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halo top advertising
It sounds simple enough to create and maintain a social presence, but for many startups, it's tougher than it looks to remain active and transparent. His work there hadn't turned into one of the John Grisham novels he had so often enjoyed and that had inspired his legal career. The U.S. officially tightens definition of service animals allowed on planes. Put HALO's creative expertise and product integrity to work for you on your next promotion. Halo Top didn't catch on because it's particularly tasty – I've tried the stuff, and frankly, I wasn't too impressed. The staff gets together on a varying schedule at the co-working space and the rest of the time communicates electronically or by smartphone. You can learn more by reviewing our Privacy Policy. Halo Top now has a marketing and communications team of 25. Promotional products are powerful marketing tools. Put HALO's creative expertise and product integrity to work for you on your next promotion. Halo Top recognised a current consumer trend amongst 24-35 … The texture is strange, almost dry and crumbly, and the flavor, for those used to full-sugar ice cream, will remind consumers of the idea of ice cream without quite hitting the mark. In 2017, Halo Top's dystopian "Eat the Ice Cream" cinema ad from Lord Danger Productions and director Mike Diva raised the bar for apocal-icious marketing, while last year's bonkers-bleak TV foray from 72andSunny also won praise. Read our response here. We decided to make Halo Top so we could enjoy ice cream as regular part of our diets, starting from 320 calories per tub. "We were like, 'Of course, that's fair,'" he said. Halo Top… YOU WILL BE BANNED. The idea for Halo Top came out of Woolverton's experiments with reducing his intake of refined sugar and carbohydrates. As companies scale up, Terech said, "there is an inflection point where having things under one roof and unique policies become more efficient.", "Other businesses are going to realize this and start sharing co-working spaces where you only come in maybe three days a week," Woolverton said. HALO Recognition helps companies of all sizes celebrate success and inspire their people to do great things. Your HALO sales representative provides expertise in integrated marketing solutions that feature creative and cost-effective dimensional marketing products. "No one wants to have a few bites and put it back in the freezer," said Stewart, a Cincinnati accountant by day and nutrition advisor by night, with his "Travis S" channel approaching 100,000 subscribers. Then we noticed it tasted delicious and decided to sell our ice cream. On the back of its influencer strategy, Halo Top saw sales in 2016 jump around 2,500%.Since, the brand has gone on to amass 729,000 followers on its main US channel, and over 86,000 on its UK channel. "It took me a year to figure out how to really make ice cream," Woolverton said. Persuading a big grocery chain to take your product "was a totally different world," he said, "like what do you even say to a store? "It was like a movie. This is a way that small businesses can really be successful," Cours said. Halo Top's First National Ad Campaign Is a Dark, Hilarious Scoop of Existential Dread Kids looking for ice cream are in for some bad news, and bad vibes, in Halo Top's new ads. In 2013, he changed the name to Halo Top. Halo Top Halo Top has a pretty twisted sense of humor. Woolverton was already dragging around $350,000 in law school loans when he decided to fund his business using the good credit he built during four years at the law firm Latham & Watkins. Additionally, Halo Top's edge is that it is … A young girl skips up to the Halo Top ice cream truck thinking she's earned a treat for finishing all her homework. The number of Californians hospitalized with coronavirus surged to a record high for a fourth straight day — soaring above 8,000 amid continued concerns that a sustained spike in patients may eventually swamp the state's healthcare system. Watch: The most disturbing ice cream commercial ever made. Actress Kristen Schaal just sold her leafy Los Feliz retreat for $1.89 million, or about $40,000 more than she was asking. As he developed the product, Woolverton also was carefully assembling a team, starting with the Bouton brothers, Doug and Ryan. By Tim Nudd Halo Top doesn't have its own headquarters or manufacturing plants and holds staff meetings in a co-working space. What is visual communication and why it matters; Nov. 20, 2020. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. As he landed the new accounts, fresh pressures developed, such as a longer supply and distribution chain. Halo Top TV Commercial, 'Work' A young girl skips up to the Halo Top ice cream truck thinking she's earned a treat for finishing all her homework. It's trying to go through the aluminum tubes. Halo is a digital platform that puts you in control of delivering your digital billboard advertising. It sounds simple enough to create and maintain a social presence, but for many startups, it's tougher than it looks to remain active and transparent. Halo Top's success has also led to the launch of numerous other reduced-calorie ice cream brands. You may occasionally receive promotional content from the Los Angeles Times. Film advertisement created by Heat, United States for Halo Top, within the category: Food. I didn't have a background in this.". They are useful, long-lasting and appreciated by the recipient. This is a way that small businesses can really be successful. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Halo Top Class Action Lawsuit Filed, Here's The Scoop. Between 2015 and 2016, Halo Top's sales soared by 2,500 percent, and in 2017 the brand gained a foothold in major chains like Walmart and launched its first national advertising campaign. Only dogs count. Get special offers and promotional ideas via email. It was a risk.". Coronavirus hospitalizations surge to unprecedented heights as California considers drastic steps. Archived. Stocks shook off a sluggish start to finish with modest gains Wednesday, nudging the Standard & Poor's 500 index to an all-time high for the second straight day. Still, Halo Top's path to the top has been a bit untraditional. It took me a year to figure out how to really make ice cream. Fortunately, the ice cream maker was willing to let the fledging business try again, as long as Woolverton agreed to pay for anything that broke. About Halo Top. Halo Top has emerged as one of the biggest consumer phenomenons in recent years, with a devoted consumer base that snaps up as much of its low-calorie high protein ice cream as stores can stock. A free inside look at Halo Top Creamery salary trends based on 13 salaries wages for 12 jobs at Halo Top Creamery. L.A. signs off on $1-billion 'mini-city' in the west San Fernando Valley. View Douglas Bouton's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. A typical pint of Ben & Jerry's or Häagen-Dazs can contain about 1,000 calories. Kristen Schaal gets more than she asked for Los Feliz house among the trees. The brand is marketed as a lower-calorie alternative, partially substituting sugar with stevia, a plant-based sweetener, and erythritol, a sugar alcohol. Have a question, comment, or concern about Halo Top products? The Halo Top ice cream you love, now with 100% more stick! Blog. Have a question, comment, or concern about Halo Top products? I'm sitting there watching and thinking, 'Do I need to move out of the way? We deliver global product sourcing and distribution, online and traditional marketing support, company stores and incentive programs, art services and design creation and warehousing and fulfillment services —all with exceptional speed to help drive the hectic pace of your promotional efforts. The target segment for Halo Top is primarily college students ages 18-25, but also targets on adults who work out regularly, dieters, and diabetics. 666.1k Followers, 2,494 Following, 1,693 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Halo Top Creamery (@halotopcreamery) It's gonna blow!' The bolts start flying off across the room.". Halo Top's simple proposition, paired with the online marketing savvy of Woolverton, 39, and his business partner Douglas Bouton, 33, has won over calorie-counting consumers. Your health & safety is our priority, and we're taking COVID … Doug Bouton was another disenchanted lawyer Woolverton met through their amateur basketball league; he's now Halo Top's president and chief operations officer. These include Unilever's Breyers Delight, Ben & Jerry's "Moo-phoria" range, and UK start-up Oppo. We learned this in 2017 when the low-calorie ice cream brand rolled out a seriously twisted online commercial, "Eat the Ice Cream," where an older woman was kidnapped by robots who killed her loved ones and forced to … Ryan Bouton, a former actor, was brought on to handle social media and wound up staying. The Halo Top ice cream you love, now with 100% more stick! As it tries to gain worldwide popularity, Bouton acknowledges traditional marketing is needed but is adamant the ethos of the company needs to remain the same. of Wall Street' producer Red Granite settles in Malaysia fund corruption case, chief says Jemele Hill's Trump tweet violated company standards, California breaks record for hospitalizations. In 2013, he changed the name to Halo Top. . "It didn't happen just once; it's sustained. Although Woolverton's first ice cream attempt convinced him that others might buy it, there was a huge financial hurdle. Halo Top produces ads that are purposefully strange and off-putting. Researching is the first step of the 'buying cycle', and according to marketing studies, most people research major purchases for several weeks before buying. The company recently led Ben and Jerry's and Haagen Dazs in grocery store pint sales. When he found a contractor willing to give his formula a shot, "sure enough, it does exactly what they warned us it would do," Woolverton recounted. "It's pretty collaborative and fun," Woolverton said. Priscilla Presley, an actress and former wife of Elvis Presley, just sold her Spanish-style retreat of 45 years for $13 million. Over 40,000 clients nationwide trust HALO to share their brand vision with … "The ice cream came out better, more resilient through the supply chain," Woolverton said. I mean, it was headfirst. May 2018: A class-action lawsuit was filed against Eden Creamery for deceptively marketing Halo Top ice cream. Apple sued in Europe over iPhones that wear out too quickly. But the grouchy ice cream man reminds the girl that her mother has put in real work at a real job she hates. Fauci says U.S. may see 'a surge upon a surge' of coronavirus in weeks. On the back of its influencer strategy, Halo Top saw sales in 2016 jump around 2,500%.Since, the brand has gone on to amass 729,000 followers on its main US channel, and over … Britain becomes the first country to approve a fully tested COVID-19 vaccine, but its show of national pride raises EU hackles. The company has stuck close to its frugal beginnings, and the 38-year-old fitness buff sees no reason to change the recipe. Even though Halo Top remains a relatively small company compared to heavyweights like Ben & Jerry's or Häagen-Dazs, it's easy to understand why Halo Top has begun to push the ice cream industry in an entirely new direction, especially when an average pint retails between $4 and $5. It closed the gap with leaders Ben & Jerry's and Haagen-Dazs the next month and landed the top spot in July. The nation's top infectious disease expert says he does not expect recommendations around coronavirus social distancing to be relaxed before Christmas. Over the last 60 years, HALO has grown into one of the largest promotional products companies in the nation. "You're parking between cows.". Halo Top has even maintained that they will continue to keep digital as a high priority for the brand. Mr. Woolverton, 37, founded Eden Creamery in 2011 and got his product in store freezers under that brand in June 2012. Put HALO's creative expertise and product integrity to work for you on your next promotion. Halo Top's appeal is simple: a no-shame pint of low-sugar, high-protein ice cream with just 240 to 360 calories for the entire carton. Introducing snackable, perfectly portioned ice cream pops with only 50-60 calories per pop. We've listed some top categories of purchases along with the average number of days a consumer spends in the buying cycle before the purchase is made. Halo Top Creamery is a low-calorie ice cream company and brand sold in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Canada, Ireland, Singapore, and the United Kingdom… Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Halo Top is light ice cream that actually tastes like ice cream. Get our free business newsletter for insights and tips for getting by. Halo Top General Information Description. Browse thousands of products for branding inspiration. Vanilla, at the low end, compares with 1,000 calories for a Haagen-Dazs or Ben & Jerry's pint. The Halo Top Ice Cream Ad That's Creeping Everyone Out Is Even Weirder Than You Thought The director Mike Diva with the robot built for the spot by his friend Fon Davis. . They can be lean and flexible. Introducing out of the box thinking, where the possibilities are endless. They are useful, long-lasting and appreciated by the recipient. baffling. Gratitude in the workplace: How gratitude can improve your well-being and … The strategy seems to be working. By Consider The Consumer on May 24, 2018. Halo Top didn't catch on because it's particularly tasty – I've tried the stuff, and frankly, I wasn't too impressed. Until recently, they did almost no advertising, and the team continues to forgo a traditional office, instead working … Halo Top recently bested stalwarts Ben & Jerry's and Haagen-Dazs for the top sales spot in its niche — grocery store ice cream pints. They are useful, long-lasting and appreciated by the recipient. Turns out, it was worth stepping in the occasional cowpie. Halo Top's push to become America's bestselling grocery store pint accelerated in May, according to market research firm IRI Worldwide. Halo Top Is 'Ice Cream for Adults,' and So Are Its Hilariously Bleak New TV Commercials. Watch, interact and learn more about the songs, characters, and celebrities that appear in your favorite Halo Top TV Commercials. r/advertising: THIS IS NOT A PLACE TO ADVERTISE. As the company grew through word of mouth, Halo Top kept adding flavors, usually with the assistance of its rabid social media fan base. "It shows that the core of a product's success can be the brand.", Andres Terech, a marketing professor at UCLA's Anderson School of Management, said Halo Top may face a challenge maintaining growth without resorting to common business norms. Halo Top also launched a dairy-free line of products last fall, so some of their products have 0 percent milk fat. Salaries posted anonymously by Halo Top Creamery employees. Halo Top Creamery is an ice cream company and brand sold in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Taiwan, South Korea, Austria, United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates. . Halo Top Creamery is an ice cream company and brand sold in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Taiwan, South Korea, Austria, United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates. The company's low-fat and non-fat varieties of ice cream appeal to health and calorie conscious consumers and are made using organic and natural ingredients, enabling users to experience healthy variants of ice cream. I'll bet others will like it, too,'" Woolverton said, recalling the trial-and-error breakthrough made in his kitchen. In 2017, Halo Top's dystopian "Eat the Ice Cream" cinema ad from Lord Danger Productions and director Mike Diva raised the bar for apocal-icious marketing, while last year's bonkers-bleak TV foray from 72andSunny also won praise. "Sure enough, I felt those benefits.". HALO's full suite of corporate branding solutions includes trade show items, company logo store services, exclusive advertising products, and employee incentives, reward and safety programs.We have over …
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halo top advertising 2020


For other people named William Douglas, see William Douglas (disambiguation).
William Orville Douglas (October 16, 1898 – January 19, 1980) was an American jurist and politician who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Douglas was confirmed at the age of 40, one of the youngest justices appointed to the court. His term, lasting 36 years and 211 days (1939–75), is the longest in the history of the Supreme Court. In 1975 Time magazine called Douglas "the most doctrinaire and committed civil libertarian ever to sit on the court".
After an itinerant childhood, Douglas attended Whitman College on a scholarship. He graduated from Columbia Law School in 1925 and joined the Yale Law School faculty. After serving as the third chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Douglas was successfully nominated to the Supreme Court, succeeding Justice Louis Brandeis. He was among those seriously considered for the 1944 Democratic vice presidential nomination and was subject to an unsuccessful draft movement prior to the 1948 presidential election. Douglas served on the Court until his retirement in 1975, and was succeeded by John Paul Stevens. Douglas holds a number of records as a Supreme Court Justice, including the most opinions.
Douglas wrote the Court's majority opinion in major cases such as Griswold v. Connecticut, United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., Brady v. Maryland, and Terminiello v. City of Chicago. He wrote notable concurring or dissenting opinions in cases such as Dennis v. United States, Brandenburg v. Ohio, and Terry v. Ohio. He was also known as a strong opponent of the Vietnam War and an ardent advocate of environmentalism.
Douglas was born in 1898 in Maine Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota, the son of Julia Bickford (Fisk) and William Douglas, an itinerant Scottish Presbyterian minister from Pictou County, Nova Scotia. His family moved to California, and then to Cleveland, Washington. At age two Douglas suffered an illness he described as polio, but which revisionist biographers have claimed was intestinal colic. His mother attributed his recovery to a miracle, telling Douglas that one day he would be President of the United States.
His father died in Portland, Oregon, in 1904, when Douglas was six years old. Douglas later claimed his mother had been left destitute. After moving the family from town to town in the West, his mother, with three young children, settled with them in Yakima, Washington. William, like the rest of the Douglas family, worked at odd jobs to earn extra money, and a college education appeared to be unaffordable. He was the valedictorian at Yakima High School and did well enough in school to earn a full academic scholarship to attend Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington.
Douglas was elected Phi Beta Kappa, participated on the debate team, and was elected as student body president in his final year. After graduating in 1920 with a B.A. in English and economics, he taught English and Latin at Yakima high schools for the next two years, hoping to earn enough to attend law school. "Finally," he said, "I decided it was impossible to save enough money by teaching and I said to hell with it."
He traveled to New York (taking a job tending sheep on a Chicago-bound train, in return for free passage), with hopes to attend the Columbia Law School. Douglas drew on his Beta Theta Pi membership to help him survive in New York, as he stayed at one of its houses and was able to borrow $75 from a fraternity brother from Washington, enough to enroll at Columbia.
Six months later, Douglas' funds were running out. The appointments office at the law school told him that a New York firm wanted a student to help prepare a correspondence course for law. Douglas earned $600 for his work, enabling him to stay in school. Hired for similar projects, he saved $1,000 by semester's end. His wife Mildred worked as a schoolteacher to support him throughout law school, which he would later conceal by lying about which year they were married. Douglas graduated second in his class at Columbia in 1925.
In August 1923, Douglas traveled to La Grande, Oregon, to marry Mildred Riddle, whom he had known in Yakima. After their return to New York, he started work at the firm of Cravath, DeGersdorff, Swaine and Wood (later Cravath, Swaine & Moore) after failing to obtain a Supreme Court clerkship with Justice Harlan F. Stone.
Douglas quit the Cravath firm after four months. After one year, he moved back to Yakima, but soon regretted the move and never practiced law in the state. After a time of unemployment and another months-long stint at Cravath, he started teaching at Columbia Law School.
Douglas later joined the faculty of Yale Law School. There he became an expert on commercial litigation and bankruptcy, and was identified with the legal realist movement. This pushed for an understanding of law based less on formalistic legal doctrines and more on the real-world effects of the law. While teaching at Yale, he and fellow professor Thurman Arnold were riding the New Haven Railroad and were inspired to set the sign Passengers will please refrain ... to Antonín Dvořák's Humoresque #7. Robert Maynard Hutchins described Douglas as "the most outstanding law professor in the nation". When Hutchins became president of the University of Chicago, Douglas accepted an offer to move there, which he backed out of once he was made a Sterling Professor at Yale.
In 1934, Douglas left Yale to join the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in a political appointee position, having been nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. By 1937, he had become an adviser and friend to the President and the SEC chairman.
During this time, Douglas became friends with a group of young New Dealers, including Tommy "The Cork" Corcoran and Abe Fortas. He was also close, socially and in thinking, with the Progressives of the era, such as Philip and Robert La Follette, Jr., and later with President Kennedy. This social/political group befriended Lyndon Baines Johnson, a freshman Congressman from the 10th District of Texas. In his book The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power, Robert Caro writes that in 1937, Douglas helped persuade President Roosevelt to authorize the Marshall Ford Dam, a controversial project whose approval enabled Johnson to consolidate his power as a congressman.
In 1939, Justice Louis D. Brandeis retired from the Court, and Roosevelt nominated Douglas as his replacement on March 20. Douglas was Justice Brandeis's personal choice for a successor. Douglas later revealed that his appointment had been a great surprise to him—Roosevelt had summoned him to an "important meeting," and Douglas feared that he was to be named as the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 4 by a vote of 62 to 4. The four negative votes were all cast by Republicans: Lynn J. Frazier, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Gerald P. Nye, and Clyde M. Reed. Douglas was sworn into office on April 17, 1939. At the age of forty, Douglas was one of the youngest justices to be confirmed to the Supreme Court.
Douglas was often at odds with fellow Justice Felix Frankfurter, who believed in judicial restraint and thought the court should stay out of politics. Douglas did not highly value judicial consistency or stare decisis when deciding cases.
Judge Richard A. Posner, who was a law clerk at the Court during the latter part of Douglas's tenure, characterized him as "a bored, distracted, uncollegial, irresponsible" Supreme Court justice, as well as "rude, ice-cold, hot-tempered, ungrateful, foul-mouthed, self-absorbed" and so abusive in "treatment of his staff to the point where his law clerks—whom he described as 'the lowest form of human life'—took to calling him "shithead" behind his back." Posner asserts also that "Douglas's judicial oeuvre is slipshod and slapdash", but yet, Douglas's "intelligence, his energy, his academic and government experience, his flair for writing, the leadership skills that he had displayed at the SEC, and his ability to charm when he bothered to try" could have let him "become the greatest justice in history."
In general, legal scholars have noted that Douglas's judicial style was unusual in that he did not attempt to elaborate justifications for his judicial positions on the basis of text, history, or precedent. Douglas was known for writing short, pithy opinions which relied on philosophical insights, observations about current politics, and literature, as much as more conventional "judicial" sources. Douglas wrote many of his opinions in twenty minutes, often publishing the first draft. Douglas was also known for his fearsome work ethic, publishing over thirty books and once telling an exhausted secretary (Fay Aull) "If you hadn't stopped working, you wouldn't be tired".
Douglas frequently disagreed with the other justices, dissenting in almost 40% of cases, more than half of the time writing only for himself. Ronald Dworkin would conclude that because Douglas believed his convictions were merely "a matter of his own emotional biases", Douglas would fail to meet "minimal intellectual responsibilities". Ultimately, Douglas believed that a judge's role was "not neutral." "The Constitution is not neutral. It was designed to take the government off the backs of the people ... "
On the bench Douglas became known as a strong advocate of First Amendment rights. With fellow Justice Hugo Black, Douglas argued for a "literalist" interpretation of the First Amendment, insisting that the First Amendment's command that "no law" shall restrict freedom of speech should be interpreted literally. He wrote the opinion in Terminiello v. City of Chicago (1949), overturning the conviction of a Catholic priest who allegedly caused a "breach of the peace" by making anti-Semitic comments during a raucous public speech. Douglas, joined by Black, furthered his advocacy of a broad reading of First Amendment rights by dissenting from the Supreme Court's decision in Dennis v. United States (1952), affirming the conviction of the leader of the U.S. Communist Party.
In 1944 Douglas voted with the majority to uphold the wartime internment of Japanese Americans, in Korematsu v. United States but, over the course of his career, he grew to become a leading advocate of individual rights. Suspicious of majority rule as it related to social and moral questions, he frequently expressed concern in his opinions at forced conformity with "the Establishment". For example, Douglas wrote the Opinion of the Court in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), explaining that a constitutional right to privacy forbid state contraception bans because "specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance." This went too far for his old ally Black, who dissented in Griswold. Justice Clarence Thomas would years later hang a sign in his chambers reading "Please don't emanate in the penumbras".
Douglas and Black also disagreed in Fortson v. Morris (1967), which cleared the path for the Georgia State Legislature to choose the governor in the deadlocked 1966 race between Democrat Lester Maddox and Republican Howard Callaway. Whereas Black voted with the majority under strict construction to uphold the state constitutional provision, Douglas and Abe Fortas dissented. According to Douglas, Georgia tradition would guarantee a Maddox victory but he had trailed Callaway by some 3,000 votes in the general election returns. Douglas also saw the issue as a continuation of the earlier decision Gray v. Sanders, which had struck down Georgia's County Unit System, a kind of electoral college formerly used to choose the governor.
On June 17, 1953, Douglas granted a temporary stay of execution to Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, who had been convicted of selling the plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The basis for the stay was that the Rosenbergs had been sentenced to die by Judge Irving Kaufman without the consent of the jury. While this was permissible under the Espionage Act of 1917, under which the Rosenbergs were tried, a later law, the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, held that only the jury could pronounce the death penalty. Since at the time the stay was granted the Supreme Court was out of session, this stay meant that the Rosenbergs could expect to wait at least six months before the case was heard.
When Attorney General Herbert Brownell heard about the stay, however, he immediately took his objection to Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, who reconvened the Court before the appointed date and set aside the stay. Douglas had departed for vacation, but on learning of the special session of the Court, he returned to Washington.:pp 324–325 Because of widespread opposition to his decision, Douglas briefly faced impeachment proceedings in Congress, but attempts to remove him from the Court went nowhere.
Justice Douglas took strong positions on the Vietnam War. In 1952 Douglas traveled to Vietnam and met with Ho Chi Minh. During the trip Douglas became friendly with Ngo Dinh Diem and in 1953 he personally introduced the nationalist leader to Senators Mike Mansfield and John F. Kennedy. Douglas became one of the chief promoters for U.S. support of Diem, with CIA Deputy Director Robert Amory crediting Diem becoming "our man in Indochina" to a conversation with Douglas during a party at Martin Agronsky's house.
After Diem's assassination in November 1963, Douglas became strongly critical of the war, believing Diem had been killed because he "was not sufficiently servile to Pentagon demands." Douglas now outspokenly argued the war was illegal, dissenting whenever the Court passed on an opportunity to hear such claims. In 1968 Douglas issued an order blocking the shipment of Army reservists to Vietnam, before the eight other justices unanimously reversed him.
