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On the Brink of Collapse
by Eric Martin
Wikileaks has shed some light on the controversial blockade of Gaza, a subject that recveived rare (and fleeting) attention in US media when a flotilla of aid to that besieged region was attacked by Israeli soldiers in the Spring/Summer of 2010.
At the time, there was some discussion of the purpose of the blockade: with certain Israeli factions claiming the blockade was meant to prevent arms shipments to Gaza, while most aid groups and human rights organizations pointed to the broad, wide-ranging nature of the items on the blockade list as evidence of an intent to collectively punish the residents of Gaza by choking off economic activity and denying other vital materials.
Evidence unearthed by WikiLeaks seems to vindicate the latter view:
According to a leaked United States diplomatic cable sent to Washington from the American embassy in Tel Aviv in late 2008, Israeli officials told American diplomats "on multiple occasions that they intend to keep the Gazan economy on the brink of collapse without quite pushing it over the edge."
The cable, headlined, "Cashless in Gaza," was published on the Web site of the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten on Wednesday. Aftenposten announced recently that it now has access to the entire trove of 250,000 leaked communiques obtained by WikiLeaks.
The cable also delves into some of the more complex financial aspects of Israel's embargo of Gaza, including the fact that Israeli shekel continued to be used as the currency of the territory, even after it was taken over by the Islamist Hamas movement.
One section of the report explained that while the government of Israel "believes that maintaining the shekel as the currency of the Palestinian Territories is in Israel's interests, it treats decisions regarding the amount of shekels in circulation in Gaza as a security matter."
This blockade continues with only slight modifications. It remains a cruel form of collective punishment.
Posted by Eric Martin at 02:22 PM | Permalink
Don't call it a ghetto though.
From the NYT piece that Eric linked to:
The cable also notes that Israeli officials told American diplomats that "political pressure arising from the issue of captured Israeli soldier, Gilad Shalit, may have influenced high-level Israeli officials to tighten their stance on monetary policy."
Good to know that the life of a single soldier is worth debilitating poverty for a million people according to the Israeli government...or perhaps I should write "people".
Is there any plausible end game behind this policy? I mean, is the Israeli government reasoning that if they impose enough economic suffering, that will cause some change in Hamas policy that will be more to their liking? What is it? Right now all I see is the desire to impose suffering for its own sake.
Winning hearts and minds!
Posted by: Eric Martin | January 05, 2011 at 04:23 PM
This pretty much agrees with what the Israeli government said publicly: They were waging economic warfare to topple or modify Hamas. And at the same time, striving to prevent a true humanitarian emergency.
There, of course, worse ways to wage war. And this is a real war. With real shooting on both sides. So economic warfare seems reasonable, given the unreasonable nature of Hamas.
Calling normal warfighting "Collective punishment" is stretching the category to the point of propaganda, and is especially offensive if we consider the cases that prompted the law: The firing squad murder of innocent townspeople by Nazi death squads.
The alternative course is the assassination of Hamas leaders and the conventional warfare of events like Operation Cast Lead.
Posted by: Fred | January 05, 2011 at 04:41 PM
Collective punishment isn't exactly a new tactic--the Israelis are just following our example in Iraq during the 90's
"Calling normal warfighting "Collective punishment" is stretching the category to the point of propaganda, and is especially offensive if we consider the cases that prompted the law: The firing squad murder of innocent townspeople by Nazi death squads."
The rules of "normal warfighting" seem to depend on whose civilians get hurt. So does this work both ways? Should Israel be subjected to equally harsh punitive sanctions, designed to bring their economy to its knees, until they withdraw all settlements from the West Bank? I despise Israel's behavior and wouldn't go along with that.
What DJ said.
And what do you mean "alternative course"? Those courses have a habit of running in tandem.
This seems like confirmation of what was already reported though. I remember reading about this, and just found a McClatchy article about an Israeli document describing the blockade as econmic warfare. I'd be more interested in some more information about that "secret agreement" concerning the settlements between the US and Israel. Ehud Barak told French officials about it according to a cable.
Posted by: Christian G. | January 05, 2011 at 05:18 PM
Here's the cable Christian G referred to.
Christian: It is confirmation of what was already reported. But that's what most Wikileaks "revelations" are.
Still, it lends credence to the prior reporting that was dismissed by those with a political agenda. In this, it is valuable.
Contra Fred, the Israeli government wasn't really saying this publicly - nor were its supporters in the US. The focus was on weapons, weapons, weapons.
I don't dispute that it's valuable. I just can't get very excited about it. Of course, running around and talking how it's all about weapons sounds better from an Israeli government point of view.
"Calling normal warfighting "Collective punishment" is stretching the category to the point of propaganda, and is especially offensive if we consider the cases that prompted the law: The firing squad murder of innocent townspeople by Nazi death squads.
Unless it's your contention that the term "collective punishment" is only accurate if applied to cases where innocents are murdered by firing squads, the implementation details of the original Nazi cases are entirely beside the point. Collective punishment is defined by the GC as:
No protected person may be punished for an offense he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited.
I see nothing in there about firing squads, or more broadly any kind of requirement that collective punishment be defined as mass murder.
Calling what is happening in Gaza "normal warfighting" is what's stretching the category to the point of propaganda. Under no sane, reasonable definition used in the last 60 years is that so.
Posted by: Catsy | January 05, 2011 at 06:08 PM
Your excitement level may vary.
One does not continue to wage war against an occupied civilian population.
So you are claiming that this is not, in fact, a collective punishment? You've done a half-clever little two-step here:
1)this is normal war-fighting
2)calling something that is normal war-fighting "collective punishment" is propaganda.
I say half-clever, because it is almost definitional that this is a collective punishment, and you've managed to condemn this categorization without actually disputing it. Either you believe that this collective punishment is moral, effective, etc, or you don't. Playing word games and invoking comparisons with the Nazis isn't trying to reach an understanding, it's attempting to obscure matters.
Posted by: Carleton Wu | January 05, 2011 at 07:27 PM
Turbulence,
But doesn't this cut both ways? If Hamas simply released Shalit, and Israeli policy did not change, wouldn't that be a victory for Israel's critics?
"But doesn't this cut both ways?"
Perhaps when the Palestinians can mount an equally effective economic blockade of Israel, then we can observe this "both ways" cutting. Until then, we can only speculate.
Posted by: bobbyp | January 05, 2011 at 10:42 PM
I think it might very well cut both ways IF we were talking about two sides in a negotiation with equivalent power and status. But that's not the case here. Israel has a great deal more control of the situation than Hamas: for example, continuation of the status quo means that Israel remains a nice European-style high income country while Gaza remains a cage with a horrific economy. Israel has a lot of leverage while Hamas has very little. Given how little leverage they have, I'm not sure I can fault Hamas for refusing to give up the one asset they have that Israel seems to actually care about.
I mean, from Hamas' perspective, no matter what they do it is never enough to satisfy Israel. They won a free and fair election, and how does Israel respond? By declaring their victory tainted and working to isolate them. Even when they win, they still lose.
I could see collective punishment as a reasonable action in some (limited) circumstances. Butis this one of them?
I think you have to have some good idea what end-point you are trying to get to. And it is not clear that the Israeli government does. (Beyond, perhaps, just wishing the whole problem, i.e. the all of Palestinians, would just go away.)
Do they expect Gaza to someday be a peaceful enclave (that is, part of a separate country) next door? If so, the people living there have to have some hope of a viable economy. Which you don't get to via collective economic punishment like this -- at least as far as I can see. Because if there is no hope, why not strike out at whomever you see as the cause of your problems?
Or do they see it as ideally a permanent refugee camp, subsisting on charity from elsewhere (but one which doesn't interact with Israel to any significant degree)? If so, can they point to anywhere, at any time, where that has actually worked out? And is there any indication that keeping the inhabitants on the edge of economic collapse is the way to get there?
Or is there some other intended end-point that I merely lack the imagination to see?
P.S. I suppose the same could be said about the West Bank. But in comparison to Gaza, it does have something that could be, or become, a viable economy. Sort of.
I think wj's point is excellent.
Israeli policy appears dominated, at least presently, by what they will NOT accept (note: this appears largely true of the Palestinian groups too). No to this, no to that, meanwhile the settlement building continues and the endgame is... what?
Posted by: Rob in CT | January 06, 2011 at 01:04 PM
I thought myself that using "excitement" in this context might not be the best choice of words and this and my first comment came off more dismissive than intended.
You are without doubt better informed about the Gaza situation than me, and I have a hard time remembering individual statements without looking it up by going back to these discussions at time . From what I remember, I think the problem went deeper than dismissed reporting by those with an agenda.
You wrote that "the Israeli government wasn't really saying this publicly".
I take that to mean that the Israelis have said it on occassions, but it wasn't really part of their main message. The http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/27/AR2008012702062.html > Washington Post reported in 2008 that Israeli officials told their supreme court that they were waging economic warfare.
From what I can tell, the official Israeli position is and was that economic sanctions against Gaza are an entirely legitimate tool in the fight against Hamas. These sanctions make hardly sense if they don't aim to introduce any crippling effects on the economy. Was there actually a widespread denial about this? I thought the debates were more focused on the actual effects of the blockade. People here and in other places were discussing if there was in fact a humanitarian crisis, for example.
Working link to the Wapo article.
I take that to mean that the Israelis have said it on occassions, but it wasn't really part of their main message.
That was exactly my point - that, and their US counterparts were certainly not playing that part up as well.
But no worries about being dismissive. I got your point.
When they're firing missiles at you, you either do or you get replaced by a government that will.
When they're firing missiles at you, you either do or you get replaced by a government that will
Who is "they"? It only takes a few, with DIY rocket kits.
That's sort of the whole 'collective punishment' point. All Isreal does is punish everyone in Gaza for the actions of a few. Actions that won't EVER stop, because the "few" are getting everything they want -- including more recruits because of clownshoes Israeli heavy-handedness.
Seriously, Israel's entire plan seems to be "If we smack them HARD enough, OFTEN enough, magic will happen and the small % of radicals will disappear!".
Posted by: Morat20 | January 06, 2011 at 09:36 PM
On the question of punishment, there's the usual chicken and egg problem that pops up with this topic, except in the US it's always assumed that Palestinian violence comes first and then Israel retaliates, sometimes too harshly. But in reality sometimes Palestinians retaliate against Israeli violence, and anyway, the occupation itself (including the blockade) is violence. Also, in almost any time period you care to examine more Palestinian civilians are killed by Israelis than Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians. Not that this justifies the rocket fire.
Anyway, that aside, here's a group we probably shouldn't be punishing--
"They" is Hamas, which is the elected government in Gaza. If you're going to claim that Hamas isn't behind the attacks, I'd like to see some evidence to that effect.
"When they're firing missiles at you, you either do or you get replaced by a government that will."
You do know that both sides kill civilians, don't you? Or does that not matter? Does the occupation not matter? Apparently not.
Of course your attitude is common among Americans. One constantly hears about Palestinian terrorism as though only one side in this conflict commits atrocities. It just isn't so.
And our lovely politicians see nothing wrong with collective punishment--here's Chuck Schumer endorsing it--
And again, the same logic applies to Israel--if it is legitimate to engage in collective punishment against Palestinians, then it is legitimate to do the same to Israelis and Americans.
You know what? The argument that "But Tommy hit me!" isn't vaild in elementary school and is even less valid if the disputants are using real weapons on civilians.
Israel is the stronger party in the conflict. That puts them in the position of being the party that can step up to the plate, act like grownups, take responsiblity for their side of the conflict and take the intiative to stop the killing.
The Palestinians and the Israelis both have a right to territory and economic survival. I don't give a shit who hit who first or last or most. That sort of debate just continues the conflict.
The difference that matters is that the Israelis are stronger in every sense. Therefore they need to be the ones to lead in stopping the fight. They aren't doing that. Their goverrnment is perpetuating the fighting and taking no responsiblity.
Ah, you thought I was justifying the Israeli government's behavior rather than explaining it.
The reason terror works is that people are horribly afraid of being killed randomly, in ways that are beyond their control. It's why 2000 deaths ten years ago have dominated American thinking over the past ten years, when we accept 50,000 every year in automobile accidents without thinking twice. We are currently fighting two wars, costing well north of a trillion dollars, thousands of American lives, and tens of thousands of wounded because the memory of those random deaths still scares the crap out of us.
Now picture how traumatized Israels were by the second Intifada. Not one incident, but dozens. Not one day, but six years. A third as many deaths, but out of a population of a few million, not a few hundreds of millions.
When Hamas attacks Israel with rockets threatening the same kind of random death, do you think that a government that meets that threat with anything less than full force is going to stay in office?
Posted by: Mike Schilling | January 07, 2011 at 12:07 AM
"The argument that "But Tommy hit me!" isn't vaild in elementary school and is even less valid if the disputants are using real weapons on civilians."
I agree with that. Neither side has any right to hit civilians and since one atrocity cannot justify another, morally it doesn't matter who started it. But in the US the situation is invariably described as Palestinian terrorism followed by Israeli retaliation, and that's not necessarily the case.
Yes, this is all nursery school stuff, but when it is presented this way it shows a bias at work.
I'm aware of the statistics, Mike. Now take that trauma you describe, multiply the death toll by about four or so and add to it a brutal occupation and (in the case of Gaza) a blockade intended to hurt the entire population. That goes a long way towards "explaining" (while not justifying) Palestinian terrorism.
As for what the Israeli government should do to stay in office, I'm sure a lot of slaughter and chest-pounding is probably the way to go.
The reason terror works is that people are horribly afraid of being killed randomly
Ah. Auto accidents are not random. Good to know.
Posted by: bobbyp | January 07, 2011 at 12:38 AM
That goes a long way towards "explaining" (while not justifying) Palestinian terrorism.
Agreed on all counts.
Ah. Auto accidents are not random.
Not so much. They're much more likely if you're drunk, or speeding, or talking on your cell phone, far less likely to kill you if you're wearing your set belt. Even when the other guy's drunk and driving 90 the wrong way, you have some chance to dodge him.
