text:
Q: Single Git push to two remotes with two different Config files? I have code that I push to my Bitbucket account regularly. Now, I want to push to two different remotes with single commit, but with different git.config files.
I know that I can setup different remotes like this:
git remote set-url --add --push origin git://original/repo.git
git remote set-url --add --push origin git://another/repo.git

The idea is that one config file I will be setup to include all of my code and another to not include it all. Let say code in folder "A" will be pushed to just one of the remotes. Then I will be able to give an access to the "incomplete" code to someone.
I know that git.config is specific to project, user and system and I am wondering is it possible to setup workflow like this. Is there any way to acompplish that?

A: Git branches (local as well as remote ones) do not work on directories and files but on commits.
Lets name the full source repository orig and the stripped repository pub. As the history of pub isn't allowed to contain changes unique to orig the repositories can not simply share the same commit history. Also two bramches (orig forking pub and adding some stuff e.g.) could be possible but I can't think of any convenient or even usable workflow right now.
It should be possible though to write a small script which utilizes git filter-branch to create the pub tree from the orig repository and push it to the pub remote.
As I don't know the exact commands right now from scratch, consider this as a big comment giving a general direction for a possible solution ;)
I'll add some more concrete ideas when I got the commands right.
Edit 0: at git-scm is an example to extract a subdirectory:
git filter-branch --subdirectory-filter foodir --tag-name-filter cat -- --all

The --tag-name-filter cat is used to preserve tags.
You could use this command to either write a script, that clones orig, applies the filter and pushes to the pub remote everytime you want to.
You could also issue this command once to split up your project into several repositories as SébastienDawans stated.


TV presenter and naturalist Chris Packham is to come to Ben Lawers BioBlitz, as part of the first independent audit of its kind in the UK involving Citizen Science. His goal is to highlight the extent to which the nation's species are under threat.
On 14th July he'll be coming to Ben Lawers, one of 48 sites across the country he'll be stopping off as part of his UK BioBlitz – nature reserves are not enough! Campaign.


text:
Smuggled Kenyan Sugar hurting Uganda prices
KAMPALA, Uganda—Uganda is grappling with smuggling of duty free sugar which has resulted to a drastic drop in sugar price on the Ugandan market.
Appearing before parliament to respond to allegations that government was reluctantly allowing importation of duty free sugar from Kenya which has led to a drop in prices for sugar in Uganda, the Minister of Trade, Industry and Cooperatives, Amelia Kyambadde said: "We have confirmed with Uganda Revenue Authority that: There is no direct importation of duty free sugar, there is also no dumping of sugar in transit within the country, the above drastic drop in sugar price has been caused mainly by smuggling of duty free sugar from the Republic of Kenya,"
Kyambadde said the smuggling is mainly done by boda bodas through the porous borders and then re-bagged in branded bags of Kakira, Kinyara and Lugazi sugar making it difficult for URA to seize.
She said smuggling of duty free sugar has not only hurt the sugar industry but also the out growers of sugarcane whose livelihoods entirely depend on supply of sugarcane to the factories, it has affected electricity generation, and shall eventually affect other industries that depend on by-products of sugar cane such as distillers of spirits, other beverages, bakeries and animal feed industries.
"To bring this current situation under control, the government has agreed to: Undertake operations to curtail smuggling of sugar across our borders commencing this week, allow controlled export of sugar to the regional market. I am contacting my colleague from Tanzania to have 25,000 MT of sugar exported to Tanzania, I am also formally contacting my colleague from the Kenyan Government to express our concern to the flow of sugar from across our common bordersand we are also clamping down on illegal jaggeries which are poaching sugarcane especially in Bunyoro where over 20 are currently operating," Kyambadde said.
She said URA operations seized over 55MT of illicit sugar from July to December 2017.
Kyambadde said the sugar industry is one of the fastest growing industries in Uganda contributing over UGX 290 billion in taxes in 2016/17 and employing over 60,000 Ugandans directly and indirectly. The Industry produces over 100 MW of electricity from bagasse of which over 40MW is supplied to the national grid. However the taxes and the power generated have reduced of recent.
She said over the last 10 years, sugar production has been increasing by nearly 12% annually making Uganda the only sugar surplus producing country in East Africa. Kenya produced 327,000 MT against demand of over 800,000 MT in 2017; Tanzania had a shortage of over 200,000 MT and Rwanda a shortage of 70,000 MT.
She said currently, there are 30 licensed sugar mills in the country although only 11 are in operation while the rest are at different stages of development.
She however said that early last year, sugar prices hit a maximum of UGX 8,500 per kilo in some parts of the Country. This was due to: Prolonged drought that stretched for a period of 9 months from early 2016, increased regional demand of Uganda's Sugar especially in Kenya and Rwanda and increased cost of sugar cane from UGX. 85,000 in 2016 to UGX. 175,000 in 2017.
Kyambadde however said this has since changed and prices were UGX 190,000 per 50kg bag (3800/= per kilo) in October to December 2017 and currently it is UGX 138,000 per 50 kg bag (2760/= per kilo) as of yesterday 12th February 2018.
She said to minimize the volatility in the sugar sub-sector; the Ministry is working with this parliament to improve the Sugar Bill with the view to fast tracking its enactment. "When this Bill is enacted and implemented, most of the concerns of the public will be addressed and this will further improve stability in the sugar sector," Kyambadde said.
Digital Television firm expands in Tanzania
DAR ES SALAAM, Tanzania – Star Media (Tanzania), a leading digital TV provider has announced plans to expand its services to three more regions.These are Musoma, Tabora and Singida. This means under their brand name, StarTimes, the firm will soon have 14 regions covered by its services. It is a joint venture with the Tanzania […]
Industry Investment Resources
Study says Africa can't meet energy goals without urgent investment
23rd October 2019 23rd October 2019 EABW Editor
Public and private financial institutions are not responding adequately to meet global energy goals as finance, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, remains drastically below levels needed to deliver universal access according to new Energizing Finance research released today by Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL). The Energizing Finance report series, now in its third year, has tracked […]
Kigali to host Mo Ibrahim Governance Weekend
KIGALI, RWANDA- The Mo Ibrahim Foundation will hold its annual flagship event, the Ibrahim Governance Weekend (IGW), between 27 and 29 April 2018 in Kigali, Rwanda. The IGW brings together a powerful coalition of organisations and individuals – from Africa and around the world – for an informed and frank dialogue around governance […]
Nairobi's modern logistics centre attracts E-commerce operator
7th March 2017 charlesmulungi
Overcoming Water Scarcity Naturally
23rd March 2021 23rd March 2021 Godfrey Ivudria

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


VIBEdaPLANET is an online radio station from Saint Petersburg, Russia. Human friendly, sunny, every day much needed positive vibes, and soulful music source.
We broadcast: Instrumental hip-hop, jazzy beats, funky, dub, hip-hop classic anthems over the world, 24/7-365 days by year.
VIBEdaPLANET is a grassroots production and our success over the past decade comes from the support of fans around the world. If you enjoy the show, there are many ways you can give back. Thanks to everyone for your support.
Our stream is totally free from advertising so we don't burden our minds with unnecessary information. So, we are free to listen to the music that we love and broadcast that positive vibes worldwide!
Your financial support helps us maintain our web hosting, streaming audio, and music selection. One great way to help us is to buy any stuff in VIBEdaPLANET Shop. We're also happy to receive your donations via the PayPal or Yandex button below.
In short, we truly appreciate any way you can spread the word about us! Weather it's through you posting links on your private media, your art, telling your friends about us, or just throwing VIBEdaPLANET a shout out. Peace and respect!
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text:
[travis-image]: https://img.shields.io/travis/feross/standard-packages.svg?style=flat
[travis-url]: https://travis-ci.org/feross/standard-packages
[npm-image]: https://img.shields.io/npm/v/standard-packages.svg?style=flat
[npm-url]: https://npmjs.org/package/standard-packages

### List of packages that use [`standard`](https://github.com/feross/standard)

[![js-standard-style](https://cdn.rawgit.com/feross/standard/master/badge.svg)](https://github.com/feross/standard)

### [View the list (standard.json)](standard.json)

## Usage

```js
var packages = require('standard-packages')
packages.forEach(function (pkg) {
  console.log('package name', pkg.name)
  console.log('repo url', pkg.repo)
})
```

## Contribute

To update the data in `standard.json` run:

```bash
npm run fetch
npm start
```
:warning: `npm run fetch` will download and save a ~300MB file named `alldata.json` to the package directory.

## License

MIT. Copyright (c) [Feross Aboukhadijeh](http://feross.org).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Flick throught images on hover, irregular animation speed Context: I've got a block of images, absolutely positioned on top of each other. On mouseover the images are shown, one after the other, by adding a css class which moves the image to the top of the pile. When the last image is reached the first image is shown, and this continues until mouseout.
Reference: Here is a reference site to see a similar effect. (mouseover the image block).
HTML:

Code:
var flickerImg = jQuery('#flicker img');

jQuery('#flicker').hover(
      function() {
        flicker = setInterval(function() {
          if (flickerImg.last().hasClass('active')) {
            flickerImg.removeClass('active').first().addClass('active');
          }
          else {
            jQuery('#flicker img.active').removeClass('active')
                                         .next().addClass('active');
          }
       }, 100);
    },
    function() {
        clearInterval(flicker);
    });

Question: The animation seems to speed up after a few iterations. Is there a better way of coding this, or a change to give a more consistent animation?

