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What is a public limited company?
Written by Johnathan Korchak
Published in Company formation on November 26, 2016
0 comments | Tags: incorporation, business types, plc
Around 95% of companies in the UK are private limited companies. The public limited company (or plc) is more rare and tightly regulated, but often seen as more prestigious.
Like a private company limited by shares, a plc is owned by its shareholders (or single shareholder) and run by its directors, each benefiting from limited liability. While many of the features are exactly the same as the private equivalent, in this article we look at what makes a public limited company unique and the specific requirements it must meet. Elsewhere, we look at the advantages and disadvantages of a plc compared to a private limited company.
A public limited company is the only type of business in the UK which can, if it chooses, offer its shares to the public to raise funds for commercial use. However, many public companies do not offer their shares in this way and are effectively privately owned, sometimes by another plc. In these cases, it may be the extra prestige apparently conferred by plc status or other reasons that made public limited company status desirable.
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Mostly, however, the driving reason behind the choice to be a public limited company is the ability to raise funds from the public and for shares to be freely traded. To trade in this way, the shares will typically be admitted to a regulated market and listed, for example on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) or Alternative Investment Market (AIM). To be admitted, each regulated market will have its own specific requirements that must first be met.
Most people associate the public limited company model with large, well-known businesses like BT Group plc, J Sainsbury plc or Prudential plc.
But there are just as many smaller plcs which you won't have heard of, like Ears plc (who according to their website "sell, hire, service, repair and install Two-way radio and Tracking systems") or Distgen Hinto LGC PLC (who generate electricity from a wind turbine). There are even dormant public limited companies, like Charles Church Village Heritage plc and Avocet Fuel Systems plc.
Neither are all large companies set up as a public limited company. Iceland Food Ltd (the frozen food chain), J.C. Bamford Excavators Limited (better known by the trading name 'JCB') and Wilko Retail Ltd. (behind the Wilkinsons high street brand) are all private limited companies rather than plcs.
Many public limited companies are not formed as such but instead converted from existing private limited companies via a special resolution, often when they grow to the point where public investment is necessary or desirable to further drive the business forward. Distgen Hinto LGC PLC, mentioned above, was converted to a public limited company in June 2015.
It's also possible to convert a public limited company to a private limited company, where public status is no longer wanted.
In addition to the standard requirements for all companies, a public limited company is requred to meet a number of specific conditions on incorporation (and generally beyond).
The name of a public limited company must end with either the words 'public limited company' or 'plc'. Public limited companies registered in Wales can choose one of these or the Welsh equivalents, 'cwmni cyfyngedig cyhoeddus' or 'ccc'. Only a few public limited companies formed under specific legislation, typically nationalised bodies, are exempt from using one of these at the end of their name.
In its memorandum of association, there must be a statement that the company is to be a public company.
At least two directors
A public limited company must be formed with at least two directors, at least one of whom must be an individual rather than a corporate director. In a private limited company, by contrast, only a single director is normally required.
As in other types of company, a director of a public limited company must be at least 16 years of age and not be disqualified from acting as a director. There's no maximum limit on the number of directors of a public limited company.
Even though it's being registered as a public limited company, initial shares (and, indeed, later share issues) won't necessarily be offered to be public. A significant number of unlisted plcs remain privately owned.
Public limited companies must be formed with a minimum amount of share capital. In line with the Companies Act 2006, it must allot shares with a combined nominal value of at least £50,000 (or the prescribed equivalent in Euros). Each allotted share must have at least a quarter of its nominal value paid up, along with the whole of any share premium.
The founders of ABC plc choose to allot the minimum nominal value of shares. Although they decide to allot 50,000 shares of £1.00 to meet this requirement, they could instead have allotted 500 shares of £100, 1,000,000 share of £0.05 or any other combination. They choose to issue with shares without any share premium.
Each of the £1.00 shares must be at least 25% paid up on issue, so at least £0.25 must be paid on every share by the shareholders to whom they are allotted. If it wants, the company could insist that more (but not less) than this is paid on issue.
XYZ plc is formed with 100,000 shares of £1.00 each. Again, at least 25% of the nominal value of each share – in this case, £0.25 – must be paid on issue.
In this case, the company chooses to issue the shares at a premium of £0.50, meaning that a total of £1.50 will ultimately be payable for each share. The whole of the premium must be payable when the shares are issued, so at least £0.75 (£0.25 nominal plus £0.50 premium) must be paid on each.
Again, the company could choose to go further and demand that more than this amount is paid. In a lot of cases, the company would only issue the shares if both the nominal value and share premium are fully paid.
Where the shares are issued partly paid, the balance of the nominal value may later by called by the company directors or, if the company becomes insolvent, by the liquidators.
Usually, because a public company is expected to maintain a solid capital base, shares must be issued for cash. Where allotment for non-cash consideration is permitted, that consideration must be subject to independent valuation before the shares are allotted.
A private company is not restricted in these ways. Unless there are restrictions in the company's articles of association and providing the correct procedures are followed, a private company can issue shares without requiring that any immediate payment be made for them. They are also much freer to issue shares for non-cash consideration.
Because of the more detailed legal and corporate governance environment in which a public limited company operates, every PLC must appoint a suitably qualified company secretary. The company secretary of a plc (or each joint secretary) must be a person who the directors consider has the necessary ability and knowledge to perform the role and must meet at least one of the following 5 conditions:
Have held the office of secretary or assistant or deputy company secretary on 22 December 1980;
For at least three of the five years before their appointment, have held the office of secretary of a non-private company;
Be a barrister, advocate or solicitor called or admitted in any part of the United Kingdom, or
By virtue of his or her previous experience or membership of another body, appear to the directors to be capable of discharging the functions of company secretary; or
Be a member of one or more of the following bodies:
The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW),
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS),
The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland (ICAI),
The Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators (ICSA),
The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA),
The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), or
The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPA).
If one of the directors meets the necessary conditions, they could also hold the role of company secretary. However, it's typical instead to appoint someone to serve exclusively as company secretary. That's partly because the workload for the secretary of a public limited company can be intensive, but also to avoid any potential conflicts of interest that might otherwise arise.
In comparison to a plc, there's no longer a requirement for a private company to appoint a company secretary, unless its articles of association require it. Where a private company does choose to appoint a company secretary, there's no requirement for the appointee to meet any specific conditions.
Trading certificate
After a public limited company has been formed and shares have been paid for to at least the minimum level and issued, the company must then complete an SH50 form to obtain a 'Certificate of Trading'. The trading certificate must be received before any trading can commence or the company's borrowing powers can be exercised.
Form SH50, also known as an 'Application for a trading certificate for a public company', is a declaration by the company that shares of at least £50,000 nominal value have been issued and at least a quarter of their value (£12,500) has been paid up. While a company can issue share capital in any currency, to apply for a trading certificate the shares must be denominated in either Sterling or Euros.
The SH50 form must be completed on paper and posted to Companies House, who will issue the certificate of trading provided they're satisfied with the details contained on the SH50 form.
It's an offence for a public limited company to trade without a certificate of trading. On conviction, the directors will be liable to a fine. In some circumstances, they may also become personally liable for losses sustained by a company which transacts with the plc.
In contrast, a private limited company can start trading immediately upon having been formed. If an existing private limited company is re-registered as a plc, form SH50 does not need to be completed and no trading certificate is required.
There are a number of further restrictions on how a public limited company must be managed:
Restrictions on Accounts
A public limited company faces several restrictions in preparing and presenting its accounts:
Its accounts must be filed within 6 months of the financial year end, whereas a private company has 9 months to do so.
While small or medium-sized companies may be exempt from having its accounts audited, normally a public limited company must obtain an audit.
Additionally, smaller private companies can often choose to file abbreviated accounts, but this option is not open to public limited companies.
Annual General Meetings (AGMs) must be held
Public limited companies must arrange regular Annual General Meetings (AGMs), through which members can hold directors accountable for their decisions. Accounts must also be laid before shareholders and the appointment of auditors confirmed at an AGM. In private limited companies, by contrast, it's possible to dispense with the holding of general meetings and instead to make various decisions regarding changes to the company via written resolutions.
Share capital restrictions
As well as the requirement to issue shares with a nominal value of at least £50,000 and for a quarter of this nominal value and the whole of any premium to be paid up, various other rules also apply to how a public limited company must manage its share capital:
Pre-emption rights can only be excluded for a specified period, often the time between successive annual general meetings, rather than indefinitely.
The opportunity to pay dividends is more restricted for public companies, which have to ensure their net assets will not fall below the level of called-up share capital and undistributable reserves as a result of a dividend.
While a public limited company can purchase its own shares or redeem shares out of distributable profits, unlike a private company it cannot do so out of assets representing the company's capital and non-distributable reserves.
Public companies may not reduce the level of their share capital via a solvency statement, but will instead need to apply to the High Court to do so. For example, they might do so in order to write off accumulated balance sheet losses.