In Schlesinger v. Holtzman (1973) Justice Thurgood Marshall issued an in-chambers opinion declining a Congresswoman's request for a court order stopping the military from bombing Cambodia. The Court was in recess for the summer but the Congresswoman reapplied, this time to Douglas. Justice Douglas met with the Congresswoman's ACLU lawyers at his home in Goose Prairie, Washington and promised them a hearing the next day. On Friday, August 3, 1973, Douglas held a hearing in the Yakima federal courthouse, where he dismissed the Government's argument that he was causing a "constitutional confrontation" by saying, "we live in a world of confrontations. That's what the whole system is about." On August 4, Douglas ordered the military to stop bombing, reasoning "denial of the application before me would catapult our airmen as well as Cambodian peasants into the death zone."
The U.S. military ignored the new Supreme Court order. Six hours later the eight other justices reconvened by telephone for a special term and unanimously overturned Douglas's ruling.
Inanimate objects are sometimes parties in litigation. A ship has a legal personality, a fiction found useful for maritime purposes. The corporation sole—a creature of ecclesiastical law—is an acceptable adversary and large fortunes ride on its cases ... So it should be as respects valleys, alpine meadows, rivers, lakes, estuaries, beaches, ridges, groves of trees, swampland, or even air that feels the destructive pressures of modern technology and modern life. The river, for example, is the living symbol of all the life it sustains or nourishes—fish, aquatic insects, water ouzels, otter, fisher, deer, elk, bear, and all other animals, including man, who are dependent on it or who enjoy it for its sight, its sound, or its life. The river as plaintiff speaks for the ecological unit of life that is part of it.
In his autobiographical Of Men and Mountains (1950), Douglas discusses his close childhood connections with nature. In the 1950s, proposals were made to create a parkway along the path of the C&O Canal, which ran on the Maryland bank parallel to the Potomac River. The Washington Post editorial page supported this action. However, Justice Douglas, who frequently hiked on the Canal towpath, opposed this plan, and challenged reporters to hike the 185 mile length of the Canal with him. Following the hike, the Post changed its stance and advocated preservation of the Canal in its historic state. Douglas is widely credited with saving the Canal and with its eventual designation as a National Historic Park in 1971. He subsequently served on the Board of Directors of the Sierra Club from 1960 to 1962 and wrote prolifically on his love of the outdoors. In 1962, Douglas wrote a glowing review of Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring, which was included in the widely read Book-of-the-Month Club edition. . He later swayed the Supreme Court to preserve the Red River Gorge in eastern Kentucky, when a proposal to build a dam and flood the gorge reached the Court. Douglas personally visited the area on November 18, 1967. The Red River Gorge's Douglas Trail is named in his honor.
In May 1962, Douglas and his wife Cathleen were invited by Neil Compton and the Ozark Society to visit and canoe down part of the free-flowing Buffalo River in Arkansas. They put in at the low water bridge at Boxley. This experience made him a fan of the river and the young organization's idea of protecting it. Douglas was instrumental in having the Buffalo preserved as a free-flowing river, left in its natural state. This decision was opposed by the region's Corps of Army Engineers. The act that soon followed designated the Buffalo River as America's first National River. Douglas was a self-professed outdoorsman. According to The Thru-Hiker's Companion, a guide published by the Appalachian Long Distance Hikers Association, Douglas hiked the entire 2,000 miles (3,200 km) trail from Georgia to Maine. His love for the environment carried through to his judicial reasoning.
Due to Douglas' active role in advocating the preservation and protection of wilderness across the United States, he was nicknamed "Wild Bill." Douglas was a friend and frequent guest of Harry Randall Truman, owner of the Mount St. Helens Lodge at Spirit Lake in Washington.
The 1984 Washington Wilderness Act designated the Cougar Lake Roadless area as the William O. Douglas Wilderness. This wilderness, which adjoins Mount Rainier National Park in Washington State, is named in his honor.
Douglas Falls in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina, is supposedly named for him.
The William O. Douglas Outdoor Classroom in Beverly Hills, California, is named for him.
He was elected to the Ecology Hall of Fame for his dedication to conservation.
The William O. Douglas Honors College at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington, is named for him.
The William O. Douglas Federal Building, an historic post office, courthouse, and federal office building in Yakima, Washington, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, was renamed in his honor in 1978.
When, in early 1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt decided not to support the renomination of Vice President Henry A. Wallace at the party's national convention, a short list of possible replacements was drafted. The names on the list included former Senator and Supreme Court Justice James F. Byrnes of South Carolina, former Senator (and future Supreme Court justice) Sherman Minton, former Governor and High Commissioner to the Philippines Paul McNutt of Indiana, House Speaker Sam Rayburn of Texas, Senator Alben W. Barkley of Kentucky, Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri, and Douglas.
Five days before the vice presidential nominee was to be chosen at the convention, on July 15, Committee Chairman Robert E. Hannegan received a letter from Roosevelt stating that his choice for the nominee would be either "Harry Truman or Bill Douglas." After Hannegan released the letter to the convention on July 20, the nomination went without incident, and Truman was nominated on the second ballot. Douglas received two votes on the second ballot and none on the first.
After the convention, Douglas's supporters spread the rumor that the note sent to Hannegan had read "Bill Douglas or Harry Truman," not the other way around. These supporters claimed that Hannegan, a Truman supporter, feared that Douglas's nomination would drive southern white voters away from the ticket (Douglas had a strong anti-segregation record on the Supreme Court) and had switched the names to suggest that Truman was Roosevelt's real choice.
By 1948, Douglas's presidential aspirations were rekindled by Truman's low popularity, after he had succeeded Roosevelt in 1945. Many Democrats, believing that Truman could not be elected in November, began trying to find a replacement candidate. Attempts were made to draft popular retired war hero General Dwight D. Eisenhower for the nomination. A "Draft Douglas" campaign, complete with souvenir buttons and hats, sprang up in New Hampshire and several other primary states. Douglas campaigned for the nomination for a short time, but he soon withdrew his name from consideration.
In the end, Eisenhower refused to be drafted, and Truman won nomination easily. Although Truman approached Douglas about the vice presidential nomination, the Justice turned him down. Douglas's close associate Tommy Corcoran was later heard to ask, "Why be a number two man to a number two man?" Truman selected Senator Alben W. Barkley and the two won the election.
Political opponents made two attempts to remove Douglas from the Supreme Court, both unsuccessful.
On June 17, 1953, Representative William M. Wheeler of Georgia, infuriated by Douglas's brief stay of execution in the Rosenberg case, introduced a resolution to impeach the Justice. The resolution was referred the next day to the Judiciary Committee to investigate the charges. On July 7, 1953 the committee voted to end the investigation.
Justice Douglas maintained a busy speaking and publishing schedule to supplement his income. He became severely burdened financially due to a bitter divorce and settlement with his first wife. He sustained additional financial setbacks after divorces and settlements with his second and third wives.
Douglas became president of the Parvin Foundation. His ties to the foundation (which was financed by the sale of the infamous Flamingo Hotel by casino financier and foundation benefactor Albert Parvin) became a prime target for then-House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford. Besides being personally disgusted by Douglas's lifestyle, Representative Ford was also mindful that Douglas protégé Abe Fortas was forced to resign because of ties to a similar foundation. Fortas would later say that he "resigned to save Douglas," thinking that the dual investigations of himself and Douglas would stop with his resignation.
Some scholars have argued that Ford's impeachment attempt was politically motivated. Those who support this contention note Ford's well-known disappointment with the Senate over the failed nominations of Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell to succeed Fortas. In April 1970, Congressman Ford moved to impeach Douglas in an attempt to hit back at the Senate. House Judiciary Chairman Emanuel Celler handled the case carefully and did not uncover evidence of any criminal conduct by Douglas. Attorney General John N. Mitchell and the Nixon administration worked to gather evidence against him. Congressman Ford moved forward with the first major attempt to impeach a Supreme Court Justice in the modern era.
The hearings began in late April 1970. Congressman Ford was the main witness, and attacked Douglas's "liberal opinions"; his "defense of the 'filthy' film," the controversial Swedish film I Am Curious (Yellow) (1970); and his ties to Parvin. Douglas was also criticized for accepting $350 for an article he wrote on folk music in the magazine Avant Garde. The magazine's publisher had served a prison sentence for the distribution of another magazine in 1966 that had been deemed pornographic by some critics. Describing Douglas's article, Ford stated, "The article itself is not pornographic, although it praises the lusty, lurid, and risqué along with the social protest of left-wing folk singers." Ford also attacked Douglas for publishing an article in Evergreen Review, which he claimed was known to publish photographs of naked women. The Republican congressmen, however, refused to give the majority Democrats copies of the magazines described, prompting Congressman Wayne Hays to remark, "Has anybody read the article – or is everybody over there who has a magazine just looking at the pictures?"
As it became clear that the impeachment proceedings would be unsuccessful, they were brought to a close and no public vote on the matter was taken.
Around this time, Douglas came to believe that strangers snooping around his Washington home were FBI agents, attempting to plant marijuana to entrap him. In a private letter to his neighbors, he said: "I wrote you last fall or winter that federal agents were in Yakima and Goose Prairie looking me over at Goose Prairie. I thought they were merely counting fence posts. But I learned in New York City yesterday that they were planting marijuana with the prospect of a nice big TV-covered raid in July or August. I forgot to tell you that this gang in power is not in search of truth. They are 'search and destroy' people."
During his tenure on the Supreme Court, Justice Douglas set a number of records, all of which stand. He sat on the U.S. Supreme Court for more than thirty-six years (1939–75), longer than any other Justice. During those years, he wrote some thirty books in addition to his opinions and dissenting opinions. He gave more speeches than any other Justice, and his record for sidebar productivity is unlikely to be surpassed. Douglas had the most marriages (four) and the most divorces (three) of any Justice serving on the bench.
During his time on the Supreme Court, Douglas picked up a number of nicknames from both admirers and detractors. The most common epithet was "Wild Bill", which was in reference to his independent and often unpredictable stances and cowboy-style mannerisms—although many of the latter were considered by some to be affectations for the consumption of the press.
Since the 1970 impeachment hearings, Douglas had wanted to retire from the court. He wrote to his friend and former student Abe Fortas: "My ideas are way out of line with current trends, and I see no particular point in staying around and being obnoxious".
At age 76 on December 31, 1974, while on vacation with his wife Cathleen in the Bahamas, Douglas suffered a debilitating stroke in the right hemisphere of his brain. It paralyzed his left leg and forced him to use a wheelchair. Douglas, severely disabled, insisted on continuing to participate in Supreme Court affairs despite his obvious incapacity. Seven of his fellow justices voted to postpone until the next term any argued case in which Douglas's vote might make a difference. At the urging of Fortas, Douglas finally retired on November 12, 1975, after 36 years of service.
May I express on behalf of all our countrymen this nation's great gratitude for your more than thirty-six years as a member of the Supreme Court. Your distinguished years of service are unequaled in all the history of the Court.
Ford also hosted Justice Douglas and his wife Cathleen as honored guests at a White House state dinner later that same month, writing of the occasion later: "We had had differences in the past, but I wanted to stress that bygones were bygones."
Douglas maintained that he could assume judicial senior status on the Court, and attempted to continue serving in that capacity, according to authors Woodward and Armstrong, and refused to accept his retirement, trying to participate in the Court's cases well into 1976, after John Paul Stevens had taken his former seat. Douglas reacted with outrage when, returning to his old chambers, he discovered that his clerks had been reassigned to Stevens, and when he tried to file opinions in cases whose arguments he had heard before his retirement, Chief Justice Warren Burger ordered all justices, clerks, and other staff members to refuse help to Douglas in those efforts. When Douglas tried in March 1976 to hear arguments in a capital-punishment case, Gregg v. Georgia, the nine sitting justices signed a formal letter informing him that his retirement had ended his official duties on the court. Only then did Douglas withdraw from Supreme Court business. One commentator has attributed some of his behavior after his stroke to anosognosia, a neuropsychological presentation which leads an affected person to be unaware and unable to acknowledge disease in himself. It often results in defects in reasoning, decision making, emotions, and feeling.
