What is the Best Mastiff Dog Food?
The name Mastiff often refers to a type of dog rather than a specific breed, but in this case, it refers to the English Mastiff or the Old English Mastiff.
The Mastiff is a massive dog weighing 120 to 230 pounds, but he is the epitome of the gentle giant. Though he can certainly be stubborn at times, the Mastiff is an affectionate and loving breed that makes a wonderful family pet if you have the space for him. These dogs will stop at nothing to defend the ones they love which is part of what they were bred to do. In addition to being used as guard dogs, Mastiffs were developed for hunting large and dangerous game such as lion, bears, and tigers.
Mastiffs have come a long way from their lion-hunting days to become a beloved family pet. They are now more likely to be found lounging on the couch by your side than trekking through the woods after their prey. These dogs generally live 8 to 10 years, though they are unfortunately prone to several health problems which can limit their lifespan. To help keep your Mastiff healthy for as long a possible, be sure to choose a high-quality dog food.
Keep reading to learn more about your Mastiff's dietary requirements and to see our top 15 picks for the 2019 best dog food for Mastiffs.
All dogs have the same basic requirements for nutrients, but your Mastiff's nutritional priorities are unique based on his massive size. Protein is the most important nutrient for any dog because it helps him build and maintain lean muscle mass. For a giant breed, lean muscle mass is the best defense against obesity. Fat provides a concentrated source of energy, but it needs to be controlled in your dog's diet to prevent him from growing too fast as a puppy and from becoming obese as an adult.
For both protein and fat, look for high-quality animal sources to ensure bioavailability of the nutrients. Look for lean proteins like poultry and fish. For healthy fats, things like chicken fat and salmon oil are good choices. Carbohydrates also provide a lean source of energy in addition to fiber and essential nutrients. Digestible sources include things like whole grains and vegetables. You should also make sure your dog gets between 3% and 5% fiber in his diet, maybe more.
Puppy Mastiffs Diet– As a puppy, your Mastiff needs a minimum of 22% protein and 8% fat in his diet but, to maintain a healthy body weight, your puppy might need closer to 25% to 30% protein and 12% to 15% fat. Choosing a large-breed puppy recipe will help make sure your puppy's needs are met.
Adult Mastiffs Diet – When your Mastiff reaches his full size, his needs for protein and fat will go down a little bit as maintenance becomes the primary concern. Switch to a large- or giant-breed adult recipe with 20% to 25% protein and around 8% to 10% fat.
Senior Mastiffs Diet – As your Mastiff gets older, his metabolism will slow down even more so you'll need to further limit his caloric intake. Many senior dog foods are still too high in fat, so you might do better with a healthy weight recipe.
In addition to meeting your dog's basic needs for protein, fat, and carbohydrates, a high-quality dog food for giant breeds will contain natural sources of glucosamine and chondroitin for joint support. Calcium and phosphorus are also important to support healthy bones and teeth. Other beneficial supplements may include prebiotic fiber and probiotics for healthy digestion, chelated minerals as a biologically valuable mineral supplement, and fresh fruits and veggies for antioxidants.
It is rare for a giant breed to live more than 10 years, so it should come as no surprise that the average lifespan for the Mastiff is 8 to 10 years. Not only are these dogs giant, but they are prone to a wide variety of health problems, many of which have the potential to affect their lifespan.
Many of the health problems to which the Mastiff is prone can be categorized in groups such as eye problems, musculoskeletal issues, and heart problems. The eye problems to which the breed is prone include entropion, ectropion, corneal dystrophy, and progressive retinal atrophy. Entropion occurs when the eyelid turns inward, irritating the surface of the eye – ectropion is the opposite. Corneal dystrophy occurs when a collection of lipids creates an opacity in the cornea and progressive retinal atrophy is a condition in which the retina slowly degenerates.
Some of the musculoskeletal issues known to affect the Mastiff breed include elbow dysplasia and hip dysplasia – both are also inherited health conditions. Elbow dysplasia is a deformity of the elbow joint which in which the bone doesn't sit properly in the socket. Hip dysplasia is a similar deformity of the hip joint and both can lead to joint inflammation, joint damage, and arthritis.
The Mastiff is prone to several heart problems which can be quite serious. Cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the chambers of the heart become enlarged due to poor pumping ability and it can lead to congestive heart failure. Pulmonic stenosis is a valvular problem which can lead to ventricular overflow and may lead to heart failure. Subaortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve which causes a blockage of blood flowing to the heart. Any of these can be fatal if left untreated.
In addition to these health problems, most large and giant breeds are prone to gastric dilation or bloat. This is a condition in which the stomach fills with air and twists on its axis, cutting off blood flow and causing a life-threatening condition. It happens when your dog eats too much, eats too fast, or swallows too much air while he is eating. The risk is particularly high in deep-chested breeds and you can reduce your dog's risk by making sure he eats slowly and by avoiding raised dog bowls.
Throughout your Mastiff's life his dietary requirements may change slightly but one thing will always be very important – maintaining a healthy body weight. Mastiff puppies tend to grow very quickly but because they have such a long way to go (often over 200 pounds), it could take them two or three years to reach their adult size. During this time, it is essential that you provide plenty of lean protein to support your puppy's development of lean muscle mass. Make sure the fat content isn't too high or your puppy could grow too quickly or develop too much body fat.
Feed your mastiff a large- or giant-breed puppy food for at least the first 18 months. If his growth seems to be slowing down, it may be time to switch to an adult recipe, but many dogs of this breed keep growing until they are two years old. When it's time to make the switch, choose a large- or giant-breed adult recipe that is rich in lean protein with controlled levels of fat to prevent obesity. It should be supplemented with glucosamine and chondroitin for healthy joints with calcium and phosphorus for strong bones. Refer to the feeding instructions to see how much to feed your Mastiff and divide it into two meals, one in the morning and another in the evening.
Overall Best Food for Mastiffs: If you're looking for a high-quality dog food to suit your Mastiff's unique nutritional needs, try this Adirondack 21% Everyday Adult Recipe Dry Food. This recipe contains 21% crude protein and 12% fat which is well within the recommended range for giant breeds. Not only that, but it features highly digestible carbohydrates including brown rice sorghum, and oats as lean sources of energy. This recipe contains nutrient-rich chicken fat as well as chicken meal, which is a natural source of glucosamine and chondroitin. Plus, it is supplemented with chelated minerals for nutritional balance and probiotics to ensure healthy and regular digestion.
Most Affordable Food: When it comes to giant breed dog food, things can get pretty expensive, but this Gentle Giants Canine Nutrition Chicken Recipe Dry Food offers an affordable option that is also high in quality. Providing 22% protein and just 9% fat, this recipe is perfect for giant breeds like your Mastiff because it helps support lean muscle mass without going overboard in calories. It features lean sources of protein like chicken meal and whole-grain carbohydrates with ample fiber for healthy digestion. This recipe contains dried fruits and vegetables as natural sources for vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants as well as dried fermentation produces for probiotic support.
Most Popular Food: If you can't decide what to feed your Mastiff, a popular option like this Taste of the Wild Sierra Mountain Grain-Free Dry Food may not be a bad choice. Though it isn't specifically formulated for large and giant breeds, it contains 25% protein and 15% fat which is not a bad ratio. This recipe in particular features a single source of animal protein which is good for dogs with allergies or sensitive stomachs, plus it contains grain-free carbohydrates for digestibility. This formula is supplemented with fresh fruits and vegetables as natural sources for key nutrients with chelated minerals for balance and probiotics for healthy and regular digestion.
Super Premium Food: If you want the best of the best for your Mastiff and money is no problem, you can't do better than a fresh food company like NomNomNow. This company creates fresh, custom meals for your dog and delivers them right to your door in automatic monthly deliveries. Each recipe is prepared with wholesome natural ingredients of the highest quality to ensure optimal digestibility and absorption of nutrients. It is particularly great for giant breeds because each recipe will be customized to your dog's caloric requirements based on his breed and size. Choose from several recipes featuring lean proteins and healthy fats with fresh fruits and vegetables for nutritional support.
Best Food for Mastiffs with Allergies: If your Mastiff has food allergies, it could be a challenge to find a dog food that fits his needs. This FirstMate Grain-Free Pacific Ocean Fish Meal LID Large-Breed Recipe is a great option because it features a limited number of main ingredients and a novel source of animal protein. This recipe features ocean fish meal for lean protein, providing a total of 25% protein and 12% fat. It also contains chelated minerals for optimal nutrient absorption and supplemental glucosamine for healthy bones and joints. The calorie content of this recipe is 500 calories per cup, so pay close attention to the feeding recommendations according to your dog's age and weight.
Best Food for Mastiffs with Sensitive Stomachs: Digestibility is always important but if your Mastiff has a sensitive stomach it is even more of a concern. This Holistic Select Chicken Meal & Oatmeal Large & Giant Breed Recipe is a good option because it is specifically designed for large and giant breeds and formulated for easy digestibility. This recipe features chicken meal as a concentrated source of lean protein as well as a natural source of glucosamine and chondroitin. Whole-grain carbohydrates provide digestible sources of carbohydrates and prebiotic fibers help with the breakdown of those carbohydrates. This recipe contains 24% protein and 14% fat which is within the optimal range for most giant breeds and it contains probiotics for healthy digestion.
Formulated for large and giant breeds, this Eagle Pack Large & Giant Breed Adult Dry Food is a great option for your Mastiff. It features chicken meal as the main ingredient which is a concentrated source of lean protein as well as a natural source of glucosamine and chondroitin. This recipe also contains digestible whole-grain carbohydrates as well as supplemental fiber and probiotics for digestion.
For a highly digestible source of natural nutrition, this Wellness Complete Health Deboned Chicken & Brown Rice Large Breed Recipe is a good choice for your Mastiff. It features deboned chicken as the main ingredient with digestible brown rice for supplemental energy and dietary fiber. This recipe contains moderate fat content to prevent weight gain with glucosamine and chondroitin for joints.
Made with three sources of lean animal protein, this Nutro Ultra Large Breed Dry Food is a great option for your Mastiff. It features farm-raised chicken, pasture-fed lamb, and fresh salmon to provide all the protein your dog needs to maintain lean muscle mass. It is supplemented with natural sources of glucosamine and chondroitin with superfoods for vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
If you want to get your Mastiff started on the right foot with lean protein and digestible carbohydrates, try this Chicken Soup for the Soul Large Breed Puppy Recipe. This recipe features slow-cooked chicken as the main ingredient with wholesome fruits, vegetables, and herbs for nutritional balance as well as flavor. It also contains natural sources for antioxidants as well as a balance of omega fatty acids.
Formulated specifically for large and giant breed puppies, this Precise Holistic Complete Large & Giant Breed Puppy Formula is a quality source of wholesome nutrition for your Mastiff puppy. It features real chicken as the main ingredient with lamb and salmon meals as supplemental proteins. It also contains prebiotics and probiotics for healthy digestion with fresh fruits and veggies for antioxidants.
If you're looking for a high-quality puppy food to easily transition into a similar adult recipe, start with this Eagle Pack Large & Giant Breed Puppy Recipe. This recipe is formulated for large and giant breed puppies, made with lean sources of protein and an ideal balance of healthy fats. It contains an immune-boosting blend of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants with glucosamine and chondroitin for joints.
If you're looking for an affordable recipe to help your senior Mastiff maintain a healthy body weight, try this Diamond Naturals Light Formula Dry Food. This recipe contains 18% protein and 9% fat with plenty of fiber to keep things moving. It features lamb meal as a rich source of protein with digestible whole grains for carbohydrate support and supplemental energy. It also contains probiotics for healthy digestion as well as supplemental sources of glucosamine and antioxidants.
To meet your Mastiff's changing nutritional needs while maintaining a healthy body weight, try this Blue Buffalo Life Protection Formula Chicken & Brown Rice Healthy Weight Formula. This recipe features deboned chicken as a lean source of protein with chicken meal as a natural source of glucosamine and chondroitin. It contains digestible whole grains with fresh fruits and vegetables, supplemental fiber, and probiotics for healthy digestion.
Not only do you need to pick a high-quality giant-breed dog food for your Mastiff, but you also need to think about practical things like choosing a dog bowl and keeping your dog's food fresh. Because your dog will be eating anywhere from 6 to 8 cups of food per day, you'll probably be buying it in big bags. This can be a challenge when it comes to keeping the food fresh because, once you open the bag it will start losing some of its nutritional value. You may not be able to put the whole bag in an airtight container, so do your best to seal the bag after opening it to feed your dog.
In addition to challenges with keeping your dog's food fresh, you also have to think about the right dog food bowl. Look for a large bowl that holds at least 3 cups of food, since that is about what you'll be feeding your Mastiff at each meal. Durable materials like stainless steel are the best option because they are cost-effective and easy to clean – plus they are virtually indestructible. Ceramic is another option that is easy to clean, though a large bowl might be expensive, and it could break if your dog tips it over. Whatever you choose, be sure to clean it often to prevent it from harboring bacteria.
How many times a day should I feed my Mastiff? – When it comes to feeding large and giant breeds like your Mastiff, you need to avoid feeding them too much at once to limit their risk for gastric dilation. Most dogs do well with two meals per day, one in the morning and one in the evening. Take the daily feeding recommendation from the package and divide it into two meals.
What kind of food do Mastiffs eat? – The best dog food for any giant-breed dog is made from high-quality, natural ingredients and formulated to meet his calorie and nutrient needs. If you want the best for your dog, consider dehydrated, freeze-dried, or fresh food for your Mastiff. Fresh food offers the highest nutritional quality and digestibility which is important for giant breeds. Unfortunately, giant breeds like your Mastiff eat a lot so it may be prohibitively expensive to feed fresh food. The most affordable option is likely a high-quality dry food made with wholesome natural ingredients and formulated for large and giant breeds.
Even if your dog's food does contain fresh vegetables, it isn't a bad idea to give him a few bites as a healthy snack. In fact, fresh veggies are a low-calorie snack that work great for giant breeds who need to be on a calorie-controlled diet. Just make sure that the vegetables you choose are safe for dogs to eat and that you clean them well before feeding. You should also feed small amounts to avoid upsetting your dog's stomach from an overload of fiber.
Do Mastiffs need grain-free dog food? – Whether or not your Mastiff needs a grain-free diet depends on the individual dog. Before you decide, you should know that there is a great deal of controversy surrounding the long-term safety of grain-free recipes for dogs. The fact remains, however, that there is no conclusive evidence as of yet so, unless your dog is allergic or sensitive to grains, a grain-free diet may not be necessary.
Now that you know the basics about your Mastiff's nutritional needs, you're ready to start shopping for the best Mastiff food. Remember to look for a product that is formulated specifically for large and giant breeds to ensure that your dog's unique needs for calories and nutrients are met. It should be made from wholesome natural ingredients including ample protein for lean muscle mass, low to moderate fat for controlled calories, and digestible carbohydrates like whole grains and veggies.
If you're still not sure where to start in choosing the best Mastiff dog food, try one of our top 15 picks reviewed above!


