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The warped beam structure (WBS) and the analysis of mechanical model
Case study and verification of onsite observation
Intelligent optimization for support pressure zone algorithm based on fuzzy neural network damage identification
Jianyang Yu1, 2Email author and
Yuanhui Li1
Published: 7 June 2018
To predict the scope of support pressure zone in coal mining, this paper focuses on analysis over the features of stress transformation in front of the working face. Based on the fuzzy neural network (FNN) damage identification of the warped beam structure (WBS), a mechanical analysis model was optimized, from which a quantifying formula for calculating the scope of the support pressure zone (SPZ) in front of the mechanized working face during the periodic weighting stage was derived. The algorithm of fuzzy neural network optimization for transfer coefficient of elastic damage (TCOED) offers a method and basis to predict the stress state in front of the working face. The research results have guiding significance to computer intelligence monitoring for coal mines.
Fuzzy neural network (FNN)
Warped beam structure (WBS)
Support pressure zone (SPZ)
Transfer coefficient of elastic damage (TCOED)
Fully mechanized mining of coal mines can cause massive movement and stress redistribution in the overlying strata with significant changes in the stresses of the coal wall which offers supporting pressure in front of the working face. The redistribution of support pressure has contributed to the formation of a dynamic support pressure zone (SPZ), which is the main zone of stress concentration in the process of coal mine exploitation. When the zone's stress is less than the coal mass's compressive strength, the coal wall will present an elasticity of downward compression. When the zone's stress exceeds the coal mass's compressive strength, the coal wall will present plasticity, exposing the zone to mining disasters including massive sinking of the roof, rock burst, or coal and gas outburst [1, 2]. The disasters usually occur together with periodicity during the periodic weighting. Therefore, study on the support pressure's distribution and influence sphere algorithm under dynamic mining is the key of computer intelligence monitoring and safe production.
The stress distribution has been studied by multiple researchers with varied methods. Many researchers have made contributions to analyzing the support pressure distribution and degree of stress concentration ahead of an advancing coal face in theory. Song et al. established the "transfer rock theory" that takes overlying strata as the sports center. And the rule of support pressure distribution was obtained on the basis of onsite real data [3]. Qian et al. have proposed a key strata theory on the basis of "voussoir beam theory". It holds that the key strata act as the carrier and framework in the strata's movement [4]. Additionally, the finite element method was adopted for the analysis of the features and stress distributions of stope structure. Similar material simulation and numerical simulation are widely used to analyze stresses of the mining face and explain the formation of the support pressure by many researchers. In the studies conducted by Alehossein and Poulsen [5], three kinds of mechanical models for supporting zones and roof caving zones are proposed through analysis of caving features and condition. UDEC is used to analyze stress distribution of the mining face front under full-mechanized caving mining condition, range of plastic zone, and distribution of surrounding rock movement under the mining influences. In the studies of Pu and Miao [6], RFPA is introduced to simulate the collapse process of the overlying strata. The overlying strata's caving features and the dynamic distribution rules of the surrounding rock's support pressure are obtained [6]. The distribution rules of the support pressure of fully mechanized caving faces are obtained from the process.
In the above researches, the support pressure's distribution and features of the mining face front are analyzed through roadway deformation observation, supportload measurement, laboratory simulation, numerical simulation, and simplified calculation of elasticity. However, dynamic algorithm for accurate scope of the SPZ based on structural damage identification has rarely been studied. In this paper, theoretical model deduction is optimized for the scope calculation, with numerical simulation as a tool to obtain calculation parameters of the fuzzy neural network (FNN) damage identification. The quantifying method is proved to be simple and precise. The parameters can be directly obtained through onsite measurement. During the periodic weighting, dynamic forecast for the scope of SPZ can be realized with this method. The following geological conditions should be satisfied if the method is going to be used: the dip angles of the coal layer and the overlaying strata are small ones; the roof within the studied zone has been well preserved without any major structure damage.
2 The warped beam structure (WBS) and the analysis of mechanical model
2.1 Definition of the WBS
During the mining process, multiple bearing structures are formed between the overlying strata and the surrounding rocks due to influences of the key layer. As the mining continues, the stress state of the coal-and-rock mass in front of the mining face is changed and a new stress zone is formed. This stress state is mainly influenced by the bearing structure with the main roof as the pressure-bearing layer [7–9]. When the main roof remains unbroken (or stay in structural balance), according to the medium transfer theory, the stress will be partially transferred through the main roof's elastic deformation within certain zones of the mining face front. As a result, a WBS (as shown in Fig. 1) is formed between the main roof of the aforementioned zone and the SPZ in front of the mining face [10]. The balanced state during the mining can be divided into two categories: before the main roof's first weighting and during the periodic weighting phase. This paper mainly focuses on the latter.
Schematic diagram of WBS
2.2 The analysis of the stress zone's formation mechanism under the influence of the WBS
2.2.1 Warped stress zone's formation mechanism
As the mining process continues, the original balance of mechanical structure is broken and a new mechanical balance system and load-carrying system are formed. All pressures from the sinking rock layer will be carried by the main roof at the upper goaf. The aforementioned pressure together with the main roof's weight is called as the active load in the WBS balance system [11, 12]. Different from the one in mechanical equilibrium state, the main roof will not be rotated due to the restriction from the rock layers in front of the mining face. Because the main roof's rigidity is bigger than the adjacent overlying strata, the main roof will squeeze the overlying rock with the warping effect. The stress in zones above the main roof will increase accordingly due to the reaction forces that the main roof within the WBS produces to keep a balance with the restrictions. As a result, an abscission layer is formed between the immediate roof and the main roof. The zone caused by the warping effect is called warped stress zone (WSZ) (as shown in Fig. 2).
Schematic diagram of the formation mechanism of the WSZ
2.2.2 The analysis of the formation mechanism of the SPZ
SPZ is formed through the pressure of the WBS carried by the coal wall. It carries the weight of the overlying strata at the upper goaf and the pressure from the balanced WBS under the warping effect. The support pressure is then exponentially increased by the impacts on the SPZ from the aforementioned pressures and the weight of the overlying strata [13–15].
2.3 Calculation of the stress zone's division in front of the mining face
The stress zone in front of the mining face presents periodicity along with periodic weighting. The range of the WSZ and the SPZ can be identified through the mechanical analysis of the WBS and quantified according to the physical and mechanical characteristics of the WBS, the stope, and the surrounding rock.
2.3.1 Calculation of the WSZ
After the main roof's initial caving, the pressure in the front of the mining face can be released. As the mining continues, the main roof's exposed area increases and the WSZ moves forward. Roof separation appears between the main roof and the immediate roof. As the stress grows, a pre-splitting zone appears at the rising main roof. Then, the main roof's integrity is broken. Meanwhile, transfer coefficient of elastic damage (TCOED) and the warping stress decrease. When the main roof caves, the TCOED reaches the lowest with the roof separation closed. The warping stress of the main roof experiences a from-weak-to-strong and from-strong-to-weak periodic process as the mining continues [16–18]. The scope of WSZ formula can be obtained through the balance theory of the WBS:
$$ {L}_q=\sqrt{\frac{D_x{L}_k}{M_c{r}_c}{\int}_0^{L_k}{\sum}_{i=1}^n{m}_i{r}_i{d}_x} $$
where L q represents the range of the WSZ, n represents the number of overlying strata beams at the upper stope, m c is the thickness of the main roof, r c represents the unit weight of the main roof, D x represents the main roof's TCOED, L k represents the span of the main roof at the upper stope, and m i and r i represent the thickness and the unit weight of the overlying strata respectively.
2.3.2 Calculation of the SPZ
According to the definition of the WBS, the SPZ holds three categories of pressures: the first is the pressure from the balanced WBS under the warping effect; the second is the overlying strata's weight at the SPZ; and the third is the partial weight of the overlying strata at the upper stope (as shown in Fig. 3). As the pressure in the SPZ increases, the coal wall near the stope enters plastic supporting stage with the main roof's pressure to the both ends reaches the ductility summit and the bearing-pressure peak moves towards the mining face's front. The SPZ is then divided into elastic supporting zone and plastic supporting zone (as shown in Fig. 4). As the support pressure's loads increase, the range of the SPZ at the mining face's front is quantified based on the changing features of the loads at the SPZ and the physico-mechanical properties of the coal wall at the SPZ [19].
Schematic diagram of the formation mechanism of the SPZ
Force diagram of elastic supporting zone and plastic supporting zone
The changing loads of the SPZ:
$$ {F}_b=\varepsilon {D}_x\left({F}_c+{F}_q\right)-{F}_j $$
where F b represents the changing loads of the SPZ, F c represents the SPZ's pressure from the upper stope, F q represents the SPZ's restriction pressure from the WBS at the mining face's front, F j represents the Hydraulic support's work resistance force, and ε represents the correction coefficient of the overlying strata;
$$ {F}_c={L}_k\left({\sum}_{i=1}^n{m}_i{r}_i+{m}_c{r}_c\right) $$
where n represents the number of overlying strata beams at the upper stope, F c represents the SPZ's pressure from the upper stope, m c represents the main roof's thickness, r c represents the main roof's unit weight, L k represents the span of the main roof at the upper stope, and m i and r i represent the thickness and unit weight of the main roof's overlying strata respectively.
$$ {F}_q=\frac{F_c{L}_k}{L_q} $$
where F c represents the SPZ's pressure from the upper stope, F q represents the SPZ's restriction pressure from the WBS at the mining face's front, L k represents the span of the main roof at the upper stope, and L q represents the range of the WSZ.
When the coal wall which supports the pressure at the mining face's front is in elastic supporting zone (as shown in Fig. 5), the changing loads and range of the support pressure can be reflected in the following integral formula [20]: (the changing force and range of the SPZ can be reflected in the following content)
$$ {\int}_0^{L_c}\frac{W_c\left({L}_c-x\right)E}{L_c{m}_c}{d}_x={F}_b,{W}_c<\frac{P}{E}{m}_c $$
The stress distribution of the elastic supporting zone
Then, it can be derived:
$$ {L}_c=\frac{2{F}_b{m}_c}{W_cE},{W}_c<\frac{P}{E}{m}_c $$
where L c represents the range of the SPZ, w c represents the coal wall's maximum compressibility, E represents the coal sample's elasticity modulus, P represents the coal sample's uniaxial compressive strength, X represents the advancing distance of the mining face, and F b represents the changing loads of the SPZ.
As the mining face advances, the coal wall's pressure increases. The range of the SPZ at the mining face's front can be divided into elastic supporting zone and plastic supporting zone:
$$ {F}_x={L}_s{q}_s,{W}_c>\frac{P}{E}{m}_c $$
$$ {\int}_0^{L_t}\frac{W_t\left({L}_t-x\right)E}{L_t{m}_c}{d}_x={F}_b-{F}_x,{W}_c>\frac{P}{E}{m}_c $$
$$ {L}_t=\frac{2\left({F}_b-{F}_x\right){m}_c}{W_tE},{W}_c>\frac{P}{E}{m}_c $$
$$ {L}_c={L}_t+{L}_s $$
where F x represents the overall pressure that the plastic supporting zone holds, L s represents the range of the plastic supporting zone, q s represents the average supporting force of the plastic supporting zone, w c represents the coal wall's maximum compressibility in the SPZ, w t represents the maximum compressibility of the coal wall's elastic supporting, E represents the coal sample's elasticity modulus, P represents the coal sample's uniaxial compressive strength, ε represents the correction coefficient of the overlying strata, and L t represents the range of the plastic supporting zone.
It can be concluded that:
$$ {L}_c=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{2\left[\varepsilon {D}_x{L}_k\left({\sum}_{i=1}^n{m}_i{r}_i+{m}_c{r}_c\right)\left(1+\frac{L_k}{L_q}\right)-{F}_j\right]{m}_c}{W_cE},{w}_c<\frac{P}{E}{m}_c\\ {}\frac{2\left[\varepsilon {D}_x{L}_k\left({\sum}_{n=1}^n{m}_i{r}_i+{m}_c{r}_c\right)\left(1+\frac{L_k}{L_q}\right)-{F}_j-{L}_s{q}_s\right]{m}_c}{W_tE}+{L}_s,{w}_c>\frac{P}{E}{m}_c\end{array}\right. $$
2.4 Identification of structural damage based on neural network
2.4.1 T-S-type fuzzy neural network inference system
Roof damage identification belongs to the single output fuzzy system of n input; the fuzzy system of T-S model mainly includes the following three parts [21]:
NN mf is mainly used to determine membership function and give the applicability of each rule to the discrepancy;
R neural network NNR in this picture corresponds to R rules;
The part of weighted summation; the output of the fuzzy system is decided by the following equation (as shown in Fig. 6).
T-S-type fuzzy neural network inference system
2.4.2 Improved T-S-type fuzzy neural network
The improved neural network is used to determine the extent of the damage transmission to the roof. The improved T-S-type fuzzy neural network includes five layers, namely, the input layer and output layer and three hidden layers. They respectively correspond to various parts of the fuzzy reasoning system [22].
The first layer is the input layer, in which each node is directly connected to the each component x of the input vector. The layer passes the input node x = [x1,x2, .. …x n ] T to the next layer. X is the input after the scale transformation, and the number of nodes in the layer N1 = n (as shown in Fig. 7).
Improved T-S-type fuzzy neural network
The second layer is fuzzified layer. Each node in it represents a linguistic variable value, such as NS and PB. It can calculate the membership function \( {u}_i^j \) that input component x i that belongs to each linguistic variable fuzzy set; the membership function is expressed by Gaussian function:
$$ {u}_i^j={e}^{-\frac{{\left({x}_i-{c}_{ij}\right)}^2}{\sigma_{ij}^2}}\;i=1,2,\dots \dots, n;j=1,2,\dots \dots, m $$
where n denotes the dimension of the input and m i denotes the fuzzy partition number; the number of nodes in the layer \( {N}_2=\sum \limits_{i=1}^n{m}_i \).
In the third layer of fuzzy rules, each node represents one piece of fuzzy rule, is used to match fuzzy rules and calculate the applicability of each rule:
$$ {a}_j=\min \left\{{u_1}^{i_1},{u_2}^{i2},\dots \dots, {u_n}^{i_n},\right\} $$
\( {i}_i\in \left\{1,2,\dots, m\right\},j=1,2,\dots m,m=\prod \limits_{i=1}^n{m}_i \), and the number of the layer N3 = m.