Public limited companies cannot give financial assistance for the acquisition of their shares.
A public limited company is required to convene a general meeting following a serious loss of capital.
No option to strike off
A public limited company isn't able to apply for voluntary strike off. If the directors wish to pursue this option, the company must first be re-registered as a private limited company.
For more details, check out our article describing the advantages and disadvantages of a public limited company, where this type of business is compared to a private company limited by shares.
All companies and LLPs are required to maintain up to date statutory records. Inform Direct is the perfect tool to keep your unlisted public limited company's records up to date.
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Category Archives: Mourning
The internet is a dark and scary place these days. Everywhere you turn it's full of divisive commentary, disheartening stories, and an endlessly unnerving string of insults lobbed back and forth between the nameless, faceless entities hiding behind their computer keyboards, typing with all the courage of someone who will never face the ramifications of their actions.
Nothing is sacred online. It's a paradoxical reality juxtaposed against the scenes we come into contact with, in everyday life, face to face. A life that for most of us over the last six months, due to the limitations of COVID restrictions has been forced to be one lived further removed from the ever-important act of human connection.
While some find this form of isolation to be a hindrance and struggle with their mental and emotional health, others have found themselves freer than ever to use it as a shield as they perpetuate hate and spread cultural and societal dissonance all from the safety of their computer screens.
Surely, one would think there must be some things we as a whole can agree on. The belief that at heart, people are basically good tells us that in general and by majority most people wouldn't want to harm us, speak ill of us, or degrade us in any way. It's this belief that keeps society running as we interact with each other on even the smallest account or inconvenience; such as bumping into someone with your grocery cart or shifting over on the sidewalk to make room as you pass by another person on their daily walk. It's these small circumstances in which we show the basic model of humanity in consideration for others' wellbeing.
I'm not sure why the comments I read on the internet surprise me anymore. Moreover, I'm not really sure why I continue to read any internet comments at all. It's a predictable cesspool of tirades, insults, and bizarre trajectories. I often wonder where these people come from, and who talks like that. As I mentioned before, you'd never see it face to face.
If there's anything at all you'd assume we could collectively agree on it's the sanctity of the depth of grief for a mother of loss. And if you did indeed assume this, unfortunately you'd be undeniably wrong. In a world where every individual happening is readily available to be seen on an endless loop it's also often picked apart by internet vultures like nothing more than roadkill on the highway.
Earlier this week Chrissy Teigen and her husband John Legend announced they had suffered a miscarriage. Furthermore, Chrissy was far enough along in her pregnancy that she then had to deliver their son, Jack, stillborn. In a poignant and touching act of empathy for others and in commemoration of their son's life that was never to be, they shared their most intimate photos of themselves holding him for their first and only time.
It should be noted that there are organizations devoted solely to the documentation process for these families. In the midst of their grief and pain, they meet these families in their lowest moments to make sure they capture the only photos they will ever have of their child. It's an act of service few are called to offer, and even fewer will receive. It's akin to sainthood to crawl down into the chasm of the grief of the bereaved parent to offer a light in the darkness of their dwelling. Sometimes, it's a lifeline as well.
As with all parents of loss we want to know more than anything that our child's life mattered. That it does still matter, as much as the living children of anyone else. We want so desperately to say their names, to show their photos, to share them with the world just as any proud parents would. As I sit her typing these words on what would have been my daughter's twelfth birthday, I'm so drawn to the heart and vulnerability behind the photos Chrissy and John shared, and grateful for the illumination it provides for those who have traveled down this emotional road themselves. It's a road that often leaves you stuck solely in the shadows.
Parents of loss are enigmatic creatures to those who stand on the outside of the circle. It's not surprising that it is so difficult to fathom the enormity of grief when you've lost a child, and how it permeates every aspect of one's life, if you yourself have not experienced it. How do you describe the array of colors of the spectrum to someone who can only see in black and white?
What is surprising is that even in the most heart rendering situation, like child loss, is that there are those who are so far removed from the ability to sympathize with even a modicum of care, concern, or sorrow that they have conversely been propelled into the realm of criticism and judgment.
I was astonished to find that on pictures of Chrissy and John holding Jack from Chrissy's hospital bed, IVs attached, exhausted and crying, but looking at him with such love and longing that so much hate was spewed at them on the internet. Comments came flooding in.
"Doesn't change the fact that you're evil. God doesn't like what you've done."
"Typical behavior from celebrities. It's all about the publicity."
"You willingly sacrificed your unborn child."
"What is wrong with you? Are you that desperate for media attention?"
"Um who does a photo shoot after a miscarriage?"
It was too much. I honestly couldn't believe what I was reading. I shared with my husband what I had seen. We were both incredulous. No person who has been forced to hold their dead child in their arms would ever say these things. It's because we know. We know the heartbreak and trauma. We know the pain and isolation. We know the feelings of longing, and loss, and failure. We know these photos are all we will ever have.
I share the same photo of my daughter over and over. She's sitting in her adaptable chair that provided safe, comfortable support, seemingly looking right at the camera, and has on an adorably brightly colored outfit, complete with feathered headband. I love it. She looks so animated here. Her cheeks a rosy glow, and on her lips a hint of a smile. Two weeks after it was taken, she died in my arms of the terminal genetic illness she was born with. We knew our time was fleeting and now it's the last picture we'll ever have. If we don't continue to say her name and share her photos, who will?
This entry was posted in Child Loss, Compassion, Grief, Motherhood, Mourning and tagged Child Loss, Grief, Motherhood on October 4, 2020 by Becky Benson.
Symbolic Mourning
I couldn't be more thankful to Rebecca Chappell, whom I've (unfortunately) had the pleasure to get to know over the last year through the National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, for sharing her story of Symbolic Mourning after the loss of her beautiful and precious Colby earlier this year.
When my son died, his absence felt almost tangible. There is of course the absence of his physical presence, but because of his special needs there was also the absence of the machines and the people that helped us provide the extra care that made his life possible. Colby was diagnosed at eight months with Canavan, a degenerative neurological disease, where he would never develop skills beyond that of a 2 month old. In addition to always having the needs of a newborn, he also needed a suction machine to clear his airways, a stander to prevent problems to his muscles and joints that would come from not being able to stand and walk, special chairs that held up his head and kept him from falling sideways, a nebulizer that helped him breathe. He required constant attention.
While the reality of having people and machines in my home and the constant demand of a completely dependent child were not something I would have chosen, they had become my way of life. Now that they were all gone, the house was empty and my life had changed overnight. I felt lonely and without purpose. My arms that had constantly held Colby were now empty and the pictures from his life didn't feel like enough to fill such an enormous void. I wanted to scream at people when they asked how I was doing, "my son just died, how do you think I am doing?" I also felt offended when people didn't ask or didn't know. I began to feel that I needed some way to remember him, to share him, to literally mark myself as the mother of an angel.
As I struggled with feelings of grief that I didn't know how to express, I realized that what I needed was to "mourn" my son. In years past people would go into "mourning" after the death of a loved one. They would follow social conventions of the time, including wearing black for a designated period. This allowed the person that had lost a loved one to express their grief, but also let others know so they could offer condolences. Today most people don't wear black or even have a time set aside to mourn. It left me feeling like life is just supposed to go "back to normal", which of course it never would for me. Every time I left the house or did "normal" things I felt like I was betraying Colby's memory. A part of me died with my son and I could not return to life as if he had never existed. I decided what I needed was a symbol of my grief, a symbol that I was in mourning.
I wanted something to represent my grief, to remind me of the special bond between Colby and I and give me the opportunity to talk about my son all at the same time. My first thought was a tattoo, but depending on where it is placed it wouldn't be as visual as I had in mind. Some people are able to wear or carry something that belonged to their loved one, but Colby didn't have a lot of things that could be used for this purpose. I also researched different types of jewelry but nothing really fit my image of what I wanted. So I decided to put together my own bracelet, which itself ended up being a therapeutic process. I wanted it to be mainly black as a traditional representation of mourning, so I purchased some black beads and a black ribbon to string them all. Next I found charms that would remind me of him; a heart, a prayer charm, a dragonfly, the first letter of his name, his birthstone, and finally a tiny frame for his photo.
Creating my mourning bracelet has had the desired effect for me. I am proud to wear it. It is my outward symbol that while my life may have changed, Colby is not forgotten. The beads softly click together as I move my arm, quietly paying tribute to my angel son as I go about my day. More than one person has mention that it is beautiful, and one mother, who had also lost a child, even said she would buy one from me it I wanted to start making them. The void he left is still enormous but the heavy feeling that I am not doing enough to remember him has been lifted and no matter where I am I can look down on my wrist and see him smiling back up at me.
This entry was posted in Mourning and tagged Acceptance, Child Loss, Family, Grief, Mourning, Society on October 29, 2015 by Becky Benson.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Is there a way to convert discriminant values in SVMLight multi-class classification into probability scores I am using SVM Light multi-class classifier for training a classifier with four classes. In the classification stage the classifier outputs the predicted label and the scores for the 4 classes. As the SVM Light website says, these scores are "the discriminant values for each of the k classes". I want to show the probability value of each of the class to the users. So I was wondering if there is some mathematical trick or some other way using which I can "convert" these values into probability values or at least into a normalised score in between 0 and 1?

A: SVM won't lead to probability estimates. There are some tricks for doing so, but they require additonal models, like for example Platt's scaling.
On the other hand, if you just want to "scale" the arbitrary number to [0,1] interval you can use the sigmoid function to do so.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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2015 Honda NM4 DCT ABS
Posted by Rider Magazine on December 2, 2014
Imagine for a moment that you're a 20- or 30-something motorcycle designer in Japan, head swirling with futuristic ideas thwarted by practicalities. Then you're tasked with drawing something that blows away two-wheeled convention so that it will stand out in the increasingly competitive North American and European markets. Some of your influences are anime and manga—animated movies and comic books, often with wildly futuristic and decidedly adult themes that are popular in Japanese culture. The recumbent motorcycle in the cyberpunk manga and cult anime Akira, for example. Combine them with some aeronautic influence for which Honda is known, in this case probably the F-117A Stealth Fighter, and BAM! FFOOM! ZZAP! the NM4 is born.
"Honda is a big company," said Keita Mikura, Large Project Leader (LPL) for the wild motorcycle you see before you. "We make every kind of motorcycle. It's great that sometimes we make a certain machine simply because we can and because we want to, not because we 'should.' We wanted to create something special, not just in the two-wheeled world, but truly unique in the whole world—a machine that engages a human soul like no other. Our intention was to make something that makes every moment feel cinematic, and we want riding it to be an event—guaranteed—every single time."
To that end, the Honda NM4 has succeeded in spades. Enthusiasts may scoff, but the general public is entranced by the flat-black NM4 ("That's cool! I like it! Does it fly?" etc.). This bike reaches outside the industry and beyond enthusiasts and gets people who perhaps never even thought about riding a motorcycle dreaming about it. It raises curiosity as if it had just landed from outer space in front of the Piggly Wiggly, drawing more attention and interest from non-riders than anything we've ever ridden. And in an interesting twist, it even makes bikes like Honda's recent line of CTX "un-cruisers" look downright normal.
The NM4 may be just a styling exercise or social experiment, but it actually works pretty well as a commuter and day-tripper if you don't mind the stares and attention. It's powered by the same liquid-cooled, 670cc parallel twin with a single overhead cam and four valves per cylinder first seen in the versatile NC700X and subsequently used in the CTX700/N. Low-revving, with an emphasis on torque, fuel economy and a redline of just 6,000 rpm, its twin balance shafts reduce vibration while the 270-degree crankshaft gives the engine a nice rumbling feel and sound. Lightweight aluminum roller rocker arms with screw-and-locknut valve adjusters actuate the valves, and PGM-FI fuel injection and a single 36mm throttle body deliver the mixture.
The NM4's engine is paired with Honda's 6-speed automatic dual-clutch transmission (DCT). Four modes—Neutral, Drive, Sport and Manual—are selected with buttons by each grip. Manual transmissions are nearly extinct among modern cars, so Honda believes an automatic transmission is important for the bike to appeal to a new breed of rider. Drive mode shifts smoothly and quickly into the higher gears, even at low speeds, and is most fuel efficient, allowing more coasting to stops before downshifting into first by itself. Pop it into Sport and the engine revs more between shifts and at steady throttle for quicker bursts of power, and Sport also downshifts more aggressively to increase engine braking. The clutch and shift levers are replaced with + and – buttons on the left bar, which can be used to playfully shift the 6-speed in Manual mode (it still downshifts into first at stops by itself), or more importantly, to override the DCT's automatic selections. You can make it downshift sooner and initiate more engine braking while coming to a stop in D mode, for example, or quickly drop it a gear or two for passing. Neutral has its own button, and a parking brake keeps the bike from rolling away on hills.
While it will still out-accelerate most cars and has the flattest torque curve imaginable for usable power at any speed, the NM4's engine is a mellow fellow, not a screamer, tuned for ease-of-use, low emissions and mpg. When we ran a CTX700 with the same engine on the Jett Tuning dyno (Rider, September 2013), it made about 44 horsepower at 6,100 rpm and 42 lb-ft of torque at 4,400 rpm at the rear wheel. That's just enough for a solo rider with a moderate load on the 560-pound fully gassed NM4 to have some fun, cruise at 80 mph all day long and get around slower vehicles easily, but you won't be setting any records at the drag strip. On the other hand, it delivered nearly 60 mpg in more than 600 miles of mixed city/highway riding, for a range of about 180 miles from its 3.06-gallon tank.
The NM4 gets the latest version of the DCT, with improvements in the shifting logic that make it more "aware" of road conditions (hills, curves, etc.) and gets it away from stops with more authority. In addition to full LED lighting, part of the NM4's techno-package is a backlit instrument panel that automatically changes colors with the DCT mode—neutral is white, D green, S pink and manual red. It's quite a colorful show, especially at night. The backlighting can also be set to one of 25 colors manually, just in case you're in a purple mood.
Straddling the NM4's wide, comfortable, ultra-low 25.6-inch-high seat and settling in behind the polygonal mirrors and digital instrument panel feels like climbing into the cockpit of a fighter jet, though it's so low and easy to ride nearly anyone can fly the NM4. The floorboards are well forward, and the wide, flat handlebar is pulled-back, giving the bike a semi-recumbent seating position like a low-slung cruiser. It's quite comfortable as-is, but even more so when you raise the passenger seat into one of three rider backrest positions. The backrest can also be unbolted and moved fore-and-aft a few inches to better-fit shorter riders and/or move the rider closer to the handlebar. Overall it's like riding in a comfy reclining chair. In the down position, the padded bottom of the backrest can catch the rider in the lower back, which some riders found irritating, and passenger comfort is greatly hampered by the lack of grab handles.
Wind protection from the sleek windscreen is decent, though we'd really like to try the optional taller one on longer rides. This bike will come to the U.S. in such small numbers that aftermarket support will likely be minimal, and factory accessories crucial. Honda offers heated grips in addition to the taller screen, as well as a backrest/luggage rack to supplement the smallish storage compartments. Though they look pretty big from the outside, together the two cantaloupe-size saddlebag spaces are actually just big enough to hold, say, a couple pairs of spare gloves, a sack lunch and a six-pack of soda. Two hidden compartments flanking the headlight in front are helpful additions, as the non-locking one can carry a couple bottles of water, and the locking one maybe your wallet and cell phone, and it has an electrical accessory outlet. I managed to secure a tailbag on the bike with the loops on the otherwise-useless passenger grab strap and a pair of concealed bungee hooks under the tailsection, but the luggage rack would be a far better addition.
Despite its long wheelbase, fat 200-series rear tire and chopperesque 37-degree fork rake, the NM4 handles quite adroitly and has good enough cornering clearance that it can be whipped around corners pretty aggressively. It helps that four degrees of the fork angle is actually fork or triple-tree offset, and that the castor angle is actually just 33 degrees. Unlinked single discs front and rear offer good braking and the two-channel ABS does its job well, though I'd like a bit more stopping power up front. Besides some niggling inconveniences like an awkward fuel filler and pessimistic fuel gauge, my only real gripe is with the bike's progressively linked but non-adjustable rear suspension, which works well most of the time but does little to prevent big bumps from walloping heavier riders. Crawling around under the bodywork to maintain the chain final drive isn't much fun, either—riders on the owner's forum say a wheel stand helps a lot.
With fewer than one NM4 per dealer coming to the U.S., the stealth bike will probably be a rare sight in most states, especially because it costs several thou more than the "conventional" NC700X and CTX700/N with the same powertrain. Hmmm, could this also be a ploy to drive customers toward those machines? We'll see. In the meantime, there are several thousand people in our area who are a little bit more aware of motorcycles today because the NM4 got their attention. That's a good thing.
2015 Triumph Tiger 800 XRx and Tiger 800 XCx
2015 Kawasaki Concours 14 ABS
Warranty1 yr., unltd. miles
Website powersports.honda.com
Engine TypeLiquid-cooled, transverse parallel twin
Valve TrainSOHC, 4 valves per cyl.
Fuel DeliveryPGM-FI with 36mm throttle body
Transmission6-speed auto/manual w/ dual-clutch transmission
IgnitionDigital transistorized w/ electronic advance
Charging Output420 watts @ 5,000 rpm
Battery12V 11AH
FrameTubular-steel diamond w/ engine as stressed member & cast aluminum swingarm
Suspension, FrontTelescopic w/ 43mm stanchions, no adj., 3.9-in. travel
Suspension, RearPro-Link single shock, no adj., 3.9-in. travel
Brakes, FrontSingle 320mm disc w/ 2-piston floating caliper & ABS
Brakes, RearSingle 240mm disc w/ 1-piston caliper & ABS
Tires, Front120/70-ZR18
Tires, Rear200/50-ZR17
Fuel Capacity3.06 gals., last 1.2 gals. warning light on