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The unidentified body was found by a passer-by on the Esplanade just before 9am on Monday morning.
Police have since confirmed they're treating the death with suspicion.
They've been unable to identify the body because it is so badly burned.?


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It's a great form of investment, but we also think it would make a great gift for your friends and family. How many people have actually received cryptocurrency as a gift? Nobody we know, that's for sure.
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Homechevron_rightWorldchevron_rightUS states to...
US states to investigate Instagram over its negative impact on kids
A group of state attorneys general are investigating the photo-sharing platform Instagram and its effects on children and young adults, saying its parent company Facebook — now called Meta Platforms — ignored internal research about the physical and mental health dangers it posed to young people.
"Time and again, Mark Zuckerberg and the companies he runs have put profits over safety, but our investigation seeks to end that behavior," New York Atty. Gen. Letitia James said Thursday in a statement.
"Our coalition will not hesitate to take whatever action is necessary to protect children and young adults from the harms Instagram and other social media platforms risk to so many," the statement read.
The investigation, which involves at least eight states, comes as Facebook faces increasing scrutiny over its approach to children and young adults. Documents leaked by a former employee turned whistleblower recently revealed the company's own internal research showed the platform negatively affected the mental health of teens, particularly regarding body image issues.
As per a report by The Guardian, the investigation will cover whether the company violated consumer protection laws and put young people at risk and will be led by a coalition of attorneys general from California, Florida, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, Tennessee and Vermont.
"For too long, Meta has ignored the havoc that Instagram is wreaking on the mental health and wellbeing of our children and teens," said California's attorney general, Rob Bonta, in an emailed statement.
"Enough is enough. We've undertaken this nationwide investigation to get answers about Meta's efforts to promote the use of this social media platform to young Californians – and to determine if, in doing so, Meta violated the law."
Facebook, now known as Meta, did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
In September, the company said it was pausing its plans for a version of Instagram designed for kids, amid growing opposition to the project.
Facebook has continued to face blowback over the internal documents leaked by its former employee Frances Haugen.
In September, the company's global head of safety faced a grilling from US lawmakers about the impacts of the company's products on children, and last month a global alliance of child protection campaigners and experts sent a letter to Mark Zuckerberg urging him to share the company's research on the topic.
Facebook has said the leaked documents have been used to paint a false picture of the company's work.
In May, a group of more than 40 state attorneys general wrote to the company asking it to abandon plans for the kids-focused app.
TAGS:Instagram instgram for children Mental health Facebook whistleblower

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Le  est une montagne du centre du Japon qui se trouve sur la côte sud de l'île de Honshū, au sud-ouest de l'agglomération de Tokyo. Avec  d'altitude, il est le point culminant du Japon. Situé dans une région où se rejoignent les plaques tectoniques pacifique, eurasienne et philippine, la montagne est un stratovolcan toujours considéré comme actif, sa dernière éruption certaine s'étant produite fin 1707, bien que le risque éruptif soit actuellement considéré comme faible.

À son sommet a été construit un observatoire météorologique et malgré les conditions climatiques rigoureuses, la montagne est une destination extrêmement populaire en particulier pour les Japonais, qu'ils soient shintoïstes ou bouddhistes, en raison de sa forme caractéristique et du symbolisme religieux traditionnel dont il est porteur. Il a ainsi été le sujet principal ou le cadre de nombreuses œuvres artistiques, notamment picturales au cours des siècles. Pourtant, cette fréquentation fragilise l'environnement. Aussi, le , il est inscrit au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO sous le titre « Fujisan, lieu sacré et source d'inspiration artistique ».

Toponymie et étymologie
Du fait de l'existence de différentes méthodes de transcription du japonais, le mont Fuji possède différents noms, dont certains sont erronés. Ainsi, en japonais, le mont Fuji se prononce Fujisan mais, en raison d'une erreur de lecture du kanji 山, il arrive que les Occidentaux l'appellent « Fujiyama ». Parler de « mont Fujiyama » est en tout cas une faute, yama signifiant déjà « montagne ». Il est également faux de dire que san est ici le suffixe honorifique さん, visant à personnifier le mont Fuji ; san signifie bien ici « montagne, mont ». Parmi la bonne trentaine d'autres noms japonais pour le mont Fuji, devenus obsolètes ou poétiques, figurent , ,  et .

Les kanji pour le mont Fuji,  et , signifient respectivement « richesse » ou « abondance » et « un homme avec un certain statut » mais ces caractères sont probablement un ateji, c'est-à-dire qu'ils ont probablement été sélectionnés en raison de la similitude de leur prononciation avec les syllabes du nom mais sans pour autant posséder un sens particulier. Dans les méthodes de romanisation Nippon-shiki et Kunrei, le nom est transcrit Huzi. Lors de l'exposition universelle de San Francisco en 1939, une photographie géante était ainsi titrée « Mont Huzi ». Néanmoins, la transcription Fuji, selon la méthode Hepburn, reste la plus courante dans le monde.

L'origine du nom Fuji reste incertaine. Une étymologie populaire récente affirme qu'il provient de  (négation + chiffre 2), signifiant « sans égal ». Une autre affirme qu'il provient de  (négation + « échappement »), signifiant « sans fin ». Un enseignant classique japonais de la période Edo, Hirata Atsutane, explique quant à lui que le nom est dérivé d'un mot ayant pour sens « une montagne s'élevant avec la forme de l'épi d'un plant de riz ». Un missionnaire britannique, John Batchelor (1854-1944) émet l'hypothèse que le nom provient du mot aïnou pour « feu » (fuchi) de la déesse Kamui Fuchi mais il est contredit par le linguiste japonais Kyōsuke Kindaichi (1882-1971) sur la base des développements phonétiques. Aussi, huchi signifie « vieille femme » et ape « feu », ape huci kamuy étant la déesse du feu. Des recherches sur la distribution des noms de localités incluant fuji suggèrent que l'origine du nom est yamato plutôt qu'aïnu. Enfin, un toponymiste japonais, Kanji Kagami, explique que le nom a la même racine que « glycine » (fuji) et « arc-en-ciel » (variante de niji) et provient de ses « longues pentes bien formées ». Un texte du Taketori monogatari dit que le nom vient d'« immortel »  et de l'image d'abondants  soldats  grimpant les versants de la montagne.