The fourth layer is the normalized calculation:
$$ \overline{a_j}={a}_j/\sum \limits_{i=1}^m{a}_i,j=1,2,\dots m $$
The layer has the same number of nodes as the third layer N3 = m. The fifth layer is the output layer, which can implement perspicuity calculation:
$$ y=\sum \limits_{i=1}^m{w}_j\overline{a_j}\;j=1,2,\dots m, $$
where w j is equivalent to the center value of first j language, the membership function of y.
2.4.3 Neural network fitting elastic damage transfer coefficient fitting analysis
A large number of experiments show that there is certain nonlinear inverse relationship between material bearing pressure ability and damage degree. And coal mine roof is the structure bearing overburden pressure. Due to the damage, conduction ability in the structure decreases with the decrease of damage degree. It is difficult to describe process through simple phenomenon relation. The damage degree of roof is recognized using the fused fuzzy neural network by fuzzy neural network and fuzzy theory, and the pressure indicator that passes to the front and back of the working surface due to deformation is assumed [23].
The TCOED is an indicator which can be used to measure the roof's capacity to transfer the pressure from the pressure of overlying strata at the upper stope after the main roof's integrity is broken. Obviously, the value is 1 when the main roof is intact, which means that the main roof has no transfer pressure loss. When the main roof is totally damaged, the value is 0, which means the roof is broken and cannot transfer pressures from the upper stope (as shown in Fig. 8).
Four fracture phases and TCOED curve of the main roof
The progress of the main roof's damage is shown in the changes of the transfer coefficient's value from 1 to 0, which can be expressed in the following formula Based on the fuzzy neural network (FNN) damage identification:
$$ {D}_{(x)}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1,0\le x\le {L}_i\\ {}1-{\left(\frac{x-{L}_i}{L_b-{L}_i}\right)}^2,{L}_i<x\le {L}_b\\ {}0,x={L}_b\end{array}\right. $$
where L i represents the main roof's span when it starts to break, L b represents the main roof's periodic caving span, X represents the mining face's advancing distance, and D x means the main roof's TCOED;
3 Case study and verification of onsite observation
3.1 Geological conditions of the case
In this paper, the theoretical calculation is conducted in the SW4102 mining face of the Xiaonan mine, which belongs to Tiefa Coal Mining Group. The SW4102 mining face is located at the northwest second level of the south-wing mining zone. The mining face measures − 398~− 426 m in elevation, 1053 m in strike length, 220 m in face length, and 212,410 m2 in zone. The overall structure of mining face is uniclinal. Its trend is N190°~N204°. Its tendency is N280°~N294°.The coal layer's dip angle is 4°~8° (6° in average). The mining face is in14# coal seam with average thickness of 2.9~ 4.36 m (3 m in average). The coal seam's roof consists of false roof, immediate roof, and main roof. The false roof is made of mudstone with thickness of 0.04 m~0.70 m (0.29 m in average). The immediate is made of medium sandstone with average thickness of 1.5 m. The main roof is made of coarse sandstone and siltstone with average thickness of 10 m. The span of the mining face's periodic weighting is 29 m (as shown in Fig. 9).
Schematic diagram of drilling columnar
3.2 Obtaining parameters using FLAC model-building
According to the formula of the TCOED, the main roof's span is L i when it starts to break. The values of TCOED under varied mining distances can be obtained through advancing distances and span of periodic weighting. In this paper, the finite difference numerical simulation software Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) is used to calculate the main roof's damage. The model is built based on the real condition of the SW4102 mining face. Physical and mechanical parameters of the coal rock measured by Lab are shown in Table 1. The Mohr-Coulomb model is adopted to reflect constitutive relations of wall rock [24, 25]. In the model, the thickness is 3 m in the coal layer and 1.5 m in the immediate roof. The main roof is made of coarse sandstone and siltstone with average thickness of 10 m and tensile strength of 2.89 MPa. The overall thickness of the overlying strata is 386 m. In order to conduct observation to the main roof damages, the overlying strata's pressure is simulated with equivalent pressure.
Physical mechanical parameter statistics tables of coal rock
Rock strata
Density ρ (kg/m3)
Modulus of elasticity E (GPa)
Poisson's ratio ν
Cohesion C (Mpa)
Friction angle Φ (°)
Coarse sandstone
Siltstone
Medium sandstone
Fine sandstone
The zones to be studied in the model are numbered. Equivalent pressures are applied to the upper parts of the model. The changes of tensile stress in each numbered zone are shown in Fig. 10. As the mining continues, the stress in each zone begins to change. As can be seen in Fig. 11, the tensile stresses 1–3, 22–24, 28–34, and 38–45 increase. When the mining face advances to 12 m, the tensile stress of "point 1" reaches 2.5 MPa. When the mining face advances to 16 m, the tensile stress of "point 1" reaches 3.6 MPa, which exceeds the 2.89 limitation of tensile strength. Meanwhile, the tensile stress of "point 2" and "point 24" also exceed the limitation of tensile strength and increase as the mining continues.
The numerical simulation model
Tensile stress monitoring points from the first point to the 48th point. a The first point to the12th point. b The 13th point to the 24th point. c The 25th point to the 36th point. d The 37th point to the 48th point
According to the above data and Fig. 12, the main roof starts to break when the mining process advances to 13 m; therefore, the value of TCOED can be calculated as D x . Subsequently, the range of SPZ (L c ) and range of WSZ (L q ) can be calculated according to the working parameters and formulas mentioned in the previous section. The calculation results and parameters are shown in Table 2 (obtained by lab tests).
a–c Schematic diagram of the main roof's damage
Theoretical calculation results table of stress influence zone
Actual measurement parameters and computed results
L k
W c
F j ,q
1.2 × 106
D (x)
L q
3.3 Verification of onsite observation and comparative analysis of the data
3.3.1 Verification method
Due to warping effects of the WBS, the roof separation of varied degree appears. Then, the range of WSZ at the front of the mining face can be obtained. Since the supporting pressure can cause the coal wall at the front of the mining face to be compressed and sink, the range of the SPZ can be identified according to the range of the compressed coal wall. Based on measurement needs, an observation station for the roof separation is set in the conveyor gateway as shown in Fig. 13. According to actual conditions of the roof, each observation station is set with two observation roof bolts. One is fixed to the main roof through the immediate roof and the other one fixed to the immediate roof with a certain observation distance of over 170 mm between the ends and the immediate. The observation data are recorded on daily basis. The deformation of the roof separation and the roadside's compression are also monitored. After the first weighting, the 1# observation point is deployed at the location 9 m to the caving roof's edge. The rest of the observation points are set with a distance of 8 m (Fig. 14).
Observation station based on field schematic diagram
Observation station location plan
The theoretical calculation for the stress zone in front of the mining face is conducted according to the real parameters applied to theoretical formulas. The theoretical results are compared with the real data from onsite measurement. The displacement of surface rock is used to assist the observation of periodic weighting. The range of SPZ and WSZ can be verified with the compressed coal wall range and observation data of the roof separation under the shaft. In the following part, the theoretical results of the range of SPZ and WSZ are analyzed comparatively with the real results.