A trip to wine country can be romantic or relaxing, but it can also be a big drain on your wallet.
Sometimes, that's because you return home with a couple more cases of wine than you had planned for, but more often the costs of area hotels and the wine tastings themselves quickly run up the bill. (At least one Napa Valley winery charges between $30 and $45 for a tasting of just five wines.) Smart oenophiles, however, know that there are a number of other good options around the country.


text:
Chris Walker (born 12 November 1973) is a Northern Irish former footballer.

Walker played as a centre back for Glentoran from 1994 until January 2007. He previously played for First Liverpool, a minor league club based in east Belfast. He is a Glentoran supporter, growing up close to the club's home, The Oval. A fan's favourite, Walker has the club badge tattooed on his thigh.

In 2006 Walker had a testimonial match against The New Saints F.C., (previously known as TNS) which Glentoran lost 2–1. Former Glens player Jim Cleary featured in the match. Cleary's reason for playing was that if he played he would not be overtaken by Walker on attendances before his 50th birthday.

On 12 January 2007 he left Glentoran to join Armagh City, after a loan spell at the club.

In August 2008 Chris Walker signed for Amateur league side Sirocco Works who play their football in Division 1A where he became player manager. However Walker would later return to the Oval to take charge of Glentoran's Under-17 side.

Walker's son November 2008 to Jaxon Roy Kelly, born in November 2008, died of meningococcal disease on 24 March 2011.

Honours
Glentoran (1994–2007)
Irish Premier League: 1998/99, 2002/03, 2004/05
Irish Cup: 1995/96, 1997/98, 1999/00, 2000/01, 2003/04
Irish League Cup: 2000/01, 2002/03, 2004/05
County Antrim Shield: 1998/99, 1999/00, 2000/01, 2001/02, 2002/03
Gold Cup: 1994/95, 1998/99, 1999/00, 2000/01

External links
Official site

References

Association footballers from Northern Ireland
Glentoran F.C. players
Armagh City F.C. players
Association footballers from Belfast
1973 births
Living people
Association football defenders

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Dare Tactic's Theatrical Outreach Wing works to providing a broad theatre education to kids, teens, and adults of all ages to create an environment for artistic expression.
It is within the mission of The Dare Tactic to develop outreach programs that promote artistic expression. Providing creative opportunities in Education is deeply rooted in the core values of our company and our High School Education program was developed with this in mind. Through a collaboration between TDT and The Bronx Lab High School, we were able to develop a program for the students to expose them to theater and theatre related undergraduate opportunities.
On the first day students were led in a discussion by our Executive Director Giovanni Lemus on a brief history of theater and what people currently use theater for around the world to make political statements and for self expression. They were then lead through a monologue workshop in which students wrote original pieces and performed them for their classmates. They then developed their own vignettes related to a couple chosen monologues from the group.
When teenagers are in High School they are in a very transitional period and they are very impressionable. Our work can help them have a smoother transition into their future as well as give them possible creative outlets that may help them graduate.
The Dare Tactic collaborated with Lenox Hill Neighborhood House's CARE Program to create a musical production with dementia patients. The CARE Program is an award-winning arts-based day program for older adults suffering from Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. The Dare Tactic's actors and musicians worked with the dementia patients two days a week for a totally of eight weeks to create an original production with the objective of increasing participant self-understanding and acceptance and to facilitate reminiscence and memory.
Each visit to Lenox Hill Neighborhood House included observation and assistance of visual arts projects lead by NYU Art Therapy graduate students followed by music sessions with musicians from The Dare Tactic.
Actors and musicians from The Dare Tactic worked one on one with the dementia patients to create bond of trust essential to facilitating short term memory.
The culmination of the eight week process was a public performance of the one hour musical production which utilized live music, performance, dance, and project by The Dare Tactic and the Lenox Hill dementia patients.


text:
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Don't miss the chance to have your say on the future of the Liverpool City Region
Residents and workers in the Liverpool City Region still have time to have their say and shape the future of the city region, as plans are drawn up that will influence everything from housing and transport, to jobs and health.
Launched in early November by Metro Mayor Steve Rotheram, "LCR Listens: Our Places" is the second stage of an engagement exercise that will help form the blueprint for the city region's approach to planning and development for years to come.
Speaking about LCR Listens: Our Places, Steve Rotheram, Metro Mayor of the Liverpool City Region said:
"When I first ran to be Mayor, it was because I was excited by the potential for more decisions to be taken locally and for local people to have a much bigger say about the future of their communities.
"With 'LCR Listens: Our Places', we're putting local people's views front and centre when it comes to developing the region's policies. Your views will help us make important decisions about the future of everything from jobs and transport, to health and housing right the way across our region.
"We might be in a difficult time at the moment, but your answers could help decide the direction of our region for years to come. I'm really keen to hear from you so, if you get a chance, please take a couple of minutes to fill out the survey."
Councillor Graham Morgan, Portfolio Holder for Housing and Spatial Framework, said:
"I'd encourage everyone to get involved with LCR Listens: Our Places to help us understand what is important to them and enable us to put policies in place for the future. This isn't a dry planning exercise – these policies will influence many aspects of our lives, from how our local communities develop to how we tackle climate change. The point of devolution is that we are better placed to make decisions than distant bureaucrats and this type of listening exercise helps ensure that is the case."
In addition to an online survey, the Combined Authority is conducting a series of events with community groups to help ensure that local people's views are central to the region's priorities.
Responses will influence the Combined Authority's first Spatial Development Strategy (SDS), which will set out a strategic framework for the development and use of land moving forward for at least 15 years. When complete, it is thought that the SDS will be the first in the country outside of London.
The first stage of the engagement exercise focused on asking people what they wanted the plan to cover. It set out specifically to hear from communities whose voices tend to go unheard in the planning process and won a prestigious National Planning Award for its innovative approach to engagement.
Of 2500 respondents, more than 42% were young people, more than half were from neighbourhoods among the most deprived 10% in the country, and 18% were from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities.
The second stage of the engagement will take the same approach and will concentrate on people's vision for the Spatial Development Strategy, alongside its objectives in five key areas:
Climate change and the environment
Placemaking and communities
It will also seek people's views on a number of suggested policy areas, including air quality, active travel and employment skills.
Anyone wanting to have their say on planning issues and the development of the SDS should visit https://www.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/lcr-our-places/ where they can comment on a range of different policy themes.
Councillor Graham Morgan, the Combined Authority's Portfolio Holder for Housing and Spatial Framework, said:
"Our Spatial Development Strategy will be really important in informing decisions across our region for years to come. We're really keen to hear from you so we can make sure that it really represents the views of people in communities right across the region.
"We had a fantastic response to the first round of engagement – especially among groups that wouldn't normally engage with these sorts of things. Please take the time to fill out the survey and ensure that your voice is heard."
The SDS is a statutory planning document. When it is published, it will form part of the 'development plan' for the city region's six local councils alongside their own Local Plans and Neighbourhood Plans.
The policies that make up the SDS, when finalised, will be considered when determining planning
applications across the city region.
After receiving all responses, the Combined Authority will review them and take them into account along with any evidence needed as it drafts the policies.
A draft of the SDS will then be presented to the Combined Authority followed by a 13-week consultation when the public will be able to comment on specific policies.
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Learn all about simple and compound machines on the Smartboard in this fun and interactive activity. A simple machine is any device that makes work easier. These include the following: pulley, gear, lever, inclined plane, screw, wedge and wheel and axle. A compound machine is a combination of two or more simple machines working together.


The York Conference will be one of the most historic in our 30 year history, taking place just 2 weeks before we are scheduled to leave the EU.
A lot could happen between now and then, up to and including a General Election or a People's Vote on the deal.
Whatever happens it is an important opportunity for us to get together and work out what our next steps are.
It is also where the leader's plans to extend the franchise for leadership elections to a new supporter class will be debated. There are many strong views on both sides of this but one thing that unites us is surely the desire to debate them as cheaply as possible.
So make sure you register by next Friday.
All you need to know about how to register or how to apply to the Conference Access Fund, can be found here.
Read more by The Voice or more about 2018 Spring Conference.


The Italian language is in danger!
In my early days in Brighton, I found some bad Italian displayed on the public street, and duly reported it to my audience in the post called La commissione libera. Over the time, things could only get worse, and they actually did! I can now prove, through the pictures I'm publishing here, that my beloved native language is being terribly mishandled all over the town.
1. "Fungi" instead of "Funghi".
2. "Proscuito" and "Gorgonzolla" instead of "Prosciutto" and "Gorgonzola".
3. "Specialita" instead of "Specialità".
5. "Mozarella" instead of "Mozzarella".
6. "Spaguetti" and "Linguini" instead of "Spaghetti" and "Linguine".
7. "Prosseco" instead of "Prosecco".
8. Well, this one is a real mess! I counted 7 mistakes on just one side of the billboard! Let's try and recap them all: "Proscuito" (look who's here!), "Al Funghi", "Bolgnese", "Arrabbiatta", "Alforno", "Florentina" instead of "Prosciutto", "Ai Funghi", "Bolognese", "Arrabbiata", "Al Forno", "Alla Fiorentina".
By the way, I'm afraid I'm getting some sort of neurosis: it seems I can't approach anything allegedly Italian without starting to shake… I need do something about this, and I will!
PS Left click on any of the images above the text to start a gallery presentation. Right click on each and open in new tab/window to see them in full size.
Hee hee…I get really cross about this sort of thing! Even in English, people don't always write things correctly (don't get me started on apostrophes)! Only yesterday I corrected my friend who said she was going to make some "bruscetta" and when I ask for a panino in cafes I get "oh you mean a panini". Often listed on the menu as "Paninis" (or worse…Panini's..grrrr). More please Gianfranco!
Hi Nicole. Brilliant comment, thanks!
The adaptation (and the plural) of foreign words is an issue in all languages!
In Italian restaurants (in Italy, I mean) you often find the "Menù", while the word is French and needs to be written "Menu" and pronounced "mɛnjuː" (we often say "mɛnuː").
Gianfranco, I've started obsessively looking at signs with Italian food on them! And the vast majority are mis-spelt. Shocking!
Oops, should be "misspelt" …no hyphen. Just had to check! Better get off my high horse!
I just thought you would like to know that I have embarked on a campaign here in the USA to get people to properly pronounce bruschetta. I insist on ordering it using the proper pronunciation and will tell the servers they are pronouncing it incorrectly. Unfortunately, it's an uphill fight. Even my wife and children hope I will give up!


