text:
Psychiatric Meds 101: A Surprising Discovery
Shane Ellison M. Sc.
I ask questions with period marks to shorten conversations. I avoid eye contact with strangers in fear (maybe it's anxiety) that I might learn too much about them. I secretly think that Metallica would be making better music if they went back to bludgeoning themselves with party drugs and alcohol, instead of "therapy." I'm trying to master the Law of Un-attraction to shield myself from a "real job," small homes and junky cars. And, I'm constantly giving my children advice, only to give it to myself.
Psychiatry, can your drugs help me?
Perhaps these questions are what motivated me to pursue a career as a drug design chemist, winning multiple awards for my work. Nothing gets me more excited than drugs and how they affect the body (except my wife's abs). I've studied their molecular anatomy, risked life and limb to mix and match explosive chemicals in a round bottom flask, and even sold my soul to Big Pharma in exchange for a lab bench and chemical hood.
During this time, I've made some surprising discoveries about psychiatric meds, which include antidepressants, antipsychotics, stimulants, and anti-anxiety drugs. Understanding what I've learned will protect you from the flood of side effects that are now being discovered at breakneck speeds, courtesy of the myriad of patients taking them in the name of mental health.
Your Own Personal Hell
Antidepressants strive to increase the levels of a "coping" molecule known as serotonin in the brain. It supposedly helps us find happiness when it's covered in an avalanche of nastiness. But, it's never been proven. Still, the drugs attempt to boost serotonin by "selectively" stopping the "reuptake" among brain cells. This is where the whole SSRI acronym came from – "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor." It's a slick name, but a stupid idea. Nothing is selective in the body.
While trying to block the reuptake of serotonin, antidepressants can also prevent its release and that of another brain compound known as dopamine. The areas of the brain responsible for release and reuptake of these neurotransmitters are so damn similar (after all, they work on the same molecule) that an antidepressant drug isn't smart enough to understand which one it is supposed to work on. So it does what any dumb drug would do, it blocks both. That's why users usually carry a glassy stare in their eye. Fully under the psychiatric spell, they've tuned out.
Deep sadness, fear, anger and aggression can set in over time. By removing serotonin and dopamine from the brain, long-term antidepressant users can't find or feel happiness. Instead, they may become buried in the avalanche of nastiness. And if you can't find or feel happiness in life, what's the point? What's going to stop you from snapping your own neck or spraying bullets on your classmates? Not much when you live in your own personal antidepressant hell.
Think this is all opinion?
According to the FDA, antidepressants can cause suicidal thoughts and behavior, worsening depression, anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, impulsivity, aggression, psychotic episodes and violence. Some even cause homicidal ideation according to the manufacturers. Many long-term antidepressant users will tell you they no longer feel normal emotions—they're numb, like zombies.
But the side effects of these drugs aren't limited to hijacking your feelings and emotional state, causing violent and psychotic states. Physical side effects occur too and include abnormal bleeding, birth defects, heart attack, seizures and sudden death. Over one hundred and seventy drug regulatory warnings and studies have been issued on antidepressants, to sound the alarm on these side effects.
For Elephant Use Only
Psychiatrists prescribe antipsychotic meds such as Zyprexa and Seroquel, for anything from schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic depression, autism or anything else they can think of, even "pervasive developmental disorder," which is perfect for boosting sales because it targets children who suffer from irritability, aggression, and agitation. It's a shame 'cause these drugs are good for nothing but sedating irate elephants, not curing psychiatric disease.
According to a study published in Psychological Medicine, antipsychotic drugs cause brains to shrink – they lessen brain matter and volume. Originally designed for those deemed "schizophrenic," the drug companies came up with a brilliant marketing campaign to sell these drugs to a much wider market—unsatisfied antidepressant users. You've probably seen the ads—if your "depression medication" isn't working, then don't blame the drug; you may just have bipolar disorder!"
Once swallowed, antipsychotics sail through the blood stream where they're carried to the brain. Like a giant oil spill, antipsychotics cover the brain in a medicinal slick, where brain wave transmission is blocked. Users become devoid of normal brain activity. Motivation, drive and feelings of reward are shunted. If psychiatry considers this a "treatment," they're the crazy ones.
If you've ever seen someone who has suffered from the "spill" courtesy of following doctor's orders, you can't mistake one of the most common side effects, it's called Akathisia. Involuntary movements, tics, jerks in the face and the entire body can become permanent side effects for antipsychotic users.
Antipsychotics also cause obesity, diabetes, stroke, cardiac events, respiratory problems, delusional thinking and psychosis. Drug regulators from the U.S., Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa warn that they can also lead to death. I wouldn't be surprised if psychiatrists considered this a cure…
Use This to Jump The Grand Canyon
If you're going to attempt to jump your scooter over the Grand Canyon, or ride your snowboard off Kilimanjaro, stimulants are great. They flood the brain with dopamine and trigger an inhuman surge of adrenaline, responsible for making you believe life is grand, despite eminent death. Outside of that, you're either a speed freak, a college student trying to learn an entire semester of Biology 101 in 4 hours, or a fifth grader "following doctor's orders."
Top stimulants being prescribed today are nothing more than a mix of amphetamines packaged into trade names like Adderall, Dexedrine and Ritalin. Street thugs sell it as meth, poor man's cocaine, crystal, ice, glass and speed. It's no wonder kids are now abusing Ritalin, Adderall and these drugs more than street drugs, they're cheaper to get and they're "legal," hence the term kiddie cocaine.
Even the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) categorizes Ritalin in the Schedule ll category, meaning a high potential for abuse—just like cocaine and morphine. All of them have the same effects regardless of how they're named: Central nervous system overload leading to heart attack and/or heart failure. And kids are dropping faster than Meth Heads at Raves…
I'm not exaggerating.
Eleven international drug regulatory agencies and our own FDA has issued warnings that stimulants like Ritalin cause addiction, depression, insomnia, drug dependence, mania, psychosis, heart problems, stroke and sudden death.
Bash Your Head in with Anti-Anxiety Drugs
If you're not man enough for a drug that could sedate an elephant like antipsychotics, then psychiatrists will prescribe anti-anxiety meds, particularly benzodiazepines. Choosing between the two is akin to deciding whether or not you should be hit in the head with an aluminum bat or a wooden one; anti-anxiety meds being the latter.
Discovered in the stinky chemistry labs of Hoffman La Roche in 1955, anti-anxiety meds aim to trigger sleep receptors in the brain, just slightly. So, rather than being riddled with anxiety, you are put to sleep, halfway. It's "treatment," and psychiatrists have been "practicing it for decades." But, it has yet to work, because drugging your problems away is more dangerous than anxiety. The use of anti-anxiety meds is coupled with a host of nasty side effects such as seizures, aggression and violence once the drug wears off. Hallucinations, delusional thinking, confusion, abnormal behavior, hostility, agitation, irritability, depression and suicidal thinking are all possible outcomes according to Big Pharma's heavily guarded research papers.
Getting off the drugs could be harder than abandoning a heroin addiction. Some have described withdrawal from "benzos" being akin to pulling hundreds of fish hooks out of their skin, without anesthesia. If you doubt their addictive nature, go to Google search and type in a few of the leading anti-anxiety drugs like Klonopin or Xanax and here is what you'll find:
"Klonopin withdrawal" 1,860,000 results
"Xanax withdrawal" 1,980,000 results
Exposing Psychiatry: How to Get The Truth
In total, the side effects of psychiatric meds spread far and wide. And most are hidden from patients and doctors alike. Fortunately, Citizens Commission on Human Rights has solved this problem with a state-of-the-art database that allows people to search through the adverse reaction reports sent to the FDA on psychiatric drugs. It also provides international drug regulatory agency warnings and studies published on the side effects of the drugs.
So, can psychiatry help me? No. And that's surprising because psychiatric meds are some of the biggest selling drugs, poised to seal the hopes and dreams of millions. Regardless of what mental state I might be in (or anyone else for that matter), there is not a single drug that cures, treats or solves the perceived problems of mental health.
While people can suffer miserably from emotional or mental duress that can hinder their lifestyle, the pseudo-science of psychiatry has yet to solve any of these problems, and in fact only contributes to poor health as seen by the wide array of side effects. Marketing campaigns and ghostwritten medical journals are designed to obscure these facts. But the psychiatric drug side effect database courtesy of CCHR ensures that all patients have access to the truth, to the documented facts, which could save their life or that of a loved one.
Filed under World Tagged with addiction, adrenaline, aggression, agitation, Akathisia, alcohol, anger, anti-anxiety, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiety, autism, benzodiazepines, Big Pharma, bipolar disorder, blood, brain, brain cells, cardiac events, chemicals, chemistry, cocaine, Corruption, crystal, DEA, death, delusional disorder, depression, diabetes, dopamine, glass, happiness, homicidal ideation, hostility, ice, insomnia, involuntary movements, irritability, La Roche, mania, meds, mental health, Meth, meurotransmitters, molecular anatomy, nastiness, obesity, panic attacks, psychiatric drugs, psychosis, psychotic episodes, respiratory problems, ritalin, sadness, schizophrenia, Seroquel, serotonin, seuptake, SSRI, stimulants, stroke, suicidal, toxic, violence, zombies, Zyprexa
Presidential cancer advisors warn about environmental risks of cancer chemicals
When a government panel of experts finds the courage to tell the truth about cancer, it's an event so rare that it becomes newsworthy. Late last week, a report from the President's Cancer Panel (PCP) broke ranks with the sick-care cancer establishment and dared to say something that natural health advocates have been warning about for decades: That Americans are "bombarded" with cancer-causing chemicals and radiation, and if we hope to reduce cancer rates, we must eliminate cancer-causing chemicals in foods, medicines, personal care products and our work and home environments.
In a directive to President Obama, the report states, "The panel urges you most strongly to use the power of your office to remove the carcinogens and other toxins from our food, water, and air that needlessly increase healthcare costs, cripple our nation's productivity, and devastate American lives."
When I first read that, I just about fell out of my chair. Government-appointed experts are really saying that there are cancer-causing chemicals in our food and water? That simple fact has been vehemently denied by the cancer industry, processed food giants, personal care product companies and of course the fluoride lobby — all of which insist their chemicals are perfectly safe.
ACS attacks the report
The American Cancer Society, not surprisingly, was quick to bash the report. The ACS is one of the sick-care cancer industry front groups that reinforces consumer ignorance about both the causes and the solutions for cancer. The ACS has, for decades, engaged in what can only be called a "cancer chemical cover-up" with its denials that environmental chemicals cause cancer. (http://www.naturalnews.com/010244_A…) and (http://www.preventcancer.com/losing…)
Even as cancer experts like Dr Sam Epstein have been warning about carcinogens in cosmetics, personal care products and foods (http://www.preventcancer.com/consumers), the ACS has ridiculously pretended such threats don't exist. And just to top it off, the ACS has been warning people to stay away from sunlight and become more vitamin D deficient, thereby increasing cancer rates even further.
So it's no surprise that the ACS doesn't like this PCP report that dares to state the obvious: There are cancer-causing chemicals in our food and water! "The American people — even before they are born — are bombarded continually with myriad combinations of these dangerous exposures," the report writes.
The great chemical denial
Joining the ACS in criticizing the report is the American Chemistry Council, the trade group representing the very same chemical companies that are poisoning our world right now. Remarkably, the ACS and ACC are on the same side here, denying any link between chemicals and cancer. They insist that all those chemicals in your processed foods, cosmetics, antibacterial soaps, shampoos, fragrance products, home cleaning solvents, pesticides, herbicides and other similar products are all safe for you! Eat up, suckers!
Don't worry about the chemicals, they say. Cancer is just a matter of bad luck. There's nothing you can do about it. So stop trying.
That's their message, you see, and it's a message that plays right into the hands of the cancer industry: Don't prevent your cancer and when you get sick, they'll make a fortune off your disease and suffering.
The radiation threat from medical imaging
The PCP report also takes a strong stand on the cancer risks caused by medical imaging radiation. It actually says, "People who receive multiple scans or other tests that require radiation may accumulate doses equal to or exceeding that of Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors."
I remember receiving hate mail from cancer industry shills when I once made the same statement in an article about mammograms and CT scans. (http://www.naturalnews.com/026113_m…) And yet that statement was factually quite correct: If you undergo several medical imaging tests in a hospital today, you can very easily receive just as much radiation as a person standing a few miles away from the nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshoma during World War II. This is not an exaggeration. It is a simple fact of physics and the law of inverse squares. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invers…)
The environmental dangers of pharmaceuticals
Here at NaturalNews, I've been talking about the environmental pollution of pharmaceuticals for years. The fact that pharmaceutical chemicals are flushed down the drain and end up in the water supply is the "dirty little secret" of the drug industry. The problem has gone virtually unrecognized by the entire mainstream medical system… they just pretend it doesn't exist.
Yet this PCP report takes aim at it by saying: "Pharmaceuticals have become a considerable source of environmental contamination. Drugs of all types enter the water supply when they are excreted or improperly disposed of; the health impact of long-term exposure to varying mixtures of these compounds is unknown."
It's about time somebody in Washington stood up and challenged the pharmaceutical industry on the environmental effects of its toxic chemicals. HRT drugs, antidepressants, painkillers and many other types of drugs are right now polluting our oceans and waterways. You can hardly catch a fish near any major U.S. city now that isn't contaminated with pharmaceuticals.
But don't expect anyone to give credence to this warning. This entire PCP report is being largely ignored in Washington (and attacked by Big Business).
What the report really says
The President's Cancer Panel is headed by:
LaSalle D. Leffall, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S., Chair
Charles R. Drew Professor of Surgery
Howard University College of Medicine
Margaret L. Kripke, Ph.D.
Vivian L. Smith Chair and Professor Emerita
The University of Texas
These two people deserve your support for having the courage to publish a report that challenges the status quo of the corrupt cancer industry. So if you wish, send them a thank-you email for their work.
The report is entitled, "REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER RISK – What We Can Do Now"
Here are some of the highlights from the report:
• In 2009 alone, approximately 1.5 million American men, women, and children were diagnosed with cancer, and 562,000 died from the disease. Approximately 41 percent of Americans will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lives, and about 21 percent will die from cancer. The incidence of some cancers, including some most common among children, is increasing for unexplained reasons.
• The Panel was particularly concerned to find that the true burden of environmentally induced cancer has been grossly underestimated. With nearly 80,000 chemicals on the market in the United States, many of which are used by millions of Americans in their daily lives and are un- or understudied and largely unregulated, exposure to potential environmental carcinogens is widespread. One such ubiquitous chemical, bisphenol A (BPA), is still found in many consumer products and remains unregulated in the United States, despite the growing link between BPA and several diseases, including various cancers.
• However, the grievous harm from this group of carcinogens has not been addressed adequately by the National Cancer Program. The American people — even before they are born — are bombarded continually with myriad combinations of these dangerous exposures.
• Some scientists maintain that current toxicity testing and exposure limit-setting methods fail to accurately represent the nature of human exposure to potentially harmful chemicals. Current toxicity testing relies heavily on animal studies that utilize doses substantially higher than those likely to be encountered by humans. These data — and the exposure limits extrapolated from them — fail to take into account harmful effects that may occur only at very low doses.
• Only a few hundred of the more than 80,000 chemicals in use in the United States have been tested for safety.
• While all Americans now carry many foreign chemicals in their bodies, women often have higher levels of many toxic and hormone-disrupting substances than do men. Some of these chemicals have been found in maternal blood, placental tissue, and breast milk samples from pregnant women and mothers who recently gave birth. Thus, chemical contaminants are being passed on to the next generation, both prenatally and during breastfeeding.
• The entire U.S. population is exposed on a daily basis to numerous agricultural chemicals, some of which also are used in residential and commercial landscaping. Many of these chemicals have known or suspected carcinogenic or endocrine-disrupting properties. Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) approved for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) contain nearly 900 active ingredients, many of which are toxic.
• Many of the solvents, fillers, and other chemicals listed as inert ingredients on pesticide labels also are toxic, but are not required to be tested for their potential to cause chronic diseases such as cancer. In addition to pesticides, agricultural fertilizers and veterinary pharmaceuticals are major contributors to water pollution, both directly and as a result of chemical processes that form toxic by-products when these substances enter the water supply.
• The use of cell phones and other wireless technology is of great concern, particularly since these devices are being used regularly by ever larger and younger segments of the population.
• Americans now are estimated to receive nearly half of their total radiation exposure from medical imaging and other medical sources, compared with only 15 percent in the early 1980s. The increase in medical radiation has nearly doubled the total average effective radiation dose per individual in the United States. Computed tomography (CT) and nuclear medicine tests alone now contribute 36 percent of the total radiation exposure and 75 percent of the medical radiation exposure of the U.S. population.
• Many referring physicians, radiology professionals, and the public are unaware of the radiation dose associated with various tests or the total radiation dose and related increased cancer risk individuals may accumulate over a lifetime. People who receive multiple scans or other tests that require radiation may accumulate doses equal to or exceeding that of Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors.
• Hundreds of thousands of military personnel and civilians in the United States received significant radiation doses as a result of their participation in nuclear weapons testing and supporting occupations and industries, including nuclear fuel and weapons production, and uranium mining, milling, and ore transport. Hundreds of thousands more were irradiated at levels sufficient to cause cancer and other diseases.
• Numerous environmental contaminants can cross the placental barrier; to a disturbing extent, babies are born "pre-polluted." There is a critical lack of knowledge and appreciation of environmental threats to children's health and a severe shortage of researchers and clinicians trained in children's environmental health.
• Single-agent toxicity testing and reliance on animal testing are inadequate to address the backlog of untested chemicals already in use and the plethora of new chemicals introduced every year.
• Many known or suspected carcinogens are completely unregulated. Enforcement of most existing regulations is poor. In virtually all cases, regulations fail to take multiple exposures and exposure interactions into account.
• Many known or suspected carcinogens are completely unregulated. Enforcement of most existing regulations is poor. In virtually all cases, regulations fail to take multiple exposures and exposure interactions into account. [Editor's note: In other words, people should read NaturalNews! We've been doing this for years!]
Filed under World Tagged with ACC, ACS, advisors, american cancer society, american chemistry council, antibacterial soaps, antidepressants, atomic bomb, cancer, cancer chemicals, cancer panel, cancer rates, cancer risks, carcinogens, Charles R. Drew, chemical denial, chemicals, cleaning solvents, Consumer, cosmetics, cripple, CT scans, Dr. Sam Epstein, drug industry, environmental, experts, fluoride, food, food giants, foods, fragance products, hate mail, healthcare costs, herbicides, hiroshima, Howard University College of Medicine, HRT drugs, ignorance, imaging radiation, LaSalle D. Leffall, lives, main stream media, mammograms, Margaret L. Kripke, medical imaging test, medical system, medicines, nation, natural health, Obama, oceans, painkillers, PCP, personal care products, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, physics, pollution, presidential, processed foods, productivity, radiation, reducing environmental cancer risk, shampoos, toxins, truth, University of Texas, vitamin D, Vivian L. Smith, water

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
import datetime
from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
import requests
import pandas
from lxml import html
from degreeday.models import DegreedaySource
from degreeday.models import Degreeday

base_link = "http://www.aardgas.be"

class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = 'Import dagelijkse graaddagen from http://www.aardgas.be/nl/particulier/graaddagen'

    def handle(self, *args, **options):
        r = requests.get(base_link+'/nl/particulier/graaddagen')
        tree = html.fromstring(r.content)
        e = tree.xpath('.//a[contains(text(),"Dagelijkse gegevens")]')
        df = pandas.read_excel(base_link+e[0].attrib['href'])
        for r in df.iterrows():
            r1 = r[1][0]
            r2 = r[1][1]
            if isinstance(r1, datetime.datetime):
                d = r1.date()
                print(d, r2)
                dds = DegreedaySource.objects.get(name="aardgas")
                print (r2)
                dd = Degreeday()
                dd.source = dds
                dd.date_day = d
                dd.value = r2
                try:
                    dd.save()
                except Exception as e:
                    print (e)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Axiomatization of the real numbers in first order logic Let $P:=\bigcup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \mathcal{P}_n$ and $F:=\bigcup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \mathcal{F}_n$, where $P\cap F=\varnothing$. Let $\mathcal{L}:=P\cup F$.
The sets $\mathcal{P}_n$ are the ones that contains all the $n$-ary relation symbols and the sets $\mathcal{F}_n$, all the $n$-ary function symbols. So set $\mathcal{L}$ is a lexicon. The symbols in $\mathcal{P}_0$ are called propositional letters and the ones in $\mathcal{F}_0$ are called constant symbols.
I'm trying to describe a first order theory $T$ for the real numbers.
Consider $\mathcal{L}:=\{0,1,+,\cdot, \leq\}$, where $0,1\in \mathcal{F}_0$, $+,\cdot \in \mathcal{F}_2$ and $\leq\, \in \mathcal{P}_2$, and $T$ the set of the sentences enumerated below.

*

*$\forall x\forall y \forall z(x+(y+z)=(x+y)+z)$

*$\forall x \forall y \forall z(x\cdot (y\cdot z)=(x\cdot y)\cdot z)$

*$\forall x \forall y(x+y=y+x)$

*$\forall x \forall y (x\cdot y=y\cdot x)$

*$\forall x(x+0=x)$

*$\forall x(x\cdot 1=x)$

*$\forall x \exists y(x+y=0)$

*$\forall x(x\neq 0 \rightarrow \exists y(x\cdot y=1))$

*$\forall x \forall y \forall z(x\cdot (y+z)=(x\cdot y)+(x\cdot z))$

*$\forall x(x\leq x)$

*$\forall x \forall y((x\leq y \land y\leq x)\rightarrow x=y)$

*$\forall x \forall y \forall z((x\leq y \land y\leq z) \rightarrow x\leq z)$

*$\forall x \forall y (x\leq y \vee y\leq x)$

*$\forall x \forall y \forall z(x\leq y \rightarrow x+z\leq y+z)$

*$\forall x \forall y((0\leq x \land 0\leq y) \rightarrow 0\leq x\cdot y)$
I want know how we may write the Axiom of Completeness for the real numbers knowing that the intended first order formula would evolve some quantification over sets of numbers, as well as quantification over numbers themselves. To try to avoid this problem I tried the following.
An ordered field is an $\mathcal{L}$-structure $\mathfrak{A}=(A,I)$ such that $\mathfrak{A}\models \varphi$, for each $\varphi\in T$. We'll denote each $I(s)$ by $s_\mathfrak{A}$.
An ordered field $\mathfrak{R}=(R,{[-]}_\mathfrak{R})$ is complete iff every non-empty subset of $R$ having an upper bound in $R$ have a least upper bound in $R$. We could write this as:
$$\mathfrak{R}\models (\forall X\in \mathcal{P}(R)\setminus \{\varnothing\})((\exists x\in R)(\forall y\in X)(y\leq x)\rightarrow (\exists x\in R)((\forall y\in X)(y\leq x) \land (\forall z\in R)(\forall y\in X)(y\leq z\rightarrow x\leq z))).$$
I've read some answers in Math Stack Exchange that said that the problem is that this axiom is a second order one, not a first order one (I think it's because of the quantification over sets of numbers), but I also have seen some people saying that it evolves a ``many-sorted logic'', which I don't understand what the difference is from the second order logic.
What am I struggling with? A second order theory is based on first order logic just like first order theories? Is there a difference between a second order theory and a two-sorted logic? I appreciate any suggestions of readings too. Thanks in advance!
For whom would like to know the books I'm using: I'm studying Kunen's ``The Foundations of Mathematics''. I've read the first chapter which talks about ZFC and now I'm studying the second one which talks about models and formal proofs. I'm sorry for any english mistakes: my first language is Portuguese.

A: Similar to the inductive property of the integers, the completeness of the reals likely cannot be finitely axiomatized without appealing to set theory or higher order logics. Roughly speaking, the completeness of the reals asserts that each nonempty bounded set admits a supremum, so to state this as a single statement in first order logic, it is necessary to quantify over sets, propositions, or something else similarly powerful.
You can produce an infinite axiom schema for completeness however, by taking a hint from modern treatments of Peano. Originally, Peano's axioms stated the axiom of Induction by referencing sets, which at the time were (relatively) poorly understood. In modern study of Peano, to avoid dependence on sets, we replace "set" with "definable class" which gives us a first order axiom schema that acts as an analogue to the axiom of Induction. We can do the exact same thing to get a first order analogue of the completeness axiom of the reals. For each first order formula $\phi$ with free variables $x,v_1,\cdots,v_k$, assert the following as an axiom about real numbers.
$$\forall(v_1,\cdots,v_k), \big[[\exists x, \phi(x,\overline{v})]\land[\exists y, \forall x, x\leq y \lor \neg\phi(x,\overline{v})]\big]\implies [\phi(\cdot,\overline{v})\text{ has supremum}]$$
Where $[\phi(\cdot,\overline{v})\text{ has supremum}]$ is shorthand for $[\exists y, \forall x, y\leq x \iff
[\forall z, [z\leq x] \lor \neg\phi(z,\overline{v})]]$. Informally, this sentence says that if the class $\{x\in\mathbb{R} : \phi(x,v_1,\cdots,v_k)\}$ is nonempty and bounded, then it has a supremum. By asserting that this holds for every formula $\phi$ with any selection of parameters, we effectively assert that every definable class of real numbers obeys the Completion axiom. The only downside is that your list of axioms goes from 15 to infinity.

A: A second order logic is not quite the same as a first order logic.
To see this, notice that, given a a structure $M$, to verify e.g. $M\models \forall x \exists y(x+y=0)$, it suffices to check that for each $a\in M$, $M$ has an element $b$ such that $a+^Mb=0$. $M$ holds all the data needed to check this: it knows its zero, it knows its elements, and it knows how to apply the function $+^M$ to pairs of its elements.
On the other hand, to check whether a second order formula holds in $M$, we need data that is external to $M$: we need to know exactly what subsets it has.
As a consequence, satisfaction of a second order formula is not absolute (even when passing to an inner model of ZFC), while satisfaction of (even infinitary) first order formulas is absolute between transitive models: if $V\subseteq V'$ are models of set theory, $V$ transitive in $V'$, the set $\mathbf R^V$ that $V$ thinks is the field $\mathbf R$ of real numbers will still be a real closed field (and one consisting of real numbers, for an appropriately chosen construction of real numbers) according to $V'$, but it will not (in general) be complete, e.g. if $V'$ is a Cohen forcing extension of $V$: the elements of $\mathbf R^V$ are same in $V$ and $V'$ (by transitivity), but the power set is different.
Now, as you suggest, this "externality" can be circumvented by adding another sort to $M$: a sort containing all subsets of $M$, along with membership relation between the home sort and the new sort.
Call the resulting structure $M^{\mathcal P}$. Then it is easy to see that for each second-order formula $\varphi$, we can find a first-order formula $\varphi^{\mathcal P}$ such that for each $M$ we have $M\models \varphi\iff M^{\mathcal P}\models \varphi^{\mathcal P}$.
In fact, we can go even further: can also add sorts for subsets of arbitrary products of sorts if $M$ is multi-sorted, and we can also iterate this construction as many times as we want (even transfinitely many times). If we do that a strongly inaccessible $\kappa$ number of times, the resulting structure looks basically like $M$ with a model of ZFC stacked on top of it. In this structure, we can similarly treat sentences of logics of arbitrary order up to $\kappa$ as if they were first-order.
Here comes the kicker, though: being an $M^{\mathcal P}$ is not a first order property. For example, if we consider $\mathbf R^{\mathcal P}=(\mathbf R,\mathcal P(\mathbf R),\in)$, then by the Lowenheim-Skolem theorem, we can find a countable subfield $K\subseteq \mathbf R$ and a countable subset $\mathfrak X\subseteq \mathcal P(\mathbf R)$ such that $(K,\mathfrak X,\in)$ is an elementary substructure, and in particular, elementarily equivalent to it, so if $\varphi$ is a second-order formula expressing completness of the linear order, then $(K,\mathfrak X,\in)\models \varphi^{\mathcal P}$. However, since there is no countable complete dense linear order (with more than 1 point), it is obviously not true that $K\models \varphi$, so $(K,\mathfrak X,\in)$ is not $K^{\mathcal P}$ (indeed, $\mathfrak X$ is, effectively, only a countable family of subsets of $K$, so it can't be its power set).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Biotech Indian delegation to 'SeaTech Week' in France pitched for deeper collaboration
Indian delegation to 'SeaTech Week' in France pitched for deeper collaboration
A delegation from Indian Institute of Technology-Goa that attended the "Sea Tech Week" held from 8th to 12th October 2018 in Brest city of France, exchanged the thoughts on scientific collaborations in various areas. The visit was to take forward the MoU signed between India and France earlier during Knowledge Summit held at New Delhi
Brest/New Delhi: The 'SeaTech Week' has been an annual platform in France that represents huge number of participants including researchers, industrialists and decision makers, and a unique opportunity to develop business relationships and scientific collaborations. The latest edition of "Sea Tech Week" that was held from 8th to 12th October 2018, was in Brest which is a shining spotlight on marine bio-resources, an area of excellence for Brittany in France.
This year, the main theme was marine bioresources, covering a broad sweep from resource characterization and production to economic development. The objective was to put a spotlight all the latest technologies on offer in these different fields of application.
Indian connection
India too marked its presence at this event as a special session was devoted to the GOAT project (Goa Atlantic cooperation programme on Marine Science and Technology). The country was represented by a delegation from India comprising seven faculty members from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Goa. The visit was in accordance with the 'Letter of intent' signed between India and France alongside the Knowledge Summit that held in New Delhi, earlier in March 2018.
The delegation was led by Prof Gajanana Prabhu Gaonkar who is a senior visiting faculty at IIT-Goa and a professor at IIT-Bombay. The other members included Dr Sachin Dnyandeo Kore, Dr Clint Pazhayidam George, Dr Roy Rudranarayan, Dr Thajudeen Thaseem, Dr Narayan Rishikesh and Dr Pramanick Bidhan.
Partners decided to join their effort for the development of the GOAT project, an educational and research exchange programme in the area of Marine Science and Technology. Based on a bottom-up approach, the GOAT project involves both public and private sectors.
Earlier an MoU was signed between the Indian Institute of Technology Goa (IIT Goa), India; Naval Group, France; Campus mondial de la mer, a community of marine science and technology players from Brest and Brittany in France.
Cooperation between Indian and French scientists
The workshop held at the Sea Tech Week included the presentation of the partners of CMM to Indian partners (also associated to several in situ visits). The workshop helped in the identification of cooperation opportunities and of scientists interested in the cooperation. It lead to establishing a detailed work programme of cooperation.
The workshop started with a general presentation of GOAT project followed by the presentation of IIT Goa and on the French side, there was the presentation of Campus Mondial de la Mer, followed by presentation of French companies and institutions: Pôle Mer Bretagne Atlantique, Naval Group, Thales, ECA, FEM (France Energies Marines) and CEDRE scientific and technical discussions.
For each topic, a presentation of Indian cooperation proposal was presented and followed by discussions with local specialists. The topic included renewable marine energy, non-destructive evaluation and control, advanced computational techniques, numerical modelling and mathematics: combustion technologies, robotics, and chemical technology.
Apart from that, the opportunities in marine biotechnologies including ultrafast light induced processes, femto chemistry and femto biology as well as drugs from marine sources were discussed as well.
Speaking to the BioVoice, Prof Gajanana Prabhu Gaonkar who led the Indian delegation stated that there has been a positive feedback from the French counterparts to the various joint proposals put forward by the IIT-Goa scientists. "The advancements in the sea technology in France can be benefited from by us and our knowledge in basic sciences can make it work for both sides. There are various areas where the strengths of both sides can create future synergies into development of new innovations. I am hopeful that we will be working together in many exciting areas," mentioned Prof Gaonkar who has been awarded the insignia of the Knight of the National Order of Merit (Chevalier dans l'Ordre National du Mérite) by the French government in 2015.
A look at the background
India is amongst the top 12 biotech destinations in the world and ranks third in the Asia Pacific region and always trying to innovate. The Indian biotech industry is expected to grow at 30.46 percent CAGR to reach USD 100 billion by 2025. The sea technology with its enormous potential is still an opportunity waiting to be tapped.
The country has a favorable climate, diverse aqua fauna and its 8000 km long coastline to support its marine life. India is working to generate the knowledge and innovations required for efficient utilization of its coastal wasteland, sea water, marine algae and solar power.
India also has state of the art technology centers and institutes of excellence in marine resources like the Central Marine Fisheries Research Centre Kochi, Dept of Biotechnology New Delhi, National Centre for Biological Sciences Karnataka. India also possesses two major research centers on marine science and technology NIO (National Institute of Oceanography, Goa) and NIOT (National Institute on Ocean Technology, Chennai). Various research programs are conducted in these public institutes and projects are undertaken individually by the institutes themselves or in collaboration with other Indian or foreign research institutes.
In 2015, a MoU was signed by India and France for developing common activity on Marine Biology and Biotechnology. More recently in 2018, during the Knowledge Summit, a letter of intent has been signed between IIT Goa, Naval Group and CMM (Campus Mondial de la Mer, representing the whole community of marine sciences and technology, including biotechnology, of Western Brittany, Brest, France).
GOAT is an Educational and Research Exchange Programme in the area of Marine Science and Technology that involves both public and private sectors. The visit of the Indian delegation was aimed to set up together with the French partners a detailed project overview document.
*Note: The story is based on a recent visit of BioVoice Chief Editor to the France as a part of delegation to SeaTech Week 2018, held in Brest.
VIAEditor
BioVoice
Dr Clint Pazhayidam George
Dr Narayan Rishikesh
Dr Roy Rudranarayan
Dr Thajudeen Thaseem
Gajanana Prabhu Gaonkar
Sachin D Kore
SeaTech
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Kathryn Schulz: How does it feel to be wrong?
Emotionally — how does it feel to be wrong?
These are great answers, but they're answers to a different question. You are answering the question: How does it feel to realize you're wrong?
Realizing you're wrong can feel like all of that and a lot of other things, right? I mean it can be devastating, it can be revelatory, it can actually be quite funny… But just being wrong doesn't feel like anything.
Actually it does feel like something to be wrong; it feels like being right.


Martin Öhlin secured a front row start for the second race at Jyllandsringen by finishing seventh in the first STCc-race at Jyllandsringen. He held on to his sixth place through most of the race as he and Johan Sturesson where chasing the two Volkswagens hard as they defended their positions hard. Towards the end Martin lost sixth position after a small mistake under braking.
"It was not an easy race to drive. The car was much more difficult to drive now than it has been previously this weekend and the Volkswagens defended themselves hard. It was impossible to find a way past them. In the end I made a small mistake which gave Mattias a chance to pass me," Martin said afterwards.
He will now start in second place for the afternoon race and with some rain coming in over Jyllandsringen he hopes to finish the weekend in Denmark on a good note.
"We have to find something out for the next race. I will line up on the outside again but this time I just have one car in front of me. We have a good opportunity to finish in a strong position, I'm usually strong in the rain so we will see what the weather will be up to. I can promise you we will go for it no matter what," Martin finished.
Richard Göransson's race ended quickly as he got sandwhiched between two cars in the hairpin which made the BMW airborn and severly damaged. After a pitstop the decision was taken that the car was too damaged to continue the race with and Göransson was forced to retire. He will now line up in 16th position for the next race.
"I got sandwhiched between Tarquini and Rydell and had nowhere to go and all three of us were forced to retire. The rear wheels were pointing in all kind of directions. It's part of racing as they say, I guess even we will be forced to retire from a race. We will recharge for the next race, starting from 16th position will probably be quite exciting," Richard said.


text:
The Wild Seed by Octavia Butlers
Octavia Butlers The Wild Seed
The book, The Wild Seed by Octavia Butler centers its focus on two characters Doro and Anyanwu. It is based on an African Diaspora setting where Dora is the protagonist while Anyanwu is the antagonist. The story itself centers its focus on Doros struggle in the creation of a race of immortals. On the other hand, Anyanwu tries to oppose all the cruel ways Doro adopts in his quest for creating a race of immortals also referred to as seeds by the author. This essay, however, will focus majorly on Doro and Anyanwu perspective on slavery from a mental, physical and emotional view.
If this sample essay on"The Wild Seed by Octavia Butlers " doesn't help,
To start off, Doro views himself as a god, or rather a demigod, who believes that instilling fear to his seeds of colony is the only efficient way ensuring the latter pay allegiance and are true to his leadership and authority. Those who rebel against him are killed. With regards to mental slavery, this illustration clear explains that Doro uses mental fear to stamp his authority since his seeds of colony fear him and his leadership thereby cannot rebel against him lest they would be killed. On the other hand, after Doro falls in love with Anyanwu, she believes in and applies mental love, mutual respect, gratitude and trust to win allegiance from the seeds of colony. Doro learns from this and gets acquainted with new and sound methods of producing powerful seeds. Similarly, the author reminds readers that they are slaves to their own fears. Anyanwu is afraid of rebelling against Doros authority since she fears death of both her children and herself. Mental slavery as depicted as hindered genuine rebellions as illustrated in Anyanwus case.
Secondly, this essay will analyze how the duo viewed slavery with regards to the physical aspect it brings forth. Doro views physical slavery as not denying one the basics and necessities of life in the name of slavery provided the slaves pay allegiance to the master. He ensures seed colonies have plenty food, are not locked in chains and have the freedom they desire provided they do not rebel against his leadership styles. This is different from the American slavery of the past centuries where slaves had no basic rights let alone adequate food. As for Anyanwu, she believes gender slavery is not right and that is the reason she was hit by culture shock of the cumbersome gender expectations and European dresses women were expected to meet and wear in that order. She refuses to give in to gender slavery and oppression and she eventually becomes triumphant at the end of the novel.
Moving forward, the aspect of emotional slavery is illustrated by the two main characters in the novel. Anyanwu views emotional slavery as her only way in ensuring her and the children live under Doros leadership.Anyanwu is afraid of rebelling against Doros authority since she fears death of both her children and herself. She cannot manage the site of seeing her and the children die because of being rebellious to Doros leadership. This allows Doro to manipulate them despite her constant denial of his methods of managing the seed colony. Doro on the other hand, instills fear, threatens and kills dissent in front of their loved ones. He believes by doing this, the seed colonies are not capable of rebelling.
In conclusion, Octavias Wild Seed tries to outline that slavery is not always about physical whipping and chaining, but can also come through emotional and mental ways.
Praying for Sheetrock
Do We Live Our Own Lives?
Problem Solution Essay on Communication between People From Different Departments Within the Organization
Review of the Novel A Prayer for Owen Meany
Frederick Douglas Participation in the Victory Over Slavery - Expository Essay
Dr. Faustus: Fate vs. Free Will
Literary Analysis Essay on The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy
Family Stereotypes Adolescence Friendship Social Responsibility Communication Strategies Society Socialization Single Parent Social Class Race Divorce Individuality Marriage Inspiration Freedom Relationship Community Nonverbal Communication Gender Roles


This property is currently Available to Let .
Entered via wooden door. Good sized hallway gives access to Lounge, Kitchen, Bedrooms and Bathroom. Smoke alarm. Ceiling light fitting. Ceiling cornicing. Telephone point.
Good sized Lounge having double glazed window to front and side having vertical blinds fitted. Double radiator. Sat tv point. Ample power points. Telephone point. Feature shelved alcove. Feature fireplace. Cupboards below windows giving good storage space. Ceiling coving. Ceiling light fitting.
Good sized Kitchen having a good range of base and wall units with complimentary work surfaces, tiled splashback, stainless steel sink unit with mixer tap, built in electric oven and hob and cooker hood. Ample power points. Double glazed window to side. Ceiling spotlight track. Smoke alarm. Feature ceiling beams. Tile effect laminate flooring.
Well proportioned double Bedroom with double glazed window facing rear. Power points. Double radiator. Ceiling light fitting. Fitted carpet. Clothes pulley. Door to dressing room/storage room.
Having window to rear with Venetian blind. Wall mounted gas boiler. Ceiling coving. Light fitment. Smoke alarm. Fitted carpet. This room could be utilised as a dressing room or large storage cupboard.
Another good sized double Bedroom with double glazed window to front. Ceiling coving. Ample power points. Double radiator. Neutral decor. Cupboard Housing electric meter and switchgear.
Long Bathroom having three piece suite comprising bath with electric shower and shower curtain over. Hatch to ceiling. Toilet area having w.c. and wash hand basin. Single radiator. Vinyl flooring. Glass shelf. Mirror.
Good sized communal rear garden with drying poles.
On entering Darvel by way of A71. Proceed straight along West Main Street into East Main Street. The property is located on the left hand side.


Can I use Apple Pay in the Apple Store app?
I can't believe I don't have the option to use Apple Pay in the Apple Store app. I have two cards registered on my iPhone 6. What's the deal?
Re: Can I use Apple Pay in the Apple Store app?
When you go to purchase an item does it not show on the bottom of the product page? There should be 2 options. 1 to purchase with other payment option and 1 to purchase with apple pay.
"Discover support for Apple Pay payments within apps is coming soon."
Discover was the only card I had set up in Apple Pay. Once I added USBank, the option to use Apple Pay appeared.
So much for getting 10% cash back on a new AppleTV4.


Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi (Journal of Reproductive Health) is one of the journals published by Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan (National Institute of Health Research and Development), Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. It is firstly published in December 2010, Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi (Journal of Reproductive Health) is an authoritative source of scientific information and knowledge based on research and analysis focused on sexual and reproductive health related topics. All papers are peer-reviewed by at least two referees. Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi (Journal of Reproductive Health) is issued 2 times a year and has been accredited by Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (Indonesian Institute of Sciences) No. 763/AU1/P2MI-LIPI/10/2016.
Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi (Journal of Reproductive Health) has been indexed in: Crossref; Indonesian Scientific Journal Database; Indonesian Publication Index; Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); Google Scholar; Open Academics Journal Index (OAJI); Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources (ROAD); Science and Technology Index(Sinta); Indonesia One Search; Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE); Worldcat; Open AIRE.


text:
Ask Mr. Coney
Coney News
Dear Mr. Coney Island...
We lived in Coney Island from the 1930's to the 1970's. Early on, I seem to remember my mother and aunts and friends and people from all over, all ages, all walks of life, gathering in the "Pavilion" on the boardwalk, especially on the summer Tuesday fireworks night to talk, perhaps gossip, but especially to sing. Most of the songs were Yiddish, with beautiful longing melodies which I can still remember.
In speaking of this with some people in my family, they say I remember it through "rose colored glasses". Did it exist? Can you validate when and where. Was it as I remember as a young boy?
- David Levine
Your memory is correct. The Boardwalk originally had four Mediterranean style pavilions located at West 35th St, West 29th, West 24th, and West 12th Streets.The pavilions at the West End were popular gathering places on summer evenings. Residents of the Hebrew Home for the Aged, located in the old Half Moon Hotel, would sing songs and tell stories in the pavilion at West 29th Street. The pavilions suffered arson fires and were demolished in the 1970s. Here are photographs of the pavilions in the 1920s and shortly before demolition.
Permalink Submitted by HOWIE (not verified) on Fri, 12/16/2011 - 22:52
I think there were also pavillions at the foot of Ocean Parkway (destroyed by Hurricane Donna in Sept. 1960---rebuilt with a sleeker all concrete design---replaced by current structure in the early 2000's and shifted slightly west of original.
Also near Brighton 3-4 there were multiple structures and one I think was another of these pavillions. This is now site of current structure from early 2000's. Don't remember the fate of this one.
The design of the original 1920's shade pavillions was not suited to a potentially windy area since it did not allow the air to pass through smoothly! I remember part of the roofs becoming unhinged in ordinary wind events.
Permalink Submitted by Elizabeth (not verified) on Wed, 02/22/2012 - 11:18
Hello, I live in Coney Island currently. Based on the first picture of the Pavilion, I actually think that a few are still standing! Of course they are not as pretty and decorative anymore. I think that on some of them, the complete red top, that looks like a roof of a house, has been torn away. There aren't any big group gatherings anymore, but every Friday in the Summer they still shoot fireworks!
Permalink Submitted by Andy Fuhrman (not verified) on Wed, 05/23/2012 - 00:24
I was born at Harbor Hospital in 1950, formerly known as the Half Moon Hotel and prior to it becoming the old age home. My very earliest memories were of being on the beach just to the west of the pavilion, early summer mornings with my dad. At that time, we lived above Kaufman's Pharmacy on Mermaid Avenue, right across the street from the Mermaid Theater. My dad would take me for haircuts at Carl & Harry's barber shop just up 29th street, get my Buster Brown shoes from the store on the corner of 29th & Mermaid, have pancakes at the Huba, visit my Aunt Faye's dress shop on the south side of Mermaid Ave. between 29th & 30th, hang out at Jay & Erin Turoff's hardware store, Weiner's Photo shop, Abilene Oil, get a nickel sour pickle out of the barrel at Rosenberg's Deli, belly button candy from Mike's candy store and go to nursery school at the Y when it was on 31st and Mermaid, run by Max and Andy the janitor. That was my world and it was wonderful. Happy to have such warm memories.
Fays Dress Shop
Permalink Submitted by Nichole (not verified) on Wed, 04/25/2018 - 06:13
Does your Aunt Fays also go by Francine or something similar?
Permalink Submitted by Orlando Mendez (not verified) on Sat, 02/11/2012 - 15:49
I remember the Pavillions well. As a child growing up in Coney Island with my Brother, Cousins, and many friends, we spent a many a day in those Pavillions and they were a fixture to many of the locals all year around. They provided a Cool Shaded Refuge from the Hot Summer Sun for many.
I remember the Pavillions gradually falling to Damage caused by Vandals and in fact was familiar with a local Coney Island Character by the name of Ray (Raymond) whom we knew to be a Fire Bug/Arsonist.
He often bragged that he was responsible for setting the Fires which caused the heavy damage to those long gone Coney Landmarks.
Ray had also claimed to many that he was also the person responsible to Torching the Long Gone Lincoln Baths/Raven Hall. He again often bragged that he was paid by the then owners to torch and Burn the Baths Down for the Insurance Money...
Permalink Submitted by austin hall (not verified) on Mon, 07/07/2014 - 15:32
hello Andy, it's me Austin hall, Mike's son from the candy store. I dont know how I found you. did we know each other when living in CI? I dont know if this will reach you so I will keep It short. It sure would be nice to rehash everything with you. I was the kid always playing the trumpet.
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text:
Johann Anton Tischbein (* 28. August 1720 in Haina; † 26. Juli 1784 in Hamburg) war ein deutscher Maler und Kunstpädagoge aus der Künstlerfamilie Tischbein.

Leben
Tischbein war der vierte Sohn des Hospitalbäckers Johann Heinrich Tischbein aus Haina. Nach nur kurzer Schulzeit war er einige Zeit als Schreiber in Frankfurt am Main tätig. Später ging er auf eigene Faust nach Paris, um dort die Tapetenmalerei zu erlernen. Zurück in Frankfurt übte er dann auch den Beruf des Tapetenmalers aus.

Mit 29 Jahren begleitete er 1749 seinen Bruder Johann Heinrich Tischbein d. Ä. auf dessen Studienreise nach Italien. Auf dieser Reise entstanden viele Skizzen und Aquarelle, welche dann zum Teil Jahre später von ihm als Ölgemälde ausgeführt wurden.

1766 ließ sich Tischbein in Hamburg nieder und gründete dort eine private Zeichenschule. Ab 1780 betraute man Tischbein zusätzlich mit dem Zeichen- und Malunterricht am Johanneum. Zu dieser Entscheidung trug wohl auch Tischbeins Lehrbuch der Malerey bei, welches 1771 veröffentlicht wurde. Mehrere Wandbilder des Wandsbeker Schlosses wurden ebenfalls von Tischbein ausgeführt.

Im Alter von fast 64 Jahren starb er 1784 in Hamburg. Nach ihm ist die Tischbeinstraße im Hamburger Stadtteil Barmbek-Nord benannt.

Schriften
 Unterricht zu gründlicher Erlernung der Malerey (1771)

Weblinks

Maler (Hamburg)
Johann Anton
Geboren 1720
Gestorben 1784
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION | SINGAPORE LITIGATION
Singapore Litigation
Abraham Vergis
Nawaz Kamil
Zhuo Jiaxiang
Lim Mingguan
Danny Quah
Asiyah Arif
Kenny Lau
Wong Joon Wee
Bestlyn Loo
Niki Chen
Eugene Lim
Recent Cases & News
eugene@providencelawasia.com
Qualifications & Admissions
LL.M. International & Comparative Law, McGill University
LL.B. (Hons), National University of Singapore
Advocate & Solicitor, Supreme Court of Singapore
Solicitor, England & Wales
Eugene joins Providence Law Asia with an extensive experience in the international tax and trade law in the Asia Pacific region. Prior to joining Providence Law Asia, Eugene was the head of the Tax and Wealth Management practice in Baker & McKenzie Wong & Leow and had also for a time been based in Hong Kong for over a decade to focus on tax and trade matters in the Greater China area.
Eugene's main areas of practice include:
Tax controversies, indirect tax
Customs and excise
Export controls and trade sanctions matters in Singapore, China and the Asia Pacific region
In addition, Eugene also covers trade law developments in the WTO, APEC, ASEAN and under the various free trade agreements in the Asia Pacific region. Recently, Eugene was also involved in thought leadership projects involving the implications of the OECD BEPS project and mega-regional trade agreements (e.g., the Trans-pacific Partnership agreement, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement, and the ASEAN Economic Community) on global businesses operating in the Asia Pacific region.
REPRESENTATIVE CASE EXPERIENCE
Advised various multinational corporations on the indirect tax, customs and trade aspects of structuring their global and Asia Pacific supply chain operations.
Assisted various clients on tax disputes with the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore.
Advised various multinational corporations on the use of free trade agreements (FTAs) to obtain preferential market access for their goods and services in the Asia Pacific region.
Advised various multinationals corporations on export control issues and trade sanctions in the Asia Pacific region.
Advised various industry groups on the consistency of local laws and standards with international trade laws.
Advised numerous luxury, fashion and apparel companies on their distribution operations in China.
Advised numerous multinational corporations on regulatory, tax and customs issues relating to their contract manufacturing, procurement, distribution and after-sales strategies in China.
Advised various multinational corporations on managing disputes with China customs and tax authorities.
Assisting a global luxury automative brand in setting up their manufacturing hubs in India and South East Asia and arranging their global supply chain structure.
Assisting a global Fortune 500 IT company in considering the indirect tax implications in their payment solutions in the Asia Pacific region.
Assisting various multinational corporations in negotiating and re-negotiating their incentives and grants with Singaporean government agencies.
Counselling various multinational corporations with managing disclosures to various governments in the Asia Pacific region in relation to export control and customs violations.
Board Member, Singapore Tax Academy
Leading Individual (Singapore Tax) – Legal500 (2017)
Recognized by Chambers Asia Pacific 2017 for Singapore tax
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Indirect Tax Leader (Singapore) – International Tax Review Indirect Tax Leaders Guide (2013 – 2015, 2017)
Leading Trade & Customs Lawyer, The International Who's Who of Trade & Customs Lawyers, 2010-2014
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← Bakewell puddings…a real 80's revival!
a piece of artwork in itself, very tasty artwork mind you!
Delicious and extremely interesting food, faultless service and a lovely setting…it's not a cheap night out but if you fancy a treat then I highly recommend that you get yourself down to the Three Horsehoes tout suite!


Recent Comments "The Other Miss Bridgerton"
doesnt anyone know anything about the book?the heroine maybe??
I can't wait to read this! I was really disappointed with the second book. Praying this one will better!


CLEVELAND (JUNE 13, 2016) – Paint Shield®, the first EPA-registered microbicidal paint that kills greater than 99.9 percent of Staph (Staphylococcus aureus), MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), E. coli (Escherichia coli), VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis) and Enterobacter aerogenes on painted surfaces, offers customers an important new tool to help prevent the spread of these harmful bacteria on the painted surface.
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Contributing to MAF scholarships that help students pursue accounting degrees has never been easier, especially if you shop at Kroger or Amazon.
Now, you can help fund the Michigan Accountancy Foundation's mission to provide these scholarships by identifying MAF as the charitable organization you want to support when using Kroger Community Rewards and Amazon Smile. Encourage your members to follow these easy steps.
2.When asked to "select a charitable organization to start shopping," key-in Michigan Accountancy Foundation.
3.From the list that pops up, choose Michigan Accountancy Foundation.
4.Accept the terms and condition, then start shopping.
1.A Kroger Plus card is necessary to participate. If you already have one, skip to step 2.If you don't, pick one up at any Kroger customer service desk. They're free!
2.With Kroger Plus card in hand, go to krogercommunityrewards.com.
3.Click the "Sign-in/Register" button, then select "Sign up today" in the "NewCustomer" box and complete the registration process.
4.You will receive an email to confirm your registration. Just click on the link in theemail to return to the community rewards website. Enter the user name andpassword you created in the registration process.
5.Enter your Kroger Plus card number in the "Edit Kroger Community Rewards"option, updating or confirming your information.
6.Next, enter your NPO or the name of your organization, then select it from the listthat appears.
7.If done correctly, your organization's name appears on the right side of the page.
8.Important. Member purchases will not count for your organization until membersregister their cards.
9.If your members are accustomed to using their phone numbers at the registerinstead of their cards, they can find their card numbers by calling 877-576-7587.
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text:
Escapades ist ein Lied der US-amerikanischen Rapperin und Sängerin Azealia Banks. Es ist aus ihrem zweiten Studioalbum Fantasea II: The Second Wave. Die originale Version des Songs wurde am 26. Juni 2017 als kostenlose Streaming-Single auf SoundCloud veröffentlicht. Eine Radio-Version veröffentlichte sie am 9. August 2017 ebenfalls auf SoundCloud. Die finale Version wurde dann schlussendlich am 1. September 2017 auf iTunes und Spotify veröffentlicht. Es ist ein Teil ihrer Azealia Banks: North American Tour 2017 Tour.

Veröffentlichung
Bis heute wurden vier verschiedene Versionen des Songs als Download oder nur als Streaming veröffentlicht.

Musikvideo
Das Musikvideo zur Single wurde am 30. Oktober 2017 auf YouTube veröffentlicht und hat eine Länge von vier Minuten und zwei Sekunden. Zuvor wurden einige Szenen aus dem Video in einem Trailer auf ihrem Instagram-Account veröffentlicht.

Im Video ist Banks zu sehen, wie sie vor einem weißen Hintergrund verschiedene Tanzbewegungen ausführt. Zudem sieht man vor einem schwarzen Hintergrund einen Tänzer, der oberkörperfrei ist und eine dunkle Hose trägt.

Rezension
Anna Gaca von Spin beschrieb die ersten beiden Versionen des Songs als noch "in-Arbeit".

Einzelnachweise

Azealia Banks
Lied 2017
Rapsong


Counting of ballots in the third round of parliamentary elections in Lebanon covering 45 constituencies has begun after a campaign marked by intense competition for votes and harsh political exchanges, Aljazeera reports.
Political observers say the outcome of this crucial round of voting may well determine the future shape of the Christian leadership, with parties opposed to the erstwhile Syrian presence in Lebanon needing 45 seats to win a majority in parliament, according to Aljazeera.
Anti-Syrian Christian leader Michel Aoun is heading for victory against rival Christian politicians, and Aljazeera reports that Druze leader Walid Jumblatt has acknowledged Aoun as the winner.
The defeat of several prominent Christian figures opposed to Syria's role in Lebanon will be sure to complicate the next 128-seat parliament's task of charting the country's new political course.
The elections, held over four weekends ending 19 June, are set to usher in a parliament with most legislators opposed to Syria for the first time since the 1975-1990 civil war.
Unofficial partial counts on Sunday showed candidates backed by Aoun set to clinch 15 out of 16 seats up for grabs in the third round of the elections in the Maronite Christian heartland of North Metn and Byblos-Kesrwan north of Beirut.
But the candidates of former army chief Aoun, who fell out with other anti-Syrian leaders after returning in May from 14 years in exile, looked set to be beaten by a list backed by Jumblatt in the Baabda-Aley district, where 11 seats are being contested.
Jumblatt's list won all eight seats in the mainly Druze Shouf constituency.
The Shia Islamic Hizb Allah also looked set to increase its share in parliament ,with six members winning seats in the eastern Baalbek-Hermel district. The group has already won seven seats in the first two rounds of the election.
"I am staying until the last moment in my tenure and this is because I believe that the constitution says so"
Syrian troops withdrew from Lebanon in April after popular protests and pressure from the US, France and other powers, which are likely to urge any new government to disarm Hizb Allah and implement political and economic reform.
More than half of the 1.25 million eligible voters cast ballots in the Mount Lebanon and eastern Bekaa Valley regions in the penultimate stage of Lebanon's first national election without the presence of Syrian troops for three decades.
The Interior Ministry said turnout was 54% in Mount Lebanon and 52% in the Bekaa.
But international concern over accusations of Syrian intelligence activity in Lebanon cast a shadow over the poll.
The US says it has information about a Syrian hit list of Lebanese leaders, a charge Syria denies.
UN chief Kofi Annan decided last week to send a verification team back to Lebanon to check charges that Syrian intelligence agents were still in the country. An envoy, Terje Roed-Larsen, met Syrian President Bashar al-Assad on Sunday.
A UN spokesman said Roed-Larsen headed straight back to New York to brief Annan on the talks. He gave no details.
A total of 58 seats were up for grabs on Sunday.
Forty-two lawmakers were elected in the first two rounds in Beirut and the south, both of which brought no surprises.
The son of assassinated former prime minister Rafik al-Hariri won all seats in the mainly Sunni capital and a joint Hizb Allah and Amal list of candidates triumphed in the southern Shia heartland.
The new parliament is set to decide the fate of pro-Syrian President Emile Lahoud, address the disarming of pro-Syrian Hizb Allah, reshape ties with Syria and draft a new election law.
Several opposition leaders - but not Aoun - want Lahoud to go, accusing him of playing a role in al-Hariri's death.
But the Lebanese president is defiant. "I am staying until the last moment in my tenure and this is because I believe that the constitution says so," Lahoud said after casting a ballot.
Old women in traditional Druze dresses were carried to polling stations while old men were helped up stairs to vote as election fever swept a swathe of picturesque mountain villages.
Many voters in the mainly Druze town of Aley, 16km east of Beirut, said they voted for a Jumblatt-backed ticket grouping Druze and Christian groups who battled each other during Lebanon's civil war.
"These alliances should happen so that we can forget the past. This is the only way to get over the war," Nada Najed, a housewife, said as she lined up outside a polling station.


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Celebrity News December 11, 2015
Gloria & Emilio Estefan's Daughter Emily Is Making Her Mark in the Music Industry
"You can't tell me who the f**k to be," declares 21-year-old Emily Estefan in her new single "F**k to Be." It's a powerful affirmation of her individuality and her commitment to staying true to herself as an artist.
The daughter of Gloria and Emilio Estefan was born to music royalty, but she's not interested in riding anyone's coattails. Emily is carving her own niche in the music industry and working hard to do so. Now a senior at the prestigious Berklee College of Music in Massachusetts, Emily writes all of her own music and has developed a sound of her own.
Check out the cool video for her new single at EmilyEstefanmusic.com, and while you're there, take a listen to another Emily gem, "Purple Money."
Gloria and Emilio Estefan Honored at 30th Annual Great Sports Legends Dinner
Gloria Estefan: 'Music Literally Saved Me!'


When to 'bring in the audience'?
Criticasters: How to deal with unexpected comments?
Post-event: How to follow up with unanswered comments?
To most of us presenting on itself is already a challenge. Some get pleasure out of it, but most people are happy when it is over. So why even involve the audience? Doesn't it only make it more difficult for the presenter to manage the story line?
Keep focus: When going back and forth between speaker and audience, then the focus is less on you as speaker. Every now and then this comfortably takes away the pressure. Giving you time to zoom out a little, to decide where to speed up or where to give more attention to. Just make sure you have a script to follow and you won't lose track.
Foster engagement: The audience will feel more involved. They can reflect on what you've just said and compare it with their own practice. They can give you and other attendees suggestions or ask you to further explain. When you feel it is time to move on, then remember that you're in charge at all times!
Create excitement: Your story will come to live. Since often as a presenter you're the expert, you'll find that hardly none of the audience's questions will catch you off guard. Trust it. They will actually fuel your story, because you suddenly remember this good example!
Interesting By using audience response tool Sendsteps you can let the audience send in comments or questions from the very first moment. This doesn't mean you have to deal with all of them. Nor deal with them instantly.
By using audience response tool Sendsteps you can let the audience send in comments or questions from the very first moment. This doesn't mean you have to deal with all of them. Nor deal with them instantly. Your audience can follow all the live comments through the response website on their smartphone. They can give "likes" to questions and comments that appeal most to them. This is called "upvoting". Either pause in the middle and deal with a few remarks or save them till the very end. The comments ranked highest are there for you to answer.
Normally Q&A sessions are only short. But this is based on the 1.0 approach whereby the presenter asks "Are there any questions?". Most attendees don't dare to speak up. However [!], with the use of the tool you'll find that attendees send in many more comments. Be clever and schedule more Q&A time and don't be afraid this will cut down your presentation time: consider it as an essential part! A thumb rule? For each 10 minute presentation – 5 minute Q&A!
Let's grab the bull by the horns. Many presenters don't involve the audience as they can be afraid for unexpected questions.
Still, what happens when criticism or negativity remains unaddressed?
Prepare scenario's: Being an expert in your topic, you know when attendees can sense possible friction. Or when stakes start to conflict. When thinking from the audience's perspective, you can already prepare on how to tackle certain concerns or critics.
Play a joker: No matter if you're the CEO or a junior professional, when you receive a difficult question it is perfectly ok to "park it". Acknowledge the concern or question, let the attendee know you don't have the answer now, and immediately proceed in informing on how you will follow up. E.g. "That's a very good question. I understand it bothers you. I find it challenging to answer that question right now, but I'll get back to it in next month's newsletter".
Tip This pragmatic approach has resulted often in praise for the speaker. Instead of going around it, you address the concern or at least give a professional follow up to it.
Write a blog: In a blog you can address all questions that haven't been answered during the presentation. Or at least find the common theme and elaborate on that. The blog can be mentioned in a post-event mailing or can be disclosed on an organization's website.
Record a vlog: In a vlog you can do the same as in a blog. Simply record your answers on video and with it give it a personal touch. Video often scores well and it is great content to spice up the traditional post-event mailing!
Live backstage: During larger events you can consider a back office where speakers go to after their presentation. An interviewer can then ask those questions that are still unanswered. The backstage interview can be livestreamed on the event website. This allows a remote audience to also attend the event and it generates nice footage for after an event.
E-mail attendees: Or simply follow up personally. If you've allowed attendees to send in questions identified [a setting in your Sendsteps Dashboard], then you can e-mail them with a personal reaction. Time consuming? Yes, but often with a big impact!
Tip In all cases, make sure to communicate in advance on how you'll deal with audience feedback. As such, attendees will feel encouraged throughout the event to keep sending in their questions, concerns and remarks. This gives you great insights and it will keep your audience engaged!
Tip: The use of a sidekick.
No matter if you're using "upvoting" or not, it is helpful to have a professional sidekick onsite, in the audience. Somebody who represents the voice of the audience. The person either selects incoming messages himself, or he uses the ranking of the audience with it. The point is to have someone to put the questions into a perspective, to give a short summary of what has been shared and with it add to a lively presentation and event. This sidekick operates individually and next to a presenter and/or moderator. Someone supporting the process of audience interaction. Entertaining and valuable at the same time.
Important Please note that Sendsteps can help you with finding a professional sidekick for your event.
In short, involve the audience. Trust the flow that will come with it. Experience the added value for all stakeholders of an event. Set it up cleverly and let it work, not against you, but for you!


Speedtouch st585 firmware upgrade. UPDATE 12/ 5/ : Revs Per Min has worked out how to unlock the TG782T to use with other ISP' s without having to open up the unit.
View and Download Thomson TR- 069 configuration manual online. TR- 069 Gateway pdf manual download.
Slide 23 of this power point presentation talks about Reset: With or without ISP defaults. Ok, that is the old method of the ISP providing a file in the dl directory, f, which was not deleted by normal factory reset.