A: I set up an example of how I might do it to mimic the reference site at http://jsfiddle.net/brianflanagan/kLJd3/.  I'm not sure I'm seeing the speed up that you're experiencing, though at times it did feel like it was speeding up.  I left it running for 5 minutes or so to see if the effect continued, but it didn't.  I suspect that it may be more of an optical illusion than anything else.  I tested in Chrome 11 and I tried different interval settings to see if it made any difference, but it seemed to execute consistently for me regardless of the interval.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Carlos Luis de Borbón, Duque de Montelimon1
M, #103321, b. 31 January 1818, d. 13 January 1861
Consanguinity Index=19.47%
Carlos Luis de Borbón, Duque de Montelimon was born on 31 January 1818 at Madrid, SpainG. He was the son of Carlos Maria de Borbón, Duques de Molina and Maria Francesca de Bragança, Infanta de Portugal.1 He married Maria Carolina di Borbone, Principessa di Borbone delle Due Sicilie, daughter of Francesco I di Borbone, Re delle Due Sicilie and Maria Isabel de Borbón, Infanta de España, on 10 July 1850. He died on 13 January 1861 at age 42 at Trieste, ItalyG.
He was a member of the House of Bourbon. He gained the title of Duque de Montelimon.1
He was the Carlist claimant to Spanish throne, styled Carlos VI.
[S16] Jirí Louda and Michael MacLagan, Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, 2nd edition (London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company, 1999), table 51. Hereinafter cited as Lines of Succession.
Prince Georgii XIII Aleksandrovich Bagration-Moukhransky1
Georgii XIII, Prince Bagration-Moukhransky 2
Prince Georgii XIII Aleksandrovich Bagration-Moukhransky is the son of Prince Aleksander Bagration-Moukhransky.2 He married Elena Zlotnicka.3
Children of Prince Georgii XIII Aleksandrovich Bagration-Moukhransky and Elena Zlotnicka
Prince Irakli Georgeievich Bagration-Moukhransky+2 b. 3 Apr 1909, d. 1977
Leonida Georgiievna Bagration-Moukhranskya, Princess Bagration-Moukhranskya+ b. 23 Sep 1914, d. 23 May 2010
[S12] C. Arnold McNaughton, The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy, in 3 volumes (London, U.K.: Garnstone Press, 1973), volume 1, page 304. Hereinafter cited as The Book of Kings.
[S130] Wikipedia, online http;//www.wikipedia.org. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
[S3] Marlene A. Eilers, Queen Victoria's Descendants (Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1987), page 197. Hereinafter cited as Queen Victoria's Descendants.
Ioann Konstantinovich Romanov, Prince of Russia1
M, #103323, b. 6 July 1886, d. 17 July 1918
Ioann Konstantinovich Romanov, Prince of Russia was born on 6 July 1886 [23 June 1886 O.S.] at Pavlovsk, RussiaG.1 He was the son of Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia and Elisabeth Prinzessin von Sachsen-Altenburg. He married Helena Karageorgievich, Princess of Serbia, daughter of Peter I Karageorgievich, King of Serbia and Zorka Ljubica Petrovic-Njegoš, Princess of Montenegro, on 21 August 1911 at Peterhof Palace, St. Petersburg, RussiaG.1 He died on 17 July 1918 at age 32 executed by the Bolsheviks by being thrown down a mineshaft.1
He gained the title of Prince Ivan of Russia.1
Children of Ioann Konstantinovich Romanov, Prince of Russia and Helena Karageorgievich, Princess of Serbia
Vsevelod Ioannovich Romanov, Prince of Russia2 b. 20 Jan 1914, d. 18 Jun 1973
Ekaterina Ioannovna Romanova, Princess of Russia+2 b. 12 Jul 1915, d. 13 Mar 2007
[S12] C. Arnold McNaughton, The Book of Kings, volume 1, page 316.
Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov, Prince of Russia1
M, #103324, b. 1 January 1891, d. 17 July 1918
Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov, Prince of Russia was born on 1 January 1891 [20 Dec 1890 O.S.] at St. Petersburg, RussiaG.1 He was the son of Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia and Elisabeth Prinzessin von Sachsen-Altenburg. He died on 17 July 1918 at age 27 executed by the Bolsheviks by being thrown down a mineshaft.1
He gained the title of Prince Konstantin of Russia.1
Igor Konstantinovich Romanov Prince of Russia1
M, #103325, b. 6 May 1894, d. 17 July 1918
Igor Konstantinovich Romanov Prince of Russia was born on 6 May 1894 at St. Petersburg, RussiaG.1 He was the son of Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia and Elisabeth Prinzessin von Sachsen-Altenburg. He was also reported to have been born on 29 May 1894 at StrelnaG. He died on 17 July 1918 at age 24 executed by the Bolsheviks by being thrown down a mineshaft.1
He gained the title of Prince Igor of Russia.1
Helena Karageorgievich, Princess of Serbia1
F, #103326, b. 23 October 1884, d. 16 October 1962
Helena Karageorgievich, Princess of Serbia was born on 23 October 1884 at Rijeka, CroatiaG.1 She was the daughter of Peter I Karageorgievich, King of Serbia and Zorka Ljubica Petrovic-Njegoš, Princess of Montenegro.1 She married Ioann Konstantinovich Romanov, Prince of Russia, son of Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia and Elisabeth Prinzessin von Sachsen-Altenburg, on 21 August 1911 at Peterhof Palace, St. Petersburg, RussiaG.2 She died on 16 October 1962 at age 77 at Nice, FranceG.1
She gained the title of Princess Helena of Serbia.1
Children of Helena Karageorgievich, Princess of Serbia and Ioann Konstantinovich Romanov, Prince of Russia
Lady Mary Lygon1,2
F, #103327, b. 12 February 1910, d. 27 September 1982
Lady Mary Lygon
by Ranken 3
Lady Mary Lygon was born on 12 February 1910.1 She was the daughter of William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp and Lady Lettice Mary Elizabeth Grosvenor.1,2 She married Vsevelod Ioannovich Romanov, Prince of Russia, son of Ioann Konstantinovich Romanov, Prince of Russia and Helena Karageorgievich, Princess of Serbia, on 31 May 1939 at London, EnglandG.1 She and Vsevelod Ioannovich Romanov, Prince of Russia were divorced on 10 February 1956 at London, EnglandG.1 She died on 27 September 1982 at age 72.
After her marriage, Lady Mary Lygon was styled as HSH Princess Mary Romanovskya-Pavlovskya in 1939.1 From 31 May 1939, her married name became Lady Romanov.1 In 1957 her name was legally changed to Lygon.2
Karl II Eugen Herzog von Württemberg1
M, #103328, b. 11 February 1728, d. 24 October 1793
Karl II Eugen Herzog von Württemberg was born on 11 February 1728 at Brussels, BelgiumG.1 He was the son of Karl I Alexander Herzog von Württemberg and Marie-Auguste Prinzessin von Thurn und Taxis.1 He married, firstly, Friederike Prinzessin von Brandenburg-Bayreuth, daughter of Friedrich Markgraf von Brandenburg-Bayreuth and Friederike Sophie Wilhelmine Prinzessin von Preußen, on 26 September 1748 at Bayreuth, Bayern, GermanyG.1 He and Friederike Prinzessin von Brandenburg-Bayreuth were divorced in 1754.1 He married, secondly, Franziska Therese von Bernerdin, daughter of Ludwig Wilhelm von Bernerdin, on 10 January 1785.1 He died on 24 October 1793 at age 65 at Hohenheim, GermanyG.1
He succeeded as the Herzog von Württemberg (styled as Reigning Duke of Württemberg-Stuttgart) on 12 March 1737.1
Child of Karl II Eugen Herzog von Württemberg and Anna Franchi
Baronne Eleanore de Franquemont+2
Child of Karl II Eugen Herzog von Württemberg and Franziska Therese von Bernerdin
Friederike Herzogin von Württemberg-Stuttgart1 b. 19 Feb 1750, d. 12 Mar 1751
[S3656] Dorothy Madsen, "re: Gardiner Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger LUNDY (101053), 6 March 2009. Hereinafter cited as "re: Gardiner Family."
Friederike Dorothea Prinzessin von Brandenburg-Schwedt1
F, #103329, b. 18 December 1736, d. 9 March 1798
Friederike Prinzessin von Brandenburg-Schwedt 2
Friederike Dorothea Prinzessin von Brandenburg-Schwedt was born on 18 December 1736 at Schwedt, GermanyG.3 She was the daughter of Friedrich Wilhelm Markgraf von Brandenburg-Schwedt and Sophie Dorothea Marie Prinzessin von Preußen.1 She married Friedrich II Eugen Heinrich Herzog von Württemberg, son of Karl I Alexander Herzog von Württemberg and Marie-Auguste Prinzessin von Thurn und Taxis, on 29 November 1753 at Schwedt, GermanyG.3 She died on 9 March 1798 at age 61 at Stuttgart, Baden-Württemburg, Germany.3
Children of Friederike Dorothea Prinzessin von Brandenburg-Schwedt and Friedrich II Eugen Heinrich Herzog von Württemberg
Friedrich II (I) Wilhelm Karl König von Württemberg+4 b. 6 Nov 1754, d. 30 Oct 1816
Ludwig Friedrich Alexander Herzog von Württemberg+3 b. 30 Aug 1756, d. 20 Sep 1817
Eugen Friedrich Heinrich Herzog von Württemberg+5 b. 21 Nov 1758, d. 20 Jun 1822
Sophia Dorothea Prinzessin von Württemberg+ b. 25 Oct 1759, d. 5 Nov 1828
Wilhelm Friedrich Herzog von Württemberg+5 b. 27 Dec 1761, d. 10 Aug 1830
Ferdinand August Herzog von Württemberg5 b. 22 Oct 1763, d. 20 Jan 1834
Friederike Herzogin von Württemberg+6 b. 27 Jul 1765, d. 24 Nov 1785
Elisabeth Wilhelmine Herzogin von Württemberg+5 b. 21 Apr 1767, d. 18 Feb 1790
Friederike Wilhelmine Herzogin von Württemberg5 b. 3 Jun 1768, d. 22 Oct 1768
Karl Herzog von Württemberg7 b. 3 May 1770, d. 22 Aug 1791
Alexander Friedrich Carl Herzog von Württemberg+8 b. 24 Apr 1771, d. 4 Jul 1833
Karl Heinrich Friedrich Herzog von Württemberg+7 b. 3 Jul 1772, d. 28 Jul 1833
[S12] C. Arnold McNaughton, The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy, in 3 volumes (London, U.K.: Garnstone Press, 1973), volume 1, page 78. Hereinafter cited as The Book of Kings.
[S3409] Caroline Maubois, "re: Penancoet Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger Lundy, 2 December 2008. Hereinafter cited as "re: Penancoet Family."
[S213] Unknown author, "unknown article title," European Royal History Journal: volume 8.1, page 23.
[S5] Dulcie M. Ashdown, Victoria and the Coburgs (London, U.K.: Robert Hale, 1981), page 27. Hereinafter cited as Victoria and the Coburgs.
Christian August Prinz von Anhalt-Zerbst1
M, #103330, b. 29 November 1690, d. 16 March 1747
Christian August Prinz von Anhalt-Zerbst was born on 29 November 1690 at Dornburg, GermanyG. He was the son of Johann Ludwig Prinz von Anhalt-Zerbst and Christine Eleonore von Zeutsch. He married Johanna Elisabeth Prinzessin von Holstein-Gottorp, daughter of Christian August Herzog von Holstein-Gottorp and Albertine Markgräfin von Baden-Durlach, in 1727 at VecheldeG.2 He died on 16 March 1747 at age 56 at ZerbstG.
He gained the title of Prinz von Anhalt-Zerbst.
Children of Christian August Prinz von Anhalt-Zerbst and Johanna Elisabeth Prinzessin von Holstein-Gottorp
Catherine II Sofie Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst, Tsarina of Russia+ b. 2 May 1729, d. 17 Nov 1796
Wilhelm Christian Friedrich von Anhalt-Zerbst b. 1730, d. 1742
Friedrich August von Anhalt-Zerbst b. 1734, d. 1793
Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst b. 1736, d. 1736
Elisabeth von Anhalt-Zerbst b. 1742, d. 1745
[S16] Jirí Louda and Michael MacLagan, Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, 2nd edition (London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company, 1999), table 137. Hereinafter cited as Lines of Succession.