Compare that to eating at Sbarro's the day someone blows the place up.
Do they expect Gaza to [...] Or do they see it as [...]
The current Israel government "is made up of a coalition of Likud, Yisrael Beiteinu, Shas, the Labor Party, The Jewish Home, and on April 1, United Torah Judaism joined as well. It is the largest cabinet in the country's history, in terms of the number of ministers: it contains 30 ministers and nine deputy ministers."
You expect this group to agree on a coherent policy, exactly how, please?
How would that work? Who do you suggest should do what to influence the other members to do something?
If you don't know how they might achieve that, how do you expect an answer to your question?
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Likud
Vice Prime Minister Silvan Shalom Likud
Moshe Ya'alon Likud
Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Barak Labor Party
Avigdor Lieberman Yisrael Beitenu
Dan Meridor Likud
Eli Yishai Shas
Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Shalom Simhon Labor Party
Minister of Communications Moshe
Kahlon Likud
Minister of Culture and Sport Limor Livnat Likud
Minister of Defense Ehud Barak Labor Party
Minister of the Development of the Negev and Galilee Silvan Shalom Likud
Minister of Economic Strategy Benjamin Netanyahu Likud
Minister of Education Gideon Sa'ar Likud
Minister of Environmental Protection Gilad Erdan Likud
Minister of Finance Yuval Steinitz Likud
Minister of Foreign Affairs Avigdor Lieberman Yisrael Beitenu
Minister of Health Benjamin Netanyahu Likud
Minister of Housing and Construction Ariel Atias Shas
Minister of Immigrant Absorption Sofa Landver Yisrael Beitenu
Minister of Improvement of Government Services Michael Eitan Likud
Minister of Industry, Trade, and Labour Binyamin Ben-Eliezer Labor Party
Minister of Information and Diaspora Yuli-Yoel Edelstein Likud
Minister of Intelligence and Atomic Energy Dan Meridor Likud
Minister of Internal Affairs Eli
Yishai Shas
Minister of Internal Security Yitzhak Aharonovich Yisrael Beitenu
Minister of Justice Ya'akov Ne'eman Not a member of the Knesset
Minister of Minorities Avishay Braverman Labor Party
Minister of National Infrastructure Uzi Landau Yisrael Beitenu
Minister of Pensioner Affairs Benjamin Netanyahu Likud
Minister of Regional Development Silvan Shalom Likud
Minister of Religious Services Ya'akov Margi Shas
Minister of Science and Technology Daniel Hershkowitz The Jewish Home
Minister of Strategic Affairs Moshe Ya'alon Likud
Minister of Tourism Stas Misezhnikov Yisrael Beitenu
Minister of Transportation and Road Safety
Yisrael Katz Likud
Minister of Welfare and Social Services Isaac Herzog Labor Party
Minister without Portfolio Benny Begin Likud
Meshulam Nahari Shas
Yossi Peled Likud
Deputy Minister of Defense Matan Vilnai Labor Party
Deputy Minister of the Development of the Negev and Galilee Ayoob
Kara Likud
Deputy Minister of Education Meir Porush United Torah Judaism
Deputy Minister of Finance Yitzhak Cohen Shas
Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Daniel Ayalon Yisrael Beitenu
Deputy Minister of Health Yaakov Litzman[3]
United Torah Judaism
Deputy Minister of Industry, Trade and Labour Orit Noked Labor Party
Deputy Minister of Pensioner Affairs Lea Nass Likud
Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Office Gila Gamliel Likud
These people couldn't agree on whether the sky is up or the ground is down. I would love for someone to explain to how, specifically, you expect these people to produce any coherent program towards the Palestinians?
How would it work?
Take it step by step.
I'd love to know because I'm familiar with with Israeli politics -- no expert, Ijust read the newspaper some times, to have no idea how they possibly could, given their positions, and parties, and the reasons those parties have those positions, but since everyone knows so much about Israel and Palestine, I'm sure someone here could explain to me how they think it will work.
"You know what? The argument that "But Tommy hit me!" isn't vaild in elementary school and is even less valid if the disputants are using real weapons on civilians."
I would argue that "But Tommy hit me!" is, in fact, perfectly valid, in elementary school, and at the level of governments. It's just that, in elementary school, you've got a superior force, the school administration, which is invested in the notion that they're providing an effective, non-violent means of resolving such situations, even though they generally aren't. Which leads them to ban self defense, even though they really provide no defense in it's place.
Who's in that position with respect to Israel and the Palestinians? Who's offering to protect Israel from Hamas missile and mortars? Which they could, pretty clearly, afford to fire off a lot more off, were the embargo not in place.
Israel and the PA are in a state of war. Palestinians have elected a government which is conducting continual military attacks on Israel. The latest less than a week ago. That really does have to be factored into any analysis of the situation.
Posted by: Brett Bellmore | January 07, 2011 at 07:26 AM
"Compare that to eating at Sbarro's the day someone blows the place up."
OK. Let's try. As part of a group that viciously oppresses another people, I'd say my chances of being blown up at the salad bar are more likely.
Random is as random does.
The first sentence is obviously false, as in, completely 100% wrong. The Israeli government makes decisions every single day. It wrestles with difficult problems ever single day. Yes, it it made up of a complex array of characters representing different parties with different interests, but it still manages to function. That is to say: they agree on things all the time.
The notion that the Israeli government can't possibly formulate coherent policy is just sophistry. And it remains sophistry no matter how many lists of ministers you include in your comment.
If you want to narrow your claim by saying that dealing with Palestinians is such a contentious issue that the current Israeli government can't have a coherent policy on that specific issue alone, by all means, do so.
Actually, an Israeli friend of mine has reduced his chances of getting blown up at Sbarro's to zero. He was conscripted by Israeli military and told them 'screw you, I'm not going to serve in an army that spends most of its time abusing Palestinians'; they did the usual things to him, including imprisoning him for a few months. When he got out, he immigrated to the US. Israel's loss: he's an incredibly sharp guy.
"Israel and the PA are in a state of war."
Germany and the US were once in a state of war. We firebombed their major cities to rubble, killing hundreds of thousands of innocents. Why some of them might even have been in line at the salad bar.
Yes, the ends do justify the means....discuss.
"Israel and the PA are in a state of war. Palestinians have elected a government which is conducting continual military attacks on Israel. The latest less than a week ago. That really does have to be factored into any analysis of the situation."
The Israelis have an eleced governemtn that is just as responsible for the war as the PA's are.
The Israelis have nuclear weapons, a highly trained, well equiped professional fighting force and the backing of one of the most powerful nations on earth. They also have a remarkable record of winning battles.
I just don't buy the poor little victimized helpless Israel perspective. I think that those who absolve Israel of responsibility for their contribution of the conflict are perpetuating the conflict.
I think that the school yard metaphor is valid. Governments often behave like children, only on a larger and far more dangerous scale.
I remember reading an essay by Colin M Turnbull years and years ago. I did a little googling just now but couldn't find it. ANyway the thesis of the essay was that governments generally behave worse than is normative for individuals in the given society. The dynamic of group decisionmaking has the effect of dumbing down the decisions and lifting up the more primitive emotional responses. That's the way I remember it, anyway. In fact I think hegoes on to compare your average government to a thirteen year old.
It does seem to me that governments frequently behave like middle school students. It is very difficult for governemtns to think long run, make difficult decisions, or control the more negative passions of people in the government or in the society.
The Israeli government's attitude seems to be typically childish and primitve: nothing is their fault, they are always the victim, nothing matters beyond racting in a vengeful way for the last round in the fight.
The Palestinians aren't necessarily any more mature in their behavior but they are the weaker party. The weaker party really isn't in a good position to give up the fight unless they are willing to lose
everything. It stronger party is in a much better position to make a concession and make a serious commitment to ending a conflict.
(Although I do think the Palestinians couuld win a viable state for themselves through mass nonviolent demonstrations a la Ghandi. They would have to be willing to die in large numbers but the publicity for Israel would be very bad and the image of poor little victimized Israel would no longer be sustainable.)
I find it very rich indeed that Brett wrote the above, then immediately followed it by vigorously berating the Palestinians for failing to abide Israeli bans on Palestinian self-defense (i.e., de-militarization).
Oh, wait, silly me, I got confused by the subtly of Brett's analogy. Israel is the poor, helpless, scrawny kid with glasses, and the Palestinians are the hulking, vicious playground bully bent on abusing them just because they can. Everything falls into place now!
Posted by: envy | January 07, 2011 at 10:55 AM
Although I do think the Palestinians couuld win a viable state for themselves through mass nonviolent demonstrations a la Ghandi.
One of the perks of marrying into a Pakistani family is learning, over and over and over, that Ghandi was an evil sociopath responsible for the deaths and impoverishment of millions.
Beyond that, I don't see a lot of evidence that such nonviolence would be effective or even feasible. I mean, let's say that tomorrow, half of Gaza devoted themselves to nonviolent resistance. That would really irritate the Israeli government, right? An irritated Israeli government could easily pay off a few Gazans to engage in violence. Boom, non-violent movement discredited. That's one of the benefits of economically crippling a caged population: everyone is desperate so it becomes a lot cheaper and easier to buy off people.
This isn't some crazy notion: Israel has, in the recent past, paid lots of money to fund Palestinian groups that would compete with Palestinian groups that were getting too popular. That's why they paid so much to fund Hamas back in the early days.
They would have to be willing to die in large numbers but the publicity for Israel would be very bad and the image of poor little victimized Israel would no longer be sustainable.
I think this perspective might be true in an ideal world but doesn't work in this one. There's already a non-violent Palestinian movement in the town of Bilin for example. A non-violent Palestinian protester there was recently murdered by the Israeli government. The movement has the support of some Israeli allies and even got the agreement of the Israeli Supreme Court. And they are still a failure. No one knows about them. Their existence has done nothing to change the prevailing narrative. Israel's behavior with respect to them hasn't changed. Their land is still being taken by Israel, court judgment notwithstanding.
The power of nonviolence is a nice story that liberals tell themselves, but it doesn't have much to do with the real world.
Which rather ignores one point. Hamas did not win that election because of their rhetoric or actions regarding Israel. Which were not, after all, all that different from those of the Fatah folks then running the PA. Rather they won because Hamas, as a non-government organization, was providing hospitals and other social services which the PA government was signally failing to provide. (Nor, just for the record, was Israel, as the occupying power, doing much there either.)
In short, Palestinians voted their pocket books, not foreign policy. Gee, where else have we seen that happen?
Note that I'm not saying that Hamas is not responsible (or at least complicit) in the attacks on Israel. Just that doing so was not what got them elected. Which rather cuts into the justification for collective punishment.
[...] If you want to narrow your claim by saying that dealing with Palestinians is such a contentious issue that the current Israeli government can't have a coherent policy on that specific issue alone, by all means, do so.
There are innumerable other crucial issues they are incoherent. on, and this present government of Israel is a bad one. It cannot be otherwise. The Israeli governmental system is, in my opinion, very dysfunctional. It's no excuse whatever for anything, but it does help explain some things.
The Palestinian multitude of internal factions is also not terribly functional or coherent, and they shoot each other more. This also is not helpful but it does help explain some things.
It's all very bad, and I'm not asserting any equivalency.
I, within that context, agree with your above statement, and I thank you for it.
[...] No one knows about them.
Not enough, there are never enough, but this statement is very false. That not enough people know is true.
I'm sorry I can't do more on this for now. Thanks for the good and correct info that you present.
I offer you the opportunity to write a front-page post on I/P, or other subjects of interest to you, as a guest post, and submit to me, at your convenience. We'll deal with specifics on that, if you wish to, then.
Offer open, and I hope you will. You have a valuable POV which deserves more attention. That's what I can do to help at this moment: I'm making that offer, and when I can respond, if you choose to, I will.
Have as great a day as possible.
wonkie:
a la Ghandi.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.
Gandhi.
This is not personal, nor a criticism; I know of your limitations, as we've discussed. I'm merely stating for the public, to remind everyone, since it's one of the most common name errors around, that his name, nor the relevant part of one of his names, has never been "Ghandi," but part of one of his names "Gandhi."
Thanks muchly for your views!
I'm not sure why Gandhi's name is so often spelled "Ghandi", but I see that mistake all the time online. Maybe more often than I see the correct spelling.
Now on to Brett--
No thread on the I/P conflict around here would be complete without Brett coming in, making it clear that to him the only deaths and suffering that matter are the deaths and suffering of the Israelis. In fairness, go to some very pro-Palestinian blog with a comment section and say anything critical of Palestinian violence aimed at civilians and usually someone (thankfully not most, in my experience) will defend it, often saying that occupied people have the right to resist "by any means necessary". I finally got around to googling the phrase--comes from Sartre and was popularized by Malcolm X and now, apparently, it's an internet cliche. Brett and these Sartre readers should get together and exchange notes.
Rather they won because Hamas, as a non-government organization, was providing hospitals and other social services which the PA government was signally failing to provide.
Also (and yes, relatedly), Hamas was widely viewed as being much, much, much less corrupt than Fatah. Given Fatah-level corruption, that was a low bar, but it was still a very important one.
Posted by: envy | January 07, 2011 at 03:41 PM
I'm not sure why Gandhi's name is so often spelled "Ghandi"
Maybe more often than I see the correct spelling.
Close enough. Try the link; it's amusing, and a useful source for many years, though it's really just Google. But fun google! Googlefight!
Other people have noticed: Mahatma Gandhi (not "Ghandi").
Mark Liberman of Language Log:
(Mis)spelling Gandhi
Shankar Kalyanaraman observes that people often write Gandhi as "Ghandi".
In fact, this misspelling is much commoner than either of the other two errors, "Ghandhi" and "Gandi":
gh & dh = 8,220
gh & d = 261,000
g & dh = 2,260,000
g & d = 78,000
The difference is even larger considering that many of the "gandi" hits are really examples of gandi.net or other completely different but equally valid words. We've commented on this pattern of errors many times before, for example with respect to Jennifer, tomorrow, parallel, Karttunen, Attila, and so on. What this means in the case of Gandhi is that people know there is an "h" in there somewhere, and just one of them, but they're not too sure where it is. As a result, the omission of the "h" after the "d" and the insertion of an "h" after the "g" are not statistically independent processes.
It's no doubt also relevant, in this case, that "gh" is a commoner sequence of letters in English than "dh" is, by a large factor.
I haven't seen a model of spelling/misspelling that does a very good job of predicting such patterns. The spelling-correction algorithms that I'm familiar with tend to assume independent of string-local edits, which is obviously wrong.
Posted by Mark Liberman at June 2, 2004 09:22 PM