3.3.2 The analysis for the range of the WSZ
Results of comparative analysis between the real observation results and theoretical calculations are shown in Fig. 15. When the mining face advances to 4 m, the theoretical calculation result for the range of WSZ is 6.7 m, and the 1# observation station is located 5 m in front of the face, which is in consistent with the theoretical results. When the mining face advances to 8,12,16,20, and 24 m, the theoretical calculation for the range of WSZ are 9.4,11.5,12.9,13.1 and 11.5 m respectively with roof separation being observed. When the mining face advances to 28 m, the theoretical calculation for the range of WSZ is 2.9 m with the 4# observation station at the position 5 m in the front of the mining face. There is no roof separation observed. It can be concluded that the real observation results and the theoretical calculations are consistent with each other. According to the observation station of N20 for displacement of surface rock, the earth surface sinks in a severe level. The roof collapse as the mining face continues to advance.
Contrast of warped stress influence scope between actual measurement and theoretical calculation
According to the developing rules of the range of the WSZ, during the periodic weighting, as the mining face advances, the theoretical calculations of the range of the WSZ should undergo an increase-stable-decrease process. However, the real observation results turn out to be an increase-decrease slightly-increase-decrease towards the original point process. The main reason for this difference is the limited observatory location. Despite the slight differences between the theoretical calculations and real observation results, the overall developing trends are consistent.
3.3.3 Analysis for the range of the SPZ
The results from comparative analysis between the real observation results and theoretical calculations are shown in Fig. 16. When the mining face advances to 4 m, the theoretical calculation for the range of SPZ is 1.1 m with the 1# observation at the location 1 m from the mining face; this means that the real observation results and the theoretical calculations are consistent with each other. When the mining face advances to 8, 12, and 28 m, the theoretical calculation for the range of SPZ are 2.1, 3.7, and 1.5 m respectively. When the mining face advances to 16, 20, and 24 m, the theoretical results are consistent with the onsite observation results. The roof begins to collapse after the mining face advances to 28 m.
Contrast of support pressure influence scope between actual measurement and theoretical calculation
The ranges of WSZ and the developing trend of the supporting range share some common grounds. Both have undergone an increase-decrease process. There are also differences: the range of the WSZ goes through an increase-remain stable-sharp decrease process, while the range of SPZ experiences an increase-decrease process with a stable period. Since the theoretical calculations and onsite measurement results for the range of SPZ are consistent with each other, it can be concluded that the theoretical calculation method is reasonable and can offer precise calculation during the periodic weighting phase.
4.1 Discussion of the TCOED
4.1.1 The changing law of the TCOED
Figure 17 displays the variation tendency of the TCOED. The location where the face main roof was originally damaged was obtained through the numerical simulation monitoring of the FLAC. Then, the span of the damage and the corresponding value of the TCOED were calculated using the formula (12). It can be noticed that the TCOED was initially at a stable stage and the value decreases monotonically at an increasing rate as the mining activity advances. When the working face proceeds from 4 to 12 m, no damage is found at the main roof and the TCOED remains unchanged. When the working face proceeds to 16 m, main roof are found partially damaged and its bearing capacity starts to decline. When the working face proceeds to 28 m, the damages to the main roof worsen and its bearing capacity is found in sharp decline. The declining speed also increases until the ceiling is totally damaged and losses all bearing capacity. The average gradient is − 0.01385 and − 0.09695 respectively when the working face progress is 12–16 m and 20–28 m. The damaging speed can be reflected in the difference of average gradient where the later damaging speed is seven times faster than the initial speed.
Variation curve of the TCOED
4.1.2 Comparative analysis of the TCOED and calculation results
Figure 18 displays the corresponding relation between the TCOED and the range of WSZ. When the working face expands from 4 to 12 m, the TCOED remains at a stable level of 1 and the average gradient of the curve for the warped stress range is 0.6. The range of WSZ also increases at a stable growing speed. When the working face expands from 12 to 16 m, the TCOED drops to 0.9446. The range of WSZ increases, though it is still at a lowering speed in comparison with the former stage. When the working face advances to 20 m, the TCOED continues to drop to 0.9446. The average gradient of the curve for the warped stress range is 0.05. The range of WSZ increases at a much lower rate in comparison with the previous stage, and it finally reaches its peak level of 13.1 m. When the working face reaches 24 m, the TCOED continues to decline to 0.502. The average gradient of the curve for the warped stress range starts to become a negative value of − 0.4. The range of WSZ also begins to drop. When the working face reaches 28 m, the TCOED drops dramatically to 0.1142. The range of WSZ also encounters a sharp decline until the main roof breaks. According to the above data analysis, it can be concluded that the TCOED has influence and control effect on the range of WSZ. To conclude, the range of WSZ has experienced four changing stages: a sharp increase stage where the TCOED is 1, a growing stage at a slow pace where the TCOED stands at a range of 0.779 to 1, a slow dropping stage where the TCOED falls within a range of 0.779 to 0.502, and a sharp declining stage, where the TCOED is between 0.502 to 0.1142.
Reciprocal diagram of TCOED and range of WSZ
Figure 19 displays the corresponding relations between the TCOED and the range of SPZ. When the working face progresses from 4 to 20 m; the TCOED drops from 1 to 0.779. In comparison with the range of WSZ, instead of shifting from a sharp increase to a slow increase, the range of SPZ experiences a sharp growth to its peak level of 6.61 m. When the working face reaches 24 m, the TCOED declines from 0.779 to 0.502. The range of SPZ shrinks at a slow pace to 6.1 m. When the working face advances to 28 m and the TCOED drops to 0.1142, the range of SPZ faces a sudden drop to 2.9 m. According to the above data analysis, it can be concluded that the TCOED has certain impact on the range of SPZ. In comparison with the range of WSZ, the range of SPZ experiences three stages: a sharp increasing stage where the TCOED stands at a range of 1 to 0.779, a slow decreasing stage where the TCOED falls within a range of 0.779 to 0.502, and a sharp declining stage where the TCOED ranges from 0.502 to 0.1142. In the above two cases, both peak values appear when the TCOED is 0.779 and the roof is about 30% damaged. It can be concluded that by monitoring the roof's damaging level, it can be predicted whether the range of stress zone reaches its peak value, which offers references to the reinforcement of the conveyor gateway and the return-air gateway.
Reciprocal diagram of TCOED and range of SPZ
4.2 Discussion of the calculation results
4.2.1 Discussion on the changing law of the SPZ and WSZ
In Fig. 20, it can be seen that the SPZ shares the same changing tendency with the WSZ. To begin with, the range of SPZ is far smaller than the WSZ. When the working face progresses to 4 m, the range of WSZ is 6.5 times larger than the range of SPZ. As the working face advances, the difference between the range of SPZ and the range of WSZ continues to narrow until the working face reaches the location where the peak values appear and the WSZ is two times larger than the range of SPZ. In the following progress of the working face, the ratio of WSZ to the SPZ remains at a stable level of 2. This phenomenon can be explained by the growing tendency of the warped stress. Growth speed of the WSZ changes from fast to slow, while the SPZ increases at a growing rate. The peak values appear where the working face reaches 20 m. In the following declining process, the WSZ and the SPZ share the same pace and maintain a stable ratio. According to the above relations, it can be concluded that the range of WSZ can be used to predict the range of SPZ and to offer reference parameters for the defining of the range of SPZ.
