It's easy for us to see nature change with the seasons, but it's much harder to imagine the changes that take decades or centuries to develop. I wanted to see how Richmond's new town forest has changed in the past century, so I put together old aerial photos and made an online map for everybody to access. Many of the patterns we see in the forest can be traced back to how the land was used in the past. By understanding the land's history we can have a deeper relationship with it and make our time in the woods more meaningful.
When Richmond was founded in 1794 the land was covered by forests that had grown largely undisturbed by humans since the glaciers retreated 12,000 years ago. Those forests are long gone, cleared over the course of a century by the early settlers for their livestock and crops. By 1880 as much as 80% of Chittenden County was deforested, with virtually none of the original trees left standing. Since then the forest has made a slow comeback, but it could take centuries before the traces of human use fade.
The story of Richmond's new town forest is still unfolding, and you can watch a rerun of the last 76 years by exploring the map linked above. When you click on the link and open the map you'll see what Richmond's town forest looked like in 1942. Click and drag on the center scroll bar and look at the changes from 1942 to 2013. Do you notice how the boundaries between forest and pasture change? In 1942 the lower half of the Andrews Farm was part of an extensive network of fields along the Winooski river valley, but by 2013 the pastureland is much smaller.
The 2013 photo was taken when the leaves were off the deciduous trees, which makes the evergreen trees stand out in stark contrast. As it turns out the evergreens are different species if the land was pasture in 1942 or forest. On abandoned pastures, you can count on almost every evergreen to be a white pine, while evergreens in areas that were forested in 1942 are now mostly hemlocks. The reason for this is hemlock seeds need cool shady conditions to germinate, whereas white pines need a lot of sun.
Hemlock and pine stands have entirely different feels to them. The white pine stands are open and sunny, with lots of brambles and saplings in the understory. Their trunks are straight and tall because all of the trees are the same age and have been racing upwards together towards the light. The hemlock stands on the other hand are dark, and the understory is open. The trees here feel ancient, and their trunks are stout from many slow years of growing in the shade. Because their canopy is so dense, hemlock stands provide perfect shelter for deer in the winter.
Take a look around the map and see if you notice any other patterns in the woods. Ask yourself if what you are seeing is a product of human actions like logging or a natural phenomena like a windstorm. How long will these patterns and their effects last? It's hard to say, but we know from this map that the old pasture lands are still starkly different from the old forests, even after 76 years of abandonment. It makes me wonder what the woods will look like in another 76 years. I guess it largely depends on what we do with them.


text:
Ustad Bismillah Khan
BharatMataMandir > Bharat Ratna > Ustad Bismillah Khan
Ustad Bismillah Khan Sahib (Urdu: استاد بسم اللہ خان صاحب; March 21, 1916 – August 21, 2006) was an Indian shehnai maestro. He was the third classical musician to be awarded the Bharat Ratna (in 2001), the highest civilian honour in India and gained worldwide acclaim for playing the shehnai for more than eight decades [1].
Bismillah Khan was born at Bhirung Raut Ki Gali, in Dumraon, Bihar as the second son of Paigambar Khan and Mitthan. He was named as Qamaruddin[2] to rhyme with Shamsuddin, their first son. His grandfather, Rasool Baksh Khan uttered "Bismillah" (the basmala) after looking at the newborn, thus he was named Bismillah Khan.[3]
His ancestors were court musicians and used to play in Naqqar khana in the princely states of Bhojpur, now in Bihar. His father was a shehnai player in the court of Maharaja Keshav Prasad Singh of Dumraon Estate, Bihar.
At the age of six, he moved to his maternal house, located close to the Ganges at Varanasi[1]. He received his training under his uncle, the late Ali Baksh 'Vilayatu', a shehnai player attached to Varanasi's Vishwanath Temple.[2]
Though a pious Shi'ite Muslim, he was also, like many Indian musicians, regardless of religion, a devotee of Saraswati, the Hindu Goddess of wisdom and arts,[4] and often played at Hindu temples, including the famous Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi, on the banks of the river Ganga.[5] He also performed for spiritual master Prem Rawat.[6]
Bismillah Khan was perhaps single handedly responsible for making the shehnai a famous classical instrument. He brought the shehnai to the center stage of Indian music with his concert in the Calcutta All India Music Conference in 1937. He was credited with having almost monopoly over the instrument as he and the shehnai are almost synonyms.
Khan is one of the finest musicians in post-independent Indian Classical music and one of the best examples of Hindu-Muslim unity in India and had played shenai to audience across the world.He was known to be devoted to his art form that he referred to shehnai as his begum, wife in Urdu, after his wife died. On his death, as an honour, his shehnai was also buried along with him.He was known for his vision of spreading peace and love through music.
" Even if the world ends, the music will still survive "
" Music has no caste "
Performances at Red Fort
Khan had the rare honor of performing at Delhi's Red Fort on the eve of India's Independence in 1947. He also performed Raga Kafi from the Red Fort on the eve of India's first Republic Day ceremony, on January 26, 1950. His recital had become a cultural part of India's Independence Day Celebrations, telecast on Doordarshan every year on August 15. After the Prime Minister's speech from Lal Qila (the Red Fort,) in Old Delhi, Doordarshan would broadcast a live performance by the shehnai maestro. This tradition dated from the days of Pandit Nehru.
Hawa Mahal Jaipur
Dr. Mathura Singh (1883 – 27 March 1917)
V V Giri
M S Subbulakshmi
Vinoba Bhave (11 September 1895 – 15 November 1982)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mix nectar, oil, salt, almond butter and cocoa well. Pour over puffed quinoa and stir well. Press firmly into 9x9 inch baking dish and chill 2 hours before slicing into bars.
Cook quinoa according to package directions. Mix in a bowl with black beans, corn, chopped bell and chile peppers, chopped tomato, black olives, cilantro and diced avocado. Mix a dressing of avocado oil, lime juice, salt, pepper, cumin and chili powder.Toss with quinoa mixture and enjoy!


In this process of doing things that is not really taking the build forward, but rather redoing things I wasn't too happy with, I've spent the past two days making an overhaul on the electronics system!
The old electronics board had gone through three changes, and the flat styrene board looked like a well seasoned Swiss cheese, and it was a tad too small since everything seemed to be sitting on top of each other! The Dude will not abide!
In addition to that, I also hade a veritable spider's web inside the droid with cables running back and forth, and not really bound together properly. This, too, had to change.
This is the old electronics board. A bit cramped, but not too bad. That's because not all cables are attached! The incoming power and USB cable was sticking out at the bottom, and there was 8 different cables that needed to be attached at different places. This, I did not like!
Also, the cable for the Slip Ring had to be basically folder all over itself to not get tangled up. This clearly had to be moved somewhere, especially if I am planning to get a dome ring for my periscope and life form scanner!
This is the new electronics board, with more room for extensions, one common plug for everything (apart form the USB connector). I've got main power, both drive wheels and dome coming in on that connector on the left! I've also moved some things around, like giving enough space for the slip ring connector!
So much for the electronics board, but what about inside the body?
Well, I didn't really take any "before" pictures, but perhaps this can give you an idea of what it was like. Many cables, back and forth, and all of them individual. Also note that most of these cables had to be able to connect to different places on the old electronics board!
This is a mess of power cables, foot drive cables and dome drive cables. Nothing really marked, how good is that?
This is the new look of the interior wiring, prior to me installing the board. There are still a few individual cables, but they will be tied down when I'm finalizing the cable mounts after the paint job is done. This is just hanging there and not fastened 100%.
…it looks like this! Clean and not too messy!
Another angle… remember it is all plugged in. No more cables going back and forth. If I need to unplug my electronics board, I only need to undo that plug and also remove the USB cable (not attached in this photo), and it's a simple matter of opening the velcro fasteners and there we go!
Best part: I can not attack anything the wrong way anymore!
… and look at that! It even works!
Tomorrow I hope to have beaten this flu! I've got work to do… and a network thing… and Thursday I'm getting knee surgery!
I'm looking forward to getting a lot done on the small parts while being partially immobile!


text:
Q: set random background color cant believe im asking this question but,
why this work?
<!DOCTYPE html>

        <meta charset="utf=8">

and this doesn't?
its pretty much the same code,
if anyone can edit the code that would be brilliant?
<!DOCTYPE html>

  <title>Splash!</title>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
  <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true">
  <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="6.5;url=home.html" />

<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/stylessplash.css" type="text/css">

        u
        u
        H
        !

need to add more text but no more is needed.
need to add more text but no more is needed.
need to add more text but no more is needed.
need to add more text but no more is needed.
need to add more text but no more is needed.
need to add more text but no more is needed.

A: You can use that code to set the background to a specific element (not to the whole body like you did). To set the background of the whole page, instead of
document.getElementById('posts').style.background = color;

you will need
document.body.style.backgroundColor = color;

Hope this helped!