Douglas's first wife was Mildred Riddle, a teacher at North Yakima High School six years his senior, whom he married on August 16, 1923. They had two children, Mildred and William Jr. They were divorced on July 20, 1953. Douglas would not hear about Riddle's death in 1969 because his children had stopped talking to him. William Douglas Jr. became an actor, playing Gerald Zinser in PT 109.
On October 2, 1949, Douglas had thirteen of his ribs broken after he was thrown from a horse and tumbled down a rocky hillside. Due to his injuries, Douglas did not return to the court until March 1950, or take part in many of that term's cases. Four months after his return to the court, Douglas had to be hospitalized again due to his being kicked by a horse.
While still married to Riddle, Douglas began openly pursuing Mercedes Hester Davidson in 1951. Other justices at the time kept mistresses as secretaries or kept them away from the Court building according to Douglas's messenger Harry Datcher, but Douglas "did what he did in the open. He didn't give a damn what people thought of him." He divorced Riddle in 1953. Douglas's former friend Thomas Gardiner Corcoran represented Riddle in the divorce, securing alimony with an "escalator clause" that financially motivated Douglas to publish more books. Douglas married Davidson on December 14, 1954.
In 1961, Douglas pursued Joan "Joanie" Martin, an Allegheny College student writing her thesis on him. In the summer of 1963, he divorced Davidson; later that year, at the age of 64, Douglas married 23-year-old Martin on August 5, 1963. Douglas and Martin divorced in 1966.
On July 15, 1966, Douglas married Cathleen Heffernan, then a 22-year-old student at Marylhurst College. They met when he was vacationing at Mount St. Helens Lodge, a mountain wilderness lodge in Washington state at Spirit Lake, where she was working for the summer as a waitress,. Though their age difference was a subject of national controversy at the time of their marriage, they remained together until his death in 1980.
For much of his life, Douglas was dogged by various rumors and allegations about his private life, originating from political rivals and other detractors of his liberal legal opinions on the Court—often a matter of controversy. In one such instance in 1966, Republican Rep. Bob Dole of Kansas attributed his court decisions to his "bad judgment from a matrimonial standpoint", and several other Republican Members of Congress introduced resolutions in the House of Representatives, though none ever passed, that called for investigation of Douglas's moral character.
Four years after retiring from the Supreme Court, William O. Douglas died at age 81 on January 19, 1980, at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington DC. He was survived by his fourth wife, Cathleen Douglas, and two children, Mildred and William Jr., with his first wife.
Douglas is interred in Section 5 of Arlington National Cemetery near the graves of eight other former Supreme Court Justices: Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Warren E. Burger, William Rehnquist, Hugo Black, Potter Stewart, William J. Brennan, Thurgood Marshall and Harry Blackmun. Throughout his life Douglas claimed he had been a U.S. Army private, which was inscribed on his headstone. Some historians, including biographer Bruce Murphy, asserted that this claim was false, although Murphy later added, according to Washington Post editorial writer Charles Lane, that Douglas's "career on the court makes it 'appropriate' " that he be buried in Arlington Cemetery.
Lane engaged in further research — consulting applicable provisions of the relevant federal statutes, locating Douglas's honorable discharge and speaking with Arlington Cemetery staff. Records in the Library of Congress showed that from June to December 1918, Douglas served as (what the War Department's regulations termed) "a soldier in the Army of the United States ... placed upon active-duty status immediately." Tom Sherlock, Arlington's official historian, told Lane that an "active-duty recruit whose service was limited to boot camp [at which Douglas served] would qualify" to be buried in Arlington. Lane therefore concluded, "Legally, then, Douglas may have had a plausible claim to be a 'Private, U.S. Army,' as his headstone at Arlington reads."
Since 1972, the William O. Douglas Committee, a select group of law students at Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington has sponsored a series of lectures on the First Amendment in Douglas's honor. Douglas was the first speaker for the annual series.
The honors college at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington was named for Douglas.
In 1977, a bust of Douglas was erected along the towpath of the C & O Canal in Georgetown in Washington, DC, and the C & O Canal National Historical Park was officially dedicated to Douglas in honor of his exhaustive efforts dating from the 1950s in support of preserving the historic canal.
A statue of Douglas was installed at A.C. Davis High School, in Yakima, Washington. It was dedicated in 1978 to Douglas when the new school was opened.
1978, in Yakima, the William O. Douglas Federal Building was named for him.
William O. Douglas Hall was named in his honor at his alma mater, Whitman College.
Douglas Hall, apartments for continuing students at Earl Warren College, at the University of California, San Diego, is named for him as well.
In 1998, the C&O Canal National Historical Park commemorated the 100th Anniversary of Douglas' birth by unveiling a portrait of Justice Douglas hiking along the towpath by artist Tom Kozar. The portrait, commissioned by the C&O Canal Association, now hangs in the Great Falls Tavern Visitor Center in the National Historical Park, which was officially dedicated to Douglas in 1977.
Mountain-The Journey of Justice Douglas is a play written by Douglass Scott which explores the life of William O. Douglas.
The papers of William O. Douglas from his career as professor of law, Securities and Exchange commissioner, and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court were bequeathed by him to the Library of Congress.
^ "The Law: The Court's Uncompromising Libertarian". Time.com. November 24, 1975. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ . Ernest Kerr, Imprint of the Maritimes, 1959, Boston: Christopher Publishing, p. 83.
^ "William O. Douglas: 1939–1975 : SAGE Knowledge". Knowledge.sagepub.com. May 22, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ a b c Ryerson, James (April 13, 2003). "Dirty Rotten Hero". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
^ a b c d e f g Richard A. Posner, The Anti-Hero, The New Republic (Feb. 24, 2003).
^ Whitman, Alden. (1980). "Vigorous Defender of Rights," The New York Times, 20 January 1980, p. 28.
^ Supreme Court Justices Who Are Phi Beta Kappa Members Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Phi Beta Kappa website, accessed Oct 4, 2009.
^ Swain, Robert T. The Cravath Firm and Its Predecessors, 1819-1947, Volume 1 The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. orig. pub. 1946-1948 p. xv.
^ a b c d e f Murphy, Bruce Allen (2003). Wild Bill:The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas. New York: Random House. p. 396. ISBN 0394576284.
^ "Lyr Add: Humoresque (various versions)". Mudcat.org. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Garrow, David J. (March 27, 2003). "The Tragedy of William O. Douglas". The Nation. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
^ a b c d e Christopher L. Tomlins (2005). The United States Supreme Court. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 475–476. ISBN 978-0-618-32969-4. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
^ Christopher L. Tomlins (2005). The United States Supreme Court. Houghton Mifflin. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-618-32969-4. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
^ Bowles, Nigel (1993). The Government and Politics of the United States (second ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 188. ISBN 0-312-10207-0.
^ Dworkin, Ronald (February 19, 1981). "Dissent on Douglas". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
^ Douglas, William O. (1980). The Court Years. Random House. p. 8.
^ "House Move to Impeach Douglas Bogs Down; Sponsor Is Told He Fails to Prove His Case," The New York Times, Wednesday, July 1, 1953, p. 18.
^ a b c d e f g Moses, James L.. 1996. "William O. Douglas and the Vietnam War: Civil Liberties, Presidential Authority, and the "Political Question"". Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (4). [Wiley, Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress]: 1019–33.
^ Holtzman v. Schlesinger, 414 U.S. 1316 (1973) (Douglas, J., in chambers) citing Sarnoff v. Shultz, 409 U.S. 929; DaCosta v. Laird, 405 U. S. 979; Massachusetts v. Laird, 400 U. S. 886; McArthur v. Clifford, 393 U. S. 1002; Hart v. United States, 391 U. S. 956; Holmes v. United States, 391 U. S. 936; Mora v. McNamara, 389 U. S. 934, 935; Mitchell v. United States, 386 U. S. 972.
^ a b Eugene R. Fidell, Why Did the Cambodia Bombing Continue?, 13 GREEN BAG 2D 321 (2010).
^ Holtzman v. Schlesinger, 414 U.S. 1316 (1973) (Douglas, J., in chambers).
^ Schlesinger v. Holtzman, 414 U.S. 1321, 1322 (1973) (Douglas, J., dissenting in chambers).
^ Frederick, John J. (1950). "Speaking of Books : About Fables and Mountains ... Hogs and Government ... Animals and IQ's". The Rotarian. Rotary International. 77 (1): 39–40. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ "Associate Justice William O. Douglas - Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ "Ozark Monthly Bulletin" (PDF). Barefoottraveler.com. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ Blevins, Brooks (2001). Hill Folks: A History of Arkansas Ozarkers and Their Image. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 235. ISBN 0-8078-5342-9.
^ The Ozarks Society newsletters, and books by Kenneth L. Smith.
^ Appalachian Trail Long Distance Hikers Association (2009). Appalachian Trail Thru-Hikers' Companion (2009) (2009 ed.). Harpers Ferry, WV: Appalachian Trail Conservancy. p. 122. ISBN 1-889386-60-X.
^ "Gifford Pinchot National Forest - Home". Fs.fed.us. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
^ Simon, James F. (1980). Independent Journey: The Life of William O. Douglas (first ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. 274. ISBN 0-06-014042-9.
^ a b c Kalman, Laura (1990). Abe Fortas. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04669-4. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
^ Gerhardt, Michael J. (2000). The Federal Impeachment Process. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-28956-7.
^ "(DV) Gerard: Conservatives, Judicial Impeachment, and Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas". Dissidentvoice.org. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ The Federal Impeachment Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis - Michael J. Gerhardt. Books.google.com. p. 27. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ Radcliffe, Donnie (November 17, 1987). "Laying the Gorbachev Groundwork". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
^ Appel, Jacob M. (August 22, 2009). "Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice". Huffington Post. USA. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
^ Ford, Gerald R. - A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford, Harper & Row, 1979, p. 334. ISBN 0-06-011297-2.
^ Ford, Gerald R. - A Time to Heal, p. 206.
^ Woodward, Robert and Armstrong, Scott. The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court (1979). ISBN 978-0-380-52183-8; ISBN 0-380-52183-0. ISBN 978-0-671-24110-0; ISBN 0-671-24110-9; ISBN 0-7432-7402-4; ISBN 978-0-7432-7402-9.
^ Woodward & Armstrong, pp.480–88, 526.
^ Damasio, Antonio. "Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain." Penguin Books, 1994. pg. 68–69.
^ "Supreme Court Justices William O. Douglas (1898-1980)". michaelariens.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
^ a b "The History Book Club - SUPREME COURT OF THE U.S.: #79 - ASSOCIATE JUSTICE WILLIAM O. DOUGLAS Showing 1-28 of 28". Goodreads.com. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ Woodward, Bob; Armstrong, Scott (1979). The Brethren. Simon & Schuster. p. 367.
^ "William O. Douglas" (PDF). Niagara Falls Gazette. July 21, 1950. p. 12.
^ "Newspaper Article - 'The marrying Justice'". Newspapers.nl.sg. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ Cloak and Gavel: FBI Wiretaps, Bugs, Informers, and the Supreme Court - Alexander Charns. Books.google.com. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ a b "The Supreme Court: September Song". Time.com. July 29, 1966. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ See This American Life, Transcript.
^ "Arlington National Cemetery - Home". Arlingtoncemetery.org. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ Charles Lane, On Further Review, It's Hard to Bury Douglas's Arlington Claim, Washington Post (Feb. 14, 2003).
^ Charles Lane, On Further Review.
^ "60 Years Ago, Hike by Justice Douglas Saved the C&O Canal". Georgetowner.com. March 20, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ "Associate Justice William O. Douglas - Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
^ "Mountain—The Journey of Justice Douglas - Home". Dramatists Play Service. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Hall, Kermit L., ed. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-19-505835-6; ISBN 978-0-19-505835-2.
"Adam M. Sowards". The Oregon Encyclopedia.
William O. Douglas Collection at the Whitman College and Northwest Archives, Whitman College.
William Orville Douglas at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.