En référence au mont Fuji, entre  au Japon sont surnommées « Fuji ». C'est notamment le cas du mont Rishiri (appelé « Rishiri Fuji »), du mont Yōtei (« Ezo Fuji »), du mont Iwaki (« Tsugaru Fuji »), du mont Iwate (« Nanbu Fuji » ou « Nanbu Kata Fuji »), du mont Chōkai (« Dewa Fuji »), du mont Bandai (« Aizu Fuji »), du mont Haruna (« Haruna Fuji »), du mont Nantai (« Nikkō Fuji »), du mont Mikami (« Ōmi Fuji »), du mont Daisen (« Hōki Fuji » ou « Izumo Fuji »), ou encore du mont Kaimon (« Satsuma Fuji »).

Géographie

Situation

Le mont Fuji est situé dans le centre du Japon et de l'île principale de Honshū, encadré par les monts Akaishi des Alpes japonaises à l'ouest, les monts Okuchichibu au nord et l'océan Pacifique au sud et à l'est. Administrativement, il est situé à cheval sur les préfectures de Shizuoka au sud et de Yamanashi au nord. S'élevant à  d'altitude au pic appelé Shin-Fuji, il constitue ainsi le point culminant du Japon, visible les jours de beau temps de Tokyo situé à moins de  au nord-est.

Il est bordé au nord par les cinq lacs Fujigoko : le lac Motosu, le lac Shōji, le lac Sai, le lac Kawaguchi et le lac Yamanaka. Il est possible de voir le volcan depuis ces plans d'eau et du lac Ashi. À ses pieds s'étend la forêt d'Aokigahara ainsi que des villes comme Gotenba à l'est, Fujiyoshida au nord et Fujinomiya au sud-ouest reliées avec le reste de la mégalopole japonaise, dont l'agglomération de Tokyo qui se trouve au nord-est, par un dense réseau de communication constitué de routes, d'une autoroute et d'un tronçon du réseau de trains à grande vitesse Shinkansen.

Topographie

La topographie du mont Fuji est dictée par le volcanisme dont il est né : de la forme d'un cône quasi-symétrique de trente kilomètres à sa base, ses pentes prononcées et régulières s'élèvent jusqu'à  d'altitude, conférant un volume de  à ce stratovolcan. Il est couronné par un cratère de 500 à  de diamètre pour une profondeur comprise entre 100 et . La seule véritable irrégularité de ses pentes est constituée par le cratère Hōei-zan situé approximativement à   d'altitude.

Géologie

Le mont Fuji est un stratovolcan faisant partie de la ceinture de feu du Pacifique et dont les éruptions majoritairement explosives le classent comme un volcan gris. Le volcan se situe à l'aplomb de la jonction triple entre la plaque philippine et les micro-plaques de l'Amour et d'Okhotsk de la plaque eurasienne. Ces plaques forment respectivement les parties occidentale et orientale du Japon ainsi que la péninsule d'Izu. Le mont Fuji constitue le volcan le plus septentrional de l'arc volcanique formé par l'archipel d'Izu. Outre le sommet principal couronné par un cratère sommital, les flancs et les pieds du mont Fuji comportent une cinquantaine de dômes, de cônes et de petites bouches éruptives.

Les scientifiques ont identifié quatre phases d'activité volcanique distinctes dans la formation du mont Fuji. La première phase, appelée Sen-komitake, est composée d'un cœur d'andésite récemment découvert en profondeur sous la montagne. La deuxième, Komitake-Fuji, consiste en une couche de basalte probablement formée voici plusieurs centaines de milliers d'années. Il y a  environ, le « Vieux Fuji » se serait formé par-dessus le Komitake-Fuji. Enfin, le « Nouveau Fuji » se serait formé en lieu et place du sommet du « Vieux Fuji », il y a  environ.

Le mont Fuji est actuellement classé actif avec un faible risque éruptif. La dernière éruption enregistrée a commencé le  et s'est terminée autour du , durant l'époque d'Edo. Elle est parfois appelée « grande éruption Hōei ». Pendant cet évènement, un nouveau cratère volcanique, ainsi qu'un second pic, appelé Hōei-zan, s'est formé à mi-pente, sur le versant sud-est de la montagne. Les scientifiques prédisent une activité volcanique mineure dans les prochaines années.

Climat et végétation

Du fait de l'altitude élevée du sommet du mont Fuji, plusieurs climats s'étagent le long de ses pentes. Une grande partie de la montagne se trouve au-delà de l'étage alpin où règne un climat montagnard très froid et venteux en raison de l'altitude ce qui y limite le maintien de la végétation qui n'a toujours pas réussi à se régénérer complètement depuis la dernière éruption survenue il y a trois siècles. Ce climat rigoureux ne permet pas la fonte prononcée de la neige tombée au cours de l'hiver et qui se maintient jusqu'au mois de mai, des névés subsistant parfois toute l'année. Le bas des pentes est en revanche couvert de forêts et les pieds de la montagne, jouissant d'un climat plus tempéré, sont cultivés.

La température moyenne annuelle est de  et les températures moyennes mensuelles s'étalent de  à  en août. Les records de température enregistrés sont de  le  et de . Le , la station météorologique a également mesuré la vitesse record de vent pour le Japon avec , soit environ , au moment du passage d'un typhon. La haute altitude du mont Fuji et son éloignement relatif par rapport aux autres montagnes du Japon provoquent parfois en cas de vent l'apparition de turbulences atmosphériques appelées allée de tourbillons de Karman. Ainsi, le , le Boeing 707 du vol 911 de la British Overseas Airways Corporation, pris dans ce type de turbulences, se disloque en plein vol et s'écrase près du mont Fuji, peu de temps après son décollage de l'aéroport international de Tokyo-Haneda, en ne laissant aucun rescapé ( et onze membres d'équipage étaient présents dans l'appareil).

Histoire

Histoire éruptive
À la suite de la phase du « Vieux Fuji », une période de  d'inactivité s'est déroulée, pour prendre fin il y a  avec la phase actuelle du « Nouveau Fuji ». Les éruptions du mont Fuji présentent des coulées de lave, des émissions de magma, de scories et de cendre volcanique, des effondrements et des éruptions latérales, d'où le qualificatif de « grand magasin des éruptions ». Les cendres du Nouveau Fuji sont souvent noires et ses éruptions sont récentes en termes de couches géologiques. Des informations précieuses sont consignées dans les documents historiques japonais du . Ils présentent une série d'éruptions représentatives.

Le mont Fuji durant la Préhistoire
Quatre éruptions explosives se sont déroulées à l'époque Jōmon, il y a environ , connues sous les noms Sengoku (Sg), Ōsawa (Os), Ōmuro (Om) et Sunazawa (Zn). Comme le vent souffle généralement de l'ouest dans la région du mont Fuji, la plupart des éjectas sont tombés à l'est mais, dans le cas de Ōsawa, les scories et cendres ont été portées par un vent d'est jusqu'aux environs de Hamamatsu.

Il y a  environ, le versant oriental du volcan s'est effondré et des coulées de boue ont dévalé vers la région de Gotenba jusqu'à la plaine d'Ashigara à l'est et la baie de Suruga à travers la ville de Mishima au sud. Cet incident est appelé aujourd'hui .

L'éruption de Jōgan
En 864 (sixième année de l'ère Jōgan), une éruption se déroule sur le versant Nord-Est du mont Fuji produisant une grande quantité de lave. De la lave comble le vaste , le divisant en deux et formant les actuels  et . Cet évènement est connu sous le nom d' et le lieu est actuellement couvert par la dense forêt d'Aokigahara.

L'éruption de Hōei

La dernière éruption du mont Fuji, survenue en 1707 (quatrième année de l'ère Hōei), est connue sous le nom de « grande éruption de Hōei ». Ayant débuté 49 jours après le tremblement de terre de Hōei, qui figure parmi les plus puissants jamais enregistrés au Japon, elle s'est déroulée sur le versant Sud-Ouest du mont Fuji et a formé trois nouvelles cheminées volcaniques, nommées « première », « deuxième » et « troisième cheminée ».

Bien qu'elle n'ait pas engendré de coulée de lave, cette éruption est remarquable par la propagation des cendres volcaniques et des scories émises jusqu'à une région aussi éloignée qu'Edo (ancien nom de Tokyo) située à cent kilomètres au nord-est. Le volume d'éjectas a été estimé à , soit un indice d'explosivité volcanique qui pourrait être estimé à 4. L'année suivante, les débris volcaniques accumulés dans les champs près du cours de la rivière Sakawa, située à l'est de la montagne, sont mobilisés par les pluies, comblent le lit du cours d'eau et forment çà et là des barrages temporaires. L'averse des 7 et  provoque une avalanche de cendre et de boue qui détruit les barrages, provoquant alors une inondation dans la plaine Ashigara.

Autres éruptions connues
Seize éruptions ont été enregistrées depuis 781. La plupart se sont déroulées durant l'époque Heian avec douze éruptions entre 800 et 1083. Parfois, les périodes d'inactivité peuvent durer des centaines d'années comme entre 1083 et 1511. Actuellement, aucune éruption n'a eu lieu depuis l'éruption Hōei, il y a plus de 300 ans.

Prévention
La prévention des risques éruptifs est assurée par le Comité de coordination pour la prévention des éruptions volcaniques dépendant de l'Agence météorologique japonaise en ce qui concerne la prévision et le suivi sismique des évènements, le cabinet du Premier ministre en ce qui concerne la mise en place d'un plan d'évacuation et le Ministère du territoire, des infrastructures et du transport pour la protection contre les risques de glissement de terrain.

Ainsi, entre  et , le nombre de secousses telluriques sous le volcan est passé d'une ou deux par mois à 35 en septembre, 133 en octobre, 222 en novembre, 144 en décembre puis 36 en , faisant craindre le pire, avant que tout ne rentre dans l'ordre. Ces secousses étaient pour la plupart du type basse fréquence et se situaient à quinze kilomètres de profondeur, au nord-est du sommet.