I'm a bit vague on how to to tables in comments here, so I reformatted what's a table in the original; click through if you prefer that graphic to my sloppy version.
It bugs me.
A post: PUSH-BUTTON GANDHI, BUT PLEASE DON'T PUSH THE BUTTONS.
Another post: ONE OF MY MANY FORMS OF SNOBBERY,
if you like.
But one of my many rules of thumb for internet discussion is: "Never discuss Israel with someone who can't spell it."
Unfair, to be sure, but life is short.
While I'm at it: Gandhi, Tolkien, Asimov, Le Guin. It's not hard at all, with all due respect to Mr. Ghandi, Professor Tolkein, Dr. Azimov, and Ms. Leguin, all of whom live in Isreal. (I had to retype the last twice, because I literally couldn't make my fingers spell out that "word" I've never written before; amusing.)
This has been your Gary's Rules Of Thumb Minute.
Sufficient, unless anyone would like to know more.
The "rule" is, of course, not one I fully followed, then, or since.
But it's not altogether useless, either.
Just remember that the folks in Eric Frank Russell's "And Then There Were None" were Gands, not Ghands.
Myob!
One of the classics.
Libertarians particularly like it, but don't let that put you off! :-)
I trust you've noticed this, Mike, but just in case.
If you'd like me to put in a link to you in any fashion, just let me know; I would have if I'd had any sense of one you'd desire, but a private Twitter page, or linked-in, or other choice seemed not a good idea.
Write me at gary underscore farber at yahoo cot com with an email address, anyway, if you feel like and don't mind; I'd find it useful -- perhaps -- if you wouldn't mind.
No ob. Myob!
Donald, occupied people have a right to resist. Leaving aside whether murdering random civilians can really be a legitimate part of resistance, my point relates to the prudence of continuing to pick a fight with an opponent vastly more powerful than yourself. Even were I to concede the moral equivalence of the Israelis and the Palestinians, (I'm not willing to entertain the moral superiority of the Palestinians even as a counter-factual hypothetical...) I think they're being remarkably stupid, by maintaining a status quo the Israelis are perfectly willing to live with.
If peace is going to come, it's going to have to be by concessions by the Palestinians. Not as a matter of justice, but simply because they NEED peace a lot more.
Posted by: Brett Bellmore | January 07, 2011 at 08:40 PM
Perhaps more peace could come by exchanging birds.
[...] Leaving aside whether murdering random civilians can really be a legitimate part of resistance
Without drawing equivalencies, both sides have done that, just as every government in the world has done that.
Some lots more than others.
But few haven't murdered, by any standard... pick a number.
Peace will never come from anyone keeping score.
If peace is going to come, it's going to have to be by concessions.
And recognizing the other side's concessions.
And listening to each other. And caring.
Despite every reason in the world not to, including your murdered family member.
That's what makes it so hard.
For all sides in wars.
Who's in that position with respect to Israel and the Palestinians? Who's offering to protect Israel from Hamas missile and mortars?
If the U.S. military were less busy elsewhere, they could be peacekeepers on both sides.
So could NATO.
So could a properly constituted, with sane rules of engagement, UN Force. Note modifiers, please.
Or if you prefer, how about a Gurkha force?
Israel and the PA are in a state of war.
You may be unaware of the Oslo Accords, or the fact that this is news.
If Israel is at war with the Palestinian Authority, Brett, why is the United States training and supplying Palestinian forces?
How do you explain this?
May I also suggest looking into the differences between the Palestinian National Authority, and Hamas in the Gaza Strip?
After that we might discuss the internal divisions in Hamas, or other matters, but perhaps we could restart here?
Palestinians have elected a government which is conducting continual military attacks on Israel.
I'd be interested in some specifics here, with cites from the past six months, about this, please. Could you help out, perhaps?
Thanks, if so.
Mike Schilling:
[...] "They" is Hamas, which is the elected government in Gaza. If you're going to claim that Hamas isn't behind the attacks, I'd like to see some evidence to that effect.
Mike, let's start by my asking you for your description of who you understand the leaders of Hamas to be, and what their positions are.
Try not using Google or Wikipedia, or any reference, and from memory, tell us who the top five -- or three -- most influential leaders are, and why you are picking them.
Failing that, use Wikipedia, Google, reasonable source or cite you like, and then offer us a couple of paragraphs of what you understand the Hamas leadership to be, their decision-making process, and who's is charge.
Presumably you have some knowledge about this, but it would be a useful starting point for discussion, rather than asking other people.
If you prefer, I'll offer some answers myself, but wouldn't it be more interesting to either tell us your own opinion first, or look into it further for yourself?
But, if you like, I'll be happy to answer my own question, of course. Just let me know.
Next, while you are, of course, asking for proof of a negative -- you do understand the problem there, I'm sure, although you've asked it anyway -- sure, it's easy to answer your query.
Does this help?
For the sake of brevity, I'm merely linking, but if you need specific quotes, I'll try to give you some of the most specific relevant quotes in brief.
Or would you like to be more specific as to which set of months, or years, you have in mind?
I'd suggest that we limit ourselves to the past two years, otherwise we're talking history, and score-keeping, and grudges, and I'm unclear how useful that is.
But if you'd like to argue that we should go into detail about the month-by-month chronology of the past five years, or ten years, we can do that, too.
I can give you as much detail as you like, with links and brief quotes, or at more length in posts, when time allows, and I'm more optimistic that more time will be opening up for me in the next few weeks, medical/health issues allowing me to.
I'll be here as long as people put up with me. I'm getting more back into shape to be ready to help out on questions such as these.
If I'm feeling up to being patient with I/P discussions -- up to a point -- well, that's a snap compared to learning occasional patience with months of barely being able to walk, so: looking forward to it.
Let's all play!
And use cites.
Those who can't cite: you foul out. Sorry!
But not very.
A few years ago I read statements* by Hamas members (not sure how high in rank) that they would target the Israeli military if they had the proper weapons but with their home-made rockets there was no chance of selectively hitting military installations. It's of course a difficult thing to test the veracity of that unless someone starts a rocket exchange program where Hamas gets a guided missile for any crappy home made one they deliver to the designated arbiter.
Aftenposten has more up including Israeli military interna about plans for the next war(s)** (expected soon it seems). The conclusion seems to be that last time the military acted far too constraint and that this time there would be no restrictions of any kind as far as city warfare was concerned. 'Hit Harder' looks like the lesson learned.
As for Israeli statements about treating the Gaza population I want to remind people of the infamous 'keep them hungry though not outright starving' remarks. Excuse my Godwin but on demand I can provide an (internal) Goebbels speech coming up with a similar idea a few years earlier.
Again my proposal: Remove both populations (Israelis and Palestinians) from Palestine then use any excess nuke in the world (actual bombing to be done by the Chinese) on the territory. That should also deal (at least for some time) with the Rapturists and their ilk since few would be willing to erect the final temple at the bottom of the radiation pit. Although, given that Ukraine now works on making Chernobyl a popular tourist desination...
Israeli politics make Weimar look well-ordered, stable and tame but there is iirc Jewish tradition to it (#opinions >> #involvedpeople, no exceptions).
*sorry, no links
**Lebanon and Gaza
Hartmut, I agree that both Israel's governmental structures, and such that there are of the Palestinian's sides, are immensely dysfunctional, and I suggest that that's as much the root of the continued insoluability of the problem more than any other issue.
If neither side can agree with itself, there's hardly any possibility for having a coherent external policy towards another entity, is there?
This isn't to say that there aren't people on both sides to talk to, as there are, and it isn't to say that there aren't recognized governmental spokespeople at the Israeli Foreign Ministry, or the Israeli Cabinet, or the Prime Minister's office, or the PA, or various voices in Hamas, and so on, or that none neither the Israelis nor Palestinians lack legislatures, because there are such people, and there are such bodies.
But the situation on both sides is pretty damn dysfunctional.
There have to be authorities on both sides capable of representing the majority of each population, and then enforcing their decisions on their own populace to sufficient degree to continue to be able to legitimately represent the people they allegely represent.
This is a problem. It is the starting problem before you even get to issues of what either side should be agreeing over. First each side has to decide what it agrees over.
So far: not so much, really.
Certainly not enough to get anywhere very far in recent years.
And time is only making it harder and worse. The clock is running out on many possible solutions, if it isn't already far too late, as it already is for many past solutions what would have been far better for all concerned, IN MY OPINION.
Gary, if neither side can agree on what it wants, it would seem that the only was to a solution is for one to imposed from the outside. No?
Posted by: wj | January 08, 2011 at 01:03 PM
I would fail Gary's test--I knew the top two Hamas officials (though I'd misspell their names and always get mixed up on their official titles). I could mention the top two or three Israeli politicians at the moment, or the ones I think are the most prominent (Netanyahu, Lipni (sp?), Barak). Prominent West Bank Palestinians are Abbas, Fayyad (I stink at spelling non-Western names unless I consciously memorize them), Dahlan (sort of a thug), Erekat, Hanan Ashrawi...
Anyway, off to look up the spellings of the Hamas guys. I did this last night and forgot again. Okay, done. Meshaal and Haniyeh (there are multiple variations in spelling for both) have both said they would accept the 67 borders. I knew Meshaal had said this on Charlie Rose last year, but didn't know Haniyeh had also said this just last December. Their formulation is that they'd accept the 67 borders and would abide by any peace agreement supported by the Palestinian voters in a referendum. So that at least sounds reasonable. Here's a link to the Charlie Rose transcript--
I'm a little better on who has committed what sorts of atrocities, and on finding links to such info.
I'd be very interested in any post Gary would put up on the I/P conflict.
While of course commenters should be able to back up factual claims, I think it is inappropriate for you to create entrance exams which must be passed in order to comment on the topic.
"I think it is inappropriate for you to create entrance exams"
I'm sympathetic to what Gary is trying to do, though I wouldn't pass his test. Usually in any I/P discussion there will be someone making sweeping dehumanizing claims about one side or the other and I think Gary is trying to pull people back towards rationality.
Donald,
I'm all for rationality and evidence based arguments. But stuff like:
... let's start by my asking you for your description of who you understand the leaders of Hamas to be, and what their positions are. Try not using Google or Wikipedia, or any reference, and from memory, tell us who the top five -- or three -- most influential leaders are, and why you are picking them.
goes way beyond that. It sounds to me more like intimidation - "Unless you know all the details I know - relevant or not - you shouldn't be expressing an opinion." Sorry, I don't think being unable to identify the fifth, or even the third, ranking leader of Hamas disqualifies one from having an intelligent point of view on Gaza.
Bernard--
Gary's approach isn't the best (and as I said, I'd fail his test), but I still sympathize a bit for the reason I stated above.
On the subject of non-violent protests mentioned above, here's a link to one of the best Palestinian-sympathizing blogs by an Israeli professor of philosophy/Jewish studies who recently took part in one of the demonstrations at Bilin, where a woman died after tear gas inhalation recently.
Thanks for the link, though I did not doubt the accuracy of the information.
Interesting link, Gary. What it says to me is that Hamas is able to shut down the vast majority of the rocket fire, when it chooses to. At any rate, a group that can participate in a truce is at least as much a military adversary as a subject population.
Bernard, I have no such power, let alone interest in doing so.
If my rhetoric led you to infer otherwise, please let me assure you that the only way we can have rules around here, so far as I'm aware, are, at the least, if they're actually posted as posting rules.
But I'll try to be yet more careful in future in attempting to make myself clearer in distinguishing my mostly-humorously-intended-but-not-entirely personal preferences and opinions as to what leads to more interesting conversation, from any statements I'm qualified to make about Official ObWi policy, which is, to repeat, none whatever unless authorized.
But it's extremely safe to assume that unless I make an extremely clear announcement that I'm Putting On My Officially Silly Kitty Hat, anything I say is purely personal opinion, and of no more importance than that of any other commenter, while also keeping in mind that in no way would I dream of expecting anyone to know or assume that, which is why I'll never be saying anything that claims to be official unless I am so claiming.
[...] What it says to me is that Hamas is able to shut down the vast majority of the rocket fire, when it chooses to.
The key words there are "vast majority."
Yes, that's true. And it is indeed a crucial fact. Among many others.
There are endless things that can be usefully discussed about I/P, and I have some slight hopes of getting to some in future, but a quick and easy observation is that Hamas is a very moderate organization compared to, say, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, or al Qaeda, or actually extremist organizations.
Hamas, to make a point simply and without coyness, is an extremely diffuse and non-centralized "organization," and the views of those in Damascus and the views of those actually in Gaza aren't particularly strongly aligned; moreover, the membership, such as one might refer to it, is almost as diverse as the Jewish population of Israel is, in the degree of "moderation" and other disagreements, and it truly is a highly moderate organization, even at its worst, compared to the real problem groups, although I'd agree that there are truly extremist factions in Hamas.
But they really are a minority. "Hamas," such as one might call it a single "organization" is demonstrably quite negotiable with, and there are many in power who have made almost innumerable declarations that are quite easy to work with, at least in the same sense that one might, in my view, be said of any Israeli cabinet that has ever yet existed.
I truly believe that the significant problems of both sides are absolutely necessary to solve, and each side has huge internal problems in addressing these internal problems, which makes negotiations for now almost impossible, because both sides are incoherent, self-contradictory, and effectively deadlocked to some degree, and little can be done before both problems are at least ameliorated.
Fatah and the PA, by comparison, are, well, I'd much prefer to deal with them then with Hamid Karzai's "government," if I were dictator of the U.S., by way of simplistic comparison.
And Hamas is probably preferable in ease of dealing with than Karzai's government, as well, although I must make clear that this is purely a personal opinion, not any kind of claim of "fact."
As I think you understand, it is not a question of formal power, but of attitude and responses to others' comments. And those responses do not suggest to me that you have no interest in doing so.
Having said what I have to say about this, I'll stand by it.
I was providing the link just for general information, to show that there are (mostly) non-violent protests going on. It wasn't intended as a response to anything you had said.
And those responses do not suggest to me that you have no interest in doing so.
Bernard, I'll suggest to you that I have no interest in creating entrance exams which must be passed in order to comment on any topic.
Even more, I will state: Gary Farber, the Obsidian Wings junior co-blogger, has no interest in creating entrance exams which must be passed in order to comment on any Obsidian Wings thread or post, other than staying within the posting rules.
What further can I do for you on this?