text:
Do Bears Have Tails?
By Stuart / October 15, 2021 November 19, 2021
All species of bears have short, vestigial tails. Bears' tails are small flaps of skin usually between two and eight inches long and are covered with fur like the rest of their body.
Although today's bears have more of a flap of skin than an actual tail, millions of years ago, it's thought that they did. For the scientific world, the length of the bears' tails reduced with time since it was less necessary.
An animal's tail serves different purposes- from being a defensive and balancing mechanism to a communication tool. However, for the bear, it has no life-saving purpose.
So, why do all bears still have a flappy piece of skin? It may not be like that of a dog or a cat, but it's there. This article explores the types of tails of different species of bears and why they're still there.
Do Brown Bears Have Tails?
Do Black Bears Have Tails?
Do Polar Bears Have Tails?
Do Pandas Have Tails?
Average Bear Tail Length by Species
Brown bears have a tail and it's very short compared to their body's length. Generally speaking, an adult brown bear has a tail with a length between 2.4 and 8.7 inches.
Brown bear cubs are born with a tail and while they're young, their tail is more pronounced due to their smaller size. But once the bear is fully grown, the tail becomes less visible.
According to one study published in the Journal of Zoology, brown bears have anal sacs and they use their tail to wipe their secretions onto surfaces, similar to the behavior seen in pandas to spread their scent.
It's believed that bears use scent marking to keep track of each other. This behavior in bears is done for various communication purposes-from showing their dominant status to locating female partners for mating during the breeding season to marking the location of their home tree.
All black bears have vestigial tails, which may be hard to spot when the bear is black. This bear is born with a tail that can grow between 3 and 5 inches.
Similar to the situation with brown bears, black bears are also believed to use their flappy and short tail for scent marking.
Read More: Black Bears vs Grizzly Bears
The tail also protects the bear's sensitive part of the body, which isn't otherwise covered with fur, from the cold and parasite attacks.
But, other than that, tails don't seem to be essential in bears. Carnivores still need their tails for precision, speed, and balance.
For example, raccoons, cheetahs, etc. In dogs, the tail is crucial for balance-it helps them put their weight on the opposite side of its tilt, as well as for climbing different surfaces.
On the other hand, similar to pigs, bears evolved not to need or use their tail regularly. They developed in a different path through their size and strength so the tails ended up reducing in size and their other parts increasing, for example, their huge paws.
This video shows how a black bear behaves when it's scent-marking:
Similar to other bear species, Polar Bears have short vestigial tails between three and five inches long. It's easy to miss because the area is usually covered in long, thick fur.
The polar bear is praised for its swimming skills and it's actually classified as a marine mammal that spends a large part of its life in the water. However, despite this, they don't use their tail for swimming as some other mammals do.
For example, the blue whale whose tail is considered to be the strongest among mammals and used during swimming for propulsion. Unlike these mammals, a polar bear uses its huge paws and muscular legs to swim.
The tail may often go unnoticed due to the thick fur and long hair. In all bear species, the tail has a blood vessel that is protected by fat and fur to keep the polar bear warm and safe from the elements.
Pandas' tail is the second-longest in the bear family, right after that of the sloth bear. It can grow between 4 and 6 inches in length and its color is usually white, but it can also be white and black.
All pandas are born with a tail that is a quarter size of their body. However, when the panda becomes an adult, its tail is only one-tenth of its size.
Though they don't use their tail to express emotions like some animals do (dogs), according to the Cheng du Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, they do use it to smear their scent onto various surfaces.
Moreover, their tail has plenty of glands; one of them is known as the circumanal gland and excretes an acidic odor.
This odor is used by pandas to mark their territories for different purposes, from mating to hierarchy.
The video below shows how giant pandas scent-mark their territory:
Bear Species
Average Tail Length
Sloth Bear 5.9-7 inches
Giant Panda 4-6 inches
Black Bear 3-5 inches
Polar Bear 3-5 inches
Brown Bear 2.4 to 8.7 inches
Spectacled Bear 2.8 inches
Sun Bear 2 inches
All bears have tails, but unlike that of other species, theirs is quite short and not very vital. Since they've evolved in a different path and needed their tails less and less throughout the ages, it became shorter and shorter.
This being said, bears don't benefit much from having a tail and they can probably easily survive without one.
The purpose of this part of the body in bears is to cover their anus which can be a sensitive area prone to parasites and the cold as well as to sometimes wipe their secretions on different surfaces when they're scent-marking.
Of all the bear species, the sloth bear has the longest tail with a range between 5.9 and 7 inches whereas the shortest one is only 2 inches and is that of the sun bear.
Stuart is the editor of Fauna Facts. He edits our writers' work as well as contributing his own content. Stuart is passionate about sustainable farming and animal welfare and has written extensively on cows and geese for the site.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.phonegap.plugins.twilioclient;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;