If you can't fully close your door or if it tilts to one side or the other, then there may be a problem with the cables or pulleys. In other words, the mechanism that opens and closes the door is not fully operational on one side. In some cases, replacing one or two parts may fix the problem. In others, you may have to replace the entire thing. A professional is the best one to decide on the appropriate course of action. Only having the mechanism cleaned may fix the problem with minimal expense that you would have to pay.
Most people takes it much easy while it comes as their own door repair. Try to take care of your garage door time to time. Do not just wait until it gets jammed completely. When your door starts giving little kind of troubles; look into the problem and try to fix it quick because these little problems turn into big problems nearest future. Try to look upon the garage door repair Houston on regular basis and prevent it from any kind of outdoor damages.
Three. There is a grinding, noisy, rattling sound. This might be several items. There might be dust and debris gunking up the performs. Crystal clear away all debris from your tracks and shifting components. Also, verify for rust in the springs and rollers. Yearly, you need to oil the transferring parts to preserve them gliding alongside.
So how have the criminal masterminds of our time found a way to scam you on something as simple as a garage door opener? Let me enlighten you to 3 of the most common scams in this Geraldo Rivera type expose.
Whatever your tastes and preferences, you are also fully considered here. There is a big and flexible selection of these features that you will find in the list of available ones. All the client needs to do is choose and it will be delivered as perfectly as it looks on screen.
Perhaps it is the motor that has given out on you. This is a pretty easy part to replace, but you need to make sure that your garage doors Houston person brings the right motor for the type of drive system you have in place. When you call a local company to report the problem, let them know if you see a make or model number on the old motor. This might give your technician a better idea of what he or she should bring on the truck. If you are not able to find a model number on the motor, take a picture of the old motor and the rail system attached to it. If a technician can get a look at this before coming to make the fix, they will know exactly what kinds of tools and replacement parts to use for the job.


Attack and Defense with Loyal, Green, Chongo, etc.
Re: Attack and Defense with Loyal, Green, Chongo, etc.
Yea, I remember that now.
Uh well what I've heard was that he wasn't the leader.
Lol Mocro, the game maker, being an admin, funny.


Silicon Valley is full of opportunities for political donations. But a Soros-funded organization wants to make sure any support goes to the correct side of the political spectrum.
Politico reported on February 9 that major tech companies, such as Google and Facebook, offered "the same technical assistance," as well as financial aid, to the Republican party as they did to the Democrat party in 2016. George Soros-funded Color of Change objected to tech giving the GOP any support. "It's no longer acceptable for these companies to play both sides like they're equal," said the group's President Rashad Robinson.
He also said that tech companies that "invested resources and money into a candidate who believes that there were good people on both sides of what happened in Charlottesville" were "going to have to be held accountable for it." That was an unsubtle criticism of President Donald Trump's comments following riots in Charlottesville.
Robinson had expressed a similar sentiment to the Washington Post before the 2016 election. He said that his organization and a handful of others had made sure 16 companies did not donate to the Republican National Committee in 2016.
Tech companies barely donate to GOP candidates at all. They instead flood the Democrats with millions of dollars worth of contributions. Business Insider reported that 90 percent of political donations from Facebook, Apple, Amazon, and Google were to the Democrats over 14 years, .
Facebook is already making moves to avoid any further involvement with the Republican presidential campaign in 2020, according to Politico. The company will not be sending staff to GOP campaigns to provide support and guidance.
Google and Facebook both sponsored different elements of the GOP during the 2016 presidential campaigns. Google provided live video at the GOP convention, and Facebook sponsored a visitor center at the convention. But in the 2018 midterm elections, Facebook took down President Trump's immigration ad on its platform, while Google censored LiveAction's ad with Rep. Marsha Blackburn.


The work of a building inspector is to evaluate the condition of a new home or business premises on behalf of a client. An organization need peace when living in a building. As you acquire a building more money is usually required. No one likes it when he or she buys a house then he later know the structure was not properly set up.You Will need to hire a building inspector to inspect the building. This calls for a building inspector to come and inspect the building. It is important to inspect a building for doing business by an inspector. Therefore it is essential to check the condition of the house. Below are importance's of hiring a professional building inspector to inspect a building.
You need a building inspector to inspect pest in a building. Reports on are also obtained. It is easier to control and eradicate pests when you are not in the house as opposed to when you are in the house. You will get data on the number of pests and types of pests to be controlled. Also the building inspector will obtain reports on origin and cause of pests. This will help to control the pests more economically. The objective of this inspection is to ensure that your new home does not have a pest infestation. The building and pest inspector will also advise you on how to get rid of any pests that may be living on the new house before moving in.
Before moving in into a new building it is essential to know areas that require repairs by hiring a building inspector. To minimize the cost of repairs and renovations is the main reason why it is necessary to do pre-purchase inspection of real estate properties. When planning to purchase a building, it is essential to ensure that there is sufficient supply of water and any water problem is addressed before moving in. It is also important to inspect the electrical wires of the building and ensure they are in excellent condition. The new building owner wants to know that are defects on the property have been repaired. This makes it necessary to get professional building inspection services.
Building inspections help to avoid unnecessary risks. To ensure that the building is in excellent condition you require to get professional building inspection services. With the pre-purchase inspection information a person is better to equip in deciding whether the building is safe for use. Hence the building buyer is assured of acquiring a high-quality property.


text:
La diocesi di Pécs (in latino: Dioecesis Quinque Ecclesiensis) è una sede della Chiesa cattolica in Ungheria suffraganea dell'arcidiocesi di Kalocsa-Kecskemét. Nel 2019 contava 432.560 battezzati su 657.330 abitanti. È retta dal vescovo László Felföldi.

Territorio
La diocesi comprende le contee ungheresi di Baranya e di Tolna.

Sede vescovile è la città di Pécs, dove si trova la cattedrale dei Santi Pietro e Paolo.

Il territorio è suddiviso in 155 parrocchie.

Storia
La diocesi fu eretta nel 1009 da santo Stefano re d'Ungheria.

Il secondo vescovo, Mauro, venerato come santo, costruì la cattedrale. Papa Clemente III concesse ai vescovi di Pécs l'uso del pallio e il privilegio di essere preceduti dalla croce in ricompensa del contrasto all'eresia patarina perseguito dal vescovo Kalán vissuto tra il XII e il XIII secolo. Questi privilegi suscitarono il ricorso degli arcivescovi di Esztergom, ma saranno riconfermati nel 1754 da papa Benedetto XIV.

La diocesi adottava il rito strigoniense. Nel 1491 fu stampato un Missale Quinqueecclesiense, derivato dal Missale Strigoniense del 1484.

Nel 1367 il vescovo Wilhelm Koppenbach trasformò la scuola capitolare in università, che fiorì per un certo tempo, fino alla battaglia di Mohács del 1526, che precedette il passaggio del territorio della diocesi sotto il dominio ottomano, avvenuto nel 1543. La cattedrale fu allora trasformata in moschea e fu riconsacrata al culto cristiano solo nel 1687, dopo la riconquista.

Nei secoli dal XVI al XVIII insorsero alcuni problemi a causa del diritto dei re d'Ungheria di nominare i vescovi, che i papi confermavano dopo lungo tempo o non confermavano affatto.

Il 1º settembre 1754 papa Benedetto XIV con la bolla Romanus Pontifex concesse ai vescovi di Pécs di essere preceduti dalla croce astile e l'uso del pallio, come era uso per gli arcivescovi.

Il vescovo Ignác Szepesy de Négyes nella prima metà del XIX secolo fondò un liceo con una facoltà di teologia e una di giurisprudenza.

Cronotassi dei vescovi
Si omettono i periodi di sede vacante non superiori ai 2 anni o non storicamente accertati.