text:
« Autumn Balm
Autumn Ball »
Bad Mojo Hanging over SFRCP
We should have expected it. We should have known. Red wanted to call the games before they had even started. Red on "SFRCP Away" (a.k.a. Neill, Field B) came all the way over to SFRCP (a.k.a. Neill Field A) to try to get the games called. He even tried to play the "I don't want to see someone get hurt and then call the game" card. Really? Now the umpires are worried about safety? Games at Alimagnet can be played with every leaf in Minnesota falling on the field with four inches of rain in less than an hour, but now the umpires are worried about safety when the infield isn't even wet yet? C'mon. The SFRC have simply played too many games on too many nights over too many years to be taken for a "There are red cells in Prior Lake…This guy just talked to his wife and said it was down pouring in Prior Lake" argument. Honestly, has "Mrs. Red" ever been to SFRCP? Does she know bad weather simply disappears when it gets to SFRCP? The leaders (read ALL SFRC ball players) have 15 years and roughly 500 games of experience at Neill. Less than a year ago there were tornado sirens going off by Burnsville Mall, there were flood warnings on 35W, and there were blue skies over Neill. That's just how it works. Even as it started to drizzle at 7:58pm I would have bet both Reds and Mrs. Red that we would get two games in on 9-9-09. The weather people and the umpires can make all the claims they want about weather patterns and Doppler radars, but the fact of the matter is, NUMBERS DON'T LIE. That's how the farmer's almanac was written. Based on facts. Two rainouts in 500 games, 0.004% of our games at Neill have been called due to weather. The FRC simply couldn't overcome all of that negatively energy surrounding SFRCP.
Let's play two!
Game #1 vs. TC Crush
Shocker, the rain stopped and the humidity stayed by the second inning of Game #1.
The FRC scratched and clawed their way to an early lead and it looked like this might be the game to upset TC Crush. But of course, 3-5 threw a ball in the dirt which lead to a seven run inning for TC Crush and took the wind out of our sails. The game turned ugly both physically and verbally as TC Crush started trying to go up the middle. They thought they could pick on Sans. The SFRCP Gods won't allow it and immediately took 15 years off of Sans person and he made most every play up the middle (with an assist to Brain on the final out). Sans was like a cat. A large preying cat. A panther. A tiger. Sans. For any TC Crush players reading this, I hope you know there is a difference between a couple ground balls up the middle and 10 line drives up the middle to a 50 year old pitcher. F'em.
In the end, we didn't have enough. We couldn't put enough runs together after TC Crush found a 10th player. We took it on the chin and lost by 10 or so.
Pauly, Steve and Nellie were welcome additions. And surprisingly 35 went 4-5.
Play of the Game: A line shot up the middle off of Sans leather and into Brain's glove for a F-1-4.
Last out: CW
Game #2 vs. White T-Shirts
Maybe the Red didn't like Ol' 35's call of "I think we should call the game. I hear there are red cells in Prior Lake" when he approached the field. 9-9-09 at 9pm. Whoa…get ready.
The FRC jumped to an early 6-2 lead after two innings of clutch hits and Texas Leaguers. Defensively we were not as fortunate. After booting an easy double play ball, 35 picked up the ball standing on the base, but the red called the runner safe. Two plays later red made a call worthy of D/E Recreational softball by botching an interference call. And the flood gates opened. 15 runs and thick fog later the FRC found themselves trailing by too many to mount a comeback. Thanks Red.
The fog was so thick you could hardly see Field A and fly balls to the outfield were nearly impossible to read. As thick as the fog was, it was not a fraction of the thickness of the balm. She was PLENTY humid on 9-9-09 at 9pm. Potentially 99% humidity. It was all but raining. Read that again Red…IT WAS NOT RAINING.
CW ended 4-4 in Game #2 and 2's had (and probably still has) a nice sac….and an RBI on a pop fly too.
Play of the Game: Steve scoops a ground ball throws to Brain at second for one out. Brain turns and hurls to the plate for Paht to make a tag and the double play was made.
Last out: TMac
Fans of the night:
MW's guest braving out the potential bad weather and staying for two! I love it. Even a guest, who as far as I know was an SFRCP virgin knew the weather wouldn't claim this night. Not on 9-9-09. Not at SFRCP. STICK IT Red!!
September 10th, 2009 | Category: Recap