import org.apache.cordova.CallbackContext;
import org.apache.cordova.CordovaPlugin;
import org.apache.cordova.PluginResult;
import org.apache.cordova.PluginResult.Status;
import org.json.JSONArray;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;

//import android.R;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.app.NotificationManager;
import android.app.PendingIntent;
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.IntentFilter;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.media.AudioManager;
import android.support.v4.app.NotificationCompat;
import android.support.v4.content.LocalBroadcastManager;
import android.util.Log;

import com.twilio.client.Connection;
import com.twilio.client.ConnectionListener;
import com.twilio.client.Device;
import com.twilio.client.DeviceListener;
import com.twilio.client.PresenceEvent;
import com.twilio.client.Twilio;
import com.twilio.client.Twilio.InitListener;

/**
 * Twilio Client Plugin for Cordova/PhoneGap Targeted at version 2.9 for
 * compatibility
 *
 *
 *
 * @see https://github.com/stevegraham/twilio_client_phonegap
 * @author Jeff Linwood, https://github.com/jefflinwood
 *
 */
public class TCPlugin extends CordovaPlugin implements DeviceListener,
		InitListener, ConnectionListener {

	private final static String TAG = "TCPlugin";

	private Device mDevice;
	private Connection mConnection;
	private CallbackContext mInitCallbackContext;
	private JSONArray mInitDeviceSetupArgs;
	private int mCurrentNotificationId = 1;
	private String mCurrentNotificationText;
	private TCPlugin plugin = this;

	private BroadcastReceiver mBroadcastReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
		@Override
		public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
			// mDevice = intent.getParcelableExtra(Device.EXTRA_DEVICE);
			mConnection = intent.getParcelableExtra(Device.EXTRA_CONNECTION);
			mConnection.setConnectionListener(plugin);
			Log.d(TAG, "incoming intent received with connection: "+ mConnection.getState().name());
			String constate = mConnection.getState().name();
			if(constate.equals("PENDING")) {
	 /**
	  * Commentting out Jeff's changes - Suren'
	  	JSONObject object = new JSONObject();
       		try {
                Map<String, String> connParams = mConnection.getParameters();
                 object.put("CallSid", connParams.get("CallSid"));
                 object.put("AccountSid", connParams.get("AccountSid"));
                 object.put("From", connParams.get("From"));
                 object.put("To", connParams.get("To"));
                 object.put("ApiVersion", connParams.get("ApiVersion"));
                 } catch (JSONException e) {
                 mInitCallbackContext.sendPluginResult(new PluginResult(PluginResult.Status.JSON_EXCEPTION));
                 return;
                 }
*/
                 //TCPlugin.this.javascriptCallback("onincoming", object, mInitCallbackContext);

		TCPlugin.this.javascriptCallback("onincoming", mInitCallbackContext);
			}
		}
	};

	/**
	 * Android Cordova Action Router
	 *
	 * Executes the request.
	 *
	 * This method is called from the WebView thread. To do a non-trivial amount
	 * of work, use: cordova.getThreadPool().execute(runnable);
	 *
	 * To run on the UI thread, use:
	 * cordova.getActivity().runOnUiThread(runnable);
	 *
	 * @param action
	 *            The action to execute.
	 * @param args
	 *            The exec() arguments in JSON form.
	 * @param callbackContext
	 *            The callback context used when calling back into JavaScript.
	 * @return Whether the action was valid.
	 */
	@Override
	public boolean execute(final String action, final JSONArray args,
			final CallbackContext callbackContext) throws JSONException {
		if ("deviceSetup".equals(action)) {
			if (Twilio.isInitialized()) {
				deviceSetup(args, callbackContext);
			} else {
				mInitDeviceSetupArgs = args;
				initTwilio(callbackContext);
			}
			return true;

		} else if ("connect".equals(action)) {
			connect(args, callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("disconnectAll".equals(action)) {
			disconnectAll(args, callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("acceptConnection".equals(action)) {
			acceptConnection(args, callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("disconnectConnection".equals(action)) {
			disconnectConnection(args, callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("sendDigits".equals(action)) {
			sendDigits(args, callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("muteConnection".equals(action)) {
			muteConnection(callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("deviceStatus".equals(action)) {
			deviceStatus(callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("connectionStatus".equals(action)) {
			connectionStatus(callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("connectionParameters".equals(action)) {
			connectionParameters(callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("rejectConnection".equals(action)) {
			rejectConnection(args, callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("showNotification".equals(action)) {
			showNotification(args,callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("cancelNotification".equals(action)) {
			cancelNotification(args,callbackContext);
			return true;
		} else if ("setSpeaker".equals(action)) {
			setSpeaker(args,callbackContext);
			return true;
		}

		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Initialize Twilio's client library - this is only necessary on Android,
	 *
	 */
	private void initTwilio(CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		mInitCallbackContext = callbackContext;
		Twilio.initialize(cordova.getActivity().getApplicationContext(), this);
	}

	/**
	 * Set up the Twilio device with a capability token
	 *
	 * @param arguments JSONArray with a Twilio capability token
	 */
	private void deviceSetup(JSONArray arguments,
			CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		if (arguments == null || arguments.length() < 1) {
			callbackContext.sendPluginResult(new PluginResult(
					PluginResult.Status.ERROR));
			return;
		}
        if (arguments.optString(0).equals("")) {
			Log.d("TCPlugin","Releasing device");
			cordova.getThreadPool().execute(new Runnable(){
				public void run() {
					mDevice.release();
				}
			});
			javascriptCallback("onoffline", callbackContext);
			return;
		}
		mDevice = Twilio.createDevice(arguments.optString(0), this);

		Intent intent = new Intent(this.cordova.getActivity(), IncomingConnectionActivity.class);
		PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(this.cordova.getActivity(), 0, intent, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);
		mDevice.setIncomingIntent(pendingIntent);

		LocalBroadcastManager lbm = LocalBroadcastManager.getInstance(cordova.getActivity());
		lbm.registerReceiver(mBroadcastReceiver, new IntentFilter(IncomingConnectionActivity.ACTION_NAME));

        deviceStatusEvent(callbackContext);
	}

	private void deviceStatusEvent(CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		if (mDevice == null) {
			callbackContext.sendPluginResult(new PluginResult(
					PluginResult.Status.ERROR));
			return;
		}
		switch (mDevice.getState()) {
		case OFFLINE:
			javascriptCallback("onoffline", callbackContext);
			break;
		case READY:
			javascriptCallback("onready", callbackContext);
			break;
		default:
			break;
		}
	}

	private void connect(JSONArray arguments, CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		JSONObject options = arguments.optJSONObject(0);
		Map<String, String> map = getMap(options);
		mConnection = mDevice.connect(map, this);
		Log.d(TAG, "Twilio device.connect() called: "
				+ mConnection.getState().name());
	}

	// helper method to get a map of strings from a JSONObject
	public Map<String, String> getMap(JSONObject object) {
		if (object == null) {
			return null;
		}

		Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>();

		@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
		Iterator keys = object.keys();
		while (keys.hasNext()) {
			String key = (String) keys.next();
			map.put(key, object.optString(key));
		}
		return map;
	}