A: On your second code block you are simply creating a function

It doesn't run because you are not invoking the function in form load or whenever you want. Which is shown in your 1st code block

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Resideo Names Travis Merrill Executive Vice President, Chief Strategy & Commercial Officer
Proven Leader with Extensive Experience in Driving Top-Line Growth Through Go-To-Market Innovation to Join on Dec. 21, 2020
Resideo Technologies, Inc.
AUSTIN, Texas, Dec. 17, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Resideo Technologies, Inc. (NYSE: REZI), a leading global provider of home comfort and security solutions, today announced that Travis Merrill will join the company in the newly created position of executive vice president, chief strategy and commercial officer, effective Dec. 21, 2020.
Merrill brings more than 20 years of global experience in corporate strategy, marketing and general management in consumer, commercial and industrial markets. Reporting to President and CEO Jay Geldmacher, and working closely with leaders across Resideo, Merrill will lead Resideo's corporate strategy, brand strategy, external corporate communications and strategic partnerships.
"Travis has a proven track record and unique expertise in developing strategy and fostering commercial partnerships to drive focus and growth," said Jay Geldmacher, president and CEO of Resideo. "His leadership and experience will be invaluable as we continue to define the strategic direction for Resideo."
"With its presence in more than 150 million homes and businesses and its numerous market-leading products, Resideo has a tremendous opportunity to deliver value for its customers and partners," said Merrill. "I am excited to work with this team and our partners to position Resideo for long-term growth."
Merrill most recently served as president of the Commercial Business Unit and chief marketing officer at FLIR Systems, Inc. Previously, Merrill worked nearly eight years at Samsung Electronics, most recently as vice president of Samsung's U.S. tablet business. Merrill serves on the board of All Hands Raised, a non-profit focused on education, equity and excellence for children from cradle to career and on the advisory board of the Center for Innovation, Business, and Entrepreneurship at Wabash College.
About Resideo
Resideo is a leading global provider of critical comfort, residential thermal solutions and security solutions primarily in residential environments. Building on a 130-year heritage, Resideo has a presence in more than 150 million homes, with 15 million systems installed in homes each year. We continue to serve more than 110,000 professionals through leading distributors, including our ADI Global Distribution business, which exports to more than 100 countries from more than 200 stocking locations around the world. For more information about Resideo, please visit www.resideo.com.
Oliver Clark
Jason Willey
SOURCE Resideo Technologies, Inc.
http://www.resideo.com
Resideo to Release Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2021 Financial...
Resideo Unveils New Services, Solutions and Tools to Unify...


This song made it into the top 100 of 2009 and is Tokyo Jihen's newest single, after a long break from the band. This catchy tune will be appearing on their new album "スポーツ" (Sports), which comes out a week from today on February 24, 2010. The singer, Shiina Ringo, has been in the music industry for a while and just gets better and better.
I remember saying goodbye to someone important to me for the last time and then going to a party. The party was fun enough, but they happened to put on "our song" and I couldn't enjoy it 100%. Around 1AM after all the trains and buses stopped running, I skipped the after party and had a relaxing, contemplative walk home. It took me about two hours, but a friend kept me company over the phone, searching online for places I could catch dinner that would still be open. I never eat ramen... but I settled into a Chinese food place, not realizing that was all they served. This song came over the radio and it was the best ramen I have ever had in my life.


text:
UPDATE - Business Energy Bill Relief Scheme
The UK Government have announced the introduction of well-needed support for businesses affected by rising energy costs as a result of volatility in the wholesale market due to economic and political tensions.
Earlier this year, many suppliers exited the market as a result of soaring wholesale energy prices. Delivered rates exceeded as much as £1/kWh for electricity and 25p/kWh for gas, however this scheme has opened the door for many to re-enter the market for renewal and acquisition business as early as Monday 26th September, ready for the start of the scheme.
A cap on wholesale prices of £211/MWh for electricity and £75/MWh for gas will be applied to contracts signed on of after 1 April 2022, effective from 1 October 2022, and will last for 6 months.
These wholesale caps equate to 21.1p/kWh for electricity and 7.5p/kWh for gas, however are not inclusive of none commodity costs for the delivery of energy to the customer, which can make up around 40% of the end unit price, depending on individual customer circumstances such as location and energy behaviours.
All customers who entered a contract on or after 1 April 2022, will automatically receive the reduction and do not need to do anything.
Businesses on variable tariffs will receive a maximum cap of £405/MWh, (40.5p/MWh), for electricity and £115/MWh (11.5p/kWh), for gas.
Relief will also be given in the form of exemption of green levies, which will be removed as part of the scheme, although it has not yet been made clear if this relates solely to the CCL element of a customers bill, which is charged at a rate of 0.775p/kWh for electricity and 0.568p/kWh for gas in addition the fixed unit costs, or whether Renewable Obligation will also be removed, which is typically calculated and included in fixed electricity unit rates and is currently around 2.59p/kWh.
Due to the uncertainty surrounding the calculation of none-commodity costs, it is yet unclear as to what the deliverable energy rates on offer will be, however we will know more early next week as suppliers publish their rates which factor distribution network charges and government taxes and levies etc.
Customers who are out of contract or have contracts due to end are encouraged to enter a contract to receive the maximum reduction on offer.
Switching suppliers does not affect the entitlement of discounts and is still permitted under the scheme.
We will continue to support our customers during these difficult times, offering as much advice and support as possible, and will be notifying our customers of announcements re: the 3-month review and potential extension of the scheme as soon as new information becomes available.
If you are struggling to pay your bills, have a contract due to end, are out of contract or have questions relating to the scheme, please send an email to contact@firstchoice-utilities.com with the heading "Business energy support" and one of our representatives will contact you as soon as possible.
Don't forget - FULLY FUNDED solar (PPA), is still available with NO CAPITAL OUTLAY.
Solar is a great way to reduce your carbon footprint and receive cheap, clean energy at 0 cost.
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Fully Funded Solar (PPA) – How does it work?
Non-commodity charges, what are they and why are they increasing?


The full heat of summer is here and I'm drowning in tomatoes. I've been searching for new ways to use my bounty, beyond the basics of salsa, marinara sauce, and jarring for winter stores.
Mozzarella is one of the easiest cheeses to make, it only takes 30 minutes and the taste can't be beat!
Now off to find those interesting ingredients!
Mike Bloomberg is a mayor with a mission. More specifically, a public health mission: Over the course of a decade he has made New York City a laboratory to test policies that manipulate the healthiness of public environments. His much-protested idea for a large-soda ban comes from a long lineage of much-protested smoking bans and trans-fat bans that have tested what, exactly, government can and cannot do to encourage healthier behaviors.
Some of Bloomberg's ideas have proved remarkably effective in making New Yorkers healthier and become models for national policy. Some have flopped, showing little public health impact or running into trouble even getting off the ground. From smoking to soda bans, here's a quick tour through Mayor Mike Bloomberg's public health crusade.
NYC first major city to ban smoking in bars and restaurants.
Bans the use of trans-fat in all foods.
Requires restaurants to post calorie counts.
Proposes a voluntary effort on behalf of Americans' food producers to reduce salt consumption by 20 percent.
Congestion pricing for cars entering New York City.
Limit access to sugary sodas.
I like to think of thermal solar power as the rock star of clean energy. The technology starts off with the coolest name, the Power Tower.
The Tower is surrounded by thousands of adoring mirrors all focusing their attention on it in the center. As the mirrors build up the heat in comes the molten salt gathering in all the energy (heating up to 1,000 °F).
Then the salt exits stage-left to the green room (thermal storage stank). In these tanks none of the glory and fame is dissipated since they barely lose any heat (98% efficiency rate).
At any moment the rock stars can be called out to overwhelm their fans by turning water into steam and creating energy (via steam turbines). This means that energy can be created at night and without wind, and without requiring the use of the toxic chemicals that solar cells require.
Yeah, it's a pretty cool technology.
The picture above is from Seville, Spain, the site of the first thermal solar installation. It will generate 20 MegaWatts and power 25,000 homes.
The technology offers an interesting twist on clean energy, using a blend of the old and new. It's steam turbine is the same technology used in coal and nuclear power plants. Steam power is hundreds of years old going all the way back to the 18th century steamboats and railroads. The twist here is using solar energy as a heat source, i.e. solar powered.
In comparison to other clean energy technologies it definitely has a few advantages. As mentioned above it can run at nearly any time (close to 24 hours), but more importantly it doesn't require the rare materials that solar cells need.
This is becoming more of problem than you would think. As China dominates the market, owning nearly 85% of all the world's supplies. Putting the rest of us in the awkward territory of tariffs and reliance on the Chinese solar industry.
Further, the creation of solar cells is a notoriously dirty process. Many are even comparing the pollution between coal burning and the creation and disposal of solar cells.


text:
Q: AttributeError: 'DatetimeIndexResampler' object has no attribute 'rolling' i have a problem i running this code
resamp = pd.DataFrame()
station_ids = list(set(weather_data.station_id.tolist()))
for _id in station_ids:
idx = weather_data.station_id == _id
ti = time_index[idx]

wdfi = weather_data[idx].set_index(ti)
floating = wdfi[['visibility','temperature','wind_speed', "wind_dir", "Rain"]]
binaries = wdfi[['visibility','temperature','wind_speed', "wind_dir", "Rain"]]
b = binaries.resample('1h').rolling(24).apply(lambda x: x.any())
f = floating.resample('1h').agg({
    'wind_speed': 'mean',
    'visibility': 'mean',
    'temperature': 'mean',
    'wind_dir':'mean',
    'Rain':'mean'
})

temp = pd.concat((f,b),axis=1)
temp['station_id'] = _id
resamp = resamp.append(temp)

and I get this error
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
 in ()
      8     floating = wdfi[['visibility','temperature','wind_speed', "wind_dir", "Rain"]]
      9     binaries = wdfi[['visibility','temperature','wind_speed', "wind_dir", "Rain"]]
---> 10     b = binaries.resample('1h').rolling(24).apply(lambda x: x.any())
     11     f = floating.resample('1h').agg({
     12         'wind_speed': 'mean',
~\Anaconda3\envs\arcpro\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\resample.py in getattr(self, attr)
     95             return self[attr]
     96
---> 97         return object.getattribute(self, attr)
     98
     99     @property
AttributeError: 'DatetimeIndexResampler' object has no attribute 'rolling'
my pandes v 24
thank you

A: answer by SvenD could be what you're looking for :
How to convert DatetimeIndexResampler to DataFrame?

"resample no longer returns a dataframe: it's now "lazily evaluated"
at the moment of the aggregation or interpolation. => depending on
your use case, replacing .resample("1D") with
.resample("1D").mean() (i.e. downscaling) or with
.resample("1D").interpolate() (upscaling) could be what you're
after, and they both return a dataframe.

