text:
Justia Patents Using Organic Compound Having PhosphorusUS Patent for Method of preventing corrosion by contaminated cooling tower waters Patent (Patent # 4,867,944)
Method of preventing corrosion by contaminated cooling tower waters
Jan 13, 1988 - Gulf Coast Performance Chemical, Inc.
A method of inhibiting corrosion in cooling tower systems comprising adding to a cooling tower water containing sulfides, hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof as contaminants a corrosion inhibiting composition containing a water-soluble zinc compound, a water-soluble molybdate, a water-soluble orthophosphate and a water-soluble polyphosphate.
Latest Gulf Coast Performance Chemical, Inc. Patents:
Method and composition for inhibiting general and pitting corrosion in cooling tower water
The present invention relates to preventing corrosion in cooling tower systems and, more specifically, to preventing corrosion or tuburculation of carbon steel and other corrosion prone materials subjected to contact with cooling tower water contaminated with hydrocarbons and/or sulfides.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Cooling towers are widely used in the refining and petrochemical industry to cool water used in heat exchangers, refrigeration units, etc. Commonly, the cooling tower systems employed in such environments are of the recirculating type, such that the water is used for cooling purposes and recycled to the cooling tower for chilling. It is common, particularly in refinery operations, for the cooling tower water to become contaminated with hydrocarbons, sulfides or both. These contaminants pose a special problem in controlling corrosion because of the fact that the hydrocarbons tend to form coatings on the corrosion prone materials inhibiting the action of the corrosion inhibitors and, at times, chemically reducing some of the active inhibitor components, while sulfides, which are generally severely corrosive in virtually any environment, can cause deposits leading to deep pitting or tuburculation.
Anti-corrosion compositions which employ various zinc compounds, molybdates, polyphosphates, etc. are well known. Examples of such compositions may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,217,216; 4,176,059; 4,017,315; DE No. 2,850,925 and Japan Kokai JP No. 52/38438 (77/38437). Additionally, an article entitled "Molybdate as a Pipeline Corrosion Inhibitor for Coal-Water Slurry Systems," Phys. Metall. Res. Lab., 1986, discloses a composition comprised of molybdate, zinc sulfate and potassium phosphate as an erosion-corrosion inhibitor for steel used in coal-water slurries.
In addition to the above prior art, the composition disclosed herein has been used as a corrosion inhibitor in so-called clean water cooling tower systems, i.e. cooling tower systems wherein the water is generally free of contaminants, such as hydrocarbons and/or sulfides.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for inhibiting corrosion in cooling tower systems.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preventing corrosion in cooling tower systems wherein the water is contaminated with hydrocarbons and/or sulfides.
The above and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the figures, the description given herein and the claims.
In the method of the present invention, a cooling tower water containing a contaminant, such as a sulfide, hydrocarbon or a mixture thereof, is treated with an effective amount of a corrosion inhibiting composition comprising from about 0.2 to about 4 parts per million of a water-soluble zinc compound, calculated as zinc, from about 1 to about 15 parts per million of a water-soluble molybdate, calculated as molybdate, from about 1 to about 15 parts per million of a water-soluble orthophosphate, calculated as orthophosphate, and from about 1 to about 15 parts per million of a water-soluble polyphosphate, calculated as orthophosphate.
FIG. 1 is a photograph of a carbon steel test dowel which has been subjected to contaminated cooling tower water and in the absence of any corrosion inhibitor.
FIG. 2 is a photograph similar to FIG. 1 showing the effect of the addition of a prior art corrosion inhibitor.
FIG. 3 is a photograph similar to FIG. 1 showing the effect of the addition of another prior art corrosion inhibitor.
FIG. 4 is a photograph similar to FIG. 1 showing the effect of using the corrosion inhibiting method of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a photograph similar to FIG. 1 showing the effect of using a composition without any water-soluble molybdate present.
FIG. 6 is a photograph similar to FIG. 1 showing the effect of using a composition without any water-soluble zinc compound.
In the method of the present invention, the corrosion inhibiting composition, in an effective amount, is added to cooling tower water in the well known manner, the cooling water being circulated in the system. The cooling tower waters which can be treated according to the practice of the present invention are those which are contaminated, i.e. contain hydrocarbons, sulfide or other reducing components or mixtures thereof. Hydrocarbon contaminants include crude oil and various crude oil fractions, such as diesel fuel, naphthas, kerosene, gasoline cut hydrocarbons, etc. Sulfide contaminants include hydrogen sulfide and various other sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans, carbon disulfide, etc. which are known to be corrosive to mild or carbon steel. In typical refinery and some petrochemical operations, it is not uncommon for both sulfides and hydrocarbons to be present as contaminants in cooling tower water since hydrocarbons are a natural component of crude oil and sulfides of various types are present in many, sour crude oils.
The corrosion inhibiting composition used in the method of the present invention contains four basic components: (1) a water-soluble zinc compound, (2) a water-soluble molybdate, (3) a water-soluble orthophosphate and (4) a water-soluble polyphosphate.
Virtually any water soluble zinc compound, usually an inorganic zinc compound, can be employed in the composition of the present invention. Thus, compounds, such as zinc halides, e.g. zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc nitrate, zinc nitrite, etc. can be employed. The zinc compound will be present in the composition in an amount such as to provide from about 0.2 to about 4 parts per million of zinc ion, the active component.
The molybdate compound can also be virtually any water-soluble molybdate, usually an inorganic molybdate. The alkali metal molybdates are preferred, sodium molybdate being especially preferred because of its relatively high solubility. The molybdate compound will be present in the compositions in an amount of from about 1 to about 15 parts per million calculated as molybdate (MoO.sub.4 --), as the active component.
The water-soluble orthophosphates, which are generally the most highly hydrated form of phosphate, can include compounds such as monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, phosphoric acid, etc. and will generally be present in an amount of from about 1 to about 15 parts per million calculated as orthophosphate, the active component. The orthophosphates are usually inorganic in nature.
The water-soluble polyphosphates which can be used are generally unhydrated or less hydrated than the orthophosphates, can include tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, etc. Usually, the polyphosphate will be inorganic in nature. The polyphosphate will generally be present in an amount of from about 1 to about 15 parts per million, calculated as orthophosphate, the active component. It will be appreciated that when placed in a water solution, most polyphosphates, at least partially, convert to the completely hydrated orthophosphates. Accordingly, it is contemplated in the present invention that it is only necessary to add a polyphosphate compound in an amount which will provide the required amount of orthophosphate as well as the required amount of polyphosphate specified above.
In carrying out the method of the present invention, the corrosion inhibiting composition will be introduced into the cooling tower water in an effective amount, i.e. an amount which takes into account the degree of contamination of the cooling tower water which can be determined by well known methods. Generally an amount of from about 50 to about 100 parts per million of the inhibitor composition, calculated as the total of the active components, is added.
In addition to the four basic components noted above, the corrosion inhibiting composition used in the method of the invention can also contain, with advantage, dispersants, such as polycarboxylic acids, both homopolymers and copolymers, organic phosphonates and other dispersants well known to those skilled in the art. When employed, the dispersants will be present in amounts ranging from about 1 to about 20 parts per million in the cooling tower water.
When copper components are present in the cooling tower system, it is also desirable to incorporate copper and copper alloy corrosion inhibitors, such as mercaptobenzothizole (MBT), benzitriazole (BZT), tolyltriazole (TTA), etc. When employed, such copper corrosion inhibitors will be present in an amount of from about 1 to about 20 parts per million of the cooling tower water.
If desired, the compositions can also contain microbiocides, anti-foulants and other such additives.
In carrying out the method of the present invention, the four basic components of the corrosion inhibiting composition can be added individually or in mixtures provided that it is generally necessary that the zinc compound and the polyphosphate compound be added separately.
To more fully illustrate the present invention, the following non-limiting examples are presented. All amounts in the examples and as set out above are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
A carbon steel test dowel having a smooth surface, free of tuburculation or other corrosion, was suspended in a glass vessel containing a typical refining cooling tower water having a pH of 7.0 to 8.5 and containing 250 mg/l of Ca.sub.2 CO.sub.3, 200 mg/l Cl--, 215 mg/l SO.sub.4 .dbd. and contaminated with 5 parts per million hydrogen sulfide and 50 parts per million of hydrocarbons. Temperature of the cooling tower water was maintained at 80.degree.-120.degree. F. and the dowel was rotated to achieve a surface velocity of 2 feet per second to simulate a cooling tower system of the open recirculation type. The dowel was left suspended in the cooling tower water for 17 hours. The photograph of FIG. 1 shows that severe tuburculation occurred to the dowel without any corrosion inhibiting composition present. Pitting (pits/cm.sup.2) on a test piece left in the untreated water for hours was too numerous to count.
The procedure of Example 1 was followed with the exception that the cooling tower water contained a chromate based corrosion inhibitor containing zinc chloride sufficient to provide 2 parts per million zinc ion, 20 parts per million chromate (sodium bichromate), 3 parts per million phosphonobutane tricarboxylic acid as a dispersant and 2 parts per million polymethacrylic acid as a dispersant. The photograph of FIG. 2 shows that relatively severe tuburculation occurred even in the presence of the chromate based corrosion inhibitor. Pitting on a test piece left in the chromate treated water for 24 hours mounted to 750 pits/cm.sup.2.
The procedure of Example 1 was followed with the exception that a phosphate corrosion inhibitor was employed. The corrosion inhibitor contained 4 parts per million of polyphosphate (tetrasodium pyrophosphate) and 4 parts per million orthophosphate (disodium phosphate), the composition also containing 2 parts per million HEDP (hydroxyethane diphosphonic acid) and 10 parts per million hydroxypropylacrylate/acrylic acid copolymers as dispersants. The photograph of FIG. 3 shows that relatively severe tuburculation occurred to the dowel even in the presence of the phosphate-based corrosion inhibitor. Pitting on a test piece left in the phosphate treated water for 24 hours mounted to 350 pits/cm.sup.2.
The procedure of Example 1 was followed with the exception that the cooling tower water contained an anti-corrosion composition containing 4 parts per million molybdate (disodium molybdate dihydrate), 6 parts per million polyphosphate (tetrapotassium pyrophosphate), 4 parts per million orthophosphate (disodium phosphate) and 2 parts per million zinc (zinc chloride). The composition also included 10 parts per million of a mixed dispersant comprised of phosphonobutane tricarboxylic acid, acrylic acid/acrylamido-methyl propane sulfonic acid copolymer and polymaleic acid. The photograph of FIG. 4 shows that little tuburculation occurred on the dowel by using the method of the present invention. Additionally, pitting on a test piece left in the cooling water for 24 hours but treated according to the method of the present invention showed 40 pits/cm.sup.2.
The procedure of Example 4 was followed with the exception that no molybdate was present in the corrosion inhibiting composition and only 4 parts per million of polyphosphate was employed The photograph of FIG. 5 shows that relatively severe tuburculation occurred. Additionally, pitting on a test piece left in the molybdatefree treated cooling water for 24 hours was too numerous to count.
The procedure of Example 4 was followed with the exception that no water-soluble zinc compound was present in the corrosion inhibiting composition. Additionally, the composition contained only 2 parts per million polyphosphate and 2 parts per million molybdate. Only 7 parts per million of the mixed dispersant was used. The photograph of FIG. 6 shows that relatively severe tuburculation occurred Additionally, the pitting on a test piece which was left in the thus treated cooling tower water for 24 hours was too numerous to count.
As can be seen from the above examples, the method of the present invention provides excellent corrosion prevention in contaminated cooling waters, i.e. cooling waters containing sulfides and/or hydrocarbons. The method is applicable to any cooling tower water which is contaminated and can be used on various types of cooling tower systems, such as forced draft towers, induced draft towers, and hyperbolic towers. Tower flow may be counterflow or crossflow. The method is equally applicable to atmospheric cooling towers and natural draft towers, but finds particular application in open, recirculating cooling tower systems.
The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention is illustrative and explanatory thereof, and various changes in the method steps may be made within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.
1. A method of inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in a cooling tower system comprising adding to a cooling tower water containing a contaminant selected from the group consisting of sulfides, hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof, an effective amount of a corrosion inhibiting composition comprising from about 0.2 to about 4 parts per million of a water-soluble zinc compound, calculated as zinc, from about 1 to about 15 parts per million of a water-soluble molybdate, calculated as molybdate, from about 1 to about 15 parts per million of a water-soluble orthophosphate, calculated as orthophosphate, and from about 1 to about 15 parts per million of a water-soluble polyphosphate, calculated as polyphosphate and from about 1 to about 20 parts per million of a dispersant, and circulating said water in said system.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said corrosion inhibiting composition is added in an amount of from about 50 to 100 parts per million.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said sulfide comprises hydrogen sulfide.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said molybdate comprises an alkali metal molybdate.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said corrosion inhibiting composition includes a copper corrosion inhibitor.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said cooling tower system comprises an open recirculating cooling tower system.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said contaminant comprises a mixture of sulfides and hydrocarbons.
3116105 December 1963 Kerst
3669901 June 1972 Murray
3928211 December 1975 Browning et al.
4017315 April 12, 1977 Vurasovich et al.
4134959 January 16, 1979 Menke et al.
4176059 November 27, 1979 Suzuki
4209398 June 24, 1980 Ii et al.
4217216 August 12, 1980 Lipinski
4252655 February 24, 1981 Carney
4797713 January 10, 1989 Geiger
45-1328 January 1970 JPX
Date of Patent: Sep 19, 1989
Assignee: Gulf Coast Performance Chemical, Inc. (Houston, TX)
Inventors: Bradley A. Bucher (Houston, TX), Jesse H. Jefferies (Houston, TX), Harold P. Templet (Orange, TX)
Primary Examiner: Peter Hruskoci
Law Firm: Browning, Bushman, Zamecki & Anderson
Application Number: 7/143,580
Current U.S. Class: Using Organic Compound Having Phosphorus (422/15); Utilizing Inorganic Phosphorus Agent (210/697); Phosphorus Containing (210/699); Acrylic Polymer (210/701); With Inorganic Matter Other Than Alkali-metal Hydroxides And Carbonates And Water (252/181); 252/38923; 252/38952; 252/38954; Using Organic Carboxylic Acid Or Salt Thereof (422/17); Using Inorganic Silicon Or Phosphorus Compound (422/18); Using Heavy Metal Or Compound Thereof (422/19)
International Classification: C23F 11167;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Multi-screen may refer to:

 Multi-screen video, video content that is transformed into multiple formats
 Multi-screen cinema, or multiplex (movie theater)
 Multi Screen Media, now Sony Pictures Networks India, an Indian media company

See also
 Split screen (disambiguation)
 Dual Screen (disambiguation)
 Multi-monitor, multiple physical display devices
 Multitouch, technology that enables a surface to recognize more than one point of contact
 Multi-image, using 35mm slides

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


J.D. Vance has many attributes, including the one Napoleon most valued in his generals: luck. Hillbilly Elegy, a memoir of his poor, white Appalachian childhood and subsequent upward mobility through military service and Yale Law School, is a testament to Vance's intelligence, honesty, and resilience. But he is also lucky in his timing, publishing his book at precisely the moment when we most need to deepen our understanding of America's white poor.
I'm not planning, yet, to add to the growing mountain of commentary on Hillbilly Elegy. Read Mona Charen's thoughtful conservative reaction, David Brooks' astute interpretation, Aaron Renn's take (easily the best so far), or listen to Vance himself on NPR. Suffice to say for now that, to me, the main theme is personal agency, or rather the lack of it—and that blaming welfare won't do.
Our evidence suggests that managers endowed with a low economic status at birth face higher entry barriers into asset management, and only the highest-quality candidates succeed in entering the profession.
Another possible explanation is that the very process of overcoming barriers enhances abilities. Most likely, it's a combination of selection and upskilling: upwardly mobile people are smarter in the first place, and the steep uphill path they take makes them smarter still.
On the flip side, the analysis also shows that there a number of "Tims Nice But Dim" managing funds: people who are not very smart, but were born to affluent parents and so got a head start. Or as the authors more politely put it, "managers from wealthier backgrounds show a much higher dispersion in their performance than managers" of modest descent.
There are some limitations with the study, as Tyler Cowen has pointed out, notably that the managers are from an older generation because family income is not yet available for younger workers. The paper is also focused specifically on one profession, although Chuprinin and Sosyura speculate reasonably that similar effects might be seen in other occupations, such as law, accountancy or consulting, or management more generally.
Greater equality of outcomes has uncertain implications for economic growth and efficiency. But greater equality of opportunity seems to point consistently in a pro-growth direction.
We are squandering a lot of potential human capital if we don't give poorer kids better opportunities. J.D. Vance is clearly an exceptional individual. How many other talented, low-income kids never make it out of their town, let alone onto the bestseller list?


text:
Published: August 17, 2022, 12:09 PM
Updated: August 17, 2022, 1:11 PM
Tags: Joe Girardi, Sports
Former Phillies manager Joe Girardi to join Cubs TV booth
Published: August 17, 2022, 12:09 PM Updated: August 17, 2022, 1:11 PM
Philadelphia Phillies manager Joe Girardi speaks at an introductory press conference for new Phillies baseball players Zack Wheeler and Didi Gregorius, in Philadelphia, Monday, Dec. 16, 2019. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke) (Matt Rourke, Copyright 2019 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.)
CHICAGO – Former Philadelphia Phillies manager Joe Girardi has joined Marquee Sports Network as a game analyst for the Chicago Cubs, one of his former teams.
Marquee said Wednesday that Girardi will be in the booth with Jon Sciambi and former big league pitcher Jim Deshaies for this weekend's series against Milwaukee. He also will work next month's series at Miami.
"Growing up a Cubs fan and then having the chance to play for the team for a number of years, I'm honored to now have the opportunity to broadcast from the historic television broadcast booth," Girardi said in a statement.
Marquee Sports Network is jointly owned by the Cubs and Sinclair Broadcast Group.
The 57-year-old Girardi was the manager in Philadelphia before he was fired in June. He had a 132-141 record over three years with the Phillies.
Girardi also has managed the Marlins and New York Yankees. He skippered the Yankees to a 910-710 record in 10 seasons, including the franchise's last World Series championship in 2009.
The Peoria, Illinois, native played college ball at Northwestern before he was selected by the Cubs in the fifth round of the 1986 amateur draft. The catcher made his big league debut with Chicago in 1989 and spent 15 years in the majors, finishing with a .267 batting average, 36 homers and 422 RBIs.