Contrasting histogram of SPZ and the WSZ
4.2.2 The fitting and error analysis for the observed data and the theoretical calculation results
Figures 13 and 14 show the comparison of the measured results of the WSZ and the SPZ. It can be concluded that errors exist between the theoretical calculation results and the measured data. In particular, in the case of the WSZ, obvious errors appear between the theoretical calculations and the measured results. It can be explained through the following aspects. First, the location of the observation station may cause errors. When Fig. 7 shows the working face progress to 16 m, it can be seen from the layout plan in the Fig. 9 that the layout observation station that the observation station should be placed in the working face's conveyor gateway as required by the real situation. Therefore, it can be inferred that the range of WSZ obtained from the layer observation is not fully reliable. When the working face progresses to 16 m, the theoretical calculation result is 12.9 m. In this case, the third observation station is 9 m in front of the working face and the fourth observation station is 17 m in front of the working face. It can be found that obvious errors exist between the real location and the calculated location. However, bed-separation phenomenon is found at the third observation station and its real location is 3.9 m from the calculated location, which may cause the errors. In the whole WSZ, the observation errors are highly related to the layout of the observation station. Secondly, due to the fact that the theoretical calculations need some parameters, the parameters have to be obtained through onsite observation, which is also a factor contributing to the errors between the theoretical calculations and the observed data. Thirdly, errors may also exist in the process of obtaining the TCOED. As a key parameter, the TCOED is obtained through FLAC numerical simulation. However, the model of numerical simulation has been simplified which is different from the main roof in real geological conditions, particularly in terms of the changes of the roof thickness, the minor fracture development, and the roof's physical characteristics. These factors may cause errors in obtaining the TCOED, which finally contribute to the errors between the theoretical calculations and the measured data.
The mechanics analysis of the warp beam structure shows that the mining influenced stress zone in front of the mining face can be divided into the SPZ and the WSZ. By establishing the mechanical model of WBS, the quantitative formulas of the pressure zone and the warping zone range are given.
With the algorithm of fuzzy neural network optimization for transfer coefficient of elastic damage (TCOED), a dynamic simulation monitoring is conducted for the stress states of varied locations of the SW4102 working face's main roof. The value of TCOED is calculated. From the data analysis of the TCOED, it can be found that as the working face advances, the main roof's damage degree is escalating with the later damaging speed seven times faster than the earlier damaging speed and the main roof's role as a transmission medium is also weakened. Besides, the scope of stress zone in front of the working face is related to the roof's damage degree. When the roof is 30% damaged, the scope of WSZ and SPZ reaches their peak values.
According to the theoretical calculations, as the working face advances, the scope of the WSZ experiences a successive process from a sharp increase, a slow increase, and a slow decline to a sharp decline during the periodic weighting stage. Due to the controlling influences on the TCOED during the whole process, the scope of the SPZ experiences a successive process from a sharp increase to a slow decline to a sharp decline. As the working face advances, the ratio of the scope of the WSZ to the SPZ stabilizes at 2. During the periodic weighting stage, the scope of the SPZ in front of the working face has remained smaller than the scope of the WSZ.
According to the observation data from the abscission layer, the method proposed in this paper can enable a relatively precise calculation for the scope of the WSZ and the SPZ in front of the working face during the periodic weighting stage. It provides foundation for the risk-area forecasts and the study of stress states in front of the working face.
FNN:
Fuzzy neural network
SPZ:
Support pressure zone
TCOED:
Transfer coefficient of elastic damage
WBS:
Warped beam structure
WSZ:
Warped stress zone
This work was supported by the Liaoning Provincial Research Program (Study on formation mechanism and governance technology of coal mining subsidence area). The authors are grateful to TieFa coal industry group Liaoning Provincial Institute of Mineral Exploration for their great support.
The first author, Yu Jianyang, Master of Engineering, is a geological engineer. He graduated from the Liaoning Technical University in 2014. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in the Northeastern University. His research interests include fuzzy neural network and rock mechanics.
The second author, Li Yuanhui, Doctor of Engineering, is a professor. He graduated from the Northeastern University in 2005 and worked in the Northeastern University. His research interests include fuzzy neural network and deep mining.
This work was supported by the State Key Research Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC0801605) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51674061).
YJY carried out the support pressure zone algorithm studies, participated in the mathematical modeling, and drafted the manuscript. YHL conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
Liaoning Provincial Institute of Mineral Exploration, Shenyang, 110000, China
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Recent Challenges & Avenues in Wireless Communication through Advance co...


Note: this is ONLY for the Boston portion of the Trek. If you are interested in the San Francisco portion, please register at the other link. You are allowed to attend both, but if so you must register and pay the deposit for both.
Please note that a $50 deposit is required to confirm your spot - you will receive this deposit back in full if you attend the required Friday events. Please sign up no later than Jan 11th.
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The MIT Food & Agriculture club will be touring a group of companies in the Boston area, including Indigo Ag, Bayer's LifeHub, and Freight Farm's Onsite facility. We will also be providing a series of optional activities related to Food & Ag, to provide learning opportunities.
Please email/Slack the Food & Ag leadership team if you have any questions about signing up!
Indigo Ag develops microbial and digital technologies that improve grower profitability, environmental sustainability, and consumer health. They are Charleston, MA based with a second headquarters in Memphis.
Bayer is a multinational life sciences company. Their LifeHub in Boston brings together local experts to explore challenges in health and nutrition.
Freight Farms manufactures the Leafy Green Machine, the world's first hydroponic shipping container farm.


We are delighted to welcome the Romsey Ukulele Group to The Pageant this year - formed back in 2015 by a New Zealander who just wanted a strum with some friends. Today RUG boasts a membership of over 150 people. RUG meets on a weekly basis at The Comrades Club and performs for a variety of audiences throughout the year raising thousands of pounds for local Romsey charities. The Group is open to any age, any ability, in fact we'll even teach you how to play. We pride ourselves on being the friendliest group in the South!


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Birthdays are casual parties and this means lots of fun. You may, therefore, play with your own clips during such configurations. You are able to combine patterned and solid balloons. You are able to bring in a joyous feeling to the celebration by simply attaching the balloons to seats and the tables that you have in the celebration area. To finish the fun sense of this celebration, especially in a child's party, you are able to hire giant slipping balloons in animation characters. The marketplace has so many choices and you'll discover precisely what's ideal for the sort of party you're throwing.
The most significant part a celebration is your gifting part. Whether it's a wedding party or a birthday celebration or another type of celebration, you'll discover a need to present the host. The more specific a present is that the more remarkable it's very likely to be. Helium balloons will make incredible gifts. They're not what people consider, but they are able to make cheap, but applicable gifts during these parties. This is only because you can customize them with them printed together with messages that are loving or even thoughtful opinions to the person you're giving them. It is also possible to purchase them in colors you're sure the receiver will adore and decorate them along with different accessories like ribbons to create a full gift. An intriguing twist is to blow them using a little gift inside and have the receiver pop to reach the present.