text:
Show Your Lawmakers You Support Clean Energy Jobs
Let's keep the Clean Energy Jobs momentum going strong in Oregon. Tell your lawmakers you want bold climate action.
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Not every entrepreneur or business owner is comfortable negotiating. Many dread the adversarial nature of negotiation. Even so, it's difficult (and perhaps impossible) to operate a small business or startup and not negotiate agreements with employees, vendors, customers, and others.
I've negotiated with thousands of people (for 13 years as an attorney and for the past 10 as an entrepreneur and business owner). Here are ten suggestions that I hope will help you negotiate, based on my experience and practice.
What will you do if you are unable to reach agreement? Do you have a number of options and are those options both realistic and practical? If you create a best alternative, you'll always understand your bottom line (because it will be just slightly better than your best alternative).
Most negotiations require a great deal of preparation and strategizing before you begin negotiating. Part of the preparation involves identifying your goals and bottom line, as well as your best alternative. But research is equally important. The more you know about the other side – the more options you'll have during the negotiation.
You'll rarely be able to find much information about the person with whom you're negotiating (although this is becoming easier with the amount of information accessible online). But you'll nearly always be able to find tons of information about their company. Among other things, try to determine what's important to the other side and how far they might go to close the deal. You should also understand when something is important to the other side.
Finally, consider what will happen during the life of the agreement. Negotiate concessions on terms that protect you throughout the life of the agreement (such as early termination provisions without penalty).
Small business owners and young entrepreneurs often get intimidated when negotiating with larger companies. Larger companies know this – they tell you they have "form" agreements and their legal team won't let them negotiate. Most of the time, that's untrue.
Once you allow yourself to be intimidated, you'll have difficulty getting your needed concessions during the negotiation. Good preparation and a solid Plan B will help you start the negotiation on level ground – and your ability to negotiate as equals will help you obtain the necessary concessions to make a deal happen.
Here's a good example from my experience with crowdSPRING. When clients post projects on crowdSPRING, we require that their funds be escrowed with us in advance – before their project posts. From time to time, a Fortune 500 company will question this practice because they are used to terms that allow them to pay vendors 60 or more days after the services or goods are provided to them. They do their best to impress us with their complex payment processes and rarely forget to mention that they are a large company and we're a tiny startup.
They don't intimidate us. We politely explain our policies and practices to them and let them know that we do not make any exceptions on our escrow requirements – even for large companies. In every case – these large companies find ways to work around their "complex payment systems" and comply with our requirements.
Pay attention to perception and emotion.
People are imperfect – we get emotional, have varied goals and interests, and tend to look at negotiations from our own point of view. We rarely take the time to consider the other side's point of view. How the other side perceives your negotiating positions and tactics – and your emotional responses – will strongly influence their participation and responses during the negotiation.
Evaluate the environmental factors over which you have control and change them to help with the negotiation. For example, if you're negotiating in person, sit next to the other person, instead of across the table from them. Your body language will reinforce your nonconfrontational message that you want to work together to solve some of the sticking points left in the negotiation.
Although your goal in the negotiation is usually to obtain agreement on your key terms, there are times when you should walk away instead of negotiating further – if the other party isn't yielding.
I do this all the time. And more often than not, the other party will contact you again – and make enough concessions to bring you back to the negotiating table.
Sometimes, I walk because that's part of my strategy going in. If I've carefully researched the other side and know they're bluffing about certain key terms that they can't accept, I'll plan to walk – in advance. At other times, the decision to walk is prompted by what happens during the negotiation. But I always – ALWAYS – know my next best alternative.
Never presume that the other side understands your interests or that you understand their interests. Some people successfully create "fake" important interests so that they could bargain them away during the negotiation and make the other side feel like they've obtained serious concessions. This tactic can work but I've used it very rarely because it can often be distracting and sometimes, devolves the negotiation into a collateral dispute that could compromise the actual deal.
Negotiation is a competitive activity and people generally like to win when they compete. That's why it's rare for one party to come out of a negotiation with the perfect deal – they must make concessions along the way. Listen carefully when you discuss deal terms and get a feel for what's most important and less important to the other side.
Although some people argue that you should try not to make any concessions because doing so will only seem weak – I disagree. You should look for areas that are unimportant to you – but important to the other side – and make concessions on those points. Don't just give up those points outright before you begin – but do take note of them and concede them as you negotiate.
Confirm points of agreement and disagreement.


text:
\section{Introduction}
The ever increasing demands for high data rate and low outage probability have driven researchers around the world to keep developing new technologies for wireless communications. Heterogeneous cellular system with various tiers of base stations (BSs) is one of those new technologies proposed recently to increase coverage and system throughput \cite{Li2011}. A practical heterogenous cellular system as shown in Fig. 1 involves two tiers of BSs: macro BSs and pico BSs. With the deployment of pico BSs, the system throughput in hot-spots and/or the coverage in black holes can be significantly improved. Usually pico BSs transmit at a lower power comparing to macro BSs so that significant interference to the existing macro BSs is avoided. However, this low power transmission of pico BSs limits mobile users from connecting to them. In order to compensate this low power transmission, a power offset is generally adopted to favor the selection of pico base stations \cite{ericsson}. This scheme is called cell range expansion. Although the benefit of heterogeneous cellular systems with range expansion has been justified by some simulations, a theoretical analysis for such systems which can provide a guidance to system design is still lacking.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=2in]{rangeexpansion.eps}
  \end{center}
  \begin{center}
   \parbox{6cm}{\caption{A heterogenous cellular system with two tiers of base staions and range expansion.}}
  \end{center}
  \label{fig:rangeexpansion}
\end{figure}
In this paper, the uplink coverage probability for a heterogeneous cellular system with two tiers of BSs and range expansion is analyzed. Due to high mobility of mobile users and random deployment of pico BSs, the locations and numbers of pico BSs and mobile users are essentially random. Such randomness is taken into account in the performance analysis. This is significantly different from most of the analysis for cellular systems which only consider fixed topology of BSs and mobile users \cite{Wyner1994}. Based on the theory of stochastic geometry which is a powerful tool in modeling the randomness of nodes and has been adopted recently to analyze a number of wireless systems in \cite{Dhillon,Jo2011,Baccelli2011,Novlan2011,Wang201112,Wang20114,Ganti2011}, the uplink coverage probability is derived in closed-form. The correctness of the analytical results is verified by simulation results and the impacts of various system parameters on the coverage probability are discussed in detail. Specifically, the benefits of deployment of pico BSs and range expansion are theoretically justified by the analytical results. This analytical result provides an efficient way to evaluate the performance under various settings and thus provides a guidance for system design without the need of time consuming simulations.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. System model is introduced in Section II. The probability distributions of the distances between a mobile user and its closest macro and pico BSs are analyzed in Section III. With the probability distributions of the distances, the uplink coverage probability is then derived in closed-form in Section IV. In Section V, the analytical results are verified by simulation results and the impacts of various system parameters including power offset and intensity of pico BSs are discussed in detail. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section VI.

\section{System Model}
\begin{figure}[!ht]
  \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=3in]{hexagonal.eps}
  \end{center}
  \begin{center}
   \parbox{6cm}{\caption{A hexagonal cell with two tiers of BSs}}
  \end{center}
  \label{fig:macrobasestation}
\end{figure}
A heterogeneous cellular system with two tiers of base stations, i.e., macro and pico base stations, is considered in this paper. Generally macro BSs are placed in a planned manner and distributed deterministically. A widely used hexagonal model is thus adopted here to model the cell with macro BSs distributed at the center and vertexes as shown in Fig. 2. The radius of the hexagonal cell is denoted as $d$ and the transmission power of macro BSs is $P_1$. On the other hand, the pico BSs are usually employed to increase the system throughput in hot-spots or to improve the coverage in black holes. The number of pico BSs is variable and their locations are also irregular. It is thus reasonable to model them as a stationary Poisson point process ${\Phi ^2}$ with intensity of ${\lambda _2}$. The pico BSs generally transmit at a low transmission power ${P_2}$ with $P_2<P_1$.  Similarly, due to high mobility of mobile users, the users are assumed to form another stationary Poisson point process ${\Phi ^0}$ with intensity of ${\lambda _0}$. Without loss of generality, the mobile users are assumed to transmit with the same power as ${P_0}$.

For an arbitrary transmitter located at $z$, the channel between the transmitter and its destination located at $x$ considers both the small scale Rayleigh fading effect and path loss effect. The channel power gain is then modeled as ${h_{xz}}l(|x - z|)$ where ${h_{xz}}$ captures the Rayleigh fading effect and is modeled as an exponential random variable with unit mean, while $l(|x - z|)$ denotes the path loss and is given by  $l(|x - z|) = {\left\| {x - z} \right\|^{ - \alpha }}$ with path loss exponent of $\alpha $.  Since the path loss exponent is larger than 2 in most cases \cite{Goldsmith2005}, $\alpha  > 2$ is adopted here. The signal power received at the destination can then be formulated as ${{{h_{xz}}P_i} \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{{h_{xz}}P_i} {{{\left\| {x - z} \right\|}^\alpha }}}} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{{\left\| {x - z} \right\|}^\alpha }}}$, $i=0,1,2$. Consequently, the uplink signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) for a mobile located at $z$ and its associated BS located at $x$ is given by
 \begin{equation}
{\mbox{SINR}_z} = \frac{{{h_{xz}}{P_0}{{\left\| {x - z} \right\|}^{ - \alpha }}}}{{\sum\limits_{{z_i} \in {\Phi ^0}/\{ z\} } {{h_{x{z_i}}}{P_0}{{\left\| {x - {z_i}} \right\|}^{ - \alpha }}}  + {\sigma ^2}}},
\end{equation}
where $\sum\limits_{{z_i} \in {\Phi ^0}/\{ z\} } {{h_{x{z_i}}}{P_0}{{\left\| {x - {z_i}} \right\|}^{ - \alpha }}}$ represents the interference from other mobile users and ${{\sigma ^2}}$ is the noise power. It is generally assumed that the signal can be successfully detected/transmitted when the SINR is larger than a predermined threshold, which is a system parameter depending on modulation and coding schemes.