En , la pression de la chambre magmatique est de , soit l'équivalent d'une pression atmosphérique de , faisant craindre une éruption théoriquement envisageable à partir d'une pression de . Cette forte pression est due à des mouvements tectoniques provoqués par le séisme de 2011 de la côte Pacifique du Tōhoku.

Première ascension
La première ascension connue du mont Fuji est datée de 663 et a été réalisée par le moine bouddhiste En no Gyōja. Le premier non-Japonais à gravir le volcan est sir Rutherford Alcock en 1860.

Le shintoïsme, tout comme le bouddhisme, impose des interdits en rapport avec tout ce qui touche au sang. Les femmes, par exemple, du fait de la menstruation, sont considérées comme impures. En conséquence, elles sont exclues des lieux saints des deux religions, en particulier des montagnes comme le mont Fuji. Le statut de ce dernier dans la culture japonaise incite cependant des femmes à braver cet interdit ; en 1832, Takayama Tatsu, une jeune femme membre d'une secte adoratrice du mont Fuji, se joint, vêtue d'une tenue d'homme, à un groupe de pèlerins et effectue, avec la bienveillance de son maître spirituel, la première ascension connue du volcan par une femme.

À la fin de l'ère Edo, les autorités religieuses, soucieuses d'attirer davantage de croyants aux temples et sanctuaires, commencent à envisager la levée de l'interdiction faite aux femmes d'escalader les montagnes sacrées afin de favoriser leur visite des lieux saints construits au pied des montagnes ou sur leurs pentes. Ainsi, dès la première année de l'ère Man'en (1860-1861), l'ascension du mont Fuji est permise aux femmes jusqu'à la huitième station, à l'altitude d'environ . Ce mouvement d'ouverture s'accélère les années suivantes sous l'impulsion de personnalités étrangères ; en , le diplomate britannique Harry Smith Parkes gravit le mont Fuji en compagnie de son épouse, Fanny Parkes, qui devient la première femme non-japonaise à entrer dans le périmètre sacré du volcan. La présence d'une femme, étrangère de surcroît, au sommet du mont Fuji n'ayant suscité ni opposition ni protestation dans le pays, des Japonaises prennent l'initiative de demander l'autorisation d'y accéder à leur tour. Cinq ans plus tard, le gouvernement de Meiji lève par ordonnance l'interdiction dans tout le pays. Depuis, le mont Fuji constitue une destination touristique populaire et nombreux sont les Japonais qui le gravissent au moins une fois dans leur vie.

Présence militaire
Des samouraïs pratiquaient jadis leur entraînement au pied du mont Fuji, près de la ville actuelle de Gotenba. Le shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo a pratiqué le yabusame dans la région au début de l'époque de Kamakura. Depuis 2006, les Forces japonaises d'autodéfense aux camps de Kita-Fuji (nord-est) et Higashi-Fuji (sud-est), ainsi que le Corps des Marines des États-Unis au Camp Fuji (plaine de Kantō) possèdent des bases militaires au pied du volcan.

Activités

Ascension

L'ascension du mont Fuji est relativement aisée bien que pouvant se révéler éprouvante du fait de la grande distance horizontale à parcourir entre le lieu de départ pédestre et le sommet. Il arrive que ses sentiers soient bondés, le volcan étant un lieu de pèlerinage populaire, hormis en hiver lorsqu'il est alors recouvert de neige et de glace. La période la plus fréquentée pour gravir le mont Fuji dure du  au  en raison de l'ouverture estivale des refuges et autres commodités touristiques ainsi que de la circulation des bus jusqu'à la cinquième station, la dernière accessible par la route et la plus proche du sommet. Chaque année, le nombre de visiteurs gravissant le mont Fuji est d'environ , dont 30 % d'étrangers.

L'ascension peut prendre entre trois et huit heures et la descente entre deux et cinq heures. La randonnée est divisée en dix stations et la route se termine à la cinquième station, à environ   d'altitude, dont les refuges ne sont pas souvent ouverts la nuit pour les randonneurs. Quatre itinéraires majeurs partent vers le sommet depuis cette cinquième station : Kawaguchiko, Subashiri, Gotenba et Fujinomiya (dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre) avec quatre itinéraires secondaires depuis les pieds de la montagne : Shojiko, Yoshida, Suyama et Murayama. Les stations réparties le long des différents itinéraires se trouvent à des altitudes variées : la plus haute, la cinquième station localisée à Fujinomiya, est suivie par celle de Kawaguchiko, de Subashiri et enfin de Gotenba. Même si elle n'est que la deuxième plus haute station parmi les cinq, Kawaguchiko est la plus fréquentée en raison de son vaste stationnement.

Bien que la plupart des randonneurs ne montent pas par les itinéraires de Subashiri et de Gotenba, beaucoup les empruntent lors de leur descente afin de profiter de leurs sentiers recouverts de cendres volcaniques. Ainsi, il est possible de couvrir la distance séparant la septième de la cinquième station en seulement trente minutes. Il est également possible d'effectuer l'ascension avec un vélo tout terrain afin de profiter de la descente, même si l'exercice est particulièrement risqué en raison de la foule et de la difficulté à contrôler la vitesse.

Les quatre itinéraires depuis le pied de la montagne offrent l'accès à des sites historiques : Murayama est le plus ancien alors que Yoshida présente de nombreux sanctuaires anciens, des maisons de thé et des refuges tout au long du sentier d'où sont parfois visibles des ours noirs d'Asie. Chaque 26 août, une retraite aux flambeaux est organisée, passant par les temples shintô et se rendant jusqu'au sanctuaire de Yoshida. Ces itinéraires qui ont récemment gagné en popularité sont par conséquent restaurés.

Au sommet, le sentier permet de gagner chacun des huit pics situés sur le rebord du cratère sommital et dont le plus élevé comporte le système radar. Les grimpeurs ayant fait l'ascension de nuit, outre le fait d'avoir évité l'éprouvante randonnée sous le soleil, ont le privilège d'assister au lever du soleil depuis le sommet, évènement particulièrement apprécié des Japonais, spécialement dans la nuit du  au  et cela malgré les conditions climatiques difficiles. Il est possible ensuite d'observer le panorama durant la descente.

Jusqu'à fin mai, le mont Fuji offre différents itinéraires de ski de randonnée sur son versant Nord-Est, à partir de la  (). La route d'accès est ouverte à partir de 3 heures du matin.

Sport

Les parapentistes décollent du voisinage du parking de Gotenba, entre Subashiri et le pic Hōei-zan, sur le versant sud de la montagne, ou parfois d'autres endroits selon la direction du vent. Plusieurs écoles de parapente utilisent les vastes pentes mi-sablonneuses mi-herbeuses du volcan comme terrain d'entraînement.

En 1913, une première course de montagne est organisée depuis la gare de Gotemba jusqu'au sommet du volcan. La course est ensuite rallongée en format « montée et descente » mais ce nouveau format particulièrement difficile voit des concurrents s'évanouir. La course est alors transformée en relais ekiden en 1923, suivant un parcours en boucle sur le flanc du volcan. Suspendue lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la course est brièvement relancée au début des années 1950 puis de manière permanente depuis 1976.

La course du mont Fuji voit le jour en 1948. Partant de l'ancienne ville de Fujikamiyoshida (actuelle Fujiyoshida), elle rallie le sommet du volcan en suivant l'itinéraire Yoshida.

Depuis 2012, un ultra-trail appelé Ultra-Trail Mt.Fuji se dispute chaque année en avril au pied du mont Fuji. L'épreuve intègre l'Ultra-Trail World Tour en tant que cinquième étape d'un circuit mondial de dix courses lors de sa fondation en 2013.

Il existe également un circuit automobile au pied du mont Fuji : le Fuji Speedway. Le tracé de  a été créé en 1965 et a accueilli le Grand Prix du Japon de Formule 1 en 1976 et 1977. Cette année-là, un grave accident impliquant la Ferrari de Gilles Villeneuve entraîne la mort d'un spectateur et d'un commissaire de piste. Le Japon est privé de Grand Prix jusqu'en 1987 où il se déroule, jusqu'en 2006, à Suzuka. En 2000, le circuit du mont Fuji devient la propriété de Toyota et finalement, en 2007, la compétition y fait son retour avec la victoire de Lewis Hamilton.

Protection environnementale

Le mont Fuji fait partie du parc national de Fuji-Hakone-Izu au même titre que les cinq lacs de Fuji, Hakone, la péninsule d'Izu et l'archipel d'Izu. Il est l'habitat de nombreuses espèces d'oiseaux sauvages ce qui lui vaut d'être appelé : , et est connu pour abriter de rares espèces de lézards, en particulier le lézard Takydromus tachydromoides.

Candidat depuis 2007, le mont Fuji est inscrit sur la liste des biens culturels du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO en . Le projet, né au début des années 1990, semblait impossible à réaliser tant les conditions environnementales sont drastiques mais cette perspective a poussé les autorités à se lancer dans un plan de nettoyage de cette montagne emblématique.

Observatoire

En 1932, une station météorologique temporaire est installée au sommet du mont Fuji. Elle récolte de nombreuses informations qu'elle envoie par onde VHF. En 1936, il est décidé de la transformer en station permanente, ce qui en fait la plus élevée au monde à l'époque. Un des buts de la station météorologique est d'obtenir des données en altitude afin de mieux alimenter les modèles atmosphériques pour prévoir les typhons en mesurant la température de l'air, l'humidité et la pression atmosphérique.

Le , l'installation est complétée par le radar météorologique du mont Fuji d'une portée de  possédant une antenne circulaire de cinq mètres de diamètre. Malgré les conditions météorologiques difficiles, il est utilisé en ces lieux jusqu'à fin 1999 alors que sa fonction de veille lointaine est remplacée par les satellites météorologiques. L'antenne, le radôme et l'équipement de soutien sont redescendus en 2004 au pied de la montagne, au nouvel observatoire millimétrique de Fujiyoshida, où ils font partie d'un musée.

Musées
Sur les rives du lac Kawaguchi, l'un des cinq lacs du Mont Fuji, le musée d'art Kawaguchiko permet de voir une petite collection de peintures et de photographies directement liée au mont Fuji.

Industries
Les eaux souterraines du mont Fuji et des alentours sont utilisées à des fins pharmaceutiques, pour les industries papetières et comme eau minérale grâce à leur richesse en vanadium. Il existe de célèbres sources d'eau chaude tout autour du volcan qui ont permis l'essor du thermalisme.

Le nom de « Fuji » sert de franchise à un certain nombre d'entreprises au Japon, l'une des plus connues étant Fujifilm, la marque de film photo et le fabricant d'appareils photos et caméras numériques.