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It was last night confirmed by Wilberfoss AFC chairman Mark Newby that first team responsibilities will be taken on by Oliver Newby and Mark Willougby following the resignation of Andrew Palfreymen last month.
Willoughby who will assist Newby comes with valuable managerial experience after a very successful appointment as Pickering Town Academy manager prior to joining 'Foss. For Newby however, this is his first step into management following over 10 seasons as a player at the club after re-signing in 2014.
This weekend the club take on bottom side Harrison Signs in a relegation 6 pointer at the Storking Lane Ground.


Ostara is the second of three spring festivals on the Wheel of the Year. Coming in between Imbolc and Beltane, this is a time for celebrating the balance between extremes that is found amid the seasons. Although it may still be chilly in many regions, this is the official beginning of Spring in the Northern Hemisphere—it is the Vernal (Spring) Equinox, the moment of exact balance between the light and the dark.
Though it's typically celebrated on March 20, the exact moment of the Equinox varies from year to year. This is due to a slight misalignment between the Gregorian calendar and the actual rate of the Earth's rotation around the Sun. The Equinox also occurs at differing local times, so depending on where you live, it may fall the day before or the day after the date listed on any given calendar. For this reason, a date range of March 19-21 is often cited in sources on the Wheel of the Year.
In the Wiccan mythology, the growing daylight is evidence of the God moving from infancy toward maturity. Likewise, the Earth becomes warmer and more fertile as the Goddess is coming into the full power of her Maiden aspect. The promise of greener, warmer, more bountiful times is becoming apparent as buds and blossoms emerge from the trees and shrubs, bees return to begin the pollination cycle, and fields of grass wake up from their winter slumber. This is a time of innocence and child-like wonder as the end of Winter finally becomes a reality and being outdoors is pleasant again. We have not yet arrived at the passion and heat of Summer, but are instead enjoying the more balanced energies of this Equinox.
To honor the energies of this time of year, you can decorate your altar with fresh flowers and a young, small potted plant or two. Use flower petals to mark the sacred circle, and fill your cauldron, if you have one, with fresh spring water to float petals upon. Images of hares, eggs and pastel colors are also traditional decorations. Foods appropriate for Ostara celebrations include eggs, sprouts, young greens, and other seasonal crops such as asparagus and fiddlehead ferns. Ostara rituals and spells often focus on balance. It is also not uncommon for Spring Equinox rituals to promote renewal.
As with Imbolc, this is a good time for purification of your home and even yourself—what habits or ruts have you still not shaken free from that you would like to let go of? This is also a good time to be planting seeds for what you'd like to manifest in the coming months—both literally, if you have a garden, and figuratively in terms of spellwork.
Before Christianity came to dominate the cultures of Europe, most pagans celebrated festivals on or near the Equinox, often honoring deities associated with fertility and abundance. One such deity was Ostara (also known as Eostre), a Northern European goddess of fertility who was worshipped in many areas populated by Germanic tribes. As part of the strategy to absorb and therefore eliminate the pagan religions, the Christians eventually adopted the name Easter for their own Spring holiday, and the Equinox festivals gradually declined over time.
However, as we know, the Old Religion never fully disappeared—just as with Yule, some traditions that are now associated with Easter actually have Pagan roots. For example, painting eggs was a custom among Druids and ancient Eastern European cultures, and the rabbit has always been a symbol of fertility. So if you grew up with these typical Easter customs, you've already tapped in to the power of Ostara!