Based on the occasion you've got at hand, it is possible to figure out ways to create your own helium balloons stick out. The massive variety they arrive in makes it possible for each and every individual to select in connection with their party requirements. You'll come across the balloons readily from shops which manage party supplies. Together with other celebration decorations, you are able to collect an impressive series.
Flowers make excellent gifts to convey deep feelings. Flowers may also be utilized to express empathy. Contemplating perishable fresh cut blossoms are, it's been a struggle for many folks to send the flowers to loved ones that are miles apart.
But, online chances of sending and ordering the gorgeous blossoms have removed this particular challenge. Employing online flower services, now you can send them refreshing and lovely. You merely must produce your purchase and provide the details of the receiver of these flowers to be sent as requested. But when using the convenient online support to ship your flowers, you will find things that you have to do in order to enjoy a blossom sending experience that's pleasant.
If you'd like to deliver the most appropriate flowers, then you want to use an internet shop that gives you variety. Rare flowers can make quite good gifts depending upon the event or cause of sending http://allonlineflowers.com/. When you take some opportunity to compare what the shops have to offer, then you are going to have the ability to pick out a trusted store with all the specific flowers you want to create an enduring impression on the receiver.
Whereas it's extremely feasible to ship a couple of roses, you could have a need to assemble a large bouquet of flowers. Discover whether the shop you're using permits you to earn flower selections for your bouquet. If you would like to send different presents such as cakes along with the blossoms, found out too how possible this will be. One more thing that's extremely important to think about is the payment choices and how secure and safe they cause you to feel. To ensure the blossoms are obtained in time, find out what about the shipping services and the length of time it will take so you can purchase the flowers in a great time and have them delivered punctually.
Before you start searching for a fantastic online flower store, it's necessary that you start by being aware of what your receiver prefers. Flowers might be beautiful and usually okay, however, there are individuals who may not put that much significance to them. On the other hand, forests appear to have universal approval and worth, but your receiver may enjoy other flower types longer. The more you understand about your receiver the easier it'll be to pick a fantastic online flower sending shop and the easier it'll be to place a fantastic bouquet together. Same thought ought to be made for another present accompanying the blossoms for the best outcomes.
Weight reduction surgery has been demonstrated to be effective for a big bulk of the patients that have it. To qualify as a candidate for bariatric surgery, it is vital to maintaining 100+ pounds over the suggested healthy weight for someone's body type. Some insurance carriers, including Medicare, will cover lap band surgery, many individuals will need to pay out of pocket.
Skipping meals does not do the body any weight reduction.
You achieve the best weight loss results when you understand everything that works best for you. If you like morning, try setting your alarm a little sooner and exercising. Night owls should exercise by night.If you do not like going to the gym, trying to wake up for the workout may be a recipe for failure.
In the event that you cut down on the amount of food that you eat and drink at least half a gallon of water a day for a week, you start to eliminate water weight. This red tea detox review is not fat loss, but it can be a good incentive to begin dropping those pounds once and for all. You are able to consult with a dietician about the finest whole grain options or you research them yourself. Do not buy products that happen to have refined or improved.
Eating fewer calories than you often burn is the secret to losing weight. Eat fiber-rich foods right in fiber to help you up. Drinking a great deal of water will also help keep you from being hungry.
Cook your large meals on a weekend and then freeze it in smaller parts. Using a freezer full of healthful foods that could easily be reheated can help you steer clear of selecting unhealthy choices. Bulk cooking save you a great deal of money since you end up buying everything in bulk then utilizing all of it up. This keeps them from rotting in your produce drawer.
It's always best if you don't use the think of your app as a diet program.
These drinks are loaded with carbohydrates and sugars and will increase your cravings.
Request your meals served with no meal is served. When there is bread on the table, then you'll likely eat them and add extra calories and fat that you don't need to your daily diet.
A great way to get rid of saturated fat is to decrease the quantity of red meat. Rather than making meat the principal part of your dish, then add a tiny amount into a meal filled with veggies. It is also possible to lower the portion size of the meat balls in your own dishes.
Do not stop your weight loss goals. Do not permit this stop you.
Concentrate on the good things when trying to eliminate weight. Repeat these positive affirmations regularly and before you know it they will get natural and your weight reduction plan is going to be a habit.
A high-salt diet frequently leads to fluid retention, particularly in the extremities. This can ruin your diet because you the appearance of weight gain. It might also cause cravings for other foods that are salty. Salt may be hidden in healthful foods like soups.
Prevent food that's high in fat content and limit the number of sugary drinks you consume. It's also wise to limit the number of sodas from your diet.
Do not give in to your desires. It can be quite difficult not to give in to your cravings. You may discover that cleaning your teeth to curb hunger. You may try cleaning gross objects and observing violent fils to suppress your appetite.
Obese kids often started out as overweight kids. No parent wants this to happen to their child to be obese as an adult. Teach a child how to read labels to make them interested in nutrition. You might even want to allow them to donate to meal-planning. Your kids will be thankful if they become adults.
One-fifth of weight-loss patients face serious complications which require an additional procedure to fix. There is the risk of developing gallstones due to the rapid weight reduction. Additionally, there are patients who end up with severe nutrient deficiencies. Maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in exercise are crucial elements of a healthy, post-operative way of life.
Dealing with your teeth is something that is essential so as to have extraordinary dental wellbeing just as great by and large wellbeing. A critical piece of dealing with your teeth is routinely visiting the dental specialist. The dental practitioner does not just deal with issues in the mouth, for example, depressions, however, the individual in question additionally causes you to evade issues by observing their potential right off the bat and giving you the vital strides to keep away from them. Since dental practitioners assume such an imperative job in your oral wellbeing picking a dental specialist is vital. Perhaps you have worked with a similar dental specialist for your entire life however you move and need to pick another one. Perhaps you are not happy with your present dental specialist so you need to change. Whatever the case, it is critical that you realize how to pick a decent dental specialist.
The principal activity while picking a dental practitioner is to discover the names of the considerable number of dental specialists in the region. This may not be simply in your city. On the off chance that you live in a territory with many individuals and every one of the urban communities is near one another, you may look into dental specialists in a wide range of urban areas. You will need to look into dental specialists whose workplaces are in a sensible separation of your home. Possibly you think a sensible separation if fifteen minutes and perhaps you think a sensible separation is forty-five minutes Dr. Lior Tamir. Whatever separate you are alright with, look into every one of the dental practitioners inside that territory.
The following thing you will need to do is explore these dental specialists. Where did they go to class? What amount of instruction do they have? Did they go to a school that puts out solid dental specialists or did they go to a school in the boonies that you have never known about? See if they are family dental specialists, pediatric dental specialists or dental specialists who want to work just with grown-up teeth. Discover to what extent they have been doing business. To put it plainly, inquire about things about them that will enable you to decide if you would confide in them as a dental specialist.
Like a piece of your exploration, you will need to comprehend what other individuals need to state about the dental specialists in the region. Who do individuals like and who do dislike? Ask your neighbors and companions which dental specialist they use and which they are most alright with. Ask them for what reason they feel the manner in which they do and have the assessments that they have. Perhaps there is something that they don't care for about a specific dental practitioner that does not make you awkward. Perhaps there is something that they cherish about a specific dental practitioner that does not speak to you. Discover what other individuals need to state.