Dans la culture populaire

Représentations artistiques
Du fait de son profil montagneux exceptionnellement symétrique, le mont Fuji est devenu un des symboles du Japon. Après avoir alimenté l'inspiration de nombreux poètes, il apparaît dans d'innombrables représentations picturales (emaki ou rouleaux illustrés, mandalas comme le Fuji-sankei, estampes ukiyoe ou encore artisanat). La plus ancienne retrouvée est un dessin sur le papier d'une porte coulissante datant environ du .

Il a été l'objet d'un attachement tout particulier des peintres japonais du  qui, comme le maître de l'estampe nipponne Hokusai (1760-1849) avec ses Trente-six vues du mont Fuji (Fugaku Sanjūrokkei, 1831), ont fortement influencé l'impressionnisme européen. En 1835, le même Hokusai publie sa série les Cent vues du mont Fuji (Fugaku Hyakkei) sous la forme de trois livres en noir et gris.

Parallèlement, un autre grand artiste, Hiroshige (1797-1858), présente en 1833-1834 les Cinquante-trois Stations du Tōkaidō qu'il déclinera dans une dizaine d'éditions totalement originales jusqu'en 1857. Il peint également deux séries personnelles des Trente-six vues du mont Fuji.

Dans la même période, Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1798-1861) a peint quelques représentations du mont Fuji.

Plus récemment, Kobayashi Kokei (1883-1957) a peint Fuji et Yokoyama Misao (1920-1973) le Fuji rouge (Aka-Fuji). Shinya Shimoto, qui peint essentiellement des tableaux liés aux catastrophes naturelles, a consacré toute une série de peintures au mont Fuji.

Symbolisme religieux

Le mont Fuji est une montagne sacrée depuis le . De nombreux synonymes japonais du mont Fuji rendent eux aussi compte de son caractère religieux. Dans le shintoïsme, la légende raconte qu'un empereur ordonna de détruire au sommet de la montagne un élixir d'immortalité qu'il détenait : la fumée qui s'en échappe parfois serait due à ce breuvage qui se consume. De plus, selon la tradition, les divinités shintô Fuji-hime et Sakuya-hime y habiteraient tout comme Konohana-no-Sakuya-hime, « La princesse qui fait fleurir les arbres » (en particulier les cerisiers). Le bouddhisme vénère quant à lui sa forme rappelant le bouton blanc et les huit pétales de la fleur de lotus. Toutes ces raisons font que son ascension est interdite aux femmes jusqu'en 1872 : une chapelle appelée Nyonin-do (« refuge des femmes ») leur permet d'attendre à l'abri leurs maris, fils ou frères.

Afin de vénérer les nombreuses divinités des différentes religions, plusieurs sanctuaires, tels que le Fujisan Hongū Sengen-taisha et les sanctuaires Asama, ont été bâtis sur ou aux pieds du mont Fuji et de nombreux torii jalonnent le parcours afin de marquer les limites de l'enceinte sacrée. Des confréries (Fuji-kō) s'y sont établies depuis le  afin de vénérer la montagne et d'y organiser des pèlerinages, à l'instar de Hasegawa Takematsu en 1630. Ces groupes construisent alors des répliques du mont Fuji à petite échelle appelés  pour leurs membres qui ne peuvent pas faire le pèlerinage.

C'est à l'époque du décès de Jikigyō Miroku (1671-1733), mort en jeûnant au mont Fuji, que la foi s'est transformée en religion et que l'ascension est devenue rituelle, même si sa pensée a été mal interprétée. Plus récemment, des sectes spécifiquement dédiées au culte du mont Fuji ont été créées, principalement dans les années 1940 comme celle de Fuji-Gōho fondée en 1946 par Ito Gensaku et celle de Fuji-Kyō fondée en 1948 par Hasegawa Teruhiro.

Œuvres filmographiques
 Fuji no shirayuki, 1935, réalisé par Hiroshi Inagaki
 Fushi shan zhi lian, 1954, réalisé par Kangshi Mu
 Chiyari Fuji, 1955, réalisé par Tomu Uchida
 Kumonosu-jô (Le Château de l'araignée), 1957, réalisé par Akira Kurosawa (décor du château sur les pentes du mont Fuji)
 Nihon to nihonjin, 1970, réalisé par Kon Ichikawa
 Fuji, 1974, réalisé par Robert Breer
 Ki no umi, 2004, réalisé par Tomoyuki Takimoto
 Pacific Rim Uprising, 2018, réalisé par Steven S. DeKnight : le mont Fuji est la cible principale des Kaijûs, qui veulent l'utiliser pour déclencher une terraformation qui éradiquera l'humanité. On peut voir un Kaijû grimper le volcan vers la fin du film.

Jeux vidéo
 Dans le jeu Mystical Ninja starring Goemon, le joueur doit escalader le mont Fuji pour y trouver un personnage qui tient une boutique à son sommet.
 Dans les jeux vidéo Pokémon Or, Argent, Cristal, Or HeartGold et Argent SoulSilver, l'affrontement final opposant le joueur à Red a lieu au sommet du Mont Argenté, montagne enneigée fortement inspirée du mont Fuji.
 Dans le jeu vidéo Ōkami, le joueur doit aller dans les montagnes du Japon, la plus grande d'entre elles se nommant Ezofugi. Ce nom est tiré d'Ezo, qui est le nom des indigènes Ainu du mont Yōtei en Hokkaido, et de Fugi, le nom de la plus grande montagne du Japon, située sur l'île de Honshū.
 Dans le jeu de course DriveClub, le mont Fuji apparaît sur les différents tracés situés au Japon : Nakasendō, Lac Shōji, Asagiri Hills Racetrack, Takahagi Hills et Goshodaira.
 Dans les jeux de course en général, le mont Fuji apparaît en arrière-plan sur le circuit Fuji Speedway.
 Dans le jeu Inazuma Eleven 2, le joueur accède au Mont Fuji, élément clé de l'histoire car il se révèle être le repère de l'Académie Alius. Le sentier perdu est le nom du chemin allant jusqu'au Mont Fuji. Le joueur y affronte l'équipe des Robots, de Genesis, de Diamond Dust ou de Prominence selon la version (Diamond Dust pour Tempête de Glace et Prominence pour Tempête de Feu) et du FC Sous-Bois.
 Dans le jeu Touhou Project 8 : Imperishable Night, le boss du stage extra est Fujiwara no Mokou, dont l'histoire et celle de sa rivale, Kaguya Houraisan, tourne entre autres autour du mont Fuji.
 Dans les jeux Forza Motorsport, Forza Motorsport 3 et Forza Motorsport 4, le circuit Fujimi Kaido s'inspire des routes du mont Fuji.

Littérature
Dans le roman Ni d'Ève ni d'Adam, Amélie Nothomb raconte sa découverte du mont Fuji.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Géographie du Japon
 Liste des volcans du Japon

Bibliographie

Liens externes
 Le mont Fuji et la région des Cinq Lacs, Office national du tourisme japonais
 Volcan Fuji San, ACTIV (base de données francophone sur les volcans du monde)
 Fujisan, lieu sacré et source d'inspiration artistique, UNESCO
  Mt.Fuji Climbing

Mont Fuji

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Celebration of Engineers Day 2018 @ NIETM.
Guest lecture by Md. Iftekharuddin MD of KGMECH on" Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioner" for Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Students.
"Congratulation to Vikas Patil student of Second year Mechanical Branch of NIETM has won a First prize in Poster presentation of ITM college of Engineering Nagpur, The topic was Striving of Better Environment"
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"Organized Entrepreneurship development Program for students"
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The members of Local 589 perform many electric specific jobs at the MTA-Long Island Railroad.
Maintenance of Equipment Electricians fix and repair the various different pieces of electrical equipment on the trains. LIRR trains are electric trains and equipment constantly wears and tears. 589 members ensure that the equipment works effectively and efficiently.
589 members are also Third Rail Electricians who build and maintain the electrified third rail. LIRR trains do not move without an electric current which is delivered through the third rail. This work is extremely dangers but 589 does is both safely and effectively.
589 is also Maintenance of Way Electricians. They do all the lighting and wiring at LIRR stations and on all LIRR buildings and facilities. They run new electric lines, maintain the wire and run service to the signal gates.
589 are also High Tension Linemen and Substation workers. These workers are a small specialized group. They bring in high voltage power from the grid into the substations, reduce the voltage to run power all along the LIRR.
589 also represent electricians at Newark Airport and the Air-train at John F. Kennedy Airport.
IBEW Local 589 is an incredibly democratic and charitable organization. They are consistent contributors to the NY Rescue Mission, the Lighthouse Mission, Girl Scouts and Cystic Fibrosis.
Representing over 900 hardworking families, IBEW Local 589 powers the LIRR, and empowers our community.


NEW DELHI: BJP president Amit Shah on Wednesday hailed his party's drive to enrol new members, train them and said opposition parties are also now emulating this exercise.
Addressing party functionaries after releasing training booklets to educate workers, Shah said the BJP's ideology is aimed at changing the society and the country's politics, sources said.
The training booklets also include measures to effectively deal with media.
The party had launched a membership drive after it stormed to power at the Centre in 2014 and claimed to have enrolled 11 crore new members. It then launched workshops across the country and said that it has trained over 10 lakh workers.
People present at Wednesday's meeting said Shah also referred to membership drives of some opposition parties and said they had followed the BJP.
There are different booklets for panchayat-level workers, elected members of local bodies and members of farmers cells, among others. The party has named this exercise to educate party workers the Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Prashikshan Mahabhiyan.