	// helper method to get a JSONObject from a Map of Strings
	public JSONObject getJSONObject(Map<String, String> map) throws JSONException {
		if (map == null) {
			return null;
		}

		JSONObject json = new JSONObject();
		for (String key : map.keySet()) {
			json.putOpt(key, map.get(key));
		}
		return json;
	}

	private void disconnectAll(JSONArray arguments, CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		mDevice.disconnectAll();
		callbackContext.success();
	}

	private void acceptConnection(JSONArray arguments, CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		mConnection.accept();
		callbackContext.success();
	}

	private void rejectConnection(JSONArray arguments, CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		mConnection.reject();
		callbackContext.success();
	}

	private void disconnectConnection(JSONArray arguments, CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		mConnection.disconnect();
		callbackContext.success();
	}

	private void sendDigits(JSONArray arguments,
			CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		if (arguments == null || arguments.length() < 1 || mConnection == null) {
			callbackContext.sendPluginResult(new PluginResult(
					PluginResult.Status.ERROR));
			return;
		}
		mConnection.sendDigits(arguments.optString(0));
	}

	private void muteConnection(CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		if (mConnection == null) {
			callbackContext.sendPluginResult(new PluginResult(
					PluginResult.Status.ERROR));
			return;
		}
		mConnection.setMuted(!mConnection.isMuted());
		callbackContext.success();
	}

	private void deviceStatus(CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		if (mDevice == null) {
			callbackContext.sendPluginResult(new PluginResult(
					PluginResult.Status.ERROR));
			return;
		}
		String state = "";
		switch (mDevice.getState()) {
		case BUSY:
			state = "busy";
			break;
		case OFFLINE:
			state = "offline";
			break;
		case READY:
			state = "ready";
			break;
		default:
			break;
		}

		PluginResult result = new PluginResult(PluginResult.Status.OK,state);
		callbackContext.sendPluginResult(result);
	}

	private void connectionStatus(CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		if (mConnection == null) {
			callbackContext.sendPluginResult(new PluginResult(
					PluginResult.Status.ERROR));
			return;
		}
		String state = "";
		switch (mConnection.getState()) {
		case CONNECTED:
			state = "open";
			break;
		case CONNECTING:
			state = "connecting";
			break;
		case DISCONNECTED:
			state = "closed";
			break;
		case PENDING:
			state = "pending";
			break;
		default:
			break;

		}

		PluginResult result = new PluginResult(PluginResult.Status.OK,state);
		callbackContext.sendPluginResult(result);
	}

	private void connectionParameters(CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		if (mConnection == null) {
			callbackContext.sendPluginResult(new PluginResult(
					PluginResult.Status.ERROR));
			return;
		}

		JSONObject parameters = new JSONObject(mConnection.getParameters());

		PluginResult result = new PluginResult(PluginResult.Status.OK,parameters);
		callbackContext.sendPluginResult(result);
	}

	private void showNotification(JSONArray arguments, CallbackContext context) {
		Context acontext = TCPlugin.this.webView.getContext();
		NotificationManager mNotifyMgr =
		        (NotificationManager) acontext.getSystemService(Activity.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
		mNotifyMgr.cancelAll();
		mCurrentNotificationText = arguments.optString(0);

		PackageManager pm = acontext.getPackageManager();
        Intent notificationIntent = pm.getLaunchIntentForPackage(acontext.getPackageName());
        notificationIntent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP);
        notificationIntent.putExtra("notificationTag", "BVNotification");

	    PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(acontext, 0, notificationIntent, 0);
	    int notification_icon = acontext.getResources().getIdentifier("notification", "drawable", acontext.getPackageName());
		NotificationCompat.Builder mBuilder =
			    new NotificationCompat.Builder(acontext)
				.setSmallIcon(notification_icon)
			    .setContentTitle("Incoming Call")
			    .setContentText(mCurrentNotificationText)
			    .setContentIntent(pendingIntent);
		mNotifyMgr.notify(mCurrentNotificationId, mBuilder.build());

		context.success();
	}

	private void cancelNotification(JSONArray arguments, CallbackContext context) {
		NotificationManager mNotifyMgr =
		        (NotificationManager) TCPlugin.this.webView.getContext().getSystemService(Activity.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
		mNotifyMgr.cancel(mCurrentNotificationId);
		context.success();
	}

	/**
	 * 	Changes sound from earpiece to speaker and back
	 *
	 * 	@param mode	Speaker Mode
	 * */
	public void setSpeaker(JSONArray arguments, final CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		Context context = cordova.getActivity().getApplicationContext();
		AudioManager m_amAudioManager;
        m_amAudioManager = (AudioManager) context.getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE);
        String mode = arguments.optString(0);
        if(mode.equals("on")) {
        	Log.d("TCPlugin", "SPEAKER");
        	m_amAudioManager.setMode(AudioManager.MODE_NORMAL);
        	m_amAudioManager.setSpeakerphoneOn(true);
        }
        else {
        	Log.d("TCPlugin", "EARPIECE");
        	m_amAudioManager.setMode(AudioManager.MODE_IN_CALL);
        	m_amAudioManager.setSpeakerphoneOn(false);
        }
	}

	// DeviceListener methods

	@Override
	public void onPresenceChanged(Device device, PresenceEvent presenceEvent) {

		 JSONObject object = new JSONObject();
		 try {
			 object.put("from", presenceEvent.getName());
			 object.put("available",presenceEvent.isAvailable());
		 } catch (JSONException e) {
			 mInitCallbackContext.sendPluginResult(new
					 PluginResult(PluginResult.Status.JSON_EXCEPTION));
			 return;
		 }
		 javascriptCallback("onpresence", object,mInitCallbackContext);

	}

	@Override
	public void onStartListening(Device device) {
		// What to do here? The JS library doesn't have an event for this.

	}

	@Override
	public void onStopListening(Device device) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		Log.d(TAG, "onStopListening");
	}

	@Override
	public void onStopListening(Device device, int errorCode,
			String errorMessage) {
		// this.javascriptErrorback(errorCode, errorMessage);
		Log.d(TAG, "onStopListeningWithError");
	}

	@Override
	public boolean receivePresenceEvents(Device device) {
		return false;
	}

	// Twilio Init Listener methods
	@Override
	public void onError(Exception ex) {
		Log.e(TAG, "Error Initializing Twilio: " + ex.getMessage(), ex);

	}

	@Override
	public void onInitialized() {
		Log.d(TAG, "Twilio Initialized");
		deviceSetup(mInitDeviceSetupArgs, mInitCallbackContext);
	}

	// Twilio Connection Listener methods
	@Override
	public void onConnected(Connection connection) {
		Log.d(TAG, "onConnected()");
		fireDocumentEvent("onconnect");
		if (connection.isIncoming()) {
			fireDocumentEvent("onaccept");
		}

	}

	@Override
	public void onConnecting(Connection connection) {
		Log.d(TAG, "onConnecting()");
		// What to do here? The JS library doesn't have an event for connection
		// negotiation.

	}

	@Override
	public void onDisconnected(Connection connection) {
		Log.d(TAG, "onDisconnected()");
		fireDocumentEvent("ondevicedisconnect");
		fireDocumentEvent("onconnectiondisconnect");

	}

	@Override
	public void onDisconnected(Connection connection, int errorCode, String errorMessage) {
		// TODO: Pass error back
		Log.d(TAG, "onDisconnected(): " + errorMessage);
		onDisconnected(connection);
	}

	// Plugin-to-Javascript communication methods
	private void javascriptCallback(String event, JSONObject arguments,
			CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		if (callbackContext == null) {
			return;
		}
		JSONObject options = new JSONObject();
		try {
			options.putOpt("callback", event);
			options.putOpt("arguments", arguments);
		} catch (JSONException e) {
			callbackContext.sendPluginResult(new PluginResult(
					PluginResult.Status.JSON_EXCEPTION));
			return;
		}
		PluginResult result = new PluginResult(Status.OK, options);
		result.setKeepCallback(true);
		callbackContext.sendPluginResult(result);

	}

	private void javascriptCallback(String event,
			CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		javascriptCallback(event, null, callbackContext);
	}

	private void javascriptErrorback(int errorCode, String errorMessage, CallbackContext callbackContext) {
		JSONObject object = new JSONObject();
		try {
			object.putOpt("message", errorMessage);
		} catch (JSONException e) {
			callbackContext.sendPluginResult(new PluginResult(
					PluginResult.Status.JSON_EXCEPTION));
			return;
		}
		PluginResult result = new PluginResult(Status.ERROR, object);
		result.setKeepCallback(true);
		callbackContext.sendPluginResult(result);
	}

	private void fireDocumentEvent(String eventName) {
		if (eventName != null) {
			javascriptCallback(eventName,mInitCallbackContext);
		}
	}

	@Override
	public void onDestroy() {
		super.onDestroy();
		//lifecycle events
		LocalBroadcastManager lbm = LocalBroadcastManager.getInstance(cordova
				.getActivity());
		lbm.unregisterReceiver(mBroadcastReceiver);
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Some Stevenson Center Fellows finishing their year on campus in 2018.
The Stevenson Center for Community and Economic Development is executing its new 10-year strategic plan. Implementing the plan will help Illinois State meet the goals of Educate Connect Elevate: Illinois State – The Strategic Plan for Illinois' First Public University 2018-2023.
The year-long planning process incorporated input from students, faculty, staff, host organizations, alumni, and campus partners, as well as Illinois Board of Higher Education program review data and goals. The Stevenson Center is grateful for wide participation in surveys, focus groups, and other discussions.
The center's mission is to promote community and economic development in the United States and abroad. The center cultivates leaders in public service through a unique combination of interdisciplinary coursework, research, professional practice, and community collaboration.
Each year, the Stevenson Center is taking steps to meet four key goals: cultivate leaders to positively impact communities, foster partnerships to meet mutual goals, promote scholarship of community and economic development, and secure commensurate resources.
In the spirit of its namesake, Adlai E. Stevenson II, Illinois State University's Stevenson Center sets the pace for service and understanding, locally and globally. Beginning in 1994 as the first Peace Corps Fellows program in community and economic development, the Stevenson Center continues to administer an interdisciplinary graduate sequence in applied community and economic development. For each program offered through the Stevenson Center, master's degrees are available in anthropology, applied economics, kinesiology and recreation, political science, and sociology. The center welcomes returned Peace Corps volunteers, AmeriCorps alums, and others with service experience. Additionally, the Center provides direct service to communities and administers the Peace Corps Prep program for undergraduate students.