In the considered cellular system, each mobile can be served by either a macro or a pico BS. In practice, BS selection is performed based on the strength of the received downlink reference signals from the base stations. In order to avoid frequent handover due to temporary fading effect, the downlink reference signal strength averaged over a certain time period is taken as a metric for BS selection. It means only path loss effect will be taken into account in BS selection and the user will connect to its closest base station if BSs transmit at the same power. Denoting distances between a typical user and its closest macro and pico BSs as ${r_1}$ and ${r_2}$ respectively, the typical user will connect to the closest macro BS if ${P_1}{r_1}^{ - \alpha } \ge {P_2}{r_2}^{ - \alpha }$, otherwise it will connect to the closest pico BS. In order to alleviate the load of macro BSs and expand the range of pico BSs, a practical range expansion method \cite{ericsson} is adopted here and the BS selection is conducted based on an offset power criterion. Specifically, a typical user will connect to its closest macro BS only if ${P_1}{r_1}^{ - \alpha } \ge {P_2}\Delta {r_2}^{ - \alpha }$, where $\Delta$ is the power offset, otherwise it will connect to its closest pico BS. Since the distances of ${r_1}$ and ${r_2}$ are key factors for BS selection and uplink performance analysis, their distributions will be derived first in the next section.

\section{the distances to the closest base stations}
As stated above, the macro BSs are located at the center and vertexes of a regular hexagon as shown in Fig. 2. Due to the symmetry of the hexagon, only an equilateral triangle with macro BSs located at its vertexes (as shown in Fig. 3) is required to consider for the analysis of the distance $r_1$ between a mobile user and its closest macro BS. Since mobile users form a stationary Poisson point process, they are uniformly distributed in the considered area of the triangle. Therefore, the distance $r_1$ between a mobile user and its closest macro BS can not be larger than ${d \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {d {\sqrt 3 }}} \right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt 3 }}$ and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of $r_1$ equals
\begin{equation}
{F_1}\left( r \right) = {\rm P}\left( {{r_1} \le r} \right) = \frac{A}{S},
\end{equation}
where $S$ is the area of the triangle OED in Fig. 3 and $A$ is the area of the intersection of the triangle OED and the union of three circles centered at the vertices of OED with radius $r$.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=2in]{triangle2.eps}
  \end{center}
  \begin{center}
   \parbox{6cm}{\caption{Distribution analysis of $r_1$.}}
  \end{center}
  \label{fig:macrobasestation}
\end{figure}

Clearly, the area of the triangle OED (i.e., $S$) is ${{\sqrt 3 d^2} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\sqrt 3 d} 4}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 4}$ and the sectors OLQ, EKN and DPM will not intersect with each other when their radiuses are less than ${d \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {d 2}} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}$. It is easy to obtain the area of the union of the three sectors (i.e., $A$) as $A={3 \times \frac{{\pi {r^2}}}{6}}$ when $r \leq {d \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {d 2}} \right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}$. It follows that in this case, the probability that $r_1 \leq r$ is given by
\begin{equation}
{\rm P}\left( {{r_1} \le r} \right) = \frac{{3 \times \frac{{\pi {r^2}}}{6}}}{{\frac{{\sqrt 3 }}{4}{d^2}}} = \frac{{2\pi }}{{\sqrt 3 }}{\left( {\frac{r}{d}} \right)^2}, r \leq {d \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {d 2}} \right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}.
\end{equation}
When ${d \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {d 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2} \le {r} \le {d \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {d {\sqrt 3 }}} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt 3 }}$, the derivation of the intersecting area of $A$ is a little bit more complicated. Considering the overlapping area $B$ of the three sectors OLQ, EKN and DPM as the gray area shown in Fig. 3, after some tedious geometric calculations, we have the overlapping area as
 \begin{equation}
B = 3 \times \left(r^2\arccos \frac{d}{{2r}} - \frac{d}{2}\sqrt {r^2 - \frac{{{d^2}}}{4}}\right).
\end{equation}
It follows that when ${d \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {d 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2} \le {r} \le {d \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {d {\sqrt 3 }}} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt 3 }}$, the area of the union of the three sectors (i.e., $A$) is given by
 \begin{equation}
A = {{\pi r^2} \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{\pi r^2} 2}} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2} - 3 \times \left(r^2\arccos \frac{d}{{2r}} - \frac{d}{2}\sqrt {r^2 - \frac{{{d^2}}}{4}}\right).
\end{equation}
Therefore, the probability of $r_1 \leq r$ when ${d \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {d 2}} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2} \le {r} \le {d \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {d {\sqrt 3 }}} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt 3 }}$ can be expressed as
\begin{align}
{\rm P}\left( {{r_1} \le r} \right) &= \frac{{2\pi }}{{\sqrt 3 }}{\left( {\frac{r}{d}} \right)^2} - 4\sqrt 3 {\left( {\frac{r}{d}} \right)^2}\arccos \frac{d}{{2r}} \nonumber \\ &+ \frac{{\sqrt {12{r^2} - 3{d^2}} }}{d}.
\end{align}
Finally, the CDF of $r_1$ can be written as (\ref{F_r_1}) as shown on the top of next page.
\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{equation}
\label{F_r_1}
{F_1}({r}) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{\frac{{2\pi }}{{\sqrt 3 }}{{\left( {\frac{r}{d}} \right)}^2}}&{0 < {r} \le \frac{d}{2}}\\
{\frac{{2\pi }}{{\sqrt 3 }}{{\left( {\frac{r}{d}} \right)}^2} - \left( {4\sqrt 3 {{\left( {\frac{r}{d}} \right)}^2}\arccos \frac{d}{{2r}} - \frac{{\sqrt {12{r^2} - 3{d^2}} }}{d}} \right)}&{\frac{d}{2} < {r} \le \frac{d}{{\sqrt 3 }}}
\end{array}} \right.
\end{equation}
\end{figure*}

With respect to the distance of $r_2$ between a mobile user and its closest pico BS, the probability that ${{r_2} \le r}$ equals the probability that there are no pico BSs in the circle centered at the user with radius ${r}$. The CDF of ${r_2}$ can be derived as follows
\begin{equation}
\label{F_r_2}
{F_2}({r}) = {\rm P}\left( {{r_2} \le r} \right) = 1 - {\rm{P}}\{ {\Phi^2} (B(z,{r})) = 0\}  = 1 - {e^{ - {\lambda _2}\pi {r}^2}},
\end{equation}
where $z$ is the location of the mobile user, $B(z,{r})$ is a circle centered at $z$ with a radius of $r$ and ${\Phi^2} (B(z,{r}))$ denotes the number of pico BSs in $B(z,{r})$.

In the following section, these distributions will be used to analyze the uplink performance of the considered heterogenous cellular systems with macro and pico BSs.

\section{uplink performance analysis}

In this section, the coverage probability of the considered uplink heterogeneous cellular system, which is defined as the probability that a mobile user can successfully communicate with its associated BS, is analyzed. In fact, this coverage probability is the complementary of the outage probability of a mobile user and has been widely adopted as a performance metric for system evaluation \cite{Dhillon,Baccelli2011,Baszczyszyn2009}. Since each mobile user could access to either its closest macro BS or to its closest pico BS, the uplink coverage probability ${{\rm P}_c}$ can be written as the sum of two probabilities: the probability ${{\rm P}_{msuc}}$ that the user connects to its closest macro BS and conducts a successful transmission and the probability ${{\rm P}_{psuc}}$ that a user connects to its closest pico BS and conducts a successful transmission, namely

\begin{equation}
\label{P_c}
{{\rm P}_c} = {{\rm P}_{msuc}} + {{\rm P}_{psuc}}.
\end{equation}
Here a successful transmission means the signal can be successfully decoded by the receiver, i.e., the corresponding SINR is larger than a predefined threshold. In the following, the two probabilities ${{\rm P}_{msuc}}$ and ${{\rm P}_{psuc}}$ will be derived individually.