text:
const std::vector<std::string> ibex_counter_names = {
    "Cycles",
    "NONE",
    "Instructions Retired",
    "LSU Busy",
    "Fetch Wait",
    "Loads",
    "Stores",
    "Jumps",
    "Conditional Branches",
    "Taken Conditional Branches",
    "Compressed Instructions"};

std::string ibex_pcount_string(uint64_t pcounts[], bool csv) {
  char seperator = csv ? ',' : ':';
  std::string::size_type longest_name_length;

  if (!csv) {
    longest_name_length = 0;
    for (const std::string &counter_name : ibex_counter_names) {
      longest_name_length = std::max(longest_name_length, counter_name.length());
    }

    // Add 1 to always get at least once space after the seperator
    longest_name_length++;
  }

  std::stringstream pcount_ss;

  for (int i = 0; i < ibex_counter_names.size(); ++i) {
    pcount_ss << ibex_counter_names[i] << seperator;

    if (!csv) {
      int padding = longest_name_length - ibex_counter_names[i].length();

      for (int j = 0; j < padding; ++j)
        pcount_ss << ' ';
    }

    pcount_ss << pcounts[i] << std::endl;
  }

  return pcount_ss.str();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


What an amazing turnout for our Solid Gold Show! We want to thank you for all of your support. Our annual show at Massey Theatre is our biggest fundraiser. It's what keeps us going for the rest of the year. It's what helps us get to our private shows and bring music to people who are not able to come and see us, which is what we are all about.
It's a new era for the Maple Leaf Singers. We have 50 years in the books, and we are now looking to new horizons and the next 50 years. We are honoured to welcome Rob Gillis as our Music Director. As the son of our founders, George and Marie Gillis, we can't think of a more perfect time for Rob to be at the helm.
This is an exciting time and we can't wait for you to see what we have in store. While we are looking ahead to the future, we are also looking back to the past and honouring our core values: "to sing, have fun, and share our joy of music with others". What can you expect from our future shows? You'll have to wait and see, but I guarantee it will be fun and exciting.
year with our Maple Leaf Singers and friends. Our Spring show this year was the greatest.


Two more people have been arrested in connection with a stabbing in a Southampton park.
A 35-year-old man remains in hospital with serious injuries after he was stabbed in the back in East Park shortly before 20:00 GMT on Monday.
Two men, aged 27 and 24, have been arrested on suspicion of conspiring to commit grievous bodily harm.
A woman and two men arrested on suspicion of attempted murder have been released pending further inquiries.
Police have urged anyone who saw the attack, which is believed to have taken place near the Titanic Engineers' Memorial, to come forward.
Chf Insp Phil Lamb said: "We understand that incidents of this kind can cause concern amongst those who live and work in Southampton.
"At this time, we believe this was a targeted, drug related attack and we do not believe there is a risk to the wider public."


When choosing a wedding photographer for your wedding, one of the most popular search terms is 'photographers near me' as couples feel more comfortable in using a local photographer. Picking a wedding photographer can be a bit of a minefield as the industry is unregulated. There are institutions, associations and societies which a photographer has to reach a certain standard to become a member so it is always worthwhile asking if the photographer is a qualified member of one of these organisations.
I am a BIPP (British Institute of Professional Photographers) qualified wedding photographer and had to present my work to a board before gaining my qualification. Another question worth asking, is whether the photographer is recommended by any wedding venues as an hotel would not recommend a photographer that they would not be happy with. I am recommended by many venues including The Old Swan, Harrogate, The Crown Hotel, Harrogate, The Cedar Court, Harrogate, Weetwood Hall Hotel in Leeds plus many others.
Not only is it important to see the photographer's work (making sure it is his work), but it is worthwhile speaking to the photographer on the phone and meeting up with him to make sure that you get along as the photographer's personality and his people skills are very important. Above all, remember that it's a wedding day and not a photo shoot, that way, you will enjoy the wedding and be more relaxed.
If you have any questions about wedding photography or would like any advice, please feel free to email me (howard@howardbarnettphotography.co.uk) or you can phone me on my mobile (07812390568) or phone me at my home studio (01132663600).


text:
Phytoliriomyza mexicana este o specie de muște din genul Phytoliriomyza, familia Agromyzidae, descrisă de Spencer în anul 1977. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Phytoliriomyza mexicana nu are subspecii cunoscute.

Referințe

Phytoliriomyza

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Is your organisation interested in finding out more about Ipark Eiendom, our premises and the opportunities we offer? Please contact us.
Ipark Eiendom is a professional and commercial property developer, focused on facilitating interaction and providing an attractive range of meeting places and services. The company also contributes to the development of Ullandhaug through the construction of specialist buildings designed for teaching, research and laboratory activities.Ipark Eiendom wishes to develop collaborative arenas, premises and facilities that promote future-oriented and attractive development at Ullandhaug.
Ipark Eiendom has a joint responsibility to ensure an integrated development of the Ullandhaug area, including with regard to relevant regulatory requirements, the supply of energy and the appropriate development of plots.
Do you want to take the bus to the Innovation Park?
The Innovation Park is located at Ullandhaug. As a part of the University Campus area and the significant need for public transport links, ensures that there are good bus connections to and from Ullandhaug.
The following buses will take you to Ipark: 6, 7, E90, X60.
The following buses will take you to Ullandhaug and then a 4 minutes walk to Ipark: 6, 7, E90, X60, N86, X73 og X76.
If you want to find your itinerary from your computer go to Kolumbus webpages here. Write where you want to travel to and from.
The easiest way to buy a ticket for your travel is through the Kolumbus app. Click here for more information and explanation on how the app works.
N.B.: please note that during summer period there will be another timetable. Click here for more information.
Do you want to travel by bike to the Innovation Park?
Not a problem at all. Biking to the Innovation Park is a nice experience, either you bike through Sørmarka or pass the monument Swords in Rock.
Take a look at Stavanger kommune's bike maps here.
We also have inndoor parking for bikes, with access control and the possibility for wash and air.
Hjemjobbhjem and Bysykkelen: Ipark Eiendom is now working to become a Hjemjobbhjemm company. This means that as a tenant at the Innovation Park you will get discounted tickets to all public transport and free use of electric bikes. We will also set up charging stations for electric bikes over the summer. You can read more about Hjemjobbhjem here, and more about Bysykkelen here.
The Airport shuttle (Flybussen): Flybussen takes you to Sola Lufthavn, Stavanger Airport. It goes through Ullandhaug area and stops at Prof. Olav Hanssens vei. Click her for more information and time schedule.


With humor and pathos, Forrest Pritchard recounts his ambitious and often hilarious endeavors to save his family's seventh-generation farm in the Shenandoah Valley. Through many a trial and error, he not only saves Smith Meadows from insolvency but turns it into a leading light in the sustainable, grass-fed, organic farm-to-market community.
There is nothing young Farmer Pritchard won't try. Whether he's selling firewood and straw, raising free-range chickens and hogs, or acquiring a flock of Barbados Blackbelly sheep, his learning curve is steep and always entertaining. Pritchard's world crackles with colorful local characters—farm hands, butchers, market managers, customers, fellow vendors, pet goats, policemen—bringing the story to warm, communal life. His most important ally, however, is his renegade father, who initially questions his son's career choice and eschews organic foods for the generic kinds that wreak havoc on his health. Soon after his father's death, the farm becomes a recognized success and Pritchard must make a vital decision: to continue serving the local community or answer the exploding demand for his wares with lucrative Internet sales and shipping deals.
Find out where to get a copy of the book here.
Watch these videos before or after reading the book to learn more about Forrest's journey with his family farm.