text:
Silly Season round-up: Dudek, Gradel and Myth
Still with no real news to speak of, we resort to the national rags for a daily injection of controversy and scandal as they speculate on who we'll sign and who will rob our prized assets, starting with a little known midfielder from Newcastle United who will cost us just £15,000 per week!
Newcastle offer sweetener to Leeds – The Sun
It's the never-ending tale of the homegrown lad who deserted his team for their bitter rivals during a financial meltdown that saw his beloved Whites sink to the third tier of English football.
Calum Myth – as we've resorted to calling him because we're sick of hearing his name – does seem to be a genuine target for Leeds boss Simon Grayson who has told of his admiration for the player and refused to rule out a move.
The stumbling block – as is always the case with Ken Bates led Leeds United – is money. For once, you can understand the concerns of our tight-fisted chairman however when you learn Myth is on a ridiculous £60,000 per week at the Looney Toons.
The Sun claim the Barcodes will stump up half of that for the final year of his contract and that Myth will accept a measly £15,000 a week from Leeds to join the club he loves. That's £780,000 divided by the 6-7 injury-free games we'll get from him – Deal!
Dudek in line to replace Schmeichel – The Mirror
Former Liverpool stopper Jersey Dudek is believed to be a target for Simon Grayson as he looks to replace Kasper Schmeichel following his £1.5m move to Leicester City.
Despite his credentials as a former Champions League winner who has played for Liverpool, Feyenoord and Real Madrid, you have to laugh this one away when you consider he's 38 years old and managed just 12 appearances in the last four seasons – it's also in The Mirror who haven't got a Leeds rumour right in about 10 years so you can sleep easily tonight.
Max Gradel to West Ham – Various
Like all good stories, this one has picked up an extra twist today as various news outlets claim Leeds United have held unsuccessful talks with Max's representatives and are now open to offers for their star winger.
His 18 goal contribution last season was always going to make him a target for Premier League clubs and when you add to that the fact he has just a year remaining on his contract this becomes an easily spinnable news story for anyone short of a headline.
Leeds have already rejected a superior offer for Max so the reported £2.5m from West Ham seems unlikely. However, with Ken Bates more focused on the development of the East Stand than he is the first team squad, the likelihood of him cashing in on players like Max increases – especially if the club can't agree a contract extension with the Ivorian.
Other bits and bobs…
Mike Grella returned to training at Thorp Arch today but revealed on Twitter he is 99% sure he won't start the season at Elland Road and is simply awaiting the right move. Elsewhere, Richard Naylor is on the brink of signing for Doncaster Rovers.
Alan SmithDoncaster RoversLeeds UnitedMax GradelMike GrellaNewcastle UnitedRichard NaylorWest Ham
Will Master Bates cash in on Gradel?
First look at the new Leeds United home kit


Do you have records from Glenhoy Presbyterian Churchyard Cemetery?
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To create a truly delightful user experience, all the smallest details count. The force sensitivity of buttons and touch screens can be measured to secure just the right feel and feedback to the end user.
Force sensitivity testing verifies buttons' or touch screens' sensitivity to touch. For example, a two-phase camera button's user touch and feel can be verified.
Robot axis with a force & distance measurement unit measures the needed pressing force and is able to give a force value for the point when button mechanics react to the pressing. Alternatively, a robot with different spring-loaded fingers can be used in setups where the device under test (DUT) is able to measure the force.


Age hasn't slowed down 90-year-old composer James Cohn, who just debuted his newest musical creation this week.
The Juilliard-trained composer and Douglaston resident had the honor of premiering his Sonata No. 3 Nov. 27 at the Douglaston Tuesday Morning Music Club.
A few dozen music enthusiasts gathered to listen to Cohn's piece, which was performed by renowned violinist Eric Grossman and his wife, pianist Lida Grossman. According to Cohn, the piece was written specifically for the couple with whom the composer has been friends for a number of years.
"This wonderful violinist and his wife, I wrote this Sonata for them. I've known them for a long time and both of us [Eric Grossman and I] started and graduated at Juilliard. He is a terrific musician and what you heard today is just a chunk of what he is capable of," said Cohn.
Following their performance, Eric Grossman shared the story of how he became acquainted with James Cohn and his wife Eileen Cohn through his chamber music series called The Cosmopolitan Chamber Players.
"The woman who was in charge of it, Rita Asin, introduced me to some of the most important people in my life: my wife Lita and James and Eileen Cohn," said Eric Grossman, who added that was excited to record the newest Sonata for a wider audience to hear.
According to Eileen Cohn, her husband's music has been performed at TMMC for the past seven years, which is also around the time that he became a regular member of the group. She recalled that he was asked to join about 25 years ago, but was not able to due to his full-time job at The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP).
Other performances included a medley of original songs and Christmas standards by guitarist Edmond and mezzo-soprano vocalist Carol Nicodemi, as well as a Claude Debussy performance by pianist Hiroko Miyake Dutton.
James Cohn, who has written four string quartets, six piano sonatas and nine symphonies, among other works, said that he is already working on his next piece, which is a double concerto for violin, viola and orchestra for the concertmaster of Altoona Symphony Orchestra.
He said that he likes to keep busy by writing music and referenced the Latin phrase "furor scribendi" — enthusiasm for writing — to describe his attitude toward his craft.
"I always feel that music is the intersection of logic and emotion; you need both," said Cohn.
The next meeting of the Tuesday Morning Music Club will be Tuesday, Jan. 22, at 11 a.m.