– Svend Sep 15 '16 at 8:57"


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Making extracts at home is fun, and saves quite a bit of money. While the cost depends on the supplies you use, most homemade extracts are less than half the price of their store-bought counterparts. Make extra to give as gifts! If you do, keep in mind that extracts take 5-6 weeks to fully develop, so you'll want to get them ready before Thanksgiving to have them done by Christmas.
It all starts with the vanilla bean, also known as the vanilla pod. Some grocery stores carry them, but if you can't find them you can also get them on Amazon.com HERE. Investing in a quality pod, such as pods from Madagascar, will result in a higher-quality, better tasting extract. Vanilla pods aren't cheap. Growing, harvesting and preparing them is the second most labor-intensive spice behind saffron. After the vanilla bean is harvested, it goes through a curing stage in which is time intensive, resulting in a richer flavor. So, be prepared to spend a little bit on these gems.
Cut your beans lengthwise, exposing the vanilla seeds within the pod. You may need to cut again so they fit in your jar. Place inside the jar or bottle. Add enough vodka/bourbon to fill. Seal tightly and store in a cool, dry location. This process takes 5-6 weeks, so make sure you tilt your jars every few days to mix.
Since oranges and lemons are cheaper and more readily available than vanilla pods, these are great extracts to start with if you're trying to save money. You may not be used to cooking with orange extract, but there are so many flavorful ideas to use your creation from cookies to pound cake to breads (more recipes with orange extract here).
Zest your orange in thin strips. Insert the orange zest in your bottle, then fill with vodka. Seal tightly and store in a cool, dry location. This process takes 5-6 weeks, so make sure you tilt your jars every few days to blend. Make sure you remove the peels and strain before using.
Zest your lemon in thin strips. Insert the lemon zest in your bottle, then fill with vodka. Seal tightly and store in a cool, dry location. This process takes 5-6 weeks, so make sure you tilt your jars every few days to blend. Make sure you remove the peels and strain before using.
Zest your lime in thin strips. Insert the lime zest in your bottle, then fill with vodka. Seal tightly and store in a cool, dry location. This process takes 5-6 weeks, so make sure you tilt your jars every few days to blend. Make sure you remove the peels and strain before using.
If you have mint in your garden, you know it grows like a weed. You're probably used to using those mint leaves in drinks like mojitos (my favorite) and adding to salads like tabbouleh and Balela. But, all that excess mint can also be used to make a rich, flavorful extract you can use in hot chocolate, tea, smoothies, brownies and other baked goods. If you're purchasing mint, use your nose as your guide to select your favorite variety. Spearmint, peppermint, chocolate mint will all result in slightly different variations.
Gently wash your mint leaves and pat dry. Remove from stems if you haven't already. Insert the leave in your bottle, using a chopstick to get them inside if necessary. You can use the chopstick to "muddle" the leaves slightly, to help them release their oils. Fill with vodka. Seal tightly and store in a cool, dry location. This process takes 5-6 weeks, so make sure you tilt your jars every few days to blend. Remove leaves and strain before using.
I love this one! Almond extract can be used to make marzipan, biscotti, cakes and cookies.
Blanch your raw almonds by boiling them for ONE MINUTE (don't over-boil). Drain. The skins should look shriveled. Place them on a paper towel until dry and cool. Chop the almonds and place them in your jars. Fill with vodka. Seal tightly and store in a cool, dry location. This process takes 5-6 weeks, so make sure you tilt your jars every few days to blend. Remove almonds and strain before using.


This chapter compares the impact of political constraints on economic policy environments across the cases covered in the preceding chapters. Then, it compares the impact of the policy environment on the degree of coordinative institutions. I hypothesized that stable, broadly targeted policy environments would facilitate the development of coordinative economic governance institutions because, without the risks produced by radical policy change or the allure of particularistic policy benefits, actors would seek to reduce transaction costs by investing in co-specific assets. Conversely, I expected particularistic policy environments to result in hierarchical economic governance institutions.
Yeung, H. W. (n.d.). Change and continuity in Southeast Asian Ethnic Chinese business. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-006-9007-2.


I forgot the main purpose of the Internet. My bad.
>You don't say for which purpose the SSDs are being used.
> You don't say for which purpose the SSDs are being used.
> As system disks in HPC compute nodes?
> Journalling drives in a parallel filesystem?
> Data storage drives in a parallel filesystem?
> Over on the CEPH mailing list there are regular topics on choice of SSDs.
> I would advise going over there and asking the same question.
> Also you don't say how they are failing.
> Are these consumer grade drives or data centre grade drives?
> Two jobs ago I would have said the go-to data centre drives were Intel.
> ie you dont see syslog messages about blocks failing to be read/written.
> I believe that you can monitor them if you choose the correct counters.
>> What Ones are you currently getting?
>> > Fast sure, but my productivity right now is zero.
>> > Are there any recommendations on reliable ssd brands?


It pastures a few sheep, and is a great breeding-place of solan geese.
He had charge, besides, of the solan geese that roosted in the crags; and from these an extraordinary income is derived.
The voice of him was like a solan's and dinnle'd in folks' lugs, and the words of him like coals of fire.
There was the relishing Solan goose, whose smell is so powerful that he is never cooked within doors.
The Solan had been driven upon the Quarr rocks, and she was a total wreck.


text:
Kentucky WWII Veterans: In Their Own Words
Kentucky veterans of World War II recount their combat experiences. A 2007 KET production.
Length 58:42 Premiere: 09/24/07
Premiered On: 09/24/2007
Friday February 3, 2023 7:30 am ET on KETKY
Friday February 3, 2023 6:30 am CT on KETKY
Friday February 3, 2023 4:00 pm ET on KETKY
Friday February 3, 2023 3:00 pm CT on KETKY
Saturday March 4, 2023 7:30 am ET on KETKY
Saturday March 4, 2023 6:30 am CT on KETKY
https://www.ket.org/program/kentucky-wwii-veterans-in-their-own-words/kentucky-wwii-veterans-in-their-own-words/


IIInstitute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P. O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia.
In this study, we checked lactobacilli strains of human origin for their potential as probiotic. Samples were collected from oral mucosa of 16 healthy individuals, out of which twenty isolates were obtained and two of them were selected and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (G1) and L. casei (G3). Both isolates exhibited antagonistic action towards pathogenic microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella abony, and Clostridium sporogenes, but not on the growth of Candida albicans. The bacteriocin activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6358-P was shown only by L. plantarum G1. Moreover, the isolates G1 and G3 showed good viability in the acid gastric environment and in the gut environment containing bovine bile salts. The viability of G1 and G3 isolates in the gastrointestinal tract, and the adhesion to the intestinal mucosa were also confirmed in vivo. The biochemical tests of blood samples revealed lower levels of serum triglycerides and cholesterol, as well as reduced activity of alkaline phosphatase in all lactobacilli-treated Wistar rats, compared to control ones. No toxicity for NMRI Ham mice was observed. According to our experimental results, these findings imply that L. plantarum G1 and L. casei G3 could be characterized as potential probiotics.
According to definition of probiotic recommended by FAO/WHO, probiotics are live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host (13). Bacterial species that are currently of commercial interest as probiotics mainly belong to the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (8, 20, 33). Their use in the recommended doses is safe for humans. However, some health risks could exist although they are very sparse and mostly detected in immunocompromised persons (17, 23). It is known that 700 to 1000 different bacterial species reside in the human intestines (18). Among them, Lactobacillus sp. pertains to the sub-dominant gastrointestinal microbiota (27).
In particular, Lactobacillus species found in the gastrointestinal tract have received tremendous attention due to their health-promoting properties (39). Their useful action on the intestinal microbiota results in the protection of the human body from pathogens through different mechanisms, including competitive binding to the intestinal mucosa and production of antimicrobial substances, such as organic acid, primary lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and bacteriocin (3, 4). In addition, they are used for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, overcoming intolerance to lactose, the host immune responses modulation, and prevention of cancer (22). Also, they showed a protective action against cardiovascular diseases through the reduction of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, the removal of cholesterol by the cholesterol micelles and precipitation of the cholesterol with bile acids (1, 40).
In view of all these facts, the purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize the lactobacilli originating from the human oral mucosa, as well as to evaluate their probiotic and some functional properties like their effects on serum lipids content and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The main contribution of these investigations is discovering new potential probiotic strains that could eventually be usefully applied in practice.
MRS medium (DeMan-Rogosa-Sharpe; Merck GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) was used for isolation, multiplication, and recovery of lactobacilli. The oral mucosa material was obtained from 16 healthy subjects between 10 and 50 years of age. Each swab was suspended in 10 ml of phosphate buffer with 0.05% cystein and homogenised for 2 min. A set of 10-fold dilutions was made in the sterile phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. Subsequently, 100 ml of each dilution was smeared on the surface of MRS agar (Merck). The inoculated plates were incubated at 37ºC in the anaerobic environment (Gas pack vessel, BioMerieux, France) for 72 h. Individual colonies were stickled on fresh MRS plates and used as the starting material for bacterial assessment.
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Salmonella abony NTCC 6017, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 19404, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Enterococcus sp. were grown on selective media, such as: Baird Parker medium for S. aureus, MacConkey medium for E. coli, Deoxycholate lactose medium for S. abony , Cetrimide medium for P. aeruginosa, Sulphate medium for C. sporogenes, Sabouraud dextrose medium for C. albicans, and Bile esculin medium for enterococci. Agar plates were prepared by adding agar (1.5%, w/v) (Torlak, Belgrade, Serbia) to each broth when used as a solid medium. C. albicans was incubated at 25ºC for 72 h. The other listed strains were incubated at 37ºC for 48 h. Triptone soy broth (TSB) was used for cultivation of lactobacilli in mixed culture with pathogenic bacteria. The above-mentioned media were obtained from Torlak.
All isolates were preliminary identified as lactobacilli, using the following physiological tests: the growth at different temperatures (15°C, 30°C, 37°C and 45°C) in MRS broth for 5 days; the growth in MRS broth with 2%, 4% and 6.5% (w/v) NaCl for 5 days; CO2 production from glucose in MRS broth lacking beef extract and containing inverted Durham's tubes; L-arginine and esculin hydrolysis, and growth in 10% skimmed milk medium (38). The biochemical identification of lactobacilli isolates was carried out by standard API 50CH test performed in accordance with the manufacturer's procedure (Bio-Merieux, Montalien-Vecien, France). API ZYM was used for testing the enzymatic activity of bacteria. All tests were performed in triplicates.
Lactobacilli genomic DNA was isolated using the QIA DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany). PCR amplicons were generated using Taq polymerase (Pharmacia, Vienna, Austria), according to the supplier's instructions. PCR products were analyzed on 1% agarose gels and purified using the QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany). Species determination was done by PCR, using primers complementary to 16S rDNA: UNI16SF (5'-GAG AGT TTG ATC CTG GC-3) and UNI16SR (5'-AGG AGG TGA TCC AGC CG-3'). PCR amplifications were performed by using the GeneAmp PCR System 2700 thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and Taq polymerase (Pharmacia, Vienna, Austria). PCR amplifications were carried out in tubes containing 25 µl reaction mixture composed of 1xTaq buffer, 1 U Taq polymerase, 1.5 mmol MgCl2, 200 µmol dNTPs each and 1.5 µmol primer each. PCR amplification conditions were as follows: 5 min at 96°C; 30 cycles of 96°C for 30 s, 55°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s, and an additional extension step of 5 min at 72°C. Resulting PCR amplicons were purified with QIAGENE PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN GmbH Hilden, Germany), following the manufacturer's instruction. Sequencing was done in Central Service of Macrogen (Macrogen, Seoul, South Korea) by using the dideoxynucleotide DNA chain termination method. The BLAST algorithm (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST; RID: 1138633900-27581-131272740575. BLASTQ4) was used to determine the most related sequence relatives in the NCBI nucleotide sequence database. For the final L. plantarum determination, a multiplex PCR assay with the recA gene based specific primers plantF, paraF, pentF, and pREV was performed as previously described (37).
The overnight cultures of the indicator strains were mixed at 1% (106 CFU/ml) with melted nutrient agar poured in sterile Petri dishes and allowed to solidify. A 6-mm wide well was cut in the agar across the centre of the dish. Aliquots (100 µl) of cell-free filtrate of the lactobacilli overnight cultures (18 h) were poured in the wells. The plates were first incubated at 4ºC for 2 h to allow the test material to diffuse in the agar and then incubated for 18 h at the specified temperature. After the incubation, a clear zone of inhibition around the well was measured. To detect the antimicrobial activity, the following indicator strains were used: S. aureus ATCC 6538-P, E. coli ATCC 8739, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, S. abony NTCC 6017, B. cereus ATCC 11778, C . sporogenes ATCC 19404, and C. albicans ATCC 10231.
The overnight cultures of the G1 and G3 strains were pelleted and the pH of supernatants was adjusted to 7.0. The neutralized supernatants were passed through a sterile microbiological filter (0.45 mm) and treated with 1 mg/ml Proteinase-K (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) at 37ºC for 60 min. The wells of the previously prepared Petri plates containing inoculated indicator strain were filled with 100 ml of the prepared supernatant. The plates were incubated as described above. The proteinaceous nature of the antimicrobial substances was assessed as the absence of clear inhibition zones around the wells, which is the result of bacteriocin degradation by the added proteinase-K (31). The MRS medium buffered to 7.0 was used as the control.
Pelleted cells were resuspended in 1 ml of MRS, and were used as inoculum for the new culture in MRS broth with approximately 106 CFU/ml. To quantify the yield of antimicrobial/bacteriocin production, unbuffered or neutralized aliquots of cell-free filtrate were serially diluted in MRS broth before loading 100 µl of each dilution onto indicator strains. The activity of each dilution was determined by agar-well diffusion assay. Antimicrobial/bacteriocin activity was expressed as arbitrary units (AU/ml). One arbitrary unit of antimicrobial/bacteriocin was defined as the reciprocal of the highest dilution showing a clear zone of growth inhibition on the indicator lawn. Quantification of antimicrobial/bacteriocin production was done in duplicate, variation of AU values was less than 5%.
To test the effect of single or mixed cultures of L. plantarum G1 and L. casei G3 on the growth of pathogenic strains, the TSB medium was initially inoculated with lactobacilli (107 CFU/ml) or single inoculations and 107 CFU/ml or 1010 CFU/ml when mixed cultures of G1 and G3 were used. The ratio of mixed lactobacilli G1 and G3 was 1:1. Subsequently, S. aureus ATCC 6538-P (105 CFU/ml), E. coli ATCC 8739 (107 CFU/ml), and S. abony NTCC 6017 (104 CFU/ml) were added and obtained cultures were incubated under agitation (100 rpm) at 37ºC during 24 h. Pure cultures of pathogenic strains served as a control. To determine the number of viable cells (CFU/ml) by the agar plate count method, the following media were used: Baird Parker agar for S. aureus, MacConkey agar (MCA) for E. coli, Deoxycholate Lactose agar for S. abony, and MRS agar for lactobacilli. The plates were incubated at 37ºC for 48 h and each strain count (CFU/ml) was determined. All the experiments were carried out in triplicates.
The concentration of lactic acid (LA) was determined by HPLC (HP1100, Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, CA, USA) with an ion exchange column (Supelcogel C-610H, Supelco, USA) using 0.1% (w/v) H3PO4 as the mobile phase. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 0.5 ml/min and absorbance at 210 nm was measured by a Diode Array Detector (DAD 1100, Hewlett Packard). LA verification was determined by HLPC (LC-6A, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), with the same column, mobile phase, flow rate and Refraction Index Detector (RID, 9100 Varian, Inc, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The reproducibility was checked by triplicate tests. The system suitability and linearity for concentration of LA was checked by standard organic acid kit (cat. No. 47264, Supelco Inc, Bellefonte, PA, USA) (19).
The test of bacterial survival in artificial gastric juice (AGJ) was performed as follows: 10 ml of MRS medium was inoculated at 1% (v/v) with lactobacilli strains and incubated at 37ºC for 18 h. After washing of the bacterial cells, 10 ml of cell suspension (108 CFU/ml) was added to 90 ml of AGJ (0.03 M NaCl, 0.32% pepsin at pH 2.0 adjusted with 0.58 ml 10 M HCl) and incubated with gently agitation (58 rpm) to simulate peristalsis. Bacterial aliquots were taken for the enumeration of viable cells at 0, 60, and 120 minutes. Bacterial survival was expressed with reference to the initial bacteria count. Pepsin and HCl were obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, Sent Louis, MO, USA). The effect of bile salts solution on bacterial survival was studied by ressuspending the harvested cells (grown in MRS medium at 37ºC for 18 h) in PBS buffer (0.01 M K2HPO4, 0.01 M KH2PO4 and 0.15 M NaCl) containing 0.5% bovine bile salts and adjusting it to pH 8.0 with 1 M NaOH. The suspensions were incubated at 37ºC for up to 2 h with gently agitation (58 rpm). The samples for total viable counts were taken at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min and expressed with reference to the initial bacteria count.
Animals: For these studies, Wistar rats (6-8 weeks old, about 200 ± 10 g weight), and NMRI Ham mice (6 weeks old, 18-22 g weight) derived from the animal house of Galenika, Serbia, were used. The animals were housed individually under the standard conditions (temperature 21 ± 3ºC, relative humidity 40%-70%, 12 h light/12 h dark cycle), according to the principles enunciated in the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, (NIH publication No. 85-23). They were fed with commercial rat pellet and water ad libitum. Abnormal toxicity was tested in NMRI Ham mice. The National Ethical Committee (06/10, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade) approved all experimental protocols.
The abnormal toxicity test was used to assess the effects of the G1 and G3 isolates applied in a single daily oral dose of 107 CFU/0.5 ml, which, calculated with reference to human body mass of 70 kg, would correspond to the daily probiotic dose of 1011 CFU/kg. Clinically healthy NMRI Ham laboratory mice (28) of both sexes and body mass of 18-22 g were used for the test. The mice were kept in macrolon cages, with feed and water given ad libidum. The lactobacilli were resuspended in 0.5 ml of sterile saline and, using a gastric sonde, administered into the stomach of each of experimental animals. The test result was negative, i.e. the strain showed to be non-toxic when the mice survived the 72-hour period following the administration (12).