At long last, you will need to meet the dental specialists on the off chance that you can. Timetable a one-time arrangement with the goal that you can meet them and see what they resemble in their workplace. You can have the chance to watch them with other individuals and perceive how they function. One dental specialist might be an extremely decent person yet perhaps you simply don't care for the manner in which he fills in as a dental practitioner. Another dental practitioner may appear somewhat abrupt however perhaps he is extremely delicate with your teeth. You will need to meet the distinctive dental practitioners in light of the fact that at last, it is imperative that you run with the dental practitioner that you are mostly OK with or that your kids (on the off chance that you are searching for a pediatric dental practitioner) are mostly OK with. The most ideal approach to discover your identity most alright with is by meeting them.


Nebula is getting more visibilty worldwide, confirming its outstanding taste and flavour rejuvinating the round cherry tomato segmentation. Partner selection and engagement for quality is critical to develop market loyalty and create value.
The variety delivers strong aroma and sweet taste perception due to high amino and organic acid levels combined with a specific sugar profile comprising elevated fructose/glucose ratio (+30% vs premium market standard). It has the perfect sweet/sour and juice/pulp balance; Consumers compare Nebula to a berry fruit rather than a vegetable!
The plant has a consistent growth and fruit setting throughout ecologies and seasons. Nebula's innovation within the Tomato category will invigorate both the premium market and traditional loose segmentation.


Nah, it's too late for me up here. The last shot I had was yesterday morning under somewhat clear skies.
Although I did hear from a friend of mine tonight who was observing and photographing it from the top of the CNN building in Los Angeles.
Figures, I've seen literally dozens of comets, most of them faint fuzzballs, and I miss the brightest comet in decades.
But people should watch the SOHO site the next few days, as the comet swings around the sun.
We linked the wrong file for a few minutes. Unsubscribe and then resubscribe to Astronomy Cast and you'll get the correct file.
I thought I would say thanks for the alert episode not that I could have missed the comet but I at least knew what I was looking at thanks to the alert. There had been scant news coverage here until after the fact.
I am an airline pilot in Australia and was flying from Brisbane to Sydney last night just on dusk. At 40,000ft the view of McNaught was spectacular for almost the entire flight.
Ever since it came within viewing range, it's been cloudy here.
New Jersey has been fog and clouds. uhg! :cry: I heard about the comet in a blurb on the weather channel, and I would have been able to see it had it not been for the fact that I have no clear shot at the western horizon. Too many mountains and trees.
I saw it January 8 before it got a lot of press. Then I've had trees in the way, clouds sticking to the horizon, or just bad weather. Then it went south. I haven't managed to see it during the day. Oh well.
As it heads further away from the Sun and is visible for longer during late twilight in the Southern skys, it's putting on a real show at the moment - even in city areas. It's reached the point where even the average Joe (or Jane) won't need directions for finding it apart from head outside when it's starting to get dark and look around the horizon till you see something that will make you say "What the....!"
Can't wait to see what the next week brings.
You might want to check out some places like the Aussie based In in Space forums for more comments and some stunning images.
How much longer will this comet be visible? I haven't been able to see it yet because it's been cloudy and rainy for the last week and the weather is expected to be the same next week!
Is there any possibility of still seeing the comet? I've been looking but everytime I remember its cloudy. When/where should I look to find it?
Everyone keeps saying its awesome in the southern hemisphere, but hardly anyone has mentioned if it is still visible up here.


Filmmaker Arthur Jafa has had a distinguished career with credits ranging from his work as a cinematographer for Stanley Kubrick's "Eyes Wide Shut" (1999) to the director of photography on Solange Knowles's video "Don't Touch My Hair" (2016), which also was part of a collaboration with fellow Howard University film alumnus Alan Ferguson on videos for Knowles' 2016 album "A Seat At The Table." Jafa may be best known as the cinematographer of the groundbreaking "Daughters of the Dust" (1991). A collaboration with director Julie Dash, the film is now celebrating its 25th anniversary.
His 2014 film "Dreams Are Colder Than Death" premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival and the New York Film Festival and won the award for Best Feature Documentary at the Black Star Film Festival. Jafa's latest work set of experimental video art including "Love Is The Message, The Message Is Death" has been featured at the Hammer Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles and Gavin Brown's Enterprise in New York. Along with another Howard University filmmaker Malik Sayeed, and Elissa Blount-Moorehead, Jafa leads the independent film studio TNEG.
The director, Sundance award-winning cinematographer, video artist and cultural critic was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and he lives and works in Los Angeles.
Keith L. Alexander, D.C. crime and courts reporter for The Washington Post. In 2015, he was part of the team of Post journalists who spent a year examining fatal police shootings across the nation. The unprecedented investigation won numerous international awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for best national reporting.
Alexander also has worked as a financial writer, covering such events as the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. He contributed to the Post's yearlong series "Being A Black Man," which was nominated for the 2006 Pulitzer Prize. He was also part of the Pulitzer Prize-winning team for the Post's coverage of the Virginia Tech mass shootings. Alexander also has worked for USA Today, Business Week magazine and The Dayton Daily News in Ohio. He graduated from Howard University's School of Communication in 1991 with a degree in journalism.
Paul Robeson (1898-1976) was an African-American artist who, at the peak of his career, attained worldwide celebrity achieved by few. Despite his considerable fame as a singer and star of the stage and screen, Robeson's greatest achievement was to selflessly serve as a champion of the battle for human rights on a global scale. He was both praised and damned for his outspoken activism and dedication to social justice.


text:
The New Bazaar
Trust me, I'm an economist
Ben Ho's latest book is called Why Trust Matters: An Economist's Guide to the Ties that Bind.
His chat with Cardiff is about exactly that: How the concept of trust applies to all kinds of different economic interactions that we experience throughout our lives. And the research that helps us understand why trust so often breaks down, and potentially how to build it back up.
For example, how do you write a contract between two people or two companies that enhances trust rather than erodes it. When do prenuptial agreements enhance trust, and when don't they? What about religion and its role in fostering the kind of trust that matters for the economy?
Why is gossip actually good for trust? When can we trust our economic policymakers? What affect does social media and tools to monitor online reputations have on our trust in each other?
All this and much more on today's episode.