According to the definition, ${{\rm P}_{msuc}}$ can be formulated as
\begin{align}
\label{macro_coverage}
{{\rm{P}}_{msuc}} = {{\rm{E}}_{{r_1},{r_2}}}\left[ {1\left( {{r_2} \ge {{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{1}{\alpha }}}{r_1}} \right)1\left( {{\gamma _1} \ge {T_1}} \right)} \right],
\end{align}
where $T_1$ is the threshold above which macro BSs could decode successfully, and ${{\gamma _1}}$ is the received SINR at the user's closest macro BS and equals
\begin{equation}
\label{SINR_1}
{\gamma _1} = \frac{{h_1{P_0}l({r_1})}}{{I_1 + N}},
\end{equation}
where $N$ is the additive noise power, $h_1$ denotes the exponentially distributed channel power gain between the user and its closest macro BS, and $I_1$ represents the received interference as
\begin{equation}
\label{Interference_1}
{I_1} = \sum\limits_{{z_i} \in {\Phi ^0}/\{ z\} } {{h_{{xz_i}}}{P_0}l\left( {|x-{z_i}|} \right)}.
\end{equation}
In (\ref{Interference_1}), $z$ represents the location of the typical user, ${{\Phi ^0}/\{ z\} }$ is the set formed by the points of ${\Phi ^0}$ except $z$, and $x$ denotes the location of the closest macro BS concerned. Since the event ${{r_2} \ge {{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{1}{\alpha }}}{r_1}}$ is independent with the event ${\gamma _1} \ge {T_1}{\rm{ }}$, the probability corresponding to the closest macro BS in (\ref{macro_coverage}) can be rewritten as
 \begin{equation}
 \label{macro_coverage_P}
{{\rm{P}}_{msuc}} = {{\rm{E}}_{{r_1}}}\left[ {{\rm{P}}\left( {{r_2} \ge {{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{1}{\alpha }}}{r_1}} \vert {r_1} \right){\rm{P}}\left( {{\gamma _1} \ge {T_1}} \vert {r_1} \right)} \right].
 \end{equation}
Based on (\ref{SINR_1}), ${\rm{P}}\left( {{\gamma _1} \ge {T_1}} \vert {r_1} \right)$ can be reformulated as
\begin{align}
{\rm{P}}\left( {{\gamma _1} \ge {T_1}} \vert {r_1} \right) &= {\rm P}\left( {h_1 \ge \frac{{{T_1}\left( {{I_1} + N} \right)}}{{{P_0}l\left( {{r_1}} \right)}}} \vert {r_1} \right) \nonumber \\ & = {\rm E_{I_1}}\left[ {{e^{ - \frac{{{T_1}\left( {{I_1} + N} \right)}}{{{P_0}l\left( {{r_1}} \right)}}}}} \right],
\end{align}
Since cellular networks are generally interference dominated, the additive noise $N$ can be neglected. Based on (\ref{Interference_1}) and Slivnyak Theorem regarding to the interference \cite{Baszczyszyn2009}, we can get
\begin{equation}
\label{P_SINR1}
{\rm{P}}\left( {{\gamma _1} \ge {T_1}|{r_1}} \right) = {e^{ - \frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{T_1}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}r_1^2}}.
\end{equation}
Meanwhile, we have
\begin{align}
\label{P_r2}
{\rm{P}}\left( {{r_2} \ge {{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{1}{\alpha }}}{r_1}} \vert {r_1} \right) &= \int_{{{\left( {{{{P_2}\Delta } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{{P_2}\Delta } {{P_1}}}} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{P_1}}}} \right)}^{{1 \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {1 \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }}}{r_1}}^\infty  {d{F_2}\left( {{r_2}} \right)} \nonumber \\ & = {e^{ - \pi {\lambda _2}{{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}r_1^2}},
\end{align}
Putting (\ref{P_SINR1}) and (\ref{P_r2}) into (\ref{macro_coverage_P}), we have
\begin{align}
\label{P_msuc_1}
{{\rm{P}}_{msuc}} = \int\limits_0^{\frac{d}{{\sqrt 3 }}} {{e^{ - \left( {\frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{T_1}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }} + \pi {\lambda _2}{{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}} \right)r_1^2}}d{F_1}({r_1})},
\end{align}
Using integration by parts and with the CDF of $r_1$ in (\ref{F_r_1}), (\ref{P_msuc_1}) can be derived as

\begin{align}
\label{P_msuc_3}
{{\rm{P}}_{msuc}} &={e^{ - K\frac{{{d^2}}}{3}}} - \int\limits_0^{\frac{d}{{\sqrt 3 }}} {\frac{{4K\pi }}{{\sqrt 3 {d^2}}}r_1^3{e^{ - Kr_1^2}}d{r_1}}  \nonumber \\ & - \int\limits_0^{\frac{d}{{\sqrt 3 }}} {\frac{{2K}}{d}\sqrt {12r_1^2 - 3{d^2}} {r_1}{e^{ - Kr_1^2}}d{r_1}} \nonumber \\ & + \int\limits_0^{\frac{d}{{\sqrt 3 }}} {\frac{{8\sqrt 3 K}}{{{d^2}}}{r_1}^3\arccos \frac{d}{{2{r_1}}}{e^{ - Kr_1^2}}d{r_1}},
\end{align}
where $K$ equals
\begin{equation}
K{\rm{ = }}\frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{T_1}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }} + \pi {\lambda _2}{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}.
\end{equation}
Based on 2.322 in \cite{Gradshteyn2007}, the second term in the right hand side of (\ref{P_msuc_3}) can be rewritten as
\begin{align}
\label{Second_term}
\int\limits_0^{\frac{d}{{\sqrt 3 }}} {\frac{{4K\pi }}{{\sqrt 3 {d^2}}}r_1^2{e^{ - Kr_1^2}}d{r_1}{\rm{ = }}\frac{{{\rm{2}}\pi }}{{\sqrt 3 {d^2}K}}\left( {1 - {e^{ - K\frac{{{d^2}}}{3}}}} \right)}  - \frac{{{\rm{2}}\pi }}{{3\sqrt 3 }}{e^{ - K\frac{{{d^2}}}{3}}}.
\end{align}
Similarly, with 3.382 in \cite{Gradshteyn2007}, the third term in the right hand side of (\ref{P_msuc_3}) can be derived as
\begin{align}
\
&\int\limits_0^{\frac{d}{{\sqrt 3 }}} {\frac{{2K}}{d}\sqrt {12r_1^2 - 3{d^2}} {r_1}{e^{ - Kr_1^2}}d{r_1}}  =\nonumber \\ & \sqrt {\frac{{12}}{{K{d^2}}}} {e^{ - K\frac{{{d^2}}}{4}}}\left( {\Gamma \left( {\frac{3}{2}}, 0 \right) - \Gamma \left( {\frac{3}{2},\frac{{K{d^2}}}{{12}}} \right)} \right),
\end{align}
where $\Gamma \left( . , . \right)$ is the upper incomplete gamma function defined as $\Gamma \left( {c,x} \right) = \int\limits_x^\infty  {{e^{ - t}}{t^{c - 1}}dt}$. With the properties that $\Gamma \left( {c + 1,x} \right) = c\Gamma \left( {c,x} \right) + {x^c}{e^{ - x}}$ and $\Gamma \left( {\frac{1}{2},{x^2}} \right) = \sqrt \pi-\sqrt \pi  \left(1-2{Q\left( {\sqrt 2 x} \right)}\right)$, where $Q (.)$ is the $Q$ function, the third term can be further given as

\begin{align}
\label{Third_term}
&\int\limits_0^{\frac{d}{{\sqrt 3 }}} {\frac{{2K}}{d}\sqrt {12r_1^2 - 3{d^2}} {r_1}{e^{ - Kr_1^2}}d{r_1}}  =\nonumber \\& \sqrt {\frac{{3\pi }}{{K{d^2}}}} {e^{ - K\frac{{{d^2}}}{4}}}\left(1- 2Q \left( {\sqrt {\frac{{K{d^2}}}{{6}}} } \right)\right) - {e^{ - K\frac{{{d^2}}}{3}}}.
\end{align}
Substituting (\ref{Second_term}) and (\ref{Third_term}) into (\ref{P_msuc_3}) and after tedious computation, we finally can get the probability corresponding to the closest macro BS, ${{\rm P}_{msuc}}$, as (\ref{P_msuc_Final}) as shown on the top of next page, where ${{{\rm{P'}}}_G} = \int\limits_{\frac{d}{2}}^{\frac{d}{{\sqrt 3 }}} {r_1^3\arccos \frac{d}{{2{r_1}}}} {e^{ - \left( {{\lambda _2}\pi {{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}} + \frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}{T_1}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}} \right)r_1^2}}d{r_1}$.

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{align}
\label{P_msuc_Final}
{{\rm P}_{msuc}}& = \frac{{2\pi \left( {1 - {e^{ - \left( {\frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{{{T_1}}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}} + \pi {\lambda _2}{{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta}}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}} \right)\frac{{{d^2}}}{3}}}} \right)}}{{\sqrt 3 {d^2}\left( {\frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{{{T_1}}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}} + \pi {\lambda _2}{{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta}}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}} \right)}} - \frac{{2\pi }}{{3\sqrt 3 }}{e^{ - \left( {\frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{{{T_1}}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}} + \pi {\lambda _2}{{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta}}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}} \right)\frac{{{d^2}}}{3}}}\nonumber \\ &+ \sqrt {\frac{{3\pi }}{{{d^2}\left( {\frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{{{T_1}}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}} + \pi {\lambda _2}{{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta}}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}} \right)}}} \times {e^{ - \left( {\frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{{{T_1}}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}} + \pi {\lambda _2}{{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta}}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}} \right)\frac{{{d^2}}}{4}}}\nonumber \\ & \times \left( {1 - 2Q\left( {\sqrt {\frac{{\left( {\frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{T_1}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }} + \pi {\lambda _2}{{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}} \right){d^2}}}{{6}}} } \right)} \right)  - \frac{{8\sqrt 3 }}{{{d^2}}}\left( {\frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{{{T_1}}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}} + \pi {\lambda _2}{{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta}}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}} \right){\rm P}_G^{'},
\end{align}
\end{figure*}

