text:
North American F-100F Super Sabre (S/N 58-1232)
Misty Forward Air Controller (FAC)
Figure 1: F-100F Misty FAC
Painting by David Tipps / DavidTipps.com
Follow on to the North American F-86 Sabre, named the F-100 Super Sabre. "F-100," popularly shortened to "Hun."
First operational supersonic fighter. First aircraft to explore sustained supersonic flight (sometimes tragically).
George Welch of Pearl Harbor fame took prototype supersonic on first flight. Collier Trophy in 1954.
In first 100,000 hours, 95 major accidents with 6 fatalities. George Welch died testing the F-100A. Aircraft was improved, but quarter lost in crashes.
In Vietnam, flew 250,000 sorties—more than any other fixed-wing aircraft. More than number of P-51 Mustang sorties in World War II. Almost 200 were lost in combat. Operated mostly south of the DMZ.
Two-seat F-100Fs created as trainers. In Vietnam, were the first Wild Weasel anti-SAM aircraft and were forward aircraft controllers (FAC) above the DMZ. Our F-100F (s/n 58-1232) was a Misty fast FAC aircraft.
The North American Aviation F-100 Super Sabre was the bridge between the subsonic and supersonic ages. It set the last subsonic speed record and the first supersonic speed record [Gunston]. It became the first supersonic production aircraft, and it was the first aircraft from which a pilot ejected at supersonic speed [Chant and Taylor]. Like the other early 100 series fighters, it pioneered the aerodynamics of supersonic flight and the complex control limits of thin supersonic wings, tails, and rudders. Also like all of the early 100 series fighters, it was only marginally supersonic. In military power, it often had difficulty pulling up rapidly when it had to, and the powerful afterburner was off or completely on. Test pilot George Welch described the effect of turning on the afterburner as being like "a kick from a well-fed mule [Winchester]
Although the Hun was limited, it pioneered the design of operational supersonic aircraft. It made extensive use of heat-resistant titanium, its fuselage was ultra-streamlined, it had very thin control surfaces, and it had a thin intake duct in its nose [Boeing]. It was also the first U.S. aircraft with the horizontal tail positioned at the bottom of the fuselage [Boeing]. The layout of its cockpit controls was ergonomically and functionally sophisticated and yet simple [Boeing].
After deeply troubled early development, the "Hun" (short for Hundred) seemed destined for a very limited service life. However, when war began in Southeast Asia, the Air Force had F-100s in large numbers and rushed them to Vietnam and Thailand. It was the first U.S. fighter/bomber to reach Vietnam, flying its first combat mission on June 7, 1964 [Davies and Menard]. The Super Sabre was used primarily as a fighter/bomber in South Vietnam [Spick], interdicting Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troop movements and providing close air support to U.S. and South Vietnamese troops in contact with the enemy. Two-seat F-100Fs were the first anti-SAM Wild Weasel aircraft and flew as fast forward air controllers north of the Demilitarized Zone, where losses by piston engine FACs were too high. The Museum's F-100F was a fast FAC aircraft in Vietnam.
Huns flew 250,000 sorties during the war [Davies and Menard]—more than any other fixed wing aircraft in Vietnam [Bachelor and Lowe]. In fact, this was even more sorties than North American P-51 Mustangs flew in all of World War II [Crosby, Bachelor and Lowe]. Huns began fighting in Vietnam in 1965 [Gardner] and continued to fight there until 1971 [Matricardi, Spick].
The Super Sabre design began as a successor to the legendary F-86 Sabre. Like the F-86, the F-100 would be a day fighter; it would not have the long-range radar an interceptor needed, and it could not fight at night or in bad weather. However, unlike the F-86, the F-100 would be supersonic in level flight. This heritage led to its official name, Super Sabre. North American initially called the F-100 the Sabre 45 because the new aircraft would need a 45 degree wing sweep to fly supersonically [MilitaryFactory.com].
Figure 2: F-86 Sabre
Source: USAF photo 070727-F-2911S-580. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Col_Ben_O._Davis_leads_F-86_flight_(51st_FIW,_Korea).jpg
While the Sabre models before the Hotel version had six 50 caliber machine guns firing through the sides of the fuselage, the F-100 had four 20 mm cannons firing from the bottom of the nose. This gun position prevented the flash from blinding the pilot. The four General Electric M39 revolver cannons each had five chambers but a single barrel [Hill Air Force Base]. While one chamber was firing, another would have its shell ejected, and another would have its shell loaded. Each gun could fire 1,500 twenty-millimeter cannon shells per minute. This was a 50% higher rate of fire than the 50 caliber machine gun the M-39 replaced [Air Force Armament Museum]. Each cannon had 200 rounds [Janes], although it could carry up to 275 [Gardner]. Its high rate of fire gave pilots only a few seconds of firing before their cannons ran dry. The M39 was effective against both aircraft and ground targets. For aiming the gun in a dogfight, the pilot had small ranging radar under the top of the oval air intake. A lead-computing computer put a pip on his heads up display to indicate where he could fire
Figure 3: M39 Five-Chamber Cannon
Source: Hill Air Force Base. http://www.hill.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/400101-F-0000H-022.jpg
Figure 4: F-100 with Four M39 Revolver Cannon Openings Below the Fuselage (Ray Panko)
Source: Ray Panko / Ray@Panko.com
Unfortunately, the Hun was designed before the F-86 began to reach combat in Korea. This meant that it could not benefit from the lessons of the Korean War. In particular, it would not be a simple, rapidly climbing, high-altitude, and nimble fighter [Davies and Menard, Holmes]. Instead, making the aircraft supersonic required a doubling in empty weight compared the F-86 [Sharpe]. Nimbleness was not a critical design goal, and although the Super Sabrehandled well at altitude, it could never be called agile. The Hun was also very sophisticated and complex. It was the first aircraft to make extensive use of titanium [Gardner]. That and other technological advances made it the first fighter to cost a million dollars a copy [Davies and Menard]. Even with three times the thrust of the F-86 [Sharpe], the F-100 was only modestly supersonic in full afterburner.
The Hun used the new Pratt and Whitney J57 engine, which had a powerful but thirsty afterburner. The next two Century series aircraft also used the J57, with the F-101 using two. This engine also powered the B-52, and its civilian version, the JT-3, powered the Boeing 707 and DC-8 commercial passenger liners. By the time later Century series fighters appeared, newer and more powerful engines would be available, bringing Mach 2 performance to fighters and bombers produced only two or three years later.
Comparing the F-86 and the F-100 directly [Hanson], the Hun was seven feet longer, but its wingspan was only a foot longer. With 16,000 pounds of thrust in afterburner, the F-100 had three times the power of the F-86 while being only 3,000 pounds heavier.
The F-100A Day Fighter
On the YF-100's first two test flights on May 25, 1953, Pearl Harbor hero and chief NAA test pilot George Welch took the prototype supersonic both times [Gardner]. This was the first time a non-experimental aircraft flew supersonically in level flight [Holmes]. The sound barrier had been broken a year and a half earlier. However, while experimental aircraft had broken the sound barrier, the F-100 was to be the first aircraft to engage in sustained supersonic flight [Gardner] and supersonic combat maneuvering. The lessons learned exploring this new realm would be costly.
Figure 5: The first North American YF-100 built (S/N 52-5754) landing with drag chute
Source: U.S. Air Force photo. http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2304
The USAF was operating under the Cook-Craigie doctrine in which full production would begin almost as soon as prototype testing began [Holmes]. Consequently, North American began production of the F-100A day fighter long before the prototype was full tested. In addition, the production version had many design changes to reduce weight and to reduce drag—including a reduction in the height of the vertical stabilizer by about two feet [Baugher, Davies and Menard]. This meant less stability in yaw.
A more subtle problem in the overall design was that because ailerons had to be move inboard to prevent them from operating improperly when the swept wing flexed, the aircraft had no flaps to reduce its landing speed. Flaps would not appear until the Delta model [Historynet.com]. Although the F-100 had automatic leading edge slats to help reduce landing speed, sometimes they only deployed on one wing [Davies and Menard]. If this happened during landing, the aircraft was likely to snap roll without warning.
Figure 6: F-100As with Different-Size Tail Fin
Source: NASA photo E-1573. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:F-100As_with_and_without_lengthened_fin_NACA_1955.jpg.
Air Force test pilots, including Chuck Yeager, soon began to complain about the aircraft's poor directional stability—particularly when gas tanks were carried under the wings [Davies and Menard]. When Col. F. K. "Pete" Everest set a speed record of 755 miles per hour in October 1953, he reported serious directional stability problems [Boeing]. Pilots in the first operational squadron to use the F-100A, the 436th Fighter Day Squadron, soon reported that the plane was acting uncontrollably and that their helmets were leaving marks on the canopy [Davies and Menard]. Things came to a head on October 12, 1954, when George Welch was putting an F-100A through a series of extreme tests. [Gunston] The aircraft lost directional control. Pitch, roll, and yaw combined through inertial coupling. The aircraft broke apart, killing Welch. In the next month, two more pilots died, this time during landings [Baugher]. The Air Force grounded all F-100As in November 1954 [Holmes].
During take-offs and landings, was a danger that the pilot would pitch the nose too high [Davies and Menard]. If that happened, the aircraft might begin the deadly Super Sabre. First, the tips of the wings would stall. This would move the center of lift forward, forcing the nose further up. This would stall more of the wing and increase the pitch up. As the Hun pitched up almost vertically, inertial coupling would cause it to yaw left and right in a way almost impossible to control. The sabre dance was not recoverable, and F-100A ejection seats did not work at ground level. The pilot could only hope to survive the crash. In one case, a crash by 1LT Barty Brooks on January 10, 1956 was caught on film [Cockrell].
To improve horizontal stability and low-speed control, North American Aviation refitted all F-100As with a 27 percent larger vertical fin and wider wings [Baugher]. Although these changes increased directional stability, the Hun remained a tricky plane to fly. (The Brooks accident was a year after the changes were made.) One pilot with 2,000 hours of experience described a Super Sabre landing as a controlled crash [Winchester]. A quarter of all F-100s were lost in accidents [Davies and Menard].
The Hun's major problem was inertial coupling. When an object like a wheel or a gyroscope spins, odd things happen when you push it in a particular direction. The wheel or gyroscope will actually turn in a different direction. The behavior seems odd because we are familiar with normal inertia with nonspinning objects. If you push in a particular dimension, the object moves in that direction. Rotational inertial is rarely seen in nature, so we have no natural intuition about how a spinning object should behave if pushed.
The larger the object, the larger its rotational inertia will be. Aircraft, of course, are very large. If the pilot pulls up on the stick, causing the nose to rise, the aircraft may yaw. This is called inertial coupling. Changing direction also means that the aircraft is no longer flying directly into the wind. This creates additional unplanned movement.
For World War II aircraft, inertial coupling occurred but was not a problem because aircraft had large control surfaces that stabilized the airplane against small coupling and aerodynamic changes. Wings were large and thick, and the empennage had a large vertical fin and a large horizontal tail. For supersonic aircraft, wings had to be small and thin. The vertical and horizontal empennage surfaces also had to be very thin. There was now a large heavy fuselage and small control surfaces. The traditional stabilizing forces against inertial coupling and small aerodynamic changes were ineffective.
The F-100 was not the first aircraft to experience inertial coupling problems. However, prior supersonic aircraft were experimental planes that broke the sound barrier but spent little time in supersonic flight. In contrast, the F-100 was the first aircraft to experience extended supersonic flight. The crisis only came when Welch conducted a long high-speed dive with a high-G pull-up.
Even with improvements, the Air Force was disappointed when it evaluated the F-100A as a fighter in Project Hot Rod. This late-1955 series of test found that the F-100A was superior to other fighters but still had limited tactical effectiveness [Gardner]. The USAF did what it tended to do with other disappointing fighters; it turned it into a fighter/bomber.
RF-100A
After World War II, the United States flew numerous reconnaissance missions over Soviet Block territories. Most of its aircraft could only make shallow runs over hostile borders. The U-2 would fix that, but U.S. needed an interim way to fly deeply into Soviet territories. North American responded with a reconnaissance version of the F-100A [Militaryfactory.com]. The resulting RF-100A did away with weapons and was adapted to take extra fuel tanks. Five cameras added distinctive "jowls" beneath the front of nose of the aircraft [Gardner]. To cover the long distances these aircraft would need to fly, they carried four large fuel tanks under their wings [Gardner].
Figure 7: RF-100A
Source: USAF Photo. http://www.f-100.org/images/f-100a_31551-4.jpg
Source: United States Air Force http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2304.
The F-100A never saw combat officially, but the seven RF-100As that were built saw considerable covert reconnaissance action. One of these RF-100A "Slick Chick" flights did come to light [Anderson]. An RF-100A pilot based in Turkey flew deeply into Russia to photograph a missile base. Soviet radar picked him up almost immediately, and he had to dodge fire from interceptors attacking him all the way to the target in his unarmed bird. On the way back, he only had enough fuel to take the same track back out. This gave interceptors even more shots at him. He managed to return safely, but he used his afterburner so much that he ruined the entire aft fuselage.
F-100B / YF-107
The next model was not really an F-100. Its goal was to meet requirements for an aircraft competition that was eventually won by the Republic F-105 design [JoeBaugher.com]. As the figure below shows, the F-107A Ultra Sabre, as the final North American design was finally, called, had an intake at its top to leave room for a larger radar dish in the nose.
Figure 8: F-107
Source: United States Air Force. http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/060728-F-1234S-084.jpg
F-100C and F-100D Fighter/Bombers
While all of this was going on with the F-100A, the F-94F swept wing fighter/bomber was behind schedule [Baugher]. In addition, an Air Force program review in late 1955 and concluded that there were major operational difficulties compromising the F-100A's role as a fighter [Baugher]. The Air Force decided to focus future development into making the Super Sabre a fighter/bomber. The F-100C was a hasty redesign to give the aircraft bombing capability. The F-100A had two hard points under its wings and used them primarily to carry fuel. In contrast, the F-100C had six or eight hard points under strengthened wings [Gunston]. It was able carry 6,000 pounds of bombs [Gunston]. For longer flights, it had a refueling probe [Gunston]. However, it could only refuel its internal tanks, not its drop tanks [Taylor]. Beginning on September 1955, North American built 476 F-100Cs in 18 months.
Figure 9: F-100C Fighter/Bomber Lobbing a Practice Nuclear Bomb
Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2304
In September 1956, North American shifted production to the F-100D. While the F-100C was designed hastily, the F-100D design was a more evolved aircraft. The Delta model had a larger fin, a bigger horizontal stabilizer, and more hard points for stores [Holmes, Gunston]. It had a stronger engine and could deliver 7,500 pounds of bombs [Gunston]. It was given inboard flaps, which considerably slowed landing speeds [Gunston]. The ailerons were moved to the outward portion of the wing, giving greater control authority [Gunston]. Its refueling apparatus was modified so that the pilot to accept fuel for both its internal tanks and its external drop tanks [Taylor]. It even had an autopilot that functioned at supersonic speed [Gunston]. This became the definitive model of the Super Sabre, and 1,264 were built [Holmes]. Even with larger control surfaces, however, Deltas were tricky to fly. At least 100 were lost in crashes before the termination of their use in the 1970s [Holmes]. Both F-100Cs and F-100Ds would be used heavily in Vietnam as bomb trucks.
Figure 10: F-100D
Source: USAF. http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2305
The USAF Thunderbirds flew F-100Cs and later F-100Ds from 1956 through 1969 [afthunderbirds.com]. This thirteen-year tenure was interrupted briefly in 1964, when the Thunderbirds made a transition to F-105Bs. However, Thuds lacked the necessary maneuverability for airshows. After an accident, the Thunderbirds returned to their F-100Ds for the rest of the season [afthunderbirds.com]. Although it was never part of the official air show, if the sponsor of a show requested it, one of the Thunderbirds would make a supersonic pass [afthunderbirds.com]. In general, the shows of that era involved loud, low, fast passes close to the crowd. The F-100 was perfect for that type of performance.
Figure 11: Thunderbird F-100
Source: USAF. http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=575
F-100F
Given the tricky nature of F-100 flying, the last 339 F-100s to be built were F-100Fs [Matricardi]. These were two-seat training aircraft, with the pilot being checked out sitting in the front [Blakeley]. Compared to the D model on which it was based, the F-100F was three feet longer to make room for the second seat [Gunston]. It was still combat capable and could deliver bombs effectively [Gunston]. However, it only had two cannons [Gunston]
Figure 12: F-100F
Source: USAF Photo. http://www.f-100.org/images/f-100f_63752-2.jpg
Flying the HUN
Garth Blakely, who flew both the F-100C fighter/bomber and the F-100F two-seat trainer, described his experiences in the two. Both, he said, flew well at high speeds. The F-100C was more agile at all speeds but even more at low speeds. The F-100C did not have flaps, so landing was fast. The pilot dropped the large dive brake under the aircraft but kept engine power high.
Figure 14: F-100 Speed Brake
Source: Ray Panko at the Udvar-Hazy Center.
With the F-100F, the student pilot sat in the front seat, the pilot instructor in the rear [Blakely]. In the air, the F-100F was highly maneuverable and stable at high speeds. However, in the landing pattern, the airplane became sensitive. Large inputs on the stick created a sharp upward G force that led to severe adverse yaw. In crosswinds, the pilot had to use the rudder to straighten the aircraft; if the ailerons was used, they might actually act in reverse.
Another pilot [Hansen] who flew the F-100A focused on the "vicious" nature of the aircraft in air combat maneuvering. The horizontal rotation of a high-G turn tended to cause the aircraft to pitch or yaw, and the roll required to turn would tend to create yaw. If that happened, the pilot was just along for the ride. In one case, while he was being "attacked" by a pair of Huns, he saw one do a quick roll over the top and off to the right. The pilot recovered by reducing backpressure on the stick, but in actual combat, the pilot would have been away of the action and a sitting duck.
The F-100 was the first American fixed-wing aircraft to reach Vietnam. The 615th Tactical Fighter Squadron arrived in Da Nang in August 1964 and immediately began operation [Davies and Menard]. It served in Vietnam until 1971 [Spick], when it was phased out during the drawdown of U.S. forces.
Although the Hun began with escort duties, it spent most of its time in the fighter/bomber role in South Vietnam [Spick]. Like all early fighter/bombers in Vietnam, it had a hard bombsight instead of the continuously adjusting bomb sights of later A-7Ds and F-111As [Davies and Menard]. Nevertheless, it was considerably more accurate than the faster but heavier F-4s. It could drop bombs within 50 meters of friendly troops [Davies and Menard].
In many cases, combat air support tasks were handled by pairs of pre-armed Huns on 15-minute notice [Davies and Menard]. F-100s averaged an hour getting to their targets, although time varied by distance. It was extended if the ground elements specified that the attack should not user ordinance with which the Huns were already armed; this required the time-consuming unloading and reloading of bombs and other ordnance [Davies and Menard]. If Super Sabres in flight could be diverted from ongoing missions, the response could be very fast.
One popular bomb was the 500 pound Mk 82. This was a low-drag weapon that helped the aircraft cruise at higher speeds. However, this "slippery" bomb was hard to deliver accurately. F-100s also carried older higher-drag M117 750 pound bomb.
Figure 15: Mk 82 500 Pound Bomb and Mk 117 750 pound Bomb
Source: USAF Photo. http://www.f-100.org/images/f-100d_mk82.jpg
Source: USAF Photo. http://www.f-100.org/images/hanging_iron.jpg
To increase accuracy, the Mk 82 could be given a retarding tail. The resultant Snake Eye bomb could be delivered from very low altitudes without the explosion damaging the aircraft.
Figure 16: F-100 Dropping Snake Eye Retarded Bomb
A popular mix was two Snake Eye bombs plus two napalm containers. This gave the pilot flexibility in attacking troops.
Figure 17: F-100 with Napalm Canister
Source: USAF. http://www.f-100.org/images/f-100d_napalm.jpg
Huns also carried 2.75 inch folding fin aerial rocket pods and cluster bombs that could contain over 500 bomblets.
Figure 18: F-100 firing 2.75 inch Folding Fin Aerial Rockets is a Salvo
Source: U.S. DefenseImagery photo VIRIN: DF-SN-82-00883 (1967)
After a Super Sabre had expended its bombs, napalm, rockets, and other under-wing ordnance, it still had its 20 mm cannons for pinpoint strafing. It was not uncommon for a Hun to make two or three runs during a combat air support mission, but this became increasingly hazardous as the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese fielded increasingly more capable antiaircraft guns. For heavily defended targets, pilots usually applied the rule, "one pass, haul ass."
Wild Weasel Operations
In 1965, as American began pouring resources into Vietnam, the Soviet Union began to supply North Vietnam with SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles [Davies and Menard]. The SA-2 was a big and dangerous missile [Federation of American Scientists]. It was 35 feet (10.6 m) tall and weighed 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg). It carried a bomb-sized warhead of 440 pounds (200 kg), and it had a kill radius of 200 fee (65 m). It climbed quickly and could reach Mach 4. Its FAN SONG control radar used 600 kW of power and could direct three missiles simultaneously against the same target. Five years earlier, one of these Mach 3 "flying telephone poles" had shot down Francis Gary Powers' U-2 over the Soviet Union [Davies and Menard]. In 1962, during the Cuban missile crisis, an SA-2 SAM had shot down another U-2 [Davies and Menard]. Huns and other U.S. aircraft in Vietnam were even more vulnerable than the high-flying U-2s.
Figure 19: SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile
Source: Tourbillon. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SA-2_Guideline.JPG
The United States had been developing radar warning electronics for the U-2. Within weeks, the Air Force installed this equipment four two-seat F-100Fs [MilitaryFactor.com]. Another three soon followed [Gardner]. These modified Huns were called Wild Weasels. These aircraft did not attack the enemy directly [Spick]. They flew in Iron Hand packages with one F-100F Weasel and four fighter bombers [Gardner]. The Weasels directed bombers by firing smoke rockets at the target. These F-100Fs only acted as Wild Weasels for a brief period, between November 1965 and May 1966. [Spick]. During those five months, Iron Hand packages flew 19,000 sorties, fired on 180 SAMs, and lost 11 aircraft. They defined the roles and tactics for future Weasels. The Wild Weasel role then passed to F-105s and F-4s. These aircraft cruised faster and had the space for additional electronics and missiles. Later Wild Weasels had jamming pods that protected them from SAMs as well as AGM-45 Shrike anti-radiation missiles to attack SAM sites directly [Gardner]. F-100F Wild Weasels had neither, making their job exceedingly dangerous [Gardner]. Three of the seven F-100F Weasels were lost, two in combat.
Misty FAC Operations
For combat air support missions, Huns were almost always directed by a piston engine forward air controller (FAC). The FAC would coordinate with ground elements, mark the enemy with smoke rockets, act as a traffic director for incoming fighter/bombers, clear each approach hot or tell the attacker to go around, and giving outgoing bombers a bomb damage assessment for their runs [Jackson and Dixon-Engel].
Figure 20: Cessna 0-2 Forward Air Controller with Smoke Rocket Launcher (Ray Panko)
Source: Ray Panko (Ray@Panko.com)
Late in the war, the Air Force had problems with its forward air controller (FAC) aircraft, which directed fighter/bomber attacks against enemy troops that were threatening U.S. and South Vietnamese forces. Existing propeller and turboprop FAC aircraft were slow, and they suffered heavy losses from North Vietnamese antiaircraft artillery and SAMs in the area just north of the DMZ. In this area, called Route Package 1 (RP1), the USAF needed much faster FAC aircraft.
The Air Force turned to the two-seat F-100F, which had room for an observer/controller in the back seat [MilitaryFactory.com]. Compared to the D model on which it was based, the F-100F was three feet longer to make room for the second position [Gunston]. Although initially used as a conversion trainer for new Hun pilots in squadrons, it was still combat capable and could deliver bombs [Gunston]. However, it only had two cannons instead of four [Gunston].
Given the call sign Misty, these F-100F fast FAC aircraft took over from slower propeller FAC aircraft in RP-1. Even with higher speeds, however, Misty FAC missions were very hazardous. Of 157 Misty FAC pilots, 34 were shot down [Davies and Menard]. This was four times the loss rate in other F-100 units [Davies and Menard]. Given their losses and the need for them to be used as conversion trainers, there were never enough F-100Fs to go around.
As the United States accelerated its withdrawal from Vietnam, it sent its surviving F-100s home. (Just under 200 had been lost to enemy action during the war [Bachelor and Lowe].) The last F-100 wing in Vietnam, the 35thTFW, withdrew 26 June 1971 [Spick]. The next year, after 18 years of service [Matricardi], the Air Force sent all remaining F-100s to reserve units [Matricardi]. The last were retired in 1980 [Bachelor and Lowe]. Even then, the F-100 was not quite finished. Of the retired Super Sabres, 290 were converted to target drones [Bachelor and Lowe]. The Air Force used these drones until the 1990s [Bachelor and Lowe].
Statistics (F-100F)
Sources: Edward H. White II Memorial Museum, Brooks AFB, Texas; Gardner, National Museum of the Air Force North American F-100F page.
Our Hun
Our F-100F (s/n 58-1232) was active in Vietnam. Having spent time with the 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron attached to the 405th Fighter Wing and then the 27th Tactical Fighter Wing, it flew with the 352nd TFS, 35th TFW, at Phan Rang Air Force Base in South Vietnam. In Vietnam, it was actually flown by the Colorado Air National Guard's 120th Tactical Fighter Squadron. This was a Misty FAC unit operating in the Route Package 1 area of North Vietnam just above the DMZ.
In 1971, the aircraft moved stateside with the 120th TFS. It was eventually transferred to the South Dakota Air National Guard's 175th TFS until the end of its career. It spend time on display at Grissom Air Force Base in Indiana. In October 1987, it moved to Brooks in San Antonio, Texas.
Figure 21: Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum's F-100F (s/n 58-1232) at Brooks
Source: Mark Pasqualino, used with permission. http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/photo/000675745.html
Table 1: Operational History of F-100A S/N 58-1232


Below is our collection of tidbits, odds 'n ends for Bushe River 207.
We spend a lot of time looking through Gazetteers & Almanacs that were published in the late 1800's and early 1900's. Many of the Gazetteers include the distance from a community such as Bushe River 207 to various places of note, such as Parliament Hill.
Edmonton [Map], which is the Provincial Capital of Alberta, lies 367 miles [590.6 km] to the South Southeast (SSE). If you could drive a straight line from Bushe River 207 to Edmonton, with an average speed<2>of 63 miles [101.4 km] per hour, it would take 6 hours to make the trip. A comfortable walk of 2.2 miles [3.5 km] per hour would take 21 days. A horse and buggy averaging 3.2 miles [5.1 km] per hour would take 15 days.
The National Capital at Parliament Hill (Ottawa, ON [Map]) is 1,936 miles [3,115.7 km] to the East (E). Driving would take three full days, a buggy would take 76 days and walking would take 110 days.
<1> Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'straight-line' (or point-to-point) distance. A straight line distance ignores things like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line drawn from Point A (ie- Bushe River 207) to Point B.
<3> The shortest line can be visualized by stretching a string on a Globe from Point A to Point B - this is known as a Great Circle Route. Where you might expect the shortest route from Bushe River 207 to the Middle East to be East and South, the Great Circle Route actually lies to the North and East.
<4> The calculated bearing (or angle) to Jerusalem is 336.68 degrees.
<5> The calculated bearing (or angle) to Mecca is 338.352 degrees.
<6> The calculated bearing (or angle) to the Vatican is 322.664 degrees.


For sixteen years, I have been the proud owner of Madam Chirpington, a female sparrow and my dearest friend. Madam Chirpington would sing in the evenings — usually the Star Wars "Imperial March", but occasionally Johann Bach's "Symphony in G Minor." Until last night, that is, when Madam Chirpington was eaten by a snake.
Lizzie — I feel like I can call you Lizzie now that we've shared this special moment. Close your eyes, Lizzie and consider Madam Chirpington the sparrow. Hear her birdsong in your ear and realize that the beauty of the sparrow's song is nothing without a listener to appreciate it. In your job interview, you must become Madam Chirpington the sparrow; you must answer questions not for yourself, but so that your listener will appreciate you.
If your interviewers aren't impressed enough by your handshake to give you the job on the spot, the question phase of your interview will commence. Let's assume that you're applying for the position of snake exterminator, as there is no more noble occupation. The employer might ask, "Why did you apply for this position?" In response, you should profusely flatter your interviewer. Examples include, "Business Insider says that you caught six Black Mambas using only your left foot, and I want to learn that skill too," or, "Forbes ranks you behind Steve Irwin as the second most famous animal hunter of all time, but at least you're still alive." It doesn't matter if your answers are truthful — in fact, it's generally more advisable to lie — because your goal is to always say what your interviewer wants to hear.
Most other interview questions are pretty straightforward with the exception of the classic "what is your greatest weakness?" Buffoons will answer this in one of two ways: phonily or funnily. If you're a phony, you'll say, "I just work too hard all the time," and if you think you're funny, you'll say, "my greatest weakness is my quads; I can only squat 100 pounds." These are both disastrous answers. Instead of being phony or funny, be infallible. Your answer should always be, "my greatest weakness is that you didn't hire me the moment I popped out of the womb." After you drop that answer, stand up and leave, because you're guaranteed a job.
Now, I would like to close this column with a haiku to Madam Chirpington, without whom, I would have never learned to ace job interviews. Chirp in bird heaven / lovely sparrow of my dreams / I really hate snakes.
Please excuse me; I have a bird funeral to attend.


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The Universe Principles of Right Action. The Keys to a SUSTAINABLE Personal and Business Success
The Universe Principles of Right Action (which are fully illustrated on the next page of this online booklet,) are none other than the time-proven meta-principles of the universe's 13.7 billion years of successful progressive evolution.
These Right Actions and their corresponding Right Attitudes are the rules and principles for how to create and maintain thriving and sustainable individuals, families, groups, businesses, communities, nations and even a just and equitable planetary government.
The same principles, when ignored or not followed, are the deep causes of failure of any individual or group or, of their activities. Failure to follow them eventually causes individuals, groups and their activities to be broken down and be recycled by the universe's evolutionary processes to be used elsewhere in more productive ways.
The complete Universe Principles (Action and Attitude,) are the energy, chemistry and biological success and sustainability secrets of life itself and, they are directly applicable to individuals, groups, and cultures. Think about them as the rules of evolution and our most basic "operating system."
If you consistently apply the Universe Principles, both you and the groups to which you belong will have the highest possible probability of achieving a meaningful and sustainable success, which also helps to create a just civilization as well as a sustainable prosperity for all --- even in the sea of current and future conflicts and uncertainties in which we all exist.
Living the Universe Principles IS the optimal way to "master the real success percentages" of life by having the odds heavily weighted to your or your group's advantage as compared to individuals or groups who do not know, understand or practice them.
It is through the wise and balanced application of ALL of the Universe Principles in an integrated and systemic way that truly sustainable success can be achieved. Amazingly, the totality of all of the Universe Principles when applied together also can act as a universally-applicable evolutionary system of ethics.
Failure to align oneself and one's organizations with the core patterns of universe progressive evolution as found within the Universe Principles results in the other great meta-pattern (and process) of evolution taking over. That pattern is essentially the breakdown and recycling of any and all non-learning, non-adaptive and non-cooperating individual parts or wholes to be recycled and reused later in some other evolutionary experiment or situation to once again attempt to further forward the unstoppable progressive directionality of evolution discussed in detail in the rest of this online booklet.
"The Universe Principles are simply the universe's most reoccurring deep evolutionary patterns that successfully create, sustain and thrive life --- both for the individual part and collectively for the group. The Universe Principles are used by successful individuals to improve ANY condition. " Lawrence Wollersheim
In our organization, we call individuals who use these principles Evolutioneers.
Why The Universe Principles are Important:
The right understanding of the reality of evolution in the universe IS what ultimately matters in making the right decisions and taking the right actions.
The Universe Principles of right action illustrated on photos on the following pages of this online booklet are based upon acting in alignment with the most repeated core success action patterns of the last 13.7 billion years of evolution. They align an optimal balance of individual freedom interests (agency,) and group responsibility interests (communion and community) and the master universe's evolutionary interests. (The companion Universe Principles of Right Attitude are linked later in this online booklet.)
A simple way to think about these most repeated universe core success patterns is that they are as the key value interests of the universe in its own evolutionary processes. In the Universe Principles you will often see the phrase "in alignment with the universe's value interests," therefore it is important to know just what those universe value interests actually are before reading the Universe Principles and why the universe's value interests are in reality so much more dominant and powerful than just your self-interests or your group's localized interests.
Why they are important is simple:
The universe and its evolutionary processes are the largest know master system that unconditionally is both the last and first force that is unstoppable and ultimately conditions, qualifies and controls all of its sub-systems --- sub-systems like you, your business, your government, and even the planet and solar system as whole systems.
If anyone or anything continually or repeatedly remains out of alignment with the universe's core value interests, they or it will eventually be slowed, pushed back, broken down and then recycled.
Whether you are consciously aware of it or not, as a universe sub-system, you exist and are completely embedded within the unstoppable flow of the master Universe's progressive evolutionary procession towards the universe's ultimate destinations. If your individual or group values and actions are out of alignment with the master Universe's unstoppable progressive evolutionary process your actions and goals will not be sustainably fruitful. They too will eventually be broken down and recycled because of the master universe's dominant over-control of all its embedded sub-systems.
Ultimately, in evolutionary terms in spite of how it culturally appears... "You do not belong to you..." [alone or even mostly]. "You belong to the universe." Buckminster Fuller
"[Evolution] appears to be not only a series of accidents the course of which is determined only by the change of environments during Earth history and the resultant struggle for existence,… but is governed by definite laws… The discovery of these laws [principles,] constitutes one of the most important tasks of the future." --- Ludwig von Bertalanffy, biologist
Living by the Universe Principles also provides a wholly rational and ultimately worthy primary goal in life to serve that which is both far greater than themselves and that enhances not only one's own personal life success but also creates a deep life satisfaction and meaning and the best for the groups to which that individual belongs.
(If you have not read about what is progressive evolution, and only if you are the kind of person who absolutely needs to know every "how" and "why" the Universe Principles have come into being or, why it is true and valid science, please read this progressive evolution document before reading the rest of this Right Actions online booklet. If you are not that kind of person, please continue reading this online booklet and you can come back to this progressive evolution page at some time in the future.)
Next, to continue and see the 13 Universe Principles of Right Action illustrated in photos and learn more, click to the next page of this online booklet using the links at the bottom right of the page for the all the pages of this online booklet.
(Important Note: Always apply the Universe Principles of Right Action using the balancing "attitude" perspectives of the Universe Principles of Right Attitude! (At the end of this online booklet you will find a link to the "sister" Right Attitudes for the following Right Actions.)
Right Actions
Universe Principles
Universe Principles of Right Action and Sustainabile Prosperity
The Universe Principles of Right Action, Slideshow and Description
The self-running slideshow at the top of the page will take you through all 13 photos illuminating the most successful and sustainable principles of evolution. These principles will provide you with the most powerful and lasting eco-keys to a sustainable personal, family and business success. We call this group of evolutionary principles the Universe Principles of Right Action.
If you keep clicking on the Previous, Resume or Next links at the bottom of the slideshow image, it will allow you to navigate through the images. This page will also give you a quick idea of some of our core values at Universe Spirit.
More About the Universe Principles of Right Action for Creating Personal Success and that Will also Create a Just Civilization and a Meaningful and Sustainable Prosperity for All
"The most practical belief system for a large-scale society, in the long run, is one that is firmly anchored in factual reality."-- DAVID SLOAN WILSON
In the complete collection of Universe Principles, you will see the full cycle of energy in the universe as it manifests in successful, sustainable and thriving systems. Every aspect of the full cycle of energy from creation to transformation and transmutation is covered, including how to increase energy efficiency, energy sharing or energy reserves. To help you better visualize the energy management relationships of each Universe Principle you will also find a short [bracketed statement] describing how this principle works within the full cycle of energy creation and transformation after each principle.
"The modern scientific principles of evolution can be used in practical ways to dramatically improve the success of our daily lives and much more. These essential principles of universe scale evolution when used are also able to better guide and improve today's economics, political landscape and even improve today's religions and deteriorating climate conditions." Lawrence Wollersheim
The Universe Principles of Right Action are always moving toward Exhausting all Potentials and Possibilities to:
1.) Increase Creative Experimentation:
Aligned with the universe's core value interests (see above list,) create lots of small, low-risk experiments to discover new beneficial adaptations or to create positive "accidents." Tinker these experiments into higher levels of learning or success. (Humans are far better at tinkering than knowing.)
Be particularly watchful for positive "accidents" and serendipity when they do occur. Aggressively pursue and utilize these positive accidents and serendipities as well as real opportunities!.
These three things are truly rare in experimenters and potentially far more beneficial than generally understood in producing positive results and positive "black swans." (Black swans are unpredictable events with consequences of huge or exponential impacts.)
This principle improves energy creation for later sharing by finding new sources for energy exchange.
2.) Increase Both Present and Past Awareness and Consciousness of Feedback:
Gather current knowledge and life-adjustment essential feedback through present awareness and consciousness of self, others and the physical Universe. Also, gather and be aware of past historic knowledge on self, others and particularly the Universe to learn life's guiding principles and to develop exchangeable life skills and knowledge. (Studying the history of things is past awareness (past consciousness,) and it is an essential and highly useful complement to present awareness in most, but not all situations of life.
Various meditation practices are tangible ways to increase your ability to be aware and conscious of present moment feedback. Developing listening skills is another great way to increase your awareness of the feedback from others.
This principle refines the energy creation and maintenance for later sharing.
3.) Increase Learning from Current and Past Feedback to Optimize Your Creative Adaptability and the "Tinkering" of One's Experiments into Greater Success:
Rapidly learn from all accurate correctional feedback that you receive from your life experiments then use that new information to adapt. If you cannot adapt to it, change the environment wherever possible and appropriate.
In order to optimally advance individual and group learning and adaptability to one's improve experimentation success it is also essential to teach future prediction and future modeling skills using everything from one's own intelligence to super-computers. Doing experimentation with future modeling computer simulations allows one to experiment and tinker at a fraction of the normal cost and without the dangerous or costly mistakes of real experiments. Experiment, learn and adapt is a core cycle of evolution.
This principle further refines energy creation efficiency for later sharing.
4.) Increase the Quantity and Quality of Fair Exchange transactions based Upon Abundant, Sustainable Personal and Group Productivity:
Abundantly increase the fair exchange of sustainable, quality and meritorious individual and group productivity (of real product or service value,) with other individuals and groups and then enjoy the earned pleasures and rewards of those productivity real value exchanges. (Every physically and mentally sound adult needs to be in an abundantly productive (producing more energy then they use) and in a sustainable fair exchange with others, groups and/or the environment. Establish fair exchange sustainability through the justice of eliminating all forms of individual or group freeloading, "gaming the system" and non-fair-exchange resource and energy theft.) Productivity inherently implies energy use and output (effort.)
Abundant and sustainable productivity is one of the Universe meta-principles because of the reality of the Second Law of Thermodynamics known as entropy. Because all natural systems require additional energy (human effort is energy too,) to sustain or reproduce themselves and/or create new order (in the forms of products or services, life or creating a dynamic equilibrium,) to counter the effects of entropy --- abundant and sustainable productivity using continuous and in many cases increasing energy and effort is a fundamental inescapable reality of life.
Please note that both exchange and productivity can be of both an economic or non-economic nature. There are many noneconomic products and services that contribute to the wellbeing and sustainability of the grouping, community or nation.
Fair exchange also is one of the most essential ingredients in group cooperation building. Group cooperation building depends heavily on trust which comes and is expanded by reciprocal fair exchange!
This core Universe Principle is all about energy exchange reciprocation (fairness,) and increasing energy creation sources within a whole or group to counter and overcome the continual effect of energy entropy. This principle means that everyone who is not a child, sick, elderly, disabled mentally or physically or injured should be productive and produce more energy than they use because of entropy and the need for individual and group reserves (discussed in another Universe Principle farther down this list.
5.) Increase Individual Creative Freedom within Wise Boundaries:
Improve self-organization, self-discipline, and self-responsibility to increase freedom and wise choice in self and in one's groups in a way that self-interests, group interests and Universe value-interests are aligned and balanced! An additional aspect of this principle and of the principle of building more cooperative groups and communities (a bit farther down this page,) is to always create and promote as much personal freedom for the group's or communities' individual members as is possible up to the point where the exercise of the individual freedom of that group or community member seriously debilitates or destroys the overall wellbeing and sustainability of the union threatening the existence and essential functions of the group itself.
This principle demonstrates the practical energy creation or maintenance truth that individuals parts within a system and whole are ultimately better at energy creation and energy management when given the highest possible amounts of local freedom and autonomy.
6.) Increase Fair and Appropriate Consequence Capture:
Ensure timely fair and appropriate consequence capture for ALL individuals or groups that caused a particular consequence. Do it through appropriate transparency, truth sharing, co-responsible accountability and where applicable triple bottom line, full-cycle accounting.
The fair and appropriate consequence capture principle is critically important in order to ensure community fair exchange, the fairness of community justice and to vitally capture ALL:
a.) individual and group learning potentials,
b.) effective correction-motivating stress feedback or,
c.) success-enhancing positive reinforcement feedback in the fastest and most efficient way.
Ensuring fair and appropriate consequence capture along with its essential justice partner of fair exchange are two of the most basic, powerful and evolution-proven ways to create the minimal justice necessary to maintain the essential cooperation building trust and wellbeing in any individual or group as well as the fastest possible positive evolution!
Fair and appropriate consequence capture is also another effective way to prevent freeloading, "gaming the system" and non-fair-exchange, nonreciprocal energy and resource theft, which inevitably first weakens then destroys group trust and reciprocality, which then destroys the sustainability and thrivability groups and unions.) A critical element of both fair exchange and the fair and appropriate consequence capture reciprocality principles is that of scaling the positive (reward) and negative (punishment) consequences.
In a healthy sustainable system, an individual or group should always receive the fair, appropriate and proportionally increasing rewards of their productivity that demonstrates higher levels of intelligent effort, merit, and quality of results. The same is true of scaling appropriate and proportional penalties.
High and expanding levels of transparency and accountability are critical to enacting fair and appropriate consequence capture because the powerful evolutionary self-interests of either the individual parts or the self-interests of wholes [groupings/unions,] when hidden or not accounted for will always take over and lessen the essential optimal balance and tension between the self-interests of the individual and the self-interests of the whole group or union.
Remove this single critical and central meta-principle and the parts and groups within the system do not learn from their own negative and positive feedback quickly or efficiently or--- at all! Believe it or not, when seen from the universe perspective having ALL individuals or groups always fairly and appropriately capture both the positive or negative consequences of their own actions is not only the fastest way to adapt and evolve it is also the most merciful and compassionate way because in general an "earned" consequence delayed in a consequence intensified!
In the new Universe Manifesto ebook soon to be released more will be said about what determines fair appropriate levels of positive and negative consequence capture in sustainable natural and social systems.
This fair and appropriate consequence capture meta-principle is also about energy exchange reciprocation (fairness,) multiplying vital energy creation sources within a whole or group through energy rewards and lessening energy depletion sources within a group though energy penalties. This critical principle helps to maintain energy productivity and fairness within every whole system or group.
7.) Increase Wise Cooperation:
In spite of what we have heard about the survival of the fittest evolution actually favors the survival of the most wisely cooperative. Wise cooperation occurs in conditions of general fairness, trust, and reciprocality. Therefore ensure group fairness, trust, and reciprocality and then wisely COOPERATE.
Wise cooperation also implies using all of the Universe Principles as a whole system of principled guidance to know when and how to cooperate or how to know when not to cooperate until the necessary trust, fair exchange, reciprocality and other conditions for wise cooperation have been established.
The principle of wise cooperation is partially about preserving energy reciprocation and energy conservation (so you do not violate the second law of thermodynamics,) while working more importantly towards managing balancing and aligning the tensional self-interests of the parts of the whole to the overall health and well being of the whole union as well as to the value interests of the Universe. This then creates greater and wiser energy sharing in scale, frequency or quality.
A way to think about unwise cooperation is that it is when --- you or your group does worse, gets fewer resources to reproduce or sustain itself while another individual or group does better or gets more resources to reproduce or sustain itself. Wise cooperation is always solidly grounded in fair exchange and aligned and managed self-interests.
8.) Expand Group/Union Building:
Build and/or replicate both more and larger unions and mini-cultures where self-interests, group/union interests, and Universe value-interests are mutually aligned in a win/win/win scenario. When enough groups create enough unions and mini-cultures that follow these universe principles of sustainability these principles will eventually move into a larger union and permeate and be taken on by the macro-culture. Imitate a whole systems understanding of universe evolution at every opportunity, which appears to be moving toward creating a super-union of all universe parts, wholes and sub-unions by creating more wise unions.
The principle of creating more or larger unions (through wise cooperation,) is about working towards creating greater energy sharing in scale, frequency or quality. Better energy sharing creates stronger more sustainable groups and unions.
9.) Increase Group/Community/Union Transparency, Integration Harmony and Order:
Improve the transparency, integration, harmony and dynamic flexible order in one's groups and communities that is also universe value-interest aligned and balanced.
This principle improves the efficiency of energy creation and sharing for and among the parts of a group/union. Better energy sharing creates stronger more sustainable groups and unions.
10.) Increase the Realization of All Individual, Group and Union Creative Developmental Potentials:
Aligned with universe's value interests (above), work actively both as individuals and as groups or communities toward realizing ALL individual unrealized potentials and the unrealized potentials of your groups or communities to learn, adapt and develop and, where possible, to transcend the current conditions and challenges! Development of individual and group unrealized potential here means the full spectrum of possible development as expressed in achieving fulfillment potentials such as expressed basically in Maslow's Needs Hierarchy or more complexly in Kegan's model of psychological development or Kohlberg's stages of moral development.
This principle helps to realize the full energy creation efficiency of the individual parts or members of a group or union.
11.) Increase Appropriate Individual and Group Abundance, Reserves and Resilience:
Build robustness, redundancies and adequate reserves into both individual parts and all groups and unions to build adequate resilience and the necessary reserve abundance to insure against rare, very large-impact negative consequences and unpredictable emergencies caused by inherent system uncertainties and "negative black swans." This reserve abundance building also provides the resources for wise and appropriate energy investment or charity and group support for illness or physical or mental incapacitation or other situations where a member of the group is unable to produce more energy than they use, such as in the case of growing children, the retired or diminished capacity elderly or those injured in work or defending the nation.
Please note another level of resilient robustness can also be achieved by creating distributed and decentralized resources, authority and adaptability at local node levels of all kinds of networks. Appropriate resilient abundance is not a state where some parts and unions have obtained (or take,) such excessive amounts of energy and resources or, accumulate such excessive reserves by either productive or non-fair exchange means, that other productive and/or inter-dependent essential parts of the groupings or unions in the universe's life systems are unable to obtain adequate, fair and appropriate energy and resource exchange for their productivity, reproductivity and sustainability.)
This principle is about energy storage and energy abundance availability --- namely to ALWAYS have enough energy reserves available to maintain individual or group resilience and energy use requirements when either an unexpected energy loss occurs (a crisis, emergency, etc.,) or when temporarily or permanently nonproductive members of the group require additional energy support. In addition to the Second Law of Thermodynamics known as entropy, it also is necessary to have these reserves because of the additional lessening effects the law of diminishing returns, which will eventually always bring about a collapse in systems without new energy sources or emergency back up reserves.
12.) Increase Individual and Group Evolvability to Expand and Replicate Sustainable Control of the Environment and to Co-Evolve a Better Shared Future:
Improve one's self and one's group's evolvability by teaching, knowing and using the Universe's value-interest aligned principles. Use these evolution principles of sustainability to intentionally create the education, governance and management systems to teach others, to replicate and create new and larger more successful universe principle based mini-cultures and groups/unions and to replicate and expand the mini-cultures of this Universe Evolutionary Worldview and sustainable prosperity movement into becoming the macro-culture. Also, use them in all areas of life to directly expand your and your group's sustainable environmental control.
Improving individual and group evolvability and environmental control particularly includes creating future awareness and adaptable intelligence by using rational/analytical thinking, systems thinking and new dialectical thinking future modeling and risk analysis technologies for wise evolution aligned future planning and model testing.
This is another principle that is about improving the efficiency of individual and group energy creation and energy management by understanding the universe's best practices for energy creation and management within parts and wholes (individuals and groupings.
13.) Increase Individual and Group Avoidance of Unnecessary Out-of-Evolutionary Alignment Breakdowns:
Keep vividly in mind that failure to align oneself, one's groups, businesses and nations with the core universe patterns, value interests, principles and directionality of progressive evolution (as found above and within the Universe Principles of Sustainability when applied in an integrated whole systems manner,) results in the other great meta-pattern and meta-process of progressive evolution to take over. This hub process, hub pattern and hub universe meta-principle of sustainability is: the universe in an act of destructive creation breaking down and recycling any and all continually non-learning, non-adaptive and/or non "cooperating" parts or wholes to be recycled and reused later in other evolutionary experiments or situations.
Evolution wastes nothing and unfailingly does this breakdown and recycling of nonaligned and non-adaptive parts or wholes in an act of creative destruction to once again attempt to forward the progressive directionality and value interests of evolution by reusing and recycling the resources of failed, no longer needed or relevant evolutionary experiments. From its original creativity to its ending destructive creativity qualities in the breakdown and recycling of non-learning, non-adaptive and/or non-cooperating parts and wholes the Universe Principles of Sustainability create a full creative cycle and creative spiral containing everything essential to keep the directional; processes of evolution progressing.
This principle is all about avoiding unnecessary energy loss and the understanding that any energy losses ultimately will be reused and recycled.
We have finally reached the amazing phase of evolution where we can now become evolution's partner consciously co-evolving universe evolution. The above are the actions that help us do it! When we simply live sustainable lifestyles and livelihoods applying the Universe Principles and we enact laws that reflect the application of the Universe Principles when applied to groups, corporations, and nations we will attain a just civilization and a meaningful and sustainable prosperity for all.
If any individual, group, nation, business or whole union of any kind fails to apply, align with and forward the Universe Principles of Sustainability as a whole and integrated system in a balanced way, they (and their forms of captured energy,) will eventually be broken down and recycled (distributed elsewhere for new evolutionary experiments.)
(Please note: In addition to their secular applications the right actions above are also the basis of the ethical code and the basic morality of Evolution 2.0 and if you are of a spiritual nature, Religion 2.0.)
And finally, in addition to these Universe Principles of Right Action there are corresponding and companion Universe Principles of Right Attitude. To view a slideshow of these Universe Principles of Right Attitude click here now.
How the Universe Principles Relate to Justice
An additional and important way to think about and see the preceding "Right Actions" of the Universe Principles is to see them as the boundaries and formulas of individual and collective justice in an evolutionary system, particularly as it relates to energy sharing justice. If you see these principles collectively as the minimal operational rules and evolutionary "operating system" for creating, maintaining and sharing energy fairly and reciprocally that then can be used to establish stable unions good for both individuals and groups (dynamic evolutionary equilibriums,) you would also have a practical perspective on how to use them to establish either the foundational or essential ongoing energy sharing justice systems always needed so any human system can become more balanced and sustainable and thrive for more of its members.
How to Use the Universe Principles of Right Action and Sustainable Prosperity:
"The application of the evolutionary science derived Universe Principles will create a just civilization, a sustainable prosperity and a meaning and purpose-filled life for all. When applied wisely, they create the optimization and simultaneous maximization of both individual and collective well being. They are the most basic rules of evolution's core "operating system."" Lawrence Wollersheim
Read, meditate upon and practice them every day and discover for yourself just how dramatically your life will improve. It takes many readings and at least 90 days of practice for their wisdom and power to slowly evolve away any of your present deeply embedded, biased or habituated thinking and reactions. You will never know how well they work until you actually practice and apply them even if you do not fully understand them! Just start reading and practicing --- explore and experiment. (Click here to go to the short forms of the Universe Principles of both Right Action and Right Attitude. They are easier to read and practice on a regular basis in this form.)
Regularly think about how you are or how are not currently using applying them in your life or in the groups to which you belong. If you are applying them, figure out how you can apply them more. If you are not applying them, figure out how you can then watch the proactive evolution unfold! It will take real life self-discipline to start and then continue to read and apply these life success and sustainability critical principles.
Remember in your practice that the universe attitudes are the discriminating and wise spirit from which you apply all of the Universe Principles of Right Action in a balanced way. Right action, right attitude applied to the right conditions equals right results. This is very important to remember. If you do the correct thing with the wrong or attitude the correct thing will often produce wrong results. Always apply the universe actions from and using the perspective of the right attitudes! (Click here to go to the short forms of the Universe Principles of both Right Action and Right Attitude. They are easier to read and practice on a regular basis in this form.)
If you found this page from some other page on our website or in an online search and have not seen the introduction to these Right Actions on this page, please click here for this essential introduction for the Right Actions discussed below. The rest of this online booklet contains beginner to intermediate level materials for this website.
Learn much more, keep about the Universe Principles of Right Action by clicking the links at the bottom right of the page (or left,) for the all the pages of this online booklet.
To view a slideshow of the Universe Principles of Right Attitude click here now.
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What the New Universe Principles of Sustainable Prosperity Will do for Your Life!
When you apply the universe's 13.7 billion-year-old science and time-proven meta-principles for sustainably evolving and thriving life in the universe as found within what we call the action and attitude guiding Universe Principles these meta-principles:
will show you how to align with and "surf" the unstoppable and ever flowing "empowered wave" of evolution itself. That wave is the manifesting directionality of the universe's natural progressive evolution.
will provide a new, evolutionary time-proven, practical and step-by-step principle-aligned map and tool for managing your daily life challenges,
will help you realize your big, long-term personal goals in dramatically more effective, sustainable and meaningful ways,
will provide a new, evolutionary time-proven, practical and step-by-step principle-aligned map and tool for collectively managing our many potentially life-ending planetary challenges.
will convey to your life and teams the ultimate "big story" and universe-scale perspective along with the colossal problem-solving and quality-of-life improving advantages that comes from knowing the wisdom and tools from the biggest possible of all perspectives, And,
On a planetary level the Universe Principles provide the most practical global tools and steps to realizing the benefits implied within the following quote:
"The planetary consciousness which has created our current planetary problems is not the consciousness that will solve them. To effectively resolve our most serious planetary challenges (like human-caused catastrophic climate destabilization,) it will require the new and larger universe evolutionary consciousness and its emerging Universe Evolutionary Worldview." Lawrence Wollersheim
Click here to begin a five minute a day test and experiment on what the Universe Principles can do for your life. This experiment contains the short form of the Universe Principles.
If you are curious to learn more, keep clicking the links at the bottom left or right of the page for the all the pages of this online booklet.
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Universe Principles of Sustainable Prosperity
The Universe Principles and Our Key Human Virtues (Easy)
In one way or another the Universe Principles of Sustainability and the value interests of progressive evolution also embrace most all of the key human virtues in one way or another. Now that you are familiar with these science-grounded meta-principles and value interests of the evolutionary universe you can also go to our human virtues master list and also try to connect up each human virtue listed with one of more of the meta-principles and value interests of progressive evolution and the above Universe Principles.
You may have to be a little creative, but it will not be hard to see that our key human virtues have roots far deeper and are more complex that just our spiritual traditions. It appears that our ancestors also saw, although incompletely, what successfully adaptive individual and group behavior to numerous kinds of environments looked like and they tried to teach these adaptive behaviors to their children as the human virtues.
The Universe Principles and the Open Source Model (Intermediate)
In open source software terms the Universe Principles are the Open Source Kernel of all Kernals! They are the most basic rules of evolution's core "operating system." They are the "core software program and core evolutionary algorithm: of the successful universe evolution of life itself and everything that creates, sustains and thrives it.
The in open source software the kernel conditions and controls all sub-systems and secondary processes just like the macro processes of Universe evolution condition and control the sub-systems and secondary processes of evolution. Once you know the evolutionary universe's kernel of core meta-processes you can then better execute the re-structuring and "re-coding" all of our economic, social and political systems to better align them to the "kernel" of the universe's successful evolutionary processes so that those secondary applications run more effectively and successfully.
The meta-principles of the Universe Principles of Sustainability are the Kernel of successful life itself!
The Core "Value Interests" and Meta-Principles Found Within The Universe's Progressive Evolution (Intermediate to Advanced)
(If you have not read about progressive evolution, we have provide this additional section to give you the minimal basics. At some other time we strongly recommend that you read this document about progressive evolution.)
The following is material for advanced students of universe evolution. It helps you to see how the Universe Principles have been drawn from the meta-principles of progressive evolution.
The Universe Principles of Sustainability in the two forms of Right Attitude and Right Action are based upon the universe's core value-interests and meta-principles. Knowing these universe core value interests and meta-principles in part will make it easier for you to understand the validity of the Universe Principles of Right Action.
These value interests and meta-principles are found within the universe's deepest, repeating successful action meta-patterns and meta-processes. Think about these value interests and meta-principles as evolution's core "operating system" values. These value interests and meta-principles (below) appear to be acting to facilitate the release of ALL inherent potentials for experience and relationship and to facilitate exhausting all possibilities for increasing, improving or developing:
Continuous creative release of its potentials and potentiality (for a created or evolved thing to become what it can.) This continuous release or realization of potential births continuous evolutionary change, which births increasing
Complexity, which creates
Increasing novelty/variety/diversity, which with increasing complexity eventually creates increasing
Uncertainty and, which also eventually creates increasing:
Creative expansion/growth/development/production and in some cases reproduction, which then births increasing, (Within growth and reproduction, which includes increased energy use, expansion and growth,) the concept of productivity for the part or whole is found. This also points to productivity of itself being an intrinsic universe value interest.)
Awareness/consciousness, (which starts with sensing awareness of the most local physical environment, then expanding to self-awareness (consciousness of self,) then expands to awareness of others things or selves, which then also possibly expands to awareness of more and more of the physical planet and Universe as systems, which eventually expands toward awareness of the great mystery of the universe's origin --- Ultimate Reality [what some of a a spiritual nature might even call God awareness,]) which then creates increasing,
Learning and intelligence, which then creates increasing,
Self-organization, autopoiesis, (for more on self organization principles, click here. (Self-organization includes self-discipline and self-responsibility.)
Creative adaptability/evolability and of which all of the above is always based upon the evolutionary center hub of increasing
ENERGY EXCHANGE that comes from productivity and that is appropriate (fair) for the establishment of sustainable and dynamic energy balances, reserves and unions. (evolution appears to love to establish zones of relative dynamic stability using balanced (fair,) energy exchange (as a type of spinning gyroscope,) to support members of the paring, relationship or union.) which then births a increased,
Full-consequence capture, full accountability,(which requires expanding levels of full transparency for all parts of a whole and the wholes themselves. In one way or another, evolution eventually and invariably always enforces increasing levels of consequence capture upon any parts or wholes that do not learn, adapt "cooperate," fairly exchange energy and progressively evolve. High and expanding levels of transparency and accountability are critical to enacting full consequence capture because the powerful evolutionary self-interests of either the individual parts or the self-interests of wholes [groupings/unions,] when hidden or not accounted for will always take over and lessen the essential optimal balance and tension between the self-interests of the individual and the self-interests of the whole group or union. Which in some parts and unions within the universe eventually then emerges,
Cooperative union building, also continually building toward new, larger and more sustainable dynamic fair energy exchanging unions of increasing environmental control and evolvability (where the tensional self-interests of the parts have been effectively managed and balanced with the tensional self interests of the whole. This is done by the evolved management capabilities within the cooperative whole to align and to balance the overall health, well being and self-interests of the full union with the value interests of the Universe itself) and --- where these unions also create and maintain adequate reserves for their own dynamic survival, which when approaching ideal facilitates and enhances,
Optimal Creative freedom/choice, self-responsibility and self-discipline for parts in unions, and the
Optimal transparency, integration, harmonization and ordering of parts within unions and within unions themselves --- and in the process of the preceding is created increasing,
Robustness, redundancies and reserves of both the parts and the various unions unions to insure against rare, very large-impact negative consequences from future uncertainties and "black swans." (Black swans are unpredictable events with huge or exponential negative or positive consequences and impacts.)
Expanding control over the environment for individuals and cooperative unions (parts and wholes that also are in harmony with the principles of universe evolution,) then a long long time into the evolutionary future,
A new evolution-created "self/union-aware" super-unification and super-stabilization of all Universe interconnected and diverse interdependent parts and wholes comes into being and, this
Potential predicted super-union evolves toward a creative transcendence of the universe itself as both parts and the whole itself. A time in evolution when all of the above universe "value-interest" possibilities for releasing, increasing, improving, developing or transcending experience and relationship (sharing,) have been fully exhausted. The Universe at that moment could be said to then have completed a cycle of the Universe's own realization of potential having achieved full creative manifestation/distribution, development, realization of all possible inherent "value interest" potentials up to and including transcendence.
If transcendence in either a part, a whole or the whole of the universe occurs, then the cycle of developmental steps or levels above may restart in whole or part with the new emergence or creativity. If transcendence did not occur for any reason, (which also includes, failed experiments, retrogressions, collapses and extinctions,) then waste nothing of that which has reached the limits of its existence, growth or potential release cycle --- recycle back all resources and parts back to evolution to be used in new creativity. (Collapse is sometimes necessary and good for parts or a whole that steadfastly fail to learn and adapt to the limits of their ecosystem. Collapse often creates a new space needed and the eventual regeneration of a resource depleted space for new evolutionary experiments or species.)
The above Universe core value-interests and meta-principles listed above can and should be viewed collectively as a full evolutionary cycle where the last step restarts up again in a new way at the first step on the next cycle or they can be viewed collectively as an expanding spiral where the last step eventually returns to the area of the first step but in a new and more expansive way.
The above Universe core value-interests and meta-principles listed ARE evolution's "goods" and most probable directional mega-trends for the future. This is because they have proven themselves to be the core, most repeated mega trends of evolution's past 13.7 billion years in spite of all manner of uncertainties, spontaneities retrogressions and other forms of evolutionary meandering. The Universe appears to have demonstrated adaptive patterns that can even use and incorporate unforeseen spontaneities to eventually forward its value-interests and meta-principles.
Looking at the Universe Principles as a whole and particularly through their key meta-principles like fair exchange and sustainability one can begin to see in new and expanded wording the core essence, key parts or more enlightened aspects of almost every ethical, moral and legal code humanity has ever developed. This is only natural because humanity has always basically used what happens in real human life in nature (the universe,) for creating its codes even when it attributes the origin of these codes to other more super natural sources. (Please note: In addition to their secular applications the right attitudes are also the basis of the ethical code and the basic commandments of both Evolution 2.0 and Religion 2.0.)
But, no matter how you view them they (and the Universe Principles derived from them,) consist of a full and whole system for the successful ongoing creative evolution of sustainable and thriving parts and wholes in the universe. Some individuals consider that the universe's progressive evolutionary directionality to be a highly functional, detailed and objective description of the most probable meaning of life.
They are also the universe's most probable directional mega-trends for the future. This is because they have proven themselves to be the core, most often repeated mega trends of evolution's past 13.7 billion years in spite of all manner of the universe's inherent developmental uncertainties, spontaneities, retrogressions and extinctions. The universe's main reoccurring value interests (above,) as found within its deepest key repeating patterns are sometimes called the core progressive directionality of the universe or the evolutionary impulse. Sometimes these universe value interests are even called the goals of physical universe's evolution.
"When you understand the meta-principles of progressive evolution you will also understand the universe's "best practices" and its core "operating system." Lawrence Wollersheim
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The Universe Principles for Right Attitude
One uses the Universe Principles of Right Action in wise and balance application with the Universe Principles of Right Attitude. Think about the Universe Principles of Right Attitude as creating the right mindset so that one is able to persist and stay motivated in a positive way to execute the Universe Principles of Right Action.
To explore the Universe Principles of Right Action companion principles of Right Attitude, click here!)
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right attitude
The Universe Principles for Right Attitude and Sustainable Prosperity
Footnotes, Qualifications and Additional Resources and Information Regarding the Universe Principles Right Actions (Intermediate to Advanced)
1.) The principle of Progressive Evolution is derived in substantive part from evolutionary science.
2.) To dive deeper into more about the science of the Universe Principles and universe evolution click here. This is mostly for advanced students and it covers much of what was not covered in the medium length descriptions of the Universe Principles found in this online booklet.
3.) If you are a philosopher, you may want to see how the meta-principles of universe evolution defeat the arguments of the Naturalistic Fallacy. Click here to find out why and how the meta-principles of universe evolution legitimately create values and "oughts" and "shoulds" to improve our personal lives and world.
4.) When both the action and attitudinal parts of the Universe Principles of Sustainability are taken and used as a balanced whole they are in effect a new and universal evolutionary meta-ethics and meta-morality. This is important because:
"The greatest fight in the history of the world and the world of ideas is the fight to establish a universal morality." Stefan Molyneux philosopher
5.) Looking at the Universe Principles of Sustainability as a whole and particularly through their key words like fair exchange and sustainability one can begin to see in new and expanded wording the core essence, key parts or more enlightened aspects of almost every ethical, moral and legal code humanity has ever developed. This is only natural because humanity has always basically used what happens in real human life in nature (the universe,) for creating its codes even when it attributes the origin of these codes to other more super natural sources. Click here to see how we have woven the Universe Principles of Sustainability into our code of conduct and ethics for living.
6.) The Universe Principles of Sustainability come in two parts, the Universe Principles of Right Action and the Universe Principles of Right Mind and Right Attitude. We recommend reading the action principles first. The Universe Principles are derived from the soon to be released new book the Universe Manifesto. Additional explanatory commentary and exercises for each principle will be published soon. There has been 3 years of new cosmological and evolutionary science research and thinking put in just to get them this far.
7.) The Universe has demonstrated adaptive patterns that can use and incorporate unforeseen spontaneities to eventually also forward its core value-interests.
8.) The universe as a whole system unto itself appears to behave much like smaller living evolutionary systems or, is it really that smaller living evolutionary systems are behaving like the universe when it is viewed as a whole system. Is the universe itself --- a living thing or organism at ultimate universe scale?
9.) If you are of a spiritual nature in the traditional sense of Religion 1.0 or Religion 1.5 and, you would like to see how the above meta-principles of progressive evolution could relate to better understanding the nature and purposes of God or, God's will or, even God's universal commandments, click here.
10.) The word Universe can also include whatever you call or believe the Universe's origin to be, the great mystery of the universe's origin, total reality, God Buddha, Ultimate Reality etc.
11.) Learning and living the Universe Principles of Sustainability in both action and attitudinal forms is also the Level 3 practices of Evolution 2.0 and if you are of a spiritual nature, Religion 2.0.
12.) Each of the Universe Principles taken collectively also suggests all of the important educational core curriculum that Universe Evolutioneers and universe citizens should pursue and that integral, evolutionary, environmental and sustainability organizations should be teaching to create effective and complete curriculums.
13.) If you have not yet read the full description of progressive evolution, --- the core facts upon which the Universe Principles are based, we recommend you do this advanced study soon.
14.) We strongly suggest that you print out the Universe Principles and then read and practice them every day and discover for yourself just how dramatically your life, groups and the world can improve. It takes many daily readings of them and at least 90 days of conscious practice of them for their power to slowly evolve away any contrary deeply embedded or habituated thinking and reactions. My clarity and live has improved hugely since I have begun practicing them and, it has been far more than worth all of that conscious effort. Practicing ALL of these principles in balance and not just practicing one or two of them is what it means to actually be or become a complete Evolutioneer and life sustainability and thrivability advocate. (Click here to go to the short forms of the Universe Principles of both Right Action and Right Attitude. They are easier to read and practice on a regular basis in this form.)
15.) If you have suggestions or criticisms, send them to manage@universespirit.org with "Principles" in the subject line. Sincerely,
16.) This is 107 th version version of the Universe Principles of Sustainability since work began on them in 2007. This version was updated on 6.19.14.
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evolutionary meta-ethics
metamorality

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Der Fürstenstein ist ein Felsgipfel () am Nordhang des Goldberges im Fichtelgebirge. Er besteht aus Gneisphyllit mit Einsprengung von schwarzem Tonschiefer und wurde wegen seiner geologischen Besonderheit als Naturdenkmal ausgewiesen.

Geschichte
Der Felsengipfel hatte früher einen wesentlich größeren Umfang. Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden dort Steine gebrochen für das Bergamtsgebäude, das 1856 von Wunsiedel nach Brandholz verlegt wurde. Jetzt ist er noch 30 Meter breit, 30 Meter lang und 15 Meter hoch.

Der Fürstenstein liegt im montanhistorisch bedeutsamen Gebiet des ehemaligen Brandholz-Goldkronacher Goldbergbaureviers. Die Gold-Antimon-Vererzung war die Grundlage für einen fast 600 Jahre dauernden Bergbau. Dieser wurde von den Burggrafen von Nürnberg und den  Markgrafen des Fürstentums Bayreuth (1365 bis 1791), in preußischer Zeit (1791 bis 1806), in bayerischer Zeit (1828 bis 1865) und durch die Fichtelgold AG (1920 bis 1925) betrieben.

Geotop
Die Felsformation wurde vom Bayerischen Landesamt für Umwelt als Geotop 472R001 ausgewiesen. Siehe hierzu auch die Liste der Geotope im Landkreis Bayreuth.

Siehe auch
 Goldkronacher Forst

Karten
 Dietmar Herrmann: Der Fürstenstein im Fichtelgebirge. In: Der Siebenstern, Heft 2/2007, Seite 70.

Weblinks

 Der Fürstenstein am Goldberg

Einzelnachweise

Berg in Europa
Berg in Bayern
Berg im Fichtelgebirge
Naturdenkmal im Landkreis Bayreuth
Geotop im Landkreis Bayreuth
Geographie (Goldkronach)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Yaqoob Masih is one of the most controversial and polarizing artists among Punjabi Christians for one reason: he makes Christian statues.
Together with his family, the 53-year-old has been making religious sculptures for four decades in Warispura, a Christian suburb of Faisalabad city in Pakistan. His creations sell like hotcakes in the four bookshops of the Daughters of St. Paul around the country. Many of his pieces can be seen in rural parishes.
Yet Protestant pastors say he is a sinner who promotes idol worship. They advise him to repent and baptize again.


text:
Refurbishment Conversion
If old buildings could talk, they would have myriad tales to tell: of affection and neglect, job changes and unemployment, health problems, and, sometimes, unexpected healing. Of course, buildings can't speak for themselves – but the renovations and conversions in this issue reveal quite a lot about their history. In most cases, they were accompanied by a dramatic change of use: the Schönburg in Bern, once the headquarters of the Swiss Post Office, was transformed into a residential and hotel complex by Theo Hotz Partner and Marazzi + Paul. In Memmingen, Heilergeiger adapted a villa for use as a daycare centre, while in Barcelona, the Fabra i Coats textile factory now houses 46 artists' apartments and a sports hall according to a design by Roldán & Berengué. In Paderborn, a former Capuchin monastery, later a state hospital, was converted into office space; David Chipperfield Architects Berlin redesigned the building complex for a DIY company.
The two residential buildings featured in this issue show that radical interventions in the building fabric may be needed even if the building is used for the same purpose. In Terrassa, Spain, H Arquitectes reactivated a terraced home that was vacant for over 100 years. Adjaye Associates undertook a similar feat with Mole House in London, which now serves as the home and studio of artist Sue Webster. Obviously such a building, which had been systematically destroyed by its previous occupant, cannot be handled with kid gloves. This is also in line with the credo of the Amsterdam-based architect and expert in adaptive reuse, Wessel de Jonge. As he states in an interview with Anneke Bokern in this issue, "It's as important to me that a building can be well utilized as whether the heritage lobby thinks it's perfect."
Fire Protection in Wooden Constructions
Fire Protection Glazing in the Foyer
Insulated New Building, Historical Context
This magazine
DETAIL 4/2021
Content (.pdf)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Tailored cotton, spandex pant with pleats at the front, tapered leg, zips at outside ankle and belt loops at the waist. A classic everyday pant cut in quirky POSSUM print to take you from work to party and everything in between. The Possum print is exclusive to Leonard St and developed in house, featuring the naughty possum eating magnolia flowers across Melbourne!


John Stachel explains that according to special relativity information cannot travel faster than the speed of light. Thus there can be no rigid body, which is possible in classical mechanics where forces are transferred at infinite speeds. A rigid body moves in a rigid manner, no matter what forces are imposed on the body. In fact, rigid motions can be defined without any contradiction in special relativity, even though a rigid body does not exist in the special theory of relativity.
Einstein spoke about rigid body because in 1905 he did not realize that this concept of the rigid body is incompatible with the special theory of relativity, and must be replaced by the concept of rigid motions.
If you had a truly rigid body, then you could communicate faster than light. Light takes a nanosecond to travel a foot. But if you push a rigid stick, and the other end moves immediately, then that is faster than a nanosecond. Relativity says that faster than light communication is impossible.
How do we perform our measurements? By transportation, one on the other, of objects regarded as invariable solids, one will answer immediately; but this is not true any more in the current theory, if the Lorentz contraction is admitted. In this theory, two equal lengths are, by definition, two lengths for which light takes the same time to traverse.
But I don't know how Stachel or Weinstein or anyone else can recite this story without mentioning that Einstein's version is just a poor imitation of Poincare's.
Update: A comment points to Rigid body motion in special relativity for a modern explanation.