text:
<?php

namespace Intacct\Functions\Common\Query\Comparison\GreaterThanOrEqualTo;

use Intacct\Functions\Common\Query\Comparison\AbstractDateTime;

class GreaterThanOrEqualToDateTime extends AbstractDateTime
{

    /**
     * @return string
     */
    public function __toString(): string
    {
        $clause = '';
        if ($this->isNegate() === true) {
            $clause = 'NOT ';
        }
        $clause .= $this->getField() . " >= '" . $this->getValue()->format($this->getFormat()) . "'";

        return $clause;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Still not sure about this one.
DougEly
Posted: Thu Jan 15, 2015 7:40 pm Post subject: Still not sure about this one.
I should know this, but I still get conflicting opinions. I have seen it happen on TV more than once (not to mention many times to myself). There was no penalty called or infraction mentioned by the commentators.
Ball is sitting in some fluffy rough. Player addresses the ball, grounding his club behind the ball, but not right behind it. Say 3 or 4 inches away for argument sake. The ball does not move from its position relative to the grass it's sitting in as the club is grounded. It doesn't roll, it doesn't oscillate, it doesn't settle down deeper into the grass. However, the whole area of grass compresses a bit when the club is grounded, slightly affecting the area where the ball lies, just not the lie itself (if that makes any sense). Basically, if you took a close up picture of the lie before and after the club is grounded it would look exactly the same because you would not be able to tell that the whole area of grass moved slightly lower when the club compressed it 4 inches away. The grass around the ball stays in contact with the ball exactly as it was before grounding the club.
An analogy would be, you are sitting on a row boat like a statue. You don't move a muscle. But the boat moves in the water a little. You are still in the exact same relative position to the boat. You didn't move, but the boat did, so consequently you are not in the same exact place as you were, even though you are in the exact same position.
Is this clearly a penalty situation? I know this should be a simple answer, but I have seen it happen, as I said, on TV with no reaction. What do you think?
Rodrigo, you out there?
I don't have a "Decision" to cite but I will make a couple of observations. If the movement is not detectable by the player without the aid of a close-up camera or slow motion, then the ball is judged to not have moved. That is the "TV Decision." As you said, everything looks exactly the same except the entire area of the ball and surrounding grass has moved a centimeter.
The USGA did give me an opinion on a rotating ball. The ball stayed in the same place as a pine needle was removed from underneath however it rotated. The USGA said that the fact that the ball rotated meant the ball had moved DOWNWARD even though it did not appear to change positions. They said a penalty was incurred. I think that implies that if the needle was removed but the ball did not rotate, that all was still good. Only the visual evidence of the rotation created a penalty versus no penalty.
So, unless the player or an observer sees the ball change position rather than senses a shift in position of the entire area, I would say no penalty.
yeah I agree too, BUT, they never seem to show those telling close-ups on TV while in the rough. Seems to be an awful lot of up and downs with the club head. Just sayin...
rodrigovaldes
Hi DougE. I'm sorry I just saw your question. First let me give you the quick answer for the very specific scenario you present: There's no penalty.
Now let me tell you why. I think your question is an exact equivalent to this:
D 8/3 Ball in Fork of Tree Moves in Relation to Ground But Not in Relation to Fork
Q.A ball rests in the fork of a branch of a tree. The player climbs the tree to play his next stroke. The branch bends under his weight. Although the ball has moved relative to the ground, it has not moved relative to the fork. Is the ball deemed to have moved?
A.The ball is deemed not to have moved since it did not move in relation to the fork of the tree in which it was lodged.
So the ball didn't move in relation to its lie, even when it's position changed in relation to "Earth", or the course. If the ball doesn't move, there's no penalty.
You mentioned that you've been in this situation. Maybe you want to dig into similar scenarios where the player might be penalized (notice I underline "similar", since the ball moves in those decisions), you may want to read Decisions 18-2b/4 and 18-2b/5
http://www.usga.org/Rule-Books/Rules-of-Golf/Decision-18/#d18-2b-4
I hope this helps you my friend!