Similarly, the probability that a user connects to its closest pico BS and conducts a successful transmission is given by
\begin{equation}
{{\rm{P}}_{psuc}} = {{\rm{E}}_{{r_1},{r_2}}}\left[ {1\left( {{r_2} < {{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{1}{\alpha }}}{r_1}} \right)1\left( {{\gamma _2} \ge {T_2}} \right)} \right],
\end{equation}
where $T_2$ is the threshold above which the pico BS can successfully decode the user's signal, and ${{\gamma _2}}$ is the received SINR at the user's closest pico BS and defined as
\begin{equation}
\label{SINR_2}
{\gamma _2} = \frac{{h_2{P_0}l({r_2})}}{{{I_2} + N}}.
\end{equation}
In (\ref{SINR_2}), ${h_2}$ denotes the channel power gain between the user and its closest pico BS, and $I_2$ is the interference seen at the pico BS and defined as
\begin{equation}
{I_2} = \sum\limits_{{z_i} \in {\Phi ^0}/\{ z\} } {{h_{{xz_i}}}{P_0}l\left( {|x-{z_i}|} \right)},
\end{equation}
where $z$ represents the location of the typical user and ${{\Phi ^0}/\{ z\} }$ is the set formed by the points of ${\Phi ^0}$ except $z$, while $x$ denotes the location of the closest pico BS. Under the interference dominated cellular system and based on Slivnyak Theorem \cite{Baszczyszyn2009}, we can get
\begin{equation}
\label{P_SINR2}
{\rm{P}}\left( {{\gamma _2} \ge {T_2}} \vert {r_2} \right) = {e^{ - \frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{T_2}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}r_2^2}}.
\end{equation}
With (\ref{P_SINR2}), the probability ${{\rm{P}}_{psuc}}$ can be written as
\begin{align}
{{\rm{P}}_{psuc}} = \int\limits_0^{\frac{d}{{\sqrt 3 }}} {\int\limits_0^{\sqrt[\alpha ]{{\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}}}{r_1}} {{e^{ - \frac{{2{\pi ^2}{\lambda _0}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}{T_2}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}r_2^2}}d{F_2}\left( {{r_2}} \right)} d{F_1}\left( {{r_1}} \right)} .
\end{align}
Based on (\ref{F_r_1}) and (\ref{F_r_2}), and following a similar derivation as that for ${{\rm P}_{msuc}}$, the probability ${{\rm P}_{psuc}}$ can eventually be derived as (\ref{P_psuc_Final}), where ${{{\rm{P''}}}_G} = \int\limits_{\frac{d}{2}}^{\frac{d}{{\sqrt 3 }}} {r_1^3\arccos \frac{d}{{2{r_1}}}} {e^{ - \pi {{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}\left( {{\lambda _2} + \frac{{2\pi {\lambda _0}{T_2}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}} \right)r_1^2}}d{r_1}$.
\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{align}
\label{P_psuc_Final}
{{\rm P}_{psuc}}& = \frac{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right){\lambda _2}}}{{2\pi {\lambda _0}{{\left( {\frac{{{T_2}}}{G}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}} + {\lambda _2}\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}} -  \frac{{2{\lambda _2}{{\left( {\frac{{{P_1}}}{{{P_2}\Delta }}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}{\alpha ^2}{{\sin }^2}({{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha })}}{{\sqrt 3 {d^2}{{\left( {{\lambda _2}\alpha \sin ({{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }) + 2\pi {\lambda _0}{{\left( {\frac{{{T_2}}}{G}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}} \right)}^2}}} \times\left( {1 - {e^{ - \frac{{\pi {{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}{d^2}}}{3}\left( {{\lambda _2} + \frac{{2\pi {\lambda _0}{{\left( {\frac{{{T_2}}}{G}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}} \right)}}} \right) \nonumber \\ &+\frac{{2\pi {\lambda _2}\alpha \sin ({{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha })}}{{3\sqrt 3 \left( {2\pi {\lambda _0}{{\left( {\frac{{{T_2}}}{G}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}} + {\lambda _2}\alpha \sin ({{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha })} \right)}} \times{e^{ - \frac{{\pi {{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}{d^2}}}{3}\left( {{\lambda _2} + \frac{{2\pi {\lambda _0}{{\left( {\frac{{{T_2}}}{G}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}} \right)}}  - \frac{{\sqrt 3 {\lambda _2}{\alpha ^{\frac{3}{2}}}{{\sin }^{\frac{3}{2}}}({{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }){{\left( {\frac{{{P_1}}}{{{P_2}\Delta }}} \right)}^{\frac{1}{\alpha }}}}}{{d{{\left( {2\pi {\lambda _0}{{\left( {\frac{{{T_2}}}{G}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}} + {\lambda _2}\alpha \sin ({{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha })} \right)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}}}\nonumber \\ &\times{e^{ - \frac{{\pi {{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}{d^2}}}{4}\left( {{\lambda _2} + \frac{{2\pi {\lambda _0}{{\left( {\frac{{{T_2}}}{G}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}}}{{\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}} \right)}}  \times\left( {1 - 2Q\left( {d{{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)}^{\frac{1}{\alpha }}}\sqrt {\frac{{\pi \left( {2\pi {\lambda _0}{{\left( {\frac{{{T_2}}}{G}} \right)}^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}} + {\lambda _2}\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)} \right)}}{{6\alpha \sin \left( {{{2\pi } \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{2\pi } \alpha }} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }} \right)}}} } \right)} \right) \nonumber \\ & -\frac{{24\pi {\lambda _2}}}{{\sqrt 3 {d^2}}}{\left( {\frac{{{P_2}\Delta }}{{{P_1}}}} \right)^{\frac{2}{\alpha }}}{\rm P}_G^{''},
\end{align}
\end{figure*}

Putting (\ref{P_msuc_Final}) and (\ref{P_psuc_Final}) into (\ref{P_c}), the coverage probability can then be directly obtained.

\section{Numerical results and discussion}
In this section, computer simulations are conducted to verify the correctness of the analytical results and investigate the performance of the two-tiers heterogenous cellular system. Simulation parameters are set as shown in Table I.
\begin{table}[!h]
\label{system_setting}
\begin{center}
\caption{simulation settings}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
$\lambda_2$ & $3.06 \times {10^{ - 3}}$  \\
\hline
$\lambda_0$  & $7.66 \times {10^{ - 3}}$   \\
\hline
${T_1}$ & $1$   \\
\hline
${T_2}$ & $1$   \\
\hline
$d$  & ${{50} \mathord{\left/
 {\vphantom {{50} {\sqrt 3 }}} \right.
 \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt 3 }}$   \\
\hline
${P_1}/{P_2}$ & $100$   \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\end{center}
\end{table}

Fig. 4 shows the coverage probability versus the power offset $\Delta$. It is clear that the analytical results match well with the simulation results, demonstrating the correctness of the analytical results. Furthermore, the coverage probability increases with the power offset and achieves its maximum when the power offset equals to ${P_1}/{P_2}$, i.e., $20dB$. The coverage probability drops slightly when the power offset is larger than $20dB$. It means that in order to achieve the maximum uplink coverage probability, the power offset is suggested to be set equal to the ratio between the transmission powers of macro and pico BSs. This is not surprised since under this setting, the pico BSs deployed for coverage improvement can serve the mobile users with equal probability as the macro BS.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
  \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=2in]{untitled.eps}
  \end{center}
  \begin{center}
   \parbox{6cm}{\caption{uplink coverage probability vs. power offset.}}
  \end{center}
  \label{fig:macrobasestation}
\end{figure}

The effect of the intensity of pico BSs on the coverage probability is next investigated and the results are shown in Fig. 5. Here the x axis in the figure denotes the intensity of pico BSs normalized by $\lambda_2$ shown in Table I. It is shown that the uplink coverage probability increases with the intensity of pico BSs as expected. This result demonstrates the benefit of pico deployment for the cellular coverage improvement.