Studies of bacterial viability in the GIT and adhesiveness to the intestinal mucosa were conducted on 15 Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into three groups (G1-treated, G3-treated and control). They were fed daily through a gastric needle-tube with 1 ml of saline containing 106 CFU of lactobacilli (treated rats) or saline (control rats) for 7 days. The total number of lactobacilli was determined by plate count on MRS agar, after anaerobic incubation at 37ºC for 48 h. Following lactobacilli administration, the animals were kept under strict clinical supervision, particularly in the first 4 hours. The faecal samples were taken aseptically after emission from each rat in the morning, before administration of the lactobacilli, on days 0, 3, and 7 for microbiological analysis of the microbiota. After 7 days, the animals were euthanized with increased concentration of CO2 and their organs and tissues subjected to observation. A portion of the middle part of ileum (1 cm length fragment) was taken from each animal for microbiological analysis, i.e. the assessment of bacterial adhesiveness to the intestinal mucosa. A section of the ileum was rinsed three times with saline to eliminate the faecal content and, using a sterile tweezers, spread on previously fresh prepared MRS plates and left at room temperature for 6 h. Intestinal section was removed and the plates were incubated in anaerobic conditions at 37ºC for 48 h. The obtained material was purified on MRS agar. DNA was isolated from 174 individual colonies both from faecal samples and from the surface of the intestinal mucosa and PCR with UNI16SF and UNI16SR was performed. Sequencing of obtained PCR fragments was used to verify/identify re-isolated bacteria. The PCR reactions and the sequencing were performed as described above.
On day 7, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein and biochemical serum tests were performed, i.e. serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were assessed, as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Biochemistry of triglycerides, cholesterol and ALP activity was tested spectrophotometrically using the instrument Abbott Architect C8000 (Abbott Laboratories. Abbott Park, IL, USA). Serum triglycerides were assayed colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide (15, 29). Cholesterol was assayed colorimetrically using cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxydase (5). ALP was assayed spectrophotometrically, according to the modified method using nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate (35).
Presented results are the mean values calculated based on three independent measurement results: ( ±s), where: - Mean value calculated on three independent measurement results s – Standard deviation under the conditions of repeatability.
Oral swabs (16 samples) from healthy subjects, between 10 and 50 years old, were used for the isolation of a new potentially probiotic lactobacilli. Preliminary identification of 98 isolates (selected out of 167 colonies based on colony morphology) was relied on the results obtained after morphological, physiological, and biochemical testing. According to the results obtained, 20 different groups of lactobacilli were formed. One representive from each group was chosen for antimicrobial testing and two out of 20 isolates proved inhibitory effects against different indicator strains. The isolates showing antimicrobial activity were assigned as G1 (40-year old female) and G3 (12-year old child) and selected for the further investigations. Subsequently, the two selected isolates were more accurately identified to the species level by sequencing of the complete 16S rRNA genes. According to the nucleotide sequence, strain G1 was identified as L. plantarum/pentosus and strain G3 as L. casei. Finally, using multiplex PCR assay, G1 isolate was recognized as L. plantarum.
Both indigenous isolates L. plantarum G1 and L. casei G3 were able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus ATCC 6538-P, E. coli ATCC 8739, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, S. abony NTCC 6017, and C. sporogenes ATCC 19404. Nevertheless, G1 and G3 failed to inhibit C. albicans ATCC 10231. Unlike G1, no antimicrobial activity of G3 was detected against the indicator strains B. cereus ATCC 11778. No cross-inhibition among the antimicrobial producers was observed. The cell free filtrate of G1 showed strong antimicrobial activity against all used pathogenic bacteria, particularly against S. aureus (Table 1). In order to investigate the proteinaceous nature of the antimicrobial substances (bacteriocin or bacteriocin-like substance), the filtrate obtained from overnight culture was neutralised and the enzyme Proteinase-K was added. No zone of inhibition was detected only in the case when G1 cell free filtrate was used against indicator S. aureus ATCC 6538-P. Lactobacillus casei G3 did not exhibit bacteriocin activity against the selected indicator strains (Table 1). According to HPLC analysis LA concentration of cell free filtrates were 11.85 g/l and 11.41 g/l for L. plantarum G1 and L. casei G3, respectively.
The effect of single L. plantarum G1 or L. casei G3 on S. aureus ATCC 6538-P, E. coli ATCC 8739, and S. abony NTCC 6017 growth was observed to be dependent of the pathogen (Table 2). When G1 was mixed with these pathogens, the growth of the pathogen was 6.5 log units lower for S. aureus, 2.1 log units lower for E. coli and 0.8 log units for S. abony, when compared to the growth of the pure culture of the pathogen. On the other hand, the effect of the pathogen growth reduction was in the range of 1-2 log units when G3 was used. The cumulative effect of G1 and G3 (107 CFU/ml) resulted in the reduction of S. aureus growth for 7.5 log units, of E. coli for 7.2 log units, and of S. abony for 5.7 log units, when compared to control cultures. The results for mixed cultures of G1 and G3 (1010 CFU/ml) showed that the complete inhibition of pathogenic bacteria growth was observed after 24 h incubation.
Bacterial survival was tested in the conditions similar to those in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract, at time intervals corresponding to the actual presence of lactobacilli in the intestines. Incubated at 37ºC, both isolates showed a high degree of the survival in AGJ and in the solution containing 0.5% bovine bile salts. After 120-min exposure of strains to AGJ, a decreased count of viable G1 by 1.94 log CFU/ml, and G3 by 1.74 log CFU/ml was observed (Fig. 1A). In addition, after 120-min exposure to the bovine bile salts solution, viable G1 and G3 decreased, respectively, 0.45 log CFU/ml, and 0.22 log CFU/ml (Fig. 1B).
Studies of abnormal toxicity did not reveal any visible changes in the behaviour of NMRI Ham mice treated with lactobacilli. In addition, all mice survived the treatment with lactobacilli.
The composition of microbial populations in the faecal samples of Lactobacillus-treated and control animals was also investigated and representatives of the genera Enterococcus sp., Escherichia coli and Clostridium sp. were evaluated on selective media. After 7-day treatment of Wistar rats with G1, a significant decrease (in 3 log units) in E. coli populations was estimated. No important changes in enterococci and clostridia counts were detected.
Additionally, after 7 days of lactobacilli administration, the strains G1 and G3 were re-isolated from the faecal samples, as well as from the ileum surface. Among 174 colonies recovered from both, faecal samples and ileum surface, 10 colonies were confirmed as G1 and 10 as G3 by 16S rDNA sequencing.
Biochemical analysis of blood samples revealed the influence of G1 and G3 on lipid metabolism in rats. Compared to the control group, the 7-day treatment with lactobacilli evidently decreased triglycerides and cholesterol levels, as well as the ALP activity. In the case of G1-treated rats, a decrease in triglycerides level of 28% (from 1.44 mM/l to 1.04 mM/l), cholesterol level of 27% (from 1.86 mM/l to 1.35 mM/l), and ALP activity of 17% (from 512.50 U/l to 420.00 U/l) was demonstrated. However in G3-treated rats a decrease in triglycerides level of 35% (from 1.44 mM/l to 0.95 mM/l), cholesterol level of 19% (from 1.86 mM/l to 1.51 mM/l), and ALP activity of 21% (from 512.50 U/l to 395.00 U/l), was detected (Table 3).
Preservation of the microbiological balance in the human gastrointestinal tract is of great importance, since disturbed equilibrium, especially between Lactobacillus as one of the most important Gram-positive and other mainly Gram-negative bacteria might result in the occurrence of various diseases (8, 16). An estimated number of approximately 100 to 125 species of the Lactobacillus genus exist and the number is constantly increasing, due to the isolation and identification of new lactobacilli species (10, 34). Since lactobacilli are mainly used in pharmaceutical and food industry, precise identification to the species level, as well as testing their probiotic features, are needed. Species like L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. rhamnosus, and L. fermentum are among the most abundant lactobacilli used in probiotic products. In this paper, two human isolates that showed antimicrobial activity were analyzed. The isolate G1, originated from an adult oral mucosa, was identified as L. plantarum, and the isolate G3, originated from a child oral mucosa, was identified as L. casei. It is well known that L. plantarum and L. casei form the dominant oral microbiota of healthy individuals, while other lactobacilli, like L. salivarius, L. acidophilus, L. oris, and L. fermentum are also frequently found (2, 7).
Our in vitro studies showed that G1 and G3 expressed antimicrobial (especially G1) and bacteriocin activity (only G1) against the pathogenic strain S. aureus ATCC 6358-P. Liasi and coauthors (24) demonstrated that L. plantarum LA22 inhibited the growth of bacteria S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes. These results were also corroborated with other literature data stating that some L. plantarum strains, besides L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, and L. salivarius show the greatest antimicrobial activities (6, 11, 23). The strain G1 expressed its antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic S. aureus, which is in correlation with the results obtained for antimicrobial activity of L. plantarum LA22 and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei BGBUK2-16 (26, 7). Moreover, according to Todorov and Dicks (36) L. plantarum isolated from molasses produced two thermostable bacteriocins (ST28MS and ST26MS) that inhibited the growth of a broad spectrum of pathogens, including, S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumanii. The results obtained from our study strongly indicate that the antimicrobial activity of G1 is the result of a bacteriocin-like activity. The nature of this bacteriocin-like substance(s) will be a focus of our future studies. We can only speculate that the antimicrobial activity of G1 may be the result of the cumulative effect of lactic acid and bacteriocin, while the antimicrobial effect of G3 is the result of lactic acid activity alone. In addition, complete growth reduction of S. aureus ATCC 6538-P, E. coli ATCC 8739, and S. abony NTCC 6017 pathogens was obtained when a mixed culture of G1 and G3 at 1010 CFU/ml concentration was used.
The resistance to specific conditions in stomach and duodenum is another important factor that could explain the efficiency of some probiotic preparations. When compared to the literature data, both strains used in our study showed a high degree of viability in the simulated conditions of the proximal and the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract (24, 34). Gastric digestion at pH 2 did not significantly affect the survival of G1 and G3 and even after 120 min the amount of viable bacteria decreased by less than 2 log units. In similar experiment, Pereira and Gibson (32) showed that the strain L. casei Shirota exhibited a significant decrease of 3-4 log units after 60 min of exposure to gastric digestion. The proposed bile concentration to which a probiotic strain should be tolerant varies from 0.15 to 0.6% (14). Lactobacilli tested in this study survived in the presence of 0.5% bile salts and appear to be resistant to the intestinal conditions. Overall, obtained results indicate that the viability of G1 and G3 strains in simulated GIT conditions was sufficient for their successful and massive passage through this system.
To assess the safety of G1 and G3 strains, NMRI Ham mice were fed with bacteria in a dose 100 times greater than the average most frequently administered probiotic dose for the oral use. No feeding or behavioural changes were observed in the treated mice, when compared to the control group. None of the treated mice died during 72 h following lactobacilli administration. Therefore, G1 and G3 most probably did not induce toxic effects, i.e. they were considered safe after the oral administration. In vivo studies on Wistar rats showed good viability of lactobacilli in the GIT. Namely, G1 and G3 strains were re-identified in faecal samples of the treated Wistar rats. Moreover, a lower E. coli count in faecal samples was seen in Wistar rats treated with G1. In addition, G1 and G3 strains were also re-identified in the material taken from the surface of ileum mucosa of Wistar rats. These results could be an indicator of good colonization ability and bacterial adhesiveness of G1 and G3 to the intestinal mucosa as described previously (28).
The analysis of biochemical parameters of blood samples revealed that the application of G1 and G3 improves lipid metabolism and hepatic function. It was shown that both strains from our study reduced the content of serum lipids, including cholesterol and triglycerides, in Wistar rats. These results comply with literature data indicating that specific strains of lactobacilli, such as L. casei ASCC 292, present hypolipidemic effect through different mechanisms, like cholesterol removal through cholesterol micelles destabilization and, secondly, through precipitation of the cholesterol with bile acids (9, 21, 25, 32). These mechanisms are responsible for the reduction of atheromatous plaque, thus playing a key role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases development (30). The ALP is one of four liver enzymes included in most routine laboratory tests, because their raised levels may be an indication of a liver disease. Also, G1 and G3 lowered the activity of liver enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), indicating possible general improvement of the liver function.
In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that the indigenous oral strains L. plantarum G1 and L. casei G3 exhibit high resistance to GIT conditions, including low pH and bile salts, antimicrobial activity against different human pathogens, reduce serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and decrease the activity of ALP. Additionally, both strains showed high viability in the GIT of Wistar rats and revealed to be safe for the consumption when Ham mice were used as a model organism. Finally, G1 and G3 strains have a promising probiotic potential and after more detailed analyses, including clinical trials, could be applied as nutraceuticals or biotherapeuticals.
These investigations were supported by the Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Serbia (grant No. 451-01-0065/2008-01/28 and grant No. 173019).
Submitted: November 18, 2010; Returned to authors for corrections: May 24, 2011; Approved: August 15, 2011.


Everton Infant Kit t at this time, the secretary Xiao Shen cast a bad look on him. Deputy Director Liu was seen by Xiao Shen as a cold war. He quickly renewed his courage and went to Chen Qingpei Well, I mean this. After all, Huo Ziming is the son of Vice Mayor Huo. Hey, I don t say the face of Vice Mayor Huo. Just the grandfather of Huo Ziming is the revolutionary old Red Army of the year. As the descendants of the Red Army soldiers, we should also take care of it. Chen Qingpei seems to have expected Liu everton infant kit s deputy director to say this. He immediately took the message Well, you have a reason to say this. Unfortunately, Huo Ziming s grandfather has passed away. Otherwise, he can go and ask for his old scotland football shirt man. However, cheap dortmund shirt since you mentioned your father just now, please ask him for help. Don t say that Chen Qingpei doesn t give you face. I decided. If your father agrees, let him call me. I immediately transferred Huo Ziming to the high school 1 class. How about This I Deputy Director Liu suddenly stopped. Others are not clear, but Deputy Director Liu s heart is mirror like. His father was an old stubborn, and when he was ruthless in the turbulent times, he did not bow to the evil forces, let alone today. It was to lend a hundred courage childrens arsenal kit to Deputy Director Liu, and he did not dare to mention this to his father. Secretary Xiao Shen saw the expression of Deputy Director Liu and suddenly understood. He immediately stunned Liu s deputy director. Deputy Director Liu was so scared that he quickly turned his face away. He understands that the attitude of Secretary Xiao Shen represents the attitude of Vice Mayor Huo. It seems that for the sake of today, his splendid future is completely. over. However, if he encounters such a reluctant Chen Qingpei and his own father who is more stubborn than Chen Qingpei, what is his solution Vice President Yu Dewang has been sitting next to watching it all. In fact, he already knew this result. However, due to the face of Vice Mayor Huo, he had to accompany the secretary Xiao Shen and Deputy Director Liu to come together to make a fun. In fact, from the time when Yu Dewang saw Lin Xiaojin entering Chen Qingpei s principal s room yesterday, his heart had already prepared a perfect plan. The.18 class without stopping. Before she entered the classroom, she saw far away that the students in the class 18 were rubbing the glass and everton infant kit felt a little surprised. Because she knows that Li Deyuan has not entered the classroom because of his bad mood. How can the poor students of these 18 classes consciously clean up the classroom Going to the door everton infant kit of the classroom, Zhou Xiaoyu stunned. Because she found that all the students seemed to have stopped, the focus everton infant kit of their eyes was on three people Lin Xiaojin, Qin Jiaojiao and Wei Ruolan are the three masters of the school, and they are standing in the classroom in the form of goods. Zhou Xiaoyu started to be a little surprised. But as soon as I saw Lin Xiaojin s expression and the sensitivity of her girl s uniqueness, I saw some clues. So, Zhou Xiaoyu swept Lin Xiaojin without any blame, and blurted out and said Lin Xiaojin, what are you doing Lin Xiaojin was shocked. He hurriedly looked up, and Zhou Xiaoyu looked at each other, but was miserable everton infant kit by Zhou Xiaoyu, a white eye. Well, Lin Xiaojin understands this time the true meaning of only women and villains are difficult to raise. A woman has been very difficult to raise , and now more than three women, but also three beautiful to the beauty of the sky. Lin Xiaojin had to support me I I didn t do anything, I was sweeping the floor. He said, he immediately waved his broom and swept a brick and a brick. At this time, he realized the meaning of a slogan the most glorious work. Zhou Xiaoyu snorted, but in the face of so many students, she is not good to say anything. So she turned to the students Classmates, I am Zhou Xiaoyu. From September 1st, I will be responsible for teaching you the English of the second year. Today I am going to familiarize mysel. f with you. The students know that Zhou Xiaoyu has just been rated as an excellent teacher in the city. And at the parent meeting that day, the principal also announced that Zhou Xiaoyu was responsible for the English of the two top classes 1 and 2. But now, Zhou Xiaoyu has to teach them this garbage class. The students were suddenly thundered. Fortunately, they have just been swayed by the three universities, and they have a crisp taste and can.
cret weapon in their liverpool club shop hands the bricks have all been thrown out, and a long range weapon is gone. Now Lin Xiaojin is surrounded by bullets. Moreover, these bricks are so simple in the hands of Lin Xiaojin that they are bullets Under the launch of his flying technique, these bullets became long range missiles instantly. When Lin Xiaojin threw it out, he ignited the infuriating spirit and used the technique in Scorpio Acupoint Hand. Therefore, these missiles are not said to be hundreds of hundred, and the hit rate has reached 50. With a 50 hit rate as a guarantee, so many broken bricks on the ground are enough for Lin Xiaojin to knock down the other person. Therefore, he did not talk nonsen. se, and directly started a round of carpet bombing. Stop the head has been shot. However, the students in the Seventh School are not fools, of course they will not sit still. Then, when I saw the people in front of the group fell down, they used the most useful method in the Thirty six Meters Going for the top everyone suddenly disappeared. Lin Xiaojin did not intend to turn the other side up. However, there are three people who will not let him go. The first one is staying in the head , and the other is the thin man and the fat man. Now the fat man has already fighted and can t move on the ground. There are only staying in the head and thin. Lin Xiaojin immediately flew out of the bricks and hit the staying head that was about to turn and flew, hitting the Venezuela on the knees of the heads rushing. Staying in bayern munich lewandowski jersey the head has a large body of 190, and suddenly fell to the ground. At this time, everton infant kit the thin man has already run farther. However, Lin Xiaojin will not let go of thin. Lin Xiaojin still remembers that this thin man was thrown over and thrown into his nose. So, he grabbed two broken bricks and chased a few steps behind the thin man, and the two bricks flew out. This time, Lin Xiaojin did not aim because of hasty, and did not take care of strength. Just listen to the squeaky two muffled sounds, one of them is okay, just picked up the thin bones of the feet, the other one does not have long eyes, directly hit the back of the thin head. Suddenly, the thin man slammed into the ground and fell to the grou.Zhou Zhenjian, but he picked up a stainless steel stick that the thugs fell on the ground and pointed to the person lying on the ground Hey, do you want to let these people stand up again Stand up What do you mean, can they not stand up anymore chelsea jersey 2018 Zhou Zhenjian wondered. He still doesn t know the real situation of these people, and thinks that they just fall temporarily and will soon get up. Lin Xiaojin sneered with a sneer Then you can try to get them to stand up. Zhou Zhenjian immediately pointed to the knife face Ding Bo, you are getting up, don t lie there like a girl. Then he shouted to other people And you, what happened, hit by a small stone, you can t stand up one by one You think you are making a movie Get up Go back and pick up you Knife face suddenly frowned and said Jian Ge, I really can t stand up. I don t know how, the two legs are so sloppy, just like the upper body is separated. Several other thugs also pleaded Yeah, Jian Ge, we really can t climb The two legs are not the same as their own, and they can t be used at all. Jian Ge, this kid is 80 will make the everton infant kit demon law Zhou Zhenjian is really stupid this time. Lin Xiaojin continued to ask How do you have the ability to let them stand up As long as one person can stand up, I will listen to you later. Zhou Zhenjian said What do you mean, I am coming, do you have the ability to let them stand up Chapter 210, Xunzi can teach Lin Xiaojin did not talk to Zhou Zhenjian s nonsense, reached out and took a shot of the Yutang Point , and then slammed his foot on the buttocks of his beating, and said in his mouth Get up, dead pig The beater really rolled a few times and stood up. The thug didn t believe his feelings. When he understood it, he immediately slammed down in front of Lin Xiaojin Thank you heroes, thank you heroes Everyone is stunned. If I didn t see it with my own eyes, Zhou Zhenjian really thought that this thug and Lin Xiaojin were playing a big show. Lin Xiaojin went down again. and said, You are called Ding Bo , right Knife face immediately nervous Heroes, what are you commanding, please let me put it, let me stand up. As long as the heroes everton infant kit will let me go this time, I will listen to you later. Lin Xiaojin smiled and said.raid of Lin Xiaojin s blame, they had a dim sum, but they followed it far away. When Zhou Zhenjian saw Wei Ruolan running over, he was embarrassed to say Great, good and meet again. Wei Ruolan slammed into Zhou Zhenjian and ignored him. He went straight to Lin Xiaojin. Lin Xiaojin grabbed Wei Ruolan s hand I don t need to introduce this one. Shilianger quickly said No need to use, the school flower beauty in one is the most beautiful in Haitong, how can you not know. But at this time, Shi Yaner said a lot Yes, I heard that there are two school flower beauty in one, one is Qin Jiaojiao, and the other is Chu Weier, which is all Haitong family. The thousand dollars, this is really the beauty of Haitong. Shi Lieer was afraid that Wei Ruolan was not happy. He quickly slaps on the back of his brother Shi Yaner. Fart, you know what you are We are the most beautiful, and in front of our big sister, who dares to call it School flowers Chapter 235 alarmed the student office Shi Yaner knew that he had a mouthful, and quickly made a round for himself That s right, Daxie is the most beautiful. However, I just want to say that Lin Ge can go to school in one, Yan Fu is really not shallow As soon as the stone scales heard it, he immediately shouted This is true. I see, regardless of whether they are beautiful or not, Lin Ge simply put them together, with the help of our brother, a everton infant kit few more Beauty can t wait too much This is reasonable. This is true. The two brothers sang one and one, and they simply regarded Lin Xiaojin as the kind of color that he wanted to see when he saw beauty Wei Ruolan heard a burst of red on her face, and her apricot eyes looked at Lin Xiaojin, as if she had already caught Lin Xiaojin s evidence of derailment. everton infant kit Lin Xiaojin immediately felt like a man on his back. He quickly interrupted the brothers and said What are you talking about I am the kind of person Shut up The brothers knew that they had made a mistake and immediately closed their mouths. real madrid long sleeve jersey Lin Xiaojin turned to staying in the head Come here Staying in the head , immediately ran with all the seven people. Lin Xiaojin pointed to Wang Dongdao This is your winter brother, do you know Of course I know, of course I know. Winter b.
Everton Infant Kit in the face of the coercion and temptation of the five of them, he almost compromised. But now, he found that in this principal s room, suddenly there were two powerful allies. Thus, Chen Qingpei s courage returned to his blood. He thought that since the students themselves were not afraid to go to the class 18 , what reason did he hav. e to sacrifice the fairness and let the deputy mayor succeed So Chen Qingpei stood up and suddenly took a table and said three times Good Good Good He pointed to Lin Xiaojin and Qin Jiaojiao. You see no In Haitong, they are the future. Hope. He said, he turned his head and looked at Youdewang Old, you and I are old. Don t do things that are against the conscience for fame and fortune. I just made mistakes just now. I forgot that this school belongs to the students, not to my Chen Qingpei. It is our duty to create a fair and open competitive environment for the students. We should not bring the turbidity of society to our sacred campus. When Yu Dewang listened to Chen Qingpei s soft words, he couldn t say a word. Chen Qingpei announced with a categorical statement I agree that Lin Xiaojin and Qin Jiaojiao go to the second year of high school 18. Because of their achievements, they can enjoy full choice. But Huo Ziming has no power to choose. With his achievements, he can only complete his high school in class 18 Lin Xiaojin and Qin Jiaojiao couldn everton infant kit t help but look at each other. Both eyes are very complicated. The first is Qin Jiaojiao. It can be said that she has become the biggest winner of this game. On the surface, she is trying to help Chen Qingpei to resist Yu Dewang s plot. In fact, she once again caught Lin Xiaojin in her hands, as she said, I want to run No way Lin Xiaojin has some gains and losses. Although he was able to keep up with Wei Ruolan as he wished, at the same everton infant kit time, he was tied to Qin Jiaojiao s time bomb behind him. However, just when everyone felt that the victory and defeat had been divided, and the dust settled, the situation suddenly and unexpectedly changed. The phone of Xiao Shen, the secretary of Mayor Huo, suddenly rang. Secretary Xiao Shen immediately trotting all the way out of the principal s room and took the phone with res.fore, in the moment when Chen Qingpei stood up, Qin Jiaojia suddenly appeared. Chen Chan, wait a minute Qin Jiaojiao hurriedly flew into the principal s room like a butterfly. If Lin celtic kit Xiaojin is disgusted with the uninvited guests in the principal s room, Qin Jiaojiao feels even more disgusted. As soon as she came in, she stared directly at Lin Xiaojin s united kit face. When the people like Wy Rener, Shao Qing, and Yu Dewang followed, she didn t even look at the corners of her eyes. These little people were directly ignored by her. Going to Lin Xiaojin, she stared at Lin Xiaojin s eyes, and then turned to Lin Xiaojin. You decided, don t you regret it Lin Xiaojin was shocked by Qin Jiaojiao. He immediately sullenly everton infant kit said What decided What are you talking about Qin Jiaojiao suddenly smiled contemptuously Why, where did the courage of the generous words just go, where have you gone Do you dare to admit it now I Lin Xiaojin nervously said, What do I admit Qin Jiaojiao suddenly got close to Lin Xiaojin s ear, and with the voice that ac milan top only Lin Xiaojin could hear, she gently said four words You like her. Lin Xiaojin suddenly drowned a cold war and shook his head like a rattle I don t understand what you are talking about. Qin Jiaojiao still regards the people around him as the air. She suddenly put on a look of affection, and got to Lin Xiaojin s ear, and also exhaled like a blue, like a soft language between lovers. At this time, Lin Xiaojin had already forgotten the heroic image that had just been generously written. He stepped back and tried to avoid it. Qin Jiaojiao suddenly smiled. She gently said four words in Lin Xiaojin s ear Want to run No way Said, she finally let go of Lin Xiaojin, straight up, and walked very respectfully to Chen Qingpei s desk. Put a pair of ladies who are completely different from the previous ones, and go to Chen Qingpei Chen Chan, I have figured it out. I want to show a different self, I have to accept a bigger challenge. So, I decided, I have to go to the second year 18 class In the headmaster s room, everyone was shocked, and they almost all said the same thing What Qin Jiaojiao has a calm and calm expression, one word and one word I said, I want go high school 18 class Lin.


