));
        return result;
    }

}

This is the activity class
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    Button addButton;
    Button deleteButton;
    TodoDB db;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        addButton =  (Button)findViewById(R.id.addButton);
        TodoDB db = new TodoDB(this);
        db.addTask();
        String test = db.getTask();
        Toast.makeText(this, test,Toast.LENGTH_SHORT);
    }
}

Pleas help.
Extra information: I used the Android monitor to find the database, but isn't in the virtual device and I ran the app in my cellphone and when I am looking for the database, it doesn't exists. when I try to do a query the app close.

A:
TodoDB db = new TodoDB(this);

Instantiating a SQLiteOpenHelper does not create the database file. You need to call getWritableDatabase() or getReadableDatabase() on it to create the database file, too. For example:
TodoDB openHelper = new TodoDB(this);
SQLiteDatabase db = openHelper.getWritableDatabase();

A: I don't know what you have done before. Have you created any other tables before trying to create this table? If yes, the onCreate() method in SQLite is called only the first time you call the class which implements it. Try deleting your app, and installing it again. Or give some other details of what you have done before

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange