text:
Brazilian Journal of Biology
Braz. J. Biol. vol.72 no.2 São Carlos May 2012
Frugivory by birds on Miconia albicans (MELASTOMATACEAE), in a fragment of cerrado in São Carlos, southeastern Brazil
Frugivoria por aves em Miconia albicans (MELASTOMATACEAE), em um fragmento de cerrado em São Carlos, sudeste do Brasil
Allenspach, N.*; Dias, MM.
Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva - DEBE, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, CP 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
The avian guild that consumes Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae) fruits and its phenophases were studied in a fragment of cerrado vegetation located in southeastern Brazil. The fruiting period ocurred between October and January, coinciding with the wet season. Nineteen bird species, mainly of generalistic diets, were registered consuming fruits in 96 observational hours. Species of the families Emberizidae, Thraupidae and Tyrannidae showed the largest number of visits, while those of the families Mimidae and Columbidae, with higher body mass, were responsible for a considerable number of consumed fruits. A correlation was found between body mass and average fruit consumption per visit. Tree height was a relevant factor for bird attraction. Results suggest that M. albicans may be useful in the recovery of degraded areas.
Keywords: frugivory, ornitochory, phenology, Miconia, cerrado.
Foi estudada a guilda de aves que consomem frutos de Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae), bem como a fenologia dessa planta, em fragmento de cerrado no sudeste do Brasil. O período de frutificação ocorreu entre outubro e janeiro, coincidindo com a estação chuvosa. Dezenove espécies de aves, a maioria com dieta generalista, foram registradas consumindo frutos em 96 horas de observações. Espécies das famílias Emberizidae, Thraupidae e Tyrannidae apresentaram o maior número de visitas, enquanto aquelas das famílias Mimidae e Columbidae, de maior massa corporal, sobressaíram-se pelo número de frutos consumidos. Foi encontrada correlação entre massa corporal e consumo médio de frutos por visita. A altura das árvores foi um fator relevante na atração de aves. Os resultados sugerem que M. albicans pode ser útil na recuperação de áreas degradadas.
Palavras-chave: frugivoria, ornitocoria, fenologia, Miconia, cerrado.
Cerrado is the major tropical savana area in South America (Ratter et al., 1997). This vegetation has been greatly reduced by anthropic action, with only several fragments of cerrado remaining in São Paulo state, usually of less than 100 ha each (São Paulo, 1997). Studies have demonstrated that aproximately 50% of cerrado woody species show zoochoric dispersal syndrome (Vieira et al., 2002; Neri et al., 2005). Birds and mammals are believed to be the most important seed dispersers (Howe and Westley, 1997).
Fruit-eating birds may be classified as specialised and opportunistic (Howe and Estabrook, 1977). Following this theory, plants whose dispersal agents are specialised birds would produce large fruits of high nutritional quality (elevated protein content), in a small number, but with large seeds. On the other hand, plants that are dispersed mainly by opportunistic birds would produce small fruits with low nutritional quality (high carbohydrates and water levels), in a large number but with small seeds. Specialised and generalised dispersal systems constitute a paradigm (Howe, 1993) that still motivates research on frugivory and seed dispersal (Jordano et al., 2011).
According to Snow (1981), plants adapted for dispersal by opportunistic frugivorous birds are generally shrubs or small trees, typical from secondary vegetation, colonising edge habitats or recently cleared ground. The family Melastomataceae is an important example of these plants. Species of the genus Miconia represent approximately one quarter of the modern Melastomataceae, occuring from the south of Mexico to the north of Argentina and Uruguay (Goldenberg, 2004).
Miconia albicans (Triana) is a treelet that reaches even 3 m in height, occurring in cerrado secondary vegetation, rocky outcrops and coastal formations (Goldenberg, 2004). Its fruits are small and numerous rosy berries that become jade-green during ripening, with high levels of water and carbohydrates (respectively 76.63 and 13.38%) but low protein content (2.17%) (Maruyama et al., 2007). Neri et al. (2005) observed high density of M. albicans occuring in regenerating cerrado areas.
Ecological aspects involved in bird-plant relationships have been used in environmental risk assessments and to create biodiversity conservation arrangements, so as to estimate future impoverishment and reduction of original vegetation (Howe and Miriti, 2000; Silva and Tabarelli, 2000). The present study aimed to characterize the avian guild that consumes fruits of Miconia albicans and the phenology of the plant, in an attempt to better understand the ecological role of this plant in the fragment studied.
The study was carried out in a non urbanised area in the campus of the Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil (21° 58' S and 47° 52' W). This is a 124.68 ha area (Paese, 1997) where cerrado vegetation is very compromised by irregular fires and by Brachiaria sp. and Melinis sp. (Poaceae) invasion. The regional climate is Cwa.i - Awi (Köppen's system); with wet summers and dry winters (Tolentino, 2007).
According to Dias, Branco and Francisco (in press), a total of 274 bird species have already been sighted in the campus area, and 33% are believed to consume fruits, at least sporadically (Francisco and Galetti, 2001). In research performed with woody species in the area, M. albicans appears as the fourth most abundant species (Oliveira and Batalha, 2005).
Miconia albicans phenophases (Figure 1) were accompanied every two weeks, between March 2008 and February 2009, following 30 random selected individuals in a pre-existing 800 m trail. Since each treelet has a huge number of flower buds, flowers and/or fruits, it was necessary to estimate the total from an average of direct counting on three inflorescences per individual. Field data was analysed using the Fournier intensity percentage (Fournier, 1974), in a classificatory scale from 0 (phenophase absent) to 4 (maximum phenophase intensity). The activity index (percentage of individuals that show the phenophase) per month was also estimated, since both methodologies supply complementary data (Bencke and Morellato, 2002).
The survey of birds consuming M. albicans fruits was carried out using the focal tree methodology (Pizo, 1997) between November and December 2008, when a fruiting peak was registered. Eight treelets were observed from a minimum distance of 8-10 m, with 7 × 35 binoculars, trying in this way to avoid behavioural changes by the visitants. The following aspects were registered: visiting species, time and duration of the visit, number of consumed fruits, foraging behaviour, occurence of agonistic encounters and occurrence of defecation and regurgitation. Each treelet was observed for 12 hours, alternating non-consecutive days, totalling 96 observational hours. However, the observations were equally distributed over the day, from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM, so each time interval was equally sampled in every plant.
Miconia albicans has a very dense crown, which made visualization difficult. So, in order to calculate averages and frequencies for bird visits, only those with recorded duration and fruit consumption were considered. For some species, the total number of visits used to calculate average consumption of fruits per visit is not the same utilised in the calculation of average visit duration.
For correlational analyses, the Spearman correlation coefficient was applied. Body masses and predominant diets were obtained from the literature (Motta-Junior, 1990; Marini et al., 1997; Sick, 1997; Piratelli and Pereira, 2002; Antunes, 2005). Meteorological data is available at Embrapa (2009).
Flowering occured between August and October (Figure 2), when an activity peak was observed. September was the only month when flower intensity went over 50%. However, it is important to emphasize the fact that the number of flowers registered is lower than the real number, since they keep open for a few days only, and so could not all be registered on the biweekly surveys. The procedure also explains the mismatching between the low number of flowers in relation to the large number of immature fruits recorded afterwards.
A peak in the activity index and in the Fournier intensity percentage of ripe fruits was observed between October and January. This interval was considered the fruiting period of M. albicans and coincided with the wet season. Morphometric data of the fruits (n = 50) were: diameter 6.3 (±0.587) mm and average weight of 0.14 (±0.034) g. A mean of 19.52 (±6.34) seeds per fruit was found, with average weight of 7.047 mg each (n = 1000). Seeds correspond to approximately 5.06% of the fruit weight.
Only birds were observed consuming M. albicans fruits. A total of 212 visits with fruit consumption were registered, performed by 19 bird species, from eight families (Table 1). Any new species was observed consuming M. albicans fruits after 72 hours of observation. An average frequency of 2.21 ± 3.48 visits/hour was found, with a peak of 5.4 ± 6.0 visits/hour registered between 6:00 AM and 7:00 AM. During the day, the frequency of visits decreased, until its minimum value (0.3 ± 0.5) between 5:00 PM and 6:00 PM.
Species of the family Emberizidae were the most representative in number of visits (34.9%), followed by Thraupidae (19.81%) and Tyrannidae (18.4%) families. In relation to fruit consumption, species of the families Mimidae, Columbidae and Thraupidae were the most responsible, with 23.34, 19.27 and 17.11% respectively of consumption. Many birds with juvenile plumage were observed consuming M. albicans fruits, notably Sporophila caerulescens, Volatinia jacarina and Mimus saturninus.
Although species of family Emberizidae - which has a typical grain diet (Sick, 1997) - had a prominent number of visits, they were seen in the majority of the visits taking the seeds out of the fruits and rejecting pulp and skin. Sporophila caerulescens, Volatinia jacarina and Zonotrichia capensis have already been registered in the same area as granivores (Motta-Junior, 1990) and since mainly seeds are found fragmented in Emberizidae's stomach (Lopes et al., 2005) they are believed not to be great seed dispersers. Aratinga aurea (Figure 3), Tangara cayana and Saltatricula atricollis were observed mandibulating fruits, but degluting them totally. This behaviour may destroy seeds or not (Moermond, 1983) and only germination tests can verify if these species might act as M. albicans seed dispersers.
Regurgitation, defecation and agonistic encounters were insignificant for all species observed. The average fruit consumption per visit varied from 1.5 fruit/visit (Schistochlamys ruficapillus) to 33.14 (Patagioenas picazuro). A correlation was found between body mass and average fruit consumption per visit (Spearman correlation coeficient: rs = 0.549; p = 0.023) but no significant correlation between average fruit consumption per visit and average visit duration.
Miconia albicans treelets used for focal observations varied from 1.5 to 3.0 m, and hold between 600 and 9000 available fruits (ripe and immature). There is a correlation between tree height and number of visits (Spearman correlation coeficient: rs = 0.753; p = 0.031), but no significant correlation was found between the available fruits and number of visits.
During the survey, the predation of a Tangara sayaca that was consuming M. albicans fruits, by a Callithrix jaccus (Linnaeus) (Cebidae) was observed. At 6:45 AM, three adult marmosets came to a M. albicans treelet and kept inside its crown, that was dense and so hampered visualization. This treelet was being visited by many T. sayaca at that moment. A few minutes later, one marmoset left the plant with the already dead bird in its claws, went to a higher neighbouring tree (about 5 m high) and fed on the bird. The other two marmosets followed the first, but they kept a distance from each other. Then, the group came back to the M. albicans treelet (bringing the bird carcass together), stayed for a few minutes and left.
Miconia albicans treelets showed a high syncrony, with remarkable phenophases. Synchronised fruit production may be a strategy to increase the attractiveness of the frugivorous species responsible for seed dispersal (Augspurger, 1981). The fruiting period coincides with the wet season, when many fruits of other ornithocoric dispersion syndrome plants are available in the same area, like: Davila rugosa Poiret (Dilleniaceae) (Francisco and Galetti, 2002a), Ocotea pulchella (Nees) Mez (Lauraceae) (Francisco and Galetti, 2002b), Pera glabrata (Schott) Baill (Euphorbiaceae) (Francisco et al., 2007), Rapanea lancifolia (Ruiz and Pavon) Mez (Francisco and Galetti, 2001) and Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. (Rutaceae) (Silva et al., 2008).
Fruit richness in the period and the high abundance of M. albicans in the studied area (Oliveira and Batalha, 2005) may be an explanation for the low frequency of visits observed for M. albicans. In comparison to data from the abovementioned literature, M. albicans showed from similar to a 3 times lower frequency of bird visits, while the number of observed species could be considered high (in a range of 11 species for R. lancifolia to 20 for P. glabrata). However, since there are annual climate variations and different methodologies applied, comparisons must be regarded with caution.
Fruit abundance during M. albicans fruiting season could explain either the absent correlation between available fruits per treelet and number of visits, since M. albicans fruits are of low nutritional quality. These fruits are eaten mainly by birds with generalist diets which seek better protein sources. Only treelet height showed to be a relevant factor for bird attraction. Since safety is not completely associated with perching height (Blumstein et al., 2004), it is the interaction with many other factors that results in the tree choice by the birds: forraging patterns, plant community composition and structure, predation risk (Howe, 1979; Robinson and Holmes, 1982; Levey and Moermond, 1984; Hasuí et al., 2007).
Large and cryptic birds are less vulnerable to predators, spending more time on fruiting plants (Pratt and Stiles, 1983; Silva et al., 2008). The heaviest bird observed consuming M. albicans fruits, P. picazuro, showed the largest average visit duration (410,64 ± 222,48 seconds). The marmoset predation of a small bird consuming M. albicans fruits is a strong example of the importance of predation risk during bird feed. The lack of a correlation between average fruit consumption per visit and average visit duration may be a consequence of variated time spent in state of allertness during the visit, just as of different foraging patterns used by each species or previous consumption of other food sources.
Miconia albicans seed dispersal potential by birds could only be inferred through the behavioural aspects observed in the survey. Short visits (less than 3 minutes) and low defecation rates means that seeds may be carried out far away from the parent-plant (Pratt and Stiles, 1983). Future studies are necessary to verify the dispersive potential of the birds here listed and also know M. albicans germination and seedling characteristics.
Characterised by a generalist dispersal system, M. albicans seeds may be dispersed even in disturbed areas where large frugivores are absent. As a pioneer plant, it is known that M. albicans is able to naturally establish under Eucalyptus sp. plantations (Saporetti et al., 2003). All these attributes suggest M. albicans may be useful in the recovery of degraded areas.
Ackonowledgements - Thanks to Dra. Maria Inês Salgueiro Lima for Melastomataceae identification, and to the biologist Julia Ramos Estêvão for helping during field studies. N. Allenspach received a Master's scholarship from CAPES.
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Received May 11, 2011
Accepted July 18, 2011
Distributed May 31, 2012
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Identifier: GTM-140722.2
Scope and Contents note
This collection includes correspondence, audio tapes, articles, and research files pertaining to the case of Dr. Samuel A. Mudd in the context of the Lincoln assassination, Dr. Mudd's imprisonment for his alleged involement therein, and the campaign by the Mudd family and George McNamara to clear the name and rehabilitate the reputation of Dr. Samuel A. Mudd.
Richard D. Mudd papers
Collection-level Scope and Content Note The Richard D. Mudd Papers contain the extensive research files of Richard D. Mudd, whose grandfather, Dr. Samuel A. Mudd, set the leg of Abraham Lincoln's assassin John Wilkes Booth as Booth attempted to escape the scene of the crime through southern Maryland. Samuel A. Mudd went to prison for setting Booth's leg, but Richard D. Mudd decades later contended that his grandfather was simply doing his duty as a medical doctor. Although he was released from prison by President Andrew Johnson,...
George H. O'Connor Papers
Scope and Contents note The George H. O'Connor Papers contain correspondence, photographs, programs, songs, music and cartoons, accumulated by O'Connor throughout his life. The correspondence includes letters from William H. Taft, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, J. Edgar Hoover, Cordell Hull, and Edward Stettinius. The most interesting letters are two written by O'Connor himself to his wife Blanche, while O'Connor was staying at Warm Springs with President Roosevelt.Perhaps the most...
Yale Richmond Cultural Exchange Files
Edith Sitwell - John M. Cohen Collection
Scope and Content note The Sitwell-Cohen Collection comprises thirteen letters from Dame Edith Sitwell to John M. Cohen, and related pieces of correspondence addressed to John M. Cohen and his wife, Audrey Cohen, from Sitwell and Harman Grisewood of the BBC. Also included are two autograph manuscripts of "The Road to Thebes" signed by Sitwell and thought to have been enclosed in two of the letters from Sitwell to Cohen. All of the correspondence is dated from May 26, 1950 to May 19, 1952. The majority of the...
Edith Sitwell - Humphrey Searle Collection
The major portion of the correspondence from Edith Sitwell to composer Humphrey Searle (1915-1982) refers to their collaboration on setting some of Sitwell's works to music by Searle. The collection includes correspondence from Sitwell's brothers, Sir Osbert Sitwell and Sacheverell Sitwell, as well as from Cecil Gray.
Robert Southwell Papers
Scope and Contents note These papers consist primarily of correspondence, including one autograph letter signed by Antoine Arnauld to Robert Southwell; five contemporary copies of letters of Arnauld (Southwell's file copies); one autograph draft and 14 letters of Southwell's; a letter from Edward Coleman, a contemporary copy with a French translation; an autograph letter signed by William Blathwayt, Secretary of War; a letter of Henri Justel, Royal Librarian; and four miscellaneous items. Together, there are 29...
Bernard Wall Papers
Scope and contents note The Bernard Wall Papers highlight the life and career of Bernard Wall (1908-1974), a noted English Catholic intellectual. The collection contains a small run of photocopied letters from David Jones to Bernard Wall. Also, there is a large amount of correspondence from Bernard Wall to his parents dated 1916 to 1932 and to his wife Barbara Wall dated 1935 to 1973. Many autograph manuscripts and typed manuscripts by Bernard Wall are present in this archive. Parts of his diary are...
Manuscripts (document genre) 5
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 -- Assassination 2
Schroen, Francis C., 1857-1924 2
Assassination -- Investigation 1
British History 1
Jones, David 1
Mistral, Gabriela 1
Popish Plot, 1678 1
Printed ephemera 1
Roosevelt, Eleanor 1
United States (Frigate) 1
United States -- History, Naval -- 19th century 1
Wall, Barbara 1
Wall, Bernard 1
World war, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns & battles 1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Poetry at 50, in the US, as a woman [white], 2021, during a pandemic, in a glorious & painful spring, a flash poem, in four parts
by lori | Apr 29, 2021 | Acceptance, Aging Gratefully, Alzheimer's, Content, Culture Shift, Essays, Flash, Getting Lost, Gratitude, Grief, Neighbors, Pain, Pandemic, Poetry, Respite, Stillness, Strength in Real Life, Unapologetically Odd, Uncategorized, Wayfinding, Women, Writing
1. Our flags always fly at half-mast now.Wide and unhealed wounds on high for the world to seeflap dripping loss and pus rains down into the public square. Below themwhite men, whips still in handand a few hard-yoked women, their heads downplodding alongfacing only...
Five Things I Adore about Turning 50
by lori | Jun 13, 2020 | Essays, Getting Lost, Grace, Grief and Loss, Imagination, Inimitable Joy, Love, Play and Magic, Story, Strength in Real Life, Unapologetically Odd, Wayfinding
Chaos, love, death, peace, rage, wonder, protest, gratitude, and humility. Throw in "so hot that I could pass out" and this could be a description of what going through menopause feels like. 😉 Here though, these words are what the world herself feels like to me right...
10 Habits for Falling More Deeply in Love with Your Humans using Zoom
by lori | May 1, 2020 | Acceptance, Essays, Getting Lost, Grief and Loss, Imagination, Impacts, Leadership, Learning, Learning as, Love, Play into Work, Research, Self-organizing groups, Self-organizing work groups, Story, Strength in Real Life, Unapologetically Odd, Wayfinding, Wonder
So many articles are circulating right now about how exhausted and drained people feel after Zoom meetings. I get that. Back in my corporate and academic days, that used to happen to me during Skype meetings and conference calls all the time. I'd often sign off...
Are we still learning? Questions from my community
by lori | Oct 23, 2018 | Creating, Culture, Essays, Forgiveness, Getting Lost, Imagination, Strength in Real Life, Unapologetically Odd, Wayfinding
It's October 2018. Status update from earth. We're tired. We're working hard. Many of us are in pain: hurting, scared, and angry on a regular basis now. I could say most of us but I can only see and speak on behalf of my own community on that. Here, most of us are...
On befriending wonder and unleashing playfulness: a story, a trailer, and two new books
by lori | Apr 5, 2018 | Acceptance, Creating, Essays, Getting Lost, Grief and Loss, Stillness, Story, Strength in Real Life, Unapologetically Odd, Wayfinding, Wonder, Writing
We've had one hell of a fall and winter here. We helped Mom move into a memory care home where she'll have the round-the-clock, large community support she now needs. We've been moving with our own grief and helping each other, and Mom and Dad, with...
How Do I Navigate Publishing a Book When I Know Nothing About That World?
by lori | Jan 23, 2018 | Books, Creating, Essays, Strength in Real Life, Unapologetically Odd, Wayfinding, Writing
I heard this from a friend in Seattle this week: "I write with a question. After much dithering, hemming and hawing, I have found the key to my book… I would greatly appreciate your counsel on how to navigate the process of getting it published. Finding an...


Did you know that bay or laurel leaves come from the laurel tree? If that sounds familiar, laurel wreaths were used to crown winners in ancient Greece. The laurel tree originated in Asia Minor and the dried bay leaf is a go-to herb in Greek, Turkish and Mediterranean cooking.
Bay leaves are used only to flavor a dish. Always remember to remove them from the food before serving because they're difficult to digest and are very bitter to taste. Try to use the leaves whole as when they are broken or crushed the leaves become much more difficult to remove from your food. I use bay leaves sparingly as their flavor is strong and can easily overwhelm a dish.
Tip to share – because I hate the idea of throwing away the little pieces of bay leaves left at the bottom of the jar but I also hate the idea of picking them all out of the finished dish, I now tie them up securely in a small piece of cheesecloth and use as I normally would in a recipe – problem solved!
Varieties of bay leaves are usually differentiated by place of origin. If you haven't already, I highly recommend you try the Turkish variety. I love the flavor of Turkish bay leaves. They add a much more subtle and delicately woody flavor to foods as opposed to the more readily available variety from California.
I buy my Turkish bay leaves online at www.thespicehouse.com. Their spices are always fresh and excellent quality. Can't tell you how many times I've gone online to place a quick order and gotten completely sidetracked by the pages and pages of exotic spices they offer. It's worth a browse even if you don't buy anything. Tip to share – mark the date on a piece of masking tape stuck to the bottom of the bottle or bag so that you don't keep them for any longer than 6 months.
If you'd rather buy locally, McCormick makes a top tier line of spices that includes Turkish Bay leaves. They are not bad and available at most supermarkets. Just remember to look for the 'use by' date and make sure the label clearly reads "Turkish".
Many Greek households scatter dried bay leaves around the kitchen to keep away pantry and house flies. It's a great way to reduce the chemicals you use in your home, get rid of annoying pests and have a lovely scent in the air all at the same time!


Fast, Simple, Delicious and Flavorful!
I don't like spice nor does my 4 year old so I modified the recipe by using smoked sausage instead, and when I was plating the food, just added a pinch of cayenne pepper to dad's. He's a fan of heat. This is such a simple recipe and I love that it tastes like it's been cooking all day. Thanks Johnsonville. Keep the good products coming our way!!!!
I use Johnsonville Andouille Sausage with Zatarain's Jambalaya rice box. Super easy and yummy!
Easy to make and not a huge list of ingredients. My only change was that I sauteed the onion, peppers, and celery first, added that to the cooked rice, then heated the sausage separately and stirred it in to the large pot. I also used the small, bagged yellow and orange bell peppers. They really add a pop of color. I used about a teaspoon of "Soul Seasoning," which is a spice blend popular here in Arkansas. Superb, thanks Johnsonville.
This was yummy! However there is a typo in your recipe; although I already knew, you never mention what to do with the onion.
Great dish - simple to prepare & tastes amazing!
I saw this recipe on the package for the Johnsonville andouille sausage - and figured why not give it a shot? Long story short, I am glad I did - since its become one of my new favorites! Its very easy to prepare & the sausage gives it great flavor. I add a little bit of cajun seasoning & cayenne pepper powder for a bit of extra kick, but if you're not a fan of spicy foods, it still tastes great without it.
This product has met my expectations of what andouille sausage flavor should taste like.
I have been looking for recipes to bring out Louisiana flavors at tailgate parties (especially when playing New Orleans during football season) and have found some of the best tasting Andouille sausage made by Johnsonville. Everything is done to a perfection! The flavors blend well with most everything imaginable to cook. You can use this product as a quick snack or a you can make a quick meal using Johnsville products within a matter of minutes. I can't say anything bad about any of the products they make!
I am not the best cook but this recipe was so simple and perfect. I was amazed with how good it turned out.
Excellent flavor, fast to prepare. I love the kick at the end of the bite of sausage. I use andouille in gumbo, dirty rice and jambalaya.
Loved it. I would not change a thing. Thanks for recipe.
Awesome recipe quick and easy! a great dinner for a busy night when you do not have much time. always a good option!!!
Great meal! Easy and tasty! One suggestion, I've started washing my rice. It makes it less sticky.
This recipe was quick and easy to prepare after work. My kids loved the flavor. Andouille sausage is always a hit!!
A meal that the entire family can enjoy!! Very easy to make and it will be made again.
This tasted amazing. I added a bit more garlic though, since I really like garlic.
This was a great meal for our family. It was quick and easy and we love the andouille sausage!
My family really enjoys cajun inspired dishes, and thought this was great. The best part about the meal for me was that I had most of the ingredients in my house already, and since the sausage was already cooked, it was fast to throw together. Definitely a repeat for us!
This is a very quick and easy meal to make. It's full of flavor and the "Dirty Rice" name is usually a hit. I love this meal. You get your grains, veggies and meat all in one pan.
Made this last night, it tasted great! I had a bunch of rice already made so this was quick and easy.
Just prepared Dirty Rice with Andouille Sausage (added scotch bonnet peppers to really make it Hot!) and it was great. Been using the Andouille Sausage in burritoes & with Mac&cheese every week. Great product.
I made this for dinner last night and the kids both told me it was good without being prompted. This is always a good sign! I enjoyed the quick preparation and cooking time. I will definitely add this recipe to my repertoire.
Hubby and I make this together. It's a great way to remember New Orleans style cooking.
I always did dirty rice with pork sauage, this recipe was different and delicious! One of my new favorites.
The new Andouille is amazing, I've tried other brands and they are always more heat than flavor. When we make this we always have to make extra for snacking. Super easy and delicious. A great Cajun kick.
THIS IS A DISH MY GRAND CHILDREN WILL EAT.
My 3 grand kids love rice and sausage. Had to finely chop celery to hide it from the kids.
LOVE DIRTY RICE and this makes it even better! I thought for sure my family would not like this, but tried it anyway... and low and behold, HUGE HIT!!! Much easier than I thought to make!
My son is a chef, so we use only fresh ingredients for our recipes and always home-made. When he came over to have dinner with me, I was trying to have a meal that was unique. iI had a coupon for the Johnson fully cooked sausage and I liked the idea that you used only choice meat in the sausage and I have been sold every since.
I love to use it to make Spanish rice as well. The blend of spices enhances the flavor.
Quick and easy meal for my husband that tastes great! Left overs are easy to make a new meal by mixing some scrambled eggs and rolling in a tortilla, or stuffing in a pepper for an easy lunch.
This recipe is great, the picky ones had little to complain about and had seconds. In other words, it was better than a peanut butter sandwhich, since it is eat dinner or make a PB & J.
I like rice and meat dishes thats why this really appealed to me. The other change i made was to add cooked chicken,too, to make it more like jambalaya.
I come from the New Orleans area and this is not dirty rice. The sausage has great flavor and does meet the spice requirements. The rice part of the dish is boring and bland.
So much better than the boxed mixes...it was bursting with flavor and the fresh vegetables provided an added touch.
I made this for dinner last night and it was a great success. The flavor of the sausage married well with the ingredients. Such a great comfort food on a cool fall night. This will be a regular in our dinner rotation. Two thumbs up!
The meal was quick and easy for a busy week. The flavors where good. I would make it again.
I tried the dirty rice recipi and my family loved it. The Andouille Sausage is now my #1 sausage.
My family loved this recipe. Seemed like I always fixed Johnsonville sausage the same way, never triing anything new. Glad I did, thanks for the great ideas!
My family loves spice so when it comes to this sausage incorporated into my jambalaya recipe it made taste all so much better!!! I made a giant pot and we didn't have any left over between this family of five.
This is a wonderful recipe for cleaning out refrigerator leftovers. It would also be easy to make freezer/refrigerator packs ahead of time, for those days when you just don't have time or energy to spend in the kitchen.
My go-to meal for any day!
Everyone likes this. It's quick, flavorful, and complete. You can add a few touches if you want to suit individual family members - such as sprinkle grated cheese before serving, or put a bottle of hot sauce on the table to adjust the heat for the adventurous members of your family. This one everyone likes!
Very flavorful. This recipe was quick and easy. My daughters loved this recipe.
This was a great recipe, easy to fix for a week nght and the family loved it!
My family loves the sausage with dirty rice. It is easy to make and quick to make. Great for those nights when you are really tired.
My family love rice and johnsonville sauage, so i knew this would go over really well. It is full of flavor, quick and easly, it made a wonderful meal, and it was something different.
Great for a fast meal!
My husband and son loved this recipe, it was easy and quick when both were hungry for something different. Very easy to make and was very tasty!


Mirrors : Restoration Supply Company, The Right Stuff!
Rear View Mirror Polished stainless curved mount bracket. Rectangular 2-5/8" x 5" beveled glass mirror. Mounts to any flat surface.
Rear View Mirror Polished stainless flat mount with lip. Oval 2-7/8" x 5-3/4" beveled glass mirror. Mounts to any flat surface.
2-7/8" x 5-3/4" Oval mirror head without bracket.
Rear View Mirror Cast stainless flat mount bracket with a 1-1/2" arm, 2" hole centers. Oval 2-7/8" x 5-3/4" beveled glass mirror. Mounts to any flat surface.
Rear View Mirror Cast stainless flat mount bracket with a 2-1/2" arm, 2" hole centers. Oval 2-7/8" x 5-3/4" beveled glass mirror. Mounts to any flat surface.
Rear View Mirror Cast stainless flat mount bracket with a 2-1/2" arm, 2" hole centers. Rectangular 2-5/8" x 5" beveled glass mirror. Mounts to any flat surface.
Rear View Mirror Polished stainless curved mount bracket. Oval 2-7/8" x 5-3/4" beveled glass mirror. Mounts to any flat surface.
Rear View Mirror Polished stainless angle mount bracket. Oval 2-7/8" x 5-3/4" beveled glass mirror. Mounts to any flat surface.
Rear View Mirror Polished stainless angle mount bracket. Rectangular 2-5/8" x 5" beveled glass mirror. Mounts to any flat surface.
Rear View Mirror Polished stainless flat mount bracket with lip. Rectangular 2-5/8" x 5" beveled glass mirror. Mounts to any flat surface.
Beveled Glass These high quality beveled glass mirrors will fit many applications. Rectangle - 5" x 7"
Beveled Glass These high quality beveled glass mirrors will fit many applications. Rectangle - 2-1/2" x 6"
Beveled Glass These high quality beveled glass mirrors will fit many applications. Rectangle - 2-1/2" x 4"
Beveled Glass These high quality beveled glass mirrors will fit many applications. Chopped Oval - 2-5/8" x 5"
Beveled Glass These high quality beveled glass mirrors will fit many applications. Rectangle - 2-7/8" x 6"
Beveled Glass These high quality beveled glass mirrors will fit many applications. Rectangle - 2-3/4" x 5-1/4"
Straight Arm 'Peep Mirror This Stainless Steel mirror clamps on most door edges and adjusts to many mounting angles. The arm is 5-1/4" long and the mirror with locking swivel is 4" dia. Rubber mounting pad and allen wrench included.
Suction Cup Mirror Good quality black plastic, fully adjustable mirror; great safety item. Just stick it on for GO and remove it for SHOW! Stainless Steel 2" x 6"
Suction Cup Mirror Good quality black plastic, fully adjustable mirror; great safety item. Just stick it on for GO and remove it for SHOW! Plastic 2" x 6"
Suction Cup Mirror Good quality black plastic, fully adjustable mirror; great safety item. Just stick it on for GO and remove it for SHOW! Plastic 2" x 4-1/2"
Stainless Mirror Head 4-1/8" diameter with 5/16" swivel mounting post 1-1/2" long; 3/4" thread length.
Universal Mirror Universal mounting bracket which may be easily modified; especially suited for closed cars. Glass size 2-5/8" x 5"; black painted steel.
Spare Tire Mounted Mirror This Triple Chrome plated mirror stand is 6-1/2" tall and has a 4" diameter stainless steel mirror. It comes with a 22" long brown leather strap.


text:
PIN for French rail PPP
A region in eastern France has issued a prior information notice (PIN) for a rail project.
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Pont-Saint-Vincent-Vittel rail PPP
Region Grand Est is considering the procurement of partners to redevelop and manage a railway section between Pont-Saint-Vincent and Vittel under a design, build, finance, operate and maintain...
€220m French cable car concession launched
An alpine region in eastern France has issued a concession notice for a cable car project.
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UK IPA appoints new chief executive
DWPF Ltd is in administration
Bidders' day for Welsh schools
HS2 to be reviewed
NDFA, NewERA director appointed


The first game in the new Alameda County Derby went the way of the host as CDAguiluchos USA won a sloppy rainy game 3-1 at Raimondi Park on Saturday night. While not the first time the Stompers have played Aguiluchos, it was the first time since their rebrand to become the East Bay FC Stompers and since their move to Hayward, creating a new county derby.
The opening chances of the game went the way of the Aguiluchos as Stompers Goalkeeper Jose Majano was forced into multiple difficult saves. However, the game remained 0-0 as the Stompers began to build their way back into the game.
The Stompers began to dominate possession, but did not create much with the possession they had. They controlled the game mostly through possession between their defenders and defensive midfield. However, with the wet turf conditions, their build-up play lacked intent.
It took a moment of magic from Man of the Match Ross Middlemiss of Aguiluchos late in the first half to finally unlock the Stompers defense. Middlemiss danced down the left side passed multiple defenders and put in a perfect cross that was neatly tucked home by Adam Martinez.
The Stompers tried to respond immediately and had their best chance of the first half when Khalid Arramdani rose bravely for a cross and got his head to it, missing just wide. Unfortunately, this resulted in a collision with Aguiluchos goalkeeper Kevin Gonzales that left Arramdani down with a possible broken nose. He was subbed off at the half, as the score remained 1-0.
East Bay FC made three subs at the half and switched from a 4-4-2 to a more attacking 4-3-3, showing their intent to get a result from the match. They created the first attacking threat on the break, but CD Aguiluchos defender Bengy Ruiz went in with a challenge that received a yellow card.
This was followed by another great attack by the Stompers when captain Tommy Rodda missed an open header at the back post failing to even hit the target. Within minutes the Stompers had another chance off of a corner kick that saw Jesse Kehoe miss the frame as well.
While the Stompers looked more dangerous, Middlemiss again turned nothing into something beating three East Bay defenders and setting up Simon Rawnsley for the goal. This was his second assist of the game to make it 2-0 to the home side.
The Stompers did not go quietly as substitute Joel Sandoval's long-range effort deflected into the path of Tommy Rodda, and he made no mistake with his second chance and found the back of the net bringing the score to 2-1 with just minutes to play.
Sadly for the Stompers however, the defense switched off and allowed the Aguiluchos to score immediately off of the restart. When substitute Devin Collins found the loose ball at his feet, he blasted it into the roof of the net to seal the game and restore the two-goal lead.


This Victorian charmer is located on one of the tree shaded streets of North Oakland in Pittsburgh. It has the charm and the location. It features . . .
Healthy Ride (bike-sharing) locations near the Nevilletree.
What school district is the Nevilletree in?


text:
package me.cafecode.android.workshop3.models;

import android.os.Parcel;
import android.os.Parcelable;
import android.support.annotation.DrawableRes;

/**
 * Created by Natthawut Hemathulin on 8/8/15 AD.
 * Email: natthawut1991@gmail.com
 */
// TODO: 18 - Implement Parcelable
public class Place implements Parcelable {

    private String id = "";
    private String name = "";
    private String address = "";
    private double rating = 0.0;
    private @DrawableRes int photo;
    private String review;

    public Place() {

    }

    public Place(String name, String address, double rating, @DrawableRes int photo, String review) {
        this.name = name;
        this.address = address;
        this.rating = rating;
        this.photo = photo;
        this.review = review;
    }

    protected Place(Parcel in) {
        id = in.readString();
        name = in.readString();
        address = in.readString();
        rating = in.readDouble();
        photo = in.readInt();
        review = in.readString();
    }

    public static final Creator<Place> CREATOR = new Creator<Place>() {
        @Override
        public Place createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
            return new Place(in);
        }

        @Override
        public Place[] newArray(int size) {
            return new Place[size];
        }
    };

    public String getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(String id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(String address) {
        this.address = address;
    }

    public double getRating() {
        return rating;
    }

    public void setRating(double rating) {
        this.rating = rating;
    }

    public int getPhoto() {
        return photo;
    }

    public void setPhoto(int photo) {
        this.photo = photo;
    }

    public String getReview() {
        return review;
    }

    public void setReview(String review) {
        this.review = review;
    }

    @Override
    public int describeContents() {
        return 0;
    }

    @Override
    public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {
        dest.writeString(id);
        dest.writeString(name);
        dest.writeString(address);
        dest.writeDouble(rating);
        dest.writeInt(photo);
        dest.writeString(review);
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Assurance Engineer
Free & Fair (F&F) seeks an experienced assurance engineer—a developer who is thrilled to work on high-assurance open source elections technologies that demonstrate what is possible with modern applied formal methods-based development processes, methodologies, tools, and techniques. Our focus on national critical infrastructure, transparent engineering, and formal assurance makes this opportunity unique.
Technical Documentation Writer, Asset Manager, and Release Engineer
Free & Fair (F&F) seeks a multifaceted engineer—someone who enjoys writing quality documentation, managing digital and physical assets, is attentive to detail, and can be the final gatekeeper and release engineer who is thrilled to work on high-assurance open source elections technologies that demonstrate what is possible with modern development processes, methodologies, tools, and techniques. Our focus on national critical infrastructure, transparent engineering, and formal assurance makes this opportunity unique.
UI/UX Engineer
Free & Fair (F&F) seeks an experienced UI/UX engineer—someone who practices user-centric design, finds usable security a fascinating area of R&D, someone who appreciates usable and accessible technologies, and a developer and engineer who is thrilled to work on high-assurance open source elections technologies that demonstrate what is possible with modern development processes, methodologies, tools, and techniques. Our focus on national critical infrastructure, transparent engineering, and formal assurance makes this opportunity unique.
Embedded Systems Engineer
Free & Fair (F&F) seeks an experienced embedded systems engineer—a developer and engineer who is thrilled to work on a high-assurance open source elections technologies that demonstrate what is possible with modern development processes, methodologies, tools, and techniques. Our focus on national critical infrastructure, transparent engineering, and formal assurance makes this opportunity unique.
Rigorous Systems/Software Engineer
Free & Fair (F&F) seeks several experienced systems/software engineers—developers who are thrilled to work on high-assurance open source elections technologies that demonstrate what is possible with modern development processes, methodologies, tools, and techniques. Our focus on national critical infrastructure, transparent engineering, and formal assurance makes this opportunity unique.
VP of Engineering
Free & Fair (F&F) seeks an experienced systems engineering development leader—an executive who can step in and build a dynamic, distributed engineering team, deliver solutions to the market, and execute challenging development activities focused on national critical infrastructure.


In 1919, when the 7824 Girard Ave. building was constructed, it housed a grocery store and post office, and was the first commercial-use structure on the street.
The commercial building at 7824 Girard Ave., where the beloved Burns Drugs store operated for 62 years before going out of business, is undergoing a remodel. The architect in charge of the project, Paul Benton, said the owner, who wishes to remain anonymous, is renovating the property to house one or two retail tenants on the ground floor and two residential units in its second story.
Possible tenants have not been identified.
Since Burns Drugs went out of business in May 2014, The Village storefront has been vacant. To maximize its utility for today's market, Benton is building a street level flexible space that could house one or two retailers. "We can put two entrances and two tenants, and if one tenant wants the whole thing, they're welcome to that as well," he told La Jolla Light.
The downstairs features 4,591 square feet of commercial space, and the residential units will be a one-bedroom 1,222-square-foot apartment and a two-bedroom 1,531-square-foot single-family residential unit. A garage in the rear of the building will be constructed to add two parking spaces, in compliance with the residential parking requirements of the City of San Diego.
For residential use, two windows will be added on the second story, facing the street front. Historical photos show that the building originally had such windows, but those were removed when Burns Drugs reshaped the building.
In 1952, Burns Drugs opened for business in the building and served La Jollans for 62 years, before closing in 2014.
The two-story commercial building was originally built in 1919, according to the book "La Jolla: Then & Now" by Carol Olten and Rudy Vaca. "At the street level, it housed the Barnes & Calloway grocery and the La Jolla Post Office. The upstairs was a meeting room for the La Jolla Brotherhood men's organization," it reads.
The former Burns Drugs building, flanked by Warwick's bookstore (left) and the Ralph Lauren store (right), is under construction to become a commercial/residential mixed-use property.
The owners of 7824 Girard Ave. are once again leading the changes along the street by bringing a commercial/residential mixed-use building to a block where most other buildings are exclusively commercial.
Benton hopes the next retail tenant(s) can be up and running within a few months. "In the coming months, you're going to see a lot of changes on the outside. We're probably going to spend more time on the back, and the remodeling of the residential units," he said, adding that if a possible occupant of the commercial space required further changes, the building owners would gladly incorporate them while construction is underway.


text:
Q: Problem with connecting (ssh) to an AWS EC2 instance AWSTemplateFormatVersion: "2010-09-09"

Parameters:

  VPCCIDR:
   Type: String
   Default: 10.1.0.0/16

  PrivateSubnetCIDR:
   Type: String
   Default: 10.1.1.0/24

  PublicSubnetCIDR:
   Type: String
   Default: 10.1.2.0/24

Resources:

  VPC:
   Type: AWS::EC2::VPC
   Properties:
     CidrBlock: !Ref VPCCIDR
     Tags:
       - Key: Name
         Value: VPC

  PrivateSubnet:
   Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
   Properties:
     CidrBlock: !Ref PrivateSubnetCIDR
     VpcId:  !Ref VPC
     Tags:
       - Key: Name
         Value: PrivateSubnet

  PublicSubnet:
   Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
   Properties:
     CidrBlock: !Ref PublicSubnetCIDR
     VpcId:  !Ref VPC
     Tags:
       - Key: Name
         Value: PublicSubnet

  InternetGateway:
    Type: AWS::EC2::InternetGateway
    Properties:
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: InternetGateway

  GatewayAttachment:
    Type: AWS::EC2::VPCGatewayAttachment
    Properties:
      InternetGatewayId: !Ref InternetGateway
      VpcId: !Ref VPC

  PublicRouteTable:
   Type: AWS::EC2::RouteTable
   Properties:
     VpcId: !Ref VPC
     Tags:
       - Key: Name
         Value: PublicRouteTable

  Route:
   Type: AWS::EC2::Route
   Properties:
      DestinationCidrBlock: 0.0.0.0/0
      GatewayId: !Ref InternetGateway
      RouteTableId: !Ref PublicRouteTable

  PublicRouteAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref PublicRouteTable
      SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnet

  NatSecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupDescription: 'Nat Security Group'
      GroupName: NatSecurityGroup
      SecurityGroupIngress:
       - CidrIp: !Ref PrivateSubnetCIDR
         Description: 'Private Subnet traffic'
         FromPort: -1
         ToPort: -1
         IpProtocol: -1
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      Tags:
         - Key: Name
           Value: NatSecurityGroup

  NatInstance:
   Type: AWS::EC2::Instance
   Properties:
     ImageId: ami-003acd4f8da7e06f9
     InstanceType: t2.micro
     KeyName: marjan
     SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnet
     SecurityGroupIds:
       - !Ref NatSecurityGroup
     SourceDestCheck: false
     Tags:
       - Key: Name
         Value: NatInstance

  EIP:
   Type: AWS::EC2::EIP
   Properties:
     InstanceId: !Ref NatInstance
     Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: EIP

  PrivateRouteTable:
   Type: AWS::EC2::RouteTable
   Properties:
       VpcId: !Ref VPC
       Tags:
         - Key: Name
           Value: PrivateRouteTable

  NATRoute:
   Type: AWS::EC2::Route
   Properties:
      DestinationCidrBlock: 0.0.0.0/0
      InstanceId: !Ref NatInstance
      RouteTableId: !Ref  PrivateRouteTable

  PrivateRouteAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref PrivateRouteTable
      SubnetId: !Ref PrivateSubnet

  JumpBoxSecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupDescription: 'JumpBox Security Group'
      GroupName: JumpBoxSG
      SecurityGroupIngress:
       - CidrIp: 62.162.179.210/32
         Description: 'SSH'
         FromPort: 22
         ToPort: 22
         IpProtocol: tcp
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      Tags:
         - Key: Name
           Value: JumpBoxSecurityGroup

  JumpBoxEC2Instance:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Instance
    Properties:
      ImageId: ami-08e4e35cccc6189f4
      InstanceType: t2.micro
      NetworkInterfaces:
       - AssociatePublicIpAddress: "true"
         DeviceIndex: "0"  ### dodeluva public ip adressa na prviot interface
         SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnet
         GroupSet:
           - !Ref JumpBoxSecurityGroup
      KeyName: marjan
      Tags:
         - Key: Name
           Value: JumpBoxEC2Instance

# Do tuka mrezhen del

  PublicEC2SecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupDescription: 'EC2Public'
      SecurityGroupIngress:
       - CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0
         Description: 'http'
         FromPort: 80
         ToPort: 80
         IpProtocol: tcp
       - SourceSecurityGroupId: !Ref JumpBoxSecurityGroup
         Description: 'ssh Jumpbox'
         FromPort: 22
         ToPort: 22
         IpProtocol: tcp
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      Tags:
         - Key: Name
           Value: PublicEC2SecurityGroup

  PublicEC2Instance:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Instance
    Properties:
     ImageId: ami-0022f774911c1d690
     InstanceType: t2.micro
     NetworkInterfaces:
       - AssociatePublicIpAddress: "true"
         DeviceIndex: "0"
         SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnet
         GroupSet:
           - !Ref PublicEC2SecurityGroup
     KeyName: marjan
     Tags:
       - Key: Name
         Value: PublicEC2Instance

  PrivateEC2SecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupDescription: 'EC2Public'
      SecurityGroupIngress:
       - SourceSecurityGroupId: !Ref PublicEC2SecurityGroup
         Description: 'MySQL From Public EC2'
         FromPort: 3306
         ToPort: 3306
         IpProtocol: tcp
       - SourceSecurityGroupId: !Ref JumpBoxSecurityGroup
         Description: 'SSH From JumpBox'
         FromPort: 22
         ToPort: 22
         IpProtocol: tcp
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      Tags:
         - Key: Name
           Value: PrivateEC2SecurityGroup

  PrivateEC2tInstance:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Instance
    Properties:
     ImageId: ami-0022f774911c1d690
     InstanceType: t2.micro
     SubnetId: !Ref PrivateSubnet
     KeyName: marjan
     SecurityGroupIds:
       - !Ref PrivateEC2SecurityGroup
     Tags:
       - Key: Name
         Value: PrivateEC2tInstance

Here is my code, i am having trouble connecting to the jumpbox instance, the instance is running but when i try to connect with it it gives me " connect to host 54.145.162.171 port 22: Connection timed out "
I am using the commands on the screentshot , ihave no idea what's causing this problem, i cannot ssh to anything. if anyone has an idea how to solve this or has a few methods on solving this please let me know.

A: Everything is fine except that you constrained your JumpBoxEC2Instance to be accessed only from 62.162.179.210/32. This is probably not your real address, even if you may think it is. If you double check your IP, or change the SG as shown below, it should work:
  JumpBoxSecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupDescription: 'JumpBox Security Group'
      GroupName: JumpBoxSG
      SecurityGroupIngress:
       - CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0
         Description: 'SSH'
         FromPort: 22
         ToPort: 22
         IpProtocol: tcp
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      Tags:
         - Key: Name
           Value: JumpBoxSecurityGroup

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


So im looking at buying my first vehicle. I live more in the country so I want a truck. My grandpa owns an engine repair shop and knows quite bit about fixing things so he said he would help/teach me if I bought a truck that needed mechanical work.
So I found a cool truck. It has a 6in shock lift, 3in body lift and pretty big tires (docent say the size). This truck needs some engine work (no problem), some transition work (not sure how hard) and needs a paint job (never done one before). Its a 1998 and 160 thousand miles.
So what does everyone think. Is this a good deal? Its a really cool truck but don't know how much transmission work it needs and never down a paint job. Good deal? how do you do a paint job?
Show your Grandpa the pics first. He might have something else in mind for you..
I wouldn't want a truck that was lifted and off-roaded to heck and back.
Ad expired. I'd stay away from it myself, just from the description you gave.
With those miles, it shouldn't need that much work.
Thanks for your responses. Jumbo, this truck came from Texas so I don't know if it was used off road and why don't you like lifted trucks?
Scooter, that is true, it shouldn't need that much work but at the same time, we know how to fix it.
Keep responding and does anyone know how to do a paint job?
Most of the time if a truck is lifted it's so they can put big tires on and go mudding. Big expensive tires and wheels. Here are some of the other reasons I don't like lifted trucks. If it was still under warranty you just voided it. I don't like the way they look and how hard it is for some people to get in. My mom can barely get in my stock Silverado to go to the store and it sits fairly low. A lift kit increases the angle of the driveshafts and it makes them wear out faster. A body lift doesn't offer any performance advantages and can make it worse because of the higher center of gravity. They won't handle as good and are more likely to have a rollover accident. Suspension lift kits are expensive, and when you have to replace parts that's another added expense. The only reason I see to lift a truck is to put bigger tires on it. Big heavy tires will give you worse gas mileage, plus you'll need to upgrade your brakes to handle the extra weight. Both diffs need to be re-geared to a lower ratio if you want good performance off-roading with big tires. Plus your speedometer and odometer will both be off with big tires. My truck fits in a parking ramp downtown that I've used several times, but if it was lifted I would have to park somewhere else and walk. Walking in downtown Flint is something I try to avoid if at all possible. I could probably think of more reasons if those aren't enough.
If you're not worried about fixing it up, get a classic and restore it.
The truck you're looking at is a money pit. No matter how much or how little you put into it, you'll never get your money back.
Get you something like a decent bodied Ford F100. Way easier to work on too.
Jumbo, good point. I just like lifted trucks because they look really cool. You had a lot of good points and I'm sure it would be difficult to have a big truck in the city.
The only place in the city I couldn't go in a lifted truck would be the parking ramps downtown and at the hospitals. I think the drive up ATMs and fast food places would have enough clearance. But I would have to carry a ladder or stool so my mom could go out to eat or to the store.
It just doesn't make sense to me to lift one unless you like to play in the mud and have money to spare. I used to go off-road in a stock SUV and pickup but have hardly done it since I got my first ATV. I can tear up an ATV and get it fixed a lot cheaper than my truck, and I can still drive my truck while the ATV is being repaired.
Can't wait to feel that 130 HP at the dunes.
I love my 2012 Ram Cummins. It has a 6" lift and 37" tires. It sits 7" tall to the top of the cab. At least once a week some tells me how nice it is. I have never had it off road. I'm an auto tech so I was able to recalibrate the speedo and put wedges in rear to correct the pinion angle. I put AMP Research steps on it that retract when the door is closed and come out when door is opened. Makes it easy for my wife to get in.
It is a gold color that is rare, and I need to drive something no one else has.


text:
Internal Audit and Investigation Group
Reports publicly available
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The Internal Audit and Investigation Group (IAIG) leads the Executive Director's investigations into alleged fraud, corruption, waste of resources, sexual exploitation and abuse, sexual harassment and other misconduct and violations of UNOPS regulations, rules and operational instructions. This helps UNOPS bring a systematic approach to evaluating and enhancing the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance processes. All UNOPS operations are subject to internal audit and investigation.
IAIG is committed to fostering greater transparency and accountability within UNOPS by providing independent and impartial assurance and advice to improve UNOPS operations. IAIG strives to protect the human and financial resources of UNOPS by investigating, among other things, fraud, corruption and misconduct in the workplace.
Investigation mandate
IAIG is the principal channel for receiving allegations of misconduct and is responsible for conducting investigations into all reports of alleged wrongdoing involving UNOPS personnel or other persons, parties or entities where the wrongdoing is to the detriment of UNOPS. IAIG is the sole office in UNOPS mandated to conduct investigations.
What does IAIG investigate?
Procurement fraud
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Failure to comply with local laws/abuse of privileges and immunities
Any other misconduct, such as willful, reckless or grossly negligent disregard of UNOPS regulations, rules, and operational instructions
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IAIG does not investigate allegations that do not constitute misconduct, but indicate managerial or interpersonal issues, e.g. work performance related issues. Such allegations should be referred to the Director, PCG.
An IAIG investigation is an administrative fact-finding activity to collect evidence to either support or refute the reported violations of misconduct by UNOPS personnel and prohibited practices by UNOPS vendors/third parties. IAIG may also analyze systemic issues that are brought to its attention.
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Fraud is a knowing misrepresentation of the truth or a concealment of a material fact to induce another to act to his or her or another person's detriment.
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Read more about fraud and corruption.
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If IAIG finds that the allegation is substantiated, it will vigorously pursue disciplinary or other action against the perpetrator, including immediate termination of employment. Depending on the violation, these cases may also, upon consultation with the Office of Legal Affairs, be referred to the national authorities for criminal prosecution. The UN Secretary-General can then waive the immunity of the implicated UN personnel to allow them to face criminal prosecution.
UNOPS Executive Director publishes annual details of allegations of misconduct and sanctions taken.
Read the latest report
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A vendor who prevents or hinders UNOPS from investigating instances of possible proscribed practices by its acts or omissions can also be sanctioned for obstruction.
Should a vendor engage in a proscribed practice, they may be sanctioned further to provisions in the UNOPS Vendor Sanctions Policy. Suspension and debarment actions are administrative remedies taken by UNOPS and other UN agencies to exclude companies or individuals from receiving new contracts and to prevent and combat fraud and corruption in its projects.
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text:
Q: What's an analog way to measure only the on-time of a servo PPM pulse? Hobby radio control receivers typically output a 1-2 or 0.5-2.5 ms pulse every 50 milliseconds, and only the duration of the high pulse matters. Now the best way to decode this signal is probably with a microcontroller. What would be a good way to convert this signal to a voltage without a micro? A sample & hold or track & hold amplifier latched on the falling edge?

A: You use an integrator to get the area of the pulse. Since they are all the same height, area is directly proportional to the width (on time) and therefore your voltage output is directly proportional to the pulse width.
You would have to reset the integrator though. Perhaps you can feed the integrator output into a S&H amplifier triggered on falling edge then resetting the integrator.

A: You could do this easily with an integrator and S&H.
Integrate a fixed reference voltage during the high time, and when the output goes low, stop integrating, capture the output voltage with a S&H (delay for acquisition time), and then disconnect the integrator and only then reset the integrator accurately to 0V (or some other known voltage).
Figure a 4016 (quad analog switch) and a couple op-amps, plus some timing stuff (could be done with 74HC123 or op-amps or CMOS gates with diodes, resistors and capacitors etc.). The hold time is only 50msec maximum, so something like a 100n film or NP0 capacitor would be suitable for the hold and integrating caps (possibly 10n for the integrating cap).
Doing this with a single power supply is completely feasible, but would involve a few more parts.
All-in-all, the microcontroller approach would probably win in most cases, if only because the accuracy of even the "free" clock in the microcontroller would be better than most practical RC tolerances that would limit the integrator accuracy (you might need a trimpot for calibration). In either case, a voltage reference (might be the power supply) is required.

A: You could use the same tricks that a slope-oriented ADC works.  Start a counter counting on the pulse, and read the count on the falling edge.  If analog is a must, you can use a shift register to shift the count into a D/A, or just use an R-2R ladder.
Alternatively, you might be able to use the high pulse to gate a constant current source and use it to charge a capacitor to a voltage which will increase linearly with charge time.  You'd probably want some logic/relays/switches/caps to hold the voltage on the count until the next update.
By the time you're done with this, you might find that learning some 8-bit microcontroller environment might be cheaper and faster.  Even if you insist on sticking to something like the Arduino, it would probably work better in the long run


ds is almost 10 months. What are some good dinnertime meals for him?He eats the baby food jars for lunch but come dinnertime he does not want them. He wants some real food. Any suggestions?
My ped want her LO's to be strictly eating table food by 9-12 months. So when you have meals that aren't spicy - like roast with potatoes and carrots, chicken and noodles, baked chicken with rice... anything like that - take the left overs and throw them in a food processor with a little water or formula until they are a good consistancy (probably a little chunky for his age) and freeze portions of it in ice cube trays then transfer to a freezer bag for storage. Microwave as needed. Also he could be ready to eat soft overcooked pasta on his own. If you can mash it between your fingers, he can eat it. You may need to cut back the salt a bit in your cooking, but that is better for the whole family anyway. Plus processing table food is MUCH cheaper than babyfood.
Veggies cut in cubes and steamed or boiled....sweet potato, regular potatoes, carrots, etc. You can give very tender meat cuts cut into very fine pieces at that age as well. Well cooked rice or pasta such as orzo would be a good choice too, as well as cubed soft cheeses (make sure they are pasteurized). there are many, many choices.
We just went grocery shopping for our 8 month old because he doesnt really eat that stuff anymore either. I got some canned vegetables and some jar deserts ( he still eats those ) .
LOL!! Bonnie- they should pay your for your advertising!!


Thank you for choosing Pueblo Bonito Bed and Breakfast for your stay in Santa Fe. We appreciate your feedback and know that travelers like to hear comments from others who have "been there." Please drop us a note here!
We had a pleasant stay in the Jemez room (3 nights). It was a nice cozy room for two. It was nice heating water for our morning tea in the room. Your breakfast spread was grand ! Tamales & green chili stew was grand. Good cantaloupe and coffee too! We will stay at your unique adobe inn again when we want to get away from Albuquerque.
Thank you Tim! So glad you were comfortable, cozy and had a pleasant stay in our upstairs queen room (Jemez). It's a lovely room with the wooden beamed ceiling, hard wood floors, wood burning kiva fireplace and small private bath. We're glad to know you appreciated the small details like: the coffee/tea set ups, refrigerator and microwave in your room (no extra charges for these amenities!). We are honored to know our neighbors from Albuquerque enjoyed our handmade red chile pork tamales and secret recipe green chili stew- locals favorites! Please feel welcome to return anytime for a Santa Fe NM get away... we'd love to have you !
Thank you Peg. We appreciate your kindness and feedback to let us know you had a great experience here at Pueblo Bonito bed and breakfast inn Santa Fe, New Mexico. We're glad you felt warmly welcomed and sincerely cared for while you were with us. We really do love our guests and we look forward to seeing you again on your next Santa Fe vacation visit.
We have so enjoyed our couple days here. Our room was cozy and full of character. We loved that it's just a short walk to the Plaza and so many historical sights too! We'll definitely be back. ?
Thank you Noel! We're grateful for your kind words and knowing you had a terrific time with us during your recent stay. We try hard to make our guests comfortable AND indoctrinate them into the history of Santa Fe, the Southwest, and New Mexico. Glad you appreciate our efforts. Looking forward to sharing more with you on a return Santa Fe vacation stay.
Thank you Mary! Yes, this was your 4th stay with us and the highest compliment we can receive is when folks return to us. Thank you 🙂 We so enjoy you and are thrilled you enjoy our property, services, location and authentic historic preservation! As you're well aware, you are welcome back anytime and as such, we look forward to your return visit!
Absolutely loved our stay at the Pueblo. We had the most charmingly historic, comfortable little room (Santo Doming). The 2 ft thick adobe walls and hand formed kiva fireplace as well as the nichos, wood vigas and authentic original touches really brought Old Santa Fe to life for us. The location of the inn is excellent- so close to restaurants, shops, the plaza and historic sites. Amazingly quiet for it's location too and as Amy explained to us, the 2 ft thick adobe walls are great insulators- weather and noise! It was a treat to first hand experience such a historic property and be treated with such warm, welcoming hospitality. We'll certainly return- no question!
Thank you Helen! So glad to know we made such a memorable impression for you. Our local culture and history as you attest are rich and deep and we're so grateful for the opportunity to share Santa Fe's uniqueness with our guests. We are "the real thing"! Our property dates back to 1860 and as such, it's not for everyone.... those who seek a truly authentic, historic Old Santa Fe experience love us- as you state in your review. Thank you for your kind words and we look forward to seeing you again in the future!
Thank you Scott! We loved meeting your family and are grateful for the opportunity to serve you. We too look forward to meeting again on a future stay- until then, take care. Our best to you and your entire family!
Thank you so much! My stay at thepueblo Bonito was the best vacation I have ever had!
Wow Sue! We're thrilled to know we assisted in making your stay Santa Fe vacation the "best you've ever had"! What a great compliment and very meaningful too. We hope what we do each day makes a positive difference in people's lives and are grateful to know it did for you. We invite you back anytime to share in more of Santa Fe's rich 400 yr history s well as Pueblo Bonito b&b inn's unique historic adobe pueblo accommodations!
We had a wonderful time in Santa Fe and were so glad we chose to stay at Pueblo Bonito Inn. We love to stay where we can meet the owners and socialize with the other guests and have home-cooked breakfasts. This exceeded our expectations and was even better when we found out we could walk to so many places, since we didn't have a car. We were happy to get tips on places to see and restaurants to eat at. We celebrated our 58th anniversary while there and enjoyed a special dinner at a local restaurant. The Gift Shop has a nice variety of New Mexican jewelry and other items.
Thank you Kay! We appreciate your trust in our ability to make your 58th anniversary a special one. We're thrilled you chose our secluded historic adobe pueblo b&b to celebrate. So glad we didn't disappoint and you now have another sweet memory of your blissful 58 years of marriage! We are blessed to serve many happy couples for special celebrations such as this and it's always a special honor to do so- so again, thank you! We enjoyed having you as did our other guests and staff- you are special people. Hope to see you again, we just ask you don't wait another 58 years to make it happen! Our love and best wishes to you both.
Amy & Herb Behm- Innkeepers/Owners and big fans!
Thank you Miguel and Cathy! We're thrilled to know you appreciated our hospitality, authentic historic adobe accommodations, location and breakfast fare! We are thrilled you allowed us this opportunity and hope it won't take too long to see you again 🙂 You're always welcome here at Pueblo Bonito b&b and we look forward to sharing more of our local traditions, culture and customs.
Thank you Barbara for sharing. Your kind words humble us. We are so grateful to know that the work we do makes a difference in folks lives! We appreciate the reminder and are honored to be your selected home away from home. We will always look forward to your visits and wish you daughter a full recovery so you can come back for a celebration and some well deserved playtime in Santa Fe! Our best to you and please let us know if there's anything we might be able to help you with- now or into the future!
Herb & Amy Behm - your good friends and innkeepers.
My name is Louie Fournet. I drove my father to New Mexico, and we stayed at your place 1 or 2 nights ( I do not remember ) but you were so kind and helpful with us. My Father enjoyed speaking to you and your wife. You both took great care of us; we felt like one of the family.Thank you for your kindness.
Thank you Louis! How very nice of you to share your recent appreciation of our hospitality. It brings great joy to us when we know we've done something special that made a real difference to someone and your words are so kind to receive. Again, thank you. We love our guests and are grateful to know we're still making people feel special- even after 33 years of consecutive service to Santa Fe travelers! We hope to see you both again, and please tell your father hello!
Thank you Michael! We do too 🙂 It was a pleasure to meet you and very gratifying to know how much you enjoyed us, our unique adobe pueblo accommodations as well as our services. We love what we do and enjoy introducing people to the New Mexico historic way of living, our cultures, our traditions and especially our adobe architecture! Hope to see you again soon.
Thank you Octovio! We're grateful to have had the opportunity to serve you and share our 158 yr old historic adobe pueblo Santa Fe bed and breakfast! So glad you enjoyed yourself. It's always a pleasure meeting new people and introducing them to our unique culture, history and property. Please feel welcomed to return as we'd love to see you again.
Until then, our best regards!
Excellent Santa Fe b&b Experience.
We really enjoyed the two days we were at Pueblo Bonito. The rooms are excellent, and service as well. They really go over the top to ensure thier guests are comfortable and enjoying all Santa Fe has to offer. Thank you Pueblo Bonito Santa Fe for your effort and time.
Thank you David! We really appreciate your kind words and knowing your appreciation of our sincere effort when serving our guests. After 33 years of consistent operations of our historic adobe pueblo bed and breakfast and having the privledge to serve thousands of Santa Fe visitors we've successfully obtained hundreds of loyal return customers! This is the highest compliment we could possibly receive, for which we're grateful to know you are now one of them! Please come back anytime as you're always welcome at Pueblo Bonito bed and breakfast inn Santa Fe.
My husband and I stayed one night at this amazing place! Friendly people, cute accommodations and within walking distance to the Plaza. Loved the fresh breakfast and great atmosphere.
Thank you Susan! We're grateful to know that you had an excellent experience with us on your recent Santa Fe vacation visit. From our welcoming hospitality, to our historic adobe pueblo guest rooms, to our breakfast service, to our convenient downtown location. We hope you were able to take advantage of touring all the nearby historic sites, museums, restaurants, galleries, shops and local activities while you were with us. We strive to assist our guests in making the most of their time during their Santa Fe vacation as well as providing a comfortable, enjoyable and historically accurate Old Santa Fe lodging experience. Based upon your kind words, it looks like we were successful! Again, thank you and we hope to see you again in Old Santa Fe New Mexico!


Duck hunting in the unique archipelago differs considerably from the inland water duck hunt, not only because of the environment and setup, but also due to the variety of bird species. Since most of dabblers migrate quite early, August, September and early October is the best time to hunt the largest variety of species. You can still hunt them in November and December but especially pintail, wigeon, shoveler, teals, garganey and eider are not found in good numbers anymore. Finland is the most important producer of many waterfowl species in the European Union.


Classic literature, even though they were written fifty or hundred years ago, still has the power to affect the readers. The gift of literature to educate and inspire people transcends time. Unfortunately, not all people like to read classic literature. Sometimes, to understand classic literature, you have to be mature enough to enjoy and comprehend these writings.
Although we read classic literature because we have to do a report in school, we can also read them for enjoyment. You may have heard of famous authors of classical novels on the television and internet, you can check out their writings and their books.
If you really want to get into the habit of reading classical literature, you can start by reading 30 minutes every day. You should have a dictionary near you when reading classical novels since the words used are always deep or its meaning has changed over time.
To have a better understanding of the setting and the plot of the story, you can make a little background research on the era or its time period. You can also research on the background of the author.
You really have to follow the structure of the story. Most classical literature have complex storyline and plots which makes it hard sometimes to follow the story. The character development is also very extensive. Seeing the overall theme of the story is very important as well as following the basic development of the characters and their story.
There are literature companions that you can buy to help you get started with the classical literature. An example of a literature companion is the "Oxford Companion to Classical Literature."
Another key to understanding classic literature is by understanding the use of the footnotes. These classical literature are full of footnotes that references the social and culture elements of their time.


Today was my third "hair donation" in the past five years (January 2007, September 2008, January 2011). I donated 9.5 inches this time–the first time was 10 inches, and the second time was 9. It's so strange to barely be able to get my hair into a ponytail after having such LONG hair for the past six months. But, I love doing this!
For the first donation (2007), my cousin Kristin and my friend Dannylle did it with me. We road-tripped up to NorCal for the weekend and donated our hair.
The second time was two months after I moved to Pennsylvania…and I don't have any pictures of that process because I did it impulsively one day (and should have waited a couple of months). This was taken a couple of days afterward (with my former roommate).
This time, I had hoped to wait until April so that it would be slightly longer, and slightly warmer outside. 🙂 But, I got to the point where it just "had to go", and my wonderful friend was able to cut it for me today!
Brennan and I have a cousin with cancer, and she just got her wig a little while ago…we saw her yesterday, and it renewed within me my desire to do this as long as I am able.
It takes an average of six donated ponytails to make one wig.
Where do you donate to, Lesa?
Pantene's Beautiful Lengths (the past two times).