 Bonipert, O.S.B. † (1009 - circa 1036 dimesso)
 San Mauro (Mór) † (1036 - circa 1070 deceduto)
 István † (circa 1070 - circa 1100 deceduto)
 Simon Szicíliai † (prima del 1109 - circa 1134 deceduto)
 Nána † (1135 - ?)
 Makár I † (1138 - ?)
 János † (1142 - dopo il 1146)
 Anthimius † (prima del 1148 - circa 1160 deceduto)
 Makár II † (1162 - circa 1186)
 Bár-Kalán o Kalán † (1186 - 1218 deceduto)
 Bartolomeo Brancioni † (1218 - 1251 dimesso)
 Achilles † (1251 - 1253 deceduto)
 Jób Zách † (prima del 1254 - 1279 deceduto)
 Pál Balogh † (1284 - 1306 deceduto)
 Manfréd † (1306 - 1306)
 Péter † (1307 - 1314)
 László Kórógyi † (1315 - 1345 o 1346 deceduto)
 Miklós Poroszlói † (13 febbraio 1346 - 25 luglio 1360 deceduto)
 Wilhelm Koppenbach † (18 gennaio 1361 - 1374 deceduto)
 Bálint Alsáni † (21 luglio 1374 - 17 dicembre 1384 nominato amministratore apostolico)
 Bálint Alsáni † (17 dicembre 1384 - 19 novembre 1408 deceduto) (amministratore apostolico)
 Giordano Orsini † (4 settembre 1409 - 13 agosto 1410 dimesso) (amministratore apostolico)
 János Albeni † (13 agosto 1410 - 26 febbraio 1421 nominato vescovo di Zagabria)
 Henrik Albeni † (26 febbraio 1421 - 1444 deceduto)
 András Kálnói † (10 maggio 1445 - 1455 deceduto)
 Miklós Bánfalvi † (23 gennaio 1455 - 1459 deceduto)
 János Csezmiczei † (5 novembre 1459 - 1472 deceduto)
 Zsigmond Ernuszt o Hampó † (10 dicembre 1473 - 1501 deceduto)
 György Szatmári † (19 dicembre 1505 - 18 maggio 1523 nominato arcivescovo di Esztergom)
 Fülöp Csulai Móré Fülöp † (26 ottobre 1524 - 29 agosto 1526 deceduto)
 Sede vacante (1526-1539)
 György Sulyok † (1º gennaio 1528 - dopo il 1537) (non confermato)
 Stjepan Brodarić † (marzo 1536 - 30 marzo 1539 nominato vescovo di Vác) (non confermato)
 János Eszéki † (9 giugno 1539 - 1540 o 1541 deceduto)
 Stanislav Škovránko (Várallyi) † (20 ottobre 1541 - 20 aprile 1548 deceduto) (non confermato)
 Pál Gregoriáncz † (1548 - 1550 deceduto) (non confermato)
 György Tompa † (4 luglio 1550 - marzo 1552 deceduto)
 Antal Verancsics † (3 agosto 1554 - 17 luglio 1560 nominato vescovo di Eger) (vescovo eletto)
 Juraj Drašković I † (17 luglio 1560 - 22 marzo 1564 nominato vescovo di Zagabria)
 Andrija Dudić † (9 febbraio 1565 - 1567 deposto)
 János Monoszlóy † (15 maggio 1574 - 29 ottobre 1578 nominato vescovo di Zagabria)
 Miklós Telegdy † (15 maggio 1579 - 22 aprile 1586 deceduto)
 Sede vacante (1586-1589)
 János Kuthassy † (30 gennaio 1589 - 23 settembre 1592 nominato vescovo di Győr)
 János Cserödy † (19 luglio 1593 - 17 giugno 1596 nominato vescovo di Eger) (non confermato)
 Miklós Zelniczey Naprady † (17 giugno 1596 - 15 dicembre 1600 nominato vescovo di Zagabria)
 Miklós Mikáczy † (16 aprile 1598 - 3 agosto 1598 nominato vescovo di Gran Varadino)
 György Zalatnaki † (20 dicembre 1600 - 1605 deceduto)
 Ferenc Ergelics † (? - 14 dicembre 1608 nominato Veszprém) (non confermato)
 Petar Domitrović † (15 marzo 1610 - 15 luglio 1613 nominato vescovo di Zagabria)
 Johannes Pyber de Gyerkény † (29 luglio 1613 - 1619 nominato vescovo di Gran Varadino)
 Miklós Dallos † (23 maggio 1619 - 1621) (non confermato)
 Tamás Balásfy † (29 settembre 1622 - 1625) (non confermato)
 Pál Felsőtáli Dávid † (25 marzo 1625 - 18 luglio 1628 nominato vescovo di Vác) (non confermato)
 Juraj Drašković II † (3 dicembre 1629 - 25 ottobre 1630 nominato vescovo di Vác)
 Benedikt Vinković † (6 giugno 1633 - 28 aprile 1642 nominato vescovo di Zagabria)
  János Cseh † (1637 - 1639 deceduto) (non confermato)
 István Bosnyák † (14 luglio 1642 - 23 settembre 1644 deceduto)
 Albert Cziglédy † (21 novembre 1642 - 20 novembre 1643 deceduto) (non confermato)
 György Szelepcsényi † (20 novembre 1643 - 5 settembre 1644 nominato vescovo di Veszprém) (non confermato)
 György Széchény † (6 maggio 1647 - 9 giugno 1653 nominato vescovo di Veszprém)
 Pál Hoffmann † (3 agosto 1655 - 1659 deceduto)
 János Salix, O.Cist. † (26 settembre o 21 novembre 1661 - 1668 deceduto)
 János Gubasóczy † (17 novembre 1670 - 12 luglio 1677 nominato vescovo di Vác)
 Pál Széchényi, O.S.P.P.E. † (18 aprile 1678 - 24 novembre 1687 nominato vescovo di Veszprém)
 Mátyás Ignác Radanay † (7 settembre 1699 - aprile 1703 deceduto)
 Wilhelm Franz Johann Bertrand von Nesselrode † (21 luglio 1710 - 29 settembre 1732 deceduto)
 Anton von Thurn und Valsassina † (2 marzo 1733 - 25 dicembre 1734 deceduto)
 Juan Álvaro Cienfuegos Villazón, S.I. † (15 novembre 1735 - 19 agosto 1739 deceduto) (amministratore apostolico)
 Zsigmond Berényi † (30 settembre 1740 - 25 settembre 1748 deceduto)
 Sede vacante (1748-1751)
 György Klimó † (15 novembre 1751 - 2 maggio 1777 deceduto)
 Sede vacante (1777-1781)
 Pál László Eszterházy † (2 aprile 1781 - 7 novembre 1799 deceduto)
 Sede vacante (1799-1808)
 József Király † (11 gennaio 1808 - 17 luglio 1825 deceduto)
 Sede vacante (1825-1828)
 Ignác Szepesy de Négyes † (11 gennaio 1828 - 16 luglio 1838 deceduto)
 Ján Krstiteľ Scitovský † (18 febbraio 1839 - 28 settembre 1849 nominato arcivescovo di Esztergom)
 Sede vacante (1849-1853)
 György Girk † (10 marzo 1853 - 24 settembre 1868 deceduto)
 Zsigmond Kovács † (25 giugno 1869 - 25 giugno 1877 nominato vescovo di Veszprém)
 Nándor Dulánszky † (25 giugno 1877 - 24 gennaio 1896 deceduto)
 Sámuel Hetyey † (14 dicembre 1897 - 1º settembre 1903 deceduto)
 Sede vacante (1903-1905)
 Gyula Zichy † (11 dicembre 1905 - 31 agosto 1925 nominato arcivescovo di Kalocsa)
 Ferenc Virág † (27 marzo 1926 - 2 marzo 1958 deceduto)
 Ferenc Rogacs † (2 marzo 1958 succeduto - 20 febbraio 1961 deceduto)
 Sede vacante (1961-1969)
 József Cserháti † (10 gennaio 1969 - 3 novembre 1989 ritirato)
 Mihály Mayer (3 novembre 1989 - 19 gennaio 2011 dimesso)
 György Udvardy (9 aprile 2011 - 12 luglio 2019 nominato arcivescovo di Veszprém)
 László Felföldi, dal 18 novembre 2020

Statistiche
La diocesi nel 2019 su una popolazione di 657.330 persone contava 432.560 battezzati, corrispondenti al 65,8% del totale.

|-
| 1950 || 525.000 || 660.000 || 79,5 || 427 || 351 || 76 || 1.229 ||  || 75 || 480 || 194
|-
| 1970 || 480.000 || 670.000 || 71,6 || 276 || 261 || 15 || 1.739 ||  || 15 ||  || 179
|-
| 1980 || 465.000 || 661.000 || 70,3 || 220 || 220 ||  || 2.113 ||  ||  ||  || 170
|-
| 1990 || 465.250 || 664.195 || 70,0 || 181 || 181 ||  || 2.570 ||  ||  ||  || 165
|-
| 1999 || 440.000 || 660.000 || 66,7 || 134 || 123 || 11 || 3.283 || 1 || 19 || 39 || 206
|-
| 2000 || 440.000 || 660.000 || 66,7 || 140 || 128 || 12 || 3.142 || 1 || 17 || 41 || 206
|-
| 2001 || 440.000 || 660.000 || 66,7 || 142 || 129 || 13 || 3.098 || 1 || 25 || 40 || 207
|-
| 2002 || 440.000 || 660.000 || 66,7 || 141 || 129 || 12 || 3.120 || 1 || 26 || 36 || 206
|-
| 2003 || 440.000 || 665.000 || 66,2 || 134 || 123 || 11 || 3.283 || 1 || 19 || 40 || 206
|-
| 2004 || 401.000 || 621.000 || 64,6 || 132 || 122 || 10 || 3.037 || 2 || 17 || 41 || 206
|-
| 2013 || 439.000 || 664.000 || 66,1 || 99 || 93 || 6 || 4.434 || 2 || 11 || 27 || 206
|-
| 2016 || 436.000 || 660.700 || 66,0 || 95 || 89 || 6 || 4.589 || 3 || 7 || 21 || 194
|-
| 2019 || 432.560 || 657.330 || 65,8 || 90 || 85 || 5 || 4.806 || 3 || 5 || 18 || 155
|}

Note

Bibliografia

  Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig, 1931, pp. 376–377
  Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 1, p. 410; vol. 2, pp. XXXV, 219; vol. 3, p. 280; vol. 4, pp. 289–290; vol. 5, p. 326; vol. 6, pp. 350–351
 Ján Dubina, I riti peculiari del Triduo Pasquale in Slovacchia, Romae, 2012

Voci correlate
Cattedrale dei Santi Pietro e Paolo (Pécs)

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
Annuario pontificio del 2020 e precedenti, in
 Sito ufficiale della diocesi
 Cronotassi sul sito della diocesi

Pecs
Pecs
Pécs


Apple has made available versions of its iOS 11 and macOS 10.13 kernels through GitHub.
The kernels are both compatible with ARM-based mobile chips, but are far from complete operating systems. The kernel is the core source code for iOS and macOS, and doesn't include the user interface or application framework, which means anyone interested in developing on the kernel would have to create most of the operating system on their own.
Apple has typically made the macOS kernel available with each major build, though it hasn't offered the iOS kernel as often. The fact that both kernels compatible with ARM chips is a curiosity.
Developers can download the core platform code from GitHub under fairly strict licensing terms.