Lisa is an Intellectual Property Lawyer living in Central Ontario, and serving clients across Canada and around the world. She is Canadian "of counsel" to US law firm Symbus Law Group, LLC, a law practice bringing together a diverse group of intellectual property lawyers and patent agents.
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After the Prime Minister's defeat on part of her Brexit deal – the withdrawal agreement – in the House of Commons on Friday, NFU President Minette Batters said: "It is appalling that with just two weeks to go there is currently no agreement or clear way ahead which will avoid a catastrophic, disorderly exit from the EU. British farmers, just like wider British businesses, have been placed in an awful position of uncertainty by our own Government and Parliament.
"This is having real world business consequences right now as well as causing unnecessary stress and huge anxiety on British farmers who simply don't know what trading conditions they will be operating under in a fortnight's time.
"I want to make clear that a no deal exit would be economically disastrous for British farming and is something that no responsible politician should contemplate.


Hooray for blissful sister days at Lake Mary Ronan's Mountain Meadows Campground! In addition to our thankfulness for time together amidst God's beautiful creation, we were very glad that, whilst she waited in the dark for sister #1 to arrive, sister #3 never personally encountered the beastie snuffling in the bushes across the road.
I'm betting you've had similar family adventures at your lake getaways!


text:
The Animal Facts
Animal Facts, News & Zoo Reviews
Precious penguin pair venture from their burrows
Nine rare Humboldt penguins have been born at Dudley Zoo with keepers hopeful that some more may be born as the breeding season continues. As the rarest of all the penguin species it is important to breed these penguins in captive.
The first two chicks fledged this week with seven more remaining in their burrows with mum and dad.
Head of birds for Dudley Zoo, Kellie Piper said, "The first two came out of the nest last week and have joined the rest of the colony."
"The chicks stay in the nest for the first two months when their mum and dad both feed them."
"It's a nice team effort and they make really good parents. We leave them to it, just checking on them once a week. We also make sure the parents have extra food," added Piper.
It takes 40 days for the eggs to hatch with the parents spending all this time sitting on the egg to warm up. Once it is born they will take turns foraging for food and caring for the baby.
"The chicks are born with a downy layer which is soft like velvet and by the time they leave the nest their feathers are fully waterproof," explained Piper.
Dudley Zoo maintains one of the largest Humboldt penguin breeding colonies in Europe which began in 1991. Penguins from the zoo have been set to 11 other collections to help them establish their colonies.
Zoo Director Derek Grove said, "The latest births are another success story for our international breeding and conservation programme with this endangered species."
"Here at DZG we have the largest colony of parent-reared Humboldts in the UK, which we started 24 years ago, and we're incredibly proud of what we've achieved."
This species is vulnerable as a result of the depletion of their food stocks in the wild.
Photo Credit: Dudley Zoo
Categorized as Animal News & Updates
By Cale Russell
TheAnimalFacts.com is a testament to Cale's commitment to the education of people around the world on the topic of animals and conservation, through the sharing of topical and newsworthy information.
View all of Cale Russell's posts.
Chester Zoo's conservation work recognised at BIAZA awards night
Goeldi's monkey swap places to find love


text:
Q: Having trouble overwriting JS component in minicart dropdown Having a tough time trying to overwrite the JS component and template around the product image in the minicart dropdown.Here's what I am trying to achieve:
I have a custom Product Type depending on the users selection, a different photo should appear in this minicart dropdown. To do this, I will need access to the current quote and product from the JS component.
I have identified the template and component is specified in
Magento_Checkout/view/frontend/layout/checkout_cart_sidebar_item_renderers.xml:
<item name="children" xsi:type="array">
<item name="item.image" xsi:type="array">
    <item name="component" xsi:type="string">Magento_Catalog/js/view/image</item>
    <item name="config" xsi:type="array">
        <item name="template" xsi:type="string">Magento_Catalog/product/image</item>
        <item name="displayArea" xsi:type="string">itemImage</item>
    </item>
</item>

Which points to template Magento_Catalog/web/template/product/image_with_borders.html and component Magento_Catalog/js/view/image.
I have already written a custom endpoint elsewhere that will return the correct image based on a quote ID and product ID. So I need to extend Magento_Catalog/js/view/image to call this endpoint and bind it to the image's "src" property.
I want to do things "the Magento way" so I have tried using a "mixin" to extend Magento_Catalog/js/view/image, this just doesn't appear to work, no error but no calls to my file or any logging.
I have also attempted to simply update the <item name="component" xsi:type="string"></item> from checkout_cart_sidebar_item_renderers.xml to my chosen component path:
Convert_GivexAW/js/view/product/giftcard

But this produces the error:

[ERROR] Failed to load the "Convert_GivexAW/js/view/product/giftcard" component.

Here is my Convert/GivexAW/view/frontend/requirejs-config.js:
var config = {
map: {
    '*': {
        "Convert_GivexAW/js/view/product/giftcard": "Convert_GivexAW/js/view/product/giftcard"
    }
}
};

The path to the file is: app/code/Convert/GivexAW/view/frontend/web/js/view/product/giftcard.js
Where am I going wrong? What is the correct approach to extend this component?
Thanks

A: You try below mixin code to extend Magento_Catalog/js/view/image
I assume you are using a custom theme  "Vendor_theme".
step 1)
Define requirejs-config.js under
/app/design/frontend/Vendor/theme/Magento_Catalog/
File : requirejs-config.js
var config = {
    config: {
        mixins: {
            'Magento_Catalog/js/view/image':
             {'Magento_Catalog/js/view/image-mixin': true},
        },

    },
};

step 2)
create image-mixin.js under
/app/design/frontend/Vendor/theme/Magento_Catalog/web/js/view/
File : image-mixin.js
console.log('init image-mixin.js');
define([], function () {
    'use strict';

    return function (Form) {
        return Form.extend({
            initialize: function () {
                this._super();
                console.log('Hello from the mixin!');
            }
        });
    }
});

step 3) Run below Commands to remove static content
sudo rm -rf var/view_preprocessed/*
sudo rm -rf var/pub/static/*
sudo rm -rf var/cache/*
sudo rm -rf var/generated
sudo rm -rf var/composer_home
sudo rm -rf var/page_cache
sudo rm -rf var/view_preprocessed
sudo rm -rf pub/static/frontend/*

Now you should see the console log for image-mixin.js .

A: So Magento recently updated the doc on Mixin's which can be found here:
https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.3/javascript-dev-guide/javascript/js_mixins.html which appears to be the only example I could find that works. As a run down, here is a boilerplate of the required scripts for JS Mixins:
requirejs-config.js
var config = {
    map: {
        '*': {}
    },
    config: {
        mixins: {
            'Magento_Catalog/js/view/image': {
                'My_Module/js/view/product/image-mixin': true
            }
        }
    }
};

app/code/My/Module/view/frontend/web/js/view/product/image-mixin.js
define([
    'jquery',
    'ko',
    'uiComponent'
], function ($, ko, Component) {
    'use strict';

    var mixin = {

        /**
         * @var {string} imgSrc
         */
        imgSrc: "blah",

        /**
         * Initialization method
         */
        initialize: function () {
            this._super();
            console.log("MIXIN");
            $(document).ready(() => {
                console.log("READY");
            });
        }
    };

    return function (target) { // target == Result that Magento_Catalog/js/view/image returns.
        return target.extend(mixin); // New result that all other modules receive
    };
});

Then from within the mixin object, you can add additional / overwrite existing methods.


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Supple, metallic-finish leather lends delightful gleam to a cute fringed moccasin.
Choose a sizeRuns wide; if between sizes, order next size down. Baby: 0=NB (0-3mos.), 1=2-6 mos., 2=6-12 mos., 3=12-18 mos., 4=18-24 mos., Walker: 5=2-2.5 yrs. , 6=2.5-3 yrs., 7=3-3.5 yrs.


text:
info@neerajbooks.com
IGNOU Assignment
IGNOU Question Bank
IGNOU Projects
NIOS TMA
Neeraj Publications
For as far back as 40 years Neeraj Publications has been keeping an eye on the field of instruction by creating reference books, test papers, question bank, etc which are profoundly loved and suggested by major instructive foundations.
Our readers, the students, have consistently been enchanted and have endorsed our items and administrations.
Our Specializations
IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University) BA, B.Com, M.Com, MA English, MA Hindi, MA Political Science, MA History, MA Sociology, MA Public Administration, MA Economics, MA Social Work, MRD (MA Rural Development), MA Education, MA Psychology, MTM (MA Tourism) , Disaster Management , BCA, MCA, B.Sc., B.Lis (Library Science) and many more subject
C.B.C.S. (Choice Based Credit System) Semester System Syllabus of B.A., B.Com & B.Sc. of Various Central Universities, State Universities, IGNOU & other Open Universities
NIOS (National Institute of Open Schooling), Punjab Open School, Bihar Open School, Rajasthan Open School Class 10th & 12th
Children Books For Public Schools- Pre Nursery to 5th Class, Dictionaries, Computer Books and various others.
With respect to Neeraj Publication's far-reaching seller organization, students and readers can purchase Neeraj books locally in every one of the major cities around the country at limited costs that are practical to all.
Getting your hands at Neeraj Books has been significantly more available and convenient with the help of providing these books directly at the doorsteps with the advantage of not paying a penny ahead of time with Cash on Delivery-COD service.
Late Shri Tara Chand Ji Chopra
In the 1970s, when Shri Tara Chand Ji Chopra, already a name to reckon with in Delhi's book circles, decided to launch his own publishing house, he naturally chose the name of his little grandson for the ambitious venture and that is how Neeraj Publications was born and how Neeraj Chopra who is heading it at present, is literally involved in the affairs of publishing right from his birth!
Tara Chand Ji put Neeraj Publications on stream in 1982. The first book published by him was "Local Government". The second title was "Applied Sociology". Both were for students of Osmania University, Hyderabad and they were an immediate success. There followed a series of books, mostly that aimed at helping students in easily understanding the subjects and passing the exams with good marks.
Shri Chander Chopra
From the very moment of inception itself, Tara Chand Ji was ably helped in his publishing endeavors by his son Shri Chander Chopra who was then a young businessman in his mid-twenties. The farsightedness and visionary outlook of Chander Ji soon saw Neeraj Publications soaring to new heights of success in the publishing world. Under his dynamic business acumen a nationwide network of dealers was set up. Chander Chopra Ji published hundred of new titles during the 90s to cater to the requirements of students of a wide range of courses for various universities and boards.
In the eventful decades under the leadership of Shri Chander Chopra, Neeraj Publications became a household name throughout the country. Its books helped thousands of students appearing for various courses of Osmania University, secondary & senior secondary exams of the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) formally known as "National Open School" all over the nation.
Neeraj Chopra
In 1998 Shri Chander Ji Chopra entrusted the management of Neeraj Publications to his youthful son Neeraj Chopra. Having set his eyes on transforming the publishing house into a world class venture, Neeraj Chopra's first decisive action was to start publishing books for the courses of then upcoming Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). After decade right now, the name of Neeraj Publications has become synonymous with books for IGNOU and NIOS students. In the last decade the company has expanded its wings and explored many new avenues of publishing as a leading educational publisher.
The thrust areas chosen by Neeraj Chopra have been reference books for various courses of distance education universities including the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), The Courses were like B.C.A., M.C.A., M.B.A., B.A., B.Com., B.Sc., M.A., M.Com. and so on. Other segments are "Children Books" (from Nursery to 5th Class) and "Dictionaries" under the New Brand Name / Trade Mark "MAX-FORD". Ever since Neeraj Chopra took over its reins the company has grown up by leaps and bounds. Today, there is at least one dealer of Neeraj books in every major town of India. Neeraj books have become identified with aspirations of IGNOU students all over the country. The dominating position of Neeraj books, of course, countinues among the students of the National Open School all over the country & the Children Books & Dictionaries Launched Just 3 to 4 years ago have Captured a Sufficient share of the Market.
Yatin Chopra
2020 was the year where Yatin Chopra, the fourth generation of Neeraj Publication, introduced his online venture 'Study Badshah', it is one of the sister concerns of Neeraj Publications brought in operations. This company is the online dispatch agent of Neeraj Publications and also specializes in e-books, e-study material and e-learning through its website www.studybadshah.com.
Study Badshah is the best and most reliable source for getting your hands on the best online study material. Study Badshah specializes in the field of online study and e-learning for numerous courses in various universities. At Study Badshah you can very easily access the online study material anywhere and anytime.
Other pursuits of Neeraj Publications
Special Website as Students' Helpline
One of the most innovative and unique ventures of Neeraj Publications is its newly created helpline for the students who want to pursue studies at IGNOU. The helpline is in the form of an independent informative Website at http://www.ignouhelpline.com. This website developed by Neeraj Publications provides various kind of Information & Assistance to the students of IGNOU & also to the Students who want to get themselves enrolled in any of the IGNOU Courses.
All the Information & Assistance provided through this website are absolutely Free of Cost to helpout the Students through this website regarding the Answers to the Questions of the Students regarding information Related to IGNOU.
Educational Newspaper – "Study Times "
For last 14 years, Neeraj Publications is also bringing out a lively Newspaper which carries educational news from various universities and institutions, Courses, Govt. Policies , Latest Development in Educational Field , advice on career, thought providing features, etc.
Study times has captured the imagination of students in a big way. It is circulated free to the students, libraries, educational departments, schools and colleges, Institutes, Universities & Educational Societies throughout the country as a goodwill gesture.
TCMES: Tara Chand Memorial Educational Society (Registered)
TCMES is an educational society set up specially to extend every kind of assistance to students and their parents in realizing their cherished aspirations. The helping hand of the Society covers
following activities:
Admission Assistance
Helping Financially to Needy Students
Book Bank
Taking up with authorities Educational complaints of students.
Address : 1507, First Floor, Nai Sarak, Delhi (India) -110006
Mail : info@neerajbooks.com
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