Links from the episode:
Ben Ho's website (https://bit.ly/3thfViO)
Cardiff and Aimee are on Twitter at @CardiffGarcia and @AimeePKeane
Send us an email! You can write to us at hello@bazaaraudio.com
Artificial intelligence and the economy of the future
Joining Cardiff for this episode is Avi Goldfarb, Rotman Chair In Artificial Intelligence and Healthcare At The Rotman School Of Management, University Of Toronto, and the co-author (with his fellow economists Ajay Agrawal and Joshua Gans) of an excellent new book, "Power and Prediction: The Disruptive Economics of Artificial Intelligence".In their chat, Avi and Cardiff discuss:Why AI is best understood as a "prediction technology"Examples of AI already in useWhich parts of the economy could be transformed by AI, and howHistorical analogies to previous eras of widespread technological disruptionHow AI will change the way people and companies make decisionsWhy this change will shift institutions away from blunt rules and towards individual discretionIn the labor market, who will gain and who will lose from the adoption of AIWhat the use of AI might teach us about what it means to be humanAnd all throughout the chat, they look at the fundamental question of whether artificial intelligence is about to make the economy—and the world—a whole lot weirder. And if so, just how far along that path to weirdness are we already?Related links: "Prediction and Power", by Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb"The impact of AI on the future of workforces", The White House CEA and the European Commission"Before the Flood", by Sam Hammond"The golden age of AI-generated art is here", by Tom Faber"Historical analogies for large language models", by Dynomight Internet Website
160 years of the racial wealth gap
This is a special, between-the-seasons episode of the New Bazaar.Right now, the white-to-black wealth ratio in the United States is roughly 6 to 1. Which means that when you add up all the wealth that someone can own—their cash, the value of their house, their investments in the stock market, and so on—the average White American has six times the wealth of the average Black American. That figure alone should be disturbing enough. But making it even worse is that this wealth ratio of 6 to 1 is about the same as it was back in the 1950s, seven decades ago. Some of the reasons for this long-term persistence of a big racial wealth gap are probably familiar to anyone who knows even just a little about American history. Not just the history of slavery, but also what came next: Jim Crow and segregation, the numerous racist laws and policies that were passed, and the history of racial violence—all of which made it impossible for Black Americans to accumulate as much wealth, and to get the same return on their wealth, as White Americans. Maybe less understood is another cause. If you consider the immediate aftermath of emancipation and the Civil War as a starting point, Black Americans simply began with much less wealth from which to build more wealth—and that initial difference has continued to have a big lingering effect even a century and a half later. These are just some of the conclusions in a new working paper from today's guest, Ellora Derenoncourt, and from her co-authors Chi Hyun Kim, Moritz Kuhn, Moritz Schularick. Ellora is an economist at Princeton University, where she is also founder of the Program for Research on Inequality. On this episode of New Bazaar, Cardiff speaks with Ellora about this fascinating paper and about some of her other related work. Related links: Wealth of Two Nations: The U.S. Racial Wealth Gap, 1860-2020Can You Move to Opportunity? Evidence from the Great MigrationMinimum wages and racial inequality
What do we think?
This is the 50th (!) episode of The New Bazaar, and the Season 1 Finale. Cardiff and Aimee are planning to launch Season 2 later in the fall, and even before then will be airing a few surprise bonus episodes in September and October. Cardiff shares a bit more about future plans at the end of today's episode. The final Season 1 guest is Stefanie Stantcheva. Stefanie is an economist at Harvard, where she also leads the Social Economics Lab, which uses large and carefully designed online surveys to better understand what the public thinks about a range of economic policies and topics. On this episode, Stefanie shares some of the lab's most recent work on what people think about four specific issues: 1) open trade between countries, 2) inequality, and where people rank by income within their country or economic sector, 3) racial economic disparities, and 4) climate change. Stefanie also tells us how people are divided on some of these issues, for example by partisanship or by class; how they form their views; what they get right and wrong, and why; and how occasionally some people even change their minds when presented with new information. An illuminating, fun, and hopeful chat. Related links:Social Economics Lab homepage Stefanie Stantcheva homepage
Copyright Bazaar Audio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hospital Information System (HIS) or Hospital Management Information System (HMIS) or Hospital Management System is covered in DVNAPMS. It is making hospital management system activities paperless. It integrates the entire activities like Out Patient Department (OPD), In Patient Department (IPD) Pharmacy Management, Canteen Management, Payroll Management, Advance Cash Management, Expenses Management, Claim Management, Leave Management and patient history of a hospital into one integrated software application.
Administrator role has admin rights to manage the application's user roles as well as application. It is a highest level permission to manage application. Those users who is containing administrator role can make application setup configuration, New user creation, Pay role management, Visitor Management, Doctor Management, Reporting, Billing, Pharmacy Management, Canteen Management, Pathalogy Management and Security Management etc.
The DVNAPMS provides several management tools such as Electronic Medical Record (EMR), Electronic Health Record (HER) which is more helpful of an audit trail of doctor encounters with patients. An EMR is a digital version of a paper chart. It contains the medical and treatment history of the patients in one practice. EMR is a modern way of a hospital treating the patients. It helps of DICOM imaging. This means all essential information is residing in the system, which can be gladly retrieved to help in making a timely decision.


.checked doesnt work with getElementsByClassName/ whats the type of getElementsByClassName?
How can I parse Web API JSON response?
Can I prevent image filenames from changing when dropzone.js uploads them from iOS?
Any Idea how to implement that?
Hello I am working on an angular/typescript application, I have read about the promises but it is not clear to me please of your help.
have function getUserById() return user information, and getAttributeByUserId(), so i need fill form from two functions but the variables on getAttribute are undefinied, here is my code.
i need call getAttributeByUserId inside getUserById and get the data.
I cannot send the Authorization header via a GET request from my angular front to my node back, that are on the same VPS.
We notice that the Authorization header is missing.
Which of course causes an error because the Authorization header is missing from the angular front request.
The "sending token" text is called on button press, and the "hi" is the returned text from the MAIN process. It should only be returning "hi" once. What could be causing this?
I'm trying to get some elements (checkboxes) based on their class names. However, I have 2 issues.
I don't seem to get the right type when declaring my variable getElementsByClassName because it keeps showing me an error.
The .checked property doesn't exist when using getElementsByClassName. Is there any other way to check if the check boxed have been checked?
I started testing boxCar by changing it to className but then .checked doesn't work.
Any help will be very much appreciated! Thank you in advance!
Also! in this file each separated class has no title (In other files for each class a title is available).
System.IO.FileLoadException: 'Could not load file or assembly "System.ValueTuple, Version=0.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=cc7b13ffcd2ddd51" or one of its dependencies. The definition of the assembly manifest found does not match the reference to the assembly.
This was straightforward and it works.
When I drag a file from Windows 7 and drop it into the dropzone, the filename does not change.
My php is weak, but I can't see anything there that recognises iOS as a source and changes the filename, so maybe this change arises in iOS, and there's nothing I can do about it.
At first I thought the name change was to avoid name clashes in the upload directory, but when I found that running this in Windows retains the original name, that cannot be right.
Is there any way of keeping the original filename from iOS?
Edit/ I have found that the amended name in iOS apears to come from the browser. Chrome, Firefox and Brave all produce these long, changed filenames, but Puffin passes the original name through - exactly the result I want.
I have been trying to understand dropzone.js and it has provision for file.name and file.upload.filename which suggests that one is the original and one is amended. file.upload.filename occurs in only one line of code (plus a comment) and if I replace that with file.name it turns out to make no difference.
So now I'm looking for information on why most browsers change the filename and if it can be suppressed.
Or if any one knows a better way to get the files stored in the dropzone.js Thnaks!
In the standard implementation of DropzoneJs, formData contains both the file contents and a bunch of metadata. This makes it difficult to parse reliably at the server. This can also cause memory issues.
Ideally, formData would only contain the document data. All metadata would be contained in the headers.