\section{Conclusions}
In this paper, an analytical approach to performance analysis for heterogenous cellular systems was proposed based on the theory of stochastic geometry. The uplink coverage probability was derived in closed-form and its correctness was verified by simulation results. From the analytical results, the impacts of both pico deployment and range expansion on the system's uplink performance were investigated. It has been found that in order to achieve the maximum uplink coverage probability, the power offset should be set equal to the ratio between the powers of macro and pico BSs. Meanwhile, the results have theoretically justified the benefit of the deployment of pico BSs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
[ Anthony Wedgwood Benn, Labour politician: 'You shouldn't believe the rubbish you read in the press'. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('Tony Benn') to 'Mrs Kingham', describing his 'life-style' and family.
Tony Benn [ Anthony Wedgwood Benn, quondam Viscount Stansgate ] (1925-2014), Labour politician
On House of Commons letterhead. 16 November 1979.
1p., 8vo. In good condition, lightly aged and worn. Obtrusive stamp at head giving the date of receipt as 28 November 1979, with this date queried in ink. Benn's signature underlined by the recipient in thin red ink. Reads: 'Dear Mrs Kingham: | Forgive the delay. | My life-style is that of a very hard-working M.P. with a wife who teaches & writes & 4 children educated at comprehensive schools. | You shouldn't believe the rubbish you read in the press.'
STANSGATE
TWENTIETH
[ William Chaffers and Eliza Meteyard, authorities on pottery. ] Two Autograph Letters Signed (both 'W. Chaffers') from Chaffers to Meteyard, the first on her forthcoming biography of Josiah Wedgwood, the second on 'the Wedgwood vase' of 'Mr Avery'.
William Chaffers (1811-1842), authority on hallmarks and potters' marks [ Eliza Meteyard (1816-1879), writer, advocate of women's rights and biographer of Josiah Wedgwood; Rev. William Avery ]
The first letter from 19 Fitzroy Square [ London ], 1 March 1865; the second letter on letterhead of same address, 16 February 1868.
See the entries on both parties in the Oxford DNB. Both letters in good condition, lightly aged. Each with a different monogram letterhead, the second also with printed address. ONE: 1 March 1865. 2pp., 12mo. With an eye to the two-volume biography of Josiah Wedgwood which Meteyard would publish later in the year, Chaffers writes that '[s]ome time since' he saw, while 'visiting a gentleman at Manchester […] some correspondence from Wedgwood to his Grandfather', and he now thinks 'they might serve to add a link to the Chain of his history which you are now engaged upon'.
METEYARD
[ H.M. Patent Office, London. ] Manuscript document containing 'Searches' into the 'Novelty' and 'Validity' of around 150 patent applications, with diagrams and index.
H.M. Patent Office, London (now the Intellectual Property Office) [ Sir Henry Bessemer; Sir John Coode; Gusttav Overbeck; Crosse & Blackwell; Wedgwood; Bryant & May ]
H.M. Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC. 13 March 1878 to 19 December 1882.
The Patent Office - now the Intellectual Property Office - was established by the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852, which simplified the procedure for obtaining patents of invention and reduced costs. In 1883 another Act of Parliament brought into being the office of Comptroller General of Patents, with, according to the National Archives, 'a staff of patent examiners to carry out a limited form of examination; mainly to ensure that the specification described the invention properly, but without any investigation into novelty'.
COODE
OVERBECK
[ Dame C. V. Wedgwood, historian. ] Volume containing autograph 'List of Written Works since 1930', with notes and comments, and record of payments.
Dame C. V. Wedgwood [ Cicely Veronica Wedgwood ] (1910-1997), English historian
'Cicely Veronica Wedgwood. Her Book. presented to me in March 1933 by A. H. P.' [ List of books dating from between 1929 and 1947. ]
39pp., 8vo. On good thick Whatman paper, dated 1874, in luxurious black embossed leather binding by J. Y. Knight & Co. of Leeds and London, with brass lock by Bramah (lacking key). In very good condition, in worn binding. Stamped in gilt on front cover is 'PRIVATE MEMA. | A. H. PAWSON'. On the first page Wedgwood has written: 'Cicely Veronica Wedgwood. | Her Book. | presented to me in March 1933 | by | A. H. P. | born 20th. July 1910 | educated | Norland Place School. 1915-1926. | Lady Margaret Hall. 1928-1931 | London School of Economics. 1932-5'.
CICELY
[Dame Rose Macaulay, novelist.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Rose Macaulay') to C. V. Wedgwood's companion Jacqueline Hope-Wallace. With 'The Christmas Card Planned by Rose Macaulay for 1958', illustrated by Simon Fleet, in copy of 'Pleasure of Ruins'.
Dame [Emilie] Rose Macaulay (1881-1958), English novelist [Jacqueline Hope-Wallace, lifelong companion of the historian C. V. Wedgwood [Dame Cicely Veronica Wedgwood] (1910-1997); Simon Fleet]
Macaulay's letter from '20 H. H. [Hinde House, Hinde Street, London]', 29 April [no year]. The Christmas card 'planned by Rose Macaulay for 1958' and 'Sent in her memory'. 'Pleasure of Ruins' published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1953.
Macaulay's Autograph Letter Signed: '20 H. H. | 29 April'. 2pp., landscape 12mo. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. Written, in a shaky and difficult hand, in blue ink and signed 'Rose', with 'Macaulay' added in black ink. Addressed to 'Dear Jacqueline'. Apparently written during or immediately after the Second World War, and concerning petrol coupons 'issued so lavishly to the generous & amiable young nobleman
MACAULAY
Manuscript list, by 'J. Wheeler Pottery Branch', of properties in the Staffordshire townships of Shelton, Penkhull, Wolstanton, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Knutton, Keele and Madeley, describing the properties, and naming owner, lessee and occupier.
J. Wheeler, 'Pottery Branch' [1830s property listings for the Staffordshire townships of Shelton, Penkhull, Wolstanton, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Knutton, Keele and Madeley] [Josiah Wedgwood; Ralph Sneyd]
Undated [1830s], on paper watermarked 'G W | 1835'.
23pp., landscape folio; on twelve leaves pinned together. Fair on lightly-aged and dogeared paper. The document is clearly official, perhaps relating to the Poor Law or Reform Bill. With numerous emendations in different hands. Each page is a printed form, divided into five columns: 'Number on Plan.', 'Description of Property', 'Owner', 'Lessee' and 'Occupier'. (The plan referred to in the first column is not present.) Properties range from 'Field (Glebe Land)' to 'Railway'; and from 'House. Barns. Stables yard & Garden' to 'Canal & towing path'.
KNUTTON
PENKHULL
SNEYD
TOWNSIHP
WOLSTANTON
Manuscript document recording details of the fees to be paid to Clerks of the Court for their various duties.
[Legal Fees; Clerks of the Court]
Staffordshire, 7 October 1729
C.32 x 41cm, part Latin, mainly English, closed tear and minor loss on fold marks. Presumably one of the copies ordered to be delivered to the High Constable and other JPs. The first few Latin lines give occasion (Quarter Sessions), place, date, and names of officers of the Court (Justices of the Peace presumably), including John Wedgwood, of the Pottery Family, Francis Elde (Stafford M.P.), and Joseph Girdler, MP in the First British Parliament.
GIRDLER
Three different bookplates.
Josiah Clement Wedgwood (1872-1943), 1st Baron Wedgwood, British Liberal and Labour politician
[1890s to 1930s.]
Arranging the three in what appears to be chronological order, the first (good, roughly four inches by two and three-quarters wide) has 'Josiah C. Wedgwood' in copperplate beneath a straightforward Victorian armorial design, with shield, coronet and motto 'OBSTANTIA DISCINDO'. The second (three and a half inches by three wide) dates from after Wedgwood's election as a Member of Parliament in 1906, having 'EX-LIBRIS JOSIAH C. WEDGWOOD, M.P.' on a scroll beneath a more modern armorial design, with helmet and leaves. It has slight damage to the bottom right-hand corner.
Printed Ephemera
Book Trade History
NINETEENTH
Ten Typed Letters/Notes Signed and One Autograph Letter Signed to G. K. Menzies, [Secretary,] Royal Society of Arts.
Frank H Wedgwood [ Francis Hamilton Wedgwood; Josiah Wedgwood ]
1918-26; all but one item (from 'Barlaston Lea, | Stoke-on-Trent') on Wedgwood letterhead.
Chairman of the famous pottery firm Josiah Wedgwood & Sons, Ltd (1867-1930), and High Sheriff of Staffordshire. All items are very good, if somewhat grubby. The typed letters are one page, quarto and the autograph, one page, octavo. All are signed 'Frank H Wedgwood', and most are stamped and docketed. One letter from 1918, two from 1919, one from 1924, five from 1925 and two from 1926. Mostly brief.
Two Autograph Letters Signed and four Typed Letters Signed, two to W. Perry, three to the Secretary and one to the Vice President of the Royal Society of Arts.
Honourable Josiah Wedgwood
First three (all typed): 14 November, 16 and 18 December 1935, all on Wedgwood letterhead; fourth and fifth (both autograph), 13 and 18 February 1936, on letterhead 'STOKE GRANGE.STONE.STAFFS'; the sixth (typed), 1 May 1836, on Wedgwood letterhead.
Managing Director of the famous pottery business ('saviour of the firm') and the fifth in the family to bear the name (1899-1968), Member of Parliament. All six items in good condition, though grubby, and with the first three bearing pin holes in one corner (not affecting text), the hole in the first letter being decidedly marked. All but one item docketed and stamped. Letters one, two, three and six are one page, quarto; letter four, two pages, 12mo; letter five, one page, 12mo; letter six, one page, quarto. All but the third item, which is signed 'Wedgwood', are signed 'Josiah Wedgwood'.


text:
Home 2017 Donald Trump's voter commission meets amid concerns about mission
Donald Trump's voter commission meets amid concerns about mission
[Photo Credit: AP Photo]
A commission created by President Donald Trump to investigate his allegations of voter fraud is scheduled to meet in New Hampshire.
The Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity has spurred controversy since it was established in May. Critics say the Republican president is using the commission to support his unsubstantiated claims of widespread voter fraud that cost him the popular vote during the 2016 election.
There have been isolated cases of voter fraud in the U.S. But there's no evidence of it being a widespread problem, as Trump suggests.
The New Hampshire chapters of the American Civil Liberties Union and the NAACP say they plan to call for the commission's dismantling. Tuesday's meeting is the commission's second but its first outside Washington, D.C.
The vice chairman of the commission is Republican Kris Kobach, who's Kansas' secretary of state.
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text:
Poetry of the Night: How the Night Sky Enriches Literature Through the Ages – David Levy
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Amazing Astronomy and Fantastic Physics – Michigan Science Center »
David H. Levy discusses areas of (mostly) English Literature where the writer's appreciation of the night sky, or events in the night sky, adds to its beauty.
Dr. Levy is one of the most successful comet discoverers in history. He has discovered 22 comets, nine of them using his own backyard telescopes. With Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California he discovered Shoemaker-Levy 9, the comet that collided with Jupiter in 1994.
He is the author or editor of 35 books and other products. He won an Emmy in 1998 as part of the writing team for the Discovery Channel documentary, "Three Minutes to Impact." As the Science Editor for Parade Magazine from 1997 to 2006, he was able to reach more than 80 million readers, almost a quarter of the population of the United States. A contributing editor for Sky and Telescope Magazine, he writes its monthly "Star Trails" column, and his "Nightfall" feature appears in each issue of the Canadian Magazine Skynews.
Read David's full bio here: https://www.glaac.org/astronomy-at-the-beach-2020/David-H-Levy/
Read David's Skyward posts on the Sacred Space Astronomy Site – the blog of the Vatican Observatory Foundation: https://www.vofoundation.org/blog/author/davidlevy/ (Posts edited by Bob Trembley)
Lyrid meteor april 21 2020. Credit: David Levy.
Cover Image: Discovery images of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Photos by David Levy and Gene and Carolyn Shoemaker
Share via Social Media! Use #AstronomyattheBeach
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text:
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text:
Q: LWP read fail error I am using LWP::UserAgent to do a simple HTTP Post and get the error below. After much searching online it seems that there was a bug some time back that was fixed. My version 6.03 should be fixed. Any ideas on why this is happening?
'_content' => 'read failed:  at /usr/local/share/perl/5.10.1/Net/HTTP/Methods.pm line 256
 at /usr/local/lib/perl/5.10.1/Net/SSL.pm line 211
        Net::SSL::die_with_error(\'LWP::Protocol::https::Socket=GLOB(0x8d9aa38)\', \'read failed\') called at /usr/local/lib/perl/5.10.1/Net/SSL.pm line 224
        Net::SSL::read(\'LWP::Protocol::https::Socket=GLOB(0x8d9aa38)\', \'\', 1024, 0) called at /usr/local/share/perl/5.10.1/Net/HTTP/Methods.pm line 256
        Net::HTTP::Methods::my_readline(\'LWP::Protocol::https::Socket=GLOB(0x8d9aa38)\', \'Status\') called at /usr/local/share/perl/5.10.1/Net/HTTP/Methods.pm line 343
        Net::HTTP::Methods::read_response_headers(\'LWP::Protocol::https::Socket=GLOB(0x8d9aa38)\', \'laxed\', 1, \'junk_out\', \'ARRAY(0x8cd3d98)\') called at /usr/local/share/perl/5.10.1/LWP/Protocol/http.pm line 378

Here is the code sample:
use LWP::UserAgent;
use Data::Dumper;

my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new;
$ua->timeout(10);
$ua->env_proxy;

my $response = $ua->get('https://metacpan.org/module/LWP::UserAgent');
print Dumper($response);

A: Make sure you have a recent version of IO::Socket::SSL the required version (1.38) is not enough (I've just installed 1.54 which seems to work fine).
https://metacpan.org/source/GAAS/LWP-Protocol-https-6.03/Makefile.PL - this has now been released with a dependency on 1.54 - so hopefully that will sort stuff out.


These Website Standard Terms and Conditions written on this webpage shall manage your use of our website, ImproveStudyHabit accessible at improvestudyhabits.com.
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If you like driving videos, this week's installment will be the one for you. We are going to go back in time to the beginning of our recent trip to Saint Petersburg and Tampa, in which we eventually visited the Florida RV Supershow.
In this video we day view what I'm calling the tri-camera setup, which is still very much in beta. I have place another two cameras on the trailer to give you different views of the road. One is on the side and one looking backwards. Eventually I want to have cameras looking in every direction, maybe even a 360° setup.
We get to see the Alligator Alley from a whole different perspective as well as the famous Sunshine Skyway bridge.
After the long drive, we leave the trailer at our campsite at the St. Pete/Madeira Beach KOA, and decide to go to John's Pass Village and Boardwalk for a couple of beers and dinner.
Over the next few days we explore the area quite a bit, but that will be the subject of the next few videos. Until next time, thank you for watching and see you on the road!
We love that bridge. The hot rocks fish restaurant / bar was on the south west end of the old bridge back in 1970.