After another successful year of Performing arts at SES, students have continued to be in the spotlight over the summer break.
Performing with the National Youth Music Theatre in Prodigy at the St James Theatre, London, is ex-pupil Rachael Cawte. The show follows five finalists competing to be Britain's best new classical music star, and runs until 15th August. Tickets can be found here.
2015 Leaver, Fraser Norton, is currently on a successful tour with his band 'The Tin Pigeons'. The indie-folk band have had long-standing local support, with all members made up of Stamford School alumni, and they have now set their sights further afield with dates in Camden, Norfolk and South-West London. Find out more and listen to their music here.
Current student Duncan Westbrook and Old Boy Tom Johnson have been part of the summer season at Tolthorpe, taking on the roles of Paris and Benvolio respectively in the Stamford Shakespeare company's production of Romeo and Juliet.
The schools are also represented at the 2015 Edinburgh Fringe Festival with ex-SHS student Olivia Jones performing in Neil Bartlett's adaptation of Oliver Twist, as part of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts.


text:
'use strict';

module.exports = require('./img/forward_white.png');


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Saint Laurent's blouse is printed with the label's delicate 'Ditsy Floral' motif. Expertly cut from silk-chiffon, it's finished with metallic stripes and has elasticated cuffs that help to define the loose silhouette. Wear yours with a mini skirt and sandals.


This document describes how to install the Brahmaputra release of OPNFV when using Fuel as a deployment tool, covering it's usage, limitations, dependencies and required system resources.
This document provides guidelines on how to install and configure the Brahmaputra release of OPNFV when using Fuel as a deployment tool, including required software and hardware configurations.
Although the available installation options give a high degree of freedom in how the system is set-up, including architecture, services and features, etc., said permutations may not provide an OPNFV compliant reference architecture. This instruction provides a step-by-step guide that results in an OPNFV Brahmaputra compliant deployment.
The audience of this document is assumed to have good knowledge in networking and Unix/Linux administration.
Before starting the installation of the Brahmaputra release of OPNFV, using Fuel as a deployment tool, some planning must be done.
Monitoring options you want to deploy (Ceilometer, Syslog, erc.).
This information will be needed for the configuration procedures provided in this document.
Note: These can be allocated to a single NIC - or spread out over multiple NICs as your hardware supports.
For information on compatible hardware types available for use, please see Reference: 11.
CPU – Consider the number of virtual machines that you plan to deploy in your cloud environment and the CPU per virtual machine.
Memory – Depends on the amount of RAM assigned per virtual machine and the controller node.
Storage – Depends on the local drive space per virtual machine, remote volumes that can be attached to a virtual machine, and object storage.
Networking – Depends on the Choose Network Topology, the network bandwidth per virtual machine, and network storage.
The switching infrastructure provides connectivity for the OPNFV infrastructure operations, tenant networks (East/West) and provider connectivity (North/South); it also provides needed connectivity for the Storage Area Network (SAN). To avoid traffic congestion, it is strongly suggested that three physically separated networks are used, that is: 1 physical network for administration and control, one physical network for tenant private and public networks, and one physical network for SAN. The switching connectivity can (but does not need to) be fully redundant, in such case it comprises a redundant 10GE switch pair for each of the three physically separated networks.
The physical TOR switches are not automatically configured from the Fuel OPNFV reference platform. All the networks involved in the OPNFV infrastructure as well as the provider networks and the private tenant VLANs needs to be manually configured.
This section describes the installation of the OPNFV installation server (Fuel master) as well as the deployment of the full OPNFV reference platform stack across a server cluster.
Mount the Brahmaputra Fuel ISO file/media as a boot device to the jump host server.
Reboot the jump host to establish the Fuel server.
The system now boots from the ISO image.
Wait until screen Fuel setup is shown (Note: This can take up to 30 minutes).
In the "Network Setup" section - Configure DHCP/Static IP information for your FUEL node - For example, ETH0 is 10.20.0.2/24 for FUEL booting and ETH1 is DHCP in your corporate/lab network (see figure below).
Configure eth1 or other network interfaces here as well (if you have them present on your FUEL server).
Select Quit Setup and press Save and Quit.
Installation starts, wait until the login screen is shown.
After the Fuel Master node has rebooted from the above steps and is at the login prompt, you should boot the Node Servers (Your Compute/Control/Storage blades (nested or real) with a PXE booting scheme so that the FUEL Master can pick them up for control.
For every controller and compute server: enable PXE Booting as the first boot device in the BIOS boot order menu and hard disk as the second boot device in the same menu.
Reboot all the control and compute blades.
Wait for the availability of nodes showing up in the Fuel GUI.
Wait until all nodes are displayed in top right corner of the Fuel GUI: Total nodes and Unallocated nodes (see figure below).
Select wanted plugins/features from the /opt/opnfv/ directory.
Create and name a new OpenStack environment, to be installed.
Select "additional services" you wish to install.
Open the environment you previously created.
Open the networks tab and select the "default Node Networks group to" on the left pane (see figure below).
Update the Management network configuration.
Select the "Neutron L3 Node Networks group" on the left pane.
Update the Floating Network configuration.
Update the Internal Network configuration.
Update the Guest OS DNS servers.
Select the "Other Node Networks group" on the left pane(see figure below).
Update the Public network assignment.
Update Host OS DNS Servers.
Update Host OS NTP Servers.
Click on the "Nodes" Tab in the FUEL WEB UI (see figure below).
Assign roles (see figure below).
Check <Controller>, <Telemetry - MongoDB> and optionally an SDN Controller role (OpenDaylight controller/ONOS) in the Assign Roles Section.
Check the <Controller> and <Storage - Ceph OSD> roles.
Check the <Compute> and <Storage - Ceph OSD> roles.
Configure interfaces (see figure below).
The following steps can be executed if you are in an environment with no connection to the Internet. The Fuel server delivers a local repo that can be used for installation / deployment of openstack.
In the Fuel UI of your Environment, click the Settings Tab and select General from the left pane.
Some target nodes may require additional configuration after they are PXE booted (bootstrapped); the most frequent changes are in defaults for ethernet devices' "Offloading Modes" settings (e.g. some targets' ethernet drivers may strip VLAN traffic by default).
NOTE: Check Reference 15 for an updated and comprehensive list of known issues and/or limitations, including "Offloading Modes" not being applied during "Verify Networks" step.
Setting custom "Offloading Modes" in Fuel GUI will only apply those settings during provisiong and not during "Verify Networks", so if your targets need this change, you have to apply "Offloading Modes" settings by hand to bootstrapped nodes.
E.g.: Our driver has "rx-vlan-filter" default "on" (expected "off") on the Openstack interface(s) "eth1", preventing VLAN traffic from passing during "Verify Networks".
Repeat the step above for all affected nodes/interfaces in the POD.
It is important that the Verify Networks action is performed as it will verify that communicate works for the networks you have setup, as well as check that packages needed for a successful deployment can be fetched.
In the Fuel GUI, click on the "Dashboard" Tab.
Wait for your deployment to complete, you can view the "Dashboard" Tab to see the progress and status of your deployment.


The Albanian Embassy in London is the official representative body of the Albanian Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Details about the Embassy of Albania in London, other Albanian embassies globally, Albanian visa information, visa forms, tourist information, weather condition, maps, Albanian public holidays plus much more travel information are available here.
TrevelGuideChannel.com presents top tourist attractions in Albania, shopping and nightlife and what to do and see while you are in lovely Albania.
About Us We are here to provide general information about the Albanian embassy in the United Kingdom and has no affiliation with the Albanian embassy or the Albanian visa section in London. To find out more click on About Us or Disclaimer Statement.
Consular Assistance - The Albanian consulate can provide consular services to Albanian citizens. This service includes, offer help in the scenario of an accident, severe illness of death, and arrange for next of kin to be informed, assist during crisis situations for example civil disorder and natural catastrophes in addition to witness and certify signatures and supply various other notarial and legal services, for which charges are payable.
Albanian Passport - Albanian citizens may also receive the Albanian passport application form and procedures in order to make an application for Albanian passport or travel documents by getting in touch with the Albanian Embassy in London.
Albanian Visa - The Albanian Embassies and Consular Offices are the only Accredited Albanian Government Agencies, who are sanctioned to grant Albanian visas overseas. To prevent any pitfalls that could come up when getting on flights or at Albanian ports of entry due to possible miscommunication, visitors are highly advised to apply with the Albanian Embassy and Consular Offices in United Kingdom to obtain Albanian visas prior to travelling.
Economical Affairs - The embassy in London handles the entire selection of bilateral and multilateral commercial matters in addition to ecological, science and technology issues.


text:
Leto steht für:

 Leto (Mythologie), in der griechischen Mythologie die Tochter des Titanen Koios
 (68) Leto, Hauptgürtel-Asteroid
 Leto (Film), russischer Musikfilm (2018)
 Leto (Wurzelbohrer), eine Schmetterlingsgattung
 Leto (Rapper), französischer Rapper

Leto ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Antonino Leto (1844–1913), italienischer Maler
 Giulio Pomponio Leto (1428–1498), italienischer Humanist, siehe Julius Pomponius Laetus
 Jared Leto (* 1971), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler und Sänger
 Marco Leto (1931–2016), italienischer Regisseur
 Sebastián Leto (* 1986), argentinischer Fußballspieler
 Shannon Leto (* 1970), US-amerikanischer Fotograf und Schlagzeuger

LETO steht als Abkürzung für:
 Flughafen Madrid-Torrejón in Spanien (ICAO-Code)

Siehe auch:
 Ledo
 Lehto
 Letov
 Letow
 Lettow

Abkürzung

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