In the opinion in the case of Ingles Markets, Inc. v. Kempler, 730 S.E.2d 444 (2012), the Georgia Court of Appeals recently upheld a jury verdict awarded in a Hall County court to the owners of land next door to a commercial shopping center. At the trial of the case, the jury awarded damages for diminution in the value of the land, damages for the injury to the peace and happiness of the plaintiffs, damages for the costs of remediation, and attorneys' fees and punitive damages. The court held that the evidence at the trial showed the defendants had control over the cause of the harm and were responsible for the full range of damages awarded by the jury.
The court also addressed the Georgia statute regarding apportionment of liability to nonparties, O.C.G.A. Section 51-12-33(c), and held that the trial court's limitation of the apportionment to an identified nonparty was not error; the trial court was not required under the statute to require consideration of all possible sources of the storm water in assessing liability, and was only required to instruct the jury to consider the sources identified by the defendants pursuant to the notice provision of the statute.
In Weller v. Blake, the Georgia Court of Appeals issued an opinion on March 27, 2012 that addressed the issue whether a neighbor's outdoor fireplace could amount to a nuisance. 315 Ga. App. 214 (2012). In reversing the trial court's decision to dismiss the case, the court noted that the existence of a nuisance involves a determination of an objective standard by the jury. The jury is to determine whether a reasonable person would suffer hurt, annoyance, inconvenience or damage due to the facts adduced by the plaintiff. O.C.G.A. Section 41-1-1. Although the court noted that an alleged injury cannot be fanciful or the type that would affect only one of "fastidious taste," smoke from an outdoor fireplace could amount to a nuisance where the facts showed the smoke was affecting the plaintiffs inside their home. The court also held that the claim supported a claim of negligence in addition to a claim of nuisance.
The court further held that a plaintiff may recover damages for the annoyance and inconvenience of the facts allegedly giving rise to the nuisance without proof of actual monetary loss. The range of recovery for such general damages was intended to compensate the injured plaintiffs for the loss of enjoyment of the plaintiffs' property rights. Damages for a nuisance also included punitive damages and attorneys' fees. Even where it is clear that the defendant did not maliciously start the nuisance, the failure to abate it after receiving notice of the plaintiffs' claim could show conscious indifference to the circumstances.
The opinion in Weller v. Blake, supra, did not create any new law, but instead contained a thorough discussion of the current state of Georgia law with regard to nuisance claims.


Sony's 2019 TV lineup is revealed, including 8K and 4K models ranging in size from 43- to 98-inches and in price from $650 to a number much, much larger. The models will be available between May and June. The post Sony's 2019 TV lineup maxes out with a 98-inch 8K costing as much as a home appeared first on Digital Trends.
Sony's 2019 TV lineup is revealed, including 8K and 4K models ranging in size from 43- to 98-inches and in price from $650 to a number much, much larger. The models will be available between May and June. The post Sony's 2019 TV lineup includes a 98-inch 8K OLED that costs more than a Corvette appeared first on Digital Trends.
Google's latest Chromecast doubles the price, but quadruples the resolution for a simple and affordable way to get 4K. Add in wide HDR support, and it's got a lot going for it. The post Google Chromecast Ultra review appeared first on Digital Trends.
For $5 a month, Xfinity Flex gives existing Xfinity internet subscribers a 4K- and HDR-ready set-top box that can stream video from YouTube, Netflix, Hulu, as well as free TV from apps like Cheddar and ESPN3. The post Comcast launches Xfinity Flex, a $5-a-month service aimed at cord cutters appeared first on Digital Trends.


Good grief! Charlie Brown and his PEANUTS Gang pals are ready for some fun! The second annual PEANUTS Celebration is kicking off at Knott's Berry Farm, weekends and President's Day January 25th through March 10th.
Step through the park gates and into the immersive world of Charles M. Schulz. Find yourself within a comic strip for one-of-a-kind photo ops including fun speech bubbles postings on posts. The characters have taken over the park with pop-up experiences. Plus, it's the only time to meet Pig Pen, who will be right at home in the Livery Stable.
It's not Knott's Berry Farm without a spin around or a race down the tracks. The PEANUTS Celebration adds unique theming to the Grand Sierra Railroad where you'll be on the Beagle Bonanza. The Sky Cabin is treated with a Woodstock-themed overlay, offering guests a "bird's eye view" of the park.
Exploring Knott's PEANUTS Celebration will certainly work up an appetite. Treats bearing Charlie Brown's signature yellow with black chevron fill the park. Don't miss your chance to enjoy something delicious while visiting!
Spend your weekends with the PEANUTS Gang at Knott's Berry Farm now through March 10th.


Cross site scripting (XSS) is an attack most of us have heard of and also have an appreciation of the devestation that can be caused with the right attack.
Despite this fact, I still believe most developers do not truly understand it or know how to fully protect their sites.
If I request the following url: http://localhost:49263/Home/Index?displayName=Sean, a nice message stating Welcome Sean is printed out on the page.
If I request the following url: http://localhost:49263/Home/Index?displayName=Sean\x3cscript\x3ealert(\x27doingSomethingNaughty\x27)\x3c/script\x3e, a nice message is also displayed stating Welcome Sean, however a alert box is displayed letting you know I am doingSomethingNaughty.
It is important to note that a real attack would more likely silently create a web socket connection between your client and the attack server, or something else just as interesting.
The above url is just a very simple hex attack.
Why is the RequestValidator not catching this script?
Mainly as it is not a script at this point, or something that would become a script if it were html decoded, it is just a set of characters.
Example 2: Html Encode - surely this will save us!
First thing you should do is NuGet in the AntiXss library from Microsoft into your application, you can find it here: https://www.nuget.org/packages/AntiXSS.
Cross site scripting (XSS) is a nightmare that will not be going away anytime soon, it is so easy for us to leave holes within our apps so the more we know about the subject the better.
The more you hack, the more you'll know.


A new report from Georgetown University's Center on Education and the Workforce projects that enrollment at public universities would increase from 9 to 22 percent, while enrollment at private universities would decrease up to 15 percent. The largest enrollment increases in public colleges would be at open-access institutions. Selective public institutions would fill first and could make college even more selective by turning more prospective students away. The greatest growth in new students would be among those who have not considered higher education until it was made free.
The report can be accessed at https://cew.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/Clintons-Free-College-Proposal.pdf.


Our qualified technicians can handle any aspect of Mitsubishi servicing needs. Vehicles including high end EVO models through to 4WD and AWD models including Pajero, ASX, Challenger, Triton and Outlander. We are also able to service older models including Magna, Verada, Colt and Mirage models. Contact us now to arrange your service here.


An immediate operation was imperative. すぐ手術をすることが絶対必要だった.
It's imperative that we (should) act at once. いやでもおうでも直ちに行動を起こさなければならない.
It's utterly imperative for you to carry [get] this message to them. 君にぜひともこの伝言を彼らに伝えてもらわなければならないのだ.
in an imperative tone 命令的な口調で.
It is imperative for you to take this medicine.
((正式))1[通例叙述] 避けられない, 成されねばならない, 必須の;緊急の(urgent).2命令的な, 威厳のある(authoritative), 断固とした, 強制的な(pressing), 有無を言わせぬ(peremptory).3〔言語〕命令法の.
〔言語〕[the 〜] 命令法;命令法の動詞(形)(【略】 imp., imper., impv.).
(コンピューター theory) Having a semantics that incorporates mutable variables.


The criminal authority, Sasha Tagan, along with six other members of the gang, have been detained for smuggling of consumer goods, introduced into the country through the Transnistrian region. The goods were purchased from the Ukrainian market called the 7th km and later illegally introduced into the country and traded in the markets of Chisinau.
Deputy Chief of the Prosecutor's Office for Combating Organized Crime and Special Causes, Valeriu Bodean, specified in a press conference that the group had been surveyed for four months.
"The perpetrators smuggled clothes, footwear, carpets and other goods into the country. The gang operated for about two years and delivered goods into our country practically every week. Once purchased in Ukraine, the goods were loaded into a minibus and brought into the country through the Transnistrian region, transported to the warehouses in Chisinau and subsequently distributed for commercialization. The suspects travelled at nighttime to avoid any possible troubles on the route. Each member of the group had a well-defined role and the operations were carried out by different people in order not to catch the attention of the police," Bodean said.
The prosecutor noted that the seized goods amount to one million lei. "There have been carried out 10 searches in the warehouses and at the suspects' homes. Following the raids, law enforcers found 20 mobile phones used by the smugglers for communication, as well as other evidence that could facilitate the investigation process. At the same time, we are considering the version that there are certain public figures, protecting the group," Bodean said.
According to law enforcers, the group leader is known in the criminal world as Sasha Tagan, who is from Bender. He has a criminal record, being previously investigated for smuggling, theft, evasion of customs payments and causing bodily injuries.
The group members are of 28 to 41 years of age. At present, everyone is under arrest.
According to the official data, since the beginning of the current year, the police have destroyed six criminal groups, engaged in smuggling of goods through the Transnistrian region. Law enforcers sequestrated goods in the amount of over 10 million lei. At the same time, the state budget is annually damaged by tens or hundreds of millions of lei due to smuggling.
Where and why do Moldovans migrate	 What are Vlad Filat's Chances at ECHR?
The letter was sent. Thank you!


To be a part of James Harden's entourage, it's not enough to be able to keep up with him. You also gotta make sure you don't wear the same pair of shoes over and over again. This "Mean Girls" style rule is nicely enforced in BBDO New York's latest for Foot Locker, which has a special, surprise twist ending showing just what Kris Humphries does in his spare time.


Geothermal generation provided 12.8% of New Zealand's electricity supply in 2010, having grown from 7.5% in 2006.
Completion of a 100-megawatt power station in Kawerau during 2008 increased New Zealand's geothermal capacity by 25%. This facility alone meets approximately one third of residential and industrial demand in the region, while new plants are in development to further increase capacity.
A special place that offers a unique mix of renewable energy generation to power sustainable business today and well into the future. Together, we embrace business, the environment, and the community.
Quality, abundance and potential are three key terms when it comes to electricity in Kawerau. With the Kawerau geothermal field being recognised as a world-class, high temperature resource, a number of developers have been assessing the potential to increase electricity generation in the region.
It is estimated that current installed electricity generation capacity at the Kawerau geothermal field is at less than a third of its stored heat potential, excluding the direct heat supply to industry. As such, generation capacity expected to increase substantially over the next several decades.
Smart companies realise that with an abundance of geothermal potential, Kawerau is the ideal location to power big industry well into the future.
Electricity generation in the Kawerau region is dominated by renewable sources.
With large volumes of geothermal energy in the area, Kawerau offers a unique alternative to traditional energy generation.Local industry as well as well as energy companies have latched onto this potential, with Norske Skog Tasman and Eastland Group both developing binary plants as of 2012, to tap into Kawerau's geothermal energy. On top of this, two nearby hydro plants provide electricity to the national grid.
The world's largest application of geothermal direct use for industry provides renewable energy that is sustainable and reliable. If we truly care about the world we leave behind, we must embrace cleaner industry.
For a town that was founded on heavy industry, electricity supply has always been vitally important. Fortunately, Kawerau has an ample supply, which only continues to grow. Businesses that establish themselves here can gain access to this reliable supply of clean, base-load energy.
No matter how much energy your business needs, we'll have you covered. Together, we can provide geothermal energy to power industry for generations to come.