In summertime, the naturally formed 25-hectare lake in the heart of Tignes turns into the ideal family playground. Swap your summer skis and snowboards for equally exciting small craft to try for the first time in a safe setting.
It's now or never to test the water!
Climb aboard a catamaran, Hobbie Cat or dinghy boat and catch the high altitude wind. A canoe, kayak, stand up paddle or pedal boat will also give you a chance to go boating in the mountains. Relaxation and sunshine will lift your spirits during your adventure on the lake.
Schedules may change depending on weather conditions.
Life vest and shorty wetsuit provided on-site.


Dismissing parents as unavailable or uncooperative will never help schools to foster better engagement. If we want them to get involved, there has to be trust!
'Hard to reach' suggests that the problem lies squarely in the parent's court: the school is fine, but they are being difficult.
In fact, research has shown that schools are often as culpable as parents for poor relationships (Crozier 1999, Crozier 2001, Crozier and Davies 2007, Harris and Goodall 2007).
Many parents complain of feeling undervalued, misunderstood and even disregarded by school staff, particularly if there are cultural differences.
The implications of 'hard to reach', whether describing parents or schools, is unhelpful. It feeds into a deficit model of parents and parental engagement (Valencia, 2010 and Valencia, 2012), which rests on the presumption that parents are either disinclined to (or incapable of) getting involved in their children's learning, or are not involved in the right way.
refuse or ignore phone calls.
However often schools encounter this disengagement, research has shown us that it's often based on parents' prior experience of education, and may have little to do with the current school (Harris and Goodall, 2007 and Goodall, 2017).
Consider a large secondary school – they can often be confusing, intimidating places for any visitor, particularly one whose own experience of education has left them feeling anxious and worried.
It may be that schools are looking at the wrong things. We tend to look for signs of 'involvement with the school' (Goodall and Montgomery, 2013). These activities – coming into school, attending parents' evenings, helping with reading in school – are all well and good, but what impact do they have on attainment?
Something I often ask staff is why they think it's important to meet parents on the school grounds, or indeed to meet at all.
We know that there are some parents who will find it very difficult to visit the school or engage with staff. As I've mentioned, this is often down to previous experiences with education.
It may not be that parents are 'hard to reach', or more importantly, that they are uninterested in their children's learning and education.
We know that what can make a difference to children's learning is the attitude toward education in the 'home learning environment' (Desforges and Abouchaar, 2003, Sylva, Melhuish et al., 2008).
But the question remains: how can we support the parents we no longer call 'hard to reach'?
The first step is to concede that there is no hard and fast link between parents' participation in school life and their engagement in children's learning – the two can certainly support each other, but the first is not a pre-requisite to the second.
The next step is to think carefully about how we can foster this 'home learning environment'. I've added some suggestions below that have worked well in other schools, but do adapt as necessary.
The final point is perhaps the most important, and the starting point for all work with families. Let parents know that you want to support their children as well as you can and you want to help them to do the same – and you need their support, as well.
Building a relationship on that basis of trust is the most important part of schools' engagement with parents.
After all, that's the whole point of the exercise.
Add a 'weekly thought' to your newsletter, sharing something that the children had been learning that week, with prompts about conversations parents might have around that topic.
Crozier, G. (2001) 'Excluded parents: the deracialisation of parental involvement' Race, Ethnicity and Education 4 (4): 329-341.
Goodall, J. (2017). Narrowing the achievement gap: parental engagement with children's learning. London, Routledge.


The minor in real estate finance is available to all majors except business and real estate development. It provides students with training in the areas of business, finance, real estate law, design, and urban economics. It provides an opportunity for students to gain thorough exposure to the topics of real estate investing, finance and development. Upon successful completion of this minor, students will have achieved a basic understanding of the interplay of the various disciplines involved in contemporary real estate ownership and investment and how they impact the areas of the student's specific interests and expertise.
Those completing this minor will master techniques in valuing income-producing properties, analyze financial instruments such as mortgages and loans, understand the roles of debt and equity, gain insights into the processes of design and construction, as well as understand the dynamics of how real estate markets affect the underlying values of real property assets, as well as the role real estate markets play in the overall economy.
To enroll, students must have completed a minimum of 32 units of college-level course work and attained a minimum overall GPA of at least 2.75. Successful completion of this minor requires 24-26 units including a minimum of 16 upper-division units in the minor and a cumulative GPA of 2.0 for the 24-26 units.
*ACCT 410 or BUAD 280 and BUAD 281 must be taken before BUAD 215.


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Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass (CREAM) is an experiment to determine the composition of cosmic rays up to the 1015 eV (also known as the "knee prospect") in the cosmic ray spectrum.

It has been hypothesized that the knee prospect of the cosmic ray spectrum can be explained by the theoretical maximum energy that a supernova can accelerate particles to according to Fermi acceleration. The measurements are accomplished using a timing-based charge detector and transition radiation detector sent to an altitude of at least 34 km (21 mi) with aid of a high-altitude balloon.

After launching from McMurdo Station in Antarctica, the balloon will stay aloft for 60–100 days gathering data on charges and energies of the unimpeded cosmic rays that strike the detectors.

Expected outcomes
One of the advantages of this type of experiment is that it is possible to identify the original particle that would have caused the air shower detected by ground-based detectors. Maximum detectable energy level is determined by duration of the flight and size of the detector; a difficult barrier to get around for experiments of this type. An accurate measurement of the composition of cosmic rays is necessary in order to understand the origins of the cosmic rays found above the "knee" at 1015 eV. To date, the CREAM balloon experiments have accumulated a total of 161 days of exposure, longer than any other single balloon-borne experiment.

Experimental goals
 Can the "knee" be explained by maximum acceleration due to supernovae?
 Have the composition of cosmic rays changed over time?
 Are multiple mechanisms responsible for the production of cosmic rays?

Construction

In order to answer these questions, it is of particular interest to investigate cosmic rays in the 1012 to 1015 eV region due to several theories predicting a change in elemental composition just below the knee. To determine the elemental spectrum of cosmic rays, CREAM uses a silicon charge detector, timing charge detector, and scintillating fiber hodoscopes to detect the charge of incident particles up to that of iron (Z = 26). Energies are measured with a transition radiation detector (TRD), along with an ionization calorimeter. Because all detectors are in close proximity of each other, it is a prime concern to minimize the interaction between showers produced in the calorimeter, and the charge-measuring instruments. To dampen this effect, CREAM uses a larger number of pixels with a smaller area, along with a very fast readout time to differentiate between events caused by the primary particle and events caused by back-scattering from the calorimeter.

The relatively low density of the TRD allows for a larger detector geometry to detect particles with a lower flux. By measuring the Lorentz factor γ, combined with knowledge of the particle's charge, it is possible to calibrate the detector with various cosmic rays of charge ±1 (electrons, pions, muons, etc.). Because of the relatively low geomagnetic cutoff energy for cosmic rays near the South Pole, a cherenkov detector is placed between modules of the TRD to act as a veto for these low-energy particles.

For power, the system includes batteries for energy storage, along with a solar array rated to sustain the mission for 100 days. Altogether, the instrument is expected to draw only 380 watts from a 28-volt supply, thanks to a very careful choice of energy-efficient electronics. In near-vacuum conditions, significant precautions must be taken against coronal discharges between unshielded electronics operating at as low as 100 volts. This is mitigated by encasing all relevant electronics in a lightweight dielectric compound, such as plaster.

The instrument must be able to operate in a wide range of temperatures, as the high albedo of Antarctica can cause very high temperatures, while periods of darkness will result in very low temperatures.

Excluding the ballast, total weight of the instrument must not exceed  to reach the desired altitude. Retrieval is done by separating the instrument from the balloon after a sufficient amount of exposure, and a parachute opens to somewhat slow the descent of the instrument. Although the experiment is designed to meet the structural requirements of the Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility, it is inevitable that some damage will be incurred to replaceable parts of the instrument. The main priority is data retrieval; all other systems are considered secondary at this point.

CREAM Flights

ISS-CREAM
Pronounced "ice-cream", ISS-CREAM is the next generation version of the CREAM balloon experiments that was sent to the International Space Station on August 14, 2017 with the CRS-12 mission, and will be installed permanently to the station. Located at an altitude of 410 km, 10 times higher than previous balloon flights, ISS-CREAM will be able to take data almost non-stop during its three-year mission. Because of the extreme altitude, there is no atmosphere for incident particles to scatter off of before reaching the detector. It was expected that this ISS-based mission will gather an order of magnitude more data than the CREAM balloon experiments.

Following the project management woes, ISS-CREAM was switched off in February 2019.

Funding
CREAM experiments are currently being funded by NASA.