text:
Calculation of the Forces Acting on the Knee Joint When Rising from Kneeling Positions (Effects of the Leg Alignment and the Arm Assistance on the Knee Joint Forces)
S. Hirokawa, M. Fukunaga, M. Mawatari
Knee joint forces are available by in vivo measurement using an instrumented knee prosthesis for small to moderate knee flexion but not for high flexion yet. We created a 2D mathematical model of the lower limb incorporating several new features such as a patello-femoral mechanism, a thigh-calf contact at high knee flexion and co-contracting muscles' force ratio, then used it to determine knee joint forces arising from high knee flexions in four kneeling conditions: rising with legs in parallel, with one foot forward, with or without arm use. With arms used, the maximum values of knee joint force decreased to about 60% of those with arms not used. When rising with one foot forward, if arms are not used, the forward leg sustains a force as large as that sustained when rising with legs parallel.
Knee joint force, kneeling, mathematical model, biomechanics.
[1] D. D. D'Lima, S. Patil, N. Steklov, S. Chien, C. W. Colwell, "In vivo knee moments and shear after total knee arthroplasty," J.Biomech., vol. 40, s11-s17, Apr. 2007.
[2] I. Kutzner, B. Heinlein, F. Graichen, A. Bender, A. Rohlmann, A. Halder, et al., "Loading of the knee joint during activities of daily living measured in vivo in five subjects," J.Biomech., vol. 43, pp.2164-2173, Aug. 2010.
[3] N. J. Dahlkvist, P. Mayo, B. B. Seedhom, "Forces during squatting and rising from a deep squat," Eng. in Med., vol. 11, pp.69-76, Apr. 1982.
[4] T. Nagura, H. Matsumoto, Y. Kiriyama, A. Chaudharl, T. P. Andriacchi, "Tibiofemoral joint contact force in deep knee flexion and its consideration in knee osteoarthritis and joint replacement," J Applied Biomech., vol. 22, pp.305-313, Apr. 2006.
[5] S. M. Smith, R. A. Cockburn, A. Hemmerich, R. M. Li, U. P. Wyss, "Tibiofemoral joint contact forces and knee kinematics during squatting," Gait & Posture., vol. 27, pp.376-38, Apr. 2008.
[6] N. Zheng, G. S. Fleisig, R. F. Escamilla, S. W. Barrentine, "An analytical model of the knee for estimation of internal forces during exercise," J.Biomech., vol. 31, pp.963-967, Oct. 1998.
[7] H. H. Huberti, W. C. Hayes, J. L. Stone, G. T. Shybut, "Force ratios in the quadriceps tendon and ligamentum patellae," J.Orthop. Rel. Res., vol. 2, pp.49-54, Janu. 1984.
[8] G. M. Powers, Y-J. Chen, I. Scher, T. Q. Lee, "The influence of patellofemoral joint contact geometry on the modeling of three dimensional patellofemoral joint forces," J.Biomech., vol. 39, pp.2783-2791, Dec. 2006.
[9] T. M. G. I. Van Eijden, E. Kouwenhoven, J. Verburg, W. A. Weijs, "A mathematical model of the patellar femoral joint," J.Biomech., vol. 19, pp.219-229, Mar. 1986.
[10] J. Zelle, M. Barink, D. W. Malefijt, N. Verdonschot, "Thigh-calf contact: Does it affect the loading of the knee in the high-flexion range?," J.Biomech., vol. 42, pp.587-593, Mar. 2009.
[11] R. A. Brand, D. R. Pedersen, J. A. Friederich, "The sensitivity of muscle force predictions to changes in physiologic cross-sectional area," J.Biomech., vol. 19, pp.589-596, Aug. 1986.
[12] G. N. Duda, D. Brand, S. Freitag, W. Lierse, F. Schneider, "Variablity of femoral muscle attachments," J.Biomech., vol.29, pp.1185-1190, Sep. 1996.
[13] M. Ikai, and T. Fukunaga, "Calculation of muscle strength per unit cross-sectional area of human muscle by means of ultrasonic measurement," Int. Z. angew. Physiol. einschl. Arbeitphysiol, vol. 26, pp.26-32, Mar. 1968.
[14] C. E. Clauser, J. T. McConville, J. W. Young, "Weight, volume, and center of mass of segments of the human body," National Technical Information Service 60, Aug. 1969, pp.1-101.
[15] S. M. Acker, R. A. Cockburn, J. Krevolin, R. M. Li, S. Tarabichi, U. P. Wyss, "Knee kinematics of high-flexion activities of daily living performed by male Muslims in the middle east," J.Arthroplasty, vol. 26, pp.319-327, Feb. 2011.
[16] S. Nakagawa, Y. Kadoya, A. Kobayashi, I. Tatsumi, N. Nishida, Y. Yamano, "Kinematics of the patella in deep flexion: Analysis with magnetic resonance imaging," J Bone Joint Surg., vol. 85, pp.1238-1242, July 2003.
[17] M Kumamoto, T. Oshima, T. Fujikawa, "Control properties of a two-joint link mechanism equipped with mono- and bi-articular actuators (Published Conference Proceedings style)," in Proc. The Workshop on Robot and Human Interface Communication, September, Osaka, Japan, Sept. 2000.


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On Tuesday, Nov. 28, North Webster Church of God gave Rose Home four major appliances, several pieces of living room furniture and a check generous enough to make Rose Home board members cry.
Donations included a washer, dryer, upright freezer, chest freezer, two recliners, two couches and a love seat.
"We thank the community for coming together to support the Rose Home so we can continue serving women," said Morgan.
"We were servicing 13 residents with one washer and dryer. We are grateful we can now get the laundry done in a timely manner.
"The money will help with operational costs to buy food and program materials like workbooks and help finance the indoor and outdoor children's recreational center. A portion will go toward a capital campaign to build a recovery transitional home for women and their children," she said.
The material and financial donations were compiled by North Webster COG congregation members during a three-week campaign called Be Rich, which the church launched Nov. 5.
The deliberate process to determine recipients of the church's benevolence began three months ago.
"In August, our Be Rich team began interviewing nonprofits in our community that were making a difference," said Tim Jones, the church's executive pastor.
Jones described the three phases of the Be Rich effort, comporting with the verse's precepts of giving, serving and loving.
"The first week of the campaign we challenged our people to be financially generous," he said. Parishioners were challenged to give at least $39.95.
"We told them 100 percent of the funds raised would be distributed to Rose Home, Fellowship Missions in Warsaw and the Boomerang Backpack program in the Wawasee school district," said Jones.
During the campaign's second week, "we challenged our people to serve as Jesus did, which was sacrificially," he said. Church members volunteered 160 hours to the three organizations.
The campaign wrapped up with a food drive for the pantries in North Webster and Syracuse and the Milford Food Pantry. All told, the congregation donated 5,300 pounds of food and more than $30,000.
"I have been absolutely thrilled and blown away at the response of our congregation and pleased of how these funds and volunteers can further support the work of these nonprofits," said Jones.
Be Rich is the brainchild of North Point Community Church, the nation's third largest church. North Point maintains several campuses in suburban Atlanta.
North Webster COG was one of 64 churches in the United States participating in the ministry, which has donated nearly $6 million so far in 2017.
For more information, call Jones at (574) 834-4281 or visit www.berich.org.


text:
Estimating Volatility in the Merton Model: The KMV Estimate is not Maximum Likelihood
Benjamin Christoffersen, David Lando*, Søren Feodor Nielsen
*Corresponding author af dette arbejde
Institut for Finansiering
Kungliga Tekniska högskolan
We compare two methods for estimating the asset volatility in the Merton model using observed equity prices: maximum likelihood and an iterative method commonly referred to as the KMV method. The two methods often yield extremely similar estimates, which has led to the conjecture that the two methods are equivalent. We show that this is not true and we provide a necessary and sufficient condition that the inverse of the equity pricing function would have to satisfy for the two methods to be equivalent. Moreover, we show numerically that this condition is very close to being true for in-the-money options.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mafi.12362
Udgivet - okt. 2022
Published online: 30 August 2022.
Distance-to-default
EM-algorithm
KMV method
Merton model
Adgang til dokumentet
10.1111/mafi.12362Licens: CC BY-NC-ND
benjamin_christoffersen_et_al_estimating_volatility_in_the_merton_model_publishersversionForlagets udgivne version, 540 KBLicens: CC BY-NC-ND
CBS fjernadgang
Fuld tekst
Christoffersen, B., Lando, D., & Nielsen, S. F. (2022). Estimating Volatility in the Merton Model: The KMV Estimate is not Maximum Likelihood. Mathematical Finance, 32(4), 1214-1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/mafi.12362
Christoffersen, Benjamin ; Lando, David ; Nielsen, Søren Feodor. / Estimating Volatility in the Merton Model : The KMV Estimate is not Maximum Likelihood. I: Mathematical Finance. 2022 ; Bind 32, Nr. 4. s. 1214-1230.
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title = "Estimating Volatility in the Merton Model: The KMV Estimate is not Maximum Likelihood",
abstract = "We compare two methods for estimating the asset volatility in the Merton model using observed equity prices: maximum likelihood and an iterative method commonly referred to as the KMV method. The two methods often yield extremely similar estimates, which has led to the conjecture that the two methods are equivalent. We show that this is not true and we provide a necessary and sufficient condition that the inverse of the equity pricing function would have to satisfy for the two methods to be equivalent. Moreover, we show numerically that this condition is very close to being true for in-the-money options.",
keywords = "Distance-to-default, EM-algorithm, KMV method, Merton model, Distance-to-default, EM-algorithm, KMV method, Merton model",
author = "Benjamin Christoffersen and David Lando and Nielsen, {S{\o}ren Feodor}",
note = "Published online: 30 August 2022.",
doi = "10.1111/mafi.12362",
journal = "Mathematical Finance",
Christoffersen, B, Lando, D & Nielsen, SF 2022, 'Estimating Volatility in the Merton Model: The KMV Estimate is not Maximum Likelihood', Mathematical Finance, bind 32, nr. 4, s. 1214-1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/mafi.12362
Estimating Volatility in the Merton Model : The KMV Estimate is not Maximum Likelihood. / Christoffersen, Benjamin; Lando, David; Nielsen, Søren Feodor.
I: Mathematical Finance, Bind 32, Nr. 4, 10.2022, s. 1214-1230.
T1 - Estimating Volatility in the Merton Model
T2 - The KMV Estimate is not Maximum Likelihood
AU - Christoffersen, Benjamin
AU - Lando, David
AU - Nielsen, Søren Feodor
N1 - Published online: 30 August 2022.
N2 - We compare two methods for estimating the asset volatility in the Merton model using observed equity prices: maximum likelihood and an iterative method commonly referred to as the KMV method. The two methods often yield extremely similar estimates, which has led to the conjecture that the two methods are equivalent. We show that this is not true and we provide a necessary and sufficient condition that the inverse of the equity pricing function would have to satisfy for the two methods to be equivalent. Moreover, we show numerically that this condition is very close to being true for in-the-money options.
AB - We compare two methods for estimating the asset volatility in the Merton model using observed equity prices: maximum likelihood and an iterative method commonly referred to as the KMV method. The two methods often yield extremely similar estimates, which has led to the conjecture that the two methods are equivalent. We show that this is not true and we provide a necessary and sufficient condition that the inverse of the equity pricing function would have to satisfy for the two methods to be equivalent. Moreover, we show numerically that this condition is very close to being true for in-the-money options.
KW - Distance-to-default
KW - EM-algorithm
KW - KMV method
KW - Merton model
U2 - 10.1111/mafi.12362
DO - 10.1111/mafi.12362
JO - Mathematical Finance
JF - Mathematical Finance
Christoffersen B, Lando D, Nielsen SF. Estimating Volatility in the Merton Model: The KMV Estimate is not Maximum Likelihood. Mathematical Finance. 2022 okt.;32(4):1214-1230. doi: 10.1111/mafi.12362