The Conservatives' union-bashing Trade Union Bill will be one of many challenges UK unions have to face in 2016, as the Labour Research staff report.
The year will see the new statutory "National Living Wage" (NLW) minimum of £7.20 for workers aged 25 and over coming into force in April. It will have the most immediate impact in the hospitality sector where half of the workforce earned just £7.00 per hour or less last year.
Cash-strapped councils will come under pressure from the social care sector to boost the value of their contracts, making use of the 2% Council Tax "precept" allowed for in the government's 2015 Autumn Statement. But how they and other public sector employers handle pay this year is another key issue — for the four years from 2016-17, the Tories are only funding public sector workforces for an average of a 1% pay rise.
The NLW is not just a one-off event in April. Chancellor George Osborne expects it to rise to around £9 per hour (60% of median earnings) by 2020. It's up to the Low Pay Commission to make recommendations on how that will happen. October is the normal anniversary for National Minimum Wage increases, so this is a story that will play throughout the year.
For anyone earning more than the minimum (including those already covered by the £8.25 voluntary Living Wage or £9.40 London Living Wage), it might feel as if this is a party they haven't been invited to. When inflation fell during the last pay round so did settlements, dropping to a 2% mid-point (the lowest for several years).
The outlook might be better this year, although there's gloom in the manufacturing sector. Employers will point to costs arising from pensions auto-enrolment, as small companies are finally drawn in, but forthcoming contribution increases are being delayed.
They may also be anticipating business rate rises, and the largest have a 0.5% apprenticeship levy to pay from 2017. A conservative line on wages could backfire if staff turnover rates and skill shortages rise.
While the book may open on pay trends, the die has been cast on pensions. The full basic State Pension is going up by £3.35 to £119.30 per week (by £5.35 to £190.80 for a couple where a wife relies on her husband's contributions). But for people reaching State Pension Age after 6 April there's a new single tier pension set at £155.65 a week.
While that may look like a big increase, people will need to check the small print and see what the impact is on their overall income, taking into account the other changes taking place.
The most important development set to take place this year affecting union organisation — at least in the public sector — are those aspects of the Trade Union Bill which directly target their internal operations.
Most notably, these are the threat to the check-off system — where union members authorise the employer to deduct their subscriptions from their wage packet and pay them direct to the union — and the plans to spread the squeeze on facility time (already widespread in the civil service) to the rest of the public sector.
For the time being, unions will continue their campaign to overturn the planned ban on public sector employers providing check-off facilities.
The government has found it difficult to provide any convincing arguments in favour of this measure, particularly since many employers are actually charging unions for the service, so the cost-saving argument does not stand up. Unions are left with little doubt that it is aimed at making life more difficult for them, and destroying any good relationships that exist between them and employers.
And many public sector employers feel the same. Local authorities in Scotland have said they will refuse to implement the provision if it becomes law (see feature on pages 16-18), and unions are pressing the Scottish government, which is also opposed to the ban, to follow suit.
NHS managers up and down the country have warned that the prohibition will jeopardise their relationships with staff. In a survey of senior NHS managers carried out by their union, Managers in Partnership (MiP), 86% said that check-off is not a significant financial burden on the NHS and that it "helps to facilitate good industrial relations".
And the Financial Times reported that HR directors in the NHS had written to Cabinet Office minister Matthew Hancock expressing concern over the potential damage to employment relations, and asking the government to think again.
One senior manager, Dean Royals, HR director at Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, pointed out that the ban could have what he called "unintended (but entirely predictable) consequences".
He told HR magazine that check-off "does give employers a sense of their union density, particularly when dealing with multiple trade unions", which he said was useful, particularly when union balloting is taking place.
Although unions — and some employers — are still hoping to get the plan dropped, unions with members in the public sector are simultaneously working hard to transfer members onto direct debit (DD) to shore up their organisation and finances in the event of the law being passed.
Skills minister Nick Boles has said that the Bill would give unions a year to transfer members from check-off to DD. Yet for unions, persuading large numbers of members to sign up to direct debit to pay their subs is tantamount to a wholesale re-recruitment exercise.
The PCS civil service union was forced to show the way early on as, even before the 2015 election, eight government departments, urged on by the then Tory-led coalition government, announced that check-off would be withdrawn.
By July 2014, PCS in one of the largest government departments, HMRC, announced that it had signed up over 80% of members to DD, and the union said that its switching campaign throughout the departments had led to the recruitment of thousands of new members and activists, including 800 who had taken on representative roles.
However, as the government is well aware, this sort of campaign clearly takes a toll on union activity and resources, when those same organisations will also be dealing with further huge job cuts among their members with the latest swing of the government's public spending axe.
• limit the percentage of an employer's pay bill that can be spent on facility time.
The government was boosted by the results of its cap on facility time in its own departments — a large drop in the number of reps on full facility time, from 200 in November 2011 to just 13, less than a year later. Again, however, the government will face opposition from many managers and employers, as well as from unions. Scottish local authorities have said the measure would be damaging to employment relations.
And the MiP survey found that 95% of senior NHS managers felt that the cost of providing paid time off "is outweighed by the benefits their organisation receives in addressing problems in the workplace and supporting good employee relations".
A study carried out for the Royal College of Nursing found that a squeeze on facility time in the NHS could actually cost taxpayers' money rather than saving it. It said the powers set out in the Bill "may well result in the imposition of unnecessary costs on the NHS, and reduce the positive impact that union representative presence appears to have across a range of performance outcomes".
While unions will undoubtedly suffer if these measures go ahead, they will clearly not be the only losers.
Other aspects of the Trade Union Bill will dominate 2016. The introduction of employment tribunal fees effectively closed off individual rights-based dispute resolution for most workers, securing, in the words of TUC general secretary Frances O'Grady, a "huge victory for bad bosses".
As a next step, with its Trade Union Bill, the government has turned its attention to silencing collective voice, in the most far-reaching attack on trade unions since the 1980s.
The restrictions on the right to strike and protest in the Bill are highly ideological, and target, in particular, the power of public sector unions.
Commenting on the Bill, the general secretary of the UNISON public services union, Dave Prentis, said his union will not be "neutered" by the "draconian" attack on workers' rights. Prentis predicted that instead, the move will result in more strikes, with far more effective, localised ballots.
The Bill will introduce higher strike thresholds: for a lawful strike, at least 50% of balloted workers will have to cast their vote, turning abstentions into "No" votes. Higher thresholds will be needed for a strike in "important public services", where at least 40% of balloted workers must vote in favour.
Tory claims to want to increase workplace democracy ring hollow given the continued blocking of secure electronic and workplace balloting (see feature pages 13-15).
Other restrictions include longer notice requirements and even more complicated rules about the exact wording that must appear on the ballot paper. Having overcome all these hurdles, striking workers will face employers determined to break their strike by replacing them with agency workers, with the lifting of the longstanding ban on doing this, described by the International Labour Organisation as a "serious violation of freedom of association".
The ban, mocked by the Tories as "nonsensical", is a basic feature of the strike laws of nearly every other European member state. Rolling strikes will also become very difficult, with a new requirement to re-ballot when industrial action lasts for more than four months, fundamentally undermining the union's bargaining position at the negotiating table.
All ordinary workers will suffer as a result of the loss of collective voice and power represented by this Bill, but its impact is likely to be felt hardest by low-paid female workers.
TUC evidence demonstrates that the higher ballot threshold for "essential services" will affect significantly more women than men. Initial findings indicate that nearly three quarters (73%) of trade union members working in "important public services" are women.
In addition, the Picketing Code is to be "strengthened and updated" and extended to include "protests linked to industrial disputes", even though only 25% of 118 respondents to the government's consultation on picketing agreed that the Code needed updating at all. Meanwhile, only 3% supported its extension to wider protests. The new Code will also include advice on the "responsible use of social media", another proposal that met with very little support.
A new legal requirement in the Bill for unions to appoint a picket supervisor will inevitably lead to more applications for injunctions and new opportunities for the victimisation of striking workers.
Unions will be required to notify police of the name and contact details of the picketing supervisor, and the location of the picket. He or she will have to carry a letter of approval from the union, wear an armband or badge, and be present or able to attend the picket at short notice.
Proposals to require unions to report on their use of social media, and to share their strike plans with the employer and the certification officer, have been abandoned.
Significant opposition to the Bill comes from outside England. SNP leader and Scotland's first minister Nicola Sturgeon has confirmed that the SNP will continue to "vigorously oppose" the Bill, and will not enforce at least some of its measures if enacted in Scotland (see feature pages 16-18). Meanwhile, in Wales, first minister Carwyn Jones has promised to try to block the Bill becoming law in Wales.
Speaking to an audience of delegates at an Institute of Employment Rights (IER) conference in London, IER president Keith Ewing outlined how many of the Bill's provisions clearly violate ILO conventions and international laws and treaties.
These include ILO Convention 98 on collective bargaining, ILO Convention 151 on dispute resolution in the public sector, and Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to freedom of association), opening the way to a future legal challenge.
The latest economic forecast from the European Commission, published in November, suggests that the EU's current "subdued" economic recovery will continue into the future although it identifies "heightened global risks, including persistent geopolitical tensions".
It forecasts that output (GDP) for the whole of the EU will increase from 1.4% in 2014 to 1.9% in 2015 and 2.0% in 2016. By that date, only the Greek economy is still expected to be shrinking.
One reason for the slowly improving position is that most member states have ceased to make major cuts in public spending — adopting a "neutral fiscal policy stance" in the jargon of the report. In 2016, only Cyprus, Greece, Finland and Hungary are expected to be cutting government expenditure, although in the UK it is expected to be unchanged and to begin falling again in 2017.
However, although the general ending of spending cuts is expected to "support the economic recovery", the overall level of growth is likely to be "insufficient to reduce unemployment rates below pre-crisis levels".
By autumn 2016, unemployment in the EU as a whole is still forecast to be running at 9.2%, compared with 9.5% in autumn 2015, while just over a quarter (25.8%) of the Greek labour force and a fifth (20.5%) of the Spanish labour force are forecast to be out of work.
Wages are expected to rise by 2.0% on average. And with inflation still forecast to be low, this will translate into a real-terms growth of 0.9%.
Against this background, the Commission's work programme for 2016, published at more or less the same time, says that "this is no time for business as usual" and promises legislation which "can have a direct impact on jobs and growth, on our environment and social well-being, on our security and the way we engage with an interconnected world".
The programme contains some elements which the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) has welcomed, notably the promise of "a new skills agenda", action to tackle tax avoidance, and a new approach on migration.
However, on key social and employment issues, there are few specific new proposals which can be expected over the next 12 months.
The three main ones are a new "European pillar of social rights", which could potentially be positive, particularly if, as promised, it lifted all countries to the level of the best; a package on employee mobility, which will revise the directive on so-called posted-workers (those working in one country but for an employer based in another); and measures to improve work-life balance. (This is instead of a revision of the maternity leave directive which was abandoned in 2015.) In all three cases, the detail is still awaited.
For the UK, these changes could prove to be academic if the referendum on the UK's membership of the EU — promised for either this year or next — produces a vote to leave.
February 2016 will see the introduction of new sentencing guidelines that will mean large companies convicted of the most serious health and safety offences facing fines of up to £20 million.
The Sentencing Council's new definitive guideline for health and safety offences, corporate manslaughter and food safety and hygiene offences recommends fines of up to £20 million for large organisations (with a turnover of more than £50 million) who commit the most serious corporate manslaughter offences.
Where a fatal health and safety offence is involved, the guidelines advise fines of up to £10 million. In addition, in the most serious cases, they set out that judges can send company managers or directors found guilty of a breach of duty to their employees to up to two years' prison.
The TUC has warned that changes being introduced by the Trade Union Bill (see above ) will make it much harder for unions to work with employers on health and safety, and that allowing untrained temporary workers to cover for experienced staff during strikes could lead to even more accidents at work.
Union safety reps will continue to follow developments in the High Court blacklisting case (see Labour Research, October 2015, pages 13-15). Following a number of preliminary hearings, the full trial is due to begin in May 2016.
The government will be drawing up regulations on gender pay gap reporting in early 2016. These will apply to public, private and voluntary sector organisations with 250 or more employees.
Bonuses as well as basic pay will be included, although it has been proposed that pay is calculated by looking at median hourly earnings excluding overtime. This could skew the figures as men tend to work more overtime.
It's unclear how effective any of this will be as the government is relying on "competition and peer pressure" alone to make employers sort out any pay inequalities. In response, unions have called for speedier implementation of the regulations and for companies that do not comply with the law to be fined.
Britain's equality watchdog, the EHRC, is undertaking a public consultation on its Strategic Plan for 2016-2019. This sets out the commission's key objectives for the next three years. The EHRC is facing challenging times. A new chair will be appointed in April to succeed Baroness Onora O'Neill. With the organisation struggling with job losses and budget cuts, strong leadership will be essential.
A number of developments in skills and learning at work will start to take effect during 2016. The Welfare Reform and Work Bill includes an obligation for the government to report each year on the progress made towards meeting its target of three million new apprenticeships by 2020. Public sector bodies will be required to employ apprentices and set targets to increase apprenticeship numbers.
The government has also announced that it will give apprenticeships the same legal treatment as degrees, and protect the term "apprenticeship" by preventing misuse of the term.
The Enterprise Bill makes it an offence for a person, in the course of business, to provide or offer a course or training as an apprenticeship if it is not a statutory apprenticeship. And it will protect the reputation of training providers, employers who offer statutory apprenticeships and apprentices who join those apprenticeships by maintaining their standards and ensuring that statutory apprenticeships are not confused with lower quality training.