From vacation recipe creations to easy early morning espresso with the newspaper, the kitchen area brings lifestyle and well being to any home. If you are considering remodeling your kitchen area, designing need not be an costly affair.
We love the style of Concrete Polishing in decor. Unfortunately, reaching a function fully with this materials is very costly. Again, it is fake. For this, use the tile adhesive tinted gray and khaki work on the float. Following the coating dried it varnish for a concrete polishing companies effect.
Building owners have wanted different kinds of flooring more than the concrete to give a building a hotter, and cleaner really feel. In industrial services they have utilized tile, rolled linoleum, flooring paint, or epoxy to give a building a much more appealing appearance, and make it easier to thoroughly clean than bare concrete. That functions for a while, but everyone of these goods eventually wears out and requires replacement. That delivers us up to the present time.
The counter is the primary surface in the most frequented room in the house. It's where the guests usually end up. It's a location to place your drink during the kitchen party. It's exactly where the meals will get laid out for the buffet. It's exactly where your new friend stirs sugar into their espresso. It has to look good.
And that's it! When you have finished go more than the entire problem with your thoroughly clean up dry fabric and squash down any bits you've skipped. Your wall sticker will last at the very least five a lengthy time exterior and indefinitely inside!
With couple of simple suggestions, you can make your flooring appear amazing. Let us have a appear at cleansing tips- By utilizing a very gentle broom, start to sweep the flooring. This will assist you eliminate any dust or dirt. Make sure that there are no still left over particles, which will damage the flooring surface area. Make a mixture of warm water and great high quality dish clean cleaning soap in a bucket. By using a brush having very soft bristles, clean the flooring. Do not use 1 with metal bristles. Initial dip the brush in the soapy water and make it moist. Following this, scrub up extra dirt.
Break down barriers can improve the natural mild and the quantity of area, expanding the sense of space, especially in rooms like the kitchen area or hallway.
While you are looking for for an business to aid get your floor polished, it is also fairly important for you to think about the situation of price. You require to locate out about how significantly the corporation is inclined to cost for the concrete sharpening perform that it wishes to do for you. If the price is high, you may want to seek for an additional company to support get the occupation done. An excellent lookup ought to yield you a great number of cheap companies.


text:
Q: How can I update DOCKER_OPTS in docker-machine permanently After update to docker-machine, I have no idea how to update DOCKER_OPTS in a local boot2docker docker-machine and save it permanently
$ docker-machine ls
NAME   ACTIVE   DRIVER       STATE     URL                         SWARM
dev    *        virtualbox   Running   tcp://192.168.99.100:2376

I tried to ssh into vm with docker-machine ssh dev, and update /etc/docker/default. But the changes I made are dropped after restart VM with docker-machine restart dev.

A: As of docker-machine 0.5.0, the mirror can be provisioned with --engine-registry-mirror
docker-machine create -d virtualbox --engine-registry-mirror http://mirror.dockerhub.com dev

--engine-registry-mirror [--engine-registry-mirror option --engine-registry-mirror option]       Specify registry mirrors to use

A: If you'd simply like to pass arguments to docker, add them to EXTRA_ARGS in /var/lib/boot2docker/profile. For example:
EXTRA_ARGS='
--label provider=virtualbox
--insecure-registry=10.0.0.1:5000
'

The docker process is started via /etc/init.d/docker which sources /var/lib/boot2docker/profile. $EXTRA_ARGS is passed transparently to the docker process towards the end of start().


PPG has announced its Commercial Coatings training schedule for the fourth quarter of 2018. Classes cover a wide variety of subjects and are designed to ensure that paint technicians stay up to date with their commercial refinish certification and knowledge of PPG commercial coatings products, processes and technological advances.
Led by expert PPG trainers, the commercial coatings training classes are held at PPG Business Development Centers and numerous field locations across the U.S. and Canada. The courses take one to two days and provide extensive classroom instruction along with hands-on work in the spray booth. Technicians are given generous opportunities for informal discussions and Q&A sessions with the trainers.
Commercial training courses cover PPG premium brands including the Delfleet Essential®, Delfleet® Evolution and PPG commercial performance coatings (CPC) product lines, with certification and recertification offered for the Delfleet® family of products. Programs encompass a comprehensive range of topics from product selection, equipment and color tools to surface preparation and paint application best practices. Classes are also offered for PPG's Adjustrite® commercial estimating system. Classes are available in Spanish and French in some locations.
PPG refinish technicians must be certified and then recertified every two years to make certain they stay current with ever-evolving industry developments. When PPG paint technicians and their respective collision centers are certified, the centers may offer the PPG Commercial Vehicle Paint Performance Warranty to their customers, providing a valued edge over the competition. Technicians must maintain their PPG certification in the Delfleet Essential® or Delfleet® Evolution paint line for the collision repair center to continue participating in the PPG commercial warranty program.


text:
Can the Australian Open be cancelled?
The ATP Finals currently played in London are the last chapter of the professional tennis circuit in 2020. Fans are excited about a new season and another Grand Slam tournament, which is going to take place on the courts of sunny Australia. However, it's become uncertain whether they'll get a chance to see the world's best male and female tennis players at all as the organisation of the event has been called into question.
The season that is now coming to an end, was a totally new experience for both players and tennis fans as they all had to get used to a new reality. Although the professional tours were suspended during the first wave of COVID-19, they were reinstated a couple of weeks later and since then, everything has gone rather smoothly. Sometimes it felt as if there had been no pandemic at all and nothing prevented the fans from enjoying what's best in the game. They can be slightly unsatisfied though since a number of tournaments played was still rather low. On the other hand, the new season is lurking around the corner and therefore a few weeks of outstanding competition in Australia.
That's what we wait for every year, but at this point, a month before the tournament should start, there are many question marks hanging over it. The organisers of tennis events in Australia have encountered huge obstacles because of strict sanitary restrictions imposed by the Australian government, hence players are not allowed to arrive in December. Unless something's changed, the first Grand Slam tournament this season will be at stake.
The government is willing to let the sportsmen in, but only on 1 January. On top of that, each of them would fall under a 14-day quarantine, which obviously causes a great problem for the players. There are two main issues related to this: how to be fit for one the most important tournaments of the season without a proper training? How to get ready for the AO without having a chance to compete in lower-rank tournaments scheduled prior to it? That's a pity, especially bearing in mind that Tennis Australia found a compromise solution under which all the preceding games would take place in the state of Victoria, in order to reduce the need to travel as much as possible.
Even though Tennis Australia (the AO organiser) assures they make every effort to negotiate the best deal, the government remains adamant. It poses a serious threat to the tournament also in terms of the players, who will soon need to make a tough decision whether coming to Australia under such restrictions makes any sense at all. Hopefully this won't get to the point when the first Grand Slam tournament of the season turns into open championships exclusively for the in-country players.


The environment of schools and educational institutions must be secured by suitable products that provide objects to unauthorized persons.
Learning objects are provided by intelligent access systems, door closers and other products that meet security requirements. Educational facilities where lecture halls, classrooms, sports facilities, and student hostels are located rely on access control and room monitoring for ASSA ABLOY products. A key element is openness, but some spaces must have limited access.
ASSA ABLOY realized the delivery of the key cabinet TRAKA 32 in Prague Karlín to the Academy of Arts. Students of bachelor and master courses have access only to certain parts of the school. Managing access and keykeeping and key issues in such a complex complex requires a simple and effective system. Using TRAKA 32 key cabinet will simplify access control and prevent key loss. Access to individual sections is only allowed to authorized persons. TRAKA 32 shows the occupancy and use of the studios. The installation was carried out by the affiliate company Trade FIDES, a.s ..
University of Pardubice is the only university university in the Pardubice Region. This public college, with almost 8.5 thousand students, is divided into 7 faculties, so students can choose from studying economic, artistic, natural, and other subjects.
At the university, a mechatronic FAB + CLIQ system was installed between 2013 and 2015. This master key system offers high security and allows access only to people in designated areas. FAB + CLIQ combines standard cylindrical inserts with modern electronics.
In 1989 Opava was founded in Silesian University, ASSA ABLOY supplied to this university door closers and electromechanical locks. Product installation took place in 2014. Door closers have adjustable shutter speed and door closing. All products are certified according to Czech trade rules.
The Higher Technical and Industrial Electrotechnical School in Pilsen belongs to the Youth Home. The accommodation capacity of 697 seats available at home is one of the largest in the Czech Republic.
The Aperio wireless system facilitates entry control here. ASSA ABLOY supplied a complete 210 hardware Aperio E100 door hardware that communicates with 20 pieces of communication hubs, 210 mechanical locking locks and 210 cylindrical inserts. Aperio is integrated into the existing attendance system from Z-WARE. The combination of wireless technology and the access system provides a high level of security.
At the National Technical Library, which belongs to the Czech Technical University in Prague, electric locks from ASSA ABLOY were installed between 2013 and 2014. These electromechanical self-locking locks can be controlled by contact from a card reader, keyboard, button etc. Locks are designed for entry, escape, fire and passage doors, the lock function is optional.


RCW 41.06.340: Determination of appropriate bargaining units—Unfair labor practices provisions applicable to chapter.
Determination of appropriate bargaining units—Unfair labor practices provisions applicable to chapter.
(1) With respect to collective bargaining as authorized by RCW 41.80.001 and 41.80.010 through 41.80.130, the public employment relations commission created by chapter 41.58 RCW shall have authority to adopt rules, on and after June 13, 2002, relating to determination of appropriate bargaining units within any agency. In making such determination the commission shall consider the duties, skills, and working conditions of the employees, the history of collective bargaining by the employees and their bargaining representatives, the extent of organization among the employees, and the desires of the employees. The public employment relations commission created in chapter 41.58 RCW shall adopt rules and make determinations relating to the certification and decertification of exclusive bargaining representatives.
(2) Each and every provision of RCW 41.56.140 through 41.56.160 shall be applicable to this chapter as it relates to state civil service employees.
(3) A collective bargaining agreement entered into under RCW 41.06.150 before July 1, 2004, covering employees subject to RCW 41.80.001 and 41.80.010 through 41.80.130 that expires after July 1, 2004, shall remain in full force during its duration, or until superseded by a collective bargaining agreement entered into by the parties under RCW 41.80.001 and 41.80.010 through 41.80.130. However, an agreement entered into before July 1, 2004, may not be renewed or extended beyond July 1, 2005, or until superseded by a collective bargaining agreement entered into under RCW 41.80.001 and 41.80.010 through 41.80.130, whichever is later.