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text:
Minimizing Payment Fraud
Mastercard opens global Intelligence and Cyber Centre in Vancouver
24th Jan 2020 by Ben Poole
Mastercard has unveiled its new Intelligence and Cyber Centre in Vancouver, Canada. The centre will expand the company's Canadian presence by creating and maintaining a total of 380 jobs, and accelerate innovation in digital and cyber security, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things. The new space in Vancouver will become one of six global technology centres for Mastercard and will develop cyber solutions for the payments ecosystem globally.
"Ensuring payments are both convenient and secure has always been a top priority for Mastercard," said Ajay Banga, president and chief executive officer of Mastercard. "The Vancouver centre will help us meet the growing demand for technology solutions to reduce the cost of cyber-attacks, enable today's connected devices to become tomorrow's secure payment devices, and address the growing vulnerabilities associated with the Internet of Things."
The Vancouver centre is being launched in partnership with the Government of Canada through its Strategic Innovation Fund, with an additional $510 million investment by Mastercard.
"As Canadians use connected devices more and more, including for sensitive financial services like banking, they want to know that their data and privacy are protected," said Navdeep Bains, Canada's Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry. "Our government is investing in a new cybersecurity centre in Canada to develop the technology solutions Canadians and people all over the world need to protect their personal and financial information when they use their devices. This will make Canada a world leader in cybersecurity and help us tackle the cost of cybercrime in Canada - an estimated $3 billion a year."
This expansion is the latest in a series of investments by Mastercard in Canada, reinforcing the company's commitment to supporting Canadian innovation and technology talent. In 2017, Mastercard acquired Vancouver-based NuData Security and last year, Toronto-based Ethoca, bringing together best-in-class solutions across biometrics and fraud resolution to drive greater security in the digital space.
"Expanding our presence in Canada allows us to tap into the country's talented workforce and thriving technology ecosystem, to help bring innovations to market even faster," Banga added.
Located in The Exchange office tower in the restored Old Stock Exchange building, the Vancouver centre is currently home to the NuData Security team with added members from Mastercard's Research & Development, Operations & Technology, and Cyber & Intelligence divisions. The investment will open roles for software engineers, data scientists, project managers, analysts, product designers and information security experts. The centre will complement Mastercard's Canadian headquarters in Toronto and its global technology centres in New York, St. Louis, India (Pune-Vadodara), Dublin and Sydney.
Legacy systems and cyber security continue to trouble US corporates
Mastercard and Global Cyber Alliance partner on cybersecurity toolkit for SMEs
MAS, Bank of Canada blockchain trial promises cross-border payment gains
Cybersecurity Guide: Navigating Your Way Through Cybersecurity


Phoenix, AZ (October 1, 2018)- Data Orbital updates ratings for it's 2018 AZ Legislative Race Tracker ahead of the upcoming midterm elections.
Phoenix, AZ (October 15, 2018)- Data Orbital is pleased to announce the release of its 2018 Early Voting Tracker as the initial votes of the 2018 Midterms are being cast in Arizona.
Phoenix, AZ (October 10, 2018) With early ballots arriving in Arizona households this Thursday, Data Orbital is excited to continue its record of accurate insights on Arizona's early voters. The firm is pleased to announce that its Early Voting Tracker will be going live on Monday, October 15th.
Phoenix, AZ (October 5, 2018) - With just over a month until Election Day, Arizona continues to be a state to watch as Democrats seek to capitalize on their party's enthusiasm. Data Orbital is pleased to release the results of a statewide survey that models the results if Democrats experience a midterm surge in turnout.
Phoenix, AZ (October 1, 2018)- Data Orbital is pleased to announce the release of its 2018 AZ Legislative Race Tracker ahead of the upcoming midterm elections.
Phoenix, AZ (September 12, 2018) - As the battle for control of the US House and Senate heats up, Data Orbital is pleased to present the results on the US Senate race from the statewide survey conducted from September 4-6.
Phoenix, AZ (September 7, 2018) - Data Orbital is pleased to release the results of its first post-primary statewide survey on Arizona's Gubernatorial race conducted from September 4-6. The numbers indicate a comfortable lead for incumbent Governor Doug Ducey with only slight room for movement as just under 8 percent of voters are undecided.
Phoenix, AZ (August 22, 2018) - With three weeks of early ballot returns and only five days left until Arizona's Primary, Data Orbital has released the most up to date survey of the Republican Primary for US Senate. The survey was conducted on August 21st and 22nd and polled 600 likely Republican Primary Election voters across Arizona.
Phoenix, AZ (August 9, 2018) - Data Orbital is pleased to present its latest statewide survey gauging voter sentiment on border security. The latest survey was conducted from August 7-8, 2018 and polled 550 likely General Election voters across Arizona.
Phoenix, AZ (July 2, 2018) - Data Orbital's latests poll on the AZ Secretary of State GOP Primary shows Steve Gaynor at 44.28% as he challenges incumbent Michele Reagan who is at 21.69%.
Phoenix, AZ (July 2, 2018) - Per Data Orbital's latest survey the Arizona Secretary of State Republican Primary is uncertain as Incumbent Michele Reagan is tied with her challenger.
Phoenix, AZ (July 2, 2018) - Data Orbital has announced results from the latest survey of likely Arizona general election voters on the abolishment of ICE.


The Rensselaer Falls Volunteer Rescue Squad is a volunteer organization. The Rescue Squad was originally started as a first response arm of the Fire Department in 1989. In 2011 the Rescue Squad separated from the Fire Department and became its own 501(c)3 not-for-profit corporation.
We are always looking for new members, especially EMT's. If you have a desire to help your community and are willing to commit to training and answering calls then please contact us.
*** As we continue to develop this page we will have membership applications available to download. Until then, please e-mail us at the address listed and we will be in touch with you.


Who can forget the good times toasting marshmallows around a summer campfire? The feeling of ultimate achievement with the creation of a well-formed S'more? Constructing a tower of a perfectly browned marshmallow at just the right temperature to melt a square of Hershey's Chocolate between two crunchy graham crackers is quite possibly the most delicious snack ever conceived. And now you can experience this classic treat in a whole new confectionery form with S'mores Taffy! Three layers of graham cracker, marshmallow, and chocolate flavored taffy are rendered in every bite. Stock your candy bowl with S'mores Salt Water Taffy, individually wrapped sweets sure to satisfy.
A family-run confection company for nearly a century, Taffy Town Candy's signature whipping process produces a soft textured taffy that simply melts in your mouth.
Bag contains 5 pounds of Gourmet S'mores Salt Water Taffy Candy.


text:
Justice Laws Website
Canada's System of Justice
Laws Website Home
Consolidated Acts
R.S.C., 1985, c. P-4 - Table of Contents
R.S.C., 1985, c. P-4
This Web page has been archived on the Web.
Patent Act
Version of section 54 from 2002-12-31 to 2003-07-01:
Next Versionof section
Marginal note:Jurisdiction of courts
54 (1) An action for the infringement of a patent may be brought in that court of record that, in the province in which the infringement is said to have occurred, has jurisdiction, pecuniarily, to the amount of the damages claimed and that, with relation to the other courts of the province, holds its sittings nearest to the place of residence or of business of the defendant, and that court shall decide the case and determine the costs, and assumption of jurisdiction by the court is of itself sufficient proof of jurisdiction.
Marginal note:Jurisdiction of Federal Court
(2) Nothing in this section impairs the jurisdiction of the Federal Court under section 20 of the Federal Court Act or otherwise.
R.S., c. P-4, s. 56
R.S., c. 10(2nd Supp.), s. 65
French Constitutional Drafting Committee (1990)
Consolidated Regulations
Statutes Repeal Act: Reports, Deferrals and Repeals
Miscellaneous Statute Law Amendment Program
Typographical and Grammatical Corrections
New Layout for Legislation
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text:
Les Phlebotominae, ou phlébotomes, sont une sous-famille d'insectes de l'ordre des diptères, du sous-ordre des nématocères, de la super-famille des Psychodoidea Lameere, 1936 et de la famille des Psychodidae.

Ce sont de tout petits insectes hématophages, qui peuvent être vecteurs de pathogènes de la santé humaine (bartonellose, arbovirose, leishmaniose) des genres Leishmania, Bartonella, Phlebovirus et Vesiculovirus.

Taxonomie

La classification des genres se fonde sur le nombre et la structure des segments des antennes et des palpes et sur le nombre et la disposition des nervures alaires (Rondani, 1843). À l'origine, le seul genre Phlebotomus Rondani regroupait toutes les espèces de Phlebotominae. En 1948, Theobald proposa la division de ce genre entre les espèces de l'ancien monde et celles du nouveau monde en quatre genres : Phlebotomus et Sergentomyia pour les espèces de la région paléarctique et Lutzomyia et Brumptomyia pour celles des régions néarctique et néotropicales.

Cette sous-famille est depuis divisée en six genres :

 Phlebotomus Rondani & Berté, 1840 ;
 Sergentomyia Franca & Parrot, 1920 ;
 Chinius Leng, 1987 ;
 Lutzomyia Franca, 1924 ;
 Brumptomyia Franca & Parrot, 1921 ;
 Warileya Hertig, 1948.

Récemment, un nouveau genre américain a été proposé : Edentomyia Galati, Andrade-Filho, da Silva & Falcao, 2003.

Éthologie

L'observation des phlébotomes est difficile en raison de leur petite taille, leur couleur pâle et leur vol rapide et saccadé. Ils fréquentent de plus des lieux obscurs, et la brièveté de leurs déplacements les rend discrets.
La découverte des larves est encore plus délicate : elles vivent en général dans des milieux peu accessibles et sont parfois enterrées dans des détritus organiques divers.

Cependant, les adultes de plusieurs espèces gravitent au voisinage de l'homme et les femelles se nourrissent à ses dépens. Ils piquent à la tombée de la nuit, plus rarement pendant le jour, dans les habitations ou à proximité.

Certains se nourrissent sur les animaux à sang chaud et se rencontrent dans les clapiers, les porcheries, les étables, les écuries, les chenils, les poulaillers et dans les terriers.

D'autres piquent les animaux à sang froid et s'observent à l'entrée des gîtes de ces animaux et sous l'écorce des arbres, près des nids de lézards.

On peut également trouver des phlébotomes dans les grottes et les cavernes, vivant aux dépens des chauves-souris ou d'autres vertébrés habitant ces lieux.