Collaborators
The current CREAM collaboration team includes members from

 University of Maryland
 Pennsylvania State University
 Sungkyunkwan University
 National Autonomous University of Mexico
 Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie of Grenoble, France
 Kyungpook National University
 Goddard Space Flight Center
 Wallops Flight Facility and
 Northern Kentucky University

See also

 Cosmic Ray System (Cosmic ray experiment on the Voyagers)

References

External links

 Photos of the Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment, on Tumbler

Astroparticle physics
Physics experiments
Cosmic-ray telescopes

Balloon-borne experiments


EAST RUTHERFORD, NJ--(Marketwired - Dec 11, 2015) - MamaMancini's Holdings, Inc. (the "Company" or "MamaMancini's") (OTCQB: MMMB), a marketer of specialty pre-prepared, frozen and refrigerated all natural food products (as defined by the United States Department of Agriculture), today announced its financial results for the three months ended October 31, 2015.
Cash used in operating activities was ($131,000) an improvement of $1.2 million from ($1,341,000) in the prior year.
Net operating loss was ($358,000), an improvement of $390,000 over the prior year period.
Net loss of ($996,000) or ($0.04) per basic and diluted share, compared with ($774,000) or ($0.03) per basic and diluted share. The loss in the third quarter of 2015 includes a write-off of non-operating debt restructuring expense of $380,000, other non-cash charges of $92,000 and interest expense of $145,000.
Gross profit margin increased to 30% of sales compared to 28% in the same period last year.
Sales were down 14% from prior year. Prior year sales included 23% of negative margin accounts which have been eliminated. The Company foresees positive year-over-year sales growth in calendar 2016.
Subsequent to quarter end, on November 20, 2015, the Company completed a convertible preferred equity financing which resulted in gross proceeds of $2.23 million and $1.83 million in net proceeds. The financing which began in June, 2015, included investment by the Company's management of $1.0 million.
The Company does not foresee a need to issue additional equity in the near future.
Positive cash EBITDA (excluding stock compensation) of $25,000 for the month of October 2015.
The Company expects operating cash earnings (excluding non-cash expenses) to be break-even going forward.
Carl Wolf, Chief Executive Officer of MamaMancini's, commented, "Our continued focus on lowering operating expenses, pruning underperforming accounts from our portfolio and expanding our distribution footprint of high-quality retailers is resulting in positive outcomes for our business. During the third quarter, we delivered a higher gross margin and substantially decreased our operating and net losses. By adjusting our pricing, eliminating unprofitable accounts and prudently spending on sales and marketing, our new sales have improved margin profiles and are setting us on a path to achieve break-even from an operating cash flow perspective in the fall of 2015.
Mr. Wolf added, "We are committed to achieving and sustaining profitable growth by expanding our distribution footprint and increasing product placements with our retailers in order to increase our operating cash flow. Just last month we received new authorizations for distribution representing over 2,200 new product placements, in additional locations within the Safeway, Albertsons, Randalls, Associated Grocers, Whole Foods and Lowes Supermarkets retail chains at locations across the United States. We expect to place new products in each of these supermarkets by the end of January, 2016."
"Our relationship with QVC also remains strong with the expansion of our all natural products from two to seven since September 1st," concluded Mr. Wolf. "Our relationship with QVC allows us to reach into millions of households across the country in a relatively short period of time. The QVC audience responds extremely well each time Dan Mancini makes an appearance and we are encouraged by the opportunities for additional sales from this important distribution channel."
Sales, net of slotting fees and discounts, were $3.2 million for the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2015, a decrease of 14% from $3.8 million for the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2014. The decrease in sales is primarily related to the Company's deliberate termination of certain unprofitable accounts, which accounted for 23% of sales in the prior year. The Company has sold into approximately 10,150 retail and grocery locations as of October 31, 2015, compared to approximately 10,500 locations at October 31, 2014.
Gross profit was $1.0 million, or 30% of sales, for the three months ended October 31, 2015 compared to $1.1 million, or 28% of sales, in the year ago period.
Net loss for the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2015 was ($976,000), or ($0.04) per basic and diluted share, compared to a net loss of $(774,000), or ($0.03) per basic and diluted share, in the prior year.
Cash Used in Operating Activities for the three months ended October 31, 2015 was ($131,000) compared to ($1.3) million in the prior year period, an improvement of $1.2 million.
Subsequent to the end of the third quarter, on November 20, 2015 the Company completed a convertible preferred equity financing (the "Offering") which began on June 8, 2015, resulting in $1.8 million in net proceeds. The Company's management was responsible for investing $1.0 million in the Offering. With the proceeds from the Offering, and the refinancing of the Company's note with Manatuck Hill Partners, LLC, the Company does not foresee raising additional equity capital in the near future.
The Company will hold its quarterly earnings call on December 14, 2015 at 10:00am ET. Interested parties may participate in the call by dialing 1-877-407-9124 (domestic) or 1-201-689-8584 (international) 5-10 minutes prior to the start time. The conference call will be available for replay until January 14, 2016 at 11:59PM ET. For the replay, please dial 1-877-660-6853 (domestic) or 1-201-612-7415 (international) and use access code 13626775.
MamaMancini's is a marketer and distributor of a line of beef meatballs with sauce, turkey meatballs with sauce, chicken meatballs with sauce, pork meatballs with sauce, and other similar Italian products. The Company's sales have been growing on a consistent basis as the Company expands its distribution channel, which includes major retailers such as Costco, Publix, Shop Rite, Price Chopper, Harris Teeter, SaveMarts, Luckys, Lunds/Byerly's, SuperValu, Raley's, BJ's, Whole Foods, Shaw's Supermarkets, Kings, Key Foods, Stop-n-Shop, Giant Stores, Giant Eagle, King Kullen, Food Town, Kroger, Safeway, Albertsons, Lowes, Nash Finch, Spartan Stores, Shoppers, Marsh's Supermarkets, Central Markets, Weis Markets, Ingles, and The Fresh Market.
This press release may contain "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. "Forward-looking statements" describe future expectations, plans, results, or strategies and are generally preceded by words such as "may," "future," "plan" or "planned," "will" or "should," "expected," "anticipates," "draft," "eventually" or "projected." You are cautioned that such statements are subject to a multitude of risks and uncertainties that could cause future circumstances, events, or results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements, including the risks that actual results may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, and other risks identified in the Company's 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015 and other filings made by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
About this company MamaMancini's Holdings, Inc.


Amazon has discounted the TCL 55S405 55-Inch 4K Roku Smart TV today, dropping the price down to just $349. That is good for nearly $250 off of its regular price, and for a 55-inch 4K TV, this is not a bad price at all. In fact, it's one of the lowest prices that you will see on a TV of this size. And this has Roku built-in, which makes it a really good deal. According to Amazon, this is in stock and will definitely arrive before Christmas. It is also offering up free shipping on all orders, but if you want it a bit faster, you'll want to get Amazon Prime and you can sign up for a 30-day trial here.
This TV from TCL is the 55S405, and it was actually released last year, so it's not exactly the newest from TCL, but it is still a really good option. It does support 4K and HDR, so you will get a really good picture out of this one. Unfortunately, there is no Dolby Vision support here, so you are stuck with plain old HDR. This is running Roku, so you're getting a ton of great apps included here as well. Like Hulu, Google Play Movies & TV, Netflix, YouTube and much more.


text:
En France, un centre de détention est un établissement pénitentiaire recevant des personnes condamnées à plus de deux ans d'emprisonnement et présentant les meilleures perspectives de réinsertion. Il s'agit d'un type d'établissement pour peines, catégorie de prisons destinés à accueillir uniquement des détenus condamnés à de moyennes et longues peines, au sein desquels l'encellulement individuel est respecté.

Histoire
Les centres de détention sont créés en 1975 à l'occasion de la réforme pénitentiaire menée par le premier garde des Sceaux du nouveau président Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Jean Lecanuet, en réaction aux événements de mai 1968 et aux récentes mutineries. La réforme met fin au régime progressif au sein des maisons centrales et crée par décret un nouveau type d'établissements, les centres de détention, orientés vers la réinsertion des détenus. La nouvelle classification oriente donc les condamnés à de longues peines vers les nouveaux centres de détention et les condamnés à de longues peines dangereux vers les maisons centrales, qui se recentrent alors sur leur objectif sécuritaire qu'elles connaissent toujours aujourd'hui.

En 2002, à la suite de la loi d'orientation et de programmation pour la justice (dite Perben I), une distinction apparaît entre les centres de détention nationaux (CDN) et les centres de détention régionaux (CDR), ces derniers étant destinés à recevoir les condamnés à des peines inférieures à cinq ans d'emprisonnement. La distinction a depuis disparu.

Régime de détention
Les centres de détention ayant vocation à accueillir les personnes détenues présentant les meilleures perspectives de réinsertion, leur régime de détention est essentiellement axé sur la resocialisation. Les condamnés à de moyennes et longues peines présentant des risques en termes de sécurité sont quant à eux affectés en maison centrale dont le régime est principalement tourné vers la prévention des violences et des évasions.

Comme tous les établissements pour peines, les centres de détention appliquent un numerus clausus qui permet l'application de la règle de l'encellulement individuel censée s'appliquer à tous les établissements mais qui se retrouve inapplicable dans les maisons d'arrêt en raison du nombre de prévenus en détention provisoire. Les centres de détention ne connaissent donc pas de surpopulation carcérale.

Les personnes détenues au sein d'un centre de détention sont généralement en régime  la journée, c'est-à-dire qu'ils peuvent évoluer librement sur la coursive, se rendre dans les cellules des autres voire dans des cuisines collectives ou des salles d'activités. Dans ces quartiers , chaque détenu dispose d'une  qui lui permet de verrouiller sa cellule, en plus de la serrure principale dont seuls les surveillants ont la clef.

Les condamnés incarcérés en centre de détention disposent également d'un régime plus favorable de permissions de sortir, dont la durée peut être portée à cinq jours et, une fois par an, à dix jours.

Par ailleurs, certains centres de détention sont spécialisés dans l'accueil et la prise en charge de catégories particulières de personnes détenus, comme les délinquants sexuels (appelés auteurs d'infractions à caractère sexuel).

Liste des centres de détention

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Prison en France
 Administration pénitentiaire en France
 Maison d'arrêt en France
 Maison centrale


On-line shopping is turning into an increasing number of standard annually as folks embrace the convenience, choice, and low costs available when shopping online. When you buy from online retailer you have got the consolation to take your time while checking for the issues of your selection, this will lead you to a simple and fast solution to perform price comparability in contrast to the dissatisfied and hurried shopping you do within the local shops.
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