text:
Sources: Mills opts out, still in play for Nets
1hDan Hajducky
Patty Mills declines option with Brooklyn Nets, becomes free agent, sources say
Brooklyn Nets guard Patty Mills has declined his $6.2 million option and will become a free agent, sources told ESPN's Adrian Wojnarowski on Wednesday.
Mills, who'll attract significant interest around the league, hasn't ruled out a return to the Nets, sources told ESPN.
Teams may begin negotiating deals with free agents starting at 6 p.m. ET Thursday. However, those players cannot officially sign until 12:01 p.m. ET on July 6.
Mills, 33, joined the Nets last season after playing the last 10 years with the San Antonio Spurs.
News, rumblings and superstar trade requests
163dESPN
Ultimate 2022 NBA free agency guide: Needs, priorities and spending options for all 30 teams
206dBobby Marks
Kyrie opts in with Brooklyn, but this saga's next chapter is just getting started
214dKevin Pelton
One of the league's premier sharpshooters, Mills stepped up for the Nets in the absence of the injured Joe Harris, starting 48 games for Brooklyn. He came off the bench in their first-round loss to the Boston Celtics, playing 18 minutes per game in the series.
Mills had another strong shooting campaign, canning 40% of his 3-pointers on 7 attempts per game in the regular season. Despite never playing starter-level minutes, Mills has made over 1,000 3s over the last six seasons -- including a career-high 227 last season -- and is the only player in the NBA to hit that many 3-pointers while playing under 30 minutes per game each season during that span.
Mills is also a highly respected teammate, having won the NBA's Joe Dumars Trophy last season for best representing the ideals of sportsmanship on the court.


Uniaxial geogrids are designed to withstand tensile stresses. They are mainly used in reinforced embankments and reinforced earth retaining walls. The mesh geometry allows an excellent interlocking with the adjacent soil, while the high resistance strands mobilize the long-term loads without deformation.


text:
Librační centrum (librační bod, Lagrangeův bod) je v nebeské mechanice takový bod v soustavě tří těles m1, m2 a m3 rotujících kolem společného těžiště, v němž se vyrovnávají gravitační a odstředivé síly působící na třetí (relativně lehké) těleso tak, že toto těleso umístěné v daném bodě nemění vůči soustavě svou polohu (zachovává od m1 i m2 konstantní vzdálenost). Všechna librační centra se nacházejí v rovině rotace těchto těles a je jich celkem pět. Označují se L1 až L5.

Vlastnosti libračních center popsal v roce 1772 francouzský matematik a fyzik Joseph Louis Lagrange.

L1, L2 a L3 leží na spojnici obou těles. L1 mezi nimi, L2 a L3 na jejich vnějších stranách. Pokud je centrální těleso soustavy vzhledem k ostatním tělesům velmi těžké, pak centra L4 a L5 tvoří s tělesy m1 a m2 rovnostranné trojúhelníky.

Z pohledu neinerciální vztažné soustavy rotující s oběma hlavními tělesy jsou silové účinky těles m1 a m2 a odstředivá síla působící na malé těleso umístěné v jednom z libračních center v rovnováze. Přesnější rozbor lze provést pomocí součtu gravitačních potenciálů hlavních těles a "rotačního" potenciálu neinerciální soustavy.

Librační centra L1 a L2 soustavy Slunce-Země lze dobře využít pro umístění družic pro pozorování vesmíru nebo Slunce. Jsou vzdálena asi 1,5 milionu km (0,01 au) od Země (tj. zhruba 4× vzdálenost Měsíce). V libračním centru L1 je umístěna kosmická sonda SOHO. V libračním centru L2 je umístěna astrometrická sonda Gaia (vypuštěna 2013), mezi lety 2009–2013 odtud pracovaly kosmický dalekohled Planck a Herschelova vesmírná observatoř. V tomto bodě je rovněž umístěn vesmírný dalekohled Jamese Webba.

Výpočtem lze ukázat, že poloha tělesa je stabilní pouze v bodech L4 a L5 (těleso má při výchylce tendenci kolem těchto bodů oscilovat). V reálu je i jejich stabilita (hlavně vlivem působení dalších těles v soustavě) omezená. Tělesa zachycená v okolí bodů L4 a L5 kolem nich obvykle mírně oscilují po drahách nazývaných "tadpole" (pulec, podle jejich tvaru; např. Trojané planety Jupiter), případně se pohybují po drahách nazývaných "horseshoe" (podkova) okolo bodů L4, L3, L5 a zpět.

Body L1 až L3 jsou v rovině oběhu nestabilní i při malé výchylce od ideální polohy, lze však najít skloněné polostabilní "halo" dráhy kolem těchto bodů (využívané k umisťování družic).

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

 Lagrangeovy librační body  - Encyklopedie fyziky na stránce http://fyzika.jreichl.com

Nebeská mechanika