Dans les régions sèches et arides, ils s'abritent pendant le jour dans les crevasses du sol, d'où ils ne sortent qu'à la faveur de la fraîcheur et de l'humidité de la nuit, dans les terriers des petits rongeurs où ils trouvent le calme, l'obscurité et l'humidité nécessaires à leur développement.

D'autres se multiplient en grand nombre dans les forêts humides des régions équatoriales.

En certaines saisons, on peut recueillir de nombreux individus appartenant à diverses espèces aussi bien dans les anfractuosités des gros arbres qu'à l'entrée des terriers.

Pour déloger les phlébotomes des refuges inaccessibles, l'emploi de la fumée de tabac donne de bons résultats.

Seules les femelles sont hématophages.

Répartition
Si l'on rencontre les Phlébotomes sur tous les continents, ils ne dépassent cependant pas certaines latitudes. Très rares en Amérique du Nord et peu abondants en Australie, leur présence n'est pas signalée dans les pays nordiques. Ils sont, a contrario, fréquents dans le Bassin méditerranéen et en Afrique du Nord. Mais c'est dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales de l'Afrique, en Amérique du Sud et en Asie qu'on les trouve en plus grand nombre.

En France :

Outre le pourtour du bassin méditerranéen, des phlébotomes ont été observés bien plus au nord en France depuis quelques années.

Liste des espèces

 Genre Brumptomyia () :
 Brumptomyia avellari (Costa Lima, 1942)
 Brumptomyia beaupertuyi (Ortiz, 1954)
 Brumptomyia galindoi (Fairchild & Hertig, 1947),
 Brumptomyia hamata (Fairchild & Hertig, 1947),
 Brumptomyia leopoldoi (Rodríguez, 1953)
 Brumptomyia pentacantha (Barretto, 1947)
 Brumptomyia mesai (Sherlock, 1962)
 Brumptomyia pintoi (Costa Lima, 1932)
 Brumptomyia travassosi (Mangabeira, 1942)

 Genre Lutzomyia
 Lutzomyia aclydifera (Fairchild & Hertig)
 Lutzomyia anduzei (Rozeboom, 1942)
 Lutzomyia brasiliensis (Costa Lima, 1932)
 Lutzomyia bursiformis (Floch & Abonnent, 1944)
 Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) principal vecteur de leishmaniose viscérale en Amérique du sud.
 Lutzomyia antunesi (Coutinho, 1939)
 Lutzomyia aragaoi (Costa Lima, 1932).
 Lutzomyia ayrozai
 Lutzomyia barrettoi (Mangabeira, 1942).
 Lutzomyia bifoliata
 Lutzomyia camposi
 Lutzomyia carrerai thula
 Lutzomyia columbiana
 Lutzomyia dendrophyla
 Lutzomyia dubitans
 Lutzomyia dysponeta
 Lutzomyia emberai Bejarano, Duque, Vélez 2004
 Lutzomyia evansi
 Lutzomyia fairtigi
 Lutzomyia gomezi
 Lutzomyia hartmanni
 Lutzomyia howardi
 Lutzomyia intermedia
 Lutzomyia lichyi
 Lutzomyia manciola Ibanez-Bernal, 2001
 Lutzomyia migonei
 Lutzomyia olmeca bicolor
 Lutzomyia panamensis
 Lutzomyia pia
 Lutzomyia (Trichophoromyia) pabloi Barreto M, Burbano ME, Young DG. 2002
 Lutzomyia saulensis
 Lutzomyia scorzai
 Lutzomyia serrana (Damasceno & Arouck)
 Lutzomyia shannoni
 Lutzomyia sordellii
 Lutzomyia townsendi
 Lutzomyia trapidoi
 Lutzomyia trinidadensis
 Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend, 1913) vecteur de Bartonellose
 Lutzomyia vespertilionis
 Lutzomyia walkeri (Newstead, 1914)
 Lutzomyia whitmani
 Lutzomyia youngi
 Lutzomyia yuilli

 Genre Phlebotomus (espèces de la région afrotropicale)

 Phlebotomus (Adlerius) arabicus Theodor, 1953
 Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) berentiensis (Léger et Rodhain, 1978)
 Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) fertei Depaquit, Léger & Robert 2002
 Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) fontenillei (Depaquit, Léger et Robert, 2004)
 Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) huberti Depaquit, Léger & Robert 2002
 Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) rodhaini Parrot, 1930
 Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) rousettus Davidson, 1981
 Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) vaomalalae Randrianambinintsoa, Léger & Depaquit, 2013
 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) aculeatus Lewis, Minter & Ashford, 1974
 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) ashfordi Gebre-Michael & Lane, 1996
 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) elgonensis Ngoka, Madel & Mutinga, 1975
 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) fantalensis Lewis, Minter & Ashford, 1974
 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) gibiensis Lewis, Minter & Ashford, 1974
 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) guggisbergi Kirk & Lewis, 1952
 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) longipes Parrot & Martin, 1939
 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis Parrot, 1936
 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) pedifer Lewis, Mutinga & Ashford, 1972
 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perfiliewi Parrot, 1939
 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) somaliensis Abonnenc, Adam & Bailly-Choumara, 1959
 Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri Sinton, 1928
 Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) mireillae Killick-Kendrick, 1997
 Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) saevus Parrot & Martin, 1939
 Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti Parrot, 1917
 Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) bergeroti Parrot, 1934
 Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) duboscqi Neveu-Lemaire, 1906
 Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi (Scopoli, 1786)
 Phlebotomus (Spelaeophlebotomus) gigas Parrot & Schwetz, 1937
 Phlebotomus (Spelaeophlebotomus) minteri Lewis, 1982
 Phlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) celiae Minter, 1962
 Phlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) grovei Downes, 1971
 Phlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) katangensis Bequaert & Walravens, 1930
 Phlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) martini Parrot, 1936
 Phlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) rossi De Meillon & Lavoipierre, 1944
 Phlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) taylori Davidson, 1982
 Phlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) vansomerenae Heisch, Guggisberg & Teesdale, 1956

 Genre Sergentomyia (espèces de la région afrotropicale)

 Genre Chinius (espèces d'Asie du sud-est)
 Chinius junlianensis Leng, 1987 (Chine)
 Chinius eunicegalatiae Léger, 2010 (Laos)
 Chinius barbazani Léger, Depaquit & Beales, 2006 (Thaïlande)

Insectes vecteurs

Leishmaniose

Le phlébotome est un insecte vecteur. S'il est infecté, sa piqûre transmet la leishmaniose ; seulement certaines espèces sont des vecteurs prouvés de la Leishmaniose.

En Europe, le réservoir est le chien. C'est lui qui est principalement touché par la maladie. Les cas humains restent rares.

En Amérique du Sud (Guyane), le paresseux à deux doigts (unau) Choloepus didactylus (Linnaeus, 1758) est le réservoir du protozoaire Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis responsable de leishmanioses cutanées du type espundia. La transmission s'effectue par un autre phlébotome, Lutzomyia umbratilis.

Autres maladies
 La fièvre Oroya se rencontre au Pérou. Elle est due à une bactérie, Bartonella bacilliformis.
 La fièvre pappataci (sandfly fever) est due à un virus du groupe des Bunyaviridae.

Anecdotes
 Le phlébotome est utilisé comme une injure par le Capitaine Haddock dans la bande dessinée Tintin.

Galerie: anatomie des Phlebotominae

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Psychodidae
Insecte vecteur


text:
#VivaCC: Art scene: 01.08.16
Whether you're looking to enjoy the works of budding artists or more experienced artisan, two opening receptions Friday will display Coastal Bend talent.
#VivaCC: Art scene: 01.08.16 Whether you're looking to enjoy the works of budding artists or more experienced artisan, two opening receptions Friday will display Coastal Bend talent. Check out this story on caller.com: http://www.caller.com/story/entertainment/arts/2016/01/08/vivacc-art-scene-010816/91180936/
CONTRIBUTED PHOTO Students at the Port Aransas Art Center will have works on display at 323 N. Alister St. There will be an opening reception at 5:30 p.m. Friday.
Students from Port Aransas Art Center classes and workshops will feature their art and the development of it at 323 N. Alister St. from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. Friday. The student exhibit will include live music and refreshments including an opportunity to sign up for a class or workshop for the new year.
Blending color through pottery, Treehouse Art Collective will showcase the works of Jan Sijansky at its opening reception from 5:30 to 8 p.m. Friday for its monthlong exhibit.
Twitter:@Caller_Esther
What: Opening reception of Jan Sijansky
When: 5:30 to 8 p.m. Friday
Where: Treehouse Art Collective, 309 N. Water St.
Information: 361-882-4822
What: Opening reception of Student Art Exhibit
When: 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. Friday
Where: Port Aransas Art Center, 323 N. Alister St., Port Aransas.
CURRENTS: All Member Show
What: Thirty years since its introduction, Rockport Center for the Arts All Member Show continues as Currents. This year, distinguished juror, Joe Peña, will be selecting outstanding artists from Currents to exhibit in August. Peña is an assistant professor of painting at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi. A nonjuried exhibition of member created miniatures will run simultaneously with the Currents show.
When: Open through Jan. 15
Where: 902 Navigation Circle, Rockport
Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi
'Europe Through My Lens'
What: This canvas print exhibition will showcase photography by Mohan Rao. Canvas prints will be for sale and all proceeds will benefit the Desi Foundation Scholarship Fund. The exhibit is free and open to students, faculty, staff and the public during the library's regular business hours.
When: through Jan. 29
Where: Mary and Jeff Bell Library, 6300 Ocean Drive
Art Center of Corpus Christi
'Wildlife in Focus'
What: Promoting the environmental beauty of the Coastal Bend, the 'Wildlife in Focus' exhibit at the Art Center of Corpus Christi highlights local talent and wildlife through photography. The biennial exhibit is a result of the nearly 10-year partnership between the environmental group and the art center to preserve and protect habitats of South Texas.
When: Through Saturday
Where: Art Center of Corpus Christi, 100 N. Shoreline Blvd.
'Chicanitas: Small Paintings from the Collection of Cheech Marin'
What: As a celebration of Chicano art, the exhibit will display 70 paintings by 29 artists, including artwork from Corpus Christi natives Joe Pena and Ricardo Ruiz.
When: Through Sunday
Where: Art Museum of South Texas, 1902 N. Shoreline Blvd.
Compiled by Esther Hackleman
Read or Share this story: http://www.caller.com/story/entertainment/arts/2016/01/08/vivacc-art-scene-010816/91180936/
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